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David Yurman's Osetra End Station bracelets with green onyx, rhodalite garnet, or hematite in silver $950 to $1,100, at Neiman Marcus
Osetra stud earrings with rhodalite garnet in silver $900, at Neiman Marcus
Osetra drop earrings with hematite and black onyx in 18K gold $1,400, at Neiman Marcus
Osetra small tassel necklace with rhodalite garnet in silver $1,300, at Neiman Marcus
Osetra dome ring with hematite in 18K gold $1,900, at Neiman Marcus
Osetra rings with green onyx, hematite, or rhodalite garnet in silver $750 to $850, at Neiman Marcus
David Yurman and Jim Gold, president and chief merchandising officer of Neiman Marcus, at Neiman Marcus NorthPark (Photo by Rhiannon Lee)
David Yurman‘s iconic cable bracelets and coveted rings might be symbols of classic American luxury, but the designer’s latest iteration of his collection dubbed Osetra draws inspiration from abroad.
Reminiscent of caviar, the rose-cut stones — set in either gold or darkened silver — simultaneously evoke the opulence of Russia while remaining true to the brand’s American roots.
Osetra, which Yurman first introduced in the fall of 2014, ties back to the designer’s passion for sculpting, the art form he pursued prior to launching his namesake fine jewelry line.
“I wanted to create a modern, romantic, and sculptural collection with Osetra,” says Yurman, who arrived at Neiman Marcus NorthPark last week to celebrate his new baubles. “I have taken rose-cut stones and utilized them in a unconventional manner.”
The collection is currently exclusive to Neiman Marcus, and will be available in Yurman’s boutiques soon.


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Stayed for one night over a really busy weekend in Ottawa (over 95% of all hotels were sold out) and couldn't be more happy with location and the place. Close to main touristy things (15 -20 min walk to Parliament Hill or Byward Market -...More
Rideau Inn is a good place to stay. It is located on a quiet street but is extremely close to Elgin Street, where there are tons of restaurants and bars and about a 15 - 20 minute walk to the Parliament buildings. Across the street...More
Price-quality as expected. Beautiful old building. We had a big room with bathroom which was very clean. Perfect location +- 20min walk from the city center but lots of restaurants nearby. Breakfast was ok. The parking space should be included in the price!
We stayed at the Rideau B and B for seven nights just before, during and after Canada Day.
We had the Newfoundland room, located on the main floor with private bath. The room had a very good air conditioner, large queen size bed - perfect...More
My partner and I stayed at the Rideau Inn while in Ottawa for the Canada Day, 2017 celebration. We stayed there ten years ago and it felt like home going back. The Inn is located about 10 minute walk from Parliament Hill and all that...More
TripAdvisor gives a Certificate of Excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers.
Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi )
$113 - $133 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room)
Star rating provided by Expedia.
Non-Smoking Rooms ,
Number of rooms
TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Travelocity, Priceline, Hotels.com, Hotwire and Cheap Tickets so you can book your Rideau Inn reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
The Northern, New Brunswick and Newfoundland rooms have private bathrooms, the remaining guest rooms share 3 bathrooms in the corridors. The Canada Suite is a 2-bed-room suite including Manitoba room and Saskatchewan room on... More
The Northern, New Brunswick and Newfoundland rooms have private bathrooms, the remaining guest rooms share 3 bathrooms in the corridors. The Canada Suite is a 2-bed-room suite including Manitoba room and Saskatchewan room on the lower level.

domain: travel


text:
Murlo has introduced forthcoming EP 'Club Coil' with an incredible new video.
The producer isn't an artist to stand still, continually expanding his approach to encompass new sounds and new techniques.
New EP 'Club Coil' is incoming, and it finds Murlo absorbing R&B futurism but filtering this through a London-centric viewpoint.
New cut 'Tired Of You' has that rugged system edge, while the intricate animated clip was overseen by Murlo himself.
Incredibly creative, you can check out 'Tired Of You' below.
'Club Coil' will be released on May 19th.

domain: entertainment


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People abuse substances such as drugs, alcohol, and tobacco for varied and complicated reasons.
According to research from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, in 2019, over 60% of Americans aged 12 or older used a substance (i.e. tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drug) in the past month. That’s an estimated 165.4 million people in the U.S.
Not all of these individuals are guilty of abusing their substance of choice. However, an estimated 21.6 million people needed substance use treatment in 2019.
Substance abuse can have disastrous affects on the individual and his or her family. In addition, these abuses impact society. In 2019, substance abuse cost the U.S. more than $740 billion annually in expenses related to crime, lost work productivity, and health care.
This leads us to our topic today. With a history of substance abuse, can I get life insurance?
Can I buy life insurance if I’m a recovering addict?
Quotacy agents have helped former drug addicts get life insurance. If you’re a recovering addict, getting approved for life insurance depends on a few factors. Your best chances of getting coverage is to apply through a broker, like Quotacy. Brokers are not tied to one life insurance company and are able to shop the market.
When you apply online at Quotacy, you can choose which life insurance company you want to apply with. Your Quotacy agent will review your application and work hard to get you approved. Not all life insurance companies view a history of drug addiction the same. If the company you initially picked won’t offer you reasonable coverage, we’ll keep shopping and give you options.
Start the process by getting a free term life insurance quote or keep reading for more in-depth information about life insurance and substance abuse.
» Compare: Term life insurance quotes
If I have a history of substance abuse, can I buy life insurance?
Anyone currently abusing a substance will be declined for life insurance coverage. But life insurance companies may consider applicants with a history of abuse, as long as applicant had discontinued use for, typically, a minimum of two years.
Each life insurance company has their own unique underwriting guide they follow when evaluating applications. This guide also states how they underwrite applicants with a history of substance abuse.
After evaluating an application, they give a classification to the applicant. This classification can be a “standard” risk class or a table rating. There are different standard risk classes depending if you use tobacco or not as well. A table rating typically means that your pricing for life insurance will be the Standard price plus 25% for every step down the table you are.
|For Non-Tobacco Users||For Tobacco Users|
|Preferred Plus||Preferred Tobacco|
|Standard Plus||Standard Tobacco|
|Table Rating (alphabetical)||Table Rating (numerical)||Pricing|
|A||1||Standard + 25%|
|B||2||Standard + 50%|
|C||3||Standard + 75%|
|D||4||Standard + 100%|
|E||5||Standard + 125%|
|F||6||Standard + 150%|
|G||7||Standard + 175%|
|H||8||Standard + 200%|
|I||9||Standard + 225%|
|J||10||Standard + 250%|
When underwriting a history of drug abuse, underwriters will focus on:
- Severity and frequency of the abuse
- Type of drug abused
- Severity of associated complications
- Evidence of dependence and/or withdrawal
- Legal problems related to abuse (such as DUIs)
- Abuse of multiple drugs (including alcohol)
- Number of relapses
- Current participation in a group such as Narcotics Anonymous.
It pays to work with an agency that has contracts with multiple life insurance carriers, because while one company may deny or table an applicant, another company may offer standard ratings to that same applicant.
This is especially common when it comes to marijuana use. For example, some companies would classify recreational marijuana use as “tobacco use” and would only offer tobacco ratings to the applicant, while another company may offer preferred non-tobacco rates as long as the use is minimal.
See what you’d pay for life insurance
What classifies as substance abuse?
While the definition of substance abuse has nuances that can vary depending on who is defining it, life insurance underwriters acknowledge the Psychiatric Text Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder’s definition. Substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
- Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
- Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
- Recurrent legal problems due to drug use.
- Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance.
Substance abuse also causes increased mortality risk; therefore, life insurance companies do not take a history of substance abuse lightly. Mortality risks among substance abusers include:
- Deaths from natural causes such as the poisonous effects of substances and from infections (hepatitis/HIV/endocarditis) from injectables.
- Accidental deaths from overdose and trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, etc.).
- Violent deaths from suicide and homicide.
Other points that increase the risk associated with substance abuse:
- Multiple or polydrug use/abuse, especially involving illicit street drugs.
- Substance abuse in the presence of a known psychiatric impairment.
- Substance abuse in the presence of known interaction with the legal system, such as adverse driving record or other arrest record.
- Substance abuse in the presence of social (occupation, marital, familial) or behavioral problems.
There are drugs that have legitimate uses in addition to their abuse potential. Underwriters take how the drug is being used into consideration when evaluating an application. Below is a table of common drugs (divided by classes) and their possible legitimate uses.
» Learn more: Life Insurance and the Opioid Crisis
A benefit to working with Quotacy is that we work with multiple A-rated life insurance companies. We have the ability to shop cases around to different companies to try our best to get an applicant approved.
Our in-house underwriter has worked in many carrier home offices, knows how to navigate each individual’s health and lifestyle history, and knows which life insurance company would be the best option for your individual case. If you are ready to buy life insurance coverage, get a term life insurance quote now and let’s start the process.

domain: psychology


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4 - 5
ABOUT OLGA DICKEY-DEMCHENKO:
Olga was born and studied in Russia and now is living in California. Two of her works won a place in the Kennedy Promotions Best of Artist book series in 2006, with the "Heart of the Dance" awarded as First Prize.
OLGA DICKEY-DEMCHENKO'S WORK:
Following traditions of Russian artists, she utilizes the idea of heavy impasto with the contrast of heavy textured brushstrokes to soft fluid washes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON OLGA DICKEY-DEMCHENKO, VISIT:

domain: artistic


WARSAW – The Watershed Foundation has announced plans for its annual photo contest.
‘Picture your Watershed,’ is a creative way to connect residents with their local natural resources and community, the Foundation said in a news release. “Each submitted picture displays how our local lakes play a role in an individual’s life.”
“At TWF, one of our favorite things is connecting others to the watershed we all share. The photo contest helps promote understanding about how we are all, in some way, connected to and benefit from our natural water resources,” The Watershed Foundation, Executive Director Lyn Crighton explained.
There are four categories:
- Lovin’ the Lakes: People engaged in lake activities – tubing, swimming, walking along the shore, etc
- Wet ‘n’ Wildlife: Animals and wildlife
- Nature’s Studio: Landscapes and watery reflections
- Pollution Solutions: Capturing volunteer efforts and the fixes that protect our lakes
Rules, conditions, and photo submission are available at: watershedfoundation.org/2021photocontest/. The deadline for submitting entries is Dec. 31, 2021. Voting for the ‘People’s Choice Awards will run from Jan. 1 – Jan. 31.
TWF was founded in 1997 to protect and improve water quality in the Upper Tippecanoe River Watershed; spanning from Crooked Lake in Whitley County to the Warsaw-Winona Lake areas.


text:
Over the past 20 years, the perception of tourism as an effective contributor to socio-economic development in the developing world has propagated, with many viewing tourism as a provider for poverty alleviation and towards other UN Millennium Development Goals. Over the same period, readers have become familiar with the paradoxes, complexities and inequalities of tourism in relation to development, wealth creation, growth, redistribution, governance and ‘hosts-guests’ relationships. This volume further extends this critical debate with a much-needed cohesive publication on Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA).In an era of fluctuating tourist arrivals at global level, the growth of tourism in SSA requires deeper consideration in terms of its inconsistent and questionable implications at local level. Taking as a central theme the debate on whether tourism should be used in development efforts, this book examines the way in which tourism has controversially become the way forward to development in several SSA locations and assesses bottlenecks to sustainable development as well as dilemmas and challenges faced by those SSA destinations seeking to achieve development through tourism. It offers an explicit set of chapters adopting a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing upon tourism studies, human geography, sociology, anthropology, political economy, development and environmental studies, and integrates case studies authored by local African practitioners and academics to produce a book that gave voice to local experts on local realities.Combining an overview of key theories, concepts, contemporary issues and debates as well as practical insights from a wide range of regions in SSA, this book will be a valuable resource for those investigating the role of tourism in development.
|Place of Publication||Abingdon, UK|
|Number of pages||236|
|Publication status||Published - 16 Sept 2015|
|Name||Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility|

domain: sociology


Toro NGE Self Flushing Pressure Compensating Emitter 1.0 gph with Male Adapter (Black) 1/4 in. Barb
For water-efficient drip irrigation, use the Toro Drip Emitter. With a pressure-compensating diaphragm, it is perfect for areas with undulating terrain with a vast fluctuation in pressure. It has a self-flushing feature and semi-circle inlet filters, which prevents large debris from entering and permits small particles to exit the flow path, so it doesn’t clog. This emitter is used for nurseries, greenhouses, and landscape applications.
Low Coefficient Of Variation (CV)
Uniform Flow Rates
Unique Emitter Design And Pressure Compensating Diaphragm


text:
- How can you tell if you have mites?
- Can a bug crawl in your ear to your brain?
- Does everyone have bugs in their eyebrows?
- How do you know if you have mites on your eyelashes?
- Do bugs live in eyelashes?
- What kills face mites?
- Can bugs live in your hair?
- Do face mites poop?
- What does a mite bite look like on a human?
- How do you know if you have face mites?
- Why do I feel like tiny bugs are crawling on me?
- Can you feel mites crawling on your skin?
- How long do face mites live?
- Are there really bugs in strawberries?
- How many bugs live on your skin?
- Do bugs live on your skin?
- Can bugs crawl up your bum?
- Do bugs live on your face?
How can you tell if you have mites?
Common signs of a mite bitered, rash-like marks on your skin.small bumps that can become hard or inflamed.irritation, itching, and pain near the mark, rash, or bump.swollen or blistered skin near the bite..
Can a bug crawl in your ear to your brain?
If an insect does crawl into your nose or ear, the worst thing that can happen is an infection (rarely, it can spread from the sinuses to the brain). … Reports are most common in the tropics, where there are more insects, and in cases of severe insect infestations in the home.
Does everyone have bugs in their eyebrows?
Not every single individual has mites, but they do exist on people in every region of the world. As people get older they are more likely to have a population of mites on them. By the time you are 60, you have an 80%-100% chance of having demodex living in your eyebrows or eyelashes.
How do you know if you have mites on your eyelashes?
Since eyelash mites are microscopic, you can’t see them, but you can identify symptoms they are causing. Symptoms of eyelash mites include itchiness, redness, dry eye, crusty and sticky lashes, blurry vision, and scaly or rough patches of skin around the eyes.
Do bugs live in eyelashes?
Eyelash mites are tiny cigar-shaped bugs found in bunches at the base of your eyelashes. They’re normal and usually harmless, unless you have too many of them. Also known as demodex, each mite has four pairs of legs that make it easy to grip tube-shaped things — like your lashes.
What kills face mites?
A doctor may recommend treatment with creams such as crotamiton or permethrin. These are topical insecticides that can kill mites and so reduce their numbers. The doctor may also prescribe topical or oral metronidazole, which is an antibiotic medication.
Can bugs live in your hair?
People find bugs crawling around their skin, or hiding in their hair, and they’re worried that they may be bed bugs. … Finding bed bugs in your hair is particularly unlikely. While lice and ticks have claws that are designed to help them navigate through hair, bed bugs don’t.
Do face mites poop?
Speaking of objects that Demodex need to push out of their bodies, these mites also don’t have anuses. They still need to poo, so it’s been said that they ‘explode’ with waste at the end of their lives.
What does a mite bite look like on a human?
Unlike other insect bites or stings that form a single lump on the skin with a noticeable puncture site, mite bites induce skin rashes on the legs, arms, and trunk. General signs to look for include: small, hard bumps on the skin. red patches of skin.
How do you know if you have face mites?
folliculorum aren’t visible to the naked eye, you’ll need to see a doctor to get a definitive diagnosis. To diagnose these mites, your doctor will scrape a small sample of follicular tissues and oils from your face. A skin biopsy shown under a microscope can determine the presence of these mites on the face.
Why do I feel like tiny bugs are crawling on me?
Formication is the feeling of insects crawling across or underneath your skin. The name comes from the Latin word “formica,”which means ant. Formication is known as a type of paresthesia. Paresthesia happen when you feel sensations on your skin that don’t have a physical cause.
Can you feel mites crawling on your skin?
Many people suffer from the feeling that insects, mites, or other tiny creatures known as arthropods are biting them, crawling on them, or burrowing in their skin. Frequently, the causes of these feelings are unknown and no tiny creature can be captured for analysis.
How long do face mites live?
The six-legged larvae hatch after 3-4 days, and the larvae develop into adults in about 7 days. It has a 14-day life cycle [Figure 2]. The total lifespan of a Demodex mite is several weeks. The dead mites decompose inside the hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
Are there really bugs in strawberries?
The little creatures in the fruit are known as the spotted wing drosophilas, which lay eggs inside strawberries. They then hatch and crawl out after being washed in the warm saltwater solution. … There are no studies that have found spotted wing drosophilas, or other bugs in fruit, are harmful for human consumption.
How many bugs live on your skin?
“99.9 percent of humans carry them,” says Ron Ochoa, a mite scientist at the US Department of Agriculture. They’re most abundant on our faces, but live in the hair follicles all over our bodies, and a single person may harbor more than one million of them in total.
Do bugs live on your skin?
Many microscopic bugs and bacteria live on our skin and within our various nooks and crannies. Almost anywhere on (or even within) the human body can be home to these enterprising bugs. Bugs affect us in a variety of ways: some bad, such as infections, but many good.
Can bugs crawl up your bum?
No insect will crawl up your anus unless your anus is filthy and you are not moving… which unfortunately can happen in cases of neglect. … But otherwise, no, ants or other insects will not intentionally crawl into an orifice, and the results are usually quite mild.
Do bugs live on your face?
There are two species of mite that live on your face: demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis, BBC Earth reports. … During the day mites feed on dead skin cells within hair follicles, while at night they emerge to mate and lay eggs.

domain: biology


text:
Port & Company ® Crystal Tie-Dye Tee
Port & Company
what makes this great
- Individually hand dyed each tee is as unique as the one wearing it
- 5.4-ounce 100% cotton Rib knit collar Back neck tape The tie-dye process infuses each garment with unique character
- Please allow for slight color variation.
For a Size Chart click HERE (just click to open in a new tab or hold down the shift key and click to open in a new window)

domain: design


text: Because you can control the temperature of many modern grills, it’s easy to adjust the grill just right so that the meat can retain moisture and air, which adds flavor and tenderness to the meat. Grilling is a healthy alternative since it doesn’t deplete the flavor and tenderness of meat and vegetables. Disadvantages: You have to … Because of the shortened cooking times, pressure cooking takes less energy to complete a meal as well. Consider these five health benefits. The high intensity of the heat allows the food to be cooked faster. Also, we will give you some tips on how to serve healthy and wholesome meals. Try using fruit wood such as apple, cherry or peach for a more … Dry cooking methods are those that use no liquids or steam, and they have both advantages and disadvantages. People on both sides of the argument have valid points. Use maple, apple or peach wood for added flavor. Begin by Getting the Right Grill. Heart-healthy grilling means keeping a few special grilling tips in mind. Today, microwave oven has occupied a prominent place in the modern kitchen due to its convenience, time saving and unavoidable utility. Disadvantages of Dry Cooking Few dry heat cooking methods are suitable for slow cooking, which rules out a number of dishes using tougher or slower-cooking ingredients. Frying and deep-frying, if not done correctly, can increase a meal's fat content considerably. Advantages: moist and juicy, ideal tough meat, nourishing method, digestible. Grilling food comes with health benefits compared to food from the oven or stove. Since the grill uses indirect heat the grill marks associated with grilled foods won’t be as pronounced. Thanks for sharing your article about the health benefits of grilling food. List of the Advantages of Pressure Cooking. A pressure cooker can complete the cooking process about 30% faster than conventional cooking methods. However, grilling with infrared heat is associated with certain drawbacks, like no option for low temperature setting and high cost. One of the main advantages to grilling your food is the fact that you don't get all the calories and fat associated with frying food. They are not good for wet conditions, we are grilling with wood after all. This is primarily brought about by individual tendencies of … Families and friends gather around the grill for holidays, birthdays and for no particular reason at all. Below are some insights into the advantages and disadvantages of a gas grill. Grilling is a healthy way to cook meat, and it doesn’t take away from the flavor when you’re cooking meat and vegetables. Gas grilling is good, but when it comes to the original flavor, it is beaten by charcoal grills. There are also some disadvantages; for example, grilling requires that the food should be of premium quality, which turns out to be quite expensive. It is energy efficient and takes lesser time for cooking than other grilling alternatives. Grilling is a popular dry heat method.

domain: food


Thomas Alexander Otto Goedecke's (b. 1991) music has been described as "powerful beyond words," and "wonderfully cultured." Born and raised in Houston, TX, Goedecke was introduced to music through the world of opera and country music. Later, Goedecke would become heavily involved in Native American powwow dancing and Japanese taiko drumming (or kumi-daiko). This clash of musical cultures continue to influence Goedecke's diverse interests in opera, composition and ethnomusicology.
A young composer and vocalist, Goedecke has composed and/or performed alongside members of Houston Grand Opera, Houston Symphony Orchestra, Opera in the Heights, HSPVA, Houston Boychoir, American Festival for the Arts Conservatory ensembles and faculty, United States Army Band, Houston Ballet Academy, Dirty Rotten Horns, Kazan Taiko, Ryokyokoku Matsuri Daiko Texas and the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music. As a composer, Goedecke has studied with Dr. Michael Remson, Joel Stein, Dr. Aaron Alon, Dr. Frank Ticheli, Dr. Donald Crockett, Dr. Steven Hartke and Dr. Erica Muhl. Goedecke is pursuing his Bachelor of Music in Composition and a Minor in Music Recording from University of Southern California Thornton School of Music.


HP Omen 15-ce087tx
Reviews for the HP Omen 15-ce087tx
Source: Jagat Review ID→EN Archive.org version
Positive: High gaming performance; powerful hardware; excellent display; good connectivity; decent speakers. Negative: Overheats while using; heavy and bulky.
Single Review, online available, Very Long, Date: 10/17/2017
NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 Mobile: The mobile GTX 1060 is based on the GP106 chip and offer 1280 shaders. Compared to the identically named desktop version it features a slightly lower clock rate. Games in Full HD and maximum details should run fluently on the card.
With these GPUs you are able to play modern and demanding games fluently at medium detail settings and HD resolution.
i7-7700HQ: Quad-core notebook processor based on the Kaby Lake architecture. Besides four CPU cores (including Hyper Threading), the chips also integrates the HD Graphics 630 GPU and is manufactured in an improved 14 nm process.» Further information can be found in our Comparison of Mobile Processsors.
15-inch display variants are the standard and are used for more than half of all laptops.
The reason for the popularity of mid-sized displays is that this size is reasonably easy on the eyes, often allows high resolutions and thus offers rich details on the screen, yet does not consume too much power and the devices can still be reasonably compact - simply the standard compromise.» To find out how fine a display is, see our DPI List.
With this weight, a laptop is rather heavier than average. Devices in this range shine more with screen size and performance than with mobility.
HP: Founded in 1939, the US company is a major server and printer manufacturer and one of the leading IT companies in the world. Until 2015, the company was called Hewlett-Packard Company. After a split, the computer division was renamed HP Inc.
In 2023, HP had an approximate market share of 22% of global PC sales, making it number 2 after Lenovo.
» Further information can be found in our Notebook Purchase Guide.


This product is extracted from fresh kelp by a patented biological enzymatic hydrolysis method of Shidai Marine. It concentrates and enriches the natural organic iodine in fresh kelp, which can effectively inhibit bacteria and diseases, and promote the vigorous and healthy growth of crops.
• Inhibit bacteria and disease
• Enhance immunity
• Natural organic iodine of kelp


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Credit card or debit card: which one should you use? The answer: it depends. I know, not very helpful, so let me walk you through what factors go into deciding which is best.
When should you use a credit card?
In general, credit cards are the safest spending approach, as long as you are paying off your balance each month. If you forget to make a payment, you can get hit with fees and your credit score could take a nosedive. Credit cards tend to be safer because they don’t link directly to your checking account like your debit card does. That means if something happens, like your card information is stolen, the credit card company can help you recover your funds, without putting any holds or constraints on your checking account.
There are a few specific situations where you may benefit from using a credit card rather than a debit card:
- When you are on vacation – it’s best to use a credit card and have your debit card as backup. Learn more about credit and debit card safety for your upcoming vacation here.
- When you are online shopping – cyber scams happen frequently, so be sure to check for secured URLs and shop on credible websites. And, even if the website is secure, I still recommend using a credit card for the same reason as above: you don’t want to tie up your checking account if anything goes wrong.
A credit card is also a great option if you are hoping to earn rewards points or cash back on your purchases. This can help you make your money go further (again, just as long as you continue to make your monthly credit card payments on time).
When should you use a debit card?
Debit cards are a great tool to help you manage your budget. When you use a debit card, the funds come directly from your checking account, meaning it’s easier to see your spending money “drain” in real time, compared to adding up expenses on one bill you pay off at the end of the month. In short, a debit card helps you immediately track your spending habits. This is especially helpful if you use budgeting tools like a personal finance manager, which automatically categorizes your debit card purchases into your budget categories. Easily tracking your expenses can help you stick to the budget you built.
ATMs usually charge a fee for withdrawing cash from both your credit and debit card. The benefit of using a debit card is that those fees can sometimes be waived. For example, at Bankers Trust, we waive service fees for any customer using a Bankers Trust debit card at a Bankers Trust ATM. Learn more about ATM fees and how to avoid them here.
Always safeguard your card information
A major threat to both credit and debit cards are skimmers. Skimmers are covers that can be put over machines like ATMs or gas pumps and are virtually invisible to an unsuspecting customer. If you unknowingly put your card in a skimmer, this dangerous scam can easily steal all of your card information. Always check the machine to see if you notice anything “off” about it, like a misaligned sign or logo or it seems a bit unstable – this could be a sign of a skimmer.
Also, never share your card information with anyone. If you give that information out, you can no longer guarantee its safety. If you believe your card information has been stolen, check out our article on what to do after your card has been compromised.

domain: economics


Hunter had alleged that Fisher and Wior conspired, during the 2011 lockout, to have Hunter removed from his position.
STAT OF THE NIGHT
Including playoffs, the Thunder has won nine out of the past 11 games against the Spurs.
In pregame, Popovich was complimentary of Kevin Durant, but after the third Durant-related question, this one asking about his competitive drive, Popovich said this: “I just respect his game very much. (But) I'm not going to talk about all the psycho babble stuff you guys want to talk about. You can do that on your own.”
After a rough stretch against a variety of Western Conference contenders, the Thunder get a scheduling reprieve. Well, not from a travel standpoint, but from a competition standpoint. OKC heads to the East Coast for a Friday night game against the 15-29 Boston Celtics and a Saturday night game against the 13-28 Philadelphia 76ers. Both games start at 6:30.
66ERS MAKE MOVES
The Thunder's NBA D-League affiliate, the Tulsa 66ers, made a couple of moves Wednesday. The 66ers acquired guard Mustafa Shakur and a third-round draft pick in transactions with the Erie BayHawks and Canton Charge. Shakur played for Tulsa during the 2009-10 season, when he was selected as an NBA D-League All-Star. The 66ers sent guard Ben Uzoh to Canton for the third-round draft pick.


text:
Colin Barnett has stepped away from his controversial rhetoric that up to 150 remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia will be closed down, revealing plans for a “hub and orbit” strategy that will leave some communities bigger and better resourced, others reduced in services and the smallest ones abandoned.
But major rallies are still planned in more than 60 centres across Australia and around the world for today
The Premier admitted to The Australian yesterday that his declaration last November that “we are probably going to see certainly over 100, maybe 150 remote communities close” was a “bit bald”.
Giving the first clear details of his government’s more nuanced approach, Mr Barnett noted that a hub and orbit approach could lead to building up the larger communities while closing down the smallest and most under-resourced. “Looking somewhere into the future, I’m talking years and decades, what I would like ultimately to see and what we are trying to achieve is that some of those larger communities would become ultimately gazetted towns like any other town and operate that way,” Mr Barnett told The Australian on the last day of a three-day tour of regional and remote Western Australia.
“That is going to take some time. Then there will be some remote communities which will be supported from the outside to a greater extent (than others) and that will cater for the largest portion of Aboriginal people. But the very small communities I think will lapse over time.”
Aboriginal communities across the state have been fearful of closure since Mr Barnett’s statement to a conference of childcare workers last November. Strident opposition has mounted in the absence of details about which places are being targeted, and on what grounds.
“Stop the Closures” banners will be displayed at May Day marches in towns and cities across Australia today, and in several overseas cities including London, New York, Berlin and Auckland.
Mr Barnett this week found himself reassuring members of the Warralong community, 190km east of Port Hedland, that it was very unlikely to close. Community leaders told him that rumours of closure had been sparked by the appearance of a visiting police van. It was the Premier’s first visit to a remote Aboriginal community since his November comments.
Warralong has fewer than 100 residents, 11 houses, no shop and twice weekly visits from a nurse travelling from Port Hedland. Mr Barnett said he was impressed by the community’s independently run school. Asked if he had done an about-face on his previous stance about closures, Mr Barnett said his comments in November had been lacking in detail. “Well, my comments were a bit bald, you know, at the time,” he said.
“But what I was saying is that 274 communities is not realistic in the long term. Many younger leaders and some older ones in Aboriginal communities have been actually quite moderate on this issue. (They) recognise there are a number of communities that don’t have the prospect of education, health, let alone employment and that is where we are trying to go.”
Indigenous Liberal federal MP Ken Wyatt said he believed there would be far fewer closures than originally stated by Mr Barnett.
Mr Wyatt, who in the 1980s helped create 99-year Aboriginal Lands Trust leases and is a supporter of Aborigines being able to live back on their traditional country, said he had a frank discussion with the Premier on the issue. “I get the sense that it is not his intention to close down communities so much as find better solutions in how they access services,” he said. “They are auditing all those communities and looking at solutions. I’ve had discussions with three key ministers and they don’t seem to talk about closing down communities.”
He said they had discussed a “hub and orbit” model and the Northern Territory offered examples of the Barnett government’s mooted approach.
“At Utopia, people still live within the Utopia lands, and some of them still live traditional lives further out but they come in to access the community store, the school and the medical clinic,” Mr Wyatt said.
In the past, Mr Barnett has cited lack of opportunities to educate and employ residents, and the risk of child abuse and domestic violence as reasons to close under-resourced communities. He has said reduced federal funding of only $90 million over three years will make it “impossible to provide the state’s 274 remote communities with essential services as well as policing, healthcare and education”.
Mr Barnett’s opponents have claimed that moving people out of settlements could end up costing even more.
Family harnesses power of social media to drive protests against forced closures of Aboriginal communities
Pressure is growing across Australia against plans by West Australian Premier Colin Barnett to close scores of remote Aboriginal communities.
A call to protest has spread across social media with rallies expected in capital cities across the country tomorrow.
But the protests had their origins far from any big city.
Layangali Bieundurry and her brother Nelson Bieundurry are from Wangkatjungka, a remote Aboriginal community on the edge of the Great Sandy Desert with a permanent population of approximately 200 people.
Although internet access is slow in Wangkatjungka, the call to protest against the Government’s threat to close up to 150 communities started there thanks to family support, and then spread nationally and now globally.
“We knew that all our family were on Facebook, so what we did, we just set the page up and started sending out messages throughout Facebook and that is how most of our family knew,” Ms Bieunderry said.
“And then other communities started to jump on Facebook and started realising what the Government [was] going to do to us in the remote communities.”
#SOSBlakAustralia has since emerged, connecting people, communities and organisations with similar interests and concerns through the Twittersphere.
“I want it to go into the ears of Tony Abbott, that’s where I want it to go,” Mr Bieundurry said.
“And all those other Government officials, because I’ve just been watching the news about all these tax breaks all these big corporations are getting and he says that the taxpayer can no longer afford to fund Aboriginal people, fund their lifestyle choices.
“I mean wake up, what’s going on here?”
Throughout the Kimberley, the threat to close up to 150 remote Aboriginal communities has raised both fear and anger.
At Wangkatjunga, there is disbelief that the next wave in a long history of dispossession may soon hit.
The State Government has not stated which communities may close, sparking fear across the state.
Jacqueline Cox, from nearby Fitzroy Crossing, moved to Wangkatjungka last year with her partner.
“It happened to past generations and now it’s happening to [the] future generation,” she said.
“What hope is there for Indigenous people in Australia?”
Wangkatjungka is one of the larger outstations, established in 1975, its title carved out from neighbouring Christmas Creek cattle station.
Last November when the WA Government announced it wanted to close many communities, it cast doubt on their viability.
“There are something like 274 Aboriginal communities in Western Australia,” Mr Barnett told Parliament.
“I think 150 or so of those are in the Kimberley itself, and they are not viable.
“They are not viable and they are not sustainable.”
Last month Mr Barnett raised the spectre of child sexual abuse, citing 39 recorded cases of gonorrhoea among Aboriginal children in WA in 2013.
The Opposition called Mr Barnett’s comment a slur against Aboriginal people, but the Premier was backed by Chief Police Commissioner, who insisted that child abuse was rife and unreported in remote communities.
In the north, the Government’s statements have left people confused.
Aboriginal elder Marty Sibosado first heard about the State Government’s planned closures in the media.
“It is just frustrating in today’s age that here we have a Government that can’t even give us a reason, can’t even communicate with the people,” Mr Sibosado said.
“My biggest fear is for my people, we have had a history of basically being removed off the land and again with no consultation and no involvement.
“I just ask, in 2015 how can this happen in Australia?”
Major rallies are now planned in more than 60 centres across Australia and around the world for tomorrow.
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domain: news


text:
NCLA asks the Arkansas Supreme Court to stop judges in the state from giving “great deference” to the Department of Finance and Administration in a post-2009 Arkansas tax procedure case.
Granting “great deference” to an agency’s statutory interpretations violates both the state and federal Constitutions because it requires judges to abandon both their duty of independent judgment in violation of Article 4 of the Arkansas Constitution and the requirements of the Arkansas Code of Judicial Conduct. Deference also violates the Due Process Clauses of the Arkansas Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by commanding that the judiciary display systematic bias in favor of agencies whenever they appear as litigants.
NCLA believes the Court should reverse the decision below by declaring agency deference unconstitutional. Or, even if the Court declines to defer to the agency’s statutory interpretations on statutory grounds, NCLA still encourages the Court to write an opinion flagging the constitutional problems with agency deference.

domain: law


text:
Kim Becker, Aquinas College
Although its sugar and fat content might seem intimidating, the creamy dessert is better for you than you may assume.
Alison McCarthy, University of New Haven
If you’re trying to live a heathy lifestyle but your sweet tooth tends to get the best of you, try these delicious low-calorie snacks instead.
© 2023 Study Breaks


The United States and India have collaborated to expand the availability of electric buses in India. An estimated 10,000 electric buses will be launched on the streets in India under the collaboration, according to media reports.
US Ambassador to India Eric Garcetti said that the United States government is working with India to get more electric buses on the streets of Indian cities. “We have launched an initiative to have 10,000 electric buses be on Indian streets,” he said.
Garcetti says, “We know that electric buses can change the world. They are quieter and cleaner. They help us reduce our carbon and give us a future where our planet will be livable. It is one of the reasons, the US Govt is working together with our friends in the Govt of India to get more electric buses on the streets of Indian cities quicker. We have launched an initiative to help 10,000 electric buses be on Indian streets…”
In August this year, the Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved a bus scheme “PM-eBus Sewa” for augmenting city bus operation with 10,000 e-buses on the ‘Public Private Partnership’ (PPP) model.
The scheme would have an estimated cost of Rs 57,613 crore, out of which support of Rs.20,000 crore will be provided by the Central government. The scheme will support bus operations for 10 years.
Reaching the unreached
The scheme will cover cities with populations of three lakhs and more as per the census 2011 including all the Capital cities of Union Territories, North Eastern region and hill states. Under this scheme, priority will be given to cities having no organised bus service.
Direct Employment Generation:
The scheme will generate 45,000 to 55,000 direct jobs through the deployment of around 10,000 buses in city bus operations.
The scheme has two segments:
Segment A – Augmenting the City bus services (169 cities)
The approved bus scheme will augment city bus operations with 10,000 e-buses on the Public Private Partnership model.
Associated Infrastructure will provide support for the development or up-gradation of depot infrastructure; and the creation of behind-the-meter power infrastructure (substation, etc.) for e-buses.
Segment B– Green Urban Mobility Initiatives (181 cities)
The scheme envisages green initiatives like bus priority, infrastructure, multimodal interchange facilities, NCMC-based automated fare collection systems, charging infrastructure, etc.
Support for Operation:
Under the scheme, states or cities shall be responsible for running the bus services and making payments to the bus operators. The Centre will support these bus operations by providing subsidies to the extent specified in the proposed scheme.
Boost to E-Mobility:
The scheme will promote e-mobility and provide full support for behind-the-meter power infrastructure. Cities will also be supported for the development of charging infrastructure under Green Urban Mobility Initiatives.
The support to bus priority infrastructure shall not only accelerate the proliferation of state-of-the-art, energy-efficient electric buses but also foster innovation in the e-mobility sector as well as the development of a resilient supply chain for electric vehicles.
This scheme shall also bring in economies of scale for the procurement of electric buses through aggregation for e-buses. Adoption of Electric mobility will reduce noise and air pollution and curb carbon emissions.


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Chapter: Columbus, OH
Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in Ohio. It is the 14th-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 879,170 as of 2017 estimates, and is one of the fastest growing large cities in the United States. This makes Columbus the 3rd-most populous state capital in the United States after Phoenix, Arizona and Austin, Texas and the second-most populous city in the Midwestern United States, after Chicago. It is the core city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses ten counties. With a population of 2,078,725, it is Ohio's second-largest metropolitan area.


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Here Is The Easy Money-Making Trick Everyone Is Talking About! Learn More Here!
Chelsea lost at home at Stamford Bridge as fellow London side Aston Villa visited them in the Premier League at the weekend.
The match was a welcome game for both teams after the International break. However, Chelsea could not live up to the billing as they suffered another setback defeat in the season.
Following Chelsea’s inability to make the most out of this game, we evaluate the three key questions as regards the game.
Can Chelsea recover from their predicament? The Blues are in big turmoil at the moment. There is a problem at the club following the managerial exit of former boss Graham Potter.
And It will be interesting to see what Chelsea could make of this present situation as the pride of London.
While there is uncertainty about Chelsea recovering from this scenario as they now lie outside the top half of the table with 11th in the league table.
Who replaces Graham Potter?
With the exit of Graham Potter from the club as was announced early on, the next step is with regard to who replaces him at Chelsea.
Names like former Bayern boss Julian Nagelsmann’s have cropped up in the news along with Brendan Rodgers who just got sacked at Leicester City following the Foxes’ poor (inconsistent) run of form this season.
But Bayern boss Julian reiterated as per reports from the press that he wouldn’t take an immediate job citing the need to rest till the end of the season.
The Blues could have an uphill task in getting a quality replacement any time soon.
Any hope for European Football for Chelsea? Chelsea may be out of the race for UEFA Champions League football but do they hope to make it to Europe next season?
Though they are not in a good position in the League table as per Champions League qualification it is still possible for them with a place in the Europa League.
While there is a bit of optimism for Chelsea no matter how it seems like more with the opportunity of winning the Champions League still alive for them this season.
This article was updated 3 months ago


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Have you ever heard musicians talk about “half steps” and wondered what on earth they were referring to? Well, fret no more because we’re diving into the musical realm to demystify the concept of half steps. We’ll break down what half steps mean, why they’re important, and how they shape the melodies we love. So, grab your favorite instrument or settle in for a fascinating journey through the world of musical intervals. Let’s explore the captivating world of half steps together!
What does half step mean? A half step in music refers to the smallest interval between two notes, commonly known as a semitone. It represents the distance between adjacent notes, such as E and F or A sharp and B, on a keyboard or musical scale.
What are steps in music?
When we talk about steps in music, we’re referring to the intervals between notes. Each step represents the distance between two different pitches. But what exactly is a half step, and how does it differ from a whole step? Let’s break it down.
Half steps: the smallest musical interval
A half step, also known as a semitone, is the smallest interval in Western music. It represents the distance between two adjacent notes, such as E and F or A sharp and B. These notes are so close together that there are no other notes in between them on a piano keyboard. It’s like taking a tiny musical leap!
Whole steps: doubling the fun
A whole step is equal to two half steps or two semitones. It’s like taking a bigger leap between notes. For example, if you play the note C on a piano keyboard, the note D is one whole step above it. Similarly, B flat is one whole step below C. It’s all about creating that musical distance!
The chromatic scale: exploring half steps
Have you ever wondered what it would sound like to play all the half steps in a row? Well, that’s where the chromatic scale comes into play. The chromatic scale consists of playing every white key and black key on a piano keyboard in order. It’s like a musical rainbow! While pure chromatic scales are not commonly used in compositions due to their lack of tonal center, they do find their place in genres like jazz and contemporary classical music. It’s all about adding a touch of chromatic flavor!
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How are half steps used in music?
Half steps are used in various ways in music to create tension, movement, and harmonic changes. Here are some important applications of half steps:
1. Building scales
In Western music, scales are constructed using a combination of whole steps (two half steps) and half steps. For example, the major scale follows the pattern of whole step, whole step, half step, whole step, whole step, whole step, half step. The specific arrangement of whole steps and half steps gives each scale its unique character and sound.
Half steps are often used to modulate or change key within a piece of music. By using a series of half steps, composers can smoothly transition from one key to another, creating a sense of tension and release.
Chromaticism refers to the use of pitches outside of the diatonic scale. Half steps are crucial in incorporating chromaticism into music. By adding chromatic notes through half steps, composers can introduce colorful and expressive harmonies and melodies.
4. Leading tones
The leading tone is the seventh scale degree in a major scale, which is a half step below the tonic (the first scale degree). The leading tone has a strong pull towards the tonic and is often used to create resolution and stability in music.
5. Chord progressions
Half steps are employed in chord progressions to create interesting harmonic movements. Common progressions, such as the ii-V-I progression in jazz, often utilize half steps to create smooth voice leading and harmonic tension.
6. Melodic motion
Half steps can be used melodically to create expressive and emotional melodies. By incorporating half steps into melodic lines, composers can evoke a wide range of moods and intensify the musical narrative.
7. Expressive techniques
In performance, musicians can use half steps to add expressive elements to their playing. Techniques such as slides or glissandos, where a note is smoothly and quickly moved up or down by a half step, can create dramatic and dynamic effects.
To help you navigate the world of half steps, here’s a handy table of “dos and don’ts” when it comes to incorporating them into your music:
|Experiment freely||Overuse chromatic scales|
|Embrace tension||Neglect tonal center|
|Use in brief phrasing||Rely solely on half steps|
|Incorporate in various genres||Disregard musical context|
Advantages and disadvantages of incorporating half steps in music production
In music production, the use of half steps can have its advantages and disadvantages. Let’s explore both sides to gain a better understanding of how they impact the creative process and the final outcome of a musical production.
Advantages of incorporating half steps
- Enhanced Expressiveness: Half steps provide a wide range of tonal nuances, allowing for increased expressiveness in melodies, chord progressions, and harmonies.
- Tonal Variations: By strategically incorporating half steps, producers can introduce unique tonal variations, adding depth and complexity to their compositions.
- Creative Sound Design: Half steps open doors to unconventional sound design possibilities, enabling producers to create distinctive and experimental sonic landscapes.
Disadvantages of incorporating half steps
- Potential Dissonance: Improper use of half steps can result in dissonant or jarring sounds, disrupting the intended musical flow.
- Lack of Accessibility: Overreliance on half steps may make the music less accessible to mainstream listeners, as it can sometimes venture into more complex or niche territories.
- Challenging Harmonic Balance: Incorporating half steps can present challenges in achieving harmonic balance, requiring careful attention to maintain a coherent and pleasing musical structure.
When incorporating half steps in music production, striking the right balance is crucial. It’s important to experiment, push boundaries, and explore the unique possibilities they offer, while also considering the overall aesthetic and intended audience of the music.
How is half step used in various music genres?
This data table provides a comparative analysis of how different genres of music incorporate half steps. It showcases the varying degrees of usage and highlights notable examples within each genre. The table offers insights into how half steps contribute to the unique soundscapes of different musical genres.
|Genre||Use of Half Steps||Notable Examples|
|Jazz||Extensive use of half steps for chromatic phrasing||Miles Davis, John Coltrane, “Take Five” by Dave Brubeck|
|Contemporary Classical||Occasional implementation of half steps||Philip Glass, Steve Reich, “The Rite of Spring” by Stravinsky|
|Pop||Limited use of half steps||Madonna, Taylor Swift, “Shape of You” by Ed Sheeran|
|Hip-Hop||Selective use of half steps for tonal variations||Kendrick Lamar, J. Cole, “Lose Yourself” by Eminem|
|Electronic||Frequent use of half steps for unique sound design||Daft Punk, Aphex Twin, “Strobe” by Deadmau5|
If you want even more great tips and information, check out the video.
Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
Do you still have questions about what half step means? Below are some of the most commonly asked questions.
Can I use half steps in any music genre?
Half steps can be used in various music genres, but the extent of their usage may vary. While genres like jazz and contemporary classical music embrace the extensive use of half steps, other genres such as pop and hip-hop tend to incorporate them more selectively for tonal variations. The choice of incorporating half steps ultimately depends on the desired sound and creative vision of the music producer.
Are half steps essential in music production?
While not absolutely essential, half steps play a significant role in music production. They allow for tonal variations, expressive melodies, and unique sound design possibilities. By incorporating half steps, music producers can elevate their compositions and add layers of depth and creativity to their work.
How can I ensure proper use of half steps in my compositions?
To ensure proper use of half steps, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of music theory and how different intervals work together. Study the characteristics of various music genres, experiment with different chord progressions and melodies, and trust your musical instincts. Remember, practice and experimentation are key to mastering the art of incorporating half steps effectively.
And there you have it! You’ve taken a half step closer to understanding the fascinating world of music theory and the significance of half steps. I hope this article has struck a chord with you and shed light on the intricacies of incorporating half steps in music production.
Did I cover everything you wanted to know? Let me know in the comments section below—I read and reply to every comment. If you found this article helpful, share it with a friend and check out my full blog for more tips and tricks on music production. Thanks for reading, and may your musical journey be filled with harmonious melodies and joyful beats!
This article covered the topic of half steps in music production. Here are some key takeaways:
- Half steps are the smallest interval between two notes in Western music.
- They play a crucial role in tonal variations, expressive melodies, and unique sound design.
- Different music genres incorporate half steps to varying degrees.
- Understanding music theory and experimenting with different chord progressions are essential for proper use of half steps.

domain: hobby


Men’s Health Week is part of a global health awareness campaign marked in the US, Europe and Australasia. The week focuses on the health issues all men face and raises awareness of steps men can take to help address these.
Men’s Health Week was awarded the 2020 Men’s Health Advocacy Award by the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand in recognition of the campaign’s continued commitment to lifting the profile and awareness of health issues which particularly impact on men.
The New Zealand campaign for Men’s Health Week is run by directors Tim Greene and Mark Sainsbury, both of whom are passionate about helping men get more on top of their health. Tim is an experienced communicator in the fields of health, education and sports and Mark is an experienced journalists and presenters, acting as both a director and ambassador for Men’s Health Week.
Why not take one (or all!) of their Quizzes!


Latest Photoacoustic spectroscopy Stories
German researchers have reportedly developed a novel, non-invasive method that uses infrared laser light to help monitor the blood glucose levels of people suffering from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
New photoacoustic technique detects multiple nerve agents simultaneously
Researchers have developed multiple techniques and procedures to detect cancer cells during the earliest stages of the disease or after treatment.
A team of McGill chemists have discovered that a technique known as photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy could be used to identify the composition of pigments used in art work that is decades or even centuries old.
ANN ARBOR, Mich., April 16 /PRNewswire/ -- Endra Life Sciences today announced the launch of the Nexus 128, a preclinical photoacoustic computed tomography (CT) scanner for small animal imaging.
Using a laser and a device that converts reflected light into sound, researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory can detect explosives at distances exceeding 20 yards.
- To say in too many words; to express verbosely.
- To express in too many words: sometimes used reflexively.
- The leading idea or a repeated phrase, as of a song or ballad; the refrain; burden.


Although Realme is not among the largest smartphone companies at the moment, but if it continues to launch phones like Realme 8 Pro, we can only expect that it will reach the top in a few years, the new 8 Pro phone comes with the best specifications possible with a price Reasonable and suitable for everyone.
It was launched alongside Realme 8 in early 2021, which is the successor to the Realme 7 series that was unveiled last year, Realme Pro is likely to be the most affordable phone from the Chinese brand in 2021.
However, you will not feel as if the phone comes at its real price, and if it is launched at a higher price, no one will complain given that it has an ultra-high-resolution main camera, incredibly fast charging, and a premium display as well.
Our favorite aspect of the phone is its design - most low-cost phones are relatively thick, hard to hold in one hand, and made of cheap-to-touch plastic, so the Realme 8 Pro is thin, portable, and has a nice look.
This is also possibly one of the best mid-range camera phones on the market, thanks in large part to its 108MP main camera. Which captures ultra high-resolution images.
Also here is 50W fast charging, which can charge half the battery in less than half an hour, and is much faster than most other phones in the same price category. The battery will also last an entire day without any issues.
Realme 8 Pro has been launched in many regions around the world, including India, but not Egypt, Saudi Arabia or Iraq yet.
The cost of the phone is $ 248 for the 6 + 128GB version, and $ 275 for the 8 + 128GB version.
We are still waiting for the phone to be launched further next month because it will be an ideal choice for everyone who wants to own a premium smartphone without paying a lot of money.
Although it is definitely not a compact phone, the Realme 8 Pro looks very small compared to its competitors, which is great for people who do not want a gigantic smartphone. It's thin and relatively light, and it has a smaller body than we're used to.
The design is definitely plastic, but with somewhat better material than traditional plastic. The back of the phone contains the phrase "Dare to Leap", which is the well-known Realme logo, but with rather large letters, which some may find annoyingly prominent, while others may not mind.
The phone has a USB-C port and a 3.5 mm headphone jack, and both the volume control button and the power button are located on the right edge of the phone. Thanks to its size and button locations, Realme 8 Pro can easily be used with one hand.
The size of the phone display is 6.4 inches, which makes it significantly smaller than many other phones of similar price, but it does not come complete due to the hole hole that houses the front camera in the upper left.
The display has a resolution of 1080 x 2400 pixels, and is very suitable for any smartphone. It's the same proprietary resolution as most games, apps, or streaming services you'll use, although it's less than most flagship phones.
The refresh rate is 60Hz, which is common for all phones in that price category, although some phones come with a refresh rate of 120Hz. If your priority is to buy a phone with a high refresh rate, you should go for other options.
Surprisingly for a phone at this price, there is a fingerprint sensor under the display, which we found works fine and the phone barely failed to recognize the user's fingerprint to recognize the thumb during the first attempt.
Realme 8 Pro has a 108MP main camera, and it is not the first phone in that price category to have such a high-resolution main camera, as another phone preceded it which is Redmi Note 10 Pro. Joining this camera is an 8MP ultra-wide lens, a depth sensor, and a 2MP macro camera with a 20MP front camera.
"High resolution" doesn't always mean "taking beautiful pictures" when it comes to smartphone cameras, but we liked the photo clips on the 8 Pro.
In good lighting conditions, images looked excellent, with rich detail and reasonable contrast ratio.
Thanks to the high resolution, we can easily download pictures from the phone to any computer, edit and crop them, without you ending up with a low-resolution image or a blurry picture in detail.
However, not everyone will be interested in taking 108MP photos because they take up a lot of storage space, but having a great camera with that resolution in that price bracket is definitely great.
Seldom does the 2MP assistive cameras add anything to smartphones, and that is the case here too. The macro shots were so blurry that they were practically unusable.
We have to pay tribute to the front camera, as the selfies looked great, full of color and saturated with detail.
The video recording quality here is up to 4K at 30 fps or 1080p at 60 fps.
The phone runs on a mid-powered Snapdragon 720G processor paired with 6 or 8 GB RAM, but we didn't find the performance slow at all.
We did not have any issues with the phone in games, although we chose the average graphic settings in games, it was always fast during the game and rarely there is any delay
It's the same story with normal phone use, whether it's opening and closing apps or browsing social media sites where we were never disappointed either. Unless you're switching to the Realme 8 Pro from a flagship phone, it's pretty cool.
The phone comes with a 4,500 mAh battery, and we found that the phone easily continues to work throughout the day, even if we use the camera or play a lot of games. Unless your usage is very limited, it seems unlikely that the phone will survive the second day.
The fast charging here is 50 watts, and it took us less than an hour to fully charge the phone. There is no support for wireless charging here, but that is to be expected for a phone at this price.
Realme is a leader in providing fast charging for phones in the middle class, so 50W is not a big surprise, although it is a feature that Realme should praise for. However, Realme 7 Pro was launched with fast charging 65W.
|announcement||March 24, 2021|
|Market Availability||March 31, 2021|
|Dimensions||160.6 x 73.9 x 8.1 mm (6.32 x 2.91 x 0.32 in)|
|Mobile materials||Glass front (Gorilla Glass), plastic frame, plastic back|
|colors||Blue, black, yellow|
|Type||Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors|
|Display size||6.4 inches|
|Display resolution||1080 x 2400 pixels, 411 ppi density|
|Screen protection||Gorilla Glass|
|Ratios||83.3% screen-to-body ratio|
|Chipset||Qualcomm Snapdragon 720G - 8 nm|
|CPU||Octa-core (2x2.3 GHz Kryo 465 Gold & 6x1.8 GHz Kryo 465 Silver)|
|RAM||6 - 8 GB|
|First||108 MP, f/1.9, (wide)|
|Second||8 MP, f/2.3, (ultrawide)|
|Third||2 MP, f/2.4, (macro)|
|Fourth||2 MP, f/2.4, (depth)|
|Camera features||LED Flash , Panorama, HDR|
|The Video||[email protected], [email protected]/60fps; gyro-EIS|
|-||16 MP, f/2.5, (wide)|
|Front Camera features||HDR, panorama|
|Video||[email protected]/120fps, gyro-EIS|
|Capacity||4500 mAh non-removable|
|Battery Type||Lithium Polymer|
|Fast charging||50W, 50% in 17 min|
|Ear Headphones port 3.5 Mm||Yes|
|Other sound features||Sound 24-bit/192 kHz|
|Speaker||Yes, with stereo speakers|
|Sensors||Fingerprint sensor under Display - Optical|
|Other advantages||accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass|
|Phone Name||Realme 8 Pro|
|Price in US Dollars||248 USD|
|Price in Saudi Arabia||930 SAR|
|Price in Iraq||362450 Dinars|
|Price in India||17999 Rupees|
|Price in Egypt||3910 L.E|


text:
||July 6, 1982
||February 25, 1981
||Holick; Michael F. (Sudbury, MA)
||Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA)|
||Roberts; Elbert L.
|Attorney Or Agent:
||Oblon, Fisher, Spivak, McClelland & Maier
|Field Of Search:
|U.S Patent Documents:
||3488733; 3697559; 3751563; 4098881
|Foreign Patent Documents:
||A sunscreening composition which comprises a sunscreening amount of a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene and a topical carrier, with the proviso that the .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene is not a precursor to a biologically active vitamin D compound.
||What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A sunscreen composition which comprises a sunscreening amount of a substituted or unsubstituted.DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene capable of blocking UVB radiation and having the formula ##STR7## wherein X is H or R.sup.1 O; where R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, aryl or R.sup.1 is R.sup.2 CO, where R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl or aryl; and a topical carrier; with a proviso that said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene is not a precursor to a biologically active vitamin D compound.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene contains a double bond at position 3-thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein said diene is a 3-deoxy diene.
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein said diene is a 3-enol acylated steroid.
5. The composition of claim 2 wherein said diene is a 3-enol ether steroid.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein said biologically active vitamin D compound is 1 .alpha., 25 -dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3.
7. A method for protecting the human skin from ultraviolet radiation which comprises applying to said skin a substituted or unsubstituted .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene capable of blocking UVB radiation and having the formula ##STR8## wherein Xis H or R.sup.1 O, where R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, aryl or R.sup.1 is R.sup.2 CO, where R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl or aryl; with the proviso that said diene is not a precursor to a biologically active vitamin D compound.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene contains a double bond at position 3-thereof.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said diene is a 3-deoxy diene.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene is a 3-enol acylated steroid.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene is a 3-enol ether steroid.
||BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to sunscreen compositions and methods for protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Sunscreens are used in the prevention of sunburns. Acute cutaneous responses to ultraviolet light (UVL) range from sunburn and suntan to photosensitivity states. The ultraviolet spectrum at the earth's surface consists of wavelengths from 290nm to 400 nm. Normal sunburn and subsequent tanning result from UVB radiation (290 to 320 nm); UVA or long ultraviolet rays (320 to 400 nm) causes immediate pigment darkening but in high enough doses can induce new pigment formation. UVA is alsoresponsible for most photosensitivity reactions. UVC (less than 290 nm) is not found at the earth's surface, it is filtered out by the atmosphere.
There is strong evidence that UVB is the major cause of aging of the skin and the development of cutaneous carcinoma. Evidence has been presented linking UVL exposure with skin cancer.
The most widely used chemical sunscreening agents are chemicals that protect the skin by absorbing UVL, and then dissipating the energy in a harmless manner. These compounds must (1) filter UVL between 290 and 320 m; (2) be stable; (3) benon-toxic; (4) be non-sensitizing; and (5) be non-volatile.
The major chemical sunscreens in use today are para-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, cinnamates, anthranilates, and benzophenones. (The previous discussion is essentially adopted from "Topical Photoprotective Agents", Algra, R. J. et al,International Journal of Dermatology, 17:628-634 (1978)).
Although these chemical agents are in wide use, most of them exhibit unwanted side problems. p-aminobenzoic acid for example may stain clothing yellow, especially after its exposure to the sun. Furthermore, allergic contact and photocontactdermatitis to p-aminobenzoic acid and its derivatives have been reported. Patients allergic to benzocaine, procaine, para phenylenediamine and sulfonylamide may have allergic reactions to p-aminobenzoic acid. A patient allergic to thiazide or sulfadrugs may have a reaction to sunscreens containing p-aminobenzoic acid or p-aminobenzoic acid esters. Contact dermatitis also occasionally develops from benzophenones and cinnamates; glyceryl p-aminobenzoic acid seems to be the most common cause. Anumber of other sunscreens can also cause photocontact dermatitis.
In view of these problems, it would be desirable to use compounds with somewhat decreased side effects. Especially desirable would be compounds belonging to a naturally occurring series, such as steroids.
The use of steroids in sunscreening compositions has been disclosed, mainly as anti-inflammatory additives. (See Algra et al supra, at page 631). Unfortunately, corticosteroids have little effect on sunburn erythema. Although bothhydrocortisone and beta methasone-valerate may delay the onset of erythema at one to times the minimal erythema dose, neither is effective with higher doses of ultraviolet light.
Diassi, U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,811 describes 6-halo-6-dehydro-A-norprogesterones as useful for sunscreening. Pike, J. E. et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,436,388 describe steroid 16-oxopregnan-21-oic acid di substituted amides, suggesting that when usedtopically they absorb a portion of erythema producing ultraviolet rays, and would thus be useful as ultraviolet screening agents. Pike, U.S. Pat. No. 3,178,459 describes androstano-(16,17-1',2')-benzenes, suggesting that they can be employedeffectively as sunburn screens. Pike, U.S. Pat. No. 3,162,631 describes steroid 16.beta.-hydroxy-21-carboxylic acid .gamma.-lactones of the pregnane series, and also suggests that they can be used as ultraviolet screens. Diassi et al U.S. Pat. No.3,488,733 describes the production of 14.alpha.- and 15.beta.-oxygenated-16-dehydro steroids of the pregnane series, suggesting that they could be used as sunscreening agents. Finally, Jackson et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,114,757 describes 6-fluorosteroids,also stating that they would be useful as sunscreening agents. None of the steroids described in these references however is a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene or .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal triene.
Leigh, U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,996 describes sunscreening preparations comprising mixtures of vitamins A and D. It should be noted, of course, that vitamin D can be produced from provitamin D (a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene) by a sequence ofphotochemical and thermal isomerization steps.
In addition, Holick, M. F., et al The New England Journal of Medicine, 303:349-354 (1980), have suggested the topical application of 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol as being useful to deliver equivalent doses of1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 to patients with impaired vitamin D metabolism. The concept of applying hydroxylated provitamin D's (such as 1,25 dihydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol) has been incorporated into U.S. Application Serial No. 022,393 filedMar. 21, 1979 by Holick et al. Furthermore, the concept of adding to opacifying agents nonhydroxylated .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes which are precursors of biologically active vitamin D has been incorporated into U.S. Application Ser. No. 193,297,filed Oct. 2, 1980 at the U.S. Patent Office, by Holick. Both of these applications however, relate to the use of precursors of biologically active vitamin D's.
A need therefore continues to exist for sunscreening compositions containing as the active sunscreening agent per se, molecules belonging to a family of naturally occurring compounds such as the steroids.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide novel sunscreening compositions.
It is another object of the invention to provide a method of protecting human skin from ultraviolet radiation.
These and other objects of the invention which will hereinafter become more readily apparent, have been attained by providing:
a sunscreening composition which comprises:
a sunscreening amount of a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene together with a topical carrier; with the proviso that said .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene is not a precursor to a biologically active vitamin D compound.
Another object of the invention has been attained by providing a method of protecting the human skin from ultraviolet radiation which comprises applying to said skin a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene with the proviso that said steroidal diene isnot a precursor to a biologically active vitamin D compound.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with theaccompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is the ultraviolet absorption spectrum for a .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene, specifically 7-dehydrocholesterol.
FIG. 2 shows the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of a .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal triene, specifically cholesta-5,7-diene-3-one enolacetate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present inventor has discovered that the spectral characteristics of the ultraviolet absorption of .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes render these compounds highly useful as active ingredients for sunscreening compositions. The ultravioletabsorption spectra of .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes has .lambda..sub.max in the region of 260-300 nm with an extinction coefficient of about 10,000. These spectral characteristics are well suited to block UVB radiation (290-320 nm) which is the causeof normal sunburn. In this respect, particularly preferred .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroids are those which contain an extra double bond at position 3, i.e., .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidaltrienes has a .lambda..sub.max in the region of 250-350 nm with maxima around 320 nm. The extinction coefficients range between 14,000 and 20,000. The trienes therefore are not only useful in blocking UVB radiation (290 through 320 nm), but are alsoideally suited as UVA sunscreens (320-400 nm), which is responsible for most photosensitivity reactions.
The word "steroid" has a well defined meaning to those skilled in the art. Thus, for example, Morrison and Boyd, "Organic Chemistry", 3rd edition, 1973, at page 514, define a steroid as a molecule having the following formula (given here withthe standard ring numbering and lettering system): ##STR1##
In the present invention, .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes are used, having the following generalized formula: ##STR2##
The preferred .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes have the following generalized formula: ##STR3##
The most preferred compounds of the present invention are .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes-3-enol-acylates and alkoxylates of the formula: ##STR4## wherein R is as defined above and R.sup.1 is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.12alkyl, preferably lower alkyl; or is aryl, such as phenyl, naphthyl, etc.; or R.sup.1 is R.sup.2 -'CO, wherein R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, preferably lower alkyl, or R.sup.2 is aryl.
The aforementioned dienes and trienes may be substituted or unsubstituted at any position thereof by C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl groups, preferably lower alkyl groups; halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxy; alkoxy,preferably lower alkoxy; acyloxy, preferably lower acyloxy; aralkyl; aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl; cycloalkyl, such as cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl; amines, preferably lower alkyl secondary or tertiary amines; acylamines; preferably lower alkylacylamines, carboxylic acid; esters thereof, preferably lower alkyl esters thereof; amides thereof, preferably lower alkyl secondary and tertiary amides thereof; or salts thereof, such as alkyl and metal salts or organic ammonium salts thereof. Any ofsteroidal rings, A, B, C or D may also be substituted by ketone functionalities; their imines such as hydrazones, phenylhydrazones, and the like; their oximes, alkyl oximes, or hydroxamic acids. When the steroidal rings A, B, C and D are substituted byalkyl or aralkyl, the alkyl groups may be themselves substituted by any of the aforementioned substituents such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, and the like. In general, any substituent which does not interfere with the ultraviolet absorption spectracharacteristics of the dienes or trienes of the invention, i.e., substituents which substantially do not have auxochromic or batochromic effects which would shift the ultraviolet spectra away from the UVA and/or UVB regions, are equivalent to thosementioned previously, and therefore acceptable for the compounds of the invention. Substituents which are not conjugated with the diene or triene system are preferred.
One critical proviso for the use of .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes in the present invention is that they should not be precursors to a biologically active vitamin D compound, especially to 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3. .DELTA..sup.5,7steroidal dienes are photosensitive to ultraviolet radiation, and ring-open at the C.sub.9 -C.sub.10 bond. This reaction is well known in the vitamin D field, and is responsible for the photochemical transformation in skin of 7-dehydrocholesterol toprevitamin D. (See for example Holick, M. F. et al, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 76:107-114 (1977) and Holick, M. F. et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 303:349-354 (1980) Holick, M. F. et al, Science, 210:203-205 (1980)). Previtamin D normally undergoes a thermally induced sigmatropic shift in order to be converted to vitamin D. Furthermore, vitamin D is next hydroxylated at positions 1.alpha. and 25 to yield 1.alpha.,25 dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, which is thehypocalcemically active metabolite capable of maintaining calcium and phosporous homeostasis. Any .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal diene which upon photolysis yields a previtamin D capable of undergoing further thermal rearrangement and hydroxylation to abiologically active vitamin D compound is not included in the present invention. The .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes of the present invention, although potentially capable of C.sub.9 -C.sub.10 bond cleavage by photolysis, are those wherein either thethermal rearrangement is blocked, or the hydroxylation reactions in liver and kidney at positions 1.alpha. or 25 are blocked, or both of these mechanisms are blocked. This proviso thus excludes from the steroidal dienes of the present inventioncompounds such as 7-dehydrocholesterol, or .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes having, as their sole substituents, hydroxyl groups at positions 1; 1, 25; 1, 24, 25; and 1, 25, 26.
.DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes are inherently not precursors of any biologically active vitamin D compound. Thus any .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal triene can be used in the present invention.
Specific .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes useful in the invention are:
27,26,25,24-tetranor-cholesta-5,7-diene and other side chain derivatives.
Among the .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes can be listed:
27,26,25,24,23,22-hexanor-21-hydroxy (methoxy) or
(acetoxy)--3-acetoxy or (methoxy)-cholesta-3,5,7-cholestatriene
The general and specific synthesis of .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroidal dienes is well known in the art. See for example Dauben et al, Journal of the American Chemical Society 75:3255-3258 (1953); Dauben ibid, 73:4496 (1951); Bernstein et al, ibid,75:1480-1481 (1953); or Dauben et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,926,163. This patent teaches specifically the preparation of .DELTA..sup.5,7 3-hydroxy steroids. See also Semmler, E. J. et al, Tetrahedron Letters, 40:4147-4150 (1972); Lam, H. Y. et al,Biochemstry 12:4851-4855 (1973); Barton, D. H. R. et al, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 95:2748-2749 (1973); Holick, M. F. et al Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250:226-230, (1975); Salmond, W. D. "Vitamin D, Basic Research and its ClinicalApplication", Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vitamin D, Berlin, West Germany, February, 1979, Norman A. W., editors, New York, 1979, pp. 25-31; Ikekawa N. et al, ibid, pp. 13-19; Salmond, W. D. ibid pp. 62-70; Crump, D. R. et al, Journal of theChemical Society, Perkin I, 1973, 2731-2733.
The synthesis of .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 steroidal trienes, especially the synthesis of the preferred ones carrying an enol acylate derived from a hydroxy group at position 3, can generally be carried out by oxidizing 3-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.5,7steroidal dienes to give a 3-keto-.DELTA..sup.4,7 trianone. Treatment of this ketone with an anhydride such as acetic anhydride or benzoic anhydride yields the .DELTA..sup.3,5,7 enol acylate. This sequence of reactions is shown in Scheme 1. ##STR5##Treatment of the enol acylate with alcohol R.sup.1 OH in the presence of Hg(OAc).sub.2 yields the enol ether (Buehler, C. A. and Pearson, D. E., Survey of Organic Synthesis, Vol. I, p. 305, 1970; John Wiley & Sons): ##STR6##
This sequence of reactions and a number of examples can be found in Heilbron, I. M. et al, Journal of the Chemical Society, 1938, 869-876. Preparation of other steroidal trienes of this family can be carried out in an analogous manner.
Other references to synthetic methods of preparing trienes are:
Shepard et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 1212, 1955; Holick et al, Biochemistry 19, 3933-3937, 1980; Jones et al, Biochemistry 14, 1250-1256, 1975;
Other references for enol acetate and enol ether formation are:
Cooper, D. J. and Owen, L. N., J. Chem. Soc. (c) 533, 1966; Bedoulian, P. Z., Am. Soc. 67, 1430, 1945; Chamberlin, E. M. and Chemerda, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 1222, 1959; Deghenghi, R. and Engel, C. R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 3201,1960; Fried, J. H., Nutlie, A. N. and Arth, G. E., J. Org. Chem., 26, 976, 1955; Bernstein, S., Heller, M. and Stolar S. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5327, 1955; Billotti, R., Djerassi, C. and Ringold, H. J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 4566, 1959;
Other references for Enol ethers are:
Nussbaum, A. L., Yuan, E., Dincer, D. and Oliveto, E. P., J. Org. Chem., 26, 3925, 1961; Bernstein, S., Lenhard, R. H. and Williams, J. H., J. Org. Chem. 27, 668, 1962; Gardi, R., Vitali, R. and Ercoli, A., J. Org. Chem., 27, 668, 1962;
A general reference for steroid derivatization is:
"Steroid Reactions: An outline for Organic Chemists", Ed. Carl Djerassi, Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, 1963.
The sunscreening compositions of the invention require a topical, cosmetologically inert carrier in addition to the sunscreening compound. This carrier may be a solvent such as water, glycerol, alcohol, propylene glycol, fatty alcohols,triglycerides, fatty acid esters or mineral oils. Other possible carriers are liquid petrolatum (nujol), isopropyl palmitate polyethylene glycol, ethanol 95%, polyoxyethylene monolaurate 5% in water, sodium lauryl sulfate 5% in water. Any othernormally used sunscreen carriers can of course be used in the present invention. Other materials, such as antioxidants, humectants, viscosity stabilizers and the like may be added if necessary. The dienes and trienes of the present invention may bepresent in an amount sufficient to provide sunscreening action.
The sunscreening compositions can be liquids or pastes of different viscosity. When a composition is liquid it may contain 0.01 to 99.9% of the steroids, with the remainder being carrier, antioxidant, emulsifiers and the like. Preferably, therange is 0.05-50% by weight. When the composition is an ointment or cream or paste, the .DELTA..sup.5,7 steroids are present in 0.01-99.9% by weight, preferably, 0.05-50%.
The sunscreening compositions of the invention can be applied topically in the same manner as other normally used sunscreening compositions. At least one microgram, preferably at least 100 micrograms of the steroidal dienes are administered tothe skin per square centimeter. In general, no more than about 100 mg/cm.sup.2 should be necessary.
Having now fully described this invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention set forth herein.
* * * * *

domain: chemistry


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