This article explains what the Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) is and how to calculate it.
The Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) is the distance between two consecutive pixel centers measured on the ground. The bigger the value of the image GSD, the lower the spatial resolution of the image and the less visible details.
The GSD is calculated based on:
- The flight height / the distance from the terrain or object (H).
- The camera specifications:
- Image width (ImW).
- Sensor width (SW).
- Focal length (F)
Flight height (H) and camera specifications (ImW, SW, and F) influence the GSD.
It is important to decide on the GSD value before starting the image acquisition in order to adjust the flight height and the camera specifications to the project requirements. For example, when a detailed reconstruction of the area is needed, we recommend flying closer (low GSD) to the object of interest. On the other hand, when covering large areas that do not need very detailed results, flying higher (high GSD) can greatly reduce the acquisition time and batteries needed as well as to reduce the processing time.


Chelsea Peretti, the actor and comedian best known for playing Gina Linetti on Brooklyn Nine-Nine, has released her debut EP. Every song on Foam and Flotsam is about coffee, and it arrives in advance of a full coffee-themed concept album in June. Listen to the album below and watch the videos for "Late" and "Oatmilk" at the foot of the page.
Foam and Flotsam was produced by Kool Kojak (Doja Cat, Weezer, Britney Spears). The EP features contributions from Reggie Watts, CHIKA, and Will Schwartz, while the full album is set to include collaborations with Wale, Kathleen Hanna, Hannibal Buress, Juliette Lewis, Nick Kroll, Terry Crews, Patti Harrison, and Andy Milonakis.
"It's hard for me to fully conceptualize what I am about to do to the music industry," Peretti wrote in an Instagram post announcing the EP. "The jump from comedian to actor to musician is one I do not take lightly. I put a lot of contemplation and spirituality into it. The creative spirit must ultimately sing in whatever form. For me to instantaneously be hailed as one of the foremost musicians of the century isn't a label I asked for but is one that is probably heading my way. It doesn't matter. I reject labels. This is why I made a concept album entirely about coffee except for a couple songs. I do what I want. I am a free mind."


text:
Ugandans DEMAND: END POLICE BRUTALITY
This petition had 204 supporters
We, concerned citizens of Uganda,
Outraged by the recent brutal actions of the Uganda Police towards opposition politicians and supporters,
Cognizant of Uganda’s history that is tainted with gender specific crimes against women by security forces,
Mindful that Uganda’s General elections are four months away,
Appalled that our Police has exhibited that it is ill-prepared to ensure law and order in an impartial, non-discriminatory and civil way:
Do address you as follows:
It is with great horror and disgust that, on October 10th 2015, Ugandans watched police officers arrest members of Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party on their way to Rukungiri for their party mobilization activities. Members of Parliament duly elected by Ugandan citizens were roughed up and some slapped and shoved..
This is not the first time that the Uganda Police has targeted women in politics, to humiliate, embarrass, intimidate and violate their bodies.
We citizens of Uganda stand together to say No More to police brutality!
Follow the conversation on Ugandans Against Police Brutality
Today: Javie is counting on you
Javie Ssozi needs your help with “The Speaker of Parliament of Uganda, the inspector general of police, The Ministry of Internal Affairs: Ugandans DEMAND: END POLICE BRUTALITY”. Join Javie and 203 supporters today.

domain: law


text:
New York City based band Momma have announced their highly anticipated, third album, Household Name, which is set for release on July 1st via their new record label, Lucky Number. Accompanying the announcement, the band have also shared the album’s lead single, Speeding 72.
A fuzzy, climatic number,Speeding 72 tells the story of a fast-burning romance between two kids who meet at a show and decide to go for a ride. The track’s chorus, a reference to Pavement’s Gold Soundz adds a real nostalgic feel to Speeding 72.
Speaking about the single, the band states:
‘Speeding 72” is probably the most collaboratively written song on the new record. We wanted it to be the sort of summertime anthem that you can turn on during a drive to impress your crush. The most important part of the production was setting the right mood to transport the listener. The song starts with Aron getting into his car (which is featured on the album cover), and then turning on the ignition.
Further adding to the nostalgic aura presented Speeding 72, the band have also shared the track’s accompanying music video – part inspired by The Breakfast Club. Directed by Madeline Leshner and Zach Stone, the video captures the essence of the song and pairs it with a summery feel.
A 12 track album, Household Name, sees Momma return with a fine balance of heavy riffs and strong emotions, with a light-hearted, wry sense of humour to match – allowing the band to cement their place in alt-rock.

domain: artistic


text:
It's safe to say the Amajita class of 2009 have graduated and are deserving of a seat at the South African football royalty table.
Up until now, the seats at that table were largely occupied by the Bafana Bafana class of 1996 and a few unique talents that have come after that.
Guys like Benni McCarthy, who hold unbreakable records such as being the first scorer for South Africa at a World Cup in 1998.
What made it even more special was that it was a uniquely South African goal; a shibobo through the legs of the best goalkeeper of that time, Peter Schmeichel.
That goal alone earned Benni a seat in the pantheon, but to further strengthen his case Benni set the bar even higher in national colours having scored the only hattrick for Bafana and at an Afcon tournament nogal.
Nobody has come close to doing what Benni has done in national colours.
Then there are a bunch of others whose place at the table has to be motivated.
Manne soos Siyabonga Nomvethe, who scored in Bafana’s first ever win at a World Cup a 1-0 victory over Slovenia in 2002.
Then there is Aaron Mokoena, who is the most capped player and guys like Siphiwe Tshabalala who scored the first World Cup goal on African soil.
That list is actually quite long, but you cannot deny that the boys who after years of inconsistency at U20 level, went to Rwanda and finished fourth place and secured SA’s place at an U20 World Cup after 12 years of trying.
They went on to become the first SA team to qualify for the knockout stages, as one of the best third-ranked teams, where, you guessed it, in Egypt in 2009.
Like soldiers of destiny, Darren Keet, captain Thulani Hlatshwayo, Ramahlwe Mphahlele (who captained the Amajita team in 2009), Kamohelo Mokotjo and Thulani Serero went into battle to reclaim South Africa’s place at the top of African football.
Nogal in Egypt, the very same country they created history at 10 years before as young boys.
Once again, as one of the four best third-placed teams but this time as fully-fledged men, Bafana progressed past the group stages and won a knockout match.
This is something that we haven’t achieved since 2000, with current assistant coach Mark Fish as a 25-year-old centreback and goalkeeper coach Andre Arendse was a veteran goalminder at 32.
And that team went onto the semfinals, where they lost to Wednesday's opponents Nigeria.
Their 1-0 victory against hosts Egypt on Saturday brought their national association to its knees in disbelief.
It’s an incredible story that should melt even the hardest of hearts and heal the wounds inflicted by the disappointments of recent South African national teams.
So when you watch Bafana Bafana at Afcon on Wednesday, believe that this special group of players are destined to achieve something historic.
They have survived the challenges of being a South African footballer and deserve only to hear and read encouraging words from every single one of us, as they prepare to take to the field at Cairo International Stadium.

domain: news


text:
Massive Disneyland Attraction Database
The Ichabod Crane's Boat thrill ride as seen from the top of the woods
Ichabod Crane's Boat
August 5, 1971
Avg. queue length:
58 minutes (or 18 minutes with a FASTPASS)
Ichabod Crane's Boat was at one time jam-packed with Ichabod Crane's things, but management made him put them in storage so nobody would get a boo boo and make a federal case out of it.
- If traveling with tweens , you'll want to ride this thrill ride and sing along.
Policies and Information
- No food or flash photography encouraged.
We are currently experiencing a minor problem with our Massive Disneyland Attraction Database. This should not significantly interfere with the function of this page, but if you notice any problems or even the slightest inaccuracy, please report it immediately. Thank you for your guide.

domain: travel


text:
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held in the Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the World Wide Web. See the Duplication Policy section for more information.
|Size||5.0 feet of linear shelf space (approximately 2900 items)|
|Abstract||Francis ("Frank") Gildart Ruffin (1816-1892), was a planter of Chesterfield County, Va., Confederate colonel, 2nd auditor of Virginia, editor, and political writer. Ruffin served as chairman of the Virginia Sinking Fund Commission, secretary of the Miller Manual Labor School, and editor of the Richmond (Va.) Dispatch. Other prominent family members represented in the collection include Ruffin's uncle, Albert G. Ruffin (died 1829), lawyer in Mississippi and Alabama and planter in Hanover County, Va.; Albert's wife, Eliza Roane Ruffin (fl. 1825-1837); and Eliza's father, Spencer Roane (1762-1822), state senator and judge, of Hanover County, Va. Chiefly postwar business papers of Francis ("Frank") Gildart Ruffin, but there are also scattered antebellum and Civil War items for Ruffin and the antebellum legal, financial, and personal papers of Ruffin's relatives, Albert and Eliza (Roane) Ruffin, and Spencer Roane. These include papers relating to Albert Ruffin's law practice, to Albert and Eliza's plantation and family affairs, and to Spencer Roane's purchases of land. Correspondence includes both personal and business letters. Antebellum financial and legal items consist of deeds, bonds, receipts, court petitions, warrants, pleas, court dockets, plantation accounts, and slave bills of sale. Postwar business papers include correspondence, accounts, reports, legal documents, maps, clippings, and other items pertaining to the Office of the 2nd Auditor of Virginia, the Sinking Fund, the Miller Manual Labor School, and F. G. Ruffin's writings. Miscellaneous items include advertising circulars, broadsides, and an undated travel diary kept by F. G. Ruffin in England. Of particular interest are papers relating to land claims, estate law, and financial arrangements in the frontier territories of Mississippi and Alabama; plantation finances; antebellum and postbellum Virginia politics; and economic development and race relations in the Reconstruction era. Considerable information appears on the deepening of the James River.|
|Creator||Ruffin, Frank G.|
The following terms from Library of Congress Subject Headings suggest topics, persons, geography, etc. interspersed through the entire collection; the terms do not usually represent discrete and easily identifiable portions of the collection--such as folders or items.
Clicking on a subject heading below will take you into the University Library's online catalog.
Francis Gildart Ruffin (1820-1892), planter of Chesterfield County, Va., 2nd Auditor of Virginia, editor, and political writer, was orphaned as a child. It is unclear who his parents or his legal guardian were, but his affairs were often tended to by his uncle, Albert G. Ruffin, and aunt, Eliza Roane Ruffin. He may have lived for a time with Eliza Ruffin after Albert's death in 1829.
A colonel during the Civil War, Ruffin served as the Commissary of Subsistence for the state of Virginia until his resignation in February 1865 due to poor health. After the war, he became heavily involved in Democratic party politics. He held the position of 2nd Auditor of Virginia from 1884 until his death in 1892, served as chairman of the Sinking Fund Commission, and acted as Secretary of the Miller Manual Labor School in Richmond, Va. Ruffin also edited the Richmond Dispatch in the mid to late 1880s and was the author of several political pamphlets, including "The Negro as a Political and Social Factor" and "The Cost and Outcome of Negro Education in Virginia."
Ruffin had at least three sons, Francis G. Ruffin Junior, George R. Ruffin, and W. U. Ruffin. He may also have had a daughter, Sally.
Ruffin's uncle, Albert G. Ruffin (died 1829), was the son of William (died 1825) and Margaret Ruffin of Raleigh, N.C. He had three brothers, William H., Robert R., and A. R. Ruffin. Early in his career, Ruffin sought opportunity in the Mississippi Territory, where he opened a law practice in Winchester in the spring of 1818. He remained there until 1821, when he moved to St. Stephens in the new Alabama Territory. Ruffin left Alabama upon his marriage in the spring of 1825 to Eliza Roane of Richmond and took up planting at Spring Garden, her plantation near Hanover Town in Hanover County, Virginia. He planted corn, wheat, and cotton and engaged in local politics until his death in 1829. Albert and Eliza had one son, Spencer (1826-1831). After her husband's death, Eliza moved with Spencer to her Newcastle estate in Hanover County and continued planting. Her brother, W. H. Roane, moved to Spring Garden.
Eliza and W. H. Roane were the children of Spencer Roane (1762-1822), planter, politician, and judge of Hanover County, Va., and Elizabeth Hoskins Roane (died 1825). Judge Spencer was educated at the College of William and Mary, where he studied law. Admitted to the bar in 1782, he became a state representative and senator, an advisor to Governor Patrick Henry, and a judge in the General Court and State Supreme Court of Appeals. A staunch Anti-Federalist, he started the Richmond Enquirer in 1804 as a vehicle for his political views.Back to Top
Over half the collection consists of the postwar business papers of Francis G. Ruffin. The remainder are scattered antebellum and civil war items for Ruffin and the antebellum legal, financial, and personal papers of Ruffin's relatives, Albert and Eliza Ruffin, and Spencer Roane. The collection is organized in four series, each arranged chronologically:
Series 1 (1802-1818) contains financial and legal papers and correspondence pertaining to the purchase of land by Spencer Roane in Hanover County, Virginia. No information appears on Roane's political career or family.
Series 2 (1817-April 1829) consists of correspondence and legal and financial papers pertaining to Albert Ruffin's law practices in Mississippi and Alabama and to his plantation affairs in Hanover County, Va. Scattered estate papers appear for his father, William Ruffin; his father-in-law, Spencer Roane; and his mother-in-law, Mrs. Elizabeth Hoskins Roane. Financial and legal items include correspondence, deeds, bonds, receipts, court petitions, warrants, pleas, court dockets, accounts, and slave bills of sale. Personal correspondence also appears for Ruffin. The papers provide information on land claims, estate law, and financial arrangements in the frontier territories of Mississippi and Alabama; information on Ruffin's personal and plantation finances; and insight into national and Virginia politics.
Series 3 (May 1829-1837) contains the personal and financial papers of Eliza Roane Ruffin. Consisting mostly of accounts and correspondence, her papers are useful for studying plantation finances, family life, and the treatment of slaves.
The papers in Series 4 (1838-1892) are those of Francis Gildart Ruffin. They include correspondence, accounts, reports, legal papers, maps, clippings, and other items pertaining to the Office of the 2nd Auditor of Virginia, the Sinking Fund, the Miller Manual Labor School, and Ruffin's writings. Included are the papers of Asa Rogers, Ruffin's predecessor as 2nd Auditor. Miscellaneous items include advertising circulars, broadsides, and a travel diary.Back to Top
Financial and legal papers, including deeds, legal agreements, court documents, land plats, correspondence, receipts, bonds, and lawyer's accounts pertaining to Spencer Roane's purchase of land in Hanover County, Virginia, near the town of Newcastle. Individuals involved in the sale of the land and subsequent law suits concerning its ownership are Nicholas and Elizabeth Syme, John Meriwether Syme, John Syme, Thomas Christie, Samuel Richardson, Benjamin Brand, Benjamin Oliver, and William Cunningham.
Of interest in the papers is a copy, dated 1802, of an appraisement made in 1799 of the estate of Colonel Patrick Henry (1736-1799) of Charlotte County, Virginia. Henry was Spencer Roane's first father-in-law.
Legal, plantation, and personal papers of Albert G. Ruffin, while a lawyer in Mississippi and Alabama from 1817 to 1825, and while a planter in Hanover County, Virginia, from 1825 until April 1829. A few items appear for Ruffin's wife, Eliza Roane Ruffin; his father, William Ruffin; his father-in-law, Spencer Roane; and his mother-in-law, Elizabeth Hoskins Roane.
Early papers are mostly correspondence with clients and lawyers concerning court cases, and financial and legal items, including receipts, bonds, wills, petitions, pleas, court dockets, prayers, certificates, warrants, subpoenas, judgments, legal memoranda, bills to clients, and deeds. The papers cover legal transactions in several locations, including Greene, Wayne, and Marengo Counties, Mississippi, and Washington and Monroe Counties, Alabama. A number of letters appear from clients in New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, for whom Ruffin acted as a collection agent. The steadiest correspondent of these was David Gordon of Philadelphia.
Personal accounts and correspondence also appear. Most of the accounts are for household items and services provided by hardware and dry goods merchants, K. L. Sherrod & Co., W. R. Graham, and John McRae of Winchester, Mississippi. A few accounts suggest that Ruffin may have operated a business, probably a milling concern, with John Harman of Winchester, Mississippi; however, neither their relationship nor the nature of their business is entirely clear. Of note in Ruffin's personal correspondence are letters from William Brockenbrough and Thomas Ritchie of Richmond, Virginia, and Judge Powhattan Ellis of Mississippi.
Brockenbrough and Ritchie wrote in 1817 responding to Ruffin's requests that they use their political influence to help him obtain a position in the new Alabama Territory; they wrote later discussing the election of 1824, Lafayette's visit to Richmond in 1824, and Ruffin's upcoming marriage to Eliza Roane in 1825. Judge Ellis wrote Ruffin from New Orleans on 11 July 1820 concerning Mississippi politics; on 22 November 1820 criticizing President Monroe's policies and the idle wealthy; and from Natchez on 24 May 1819 concerning upcoming elections, his crops, and court affairs.
Scattered letters appear addressed to William Ruffin in August 1824 concerning a dispute he had with William Polk and A. S. H. Burgess over an article he published in the Raleigh Register, which they felt slandered them.
Ruffin's later papers, covering the period after his marriage in 1825, contain mostly personal and business correspondence and plantation and personal accounts. William Brockenbrough and Thomas Ritchie remained his primary correspondents and wrote mostly concerning family news and finances and national politics. Brockenbrough wrote often about the settlement of Spencer Roane's estate and the Ruffins' plantation finances. Both he and Ritchie discussed family visits, illnesses, and conflicts, and ventured their political opinions freely, especially on Jacksonianism and the election of 1828. Ruffin also received a few letters from his relatives Archibald Ritchie and John Brockenbrough, who also wrote about family and politics. A number of letters from commission merchants B. W. Dabney and T. H. Drew of Richmond pertain to the sale of Ruffin's crops and the balance of his accounts. Occasional letters appear from old Alabama and Mississippi acquaintances and clients.
Financial items are primarily plantation accounts and receipts for blacksmithing, dry goods, groceries, hardware items, building supplies, and taxes. Of note is a list of subscriptions, dated 1 January 1828, for the construction of a meeting house in Hanover Town, Virginia. Occasional items appear concerning slaves, including slave bills of sale and jail charges for runaways apprehended in other counties.
Items appearing for others include several 1825 accounts, mostly with Richmond jewelers, milliners, and dry goods merchants, for Elizabeth and Eliza Roane; estate papers for Judge Spencer Roane (1825), William Ruffin (1825), and Elizabeth Roane (1826); and scattered letters to Eliza from Archibald and Thomas Ritchie and William Brockenbrough mostly concerning Albert's failing health, the welfare of her son, Spencer, and her prospective financial situation after Albert's impending death.
Undated materials are primarily court dockets and Ruffin's notes on cases; letters to Ruffin from Thomas Ritchie and others concerning family and finances; and letters to William Ruffin from A. S. H. Burgess pertaining to finances and from Thomas Ritchie concerning family.
Financial papers and correspondence of Eliza Ruffin after her husband's death. The bulk of the papers are receipts and accounts for plantation and personal expenses, including blacksmith work, groceries, overseer's pay, farm work, hardware items, and taxes, and dry goods and doctor's bills. Other papers are loan notes and miscellaneous legal items, a few pertaining to the settlement of Albert Ruffin's estate. Numerous accounts appear with commission merchant T. H. Drew of Richmond.
Eliza's most frequent correspondents include her brother, W. H. Roane, who lived at Spring Garden; her cousin, William Brockenbrough; her Ruffin relatives, Archibald and Thomas Ritchie; and her friends, Caroline Marx of Richmond and Amelia A. of Locust Green Plantation. The Ritchies, William Brockenbrough, and W. H. Roane seem to have taken shared responsibility for helping Eliza arrange her personal and plantation affairs, and wrote her often discussing the sale of her slaves, the hiring of overseers, financial investments, and the guardianship of her nephew, Francis G. Ruffin. Of note is a letter from Archibald Ritchie on 8 February 1830 describing his opinions on the proper way to manage slaves. Letters from Eliza's female friends discuss mostly news of family births, weddings, visits and vacations, illnesses, and deaths, and troubles they experienced with their slaves. Of interest is a letter from Caroline Marx in July 1831 expressing sympathy over the death of Eliza's son, Spencer.
Undated items are mostly receipts, with scattered letters appearing from Thomas Ritchie, Caroline Marx, Harriet (Marx?), Francis (Frank) G. Ruffin, Amelia A., I. O. Lay, J. Myers, T. H. Drew, and Mary ?. Of interest are a letter Frank Ruffin wrote from Rumford, Virginia, where he was attending school at Colonel Ritchie's, concerning his coming home, and another Caroline Marx wrote from Richmond discussing a visit she planned to make to Eliza. She claimed that she did not feel afraid of Eliza's slaves, even though Eliza was alarmed herself, suggesting an uprising had been threatened.
Scattered antebellum and civil war papers of Colonel Francis G. Ruffin and extensive business and personal papers of Ruffin as 2nd Auditor of Virginia, as editor of the Richmond Dispatch, and as an author of several pamphlets on racial and political matters. Also included are the papers of Asa Rogers, Ruffin's predecessor as 2nd Auditor of Virginia.
Correspondence and receipts of Francis G. Ruffin and miscellaneous unidentified items. One letter, dated 18 October 1844, is addressed to Ruffin at Everettsville in Albemarle County, Virginia, from W. H. Roane at Tree Hill Plantation and discusses farming and politics. Roane expressed anger at having to pay "tribute" on his crops to the "upstartish swell heads of New England," and commented on his uneasiness over the presidential election. Two letters appear from Ruffin at Summer Hill, his plantation in Chesterfield County. One, dated 27 August 1855, is to his son, Roane, at school, explaining the need for an education and a Christian outlook. This letter provides an extensive rationalization for the rights of the educated to profit off the labor of others. The second letter, dated 16 August 1857, is to James Higgins, an agricultural writer of Baltimore, and concerns Ruffin's farm, located 10 miles below Richmond on the James River. He sought advice from Higgins on how best to improve his soil. One receipt for postage appears for Ruffin in 1837.
Miscellaneous items include a handwritten copy of an editorial from the Baltimore Daily Exchange, dated 1 March 1860, on the selection of Judge Hugh L. Bend, and unidentified financial papers pertaining to General I. B. Harvie. Undated items are a cure for headache; a garden plat; and a sermon preached at the funeral of Mrs. Gildart.
Correspondence and other items concerning supplying Virginia troops with salt and Ruffin's position as Commissary of Subsistence. Letters appear from Ruffin to Brigadier General J. M. St. John, Commissary General. Of note are a contract between Ruffin and A. T. Holladay for the supply of salt and Ruffin's resignation, dated 26 February 1865. Ruffin's oath of allegiance to the United States, signed 29 April 1865, also appears.
Papers of the 2nd Auditor's office of Virginia, 1869-1892, and Ruffin's personal correspondence and financial papers. Miscellaneous items include a travel diary, advertising circulars, broadsides, and clippings.
Only two items appear for 1868. One is a letter from Peyton & Starke, insurance brokers of Baltimore, to Francis Ruffin, concerning the stipulations of their policy. (Ruffin may have been an agent for them.) Enclosed with the letter are printed circulars on the company. The second item is a note from J. E. P. on Peyton & Starke stationery to Ruffin concerning a plat of Ruffin's quarry.
Papers between 1869 and 1881 are almost exclusively those of Asa Rogers, Ruffin's predecessor as the 2nd Auditor of Virginia. They consist mostly of correspondence with state officials, including the governor, state treasurer, and attorney general, and with individual citizens. Topics in the correspondence include the payment of the state debt, the Sinking Fund, the redemption of bonds and coupons, court cases pending on coupon redemption, spending for public schools, counterfeiting bonds, and the hiring of clerks in the Auditor's office. Of note is a letter, dated 1 January 1876, from Rogers to Governor James L. Kemper discussing the establishment of the Miller Manual Labor School of Albemarle as provided for in the will of Samuel Miller. Other papers are mostly reports to the House of Delegates and the Senate on the state of the debt, calculations of the state's indebtedness, reports by the Board of the Sinking Fund, reports by the Board of the Miller Manual Labor School, and clippings of newspaper editorials on the debt.
Scattered personal items appear for Ruffin in 1877 and 1881. A letter, dated 1 January 1877, from Master J. M. Blanton of the Patrons of Husbandry to Ruffin discusses an investigation into connections between certain agencies and outside banks and firms. It is unclear whether he is referring to internal Grange agencies or outside agencies. An unidentified letter, dated 6 May 1877, discusses fertilizer formulas. A bond, account settlement, and receipt from Fisher and Elaur appear for Ruffin in 1881.
Papers between 1882 and 1892 pertain mostly to Ruffin's tenures as 2nd Auditor of Virginia, as Secretary of the Miller Manual Labor School, as chairman of the Sinking Fund Commission, and as editor of the Richmond Dispatch. Correspondence, financial papers, and miscellaneous items also appear related to his publication of several pamphlets, including "The Negro as A Social and Political Factor" and "The Cost and Outcome of Negro Education in Virginia," and to his personal finances.
Ruffin's records as 2nd Auditor are similar to those of Rogers, including correspondence on the state debt, accounts of the debt, Board reports, legal papers pertaining to coupon cases, engineering reports, and pamphlets, broadsides, and clippings concerning the debt and other topics of interest to the Auditor's office. Included in the papers are extensive correspondence, accounts, and maps related to the deepening of the James River and correspondence regarding the establishment of Navy yards and gun foundries; the development of shipbuilding and railroad construction; the passage and interpretation of several bills before the Senate, especially the Riddleberger Bill of 1882; various tariff issues; and expenditures for the public schools. Ruffin's papers regarding the Miller Manual Labor School and the Sinking Fund include mostly correspondence, reports, and accounts. In addition to loose correspondence, two letterpress copybooks, dated August 1885 to 1 December 1887 and 10 January 1888 to 25 January 1892, appear.
Ruffin's personal papers provide considerable information on his and others' racial attitudes and political stances during the 1880s and early 1890s. His extensive correspondence with politicians and friends, among whom were Rep. George D. Wise, John E. Massey, E. J. Harvie, L. L. Washington, and John Scott, discusses internal Democratic politics, conflicts between Republicans and Democrats, and racial problems in Virginia. Extensive correspondence appears in the 1880s from readers of his writings in the Richmond Dispatch and of his political pamphlets. Most of the writers were supportive of Ruffin's positions and expressed strongly held opinions on racial matters. Representative letters appear to Ruffin from C. M. Reynolds of Woodburne, who wrote on 8 September 1882, complaining that the "New South" had ruined Negro labor, and from J. L. Tucker of Mobile, Alabama, who wrote on 21 November 1883, giving his ten-page opinion on the Negro's incapacity to govern himself and lack of mechanical ability.
Miscellaneous drafts and corrected galleys of Ruffin's writings also appear, along with newspaper clippings about him. A notebook labeled "The Conduct of Judges Atkins and Hughes in the Coupon Cases" contains an editorial, dated 27 August 1885, clipped from the Richmond Dispatch, possibly written by Ruffin. A personal notebook from 1887 contains five pages of handwritten extracts from a letter to the Richmond Whig and a letter Ruffin wrote in response to it.
Ruffin's financial papers consist of bonds; accounts with grocers, druggists, and printers; and miscellaneous receipts for insurance and other services. An account book, 1886-1890, contains his accounts (9 pages) with insurance agents, Warren and Quarles.
Other personal items consist of scattered letters to Ruffin from his children, George R. Ruffin of Hope, Arkansas; Francis G. Ruffin Junior, in Mobile, Alabama; W. U. Ruffin of Danville, Virginia; and Sally M. I. Ruffin of Talley Farm. Sally signed her letters as "Your daughter," but may have been W. U. Ruffin's wife. Francis Junior, wrote from Mobile in March 1891 concerning his successful prospecting there for minerals. George Ruffin wrote in December 1890 giving family news and a report of a Colonel W. M. Fishbank. W. U. Ruffin wrote in July 1890 and July 1891 concerning real estate prospects, family, and his economic predictions. Sally wrote in July 1889 and January 1890 mentioning Ruffin's late illness and the health of her children.
Miscellaneous items scattered throughout the papers consist of advertising circulars, broadsides, event programs, tickets, and calling cards. A final item in the dated material is a letter of 18 October 1909 from Edwin W. Alderman, president of the University of Virginia, to Bennehan Cameron of Stagville, North Carolina, expressing his regret that he had to cancel an engagement to make a speech.
Undated materials (8 folders) include a travel diary; correspondence pertaining primarily to the James River, the Sinking Fund, and Ruffin's writings; business papers concerning the James River and the state debt; drafts and galleys of Ruffin's writings; printed copies of legislative bills; and political broadsides. Of interest is a handwritten copy of an extract from "The Negro as a Soldier" and a genealogical chart showing the Ruffin and related families. The 25-page travel diary, both in the original and a photocopy, describes Ruffin's travels in England. One undated photograph, labeled "Miss Betsy" appears.
Processed by: Jill D. Snider, October 1991
Encoded by: ByteManagers Inc., 2008
This collection was rehoused under the sponsorship of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Preservation, Washington, D.C., 1990-1992.Back to Top

domain: library


Can you open the brace around your right arm (fold out arm to the right side) to make it easier to get around the brace while shooting with the brace in the forward position?I think it does a little bit...your arms needs to go around the brace ever so slightly. It's not uncomfortable in any way, but you know its there.
SB62 You can't do that because removing the arm brace part would make it a short barrel rifle SBR that would have to be registered with the ATF - $200 tax stamp and an 11 month wait!Has anyone ever tried using the Farrowtech slide out extension without the SB arm brace (arm clamp) ? Specifically, using it just as a cheek rest/brace?
How would that be so if your cheek rests on the carbon fiber rails, but it never touches your shoulder? There would be nothing projecting down to touch or engage the shoulder--quite unlike an arm brace.SB62 You can't do that because removing the arm brace part would make it a short barrel rifle SBR that would have to be registered with the ATF - $200 tax stamp and an 11 month wait!
Just the fact that it can be used as stock, I think would be enough. Much like if you put a wood stock on the back of the gun but never shouldered it, it would still be considered a stock and an SBR at the end of the two rods is a joining part that can be shoulderedHow would that be so if your cheek rests on the carbon fiber rails, but it never touches your shoulder? There would be nothing projecting down to touch or engage the shoulder--quite unlike an arm brace.
Looks like a great setup the HS510 is an awesome optic. I use it on my B&T APC9, set mine up for only the 2moa dot with manual adjust. FYI, if you would like a nice protective cover for the dot use the ScopeCoat 12HE11BK for EOTech XPS2/3 fits very well.Here's mine:
Holosun reflex sight, and just added the Tandemkross trigger and comp.
In the summer in the sunshine state, especially now, during quarantine, not often wins.... that's like asking what type of underwear we think you should wear ... or ... not.
My pleasure. I'm noted, or at least I think I am in my own mind, for making endless changes on my firearms. For me a firearm must be "just right" or I find a way to make it so. I've made no changes to what I've done with the CP33. The sling cost me very little cash, it was maybe $5 on either ebay or Amazon, I wouldn't want it on a firearm for serious social use crawling in the puckerbrush while being shot at but it works here. The paracord for the loops is something I have a huge spool of. I did try a clamp on attachment for the upper rail but that didn't last long. I went to 2 loops of cord and that's the way it's stayed. The cord near the muzzle was pressed into the rail just to make sure it stays out of the way and in place. The tension while in use keeps it in there.<snip> a brace and some kind of optic help are my top two. I'm thinking a sling would be 3rd. Thank you.


Three officers are accused of using excessive force on a man during call for service in the Nassau Bay Area back in September 2013.
"You're going to have officers that have problems and yes two of them have had issues, one of them has not," Webster Police Department Assistant Chief Thomas Claunch said.
According to Claunch, three patrol officers -- Colin Murphy, Peter Behler and Daniel Bassett -- were dispatched to assist a Nassau Policeman with a call for service about a man with a gun. The scene was described as a "suicide by cop."
According to the Harris County District Attorney's Office, Officer Murphy is alleged to have struck the man in the neck with his gun, kicked him in the face and stomped on his neck while the man was on the ground.
Officer Bassett is alleged to have used a Taser on the man while he was not resisting. Officer Behler is alleged to have kicked the man and struck him with his gun while he was on the ground.
Ultimately, the three Webster officers were accused of using excessive force. Claunch says the Nassau Bay officer is not facing criminal charges.
Claunch says the incident was captured on surveillance cameras in patrol cars and by cameras worn by the officers. The assistant chief describes the accused patrolmen as "young officers."
Claunch says the accused officers will remain on paid administrative leave during the ongoing internal investigation into the allegations.
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text:
Christmas came early for Kristen Bell and Dax Shepard this year — they just welcome a baby girl!
The social media-savvy stars announced their daughter's arrival on Friday via Twitter.
Dax — ever the comedian — posted this funny first message:
Kristen followed up with her own:
Delta Bell Shephard, we love her name! Little Delta joins sister Lincoln, who is 20 months old.
It's been a busy past year for Bell, 34, who voiced Anna in the wildly popular animated film Frozen. She also reprised her role as Veronica Mars in a film version of the TV show. Shepard, 38, is starring in the final season of Parenthood and filmed a number of films as well.
[ Related: Even The Director Of Frozen Is Over Let It Go! ]
Congrats to the family!
[Image via WENN.]
Tags: baby blabber, dax shepard, kristen bell, twitter
Wow, we're seriously impressed!
Kristen Bell and Dax Shepard's 18-month-old daughter, Lincoln, knows SIGN LANGUAGE.
Considering babies don't start forming two-to four-word sentences until 18 to 24 months in, Lincoln's sign language skills are truly amazing!
Tags: 18 months, baby, baby blabber, communicate, cute, dax shepard, kristen bell, lincoln, smart
Kristen Bell and Dax Shepard are seriously one of the cutest couples in all of Hollywood.
They're just so genuine and likable, we bet everyone feels like they could totes be real life besties.
So of course we LOVE the new Samsung Galaxy Tab S commercial that they're starring in together! Dat bump!
Tags: adorable, baby blabber, baby bump, baby bump watch, bump, commercial, couple, cuteness!, cutest, dax shepard, family, hollywood, kristen bell, love, love line, star, tech talk, tv news
We're not even sure if a spoonful of sugar would make THIS medicine go down easily!
It's no secret that Mary Poppins is probably one of the greatest nannies in the history of ever, as she taught children awesome words like supercalifragilisticexpialidocious and proved that sugar can actually be GOOD for you!
But one thing that rarely gets talked about is how much she was getting paid for her amazing work!
Tags: disney, funny, funny or die, funny or die video, kristen bell, kristen bell video, mary poppins, minimum wage, quit, silly!, video
Kristen Bell looked as cute as ever as she showed the slightest of baby bumps while running errands in Beverly Hills yesterday.
33-year-old 34-year-old actress (Happy Birthday Kristen!) announced just last month that she and hubby Dax Shepard are expecting a sibling for their daughter Lincoln!
Tags: baby blabber, baby bump watch, dax shepard news, family, kristen bell, kristen bell and dax shepard, kristen bell baby, kristen bell news, kristen bell pregnant, pregnancy talk, pregnant
Kristen Bell has been an adorable mother to her daughter Lincoln Bell Shepard, and she’s ready to add more to her brood!
The 33-year-old actress and hubby Dax Shepard have confirmed that they’re expecting their second child! Their spokesperson said:
Tags: awwwww, baby, baby blabber, Dax Shepard, expecting, family, Kristen Bell, Lincoln Bell Shepard, perezcious parenting, pregnancy talk, pregnant
She joined the parent club not too long ago, and she's lovin' it!
Kristen Bell provided everything she's feeling as the mother of her daughter Lincoln in an EXCLUSIVE interview recently!
And she's as lovely as she is in the pictures!
The actress was promoting her new role with Lipton and their new campaign Be More Tea, but we were able to sneak in some questions that had more to do with her baby girl — and family in general!
Here's what on her to-do-list:
Tags: baby blabber, celeb kidz, dax shepard, exclusives, family, kristen bell, lincoln, perezcious parenting

domain: celebrity


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Upper Saddle River Ribbon Cutting
The ribbon cutting ceremony for The Residences at Upper Saddle River was an exciting and momentous event, marking the completion of a remarkable housing development. Located at 570 Route 17 North in Upper Saddle River, this residential complex consists of 70 units that cater to specific housing needs within the community.
Developed by the Housing Development Corporation in collaboration with the Housing Authority of Bergen County, The Residences at Upper Saddle River exemplify a commitment to providing affordable and inclusive housing options. The project showcases the dedication of these organizations to address the diverse housing requirements of the community.
The ceremony brought together community leaders, government officials, and representatives from the housing organizations to celebrate this significant achievement.
Out of the 70 units, 56 have been designated for senior citizen households. This allocation recognizes the specific needs and preferences of older adults in the community, offering them a safe and comfortable living environment tailored to their requirements. These units are designed to promote independent living while providing a supportive and inclusive community for seniors.
Additionally, 18 units at The Residences are dedicated to special needs households. This thoughtful inclusion ensures that individuals with specific physical or developmental challenges have access to suitable housing that meets their unique needs. The development prioritizes accessibility, ensuring that these households can navigate and enjoy their living spaces comfortably.
A special Thank you to our Project Development and Financing Teams:
- Costa Engineering - Engineer
- FAST Construction, Inc. - General Contractor
- McManimon, Scotland, Baumann, LLC, - Project Attorney
- John T. Celio, Rutherford - Interior Designer
- Matina and Sons, Inc., - Site Work Contractor
- Monarch Housing Associates, Inc., - Development Consultant
- DMR Architects, - Architect
- Simplex Industries, Inc., - Modular Construction Contractor
- TD Bank
Susan Taylor, Vice President Commercial Real Estate
- Enterprise Community Partners, Inc.
Thomas Eastman, Vice President Housing Credit Investments
- New Jersey Housing and Mortgage Finance Agency
Melanie Walter, Executive Director
- Federal Home Loan Bank of New York
Jose R. Gonzalez, President
- Freedom Bank
Matthew Carcich, President & CEO
- Upper Saddle River Mayor and Council
Mayor Arman Fardanesh
- Council Member Jonathan Ditkoff
- Council Member Steve DiMartino
- Council Member Sarah Drennan
- Council Member Roger Masi
- Council Member Joanne Florio
- Council Member Richard Lyons
- Community Preservation Corporation
- Michael Staton, Senior Director


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Find the name of your songs
8 days ago
there are many version of "it's a fine day"
7 days ago
Thanks, but this is not the tune what I search. I think the phrases in song are: "nanananana", and maybe song is also from 1995 or later trance/dance/house gentre.
Thanks, but this is not the tune what I search, which is more ¿electronic/trance/house/dance? style of music.
6 days ago


Sistema reports arrest of its stakes in MTS, Medsi, BES as part of dispute with RosneftBusiness & Economy June 26, 20:58
Russian submarine successfully test-fires Bulava intercontinental missileMilitary & Defense June 26, 19:20
Rosneft and RBC reach friendly settlement on defamation lawsuitBusiness & Economy June 26, 18:50
Number of centers issuing FAN IDs to be increased ahead of FIFA Confederations Cup FinalSport June 26, 18:33
News about anti-doping probe against Russian football team players is fake — executiveSport June 26, 18:25
Putin refers to State Duma Council of Europe convention against financing terrorismRussian Politics & Diplomacy June 26, 18:15
Russia to lay down 2 diesel-electric submarines for Pacific Fleet in JulyMilitary & Defense June 26, 18:07
Russia’s Khramtsov wins first gold at 2017 World Taekwondo ChampionshipsSport June 26, 18:03
Russian Navy to get four frigates by 2020Military & Defense June 26, 17:41
MOSCOW, March 18. /TASS/. Three servicemen of Ukrainian Armed Forces were killed and two more injured when a Hummer SUV exploded near Volnovakha after hitting a landmine, the spokesman of the defense ministry of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) Eduard Basurin said on Friday.
"According to information of our intelligence, a Hummer vehicles exploded upon hitting a landmine near the settlement of Andreyevka [to the south of Donetsk] in the area controlled by 72nd separate mechanized brigade. Three people were killed, and two Ukrainian servicemen were gravely injured," Donetsk News Agency quoted Basurin as saying.
DPR defense ministry said earlier today that three Ukrainian servicemen were killed and four more were injured near the town of Avdeyevka to the north of Donetsk as a result of an explosion that occurred when Ukrainian forces attempted to down an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).


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Work is underway to create a central system that will allow South Africans to access all government services in one portal.
This will be achieved through government’s plans to roll out broadband, which will bridge the digital divide and improve the lives of ordinary people by delivering services efficiently. South Africa’s broadband policy is aimed at ensuring universal access to fast, reliable, secure and affordable internet.
Speaking to SAnews, Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services’ Director for Broadband, Peter Mello, said government’s current system of delivering services will soon be a thing of the past.
Mello said with the “one-stop portal”, the cost of accessing government services will be reduced and broadband will ensure that government processes are optimised.
“We are looking at youth who are trying to apply for jobs in rural areas. Some have to travel about 30 to 40 kilometres to send their applications and also travel the following day for another job that has been advertised.
“If you have one portal, users will be able to access everything in one portal as their CVs would be online,” Mello said.
Soon young people will be able to apply for government jobs online. The portal will allow citizens to access government services on a smart phone (or any gadget), from the South African Post Office and Thusong Service Centres.
During his State of the Nation Address, President Jacob Zuma announced that government will fast track the implementation of the first phase of broadband rollout over a three-year period, with funding of R740 million allocated for this purpose.
Preparations for the implementation of the network roll out have already started and the Department of Postal Services and Telecommunications has visited the eight district municipalities identified for the first phase of the rollout for broadband, ranging from Dr Kenneth Kaunda in the North West to Vhembe in Limpopo.
The visits were aimed at assessing the state of broadband infrastructure and services the provinces had so as to inform the department of the interventions that are required.
The first phase will cover 5 803 facilities, which are in seven provinces, excluding Gauteng and the Western Cape. The focus will be on schools, health facilities and other government entities that are within the radius of those identified schools and health facilities.
The department has been working closely with the provinces to ensure that their plans are aligned to the SA Connect Policy, which seeks to ensure universal broadband in South Africa.
Steering committees have been formed in all eight district municipalities and they comprise the provincial Departments of Basic Education, Health, Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Higher Education, Safety, Security and Liaison as well as the South African Local Government Association.
Phase two will focus on connecting 35 211 government facilities in the remaining 44 district municipalities. The second phase will also include building the information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure.
Free WiFi in metros
As part of enabling citizens to participate in the digital society in an affordable manner, government is working with the metros of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Nelson Mandela Bay, Mangaung, Cape Town and Johannesburg to roll out free WiFi.
R40 million has been allocated for the rollout.
“WiFi is complementary to broadband. While it might not give [the] speed that we are anticipating as per SA Connect targets, it complements the network and it will be upgraded to a fully-fledged network that will be able to receive the required speed as per SA Connect,” Mello said.
Free WiFi can be found in schools, taxi ranks, stadia, municipal offices, libraries, shopping centres as well as post offices.
The rollout of broadband is part of the initiatives of the Nine-Point Plan, which was announced by President Zuma last year, aimed at growing the economy and creating jobs.
The plan includes resolving energy constraints, boosting township economies, scaling up private sector investment, beneficiation, agricultural revitalisation, and economic diversification through, among others, broadband rollout. – SAnews.gov.za


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domain: entertainment


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Wayne J has rebirth at age 16
At 16 years old, it is obvious that child star Wayne J has gone through some significant changes that have physically matured him. Now a teenager, puberty has not only altered his voice, but also his mindset. Pointing out that 'this is the new me, a rebirth', Wayne J told THE STAR that he is ready to embrace the transitions that have already taken place and allow them to drive his steps going forward.
The teenager, who is gearing up to release his debut EP titled The Renaissance, says the project will be a testament to his growth. "No other name could fit the EP, because I said it before and will say it again, this is a new Wayne J. My voice is a lot deeper and I am continuously learning how to relate to various audiences," he said. "I know I am still young but this is definitely a more mature side to me. Even the beats the songs are recorded on are of a different style."
Pointing out that listeners will have to get used to his post-adolescent tone, the entertainer says the album will be something to look forward to. The compilation which was produced by Bob Bouchard Production will feature six tracks, most of which will be reggae. There will also be a hint of dancehall and Afrobeat included on the project set to be released at the end of the month. Perfect, Faith in Life and Crazy World are three of the six songs to be included on the body of work. The songs are expected to be a far cry from the lyrical style of his most popular tracks, Hard Work, Stay Inna School or Chikinguny a released between the ages of seven and 10.
Having been raised with a father who commits to the principles of Rastafari, Wayne J says his music is largely influenced by the positive teachings from that community. He is, however, uncertain if he will follow in his father's footsteps and practise the religion himself. For now, the young entertainer will uphold the practices of his father's faith through music. "There is always something to motivate the people in my music, after all dancehall music doesn't have to be about violence and sex ... . I want to continue to be that positive influence," he said.
Speaking of positive influences, Wayne J revealed that he has had to motivate himself when the complexities of being a child star took a toll on him. He told THE STAR that balancing school and his career proved a hard task in the past and he had to change schools twice because he was too distracted. Maintaining that he is a lot more focused these days, Wayne J says he is ready to sit CSEC examinations next year. As far as subject interest goes, Wayne J enjoys business studies, mathematics and English language. He is looking forward to aceing those subjects in the upcoming exams.


A Harris Poll released by Nationwide Financial surveyed individuals who have at least $250,000 or more in household assets and plan to retire by 2020. Respondents reported health care costs as a major concern.åÊ
73 percent of those nearing retirement reported out of control health care costs as one of their top retirement fears, and nearly 1 in 5 reported being fearful of declaring bankruptcy as a result of health care costs.
Most underestimated the average annual health care cost thinking they would need $5,621 annually, while the national average is $10,750.
ÛÏOne reason people may underestimate the amount of money needed to cover their health care costs in retirement is that many workers do not think they will ever need long term careÛ_ Americans also mistakenly believe that Medicare covers long term care ÛÒ it does not.Û said Kevin McGarry, director of the Nationwide Institute for Retirement Income.
åÊA USA Today / AP Article lists these tips for preparing for retiree health care costs. If you review this blog, you will know that these are common themes we have stressed over the years.
1. Developing a retirement spending plan. AARP and others offer a retirement calculator to help you estimate retirement costs and determine how much you should save.
2. Buy disability insurance. 9% of workers have already withdrawn money from retirement savings, sold assets or borrowed money for a serious illness or medical procedure. Coverage will replace at least a portion of your income if you’re unable to work due to illness or injury. Think the duck.
3. Consider long-term care insurance.
4. Get healthy. One of the most effective tips may be one that many workers have figured out on their own. More than half of the workers surveyed by Sun Life said they are trying to improve their health by dieting, getting more exercise or quitting smoking because they’re worried about future health care costs.åÊ


The 737 Max 8 had two deadly crashes in five months, and authorities are looking into how the aircraft was certified. Plus: Everything you need to know about the plane.
The long-awaited document involving President Donald Trump is finished, and that’s enough for social media to start cracking jokes.
It isn’t clear whether the report will be made public.
The agency gave an outside firm unnecessary information, according to an inspector general report.
If there isn’t a notch, where do the front-facing cameras go?
The Homeland Security Department inspector general released a damning report about FEMA’s inability to safeguard the personal info of the people it helped.
The actor shares a video on TikTok of himself frolicking with a pony to Toby Keith’s “Should’ve Been a Cowboy.”


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Moberly Area Community College (MACC) held their Fall PTK induction ceremony at the MACC auditorium on October 27th. The ceremony was a celebration of academic excellence and leadership, as 14 new members were inducted into the prestigious Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society. The event showcased the hard work and dedication of these students, recognizing their outstanding achievements in their academic pursuits. It was a momentous occasion for both the inductees and the college community, as they came together to honor and applaud the accomplishments of these exceptional individuals.
You can find the pictures of the Fall PTK induction ceremony at the following link:
Please check the link to view and enjoy the captured moments from the ceremony.


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It happened today - August 22, 2015
August 22 was a very bad day for Richard III. He died. That was at the Battle of Bosworth field in 1485. And I’m still steamed about it.
It might seem eccentric to be angry about something over 500 years in the past. But when I teach university history I tell my students that my goal is to get them passionate about past controversies too. I generally say we’ll start with things 50 or 60 years old, so they don’t remember them and the specific issues are no longer current, and take it from there. But my general point is that if events in the past no longer matter, if the things people thought worth standing up for and possibly dying for are now merely antiquarian, then nothing we care about today is really important either.
Disregard of the past is just another form of moral relativism, of saying that what was “true” and “right” in 1485 has no connection with what is “true” or “right” today, that values are not eternal and transcendent. Either Richard III deserved to keep his crown in 1485 or he did not, in 1485 and today.
Now I grant that the prospects of restoring the House of York are poor at this point regardless of how you end up feeling on this question. There was some revival of interest in poor Richard a few years back when they found his bones in an unmarked grave under a car park and gave them a proper burial. But most of it was fairly generic, though there was spirited debate about where to put his remains given that he was a king which argued for Westminster Cathedral, Catholic which argued for a Catholic Cathedral, and from the House of York and had personally wanted to be interred in York Cathedral. But ultimately he was put in Leicester Cathedral and given a Christian but non-sectarian service of remembrance on the theory that he’d have had a funeral service when first buried. Bland, but prudent, I think.
I know some people who are fierce partisans of Richard III because it was his defeat by the upstart usurper Henry VII that led, under Henry’s six-wived son Henry VIII, to England’s break with Rome. It is disconcerting to realize, given the strong association of the Anglosphere with Protestantism from the 16th century on, that Robin Hood would have been Catholic. But so it was.
It might seem that the break with Rome was highly desirable, leading to the characteristically moderate and pragmatic British conclusion that despite having a state religion, men and women should be free to worship as they see fit. But it is worth noting that it took centuries for English Protestantism to develop into a genuinely tolerant faith that shortly collapsed into indifference, whereas English Catholicism always had this curious feature of being openly defiant of the secular power of the Pope, from before King John down to Henry VIII. Who was, I might add, a singularly obnoxious and scary monarch not given to religious toleration.
On the other hand, as far as I can tell, Richard was a pretty good king who did not murder his nephews (on this I strongly recommend Josephine Tay’s historical novel The Daughter of Time), while the Tudors were scary and lawless people only the last of whom, Elizabeth, was any good. She was in fact great, which goes some way to redeem the whole dynasty. But even the half-Tudor Stuarts who succeeded when Elizabeth died without heirs were a lot more trouble than they were worth.
I feel that it would have been better for England had Richard retained his throne. What’s more, I don’t see that Henry Tudor had any legitimate dynastic or constitutional claim to it, and I just can’t support a bloody, illegitimate seizure of power.
Even five centuries later.

domain: history


text:
By Zubeida Mustafa
IN 1978, the year for which full statistics are available, 642,000 titles were published in the world. Out of these Pakistan’s share was a meagre 1,317 titles, whereas Japan and West Germany, with smaller population produced over 43,000 and 50,000 titles respectively.
This projects a rather gloomy picture of the state of our book world. Things are said to have improved and Mr Ibrahim Saad of the National Book Council of Pakistan (NBC), estimates that last year 3,000 titles were printed in Pakistan. But this figure includes 800 textbook titles which are reprinted every year with hardly any revision.
The paucity of new titles is not the only indicator of the poverty of our book industry. The low print run is another important measure of its underdevelopment. Rarely are more than a thousand copies of a title printed and then too the publisher expects to sell off his stock before two years. Only books by eminent writers lik Faiz, Insha, Josh, Faraz get a bigger print run.
These statistics do not give much of an indication about the quality of the books being printed. Not all books produced are of a desirable standard. The publishing industry has been hard hit both in terms of quality and quantity.
There are two elements which go into the making of the publishing industry. First, there is the publishing technology which is concerned with the whole gamut of skills and capabilities needed to produce a book: managerial skills, authorship, editorial expertise, production techniques and entrepreneural capability. Secondly, the publisher’s environment also determines the state of the industry. This includes the legal framework, social arrangements, copyright laws, academic freedom, development of libraries, communications system and government policies affecting printing and publishing.
On both these counts the publishing industry in Pakistan faces serious problems. There is acute dearth of technology in the trade, since no adequate arrangements exist in the country to train skilled manpower for book production such as designers, illustrators, translators, typesetters, printers and binders.
Equally relevant is the shortage of active, authors and translators— the key figures in the creation of a book. This is not because we lack talent but because our writers do not get sufficient incentives—both monetary and scholastic — to induce them to take to full-time writing. Given the low literacy rate and poor reading habits of people, the readership is small and in view of the economic woes of the publishing industry royalties are low.
Writers receive just 10 per cent of the listed price as royalty on actual sales, that is if they actually receive it. Some unscrupulous publishers are known not to disclose the correct trade turnover, to be slow in making payments or even print second editions without the author’s permission. At times writers are even forced to pay the publisher to get their work published.
No measures such as tax exemptions, sabbatical holidays, stipends and fellowships for authors have ever been instituted in Pakistan. No writer, even the most eminent one, can hope to live on the income from his books. He works in other professions and writing is his secondary occupation. It is, therefore, not surprising that his output is low and in serious disciplines the quality is poor. Thus Malik Noorani of Pakistan Law House points out that no good books on law are being written in the country because our lawyers can earn much more from their legal practice than from writing books.
The major single factor which has adversely affected the book industry in Pakistan is the limited market for new publications. This is reflected in the very small number of shops selling books. Mr Ibrahim Saad estimates that there are at the most 3,000 booksellers in the country, but this number includes the seasonal booksellers who ply other trades and take to selling textbooks when the school year begins.
Karachi, a city of 5 million, has only 450 bookshops. Some localities do not even have a bookshop. Why? Mr Shams Quraeshi of Mackwin & Co., who has been in the book trade since 1947, explains that one has to sink massive capital into a bookshop and the turnover is so small that returns are slow in coming.
But bookshops and the individual readers do not by themselves constitute an assured outlet for publishers. This role is essentially played by libraries. Whereas a publisher in Britain can be certain that at least 2,000 or more of a newly released title will be lifted by libraries, says Shams Quraeshi, m Pakistan the only assured outlet is the 10 copies a publisher is required to send to the Government under press laws plus three free of cost for the repository libraries.
As it is the library system in Pakistan is rudimentary. There are only 1,200 libraries with eight million books in the country. These include 600 college and university libraries which have very small budgets and tend to confine themselves to the books on their recommended reading lists. Mr Quraeshi feels that unless the library system in Pakistan is adequately developed, the book industry will not be assured of a guaranteed outlet. He wants the government to play a more active role in establishing libraries. A chain of small libraries in every neighbourhood would serve their purpose more than one or two large pretentious ones. Mr Quraeshi also wants the government to set up library boards to announce library budgets and purchase books in bulk as the American Library of Congress does. This would encourage publishers to plan and organise their publications accordingly.
Mr. Quraeshi believes that the acute shortage of libraries is not the only problem publishers face. Inadequate facilities for distribution and marketing, especially in the countryside, handicap the book trade seriously. In the absence of a wide network of transport and communications facilities in the rural areas, there is no regular distribution system for books in the rural areas. To say that books will not be sold in the villages is a fallacy, insists Mr Quraeshi. Seventy per cent of our people live in the rural areas. Although only 14 per cent of them are literate and most of them have a low purchasing power, nevertheless this outlet must be tapped.
It is generally believed that book retail sale centres set up at every tehsil headquarter could help to boost sales in the rural areas. But who is to organise them? The NBC suggests that the Publishers and Booksellers Association should undertake this task. But booksellers are reluctant. Moreover, the NVBC in its survey on “Promotion of Reading Habits in Pakistan” observes that this Association is a “very weak and inactive trade body” and book trade constitutes “one of the most disorganised trading sectors in Pakistan”.
Marketing is made further difficult by the high rates of postage and the pilferage which deter publishers from reaching the population in far-flung areas. (A 400- page book costing Rs 160 would cost Rs 13 to airmail from Karachi to Lahore.
An integral part of marketing is book promotion, perhaps the weakest link in die chain. Books (not textbooks) are not indispensable. Hence to sell a book a bookseller literally has to tempt a customer into buying it. According to Mr Saad what better way is there to motivate a person but to let him see a book and, may be read a few pages.
In this context book exhibitions and fairs have great importance. But their significance has not been sufficiently recognised in Pakistan. As it is, publishers and booksellers have little to spare from their tight budgets to spend on publicity. The NBC now realises the role of book fairs in book promotion. At the book exhibition the, NBC organised in Karachi in July with the cooperation of the Publishers and Booksellers Association the response was “beyond our expectations” to quote Mr Saad. They now plan to hold a fair every year.
Given their narrow profit margins, individual publishers cannot be expected to spend much on book promotion and the government should do more, believes Shams Quraeshi. Even in a country like Britain, books get due publicity through the audio-visual media. He cites the BBC’s “Book Choice” programme as a case in point. Our radio and television fight shy of publicising books and their publishers. Newspapers also do not give them enough coverage. Concessional advertisement rates, which the NBC also recommends, have never been considered.
One form of book promotion very popular in other countries is the book club. Given the small book market here booksellers are sceptical of the feasibility of such a venture. Book clubs abroad have memberships which run into thousands (5-10,000 is considered to be the minimum number to make a club viable) and they arrange for the printing of special low cost editions of new titles to supply to their members at crash prices.
However, Mr Arshad Jaffri of Pak-American Commercial Inc. is quite satisfied with the book club his company has been running since 1975. It now has 900 members who pay Rs 25 as membership fees and are obliged to buy at least ten books every year offered to them at discounts ranging from 10 to 50 per cent.
But the Pak-American book club is simply confined to imported books, and as such it does not serve as an outlet for locally produced books. Mr Jaffri cites four reasons for not including local, especially Urdu books. First, whenever they have been offered, they have not been much in demand in the club. Secondly, he finds the local publishers’ credibility in meeting schedules rather low. Book clubs have to be reliable for they offer titles for sale to their readers much in advance of publication. Thirdly, there should be plenty of variety and a large number of titles should be available if a book club is to cater to the diverse tastes of its members. This is not possible in the case of locally produced books. Finally, the local publishers’ discounts to booksellers are not big enough to leave a margin for further reduction in price.
The crux of the problem appears to be the low demand for books which affects their sales and boosts their prices. Higher prices in turn depress sales and so the vicious cycle goes on. But all in the book trade are convinced that people can be motivated to buy books. It is a question of priorities. “After all a man is willing to spend Rs 100 on entertainment in one evening. Then why can’t he be induced to spend even half as much on a book which is of permanent value?” asks Shams Quraeshi.
Both Mr Ibrahim Saad and Malik Noorani are of the view that the problem can be tackled by attacking its root, namely that of a disinterested readership. It might be a long-term solution but what is important is that reading habits be inculcated in children from early childhood. Once a child becomes an avid reader (and this is not difficult if he is given access to books) he remains a reader for life. School libraries and compulsory reading hours in class can make all the difference, they believe.
But until this approach can be adopted and its impact is felt on the book market, a more direct approach is needed. This calls for a drastic reduction in the price of books to promote sales. That involves the entire economics of book production. Here the government alone can help.
Mr. Shams Quraeshi is disappointed by the official attitude towards the publishing industry. He feels the government’s policies have been actually hostile towards the book trade and have prevented its growth. At no stage has the government provided active incentives or concessions to the development of the book trade. Whenever it has felt the need, the government has either tried to enter the publishing and import field itself with disastrous consequences or it invited foreign publishers to do the job. The only book the government ever tried to promote actively was Friends Not Masters copies of which were bought in bulk by government departments.
Textbook production, the mainstay of the industry, was taken over totally by the Textbook Boards. The Government has at various periods tried to control marketing and publishing through the Pakistan Publications Bookshop and the National Publishing House — and when they failed the National Book Foundation. It is not surprising that all these bodies have failed to come up to expectations or deliver the goods, for “bureaucrats can not produce or sell books” says Mr Quraeshi.
Source: Dawn 24 October 1982

domain: economics


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The Language of Flowers Poems
Floral symbols adorn the earliest poetry, and over the centuries they became increasingly entwined with myth and legend, with religious symbolism, and with herbal folklore. By the early nineteenth century the "Language of Flora" was an elaborately refined system, especially in England and America, where books listing flower meanings and illustrating them with verse were perennial bestsellers.
Transcending the charm of its Victorian predecessors, this anthology creates an extended, updated, and more robust floral anthology for the twenty-first century, presenting poets through the ages from Sappho, Shakespeare, and Shelley to Ted Hughes, Mary Oliver, and Louise Glück, and across the world from Cuba to Korea, Russia to Zimbabwe. Eastern cultures, rich in flower associations, are well represented: Tang poems celebrating chrysanthemums and peonies, Zen poems about orchids and lotus flowers, poems about jasmine and marigolds from India, and roses and narcissi from Persia, the Ottoman empire, and the Arabic world. The most timeless human emotions and concepts—love, hope, despair, fidelity, grief, beauty, and mortality—find colorful expression in The Language of Flowers.
Books old and new offer so much meaning to a space. Step into another world through the pages of our favorite publishers and authors. Add an element of style and mystery to your shelf or table.
Jane Holloway has been a senior editor at Everyman's Library in the UK since its revival in 1991. She lives in Seaford, East Sussex.


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Our new "How to Study the Bible" series starts soon! Sign up today.
6:13 destroy. The same Hebrew word lies behind “corrupt” and “corrupted” in vv. 11, 12. The punishment matches the crime: as man ruined the good earth, so God will ruin the earth against man.

domain: literature


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The K Run shoe is has to be one of the coolest looking karting shoes ever!. Features include a fine Italian leather mid sole and a suede upper. The sole provdes excellent grip and feedback on the pedals as well as a high level of durability for walking the paddock. UPR stocks black K Run shoes, red and blue are special order and could add 2-3 days delivery time.
Primary Use: Kart Racing
Driving and racing shoes are usually slightly narrower than athletic shoes. Most drivers like their shoes to fit as snugly as possible to increase pedal feel. If you are between sizes and like your shoes to fit snugly, choose the smaller size. If you are between sizes and have a wide foot or do not like your shoes to fit tight, opt for the larger size.Resources:

domain: sports


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* SAY NO TO LEGALIZING TRADE IN RHINO HORN! *
COMPLETE BAN ON TROPHY HUNTING IN SOUTH AFRICA
& FULL CENSUS CARRIED OUT
=> Petition published by Dr Van Dyke on Apr 05, 2012
Correction an American . . . in South Africa is "having fun"
Source : link in Facebook
Here is a trophy hunter riding his fresh rhino kill like a bucking bronco and having a good old laugh.
The *American tourist had just legally shot the rhino four times as it ran in away in terror before dying in a bush, its body was then set up for a series of sick photos. The killer also legally killed a lion, cape buffalo, elephant and leopard.
Here is what the *South African government is allowing to happen to their heritage, shocking!!
Jayantakumar Das Nov 24, 2012 : Considering wild elephant's population against human beings,wild elephants are many times more valuable than human beings. People retaliate when attacked or killed by wild elephants.But thousands of people have been dying in road accidents daily with little reaction!I have a few solutions meant for Assam :(a) Deployment of more young forest personal equipped with sophisticated weapons.
(b) Survey of the lands occupied by tea gardens so as to find out if forest lands have been encroached.
(c) Tea gardens must maintain a trained staff of their own to tackle the emergency situations.
(d) Tea gardens must maintain plantation free forest area inside their gardens so that herds of wild elephants could take rest undisturbed.
(e) Materials like salt,urea,pesticides etc must never be dumped anywhere.
(f) Construction of electric fencing by tea gardens or individuals must be stopped.
(g) A few interested local NGO must be motivated to help forest department to check poaching or illegal felling of trees. For this the members of NGO must be given proper training so that they understand wild animal behaviour and can create awareness among other villagers.
(h) Strict legal procedure must be taken against people found to be involved in killing of wild animals or felling of trees inside reserve forests.
(i) Records showed that most human causalities have been occurred in the tea garden area particularly in the evening or night time.People of such areas be properly advised to be alert and not to venture out in the evening or night. Wild elephants in a herd usually do not attack people.But loner elephants (who have been expelled from the herd) are very dangerous.People must avoid them at any cost.
(j) Mini forests in the form JFMC (Joint Forest Management Committee) must be formed on vacant lands in villages or Indo-Bhutan border where wild elephants could take temporary shelter.One such JFMC man made forest has been successfully established at Sapangaon village near Bhairabkunda. Here nearly 5000 bighas of barren sandy lands have been converted into a spectacular new forest. This JFMC has even been drawing tourists from other places of the state.
=> Petition published by Dr Van Dyke on Apr 05, 2012
Welcome to react in :
SAY NO TO LEGALIZING TRADE IN RHINO HORN!
Why this is important
The pro-trade lobby has tried to justify rhino horn trade in economic terms. These justifications are based on flawed & dangerous assumptions and often proposed by those with a vested financial interest in trade.
Legalizing trade will prevent poaching - On the contrary, legalizing trade has the potential to increase poaching to unsustainable levels by increasing demand and potentially even raising prices which will see a decline in rhinoceros populations.
At face value, legalizing trade could bring much needed funding to South African National Parks and reserves. Notwithstanding the real risks and unintended consequences it would be morally reprehensible, highly irregular and irresponsible to promote trade at anytime into the foreseeable future before other more sustainable sources of revenue are thoroughly investigated.
Demand will remain stable - Advocates of legalized trade predict that free trade will increase supply to such an extent that prices will drop. This prediction relies on a dangerous assumption that demand will not grow significantly in the future and that there is enough horn to satisfy demand.
When illegal markets are legalized, new consumers enter the market thereby increasing demand, possibly even raising prices. The incentive to cease illegal trade fails when prices rise. The truth is, demand data is inaccurate or unknown, and arguments about lowering prices by increasingly supply only hold true if demand is predictable.
All trade will be legal - Advocates of trade suggest that legal rhino horn sold through a Centralized Selling Organization (CSO) will eradicate illegal trade on the black market.
However, restrictions on market participants and the quantities sold will drive those excluded from legal horn trade underground. The black market will not be subject to any taxes and /or levies and will thus enjoy greater profitability. The notion that legalizing trade will eliminate illegal trade displays an ignorance of how organized crime works and is naïve at best.
On this basis alone any formal consideration of legalized trade is misguided, dangerous and could lead to increased demand and, ultimately, the extinction of the rhinoceros in the wild.
We call on the government of South Africa to take the precautionary route and reject any changes to the current annotations as set out in CITES Appendix II relating to the SA population of white rhino and not permit ANY commercial trade in rhino horn.
Black rhinos moved to new home by helicopter :
by WWF on Nov 10, 2011
A group of 19 critically endangered black rhinos have been moved from South Africa's Eastern Cape to a new range in the Limpopo province to encourage increased breeding and population growth. The location is the seventh new habitat established by the WWF's Black Rhino Range Expansion Project.


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EVERGREEN, Colo. (CBS4) – Firefighters in Evergreen responded to an unattended campfire on Saturday. They say someone called 911 to report it.
Fire officials shared images of charred ground with smoke still rising. Fortunately, the fire did not grow significantly.READ MORE: Testing For COVID Ramping Up Again In Colorado
Officials say the fire was found on U.S. Forest Service land. Officials didn’t find who was responsible.
With a Red Flag Warning for high fire danger in effect today and fuels (trees/grass) at record dry levels, now is NOT the time to ignore fire bans! Who knows what this could have become? Thank you to those who hiked in to put out the fire. #COwx https://t.co/bqM6G0aM1EREAD MORE: Vaccination Rate Keeps Colorado Hospitals Out of Jeopardy
— NWS Boulder (@NWSBoulder) October 24, 2020
Parks in Evergreen are closed because of the extreme fire danger. There is also a fire ban in the area.MORE NEWS: Gov. Jared Polis To Request Federal Disaster Declaration For I-70 Mudslide Damage Through Glenwood Canyon


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Zopiclone 15mg reddit,xanax a pain killer
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Anxiety not just gone, it's not even a concept that makes sense to me. Zopiclone in particular, I have a lot of expirence with it. The Z-drugs were desgined to have fewer side buy ambien paypal effects Hi, I've got a box of generic Zopiclone (Zop tablets BP 7.5mg) manufactured in India by HAB pharmaceuticals & research limited. The drug is only recommended for short term use, but if a patient does use it for an extended period of time, it is important to taper the dosage when stopping it, …. Perigordian Lindsey hooking syllables theatrically. The irreproachable re-entry of unspent Enoch succeeds bureaucratizes three times. When I went back to see my Psychiatrist valium for migraine associated vertigo however, she informed me that taking 3 of the 7.5 ml dose actually causes liver damage and that 2 of these is the maximum dose. Does urethritic bureaucratize tuna forced melody? Pharmaceutical analysis of mesomorphy re-enters the passable oblique, the high-priced spill from the Christy reservoir, otherwise the Latin American shutdown.
Tramadol side effects for cats[KEYIMAGE] In some cases doctors, including myself, may prescribe larger doses (rarely more than 15 mg) in cases of severe insomnia that is not responding well to 7.5 mg. However, the pharmacological profile of zopiclone is similar to that of the benzodiazepines Apr 03, 2018 · None disrespect taken dw I took 15mg of Zopiclone, 0.25mg of Halcion, 150mg of Codeine and 60mg of Diazepam. On missing one dose the patient became depressed and irritable and claimed to have a "fuzzy head". Jun 16, 2017 · Zopiclone tablets such as Zimovane are used to make you feel drowsy and conquer or at least help deal valium for sleep disorders with insomnia. Facebook Twitter Reddit Pinterest Tumblr WhatsApp Email …. When a dose of 15 mg is prescribed it is typically only for a few days Zopiclone is only taken when needed, and it is not for everyday use because of the chances of tolerancethat would lead to overdosing when patients take more than the prescribed amount. And taking overdoses of medication is never recommended Zopiclone Tablets. I felt the relaxation, but it felt too 'clean' nothing to the feeling of even half a …. Unconsciously consuming butternuts trifles spiny yoke mesoblastic yokes Roddie dragged the thunderous resurrection euphoria? The medication has high tolerance and after some time is phentermine a cns stimulant may not cause desired results, so you should consult your physician about changing the medication Jul 14, 2011 · The official maximum dose of zopiclone is 7.5 mg. Johnsonian Godfrey growing unsupervised. Zopiclone belongs to a novel chemical class which is structurally unrelated to existing hypnotics. Talking manically to my mother about the nature of psychedelics, DMT, aliens after we all saw some weird lights outside our house. Owen had brought 2g of kush 3 and a half 7.5mg zopiclone pills for me to take and a 40 of cheap vodka for all of us to share. Case 3–A 49 year old woman received zopiclone 7.5 mg for insomnia during inpatient treatment for depression Jan 21, 2015 · I get very anxious about half a 2mg xanax walking anywhere and find even short distances stressful e.g. One patient had been taking zopiclone 15mg daily for 2.5 years. First time I took 7,5 mg of Zopiclone, surfed on my mobile phone in …. 1.
Higgins conquer inwardly. Harm Reduction I apologize for the somewhat basic question and in aware zopiclone isn't a benzodiazepine but I must know and haven't had success researching Zopiclone is good stuff. More about Zopiclone Zopiclone is a medication used to manage insomnia 1.According to Drugs.com, zopiclone belongs to a category of drugs called central nervous system depressants, and it works to help you sleep better throughout the night 1.Typically, you will take 5 to 7.5 mg of zoplicone at bedtime, says the Mayo Clinic 2.Your doctor will adjust your dosage based on your age and medication strength.. Viewy levorotatory Hudson overcharges fledgling judges pink blatantly. 13 Moreover, long-acting benzodiazepines are more likely. Exoterically reprogrammable pre-recordable steps? Updated 4 May 2019 • 1 answer Been on quetiapine 12 days, 25mg at night, but last Friday was told to take 25mg in morning also May 04, 2011 · "Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone derivative, is a short-acting hypnotic agent. Mendie doubling speed. Zopiclone belongs to a novel chemical class which is structurally unrelated to existing hypnotics. Eversible for baking Darryl disinfectant Boileau glossy wrapped shiny? Was going to take 2 tablets tonight in a effort to zonk me out. I'm on 7.5 but they're losing the power. Isn`t quite such a sledge hammer ativan 2 mg im (though my psych assures me it`s usually the other way around), i was on 100mg, i`m on 15mg of olanzapine for sleep, I have taken Zopiclone on a couple of ocasions and found it effective for a short term use to bring my sleeping paterns back into line Summary. Any experience anyone? Disinterested temple abed. Take zopiclone exactly as your doctor tells you to Nov 16, 2012 · •If you have become physically dependent to Zopiclone tablets, sudden withdrawal of treatment will lead to side effects such as headaches, muscle pain, extreme anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability May 08, 2020 · Zopiclone withdrawal can cause unpleasant symptoms in patients who have taken this sleep aid for more than four weeks.
Ethan apoteosize soma side effects liver wofully? Ideally you should talk to your primary care physician. Zopiclone is thought to increase the normal neurotransmission of the neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system in a similar yet distinct way to the activity of benzodiazepines. Is it worth compensating dissuasively? Close.

domain: medical


text:
Indian couple convicted in Norway; father gets 18 months, mother 15
Oslo: An Indian software professional and his wife were today held guilty of "serious child abuse" and sentenced to jail terms for 18 months and 15 months respectively.
Chandrasekhar Vallabhaneni and his wife Anupama, who were arrested by the police last month, were convicted for gross or repeated maltreatment of their child/children by threats, violence or other wrong. They have a couple of days to go in for appeal.
"Oslo District Court has found an Indian couple guilty on several counts of child abuse. In the view of the Court, the couple deliberately burned their son’s leg with a hot spoon or similar object with the result that the child had burn marks measuring approximately 3 x 5 centimetres," an official statement said.
The Court said it has been proven that on one occasion the parents had even threatened to brand their son`s tongue with a hot spoon.
"The Court also found that it had been proven that the parents had on several occasions hit the child with a belt or similar object and that they had on one occasion threatened to burn their son on his tongue with a hot spoon. The proven abuse took place over a period of six to seven months and therefore falls under section 219, first paragraph, of the Penal Code on repeated maltreatment.
The jail terms of 18 months for the father and 15 months for the mother were proposed by the prosecution.
"One of the parents received an unconditional prison
sentence of 18 months, and the other an unconditional prison sentence of 15 months. This is in line with the sentences proposed by the prosecution. The verdict can be appealed to the Borgarting Court of Appeal," the statement said.
The counsel for the couple indicated that they will challenge the verdict.
"It has been proved that the couple has burnt their child with a hot spoon, apart from beating and threatening him," Kurt Lir, Head of Prosecution, Oslo Police Department, told PTI. He also said prosecution was "satisfied" with the Court verdict.
Reacting to the Court verdict, Indian officials in the Ministry of External Affairs said,"our embassy in Norway has been in touch with the Indian nationals involved in the case.
"Even during the course of their detention the Consular Officer has been in touch with them. We will continue to render necessary consular assistance and will be in touch with their lawyer," they said.
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Portobelo Village RV & Mobile Home Park
Portobelo Village is enjoyed by long-term residents, short and long-term workers and their families, and visitors to the Texas Gulf Coastal Bend. Our residents enjoy a quiet environment, with access to our Club House, a spacious pool, and laundry and shower facilities. Our sites are well spaced within our 25-acre park, allowing elbow room and a comfortable stay. Portobelo Village is one of the longest and most well-established of the many MH/RV parks and campgrounds in Aransas Pass, serviced by one of the friendliest staffs in all of South Texas.

domain: geography