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The integration of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in buildings can temporally decouple when devices such as a heat pumps or chillers operate and when the heating or cooling is provided to the end user; this can radically alter the timing of a buildings’ energy demand, potentially enhancing the use of renewable energy resources (Lehmann et al., 2007). Storage allows potentially cheaper, off-peak energy supplies to be exploited (Basecq et al., 2013) and it can also act as a means to collect local energy resources (AIA-Research-Corporation, 1976). However, many obstacles exist with regards to integrating and operating heat storage systems in buildings. One of the most significant is competition for space–as dwelling sizes reduce (Robert-Hughes, 2011), floor area is at a premium and the space penalty associated with conventional technologies such as hot water storage can act as a barrier to its uptake. This problem becomes more acute if the operation of future networks necessitates the need for heat to be stored over longer time periods than is done at present (Reynders et al., 2017). Storage in the future may need to migrate away from the traditional hot water tank at seen at present, towards media such as phase-change materials and storage that makes better use of the existing space and thermal mass in and around buildings, including large scale community storage.
Fabric integrated thermal storage (FITS) stores heat in structural or constructional elements and therefore does not compromise internal space. However, the effective operation of FITS, within a building, possibly featuring multiple heterogeneous heat sources and active energy network participation, raises significant engineering and social challenges. For example, heat stored in the building fabric needs to be effectively insulated if excessive losses are to prevented, and to prevent overheating which could be a problem in modern, well insulated dwellings. FITS would need to be integrated and operated with existing energy systems. Finally, operating local storage as a means to improve the operation of external energy networks (in addition to servicing the needs of the local building) would not be attractive to building owners unless if they were financially disadvantaged or subject to increased discomfort. The FITS-LCD project, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, is addressing many of these questions, researching the effective integration and operation of fabric integrated storage within the context of wider energy networks and diverse local energy supplies.
The project focuses specifically on the domestic sector and this paper reviews the existing options for storage integration with the aim of developing a new taxonomy of FITS to identify available design alternatives, and consequently, highlighting the omissions that represent new potential concept designs.
Thermal energy can be stored physically as sensible or latent heat. The first approach is based on the specific heat of the storage material, such as concrete or hot water, while the second one is based on the heat of phase transitions (Cabeza et al., 2015) (e.g. solid-liquid or solid-solid). Depending of the storage temperature, FITS can be coupled to or decoupled from the building interior depending upon insulation level and location within the building. The storage temperature is a key element on a FITS system and has multiple implications on the system design since the available charging and discharging options, as well as working fluid, are dependent on this (Figure 1). Charging and discharging of FITS, can be passive or active, however active systems provide the opportunity to operate with higher and greater range of storage temperatures than passive systems. With passive storage, the heat is stored without mechanical input, using solar gains, convection or temperature difference; whilst active systems require a system for heat generation and transfer to/from the store. Passive storage systems or technologies are normally integrated as part of the building structure. This is the case in sun spaces, exposed thermal mass or shading devices (Navarro et al., 2016a). In an active storage system the heat is transferred using a distribution medium, such as air or water, with forced convection (Navarro et al., 2016a), or by using electricity. Air and water based-systems can either be used for cooling or heating while direct electric systems are used for heating. In some cases the charge and discharge can be a combination of active charge and passive discharge or vice versa, and the thermal energy can be stored in a HVAC system, in the building fabric or outside the building structure (Heier et al., 2015).
There are a small number of reviews on thermal storage systems in buildings, with some reference to the potential of FITS. Basecq et al. (2013) present a review on short-term storage systems for buildings based on concepts such as passive and active systems, storage materials and system performance. Heier et al. (2015) focus on combining TES in residential and commercial buildings by reviewing storage technology such as passive and active systems. Navarro et al. (2016a) and Navarro et al. (2016b) reviewed passive and active TES systems that are integrated in buildings, and classify the integration based on the storage location. Considering the above works, this paper addresses the application of passive and active FITS in buildings through a taxonomy of extant designs solutions. This is done to identify existing solutions and omissions in this range of designs.
A taxonomy of FITS systems catalogues how TES can be integrated in the building fabric. However, to classify these systems, it is necessary to map where and how the TES can be integrated. The AIA Research Corporation (1976) provided one of the first storage taxonomies, presenting a set of diagrams of passive FITS systems, illustrating different storage methods, materials, locations and thermal energy distributions. Mazria (1979) and Anderson (1984) validate these initial diagrams by producing new illustrations based on a review of research on passive FITS systems. Later, Howard and Fraker (1990) developed an expanded taxonomy by illustrating passive FITS systems with direct, indirect and isolated gains. Focusing on the application of phase change materials (PCM) in buildings, Zhang et al. (2007) present illustrations of latent storage in passive FITS systems. In these initial taxonomies, a considerable amount of the sensible storage with solid materials is integrated into the building fabric. This integration is included in structural elements such as walls, floors, roofs and foundation walls. Or in interior elements such as internal walls, vertical solar louvres, internal floors or ceilings. FITS systems with liquid storage material are integrated in external or internal walls using filled-water drums, tubes and transwalls. Similarly, these systems are included on roofs by using filled-water bags. Passive latent heat storage systems are located in walls, floors, roofs, ceilings and windows. However, these taxonomies are limited to passive FITS systems, and therefore a new taxonomy that includes active FITS systems is necessary.
As part of this study a new, more comprehensive taxonomy has been developed by examining multiple parameters, such as storage location, type of storage material, type of charge and discharge options, and type of storage temperature, against the existing taxonomies and the research studies examined in this paper. This methodology offers the opportunity to produce a system categorisation through the schematic representation of currently available FITS solutions and, consequently, identifying any omission on existing studies. For these omissions, examples of new potential design concepts for FITS and additional comments are provided. For the locations, the new taxonomy took into consideration structural elements such as floors, roofs, external walls and foundations; internal elements such as interior walls and ceilings; and elements such as windows, shading devices, adding new locations such as staircases and lifts in multi-storey dwellings. The storage systems in this paper are organized and presented as coupled, and semi-decoupled and decoupled systems, based on the relation of the storage to the internal zone of the buildings. This division is linked with the storage temperature, which follows the scale and nomenclature presented in Figure 1. The coupled FITS systems include passive and active systems while the semi-decoupled and decoupled FITS systems are mainly active.
The majority of previous studies describe coupled storage systems. There is preponderance for studying active systems, with air and water as the distribution fluid (rather than using electricity). The studies either employ sensible or latent storage, and most sensible storage use concrete as the storage material.
TES active systems in buildings are not a new concept. In ancient Rome the hypocaust and murocaust were used for building heating, and similar concepts that also use air as the heating fluid such as the Chinese Kang and the Korean Ondol systems are still used (IEA-ECBCS-Annex44, 2009).
Chen et al. (2010) studied a ventilated concrete slab (VCS) integrated into a low energy solar house. The thermal storage was charged using warm air collected by a roof photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system, and the heat was released by passive means. It was found that in winter, on a clear day and with outside temperatures around 0°C, the VCS was able to store 9.12 kWh of heat. It was also able to store thermal energy during several clear sky days in March without overheating. Ekrami et al. (2015) also studied a VCS that works in conjunction with a ventilated sand bed accommodated under the VCS, and both systems stored thermal heat from the BIPV/T, which later was used to preheat an air-to-water heat pump system. The heat pump supplied the heated water for space conditioning using the hydronic floor and walls, and for domestic hot water. The preliminary thermal analysis showed that the hydronic walls could be used for thermal energy storage using a BIPV/T and air source pump system.
Chen et al. (2016) studied the thermal performance of three different configurations of ventilated building-integrated thermal energy storage systems, which could be implemented on walls and on floors. The systems were reported as being able to improve the thermal performance of the zone with reduced energy consumption due to the thermal energy stored. Through an experimental investigation, Dermardiros et al. (2015) looked into the use of latent thermal energy storage system in air ventilated panels. The system contained a macro-encapsulated PCM panel that was activated using warm or cold air, which flowed along the panel core. This design could be implemented as partition walls or could be incorporated as part of a ceiling.
Columns are a potential location for thermal energy storage. Unalan and Ozrahat (2014) looked into this structural element by investigating the use of multi-storey buildings columns for heating. The vertical thermal storage has active charge and passive discharge, by using stainless steel pipes embedded on concrete columns with circulating heated air. It was found that at winter the charging time to achieve the required heat loads value for a flat was dependent on air temperature and airflow velocity values.
Hydronic systems were initially utilised during the 1930’s in Switzerland, by embedded steel pipes in concrete floors (IEA-ECBCS-Annex44, 2009). Later, in the 1990’s in Mid-Europe, these systems appeared as an energy efficient and economic possibility for heating and cooling of buildings (Lehmann et al., 2007).
Reynders et al. (2013) compared the use of a hydronic floor and a wall radiators system. The study assessed the use of electricity for heating and the application of local electricity production through storing thermal energy into the building structure. The floor heating system provided the lowest energy needs and had the lower internal air temperature oscillations. Several studies focused on the use of latent thermal storage. Through an experimental investigation Zhou and He (2015) compared four systems with different thermal storage, such as latent (PCM) and sensible (sand), and with different heating pipes such as polyethylene coil and capillary mat. The polyethylene coil was formed by pipes with a diameter of 20 mm that were spaced by 140 mm intervals. The capillary mat was made by thin plastic tubes with a small diameter of 4.3 mm which were arranged within 40 mm distance between each other, allowing a greater heating transfer area. The authors found that the capillary mat could provide room temperature within comfort zone in a shorter period of time that the polyethlene coil. Also through an experimental investigation, Zhang et al. (2016) considered a new radiant floor system with solar collector and a vertical latent thermal energy storage device. This study showed that the system was able to improve the indoor thermal comfort under different winter weather conditions, providing temperatures of 5°C to 7°C higher than a room with no heating. The vertical latent energy storage device could store excess solar energy for two consecutive mornings, and could increase the usage of solar energy by 30%. The system was self-sufficient when the received solar radiation was greater than 15 MJ/m2.
Several researchers investigated the performance of hydronic walls using different heat sources. Li et al. (2016) studied the energy saving potential of an exterior wall system that used a ground source heat exchanger to charge the system with cold or heated water, while the discharge was passive. It was reported that the heat loss and gains through the walls were minimized due to the water temperature of the system. However, the soil temperature in different climates had a great effect on the system’ energy saving potential. Romaní et al. (2017) undertook an experimental study on a radiant heating system in a heavy brickwork wall with a ground source heat pump. It was found that the radiant wall produced maximum energy savings of around 40% when using a set point of 22°C. The system was able to operate with off-peak electricity but, because of the slow response, this system was not able to operate intermittently. Atienza Márquez et al. (2017) explored the use of a radiant floor heating system combined with a fan-coil heating system. It was reported that the system was able to provide good thermal comfort during the heating season, and produced the best performance when both heat distribution systems work co-operatively. Through an experimental study Koschenz and Lehmann (2004) tested a thermally activated latent storage ceiling panel with passive discharge. This panel could be incorporated in lightweight constructions or used in retrofit projects. It was found that due to high latent thermal capacity of the paraffin, 5 cm microencapsulated paraffin (25% by weight) and gypsum could provide good thermal comfort in an office building. It was concluded that ventilation strategies such as night cooling could be used with this system.
Various studies investigated use of off-peak electricity to charge the FITS, and some of these researches combine active charge and passive charge by using direct solar gains. Through a numerical model, Athienitis (1997) investigated the thermal performance of a radiant concrete floor heating system with direct solar gains. The author reported that by increasing the floor thickness from 5 cm to 10 cm, the heat demand was reduced by around 20% but the surface temperature was 1.5°C higher than the allowable temperature of 29°C. However, when the system was fully charged during the off-peak periods, additional direct solar gains during the day could cause overheating. This could be avoided by increasing the thermal mass or by using individual night and day set points. Athienitis and Chen (2000) studied the heat transfer in floor heating systems using a three-dimensional model. The thermal performance of storage material such as concrete and gypcrete was investigated, as well as the effect of full or partial floor coverage using hardwood or carpets. It was found that a surface area with sun exposure could reach temperatures up to 8°C higher than a shaded floor surface area. It was also reported that the energy demand could be reduced through the solar passive gains received by the storage system, with energy savings ranging from 32% up to 53%.
Research on the thermal behaviour of electric heated floors was conducted by Amir et al. (1999) using a mathematical model. The study compared the thermal performance of a sensible storage with a latent storage charged with off-peak electricity. Both thermal storage systems were in a concrete structure, the sensible storage used water while the latent storage used paraffin. It was reported that the latent storage showed greater thermal storage capacity with a reduced amount of volume, with a daily storage surface amplitude temperature of 1.3°C, while the sensible storage value was 3.8°C. Through a simulation study, Li et al. (2009) also investigated an electric floor heating system combined with a latent heat storage. The system was charged with off-peak electricity and the discharge was passive. It was found that the new form-stable PCM storage provided good temperature regulation with energy costs reduction, and that the system performance was affected by the heating mode and the latent storage thickness.
Recently, a thermal energy storage system composed by an electrically heated floor for building load management was investigated by Thieblemont et al. (2016). The parametric study using TRNSYS examined concrete thickness, and also the location of wires and insulation. It was reported that in a cold climate, an electrically heated floor system could use up to 84% of the energy load during off-peak periods, while providing good thermal comfort. Concerning the system design, it was found that insulation below the storage reduced heat losses to the ground, while using insulation above the storage increased the heat losses to the ground and prevents heat transfer to the room. Regarding the system performance, it was affected by the location of the electric cables and storage thicknesses but values greater than 18 cm had no additional benefit.
LeBreux et al. (2009) proposed a controller to operate a hybrid storage system based on anticipatory and regulation strategies. The storage system had an interior wall with embedded electric resistance and an adjacent sunspace. The system stores solar heat through passive charge, and off-peak electricity through active charge. The authors reported that the controller shows superior performance than traditional control systems. The storage system was maintained with a constant performance, and within the thermal comfort range. The electricity demand for space heating was reduced of which 95% was off-peak electricity.
The new, comprehensive taxonomy of coupled FITS systems, illustrated in Table 1, was developed by considering where and how TES can be integrated into the building fabric. It used parameters such as storage location, temperature, material and change and discharge options, and it included passive and active systems. The taxonomy of passive FITS systems is developed from the existing taxonomies, while the taxonomy of active FITS systems is developed from active storage research studies. The new taxonomy clarifies what locations and systems are more commonly used. Therefore, it allows to clarifying the present opportunities to develop new coupled FITS concept designs.
The passive systems that use storage temperatures ranging from ambient to low temperature up to 30°C are presented as sensible and latent storage systems. It was found that most locations and storage methods (such as sensible and latent storage) were categorised in previous taxonomies. The novelty of this taxonomy is that compiles the preceding taxonomies, and consequently, provides a clear summary of what has been studied regarding passive FITS.
Regarding the active systems, this taxonomy resolves the lack of categorisation of these storage systems. The active coupled systems include low storage temperatures up to around 40°C and are presented according with the storage activation process and, therefore, organized by distribution medium, such as air and water, and electricity. It was found that a greater number of studies use air or water in comparison with the number of studies that use electricity. For this reason, it was verified that there is a greater opportunity to investigate active FITS systems that uses electricity to charge the storage. Some options for possible new locations to be studied are identified on the taxonomy (e.g. ceilings, suspended floors and internal walls).
Concerning the storage methods, the review indicates a good balance between the number of storage options that use sensible and latent storage. However, it was apparent that most of the studies that use sensible storage employ concrete as the storage material.
The potential advantage of a semi-decoupled and decoupled system is that storage temperatures may be much higher without leading to overheating and thus the potential amount of storage is increased. In a FITS concept, this may be advantageous in terms of having higher storage capacity and an ability to control both charge and discharge to maintain thermal comfort and control the condition of the store.
Foundation piles and retaining walls which are part of a building foundation are below-ground thermal energy storage systems and are decoupled from the building thermal zones and work as the heat exchanger. Generally, the energy source is geothermal when an energy foundation pile length is greater than 20 m. These systems also work as a storage medium. However, as pointed by Loveridge and Powrie (2013), in the case of concrete piles most studies do not consider the heat storage potential within the pile. These systems work with ambient temperature storage that is dependent on the mean ground temperature of a particular location. Nevertheless, there is a great potential to use medium to high storage temperature values.
Through an experimental study Wood et al. (2010) analysed the heat pump performance and ground temperature of piled foundation system for residential buildings. This system used 21 concrete piles with 10 m depth each. During the heating season, it was found that seasonal performance factor of the heat pump was 3.62, and the piles no longer affected the ground temperature at a distance of 5 m. Moon and Choi (2015) also analysed the heating performance of a ground source heat pump with energy piles and energy slabs. The energy pile system of 150 piles with a depth of 13.8 m, while the energy slabs had 10 horizontal pipes with a length of 180 each. It was found that the heating capacity of these systems exceeded the expected capacities. The minimum coefficient of performance of the heat pump was 4.2 for energy pile system and 4.5 for the energy slab system. Recently, the use of a thermo-active diaphragm wall was investigated by Sterpi et al. (2017). It was reported that the retaining wall system benefited from the large surface in contact with the ground. It was found that the thermally induced mechanical effects do not seem to be harmful to the geotechnical and structure safety. However, this research points out that its use requires further studies to avoid unanticipated overstress conditions.
Laouadi and Lacroix (1999) used a mathematical formula to study the thermal performance of a latent heat storage unit with electric heat source, which worked as a ventilated heating panel with active charge and passive/active discharge. The units could be applied on horizontal or vertical surfaces, such as ceilings or walls. This system used two types of heat discharge: a forced convective heat that occurs with the air passing through an air channel, and a passive radiant heat discharge from the panel that separates the storage unit from the living space. The system operational temperature was set between 35°C and 50°C. It was report that the unit could be used to store electric energy as thermal heat during off-peak periods providing sufficient heat for the living areas. Lin et al. (2005) proposed an underfloor heating system with PCM. The system stored thermal heat using off-peak electricity, the storage temperatures were between 55°C to 70°C and the discharge was passive. It was found that the system could provide a uniform indoors air temperature and it was confirmed that off-peak electricity could be used to charge the latent storage.
The new taxonomy of semi-decoupled and decoupled systems is illustrated in Table 2. The semi-decoupled systems use medium storage temperatures up to 70°C with electric activation, while the decoupled systems are best used with temperatures greater than 70°C. The number of studies on FITS with medium storage temperature values up to 70°C are limited and there is a lack of research using values above these.
By increasing the storage temperatures the storage capacity increases, moving from short-term or small period such as hours to longer energy storage periods such as days or weeks. However, the TES system has to be thermally decoupled from the living areas since the parasitic losses from the storage system will contribute to unwanted losses from the system and possible heat gains to the living spaces. Therefore, the FITS requires a greater level of insulation and the mechanisms to charge and discharge have to be active. Consequently, the possible locations for fabric integration are reduced when the storage temperature shifts from ambient and low temperature (Table 1) to medium and high temperature (Table 2). Nevertheless, it was found that the potential for new research is greater due to the lack of studies examining the use of higher temperature storage and, additionally, these systems can be linked to the grid allowing active participation of thermal storage.
This taxonomy of semi-decoupled and decoupled systems adds new storage concept designs as examples of possible options for future studies. In the case of semi-decoupled FITS system, it exemplified possible locations to implement a ventilated storage charged with electricity. Whereas in the case of decoupled storage, it demonstrated the possible locations to implement a solid storage charge with electricity, and further alternatives are charging the storage using high temperature heat pump or CHP systems (Figure 1).
Thermal energy storage (TES) in buildings has the potential to contribute to more efficient and lower carbon energy sources, by maximising the use of renewable energy sources and allowing the use of off-peak electricity tariffs. To allow control of the system fabric-integrated thermal storage (FITS) can be coupled or decoupled from the building’ thermal zones based on insulation levels and positions. Decoupled TES allow higher temperature storage, which results in a greater storage capacity but also requires active charge and discharge. Active FITS systems can be changed using distribution fluids such as air and water, or by using electric resistance heating.
This review indicates that most research on FITS has focussed on coupled systems and the majority of the studied systems use air and water has as the distribution medium. Therefore, the number of studies that use electricity to charge a FITS system is comparatively small–the greater the storage temperature, the fewer are the available studies. The majority of the studies that employ sensible storage use concrete as the storage material, and some of the studies compared or combined sensible and latent storage.
This taxonomy illustrates that the number of possible locations for FITS decreases when the storage temperature increases from ambient to high temperature values. However, these are of interest. Firstly, there is a lack of investigation into semi-decoupled and decoupled FITS with higher temperature storage. Secondly, these systems will require additional research on insulation design to avoid excessive parasitic losses. Lastly, since the charge and discharge are active, new control mechanisms can be investigated for both change and discharge which may have benefits to energy supply systems and the building users. Contrary to passive storage techniques, an active storage system offers an opportunity for active participation in the energy network. It allows the charge and discharge of FITS systems when the energy is available and/or economically valuable.
In summary, the methodology presented in this paper is used for developing a visual representation of FITS, combining a simplified representation of existing systems and a notation scheme of new potential design concepts. The new taxonomy revises and provides a condensed version of passive FITS systems previous taxonomies, and proposes a new categorization for active FITS systems that is based on the studies reviewed. As a result, the new taxonomy can be used as a tool to clarify where and how passive and active TES can be integrated into the building fabric. This study can also provide as guidance in identifying new potential solutions for active FITS concept designs.
This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/N021479/1 – Fabric integrated thermal storage in low carbon dwellings.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Zhang, Y, Zhou, G, Lin, K, Zhang, Q and Di, H 2007 Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook. Building and Environment, 42(6): 2197–2209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.023
Zhou, G and He, J 2015 Thermal performance of a radiant floor heating system with different heat storage materials and heating pipes. Applied Energy, 138: 648–660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.058


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With a handsome hammered metal motif and bronze-tone finish, this set of table lamps is perfect for the modern home. Designed with a simple and iconic body style, their understated touches add personality to any sofa table or console.
The Lanson Metal Table Lamp (Set of 2), made by Signature,
is brought to you by Walker's Furniture. Walker's Furniture is a local furniture store, serving the Spokane, Kennewick, Tri-Cities, Wenatchee, Coeur D’Alene, Yakima, Walla Walla, Umatilla, Moses Lake area. Product availability may vary.
for the most current availability on this product.

domain: design


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Lil Wayne and Lauren London's Baby Has Born, Rep Confirms
HipHollywood.com has, on Saturday, September 12, obtained an official statement from Lauren London's publicist, Jocelyn R. Coleman of Favor PR, who confirmed that the actress has given birth to a baby boy. The infant is her first child with hip-hop artist Lil Wayne. "Lauren London and Dwayne Carter welcomed their healthy baby boy into the world on 09-09-09," read the confirming statement.
Becoming the first site to bring the story to the surface, HipHollywood.com however didn't provide details of the newborn baby boy. His scale and name remain unknown as of the press time. Still according Jocelyn, "Everyone is happy and well" though.
Lauren London was catapulted to fame for starring as Erin "New New" Garnett in 2006 drama-comedy flick "ATL". She surprised attendees of P. Diddy's white party over the Fourth of July when she arrived with growing baby bump.
And while London managed to keep her lips tightly sealed on her pregnancy, Lil Wayne confirmed last month that he was expecting a baby with the screen beauty. In an interview with Los Angeles Power 106, he accepted congratulation from host Fuzzy for his baby. "Lauren London, she fine. She very pregnant with your baby," Fuzzy said, to which Wayne responded, "Very pregnant, yes."
The newborn infant is London's first child and is the third for Wayne. He already has one daughter, named Reginae Carter, and another son called Dwayne Carter III, who was born in October last year.
- P. Diddy Squashes Breakup Rumors With a Super Sweet Birthday Message for Cassie
- Does 'American Horror Story' Reveal the Murder Weapon in This New Season 6 Teaser?
- Taylor Swift Sports Bigger Breasts in Tight Crop-Top. Did She Really Get a Boob Job?
- Get Your First Glimpse of Tom Hardy in Christopher Nolan's WWII Film 'Dunkirk'
- Miley Cyrus Sports New Gold Band on Ring Finger. Is She Secretly Married to Liam Hemsworth?
- Jennifer Lopez Posts Cryptic Message After Breakup as Casper Smart Is Reportedly Still in Denial
- Is Britney Spears' 'Glory' Track 'Liar' About Ex Justin Timberlake?
- Donald Glover Addresses Lando Casting Rumor in Han Solo Movie

domain: entertainment


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EU Commissioner Věra Jourová: Bulgaria and Romania on Right Track and Not Any Worse than Other Member StatesBulgaria in EU | April 10, 2017, Monday // 16:50| views
EU Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality Věra Jourová stated that according to the latest EC report on the systems of justice within the community, Bulgaria and Romania are on right track in the sphere and they are not worse than the other member-states.
The report’s segment, tackling Bulgaria, expects more reforms and a better judicial response in the fight with organized crime and money laundering, as well as more effective actions against corruption, the EU commissioner further said.
Jurova said that during all of her mandate she has always wanted to to make CVM as concrete as possible, and make it "like milestones for Bulgaria and Romania so that they know exactly what to do, what the Commission wants them to do and by when".
"We were quite clear and concrete in the last CVM reports that we want to receive tangible and sustainable results and that the countries are going in the right direction. But we need sustainable results on the ground," she said.
Commenting the number of the judges in Bulgaria, the Commissioner said that it is quite high and not in correlation with the length of proceedings.
"When we see long proceedings in the Member States, it might be the case that they do not have sufficient capacities, they do not have good enough organization of the work of the courts, be it the work of judges and officers and personnel’’, she added.
The EC has presented today its assessment of the efficiency, quality and independence of the systems of justice within the separate EU member-states. It is reported that the longevity of civil and commercial trials across the union has been declining, including states with challenging systems of justice.
We need your support so Novinite.com can keep delivering news and information about Bulgaria! Thank you!

domain: law


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23 December 2011 15:19 [Source: ICIS news]
By John Richardson
PERTH (ICIS)--Placing your trust in politicians “to do the right thing” can hardly be described as a strategy.
But for the polyolefins industry, confronting what is likely to be a very difficult 2012, there is little that can be done apart from hoping that Europe’s politicians resolve the eurozone crisis.
If the eurozone collapses, the implications will be global – and severe. For example, Europe was China’s biggest export market for manufactured goods in 2011.
“I have estimated that 40–45% of all polymers imported into China end up being re-exported as finished goods to the rest of the world,” said one Middle East-based chemicals analyst.
“Others, however, think that the re-export trade only accounts for 20%.”
But neither of these estimates can possibly take into account the overall effect on China’s economy – and therefore petrochemicals consumption – of a sharp decline in exports to Europe. The reason is that nobody has a clue about the final impact.
Hence, the only hope for a successful 2012 was that the politicians would sort this mess out, according to delegates on the sidelines of last week’s Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA) conference in Dubai.
“Average European cracker operating rates were 70% in October and 50–70% in November,” said an industry observer.
“There will be no recovery in Q1, but I think that the European crisis will be sorted out later next year, after it has become evident that the [problematic] European countries have bitten the bullet and have instigated proper austerity programmes.
“This will allow [German Chancellor] Angela Merkel to sell a rescue package for Greece, etc, that will fully deal with the debt problems.”
The head of olefins and polyolefins for a major European producer said that the first half would be bad, but by the second half of next year, “everything will be sorted out because the politicians will have to do the right thing”.
Inventory levels were reported to be low, as buyers had been acquiring material on a “hand-to-mouth” basis for months – in Europe because of the eurozone crisis, and in China because of tighter local credit conditions and fears about Europe.
But European and Asian buyers remained firmly camped on the sidelines, the delegates added. Caution was said to be the name of the game, as nobody wanted to be left holding high-priced stocks in the event of a collapse of the eurozone and, therefore, of the oil price.
The China market, where pricing is still weak as the chart shows, had not benefited from the 50 basis point cut in bank-reserve requirements in November, said one Singapore-based polyolefins trader.
“It is really, really bad out there, as liquidity is still very tight. There is just no confidence, as smaller converters and traders are continuing to go bust,” he added.
“The Chinese New Year excuse for weak markets is being used much earlier than usual.
“The market packed up for the New Year two to three weeks ago, even though it doesn't occur until 23 January. We would normally expect business to only start winding down in early January.”
In Europe, markets began to quieten down ahead of Christmas as early as September–October.
A reflection of the lack of risk appetite among overseas and domestic traders in China was the preference for trading on the Dalian Commodity Exchange over physical cargoes, the polyolefins trader added.
“The Dalian futures contract that closes in January was recently trading at yuan [CNY] 8,700–9,000/tonne [$1,372–1,420/tonne, €1,052–1,088/tonne] for film-grade linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).
“This compared with physical prices of CNY9,300/tonne, and so there is, perhaps, a mild upside potential if sentiment improves and the Dalian rallies in response.
“It is the scale of the risk that also matters, though. When bank lending was plentiful in 2010, nobody thought twice about buying local physical cargoes, even though the requirement was – and remains – 100% upfront cash deposits.
“On the Dalian, the margin call is only 20% of the cost of each contract, and so your ability to leverage is automatically five times higher.
“Plus, if you close your position on [the] Dalian before a contract matures, as most people do, you don’t have to take physical delivery of PE [polyethylene] that these days would be very hard to sell.
“The futures exchange is giving traders something to do, somewhere to make money, as there is so little real business out there.”
A return to much-stronger volumes of “real business” needs to happen soon, otherwise more questions are going to be raised over the longer-term outlook for the industry.
“Once we get the eurozone crisis out of the way – and it will be resolved, I believe – there is not enough new ethylene capacity being planned over the next few years. As a result, there is room for all the planned US capacity additions,” said a second industry observer, again at the sidelines of the GPCA meeting.
But while Europe might dominate everyone’s thoughts at the moment, there are also doubts over whether the right political decisions will be taken to fix economic problems in the US.
And in China, bad debts left over from the huge 2009–2010 economic stimulus package threaten to de-stabilise its economy – unless, again, politicians find a solution.
($1 = CNY6.34, €1 = CNY8.27)Bookmark John Richardson & Malini Hariharan’s Asian Chemical Connections blog
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domain: news


When estimating the load carrying capacity of concrete structures, the static system is often simplified to act as a beam or a column. Here, a beam could represent the deck of a bridge or the floor in a building. For such structures, the shear capacity is often governing for the load carrying capacity. The shear failure mechanism of reinforced concrete beams can be sudden and usually occurs without warning. Through time, this sudden failure mechanism has caused the collapse of several structures with sometimes disastrous consequences.
Great efforts have been made to develop more reliable models for determining the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. However, in a recently published scientific paper from The University of Southern Denmark it was shown that some of these highly recognised models overestimate the shear capacity of some relatively simple concrete beams. Furthermore, the literature lacks studies on influence of small amounts of shear reinforcement on the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams.
Therefore, the objective of this research project is to investigate the shear failure mechanism of reinforced concrete beams. In addition, how adding small amounts of shear reinforcement influences the shear transferring mechanisms contributing to the shear capacity. This includes the influence of shear reinforcement on the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams when compared to beams without shear reinforcement.


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It’s weird how some things can take you back to another life. One where you were younger and full of different dreams. That piece of nostalgia bringing brilliance can be in a form of a song, a place or even a food. For me, it’s you. It’s always been you that can transport me back to a place and time where things were less complicated and more about figuring out who we were.
To me, you’ll always be 20 and crazy which means when I see you I feel temporarily 18 again. I go back to seeing you for the first time and how you danced away with my heart the second our eyes met. It reminds me of drunken nights, singing country songs as loud as we could while trying to fight the magnetic pull that brought us together in the first place. Because at that age, it was so much easier than being friends with benefits than admitting that maybe at this age, we might have found our person.
But finding your person young is terrifying. Our world is built on a fear of missing out and that feeling was too strong and too hard to fight for us to stay where we were and realize that we were happy.
So, seeing you again when we’re almost in our 30s, it makes my heart yearn for a time when things were different. It makes me miss when you’d twirl me around the dance floor and I’d stare into your eyes that reflected emotions I was too young to make sense of.
When you touched my hand, the feelings rushed immediately back and when you asked me to dance, yes was falling out of my mouth before my brain could connect with the words. No one in that room would know it, but we were swaying, and my heart was trying to remind itself not to fall for you again. It’s hard to now wonder if you ever miss me as much as I miss you.
At some point, we lost touch, and I guess in the moment we didn’t realize that we lost so much. Our ending wasn’t fiery or explosive or something to write home about, it was just an ending. It was two kids going out into the world, searching for the adults inside of us that we were meant to be. That meant that our path that we were walking together somewhere along the line started to divert and standing here with you today I couldn’t tell you the reasons why.
Having your arms wrapped around me makes me feel safe. It reminds me of the times, late at night, I’d lay in your arms and we’d laugh about something stupid. It made me feel like I was coming home again because for such a long time I built my home in you. Everything that didn’t make sense about me back then made sense when I was with you.
Here’s the really cruel thing about life, even though those feelings are there, we’re not meant to be. We’re meant to live our lives without each other with momentary glimpses of seeing who we were back then and how we’re so different now. I never believed life and love was unfair, but I look at you from across the room and know that all we’re ever going to be in is brief flashes in each other’s lives. And that seems really unfair to me.
When I see you, I see my 20-year-old boy who now somehow is a man. A man with more wrinkles and smile lines than he had before but still looks timeless. A man who reminds me that there are people in this world who can make you feel a whole hell of a lot but not be the one you end up with. A man who embodies love and pain all in one almost perfect looking human being.
Love isn’t always meant to be but I’ll let myself go back to 18 every time with you because there was no better feeling than that.

domain: artistic


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In a bid to attract new users and give people a sense of what the micro-blogging site is all about, Twitter has launched a revamped homepage. As opposed to the previous version of the site’s homepage, which was just a basic login page really, the newer version displays real tweets. The move to release a new homepage is being viewed as a marketing strategy that gives out a loud and clear call for action, motivation new users to click on the ‘sign up’ icon.
Idea behind the New Homepage
If you are an existing Twitter user, the new homepage isn’t going to do much for you except give you a glimpse of what you are going to see on your feed anyway. At the most, you could stumble upon some interesting profiles that generate tweets about topics that interest you and decide to follow them.
All in all, this new homepage is aimed at those who are still sitting on the fence with the idea of joining the popular micro-blogging site. The site will curate tweets from several users and shortlist high value ones to be displayed on its homepage. With this new marketing strategy, Twitter will use the best of its content to rub the idea of what they are missing out on right in the faces of its potential users. Officials from the company confirmed to Buzzfeed that it had launched its new homepage on July 31 after a running it through a test phase.
Why Was This Necessary?
As per the second quarter figures received earlier this month, Twitter has managed to attract an average of 304 million users every month, where as its key competitor, Facebook, has drawn a whopping 1.5 billion users every month for the same period. These figures are disappointing on two counts – this has been the most marginal user growth seen by the site since its launch in July 2006 and it lags way behind its arch competitor in terms of popularity.
The new homepage is part of myriad strategies being adopted to make the site more lucrative to new users. According to the site’s present CEO Jack Dorsey, currently the focus is on making the site more intuitive and dilute the element of complexity around it.
Top Image: Shutterstock


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Tonight the Art With Heart team are sharing creative projects featuring products from the last chance products list. There are lots of products to choose from with retiring stamp sets, inkpads and ink refills guaranteed to be available until 7 May (and all other products while supplies last). Contact anyone on the blog hop to place your last chance order today.
I've shared some sympathy cards made with images from Remarkable You and sentiments inside and out from Rose Wonder. Both these stamp sets have been in the Annual catalogue for some time, so it shouldn't be a surprise that they are retiring, but I'm sad to see them go.
These lilies are lovely and only need the smallest hint of colour to lift them. I have grown other lilies like this with much more colour, but to my way of thinking, these suit a bereavement card best.
A little more stamping inside, but no colour added. The sentiment really conveys the message so succinctly. Rose Wonder has some lovely sentiments and bible verses included.
Most likely you've spotted the same verse inside the second card, with an uncoloured magnolia alongside. On the front, they're coloured in traditional magnolia colours, and the leaves are from Remarkable You also. I also used retiring colour Rose Red for this card.
Please continue around our blog hop. Next you'll go to the very talented Tina Gillespie in Adelaide


Under the dashboard, a relay "box" that plugs into the fuse panel
There is no fuse for the alternator.
The starter relay on a VW Jetta is located in the engine compartment fuse box. This fuse box is located on top of the battery.
Iown a 2001 Jetta, and have no idea what "interrupt the fuse legend" means.
In a 1992 Volkswagen Jetta, the fuel pump relay is located on the bottom row of the fuse panel. It is the fuse on the far right.
You will find the windshield wiper relay on a 1995 VW Jetta GLS under the hood. It is located in the fuse (relay) housing.
You can find the exact fuse or relay location for your 1996 Volkswagen Jetta in the car's owner's manual. You can also obtain it from auto part stores.
The 2002 VW Jetta air conditioning relay switch can be found in the fuse box. The air conditioning relay switch will be in the third column, second from the top.
The airbag light, on your 1997 Jetta, can be reset by removing the fuse. Keep the fuse out for 10 seconds. Replace the fuse back to its original position.
The ignition relay on a 1995 Jetta is in the fuse box that is up inside the dash on the driver's side of the vehicle. To access this fuse box there are clips holding onto the cover and holding it into the dash.


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MoviePass users apparently hit the exits en masse after it scaled back the number of movies users could see each month: The flailing cinema-subscription provider has seen its subscriber rolls plunge from a peak of more than 3 million to just 225,000 in under a year, according to a new report.
The numbers were reported by Business Insider, which cited “internal data” it had obtained. Asked for comment, a MoviePass spokeswoman declined to confirm the subscriber figure.
In June 2018, MoviePass claimed it had signed up more than 3 million subscribers for its $9.95 monthly plan, which let customers see one movie every single day. But that proved unsustainable, and MoviePass was forced to change that to a three-movies-per-month plan. In August 2018, MoviePass Inc. began to convert subscribers on annual subscription plans to the three-movies-per-month subscription plan, by giving annual subscribers the option to either cancel or refund their annual subscription or continue on the new three-movies-per-month subscription plan.
Evidently, over 90% of MoviePass’ previous subscribers didn’t care to continue paying for the service given the dramatically scaled-backed terms.
Last month, MoviePass introduced a refashioned “unlimited” plan, dubbed Uncapped, priced at $14.95 per month (or $119.4 per year), to again allow customers to see one movie daily. But it comes with big caveats, described by MoviePass like this: “Your movie choices may be restricted due to excessive individual usage which negatively impacts system-wide capacity.” According to the BI report, MoviePass has signed up only about 13,000 new subscribers Uncapped launched in mid-March.
As of March 21, 2019, Helios & Matheson Analytics (MoviePass’ parent company) said it had cash on hand of about $2.8 million and approximately $13.1 million on deposit with its merchant and fulfillment processors related to subscription revenues.
Last month, Helios and Matheson said it raised a $6 million new round of financing from “certain institutional investors,” which closed March 25. The company said it would use the $5.56 million net proceeds (after placement-agent fees) “to accelerate MoviePass’ product development, fine tune its subscription technology, and increase MoviePass Films’ investment in new films.”
Helios & Matheson last filed financial results for the September 2018 quarter. Last month, it restated results for the first nine months of 2018 — saying it had a net loss of $256.4 million (versus $246.9 million previously) and an operating loss of $327.4 million (versus $320 million before). The company’s revenue for the first three quarters of 2018 was restated as $198.3 million (compared with $204.9 million).
HMNY said those misstatements were the result of “the erroneous recognition of up to approximately $5.9 million of revenue from certain MoviePass subscriptions that were in a suspended state due to changes made to the MoviePass subscription service that had not yet been consented to by the applicable subscribers.” The company also included $700,000 in revenue from the sale of subscriptions by Costco, but those subscriptions were refunded and MoviePass didn’t factor that into its earnings.
Last fall, the New York Attorney General opened a securities-fraud probe into whether Helios and Matheson misled investors. Among other legal woes, MoviePass also is the target of a class-action lawsuit by subscribers claiming the change in the “unlimited” plan was a deceptive “bait-and-switch” tactic.
Separately, MoviePass is suing rival Sinemia, alleging patent infringement. A judge earlier this month allowed MoviePass’ lawsuit to proceed.


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Uzbek FM receiving treatment in foreign clinic
TASHKENT. March 29 (Interfax) - Uzbek Foreign Minister Abdulaziz Kamilov is receiving treatment for his chronic condition in a foreign clinic, the Uzbek Foreign Ministry's press service said on Tuesday.
Kamilov was treated by the Central Clinical Hospital of the Main Medical Department in Tashkent for the past ten days and continued his treatment abroad, the press service said.
"A medical panel has decided that Kamilov needed a more profound health check, so the minister is continuing his treatment abroad. He will undergo a specialized medical check and will receive the necessary treatment," it said.
Born in 1947, Kamilov has been serving as the Uzbek foreign minister since January 2012.

domain: medical


A Shasta-Trinity National Forest update on the Bagley Fire explains the three common phases of rehabilitation following wildfires on federal lands.
There are three common phases of rehabilitation following wildfires on federal lands: Fire Suppression Repair, Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER), and Long-term Recovery.
Some land managers also implement a Rapid Assessment Team (RAT) that builds upon activities and suggestions initiated by a BAER Team, according to a Bagley Fire Update from the Shasta-Trinity National Forest.
The Forest Service says currently on the Bagley Fire, fire crews and specialized heavy equipment such as road graders, excavators, chippers and backhoe tractors are being utilized to accomplish the task of suppression repair.
BAER Team members are also conducting their assessment of the burned area.
After 29 days at a cost of $34 million, the 46,011 acre Bagley Fire was declared 100 percent contained on Saturday, Sept. 15, 2012.
Containment, according to fire officials, is "the status of a wildfire suppression action signifying that a control line has been completed around the fire, and any associated spot fires, which can reasonably be expected to stop the fire's spread.
As described in the Forest Service update:
Fire Suppression Repair
Fire Suppression Repair is a series of immediate post-fire actions taken to repair damages and minimize environmental impacts resulting from fire suppression activities. This usually begins after the fire is contained and before the demobilization of an Incident Management Team.
This work rehabilitates the hand and dozer firelines, roads, trails, staging areas, safety zones, and drop points used during fire suppression efforts.
The Burned Area Emergency Response program is a rapid assessment of burned watersheds. The BAER Team identifies unacceptable post-fire threats and implements emergency treatments to reduce risks before the first major storm or damaging event. The fire results in a loss of vegetation, exposure of the soil to erosion, and increased water runoff that may lead to flooding and increased sediment and debris flows.
BAER treatments that may be implemented include installation of erosion and runoff water control devices, temporary barriers to protect recovering areas, public safety signs, and drainage features for increased flow.
BAER work may also include replacing resource protection structures such as gates, removing safety hazards such as snags, preventing permanent loss of habitat for threatened and endangered species, and preventing the spread of noxious weeds.
Long-Term Recovery utilizes non-emergency actions that are done within three years or more after fire containment. These actions are done to improve fire-damaged lands that are unlikely to recover naturally and to repair or replace facilities damaged by the fire. This phase may include restoring burned habitat, monitoring fire effects, replacing burned fences, timber removal, fuels reduction, interpreting cultural sites, treating pre-existing noxious weed infestations, and installing interpretive signs.
For more information
Bagley Fire Information Phone Number: (800) 923-7316


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Many people ask what exactly does an Allergy specialitst do?
This Halloween, put your child’s safety first and follow these important steps so he/she can enjoy Trick or Treating!
Pet owners having increased allergies.
Q&A: Is It Really the Worst Allergy Season Ever? By MEREDITH MELNICK Monday, May 16, 2011 « GO BACK TO ARTICLEPRINT Every year, it seems that the news headlines proclaim that the current allergy season is “the worst” ever. So when headlines started popping up this year about the biggest, baddest allergy season yet, Healthland decided to ask Dr. […]
Allergic Rhinitis – Background Allergic rhinitis, often called allergies or hay fever, occurs when your immune system overreacts to particles in the air that you breathe-you are allergic to them. Your immune system attacks the particles in your body, causing symptoms such as sneezing and a runny nose. The particles are called allergens, which simply […]


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Fish Point Nature Reserve
The next time your travels take you to Pelee Island, be sure to check out Fish Point Provincial Nature Reserve, popular for its picturesque beauty and rare photo opportunities.
Address: McCormick Rd, Pelee Island, ON, N0R 1M0
You May Also Like
Don't forget to check out these places.

domain: travel


Study: Fort Bliss $24B asset to Texas economy
Army post has a direct employment of more than 40,000 civilian and military personnel
- Military jobs in El Paso have increased 141 percent in the last decade.
- One in five peole in El Paso County is associated with Fort Bliss.
- Fort Bliss contributes about $24.1 billion to Texas economy annually.
Fort Bliss, the largest military installation in Texas, contributes about $24.1 billion to the state’s economy every year, state Comptroller Glenn Hegar, said Wednesday during a visit to the Army post as part of a tour of military bases.
Hegar’s visit to Fort Bliss was the beginning of the Good for Texas Tour: Military Edition, in which he will tour the military facilities, meet with local officials and present the result of a study that his office recently completed.
Hegar said he decided to kick off the tour in El Paso because according to the study, out of the 15 military installations in Texas, “Fort Bliss has the greatest and most significant economic impact not only in the Upper Rio Grande Region, but in Texas.”
The Upper Rio Grande Economic region includes El Paso, Hudspeth, Culberson, Jeff Davis, Presidio and Brewster counties.
Hegar said Fort Bliss has a direct employment of both civilian and military personnel with more than 40,000 people. He said one in five people in El Paso County is associated with Fort Bliss.
“It’s also important to note that Fort Bliss provides, from a personal income perspective, $8 billion in income to the families that work in the bases of Fort Bliss and the Upper Rio Grande economic region,” Hegar said at a news conference at the TecH2O Center in the East Side. The event was attended by members of El Paso’s state delegation, county and city leaders.
“Fort Bliss is not only extremely important to the Upper Rio Grande Economic Region in Texas, not only important to El Paso area, but it’s significantly important here in the state of Texas,” he added.
Hegar said the during the last 10 years, the military jobs in El Paso area have increased more than twice — a 141 percent increase.
Local leaders welcomed the positive information released by Hegar and said they hope Texas political leaders outside El Paso support laws and take action to protect Fort Bliss and other military bases in the state from being affected by a future Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process.
Richard Dayoub, president and CEO of the Greater El Paso Chamber of Commerce, said the good news comes a week after the Texas House’s Defense and Veteran’s Affairs Committee met in El Paso and discussed the importance of the state to get involved and support the military.
“There are things that we can do within our state to help support our military legislation which we hope would then isolate us from future BRAC efforts that the federal government takes,” Dayoub said.
State Sen. José Rodríguez, D-El Paso, said that while El Paso leaders know the value of Fort Bliss to the region, Hegar’s presentation highlights the economic impact that benefits the state as a whole and the importance for state leaders to continue supporting bases like Fort Bliss, especially with funding to help deal with the next round of BRAC.
“Those of us in the legislature know some of these numbers, especially people like me who serve in the Military Installations and Veteran Affairs Committee in the Senate, but the public at large and other legislators don’t have an appreciation for this economic impact that our military bases here and in San Antonio and elsewhere have in the Texas' economy,” Rodríguez said.
Hegar’s report indicate that the 15 military installation in Texas generate $136.4 billion in economic activity and $81.3 billion in gross state product every year — supporting more than 800,000 jobs in Texas.
Aileen B. Flores may be reached at 546-6362; firstname.lastname@example.org; @AileenBFlores on Twitter.


PEUGEOT 205 1.9 GTI (130HP) 1984
Oreca-Store has designed for you a selection of technical parts and equipment for the 1984 Peugeot 205 1.9 GTI. Ideal for improving the performance and style of your car, these parts produced by the best motorsport brands guarantee real added value!
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Sale of spare parts for Peugeot 205 1.9 GTI 1984
On Oreca-Store.com, the motorsport specialist, you will find a selection of parts and equipment compatible with the Peugeot 205 1.9 GTI. Technical parts to boost performance and tuning equipment to give your car a new style... Everything you need for your Peugeot 205 GTI is available on Oreca-Store!
Technical parts Peugeot 205 1.9 GTI 1984
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FNC Entertainment’s upcoming band HONEYST revealed individual teaser posters for their upcoming debut!
Consisting of Seo Dong Sung, Kim Chul Min, Kim Hwan, and Oh Seung Seok, the band will be debuting with their 1st single album ‘Like You’ on May 17 at noon KST!
Are you looking forward to HONEYST’s debut?
SEE ALSO: Idol groups who bring in the most revenue for their companies
Get K-POP Merch @ allkpop The Shop


What is the Carbon Cycle?
The circulation of carbon on earth in which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted to organic nutrients through photosynthesis and is again converted back to the inorganic state by respiration, decay, or combustion. The atmosphere, the oceans, vegetation, rocks, and soil forms the major carbon reserve of our planet.
Who discovered the Carbon Cycle?
Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley discovered the carbon cycle in the 18th century, which was later popularized by Humphry Davy.
What are the Major Steps of the Carbon Cycle?
1. Role of Primary Producers (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)
Carbon present in the air as carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants, the primary producers to produce food in the form of carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis. This forms the foundation of the carbon cycle.
Respiration by plants returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, thus once again contributing to the cycle in a different manner.
2. Role of Primary Consumers (Carbon Fixation and Cellular Respiration)
The primary consumers such as cows and horses use plants as their food, and carbon gets accumulated and fixed into their bodies in the form of organic carbon, a process known as carbon fixation.
Respiration by animals release carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere.
3. Role of Detritus Feeders (Decomposition)
Once plants and animals die, the fixed organic carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas through decomposition by the detritus feeders.
4. Role of Fossils and Fossil Fuels (Combustion)
The carbon that is leftover in the body of the dead organisms after decay becomes fossil fuels over many years, which on combustion releases the carbon stored in them back to the atmosphere thus completing the cycle.
Why is the Carbon Cycle Important?
Primary Function of the Carbon Cycle: To maintain the balance of carbon in nature. Since atmospheric carbon dioxide determines the rate of photosynthesis by the producers, which acts as the primary source of food production on earth, the carbon cycle helps to sustain life on earth.
Other Roles in Living Systems and the Environment:
- Carbon forms an integral component of proteins, lipids, and DNA, the building blocks of all living things
- Carbon dioxide traps the long-wavelength radiations from the sun and prevents it from escaping into space, very much like the glass walls of a greenhouse, thus acting as a blanket over the planet and controlling the temperature of the earth
How do Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle?
Human activities can interfere with the carbon cycle in two possible ways –
- Combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gases
- Indiscriminate cutting of trees or deforestation
What are the Effects of Combustion of Fossil Fuels on the Carbon Cycle?
Burning of fossil fuels releases excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is way more than the amount removed by plants during photosynthesis. This results in an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, thus disturbing the balance of the carbon cycle.
How Does Deforestation Affect the Carbon Cycle?
As trees and forests balance the amount of carbon in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, excessive cutting of trees increases the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, thus raising the temperature of the earth. This is one of the primary reasons for the negative greenhouse effects and global warming.
Article was last reviewed on Monday, November 2, 2020


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Hurricane relief.We have much to be thankful for this holiday season, but many of our fellow Floridians will not be celebrating as usual.
Recently, Florida was severely hit by Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Wilma was the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin. Exceeding the 21 storms of the 1933 season, Wilma was the twenty-second storm (including the subtropical storm discovered in reanalysis), thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and fourth , which tore across the southern part of our state, destroying much in its path.
Below are some emerging statistics of damage caused by Hurricane Wilma:
* Insured loss from Wilma is between $9 billion and $12 billion, according to according to
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.
2. In keeping with: according to instructions.
3. the preliminary estimate by the Florida Department Florida is a department (departamento) of Uruguay. Population and Demographics
As of the census of 2004, there were 68,181 people and 21,938 households in the department. The average household size was 3.1. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. of Financial Services The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
Please [ improve this article] or discuss the issue on the talk page. .
* There have been more FEMA FEMA,
n.pr See Federal Emergency Management Agency. filings for assistance to date from Wilma than from last season's Charley.
* Preliminary dwelling damage figures from Red Cross shows that nearly 89,680 homes counted so far have been touched by Wilma, compared with a final total from Charley at 89,752.
* Agriculture and aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. damage/ loss is estimated at more than $2 billion, according to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
* Damage estimates to farmland homes and communities have not yet been tallied but damage is extensive. The Farmworkers Association of America says farm workers who can't afford to miss even one week's pay are facing four months without work due to Wilma.
This season's hurricanes have exacted a heavy toll on the fishing industry and on Floridians who make their livings upon the sea. According to the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission up to 1,200 fishing families in the Keys alone may be directly affected, with a collective damage assessment to the industry statewide at $123 million--so far.
Insurance, federal and state agencies and other relief organizations are not equipped to cover all of the needs of Floridians impacted by these storms. In response, Gov. Jeb Bush established the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund for unmet needs and designated the nonprofit Volunteer Florida Foundation to manage it.
As one of Florida's leading newspapers, the St. Petersburg Times
The St. Petersburg Times is a daily newspaper based in St. Petersburg, Florida, that serves the larger Tampa Bay area. , wrote: "The Florida Hurricane Relief Fund, created by Gov. Jeb Bush after last year's historic storms, has an impressive record of raising money and getting it to communities that need it most.... This is the modern equivalent of neighbor helping neighbor."
By contributing to the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund, you will help put Floridians lives on the road to recovery.
Recovery is a long process. A report this past summer from the University of Florida University of Florida is the third-largest university in the United States, with 50,912 students (as of Fall 2006) and has the eighth-largest budget (nearly $1.9 billion per year). UF is home to 16 colleges and more than 150 research centers and institutes. stated that an estimated 1.3 million Floridians have completed repairs from the 2004 hurricane damage, but repairs were still under way for 696,000 residents and had not yet begun for another 348,000. The situation has been adversely impacted by damage during the 2005 season. The fund's efforts matter now more than ever and depend on the contributions of businesses and citizens.
To date, the Florida Hurricane Relief Fund has raised over $22 million from citizens in every state and has funded 270 organizations to provide long-term recovery assistance for the thousands of families whose needs were not adequately covered by government and insurance funds. Your contribution will make a tremendous difference as we rise and rebuild. Please give to those in need in Florida. (www.flahurricanefund.org)
Volunteer CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization. Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board.
Florida Hurricane Relief Fund

domain: geography


A Stray Hero from Hisyam on Vimeo.
4 years ago, i was afraid of dogs, due to having bad experience with them during my childhood.
but if dogs are described as man's best friend, what a waste it would be if we go through life without understanding or without experiencing why are dogs described as man's best friend? after all, life is about experiences, and not all the material things that surround us.
after adopting tonto from save a stray, tonto has totally changed our perception of dogs. slowly and surely, he gained our trust, love, and we gained his. so much so that we consider him a member of our family now!
but we understand the plights of dog owners, and living in a country where the majority of the population shun dogs.
so this video by hisyam highlighting a muslim couple who sacrifices all for dogs, totaling 700 as of today, is inspiring. it gives hope that there is still hope for humanity in us. the extent they go all out is amazing, even sleeping in their car beside the dog shelter at night.
it's difficult for us to understand the challenges a muslim couple have to go through to do what they have done. they would be shunned, ostracized, and even labeled "lunatic" by their community for dogs are perceived by many of their community as "unclean" animals.
yet, they stand tall and i salute them for all they have done. do yourself a favor, check out the video as well as pak mie's website.


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Constitution: Bill of Rights
CONSTITUTION: BILL OF RIGHTS
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known at the Bill of Rights, list more than twenty-five rights. Initially significant as a symbol of the nation's aspirations than for their substance, these provisions have become increasingly important as the modern Supreme Court has applied them not only to the national government but also to the states to define the meaning of individual liberty, legal and civil rights, and the extent of government authority.
origins in state constitutions
When the Second Continental Congress declared independence in July 1776, it encouraged states to adopt constitutions and most of them did so. Almost all incorporated declarations, or bills, of rights, like Virginia's Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason in 1776. The idea that governments should recognize such rights goes at least as far back in English history as the Magna Charta (1215), through which English noblemen had embodied written concessions from the English king at Runneymede, through the English Bill of Rights (1689), and the Act of Settlement (1701).
The first government to succeed that of Britain in the colonies was formed under the Articles of Confederation (1781–1788). It was premised on the idea of continuing individual state sovereignty and therefore invested little power in the Congress. Since few powers had been delegated to the national government, few rights needed to be reserved. On the state level, declarations of rights did not always succeed in keeping state assemblies from trampling on individual liberties in the absence of checks and balances.
the united states constitution
When the delegates met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to write a new Constitution, they were primarily concerned with strengthening the national government, but they were aware that with strength would come danger. Thus, although they invested such significant new powers in Congress as the power to regulate inter-state and foreign commerce and the power to act directly on individual citizens, the framers of the constitution were also concerned to corral these new powers. Accordingly they divided Congress into two houses, and created an independent executive and judiciary. James Madison, a key architect of the new document, argued that the new government would be less likely to result in individual injustice than would state governments.
In a sense, the entire Constitution was intended to be a bill of rights. The founders chiefly relied on institution protections for such rights, but they also built specific limitations into the Constitution. Thus, Article I, Section 9, prohibits Congress from interfering with the states' rights to import slaves for twenty years, from laying direct taxes other than according to the census, from taxing exports, and from granting titles of nobility. This article also protects individual rights by prohibiting Congress from suspending the writ of habeas corpus (requiring the government to specify charges against individuals who were imprisoned) except in limited circumstance or from adopting bills of attainder (legislative punishments without benefit of a trial) or ex post facto (retroactive criminal) laws. Similarly, Article I, Section 10 also prohibited states from enacting bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or impairing the obligation of contracts. In like manner, Article VI prohibited any "religious Test" as a condition for federal office.
Perhaps because they still envisioned a relatively limited government, the framers of the Constitution did not give much consideration to a bill of rights. George Mason waited until near the end of the Convention to propose the addition of a bill of rights, and the states present unanimously defeated his motion.
The delegates bypassed the amending mechanism under the Articles of Confederation and provided that the new Constitution would go into effect when conventions in nine or more states ratified it. Although some states ratified relatively quickly, it was soon clear that ratification would not be easy. Those who supported the Constitution, the Federalists, quickly faced strong Anti-federalist opposition, especially in key states like Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts. Anti-federalists expressed a variety of fears, many centering on the unknown consequences of adopting such a radically new form of government. Charging that the new government would become overly aristocratic, or monarchical, and that it would swallow the states, Anti-federalists raised fears that the new government would destroy the individual liberties for which the Revolutionary War had been fought. The French philosopher the Baron de Montesquieu, had argued that republican government was impossible over a large land area, and Madison's arguments that an extended republic would in fact make injustice more unlikely did not offer the same security as specifically delineated rights.
Initially, Federalists argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary and could even prove dangerous-giving the government the authority to say that any right not specifically identified could be taken away. Some Federalist friends, however, argued that a bill of rights might help and could do no harm. Thomas Jefferson was among those who wrote to James Madison arguing that rights specifically incorporated into a bill of rights might serve not only to enlighten the public as to their rights but also as a mechanism through which wise judges might strike down unconstitutional provisions.
Although they rejected the idea that states could conditionally ratify the Constitution, key Federalists expressed a willingness to consider a bill of rights once the Constitution was ratified. Fortunately, Madison served in the first House of Representatives, where he combined and condensed various rights that states had proposed when debating the Constitution with provisions in existing state declarations of rights. Two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress eventually proposed twelve amendments, ten of which the requisite three-fourths of the states adopted in December 1791 as the bill of rights.
the content of the bill of rights
The First Amendment prohibits Congress from making laws respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise and guarantees rights of freedom of speech, press, peaceable assembly, and petition. The Second Amendment allows for a right to bear arms, and the Third Amendment prohibits an abuse that the colonies observed during the Revolutionary War by prohibiting the quartering of troops in private homes without the owners' consent. The Fourth prohibited unreasonable searches and seizures (another colonial grievance that led to the Revolutionary War). The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments primarily protect the rights of individuals accused of crimes, or on trial. The Eighth Amendment includes protection against cruel and unusual punishments, and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments recognize the existence of unnamed rights reserved to the states and to the people.
enforcement of the bill of rights
The Bill of Rights would signal little more than national aspirations if U.S. courts did not exercise the power, known as judicial review (established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison, 1803), to void legislation that is unconstitutional. Even then, courts are not always sympathetic to the protection of rights. No court invalidated the notorious Sedition Act of 1798 (prohibiting criticism of the president at a time of rising tension with France) during its short existence, and courts have been better at proclaiming the existence of rights after wars were over than enforcing them while wars were being waged. It was not until Ex Parte Milligan (1866) that the Court invalidated military trials of civilians during the Civil War. Similarly, while sidestepping the issue of their incarceration in detention camps, in Korematu v. United States (1944) the Court upheld the exclusion by executive order of Japanese Americans from their homes and businesses on the West Coast.
the expanded application of the bill of rights
The most important development in the history of the Bill of Rights has been its application to the states, rather than just to the federal government. In Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Chief Justice John Marshall decided that the bill of rights had been designed as a limitation on the national government rather than on the states. His argument was supported by the fact that the First Amendment began with the words "Congress [an instrumentality of the national government] shall make no law." After the turn of the twentieth century, the Bill of Rights was applied to the states.
The scope of the Bill of Rights was broadened when the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed key rights for all Americans. Historians still debate whether those who authored and ratified this amendment intended to apply the bill of rights directly to the states, but it seemed clear that, as the embodiment of key values, violations of constitutional rights would constitute a denial of due process of law or of the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizenship. Chiefly beginning with the case of Gitlow v. New York (1925), the Supreme Court has proceeded, through the doctrine of "selective incorporation," to apply the most essential provisions in the bill of rights to the states. Over time, the court has decided that almost all of these provisions can be considered essential to liberty. Indeed, many justices have ruled that there are penumbral rights (such as the right to privacy) that apply to both state and national governments, even though they are not directly stated within the Constitution.
The Bill of Rights was in part a product of English tradition, colonial resistance to English rule, and the experience of making constitutions and government during the Revolutionary War. Fear of tyrannical government and the desire to define and protect rights guided the creation of the Constitution and later the Bill of Rights. The idea of state declarations of rights grew into the national bill of rights. This bill of rights was, in turn, expanded and nationalized through judicial interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment. Courts have increasingly enforced rights once largely considered to be constitutional aspirations. Thus the struggle to end segregation and debate over the kind and extent of individual rights, such as the right of privacy or choice, and the controversy over the limits of government power in time of war, trace their origins to the American Revolution.
Abraham, Henry J., and Perry, Barbara A. Freedom & the Court: Civil Rights & Liberties in the United States, 8th ed. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003.
Cogan, Neil. ed. The Complete Bill of Rights: The Drafts, Debates, Sources and Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Conley, Patrick T., and Kaminski, John P., eds. The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties. Madison, WI: Madison House, 1992.
Kurland, Philip B., and Lerner, Ralph. Amendments I-XII. In The Founders' Constitution, Vol. 5. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Veit, Helen E.; Bowling, Kenneth R.; and Bickford, Charlene Bangs, eds. Creating the Bill of Rights: The Documentary Record from the First Federal Congress. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Vile, John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
John R. Vile


League Two Form Guide
Question of the Week
Do you support Cleethorpes Town?
|We are Town!|
Ebbsfleet v Grimsby Team News
By: Rob Sedgwick
TOWN head to Ebbsfleet United for the first time in their history looking to make amends for the defeat at York on Saturday. The Mariners have had a poor return from their away matches so far this season and need a win to have a hope of staying in the top half.
Ebbsfleet have not won since their 3-0 drubbing of Bath City five games ago, which has been their only home victory of the season so far. The Kent club have drawn a lot of games, however, and despite being sixth bottom, they have lost just seven games this season - one less than the Mariners.
Team news is thin on the ground at the time of writing, but neither side is expected to make many changes from their last games. Grimsby came very close to getting something from the game at York on Saturday, so the managers are likely to stick with a similar side to that which lost at York.
This site is by the fans, for the fans, and we will consider articles on any subject relating to the Mariners whether it be related to current news, a nostalgic look back in the past, a story about a player, a game or games in the past, something about Blundell Park or football in general. Click here to submit your article!
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