Overview of RF Switch
Peregrine Semiconductor, San Diego, CA
Drew Fischer and Ruan Lourens
National Instruments, Austin, TX
Modern RF instrumentation is heavily dependent on switch technology. As both
power consumption and space requirements shrink, selecting the appropriate
switch solution becomes increasingly important. This article provides an
overview of RF switches and considerations for selection based on function within
the RF instrument.
OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES
Solid State Switches
Solid state switches can be divided into two primary categories: diode and field-effect ransistor (FET). PIN diode switches are
generally realized using discrete implementations and are known for higher power handling
and fast switching speed, but the fairly complex
biasing schemes and high levels of DC power
required are significant disadvantages, especially for battery-operated instrumentation.
PIN diodes require a forward current through
the device to establish a low series resistance.
This direct injection of DC current into the RF
channel limits low-frequency operation.
FET-based switches are more commonly
found in integrated solutions because the
switching behavior is voltage-dependent. The
control voltage applied to the gate of the FET
“switches” the channel from a low-resistance
“on” state to a high-resistance, capacitive “off”
state. Three-terminal FET devices feature
minimal DC power consumption and separate
gate control of the channel. The high impedance of the gate supports a broadband response, but the FET is still frequency limited
by finite capacitance between the RF channel
and the gate terminal, as well as channel capacitance when the device is in the “off” state.
There are two distinct FET types commonly
used in industry today: MESFETs and MOSFETs. MESFETs are fabricated using gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN)
processes, while MOSFET devices are commonly silicon-based. A primary distinction between the two types is the asymmetric behavior
of the MESFET gate to applied voltage.
Electromechanical and MEMS Switches
Electromechanical (EM) switches use a different mechanism than their solid state counterparts. In an EM switch, a metal contact is
actuated to make or break the connection. This
technology offers the advantages of low insertion loss, high isolation, and high linearity.1
Emerging microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS) switch technology attempts to deliver
the advantages of traditional EM switches, but
in a small form factor. MEMS switches employ
micro-miniaturized mechanical contacts controlled by electrostatic forces to make RF connections.1, 2
No single switch solution can satisfy all of
the various requirements for each application.
Frequency range, power handling, linearity,
switching speed, insertion loss, isolation, video
feedthrough, power consumption, and reli-


NICHOLAS KAMM / AFP via Getty Images
The Trump White House is rumoredto be working on a beefed-up open access mandate. The potential executive order would require all scientific papers that are based on federally funded research to be made available online free of charge as soon as they are published. That would supersede aruleissued by the Obama White House that required federally funded papers to become freely available one year after publication.
The White House hasn’t actually announced the new policy yet, but the rumors were enough to get the attention of scientific publishers. Last Wednesday more than 100 publishing organizations (signed a letter) calling on the Trump administration to scrap the proposal.
The letter warned that an open access mandate would “jeopardize the intellectual property of American organizations engaged in the creation of high-quality peer-reviewed journals and research articles.” Without the ability to charge the public for articles, scientific journals would have to pass those costs on to researchers or taxpayers, the letter warns.
There is undoubtedly some truth to that — many open access journals charge fees to authors. Thesefees range widely– from a few hundred dollars to several thousand. If the federal government mandated open access for all federally funded research, researchers would presumably see some increases in the fees they pay to publish their articles in top-tier journals.


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Sheila E. Says Prince Hologram Won’t Appear at Super Bowl Halftime Show
Yesterday, Justin Timberlake was rumored to be performing alongside a hologram of Prince at this year’s Super Bowl halftime show in Minneapolis, but now it looks like the collaboration might not happen after all. Last night, Prince’s former drummer Sheila E. voiced her disapproval of the hologram. Now, Sheila says that she’s spoken with Timberlake, who has assured her that there wouldn’t be a Prince hologram at the Super Bowl.
“Family, I spoke w/Justin 2nite and he shared heartfelt words of respect for Prince & the Purple fans,” she wrote last night on Twitter. “I look 4wrd 2 seeing what I’m sure is going 2 be a spectacular halftime show. There is no hologram.”
In the past, Prince has voiced his disapproval of the technology, as The Fader points out. In a 1998 interview with Guitar World, Prince was asked if he’d ever be interested in jamming with an artist from the past thanks to advances in digital editing. Prince responded in disgust, calling it “the most demonic thing imaginable.” He said:
Certainly not. That’s the most demonic thing imaginable. Everything is as it is, and it should be. If I was meant to jam with Duke Ellington, we would have lived in the same age. That whole virtual reality thing… it really is demonic. And I am not a demon. Also, what they did with that Beatles song [“Free As a Bird”], manipulating John Lennon’s voice to have him singing from across the grave… that’ll never happen to me. To prevent that kind of thing from happening is another reason why I want artistic control.
Family, I spoke w/Justin 2nite and he shared heartfelt words of respect for Prince & the Purple fans. I look 4wrd 2 seeing what I’m sure is going 2 be a spectacular halftime show. There is no hologram. 🙏🏽💋 pic.twitter.com/mhVXBfBa1B
— SheilaEdrummer (@SheilaEdrummer) February 4, 2018

domain: news


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Veteran Indian actor, Om Puri dies at the age of 66.
The prolific actor was found dead at his home on Friday morning, reportedly after suffering a heart attack.
Puri was known for his versatility and gritty performances across global markets. He appeared not only in mainstream Bollywood movies and regional Indian cinema but also numerous British and Hollywood productions.
He was awarded an honorary OBE for his contribution to the British film industry in 2004.

domain: celebrity


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Van Wagenen Teams Up with AmeriCredit
MINNEAPOLIS — Van Wagenen Financial Services recently announced that it has been selected by AmeriCredit to provide insurance tracking for its auto finance portfolio.
"We chose van Wagenen for its technological expertise and extensive experience in insurance tracking and related products. This makes them an excellent choice for delivering the high quality service and standards that AmeriCredit looks for in a long-term partner," said Winn Keeney, vice president of product development at AmeriCredit.
"We were impressed with van Wagenen's ability to service AmeriCredit's diverse range of credit quality, as well as their expertise in being able to transition a portfolio of AmeriCredit's size," he continued.
Mary Wood, president of van Wagenen, added, "van Wagenen is excited about this new partnership with AmeriCredit; we look forward to the privilege of providing the highest quality service utilizing our array of technology and experience."
For more information on van Wagenen, visit www.vanwagenen.com.


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Kastner 7th Grade football did it again. A last seconds win. Trailing 7-6 to arch rival Alta Sierra the Thunderbirds were down to their last chance. 4th down 30-seconds in the game. That's when quarterback Devin Knudsen found Mitch Francis. Francis then pulled off the shot that gave Kastner the win. A off balance pass to Khaneal Mason who raced into the endzone for the T-birds win 12-7. Now Kastner and Alta Sierra share first place.
This story is inappropriate and should be flagged for moderation. Please choose from one of the following options:

domain: sports


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Elementary & Middle Strum Along
Teaching Artist Carlos Pino
Join Carlos Pino as he shares his love for all things guitar! This joyous art form will introduce kids to different songs and the basics of playing music to share with family and friends. It’s cool to learn an instrument and the guitar might be the coolest!
Ages 9 - 12 | Thursday | 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm
Ever wanted to learn guitar but didn’t know where to start? Learn better surrounded by fun friends? Then this class is for you! Whether you’re a novice or...
Ages 10 - 18 | 10:00 am - 3:00 pm
Join Theatre UAB’s Valerie Accetta and ArtPlay as you explore the world of musical theatre through vocal auditions. Build your audition book, develop a character and learn to...
Ages 10 - 16 | Tuesday | 4:00 pm - 5:30 pm
This class offers a glimpse into the world of beat making and provides students with the skills to make beats for a variety of genres such as hip...
See All Classes

domain: hobby


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In honor of Rock of Ages coming out today, Vulture has a retrospective of the very finest in hair band fashions from the 1980s. They’ve included this picture of a young, impossibly hot Jon Bon Jovi and his little Jersey boy wiener. God, he was something, wasn’t he? That JAWLINE.
1980s Flashback: Birdwatching with Jon Bon Jovi
The surprising complex process by which turkey ladies decide which turkey dude they're going to get with. Spoiler Alert: It's all about the length of ... Watch Now
On this episode of Living for The Lipsync, RuPaul’s Drag Race Season 2 lip-sync legend Morgan McMichaels directs you to check Latrice Royale's Pat ... Watch Now


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Buy at least 3 products for international free shipping!
Esthederm Intensive Vitamin C2 Serum 10 ml
Esthederm's Intensive Vitamin C2 Serum offers an improved anti-aging solution. An incredibly lightweight and fast-absorbing formula, this serum contains two forms of Vitamin C proven to combat free radicals, resulting in a smoother complexion, reduced wrinkles, and boosted luminosity. With regular use, this serum also helps accelerate skin regeneration and collagen synthesis, delivering a powerful punch of antioxidants for a youthful glow.
We, as Beauty Care Bag, do our best for our customers to experience the return and delivery processes painlessly. You can check our Return & Delivery process by clicking here.

domain: health


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Monogram Goldie Crystal Necklace
This beautiful necklace is available in gold or silver plated metal. The chain is adjustable from 16-19 inches.
If you would like to order this without a monogram please check the "no monogram" box.
Please make sure to enter the initials in the EXACT order that you would like them.

domain: design


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476. The folly of manThe folly of man!
He desires revelation before realisation.
He is afraid to climb high.
His concentration on truth
Threatens him and frightens him.
Alas, he is always assailed
By destructive memories.
This is what he feels he needs
To perfect his life in God's Dream.
Sri Chinmoy, Transcendence-Perfection, Agni Press, 1975

domain: library


If you’re not on mobile, you’re not anywhere
We are a nation of device addicts, constantly on our smartphones and tablets, paying less attention to traditional advertising on the tube, at the bus stop and on billboards. Brands need to embrace cross media initiatives, digitising their assets such as shop windows, posters and magazine adverts in order to help them reach consumers on different devices.
Imagine a consumer is scrolling through the news on their smartphone at a bus stop when they see an advert for money off something they are interested in at a local supermarket. This is where mobile technologies can help. The consumer can use their mobile to tap the NFC tag on the poster, which downloads an app directly to their phone. Later in the week they walk past the supermarket they now have an app for, and the in-store Bluetooth beacons trigger the offer they had downloaded previously, displaying a message on their phone. This not only increases sales in the short term, but can help build positive brand association, leading to repeat business.
Several high profile retailers are embracing these technologies and using their advertising assets to build relationships with consumers. For example, Harrods has used NFC and QR codes to celebrate the expansion of its luxury accessories range. The department store enhanced its traditional physical window display with a digital add on, enabling consumers to tap and receive exclusive behind the scenes footage from designers and tweet about their experience, driving engagement through the phone.
Similarly, Argos is enhancing its in-store assets via mobile. Its staff are currently wearing NFC enabled lanyards encouraging people to take advantage of offers. Customers can also tap in-store cards to download the Argos mobile app, enabling them to make purchases on the go, increasing online sales. It is great to see established brands updating their advertising assets, embracing ubiquitous mobile use and using technology to connect with consumers in new ways.
I believe marketers should go one step further and use the data collected to plan their future campaigns more effectively. NFC tags and Bluetooth beacons provide brands with an opportunity to track assets and discover which locations and types of adverts are leading to sales and which are not, providing them with information which they can use to update their future advertising strategy.
It is up to brands, retailers and marketers to connect their physical and digital assets via mobile to increase consumer engagement, retail sales and loyalty.
By Neil Garner, CEO and Founder, Proxama.


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For those of you who might be interested in playing at Laurel Hill, Diane is now offering open play on Tuesdays 1-3pm. All other days you will need to call her and arrange play. She shared with me that she is averaging 18 players and welcomes any others that would like to come over and play. There is a $5.00 drop in fee.
Laurel Hill is located at 2222 Cass Road, Toledo 43614. Phone number is 419-381-0550 if you would like any other information.
It is a great facility, go check it out!
See you on the courts!


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Hibers Trench Cemetery, Wancourt
- Country France
- Total identified casualties 130 Find these casualties
- Region Pas de Calais
- Identified casualties from First World War
- GPS Coordinates Latitude: 50.25092, Longitude: 2.85657
Wancourt is a village approximately 8 kilometres south-east of Arras. Hibers Trench Cemetery is about one kilometre north-west of the village on the north side of the road from Wancourt to Arras.
Wheelchair access to this site is possible, but maybe by alternative entrance. For further information regarding wheelchair access, please contact our enquiries dept. on 01628 634221.
Wancourt was captured by Commonwealth troops on 12 April 1917, and Wancourt Tower was taken by the 50th (Northumbrian) Division on the 13th. At the end of March 1918, the village and its neighbourhood were lost during the German advance, but they were recovered by the Canadian Corps on the following 26 August. Hibers Trench Cemetery was made in April 1917, by the 50th Division Burial Officer and used until the following October. Three Canadian graves were added in August and September 1918, and two further burials in the summer of 1919. Hibers Trench Cemetery contains 136 burials and commemorations of the First World War. Six of the burials are unidentified and there are special memorials to two casualties who are known to be buried among them. The cemetery was designed by G H Goldsmith.

domain: geography


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Weekend Poetry: California (I) and Sleep Psalm/Weather
After seven years holiday-less I’m scarred, like this land, with ghost rivulets,
hardened against the liquid shock – voluptuous
time, lard and vein of it splayed out like a coast road, forest road, a slick of freeway
falling away beneath the bus wheels,
like the green bay lurching towards us as we land. At immigration, the officer asks
Do you have ten thousand dollars? and I can’t
quell a seal’s bark laugh. Are you OK ma’am? Deeply, as is my inconvenient sense
of humour. It’s not about what
you deserve is maybe the best piece of wisdom my mother gave me, which means
the cotton-ball fog peeling away
at the horizon’s tacky, cornflower edges; the heat blooming, pouring in now
from our toes up to our ears,
our stunned scalps – a transfusion, or some new rite of spring – as we drive away
from the city: all this is ludicrous glut; boundless, bottomless margarita.
Sleep Psalm/ Weather
O for the neurotransmitter flip, mind’s hauling anchor,
a quick skidding into night’s slipstream –
night’s warp of pebble and water.
I don’t want to dream in the day’s steamrollered syntax.
Here’s to my night language: here’s to cartoon werewolves
re-enacting our most toxic rows in mime.
My bedsheets turn and buff to bleached bone, ivory;
day’s trash is shunted
and ploughed clear of the causeway.
Moving on to the continent and surrounding islands:
in the early hours from two am. we can see
unsettled weather –
an intense area of low pressure beginning to spiral quite rapidly Eastwards,
hitting the coast with rising winds, successive banks of heavy rain –
Some disturbance of sleep. Some damage to fences and unhoused livestock –
[Outside, the city’s silver with pixel-light, damp with night sweats.
Call centres, offices wired
for other time zones; the smog of night voices].
Not your prone body and not its absence – the pillow
pummelled, becoming flesh – flour baby,
Not tickering budget spreadsheets nor colour-zoned schedules.
Never forensic, frieze-frame re-runs of the imbecilic things
I’ve done or said; nor fear’s erosion, its glacier tracks.
Maybe, then, I’ll imagine Shapwick’s moonlit silos;
not sirens but owlsong, the loam exhaling, wheat
cut, shocked – safely gathered.
From three am., we can expect to see
strong currents scraping their hooves on the ocean’s
bedrock. And in the atmosphere: a great quantity of sand and muck;
shoals of great white shark and, above them,
off-course migrating geese,
scrags of polythene – like kites, like albatrosses –
The wind, rising to gale force seven. The wind, herding vast bisons of cloud
across the badlands of the sky.
The air sparking like flint, like fist connecting with jawbone;
the gulls, braying like dogs.
[If the ice on the surface of the Arctic ocean melts away, the less
there is the less there is. A feedback loop is a feedback loop
but the white-flowered, sour-tasting Wood Sorrell blooms, and the
Elderflower blossoms glow, and the fields purr and the frosts fall back
and the winds lean the building so its girders sing and pulse a belly-drone.
I shore myself against the boulder of your spine].
O sleep-reel, shadowplay, celluloid fiend, your jittery dance
snagged on repeat. O forty winks –
knockout veer into glamor and dark,
to bloom my lungs with that valley weather – drowse
and green cut with river water – might be enough
to sustain me through any misfortune, any windfall.
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The Week on Planet Trump: Tweeter-in-Chief Threatens Iran with War and America with Government Shutdown
President Donald Trump late Sunday threatened Iran in a tweet, warning Iranian President Hassan Rouhani of “consequences the likes of which few throughout history have ever suffered before.” Just another week in Washington. Duisclaimer rounds up Trump's week.
Claims that Jeremy Corbyn was the first black leader of the Labour party were pretty daft. They were not alone. Harris Coverlet looks at some of dumb Twitter.
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Harry Leslie Smith thinks that Albert Speer had more integrity than Tony Blair. You donot have to be a Blairite or supporter of the Iraq War to see this as insane: the left promoting a Nazi. Diusclaimer looks at some of the worst of Twitter.


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With the summer season on the horizon, many people are getting ready to go out and enjoy some time in the sun. Some people walk a delicate and potentially dangerously thin line between developing a bronze tan and suffering a sunburn. In many of these cases, people will opt to use a sunblock with a mild sun-protection factor and will casually watch for early signs of sunburn before reapplying a stronger sunblock or seeking shelter from the sun.
Here at Dermatology Center, Dr. Kraig K. Jenson reminds people to apply a high-quality sunblock to their skin on a regular basis. This is of the utmost importance for preserving the health of your skin. Not only will this help prevent sunburn, but it can also reduce your chances of suffering other skin maladies. This could include the gradual formation of dark spots on hands, shoulders, and face as well as the appearance of skin aging.
Continuing research has also found a relationship between inadequate sun protection and an increase in different forms of skin cancer.
To help prevent these issues, you should always wear a sunblock with a high SPF number. If you are struggling to find one that meets your needs on the retail level, Dr. Kraig K. Jenson can provide you with a high-quality sunblock.
If you live in the Orem, Utah, area and you need help finding a high-quality sunblock, you should call 801-224-5200 to set up a consultation with the staff at Dermatology Center.

domain: medical


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2022 Cabrinha Link Foil Board
The Link is a light weight and high-performance prone and wing foil board that's offered in three sizes to cater to anyone looking to get into and progress with the surfing side of foiling. The Link best resembles a modern prone foil board that can be used as a sinker wing board, and can still perform well as a tow-in / wake / pumping / kite foil board. The Link is Cabrinha's best foil board for cross-discipline use.
- EPS Core, Light Weight & Buoyant
- Durable Composite Bamboo Deck construction with UD Carbon stringer
- Planar deck shape for balanced feel and control
- Bevelled rails with hard release edge
- Industry standard 9cm adjustable foil mount with position indicators
- Sinker board design with balanced volume distribution
- Double concave nose for a forgiving touch down & easy launch
- Angle adjustable 2 or 3 strap insert configuration
- Kick tail with aggressive release channels for earlier flight
- Full DaKine EVA deck pad
- Lightweight bottom double UD Carbon stringer
- Bottom carry handle
Included with the board: Full DaKine EVA deck pad and foil mounting hardware.


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Bhad Bhabie Reportedly Signs $1 Million Songwriting & Publishing Deal
Whether you like her or not, the money moves Bhad Bhabie has made over the years have been quite impressive. From her $900K cosmetic endorsement deal to having the first ever augmented reality Billboard in Los Angeles, as well as pulling in bank with her SnapChat reality series, the 16-year-old rapper’s pretty successful and she’s isn’t afraid to talk about it.
Bhad (born Danielle Bregoli) has now pulled in yet another impressive deal with Pulse Music Group, a subsidiary of BMI, since TMZ reports that the “Bestie” rapper has inked a $1 million songwriting and co-publishing deal. The deal essentially means that Bhad can collect licensing fees from artists and then distribute them as royalties. Apparently, she’ll get $350K upfront followed by two installments of $325K down the road. The publication also details how she’ll get around 70-percent of her future music streams, record sales, and licensing streams.


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Immediate Rehabilitation of the Extremely Atrophic Mandible with Fixed Full-Prosthesis Supported by Four Implants
The purpose of this article is to prospectively assess the outcome of immediate rehabilitation of extremely atrophic mandibles by a full-arch fixed bridge anchored to four implants. All patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year (range 20–48 months, mean 30.1 months). No failures were
recorded to date. The 1-year implant survival rate and prosthesis success rate were 100%.Marginal bone loss around axial and tilted implants was similar at 12-month evaluation, being, respectively, 0.6 1 0.3 (standard deviation) mm and
0.7 1 0.4 mm. High patient’s level of satisfaction was recorded for function, phonetics, and aesthetics.

domain: literature


If you need the definitive guide to American fastener sizes, you’ve arrived at the perfect spot! Fasteners are an essential tool for any DIYer, professional contractor, or engineer, and the right size and type can make the difference between a successful project and a failed one.
In this article, we’ll take a look at the different types of fasteners and the American fastener size chart, as well as the different grades, coatings, and other factors to consider when choosing fasteners. Let’s get started!
Introduction of Fastener Types
Fasteners come in a variety of types, including screws, nuts and bolts, rivets, and washers.
- Screws are the go-to fastening solution for a wide range of tasks. They can be used in wooden, metal, and plastic surfaces, as well as other materials.
- Nuts and bolts are also popular fasteners and come in many sizes and materials. They are frequently used to join two metal components and come in various thread measurements.
- Rivets are also used to join two pieces of material together and come in different sizes, shapes, and materials.
- Finally, washers are used to protect the surface of a fastener and are available in different materials.
All of these fastener types are essential to any manufacturing process and help ensure the materials are secured together properly.
Understanding the American Fastener System
American fastener sizes refer to the standardized sizing system used to describe the size, length, and thread pitch of fasteners used in the United States. This system is based on the National Aerospace Standard (NAS). This standard was developed by the aerospace industry to ensure consistency in the design and manufacture of fasteners.
The NAS is divided into two categories: inch-based and metric-based fasteners.
Inch-based fasteners use imperial measurements, while metric-based fasteners use metric sizes.
Fasteners come in various sizes and types, and understanding the American fastener size chart is essential for ensuring you get the right size for your project.
How To Determine A Fastener Size?
The size of a fastener is determined by its diameter, the number of threads per inch (TPI), and length.
The diameter is the span from one edge of the thread to the other, while the threads-per-inch (TPI) denotes how many threads are within a linear inch.
Generally, the length of the bolt is gauged in inches or millimeters, determined by measuring from the crown of the head right down to the end.
Understanding Thread Pitch and Thread Count
To appropriately identify the size of a fastener, it’s vital to understand thread pitch and count.
When measuring threads, thread pitch denotes the space between each thread, while thread count indicates the number of threads present per inch.
The thread pitch and thread count will determine the size of the fastener.
For example, a #4 fastener has a diameter of 0.112 inches and 16 threads per inch (TPI). This means the thread pitch is 0.072 inches and the thread count is 16. On the other hand, a #10 fastener has a diameter of 0.190 inches and 24 threads per inch (TPI). This means the thread pitch is 0.080 inches and the thread count is 24.
The Difference Between Imperial and Metric Fastener Sizes
- Understanding the difference between imperial and metric fastener sizes will help you choose the right size for your project.
- Imperial fastener sizes refer to the diameter and length of the threaded portion of a fastener, measured in inches. Metric screw sizes refer to the diameter and the length of the threaded portion of the fastener, measured in millimeters.
- Imperial fastener sizes are typically used for small fasteners, while metric fastener sizes are used for larger fasteners.
Understanding Head Types and Drive Types
There’s a range of head and drive styles when it comes to fasteners.
The five most commonly seen head shapes are Flat, Pan, Truss, Oval, and Hex.
- A flat-head fastener is the most common type; it has a flat top with a tapered underside for easy installation.
- A pan-head fastener has a low profile with a wide but slightly domed top. It’s often used in applications where a low profile is desired.
- The truss head is larger and has a rounded top. It’s often used in heavier-duty applications.
- The oval head fastener has a low profile and an oval shape. It’s often used in applications where a low profile is desired.
- The hex head fastener is the most common type; it has a hexagonal shape and is often used in high-torque applications.
Five of the most frequently encountered Drive types are Phillips, Robertson, Torx, and Hex.
- The Phillips drive is the most common in carpentry and woodworking applications.
- The Robertson drive type is great for heavy-duty applications, as it’s less likely to strip out than Phillips.
- The Torx drive type is popular in electronics, as its star-shaped recess is highly resistant to cam-out.
- And finally, the hex drive type is great for applications that require extra torque, as its hexagonal shape allows for more surface contact with the fastener.
So the next time you choose a drive type for a project, you’ll know which one is best for the job!
American Fastener Sizes
There isn’t an “ultimate guide” to American fastener size because there is no definitive authority. Still, a few things are vital to keeping in mind when it comes to sizing fasteners.
Unified Inch Screw Threads (UNC/UNRC) Vs. National Pipe Thread (NPT)
Firstly, it’s vital to know that there are two main types of measurement systems used for fasteners in the US – Unified Inch Screw Threads (UNC/UNRC) and the National Pipe Thread (NPT). The UNC/UNRC system is more commonly used for small-diameter screws and bolts, while NPT is typically used for pipes and fittings.
Methods For Measuring TPI
There are two ways of measuring threads per inch- which can make things challenging if you don’t know what you’re doing.
The first method is called “counting threads,” where you simply count the number of threads within a one-inch span.
The second method is called “measuring threads,” which uses a tool to measure the distance between adjacent threads.
- Generally speaking, UNC/UNRC sizes are expressed in terms of diameter and thread count (e.g., 1/4-20), while NPT sizes are expressed as diameter + TPI (e.g., 1/4 NPT). With this information in mind, here are a few tips for sizing American fasteners:
- For UNC/UNRC screws and bolts, start by determining the desired diameter (using fractions or decimals), then choose a thread count based on how coarse or fine you want the threads to be. Coarse threads are better for thicker materials, while fine threads are better for thinner materials.
- For NPT pipes and fittings, start by determining the desired diameter (again using fractions or decimals), then choose an appropriate TPI based on how tight or loose you want the connection to be.
- Lower TPIs will result in a tighter connection, while higher TPIs will be looser. When in doubt, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and go with a slightly larger size rather than a smaller one – it’s much easier to make a big hole smaller than it is to make a small hole bigger!
US Bolt Dimensions
When it comes to bolts, the US has specific dimensions that must be followed. It’s imperative to be aware of the dimensions of the bolt you’re using to guarantee a precise fitting and proper performance.
- The diameter of the bolt is measured from the outside of the threads, and the length is measured from the underside of the head to the end of the bolt. When measuring a metric bolt, the diameter is measured across the bolt’s major diameter, and the length is measured from the top of the head to the end of the bolt.
- In addition to diameter and length, the US also has specific thread pitch requirements that must be followed. All US bolts must have a thread pitch of 8 threads per inch, which means 8 threads are measured over an inch of the bolt.
- It’s also vital to know the full range of sizes available. Smaller bolts, for instance, can range from 0-80 to 1/4 inch in diameter. On the other end of the size spectrum, larger bolts can measure up to 1-1/2 inches in diameter. Likewise, bolt lengths can range from 1/8 inch to 20 inches, depending on the application.
- It’s essential to bear in mind the kind of threads a bolt has, which is usually determined by the diameter and TPI. For instance, a 1/4-inch diameter bolt may have 20 threads per inch.
When choosing the right bolt for the job, it’s paramount to ensure the size and thread type are compatible with the materials being joined together.
American Screw Sizes
Understanding the different screw sizes available in the United States is crucial for any project. The most common sizes for American screws are #4, #6, #8, and #10.
- #4 screws are 0.112 inches in diameter and 16 threads per inch (TPI).
- #6 screws are 0.138 inches in diameter and 18 threads per inch (TPI).
American Nut Sizes
American nuts can be found in various shapes and sizes; ranging from #2 to #12. The size is dependent on the diameter, thread pitch and length of the nut.
The most common sizes for American nuts are #6, #8, #10, and #12.
Different Fastener Materials
Fasteners come in a variety of materials, each with its properties and applications. The most frequent materials include:
- Stainless Steel
For example, Steel is the most common material used for general-purpose applications, and Stainless Steel is corrosion-resistant and is often used in marine applications.
Fasteners come in a range of grades, each providing its own benefits for various types of work; e.g, grades 2, 5, 8, and 10 are common.
Grade 2 fasteners are low-strength and are often used in light-duty applications. Grade 5 fasteners are medium-strength and are often used in general-purpose applications. Grade 8 fasteners are often used in heavy-duty applications.
Which Of These Has Extra Strength? 10-32 Vs 1/4-20
While it is true that the 10-32 screw has finer threads and thus can create a stronger connection, it is also much smaller in diameter than the 1/4-20 screw. It means the 1/4-20 screw can handle more weight and force before breaking. So, if you need a strong connection, go with the 1/4-20 screw. If you need a finer connection (for example, working with delicate materials), go with the 10-32 screw.
What Does M8 1.25 Mean?
M8 1.25 is a metric screw designation. The “M” denotes that it is a metric screw, while the “8” specifies the nominal outer diameter of the screw in millimeters. The “1.25” specifies the pitch, or distance between threads, in millimeters.
This particular screw is thus 8mm in diameter with 1.25mm between threads.
What Is The Size 9 Fastener Diameter?
Size 9 fasteners are some of the larger screws and bolts you can purchase. Their diameters range from 0.375 to 0.500 inches, which is significantly larger than most other fasteners. This size is typically used for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching metal plates or securing large pieces of wood.
How To Quickly Choose The Right Size Fastener?
Here are some tips on how you can choose the right size screw or bolt depending on what type of job you’re doing.
- First, identify the material thickness of what you’re attaching the fastener to.
- Second, determine how much weight will be applied to the joint.
- Lastly, decide on the level of shear or tension strength required.
In conclusion, understanding American fastener sizes are essential for any DIYer, professional contractor, or engineer. The American fastener sizes guide provides information on the various types of fasteners available in the United States and their sizes. It includes both standard and metric measurements. This guide is intended for engineers, machinists, and other professionals who work with fasteners regularly.


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Municipal CodeBack To Title List | Chapter List | Section List
19.01.220 Mandatory reviews
(1) Any board, commission, committee, administrative officer, or other employee of the City, or any other person having jurisdiction over or responsibility for the development of, or the carrying out of plans or other matters relating to the physical development of the City, shall first refer such matters to the Planning Commission and receive its recommendation thereon before taking any action pertaining thereto.
(2) The following matters shall be referred to the Planning Commission:
(a) The use and zoning of land for private or public purposes;
(b) Location, widening, narrowing, abandonment, extension, or relocation of proposed or existing streets;
(c) The location of public buildings, parks, or other open spaces;
(d) The location and extent of public or private utilities;
(e) The subdivision of land; and
(f) All other matters pertaining to the physical development of the City, except those matters specifically regulated by provisions of the Uniform Building Code.
Ord. No. 97-19, Enacted, 4/17/1997
Ord. No. 04-69, Recodified, 12/16/2004

domain: law


Thursday 07 November 2013
The Commerce & Employment Department invited comments through a consultation from all interested parties about whether the Department should consider introducing legislation in relation to dormant bank accounts in Guernsey.
The conclusion was that dormant account legislation would be sensible only as long as there were sufficient funds available to make any scheme viable. A data gathering exercise by the GFSC demonstrated relatively low levels of funds in dormant accounts and once amounts were necessarily held back for administration costs and future claims the level would be substantially reduced. As a result the C&E Board concluded that these levels were not high enough to justify the legislation and scheme at this stage.
The Commerce and Employment Minister is grateful to those who have taken the time to consider the proposals and send in their comments and said:
"Although there was general support for a scheme to be introduced it was clear to the Department that it should only go ahead if there are sufficient funds available to justify such a scheme.
"The Department has concluded that, in light of the reduced and reducing amount of funds in dormant accounts, no further action in relation to this matter will be taken by the Department at this time.
The review of the consultation responses showed that there is a possibility that other unclaimed property could be part of a wider legislative scheme in the future and this will be reviewed."
This has also been discussed at the Finance Sector Group so the peak industry bodies in Guernsey are aware.


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Netbooks seem to be coming back with a vengeance—and with more than a few extra bells and whistles. On the heels of Asus' Transformer T100 reveal, PC World reports that Dell has a $349 laptop with an 11.6" touch screen and an AMD processor on the way.
And there will be a Haswell-powered variant priced at $379. Yowza.
I don't see an announcement on Dell's website just yet, and the PC World story is a little light on details. Aside from the above, all it reveals is that the machine will have an eight-hour battery, a Gorilla Glass display coating, USB 3.0, a webcam (duh), HDMI out, and Windows 8.1 pre-installed. A hands-on report by the guys at CNet News adds a few other tidbits. Apparently, the Inspiron 11 will be 0.83" thick, weigh 3.15 lbs, and feature a "very large clickpad-style touch pad."
I hated the cramped touchpads of yesteryear's netbooks and CULV mini-laptops, so that sounds good to me. CNet News seems impressed with the Inspiron 11's build quality, too.
Given the Inspiron 11's price and quoted battery run time, I'd expect the AMD chip under the hood to be of the Temash or Kabini variety. Also, if the machine is to feature Windows 8.1, then it probably won't be out before the operating system's October 17 release. Oh well. Only a month to go.
|Alphacool Eiswolf 120 GPX-Pro takes the RX Vega to the pool||5|
|Deal of the day: a 144-Hz IPS FreeSync monitor for $400||20|
|The Tech Report's summer 2017 mobile staff picks||36|
|Go pro with the Asus ROG Strix XG27VQ gaming monitor||13|
|VivoBook W202NA is ready to brave the toughest of classrooms||6|
|MSI Infinite A desktops flaunt their gaming chops||13|
|Dual chambers and glass meet in the Lian Li PC-Q39||9|
|Razer Atheris is ready to strike on the move||14|
|Alphacool goes big with Eisbaer 420 AIO liquid cooler||6|


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President Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁) stopped in Libya on his way home from a visit to Latin America. He continued on to Indonesia before returning to Taiwan. The US, in contrast, refused to allow him to even stay overnight on US soil.
The administration of US President George W. Bush is starting to act a lot like the Clinton administration.
The complexities surrounding the China-Taiwan dispute are well-known. Beijing claims sovereignty over Taiwan, while a majority of the latter's population seems to prefer to forge a separate identity and, ultimately, create an independent nation.
However, for Taiwan to declare independence would risk war. No one would win, least of all the US, if it found itself in a military confrontation with a nuclear-armed China.
US allies are no less enthused about being involved in any conflict. For this reason, nations from Australia to South Korea have been distancing themselves from US policy toward Taiwan.
Thus, there's good reason for Taiwan to act responsibly whenever the People's Republic of China (PRC) is concerned and equally good reason for Washington to discourage Taiwan from unduly provocative behavior. The question is not fairness, but prudence.
Here the two governments disagree. Apparently for domestic political reasons as much as foreign policy objectives, Chen has roiled cross-strait relations, and the US has taken offense. So to punish Taipei the Bush administration has stolen from the playbook of its predecessor.
In 1994 Washington denied former Taiwanese president Lee Teng-hui (李登輝) a visa to stop for a day in Hawaii. The Clinton administration treated newly-elected Chen the same way -- until the Conservative Congress stepped in. Finally, Washington stopped treating Taiwanese officials as pariahs.
Chen hoped to overnight in Houston, New York or San Francisco on his way to Latin America. The US administration said no -- he could refuel in Honolulu, Hawaii, but would have to immediately fly on. So he chose a different route.
Washington apparently denied Chen a visa for two reasons. It's not clear which is worse. One, coming on the heels of Chinese President Hu Jintao's (胡錦濤) visit to the US, was to win Chinese favor on other issues, including Iran and North Korea.
This would be "extremely naive," as Ted Galen Carpenter of the Cato Institute points out. The PRC can't be bought this cheaply.
The other reason was to punish Chen and the Democratic Progressive Party. Whatever the Bush administration's preferences, the choice of Taiwan's leaders is up to the Taiwanese people. Attempts to meddle in the elections of other nations almost always backfire: the PRC has been no less ham-handed in its efforts to influence Taiwanese voters.
Libya, still run by a once terrorist-minded dictator, and Indonesia, a nation noted for anti-American sentiments and violent jihadists, exhibited more openness than did the US. Whatever Washington policymakers think of Chen's policies, they shouldn't prevent him from meeting with Americans who want to hear him.
Rather than trying to micro-manage cross-strait relations and Taiwanese politics, the US should distance itself. Sell Taiwan all of the arms that it wants, support its participation in international organizations such as the WHO, and stay out of its internal affairs.
In return, keep clear of Chinese and Taiwanese brickbats, especially if war breaks out. And make it clear that the US does not expect its Asia-Pacific friends to be prepared to fight over the issue. Today the administration's maladroit handling of the issue risks making conflict more rather than less likely.
Doug Bandow was a special assistant to the late US president Ronald Reagan.
China has started to call Tibet “Xizang” instead of Tibet for several reasons. First, China wants to assert its sovereignty and legitimacy over Tibet, which it claims as an integral part of its territory and history. China argues that the term Xizang, which means “western Tsang” in Chinese, reflects the historical and administrative reality of the region, which was divided into U-Tsang, Amdo and Kham by the Tibetans themselves. China also contends that the term Tibet, which derives from the Mongolian word Tubet, is a foreign imposition that does not represent the diversity and complexity of the region. Second, China wants to
Hon Hai Precision Industry Co founder Terry Gou (郭台銘) might be accused of twice breaking his promises and betraying the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), then launching a signature drive for himself to stand as a candidate in January’s presidential election, only to turn around and quit the race. It clearly shows that rich people are free to do as they like. If that is so, then Taiwan People’s Party (TPP) Chairman and presidential candidate Ko Wen-je (柯文哲) is the perfect example of a political hack who changes his position as easily as turning the pages of a book. Taiwanese independence supporters
On Nov. 15, US President Joe Biden reiterated the US’ commitment to maintaining cross-strait peace and the “status quo” during a meeting with Chinese dictator Xi Jinping (習近平) on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit in San Francisco, California. However, Biden refrained from making clear to Xi what Taiwan’s “status quo” exactly is (as the US defines it). It is not the first time Taiwan’s legal status has become an issue of contention. In September, Tesla CEO Elon Musk caused a media storm after he referred to Taiwan as “an integral part of China” during an interview. This ignorance about
Premier Chen Chien-jen (陳建仁) said recently at a tourism forum that the government’s target of 6 million foreign tourists this year would be reached by the middle of next month. Through the cooperation between the central and local governments and between the public and private sectors, the government’s goal for next year is to bring 12 million foreign tourists into Taiwan, Chen said. The government has set a high goal for next year, as it hopes to best the record for foreign tourists visiting Taiwan, which was set at 11.86 million in 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, foreign tourist arrivals


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Riverside Battle Songs.
Going Back to Memphis, 05:13. Goodbye My Love, 04:39. Got Me a Woman, 03:48. Deep Elem Blues, 06:38.
A song off the Grateful Dead's "American Beauty" album by Jerry Garcia & Robert Hunter performed at Banjo Jim's in NYC - video by Anthony Pepitone.
All the great songs and lyrics from the "Levon Helm Band At MerleFest 4/26/08" album ont he Web's largest and most authoritative lyrics resource.
Ollabelle was formed as a side project by a group of six New York-based singer/songwriters to play informally at the Sunday night gospel show of a local club.
Manufactured By – Alpine Media.
Listen with Unlimited.
CreditsOllabelle - Primary Artist
|2||High on a Mountain||Ollabelle||3:24|
|3||John the Revelator||Ollabelle||5:29|
|4||Crying Heart Blues||Ollabelle||4:07|
|6||Ain't No More Cane on the Brazos||Ollabelle||4:17|
|8||Before This Time||Ollabelle||3:46|

domain: entertainment


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Valley Amour Cola Fade/Brown Grad
Regular price $269.90
Tax included. Shipping calculated at checkout.
A modern take on an oversized, 60's silhouette. With a bevelled front face, gold temple caps and Valley's signature step-down temple detail, this style is classy with a unique edge.
50mm - 27mm - 150mm


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The Milwaukee Bucks are just fun this season — young, athletic, they get out and run and with Jabari Parker and Giannis Antetokounmpo there are must watch guys. This is how you sell hope to a fan base — the Bucks are 8-7 this young season (that’s better than the Cavaliers) and you see the potential for growth. Like the top of the league potential.
It would be devastating to see another long-time strong NBA market lose its team just as that team is ascending like this.
The NBA and Commissioner Adam Silver have pulled no punches — the Bucks need a new arena. The BMO Harris Bradley Center no longer meets NBA standards. The problem is while there is some money in the pot for a new arena — new owners Wes Edens and Marc Lasry have promised $100 million toward the building, as did former owner Herb Kohl, and there are other, smaller investors — that’s about half of what a new arena will cost. It’s going to take some form of public assistance, and that is going to be a hard sell.
Silver was in Milwaukee making that pitch to community leaders and working on the steps, he told the Associated Press.
“We accomplished a lot today,” Silver said. “There’s a tremendous amount of positive energy in the community. There are always bumps in the road, but there’s no doubt here that the people, the fans, the elected officials, they all recognize the value this team brings to the community.”
The new owners hope to have a site announced for the new building by the end of the year, or certainly not far into the new year. That’s a first step and a very good sign. But there is still a lot of steps left to climb the mountain.
Silver, more than his predecessor, does not like to see teams moved (he pushed for the Sacramento group to get their chance to keep the Kings). He has said he wants the Bucks to stay.
That said, this is a business. If construction of a new arena is not underway by the end of 2017, the league can buy back the Bucks from the Edens and Lasry. Then things would really be up in the air for the franchise.

domain: economics


Some late breaking good news.
It appears the now homeless former residents of the Saint Anne housing co-op in Griffintown have caught a break after several days of devastating news.
To recap, the residents were evacuated from their homes this past weekend after a massive sinkhole developed underneath the row houses at 181-191 Mountain Street. Though it isn’t entirely clear what caused the sinkhole, there’s a condo tower going up right next door and they’re presently excavating the site. Problems began developing around the start of the month when a water pipe broke, consequently flooding the adjacent pit. This led to the address closest to the construction site being evacuated. A crack noticed at the time grew and forced the subsequent evacuation and demolition.
The residents had to leave with whatever they could carry; the building had to be demolished immediately.
If that wasn’t bad enough, the co-op’s insurer has insisted the incident was a ‘landslide’ and thus an act of god. They refused to compensate for the demolition. The condo developer has also indicated they’re not responsible either.
So a small group of long-time Griffintown residents, some of whom were paying as little as $400 per month in rent, very suddenly lost everything they owned, in addition to their historically significant homes, and found themselves both homeless and somehow responsible for the demolition of their homes.
Today’s news is that three levels of government are going to collaborate in re-building the demolished homes, and that the nearby Bassins du Havre will provide temporary housing for the displaced, though details have yet to be worked out.
I should point out that the condo tower concept did involve both the integration of a heritage property as well as the re-creation of the ‘human-scale’ of Mountain Street. An antique house was removed from the construction site last year and the developer aimed to re-integrate that structure, along with a reconstructed faÃ§ade of two other since demolished buildings into the new condo and office complex. Based on the conceptual renderings available, it would seem that this project did intend to maintain, at the very least, the appearance of the former working class suburb.
Today’s unofficial announcement was that the city’s housing department, the provincial housing authority and the South West borough will all participate in the reconstruction of the demolished row houses, and this is fundamentally good news, but it begs the question: what, if anything, is really being done to ensure the long-term preservation of the city’s oldest buildings?
Dinu Bumbaru of Heritage MontrÃ©al re-iterated a familiar lament; “…(in Montreal), there’s a disconnect between the discourse on heritage and the action on heritage.”
He’s got a point (and he is the local authority on all matters pertaining to architectural heritage); late last year city inspectors discovered unauthorized alterations and severe structural damage to the former Mount Stephen Club, one of few remaining Square Mile mansions from the late 19th century. Less than a month ago the Gazette reported city inspectors had not visited the site in fifteen months, during which time major excavation work had been undertaken by real-estate developer Tidan.
So now the provincial culture ministry is suing Tidan and they, in turn, have to carefully ‘deconstruct’ the house, retrofit the foundation, and then re-build the house, adding millions of dollars to the total cost of the new hotel.
Had the building been inspected more regularly, perhaps this could all have been avoided.
There are plenty of other examples of the city administration dragging its heels vis-a-vis the city’s architectural heritage. The Snowdon Theatre has sat abandoned for three years and was recently nearly destroyed by a deliberately set fire. The Empress Theatre is supposed to become a cinema, but the city has done almost nothing to prepare it for eventual rehabilitation. Place des Nations is used as a parking lot in the summertime and in winter looks likes the ruins of a futuristic city. The Redpath House was left in such a poor state it was inevitable it would be knocked down, and far more importantly, the Lafontaine House, which much like the Saint Anne Co-op, sits precariously near two large open pits, has no plan for any future use or publicly-minded preservation, despite being the former home of the first Prime Minister of the United Province of Canada and the site of a violent confrontation during the burning of Parliament in 1849.
Lafontaine House is remarkable because its history and heritage had been forgotten entirely. For a very long time it was just a very old house in the since demolished Overdale neighbourhood. It was during the demolition of this neighbourhood (you guessed it, to make way for a condominium project) that Senator Serge Joyal discovered the stately home at the intersection of Overdale and Lucien L’Allier was in fact a building of exceptional historical value.
That was 29 years ago. Overdale was obliterated, the Lafontaine House stood, but no effort has been made at any time since to better protect it or make any use out of it. Today a hotel, apartment tower and condominium towers are going up all around it, with the onus on the property developer to maintain the house’s physical integrity.
Maybe it will become a restaurant…
Similarly, condo and apartment towers are blooming around the now demolished Griffintown row houses near the intersection of Mountain and Wellington, pictured above, which date back to 1875. Perhaps more importantly, they’re one of the very few residential buildings that actually date back to the era in which Griffintown was a predominantly Anglo-Irish working class neighbourhood, and not a marketing device used to sell condominiums.
The ‘Brickfields’ condo project is going up next door to the now demolished row houses, one of several ‘branded living’ condominium complexes that are transforming The Griff. I’m not opposed to this transformation per se; the neighbourhood was gutted and disconnected from the rest of the city for more than forty years. It’s dynamic repopulation is fundamentally a good thing. Griffintown began it’s decline with the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 (a considerable irony, given the community came to be with the construction of the Lachine Canal and Victoria Bridge) and was subsequently re-zoned for light industry in the 1960s. The Bonaventure Expressway further cut the community off from adjacent neighbourhoods, and the parish church of Saint Ann closed in 1970 and was quickly demolished. Around that time the neighbourhood’s population had shrunk to about 800. Thirty years later it was estimated at less than 100.
Today Griffintown is on the rise – literally. The area was rezoned once again in the late 2000s for residential purposes, including medium-sized towers of between 10 and 20 floors, and the rapidly rising population was estimated at over 6,000 in the 2011 census.
While I’m in favour of rehabilitating disused parts of the city and developing parking lots into residential towers, this needs to be done in such a fashion that the architectural and urban heritage of Montreal is preserved, if not promoted. If real-estate developers are inclined to build towers and excavate foundations adjacent to properties of heritage or historical value, then extra care needs to be taken to ensure problems such as with the Mount Stephen House and the Saint Anne’s housing co-op aren’t repeated. In the case of the former it appears that the developer was both careless and did unauthorized work, but that the city was also responsible in that inspections weren’t carried out. In the case of the latter, given the spontaneous decision of three different levels of government to collaborate on rebuilding these homes, there’s the possibility the real-estate developer is not actually at fault, but also that civic authorities may have dropped the ball once again.
I suspect we’ll find out soon enough; lives were nearly ruined. These homes had stood for 142 years and it’s only now that there’s a massive excavation going on right next door that a sinkhole developed, resulting in the demolition of more of our city’s architectural heritage. Without buildings like these, it’s hard to sell Griffintown condos with an appeal to the history and working class roots of the neighbourhood.
Rebuilding these homes is a nice gesture, but they will not be the same homes. Whatever heritage value they had has mostly been lost.
What a gift it would be, for our city’s 375th anniversary, to finally establish a heritage policy with real teeth, such that we could ensure the long-term preservation of our city’s built environment.
Without heritage, Montreal has very little cachet.


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Green News, Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Spirit, Environment, Healing, Peace, Political Resistance in Florida. News gathering space for Crimes Against Humanity & Ecocide in the Gulf of Toxico & after affects on life here. Now covering FRACKING, MINING, LNG PIPELINES, WATER QUALITY & so many more environmental issues. Updates from WISE WOMEN MEDIA--THE RADIO SHOW & CHALLENGING THE RHETORIC. Hoodooing in the Green Swamp & other Wild Places throughout our State.
Wednesday, September 11, 2013
FROM THE GLOBE AND MAIL: Neil Young on oil sands: ‘Fort McMurray looks like Hiroshima.’ PEOPLE ARE DYING...
Young on oil sands Canadian rocker Neil Young is wading into the heated debate over the oil sands and the proposed Keystone XL pipeline, warning of the health effects on First Nations peoples and the “wasteland” that is Fort McMurray.
Mr. Young, one of Canada’s best-known singer-songwriters since the 1960s, told an event in Washington yesterday that he recently travelled to Alberta, where “much of the oil comes from, much of the oil that we’re using here, which they call ethical oil because it’s not from Saudi Arabia or some country that may be at war with us.”
He was at a National Farmers Union event on Capitol Hill meant to support alternative fuels, such as ethanol, which he did at length, slamming Big Oil and talk about his own LincVolt, an old Continental that runs on ethanol and electricity.
Here’s what he said about the oil sands:
“The fact is, Fort McMurray looks like Hiroshima. Fort McMurray is a wasteland. The Indians up there and the native peoples are dying. The fuels all over – the fumes everywhere – you can smell it when you get to town. The closest place to Fort McMurray that is doing the tar sands work is 25 or 30 miles out of town and you can taste it when you get to Fort McMurray. People are sick. People are dying of cancer because of this. All the First Nations people up there are threatened by this.”


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The girl has no one to defend her now . . .'Thrilling . . . Todd skilfully captures hope and humanity in the lives of characters whom the reader comes to care about: Hunted, like Defender, is an impressive achievement' GuardianHunted is the second novel in the highly acclaimed Voices series by G X Todd, following the spectacular debut Defender, highlighted by the Independent as being 'of a piece with Stephen King's The Stand'. The birds are flying. The birds are flocking. The birds sense the red skies are coming.One man is driven by an inner voice that isn't his - this Other is chewing at his sanity like a jackal with a bone and has one purpose.To find the voice hiding in the girl. She has no one to defend her now. But in an inn by the sea, a boy with no tongue and no voice gathers his warriors. Albus must find the girl, Lacey . . . before the Other does. And finish the work his sister Ruby began.Hunted is the second book in the acclaimed Voices series, where the battle between Good and Evil holds you in its vice-like grip.#HearTheVoicesThe battle between Good and Evil continues to play out in a world where the Voice in your head can save or slaughter you. 'Hunted is a smart, fast-paced, brave and classy thriller' Gillian McAllister'Compelling, suspenseful and altogether extraordinary' Lee Child'Hunted is a masterfully written, gripping read . . . A beautifully dark, twisted world that is rich in character and authenticity' Adam Hamdy
The book is in very good condition, let down by the slightly stained dust jacket, which also has a minor warp along the right edge of the front facing side of the jacket. No other damage to the rest of the book is present.