The story of detection and ranging on metallic objects by means of reflected high-frequency radio impulses dates back to 30 April 1904, when the German engineer Christian Hülsmeyer registered German and foreign patents for an apparatus the called the Telemobiloscope. The basis for his invention was not, however, new, as far back as 1886 Heinrich Hertz, then working at the University of Karlsruhe, had shown, in indoor demonstrations, that electromagnetic waves are reflected by other electric inductors. Nevertheless, Hülsmeyer was too far ahead of his invention; even Telefunken rejected an offer to buy his patents.
During the First World War the son of the newspaper publisher August Scherl, Richard Scherl, also hit on the idea of using radio echoes for detection, without knowledge of Hülsmeyer's previous work. Together with a well-known contemporary sience fiction writer, Hans Dominik, he designed the Raypointer (Strahlenzieler) and successfully produced an experimental set working on a 10cm wavelength. He sent details of his apparatus to the Imperial German Navy in February 1916, but his suggestions rejected as 'not being importance to the war effort'. Again, the inventor was ahead of his time; technology would in fact need decades to provide the necessary operational reliability to match the far-sighted ideas of Hülsmeyer and Scherl.
In the Summer of 1926, the Americans Breit and Tuve became the first to use the principles of radar to measure the returning echo of the earth's ionosphere. Also in the 1920s an international army of enthusiastic radio amateurs discovered, and brought to general attention, the field of high-frequency electromagnetic waves, and thus opened the way for a realization of the potential of radar, the idea being taken up almost simultaneously in France, Great Britain the USA and Germany.
In Germany, it was the Reichsmarine which showed interest in the development of this new ranging device, which could 'see behind the clouds", although they entered the field of electromagnetic echo-ranging from a totally different direction. As early as 1929 the Nachrichten-Versuchsabteilung (NVA: Communication trials department) at Kiel were working on a horizontal sound-plummet capable of detecting submerged targets by measuring returning sound echoes; this was the German forerunner of sonar. NVA's scientific director, Dr. Rudolf Kühnhold, decided to use the same basic principles above water by employing electromagnetic waves, and in 1933 NVA managed to pick up echoes from 13.5cm short-wave transmissions via a parabolic dish aerial. However, due to the rather primitive technical possibilities of the time (a transmitting power of only 100 milliwatts), no return echoes were obtained from metallic objects. At the same time, one of the leading firms in this field. Philips Eindhoven, produced a 50W magnetron for general sales and the German scientist purchased a few to boost their transmitters to 80W. Unfortunately the transmitting system proved unstable.
Dr. Kühnhold now contacted Telefunken to ask if they could take over the development in their highly skilled experimental laboratories. As they rejected this approach, he initiated the foundation of the Gesellschaft für Elektroakustische und Mechanische Apparate (GEMA) in 1934 specifically for this promising field of research. GEMA took over the trials sets, which worked on a wavelength of 48cm (630MHz), and found, in trials on the old battleship Hessen, that the transmitting impulse had to be pulsed to 'clear' the receiver to allow range as well as bearing information to be obtained.
NVA's original civilian contractor, Pintsch (at Berlin), was in the meantime stimulated by the appearance of this new competitor. After feverish work, they succeeded in trebling the emitting power of the 13.5cm valve to 300mW. With the transmitter and receiver spaced 10m (30.4 ft) apart, the echo of the trails vessel Welle (ex. Grille) could be picked up to 2km range but beyond this it faded away due to limited transmitting energy. Parallel trails with one-way communication (UHF-radio telephone) produced results at over 43km range - from Heligoland to Wangerooge!
These results led to heavy competition between the two contractors, with each trying to overtake the achievements of the other. GEMA now succeeded in producing results at 300m (914 ft) range with their improved 48cm set, and later, in October 1934, they managed to obtain a clear echo from Welle at over 12km (6.48nm). GEMA trails at the beginning of 1925 showed that longer waves resulted in clearer echoes with no fading effects, and it was realized that the quality of the echo depended substantially on the silhouette of the target ship (broadside versus end-on). It was therefore decided to build a radar set working on a 2m wavelength (150MHz) and push forward the development of the 13.5cm Pintsch set, although the technical development of the necessary high-energy valves for the latter was proceeding only slowly. Work also continued on the 48cm set, and on 26 September 1935 the improved version was demonstrated in the presence of the German C in C Admiral Raeder; his Commander of the Fleet, Admiral Carls; the head of the Marinewaffenamt (Naval Ordnance Department), Admiral Witzell; and other high-ranking naval engineers. The large gunnery training ship Bremse was obtained to serve as a radar target and good results were produced. As a result of the ensuing discussion, a number of important development decisions were made, together with a decision to replace the existing term for the system, electric bearing, by the less obvious codename Dezimeter Telegraphie (DeTe: decimetric telegraphy). Therefore, all naval radar sets were initially known to the German sailors as DeTe-Gerät which, as they did not know its true meaning, the sometimes misinterpreted as Deutsches Technisches Gerät (German technical device)! Hence we find this term used for the German naval radar sets in the German literature of the first half of the war. The whole matter was so secret that only a handful of specialists actually knew the purpose of the 'grey switchboard' and the curious mattress antenna which began to appear in their ships.
Before being returned to GEMA, the 48cm set was placed on Welle and she thus became the first German naval unit to carry a radar set. To improve its efficiency and bearing accuracy, this set was modified to a wavelength of 82cm (368-370MHz), and thus became the ancestor of the German Seetakt set.
During February 1936 GEMA finished the above-mentioned 2m set, on a final wavelength of 1.8m (165MHz), and with a peak power output of 8kW. By chance this set obtained a clear return from an aircraft at 28 km (15.1nm) range and it was, therefore, decided to develop it as an air-warning radar, ultimately leading to the generation of sets known as the Freyas.
Although it had no direct connection with naval radar, it should be mentioned that Telefunken also entered te field of radar development in 1935. Their 50cm set, characterized by its parabolic dish and spinning lobe, was the ancestor if the air-warning Würzburg radar. This was a land service set but at a later date a few were adapted for naval use - of which more will be said later.
Various small German firms became involved in the development of radar and valve technology expanded rapidly, but, due to the need for secrecy and to the limited finance with which to follow up the many proposals made, development was concentrated mainly with the firms GEMA, Telefunken, Siemens, Lorenz and AEG. In the years immediately before the the Second World War German scientists tended towards the employment of the fixed frequencies, one for each of the three services, in order to facilitate IFF-definitions: 125MHz for aircraft reconnaissance, 368MHz for the navy and 560MHz for AA-ranging.
With the outbreak of the Second World War, radar development became very complex and, from the historian's point of view, it is difficult to provide a complete record of events. On the one hand the needs of the three services resulted in separate development to meet their individual requirements, and in each case a different system of code designation was adopted. For reasons of secrecy, and due to a degree of jealousy, inter-service communication was poor, and subsequent development depended significantly on personal contacts between the services and the contractors' scientist. On the other hand the contractors themselves were working for all three services and, naturally used ideas developed for the equipment of one service in that of the others. It was only in the second half of the war that attempts were made to introduce a uniform system of designation for radar sets. Up to this point, there existed no fewer than six different classifications. For example, in the third system introduced, in the surveillance radar FuSE 80 Freya, 'Fu' means Funkmess (radar), 'S' means Siemens (the manufacturer), 'E' refers to the set's function (in this case Erkennung or reconnaissance), '80' is the running number and Freya the set's code word. Sometimes a code was added for the type of installation, eg FuSE 62A Würzburg, in which 'A' means stationary ground installation with mechanically rotated aerial; to confuse matters the AA gunners of the time referred to this set as FuMG (Flak) 40T/A.
The early sets were simply called DeTe I (or sometimes set A1), DeTe II and so on. When the family of German radar sets began to grow this was found to be insufficient, and arabic numbers were introduced, 100 to 199 being reserved for naval tactical sets working on a wavelength of 80cm. In 1938 a more specific designation system was introduced, giving fuller details of the set; for example the first set installed aboard the armored ship Admiral Graf Spee was FMG 39G (gO). The 'FMG' means Funkmessgerät (radar device), '39' is the year of introduction (1939), 'G' is the manufacturer (GEMA), 'g' is the frequency code (335-430MHz) and 'O' is the type of aerial installation (radar tower on top of the rangefinder tower). See tables below for full list.
|L||trainable antenna on top of bridge|
|M||trainable antenna on a yardarm|
|O||battleships; radar tower, or hut, on top of a rangefinder|
|P||battleships; radar root integral with enlarged rangefinder tower|
|S||fixed antenna on torpedo boats|
|c||182 to 215MHz|
|f||120 to 150 MHz|
|g||335 to 430 MHz|
|and so on|
In about 1943 these designations were replaced by a standardized system, giving code letters for the type of set and a running number, details are given in Table 4 (which also includes the old DeTe code for clarification). Existing sets were recorded under this system, the FMG 39G (gO) for example becoming FuMO 23, the FMG 39G (gP) becoming FuMO 23, the FMG 39G (gL) becoming FuMO 21, and so on. However, the codewords for the sets were retained through all the systems so a Freya, for example, was always called a Freya by its operators. It should be pointed out that the above refers only to the genealogy of the naval coding systems; the Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe employed different designations, although some of the basic naval sets were the same as the landbased Würzburg (for reasons of simplicity, the following description of the radar installation aboard German ships employ only the last designation system, so only FuMO-, and FuMB-, etc, sets are referred to).
|Type||Frequency (MHz)||Range (km)||Bearing (m)||Accuracy (º +/-)||Employment|
|FuMO 21||368||14-18||70 m||3||Destroyers|
|FuMO 22||368||?||-||-||Capital ships|
|FuMO 23||368||?||-||-||Capital ships|
|FuMO 24/25||368||15 - 20||70||0.3||Capital ships, destroyers|
|FuMO 26||368||20 - 25||70||0.25||Capital ships|
|FuMO 30||368||6 - 8||100||5||Submarines|
|FuMO 61 Hohentwiel-U||556||8 - 10||150||3||Submarines|
|FuMO 63, Hohentwiel-K||556 to 567||12 - 20||150||2|
|FuMO 81 Berlin-S||3300||20-30||100||5||Surv set, Prinz Eugen, destroyers, E-boats|
|FuMO 213 Wuerzburg-D||560||40 - 60||35||1.15||AA gunnery|
|FuMB 7 Timor||-||passive||-||-||?|
|FuMB 3 Bali||-||passive||-||-||?|
|FuMB 4 Sumatra||-||passive||-||-||?|
The various type designations were in fact even more complex than the above indicates, for every small alternation in the type of installation, the function, frequency and other modifications, resulted in the provision of a new code. In addition, each installation consisted of two basic parts - the set itself and the antenna - and as it was possible to interchange these, using the antenna of one set with the primary equipment of another, yet another level of designation was possible. Thus a precise listing of all German naval radar sets is almost impossible, and no such list exists in any German literature. Even a simplified listing of radar type designations, with their technical particulars, would require a intensive research in German and foreign archives, and the interviewing of surviving witnesses by a researcher export in both radio technology and naval history. Thus it is not possible to guarantee complete accuracy in describing the radar installations in German warships but hoped that this article will provide stimulation for further detailed study in this complex and poorly recorded area.
There is one hope of full clarification: The Allied mission to Germany at the end of the Second World War produced many detailed studies of German developments. Among them was, presumably, a report on radar (possibly including drawings and photographs of the sets in surviving German naval units), copies of which are probably buried somewhere in the US and British archives. Hopefully they will eventually be released, allowing somebody to discover and publish them.
For the above reasons the following description of German naval radar concentrates mainly on the visible differences in antennas. As contemporary literature on Second World War German warships includes a great number of excellent pictorials (see Bibliography), this article does not use photographs to illustrate all the variations in radar equipment in Kriegsmarine vessels but concentrates on giving general coverage by means of drawings so that the reader may try to identify the different system in his own personal library by using these as a guide. However, some caution is required because in the majority of such photographs I have noted that the antennas have been carefully turned end-on so one can see that there is a mattress antenna, but cannot see sufficient detail to identify it. Moreover, in the second half of the war the antennas in the centimetric field became so small that the are often mistaken for blocks or anemometers. The reverse is also true; for example, one of the distinctive items on German naval units in the later period of the war was a trumpet-shaped object which might be mistaken for radar but is in fact an acoustic fog-horn. There only exist about five really good postwar photographs of German warships showing their full complement of active and passive radar antennas, from the 2m x 6m mattress of the FuMO 24/25 to the small cone of the FuME 2 Wespe g.
|Dezimeter-Telegraphie (DeTe)||Decimeter-Radio - the first German codeword for radar, sometimes misinterpreted as Deutsches Technisches Gerät|
|Funkmess (FuM)||Radar set|
|Funkmess-Ortung (FuMO)||Radar - direction finder, active ranging.|
|Funkmess-Beobachtung (FuMB)||Radar - detector, passive detection (of enemy radar transmission).|
|Funkmess-Erkennung (FuME)||Radar - detector, active Identification Friend/Foe (IFF).|
|Funkmess-Störsender (FuMS)||Radar - interference sender, active jamming.|
|Funkmess-Täuschung (FuMT)||Radar - deceptor, active deception (by means of transmitting interference signals).|
|Funkmess-Zusatz (FuMZ)||Radar - with very specialized improvements for various purposes (eg, high-precision bearing).|
Both Admiral Graf Spee and Deutschland have been claimed to be the first German naval vessels to be fitted with radar. Trenckle says that Admiral Graf Spee had an experimental FuMO 22, and Prager that Deutschland had a Seetakt set in the autumn 1937 (which proved very useful for night navigation in Spanish waters). Photographic analysis shows that the frame of this first experimental set was slightly smaller (0.8m x 1.8m) than the final FuMO 22 frame, but it is not known if there were fewer dipoles or alternatively if the dipoles were placed closer together.
R V Jones, in his memories (Most Secret War, Hamish Hamilton, 1978) describes how the British Admirality sent L H Bainbridge-Bell to the River Plate to examine the radar installation aboard the wreck of the Graf Spee. According to Price (Instruments of Darkness, Kimber, 1967) the resultant report took one and a half years to pass through the official channels, a statement I find hard to believe considering that Bainbridge-Bell had been sent half around the world to abtain the information. It adds yet another intriguing possibility of further information, as this report, possibly including photos of Graf Spee's installation, may yet come to light.
The Deutschland (renamed Lützow in 1940) had a 2m x 6m mattress antenna for a FuMO 22 throughout her wartime career. From January 1942 until March 1944 she also had a Timor frame at the rear of her radar tower, as in the Scharnhorst. To follow German practice there should also have been fixed Sumatra antennas but they cannot be traced in photographs.
It is noteworthy that the foretop radar of the armoured ships (later reclassified as heavy cruisers) were provided with the best positioning of any German heavy units. It was situated at the highest point in the ship, and the foremast was removed, and replaced by a short pole mast, to provide completely unobstructed all-around coverage.
Admiral Scheer was similarly equipped before the removal of the top-heavy pyramidal armoured mast. After that she had a 2m x 4m FuMO 27 mattress antenna and a Timor frame, bearing in opposite directions, on the forward rangefinder tower. Three of the four fixed Sumatra antennas, spaced 90° apart, were fitted on small horizontal lattice constructions. Scheer also had a FuMO 27 antenna on the aft rangefinder tower.
The foretop of Spee with the rangefinder tower topped by a radar hut for the prototype set FMG 39 (gO) - later designated FuMO 22 - and its 0.8m x 1.8m matress antenna; fitted in 1939.
The after rangefinder of Scheer with the 2m x 4m antenna of the FuMO 27 set added in 1941.
The foretop of Lützow with the radar hut and 2m x 6m antenna of FuMO 22 added above the rangefinder tower in 1939.
The lower drawing shows the Samos antenna for FuMB 4, added to the back of the tower in January 1942, and carried until March 1944. Note the battle-observers's post above the radar hut and that her foretop rangefinder is 2m higher above the waterline, than those of her sisters. Lützow was never fitted with radar on her after rangefinder tower.
The forward conning tower of Scheer as modified in the summer of 1940. The 10m-rangefinder tower carries the radar hut and the antenna for the FuMO 27 which replaced the FuMO 22 (as shown in B) fitted on the original, Spee-type, bridge.
Note the absence of a battle-observer's post. She also carries four Sumatra antennas (foward aft and besides the tower), three being on lattice extensions. The passive Timor antenna was fitted on the back of the radar hut/rangefinder tower in 1942.
In November 1939 both these vessels were equipped with an 81.5cm (368MHz) FuMO 22 situated in an additional tower above the forward rangefinder tower. The 2m x 6m mattress antenna on the front of the tower rotated with the 10.5m rangefinders so the result from both instruments could be compared. During their stay at Brest in the summer 1941 they were fitted with a FuMO 27 on the after rangefinder tower and for their 'Channel dash' in 1942 both were probably equipped with a passive Palau antenna on a small frame at the back of their rangefinder tower, which thus operated in the reciprocal direction to the rangefinder and the active FuMO.
During a refit in Germany Scharnhorst received a new FuMO 26 or 27 set, with a 2m x 4m mattress antenna, under which was a smaller frame for the two rows of vertical and horizontal Timor dipoles serving the passive FuMB 4 Samos set.
To follow standard German practice there should also have been passive Sumatra antennas somewhere on the screen around the foretop rangefinder platform; however, they cannot be traced in any photography. It can also be assumed that they carried a small omni-directional round dipole FuMB 3 Bali, but the antenna for this set is to small to be clearly identified. It would have been fitted on the top of the foremast or on a yardarm.
The FuMO 22 antenna (2m x 6m) fitted on a new tower above the foretop rangefinder tower in November 1939. The structure is crowned by an open battle-observer's post, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau being the only German capital ships to have this 'open' type. Also shown (in the plan view) are the butterfly-shaped Sumatra antennas probably fitted for the 'Channel dash' in 1942.
The foretop as modified in February 1942 with a square radar tower and the observer's post. The upper antenna is probably for FuMO 26 or 27 (2m x 6m) and the lower antenna the Timor frame for the FuMB 4 Samos.
The after rangefinder tower with its vertically polarized FuMO 27 antenna (2m x 4m), fitted in the summer of 1941.
As the added weight of the radar tower resulted in a critical surplus load on the sensitive bearing engines of the rangefinder tower, both these battleships were fitted with enlarged towers, for all three gunnery rangefinders, housing both a FuMO 23 and the optical equipment. The installation of a fourth mattress antenna on the front of Bismarck's conning tower is the subject of controversy in German literature. The dimension of the structure appear to indicate that it had two rows of dipoles for active or passive detection, but the clarifying details are obscured in all photographs by a canvas cover.
The Tirpitz was re-equipped while she was based in Norway as part of the German standby force. Probably in January 1942 the foretop rangefinder tower was topped with an additional radar tower, carrying a FuMO 27 mattress antenna and a smaller frame, for the Timor antennas, above it. The sides and the rear of the radar tower were fitted with Sumatra antennas. In about the spring or summer of 1944 Tirpitz received an enlarged 3m x 6m mattress antenna, probably for FuMO 26. Careful examination of Tirpitz photographs reveals a small frame of a pole on top of the foretop tower, later moved to a bracket on the foremast to avoid interference with the FuMO 26. It is possible that this was either an experimental installation of FuMO 30 or the later standard frame for the Palau dipoles serving a FuMB 6. The addition of a trainable antenna frame to supplement the fixed antennas seems logical, but this would be the only appearance of a FuMO 30 on a German surface unit, it having originally been developed to submarines.
Again in the spring or summer of 1944, the third AA director, fitted just abaft the mainmast (German nickname 'Wackeltopf') was raised by 2m and equipped with an AA gunnery radar, probably Würzburg-C or Würzburg-D. As previously mentioned the Würzburg had originally been developed for the Luftwaffe, but it was later navalised for the German Navy's AA shore batteries under the following designation: FMG 39T/C (later FuSE 62C) Würzburg-C became the Navy FuMO 212, and FMG 39T/D (later FuSE 62D) Würzburg-D became the Navy FuMO 213. This reveals a fact that has not previously been published.
Tirpitz had the most sophisticated radar equipment of all the larger German surface units. However, without interviewing eye-witnesses we cannot know that these sets were not experimental, nor how effective they were under battle conditions. In this connection it would be most interesting to read British intelligence reports on the ship and to see Torstein Raaby's photographs of her. Torstein Raaby, who became famous after the war as member of Thor Heyerdahl's Kon Tiki expedition, was with the Norwegian resistance during the war and for ten months the spent much of his time on the top of the church tower of the Village of Alta watching the movements of the German capital ships lying in Kaa Fjord. He had a radio set, and camera with a telephoto lens, and his detailed reports to the British helped to ensure the ultimate destruction of the Tirpitz. As far as I know, his photographs have never been published, so where are they now?
The after 10.5m rangefinder tower with FuMO 23 antennas (Tirpitz only 1940 - 12 Nov 1944).
The third 3-D, stabilized AA director with the 3m diameter parabolic dish antenna of FuMO 212 or 213. The base ring on the director was raised 2m in the spring/summer of 1944 (Tirpitz only).
- Foretop 10.5m rangefinder tower and FuMO 23 antenna, 1940 - 12 Jan 1942.
- Forward 7m rangefinder tower and FuMO23 antenna, 1940 - 12 Nov 1944 (Tirpitz).
- Possible FuMO 21 dipoles in Bismarck, not definite proof for this assumption.
Foretop rangefinder tower crowned by an additional radar office, with FuMO 27 antenna, and topped by observer's post.
On the short pole on the roof of the radar hut is the Timor antenna of FuMO 4 Samos, January 1942 - Spring/Summer 1944.
Foretop tower and radar hut supporting the large FuMO 26 antenna. FuMO 30 Hohentwiel placed on the foremast, Spring/Summer 1944 - 12 November 1944.
The most modern unit of this class, the short-lived Blücher, had her foretop rangefinder tower crowned by an additional radar tower carrying the 2m x 6m mattress of FuMO 22, but no battle-observer's post.
Admiral Hipper had similar equipment, but probably during her refit of late 1941 to early 1942, she received battle-observer's post atop the forward radar tower and a Timor frame on its rear. The after rangefinder was also topped by a radar tower for a FuMO27. There are astonishingly few photographs showing this ship after her recommissioning in March 1944, and little information is therefore available on her final radar fit. After February 1945 she docked at Deutsche Werke Kiel, where she was scuttled by her crew in May 1945.
Two postwar photographs taken during an examination by high ranking British officers immediately after the German capitulation, show that Admiral Hipper was to have been equipped with a FuMO 25 similar to Prinz Eugen (as picture 7.2), the scaffolding and the central revolving pole being clearly visible.
In her fnal configuration Prinz Eugen carried a huge 3m x 6m mattress for FuMO 26 on the face of her radar tower and an antenna on the foremast for the most sophisticated German radar set of the war - a FuMO 81 Berlin-S panoramic reconnaissance radar working on a wavelength of 6cm. The passive equipment consisted of the standard Sumatra, and the cone-shaped FuME 2 Wespe-G (2) atop the forward radar tower. It may be assumed that there were also Bali dipoles, but these are too small to be detected in photographs.
From August 1944 the Prinz Eugen carried a FuMO 25 (as fitted in destroyers) on her mainmast yardarm. Due to its position, this set could only be used on bearings from 35º to 325º, although it had 360º training.
Hipper only: After 7m rangefinder tower, with radar office in the base, carrying antenna for FuMO27, end of 1941 - early 1942 to 3 May 1945.
Hipper only: probably during her last refit (begun February 1945), FuMO 24/25 antennas added on mainmast.
Hipper and Blücher: Foretop 7m rangefinder with radar office added in November 1939, for FuMO 27 on face of radar office and Timor frame on rear. Drawing shows latter configuration, with battle-observer's post that was added at the same time. During 1941/42 - May 1945 Hipper was probably re-equipped with FuMO 26 and other modern sets such as FuMO 63 and FuMO 81.
Prinz Eugen: FuMO 25 antenna on mainmast platform (training 35º to 325º). August 1944 - May 1945.
Prinz Eugen: After 7m rangefinder with antenna for FuMO 27, August 1940 - May 1945.
Prinz Eugen: Foretop 7m rangefinder with antenna for FuMO 27. The hut on the roof is an octagonal battle-observer's post, August 1940 - May 1945.
Prinz Eugen: Foretop tower, enlarged by addition of second level supporting the antenna for the improved FuMO 26 with sided 'owl ears' for hight-finding. Lower array is the Timor for the FuMB 4 Samos set, September 1942 - August 1944.
Prinz Eugen: Final configuration with FuMO 26 antenna on foretop tower and FuMO 81 Berlin-S on foremast head, August 1944 - May 1945.
Picture of Prinz Eugen with detailed radar equipment.
None of the German light cruisers which took part in the assault on Norway had radar. Two of the three 'K' class cruisers were lost in this operation, so the only remaining modern light cruisers were Köln and Nürnberg. Leipzig's fighting potential having been so reduced by a torpedo hit, that she served as a cadet training ship for the rest of the war as did the obsolete Emden.
While Köln and Nürnberg served with the Norwegian stand-by-force, they were fitted with a FuMO 21, with 2m x 4m mattress antennas in place of the forward rangefinder.
In the summer of 1944 Nürnberg received a large FuMO 25 frame on one of the yardarms of the armored tower, above that, on a smaller yardarm was a rotating frame carrying two Palau dipoles. However, one photograph of Nürnberg indicates that earlier she had a FuMO 22 with a 2m x 4m mattress antenna, place on her prominent forward yardarm.
The flanks of the armored spotting top were surrounded by some five fixed Sumatra dipoles which remained in place when the Palau frame was installed later, only one Sumatra, bearing in the forward direction, being removed.
Leipzig was similarly equipped after her recommissioning in August 1943, only the form of the large outrigger and the position of the yardarm supporting the Palau frame being different.
As Köln was active until the end of the war, it may be assumed that she was modified to the same standards, but there are no photographs showing this.
As the only remaining active major German surface vessel in the latter stages of the war, Nürnberg was fitted with a fully trainable FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K on the top of her mainmast, which had to be strengthened with tripod legs. In the last phase of the war Emden received a FuMO 25 in similar configuration.
Köln's forward rangefinder replaced by FuMO 21 antenna (as fitted in destroyers) in the summer of 1941 or 1942; carried until 30 April 1945. Modification, similar to those in the FuMO 25 of Leipzig, is possible but uncertain.
Nürnberg with forward rangefinder replaced by FuMO 21 antenna, summer 1941 - summer 1944.
Nürnberg with a FuMO 24/25 antenna on a Prinz Eugen-type bracket, a FuMB 6 Palau antenna above and fixed Sumatra antennas on the spotting top, summer 1944 - May 1945.
Leipzig after re-commissioning, 1 August 1943, with the large FuMO 24/25 antenna forward of her bridge tower and a FuMB 6 Palau above it.
Nürnberg's mainmast with a FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K at its head and tripod struts added for stiffness, Summer 1944 - May 1945.
During extensive refits in the last weeks of the war, the two old pre-dreadnought battleships Schleswig and Schleswig-Holstein were equipped with radar similar to that in Nürnberg and Leipzig: A FuMO 25 with a large 2m x 6m mattress on an outrigger and a smaller training Palau frame above.
Most larger auxiliaries, such as tenders of the Wilhelm Bauer class, the Gustav Nachtigal class and the Carl Peters received a standard FuMO 21.
The floating AA batteries Udine, Ariadne, Niobe and Arcona, some built on the hulks of First World War cruisers (e.g. the Gazelle class), were fitted with the AA fire control radars FuMO 212 or 213 Würzburg-C or -D.
The radar equipment of German destroyers followed a standard pattern, and only at the end of the war do we find some individual layouts. The first standard equipment was the FuMO 21 (Zerstörerdrehsäule) with a 2m x 4m mattress installed above a special radar-office between foremast and bridge. In earlier types, with their short bridges, the frame could not be trained over its full arc but all German destroyers were in any case limited to this bearing angle by the mast. From the summer of 1943 the improved FuMO 25, with 2m x 6m mattress, was introduced, and was first fitted in the older boats.
To fully train the frame a distinctive 'goal post' (Tormast) mast was developed, the later type having sufficient space around their radar office for this structure. From the summer of 1944 some boats were fitted with a FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K in place of the after searchlight platform, and a FuMB 6 Palau on a yardarm of the foremast. The passive equipment consisted of four fixed Sumatra dipoles situated either around the forward searchlight sponson, or at the level of the tripod junction.
Postwar photographs show the usual variety of small passive antennas - the omni-directional round-dipole of FuMB 3 Bali, the conical IFF antenna of FuME 2 Wespe-G and the diagonal 9cm dipoles of the FuMB Tunis forward of a small cheese-type reflector. The location of these antennas varies, but as they were small and light they were usually fitted high on the foremast.
A most interesting system was developed for the type 1944 destroyer Z52. It consisted of an AA director, similar to US Navy types, fitted with the 1.5m parabolic dish antenna of a FuMO 231 Euklid. In next stage of development, it was planned to switch down the set to 3cm wavelength to become the Euklid-Z.
With FuMO 21 on the bridge and four fixed Sumatra antennas on the foremast on Z 5, 1941 - autumn 1943.
After searchlight platform removed and replaced by radar office and antenna for FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K, mid 1944 - May 1945.
The distinctive goalpost mast (inset transverse view) for the FuMO 24/25 antenna at the rear of the bridge. At the foremast head is the conical antenna for FuME Wespe-G and on the spur below that round dipole of the Bali set, autumn 1943 - May 1945.
FuMO 24/25 radar on the bridge of Z25 with office moved sufficiently to allow full rotation of antenna. The FuMO 24/25 was replaced by a FuMO 21, with smaller 2m x 4m mattress antenna, in the same position 1944. The antenna on the foremast spur is a FuMB 6 Palau and that on the masthead is a FuMB 3 Bali.
The drawing shows the basic FuMO 21 onboard of Z38 which was carried until the end of the war and the four fixed Sumatra antennas fitted around the foremast searchlight platform and on the after edges of the mast struts. Note the differences from the 1963A type: curved forward funnel cap, height of the tripod struts and square forward edge to bridge wing.
The uncompleted Z 52 would have had an impressive radar outfit. The gunnery radar FuMO 231 Euklid was to be combined with the 3D stabilized bridge director, carrying a 1.5m diameter parabolic dish antenna. The twin 128mm DP gun turrets would have been the first genuine radar controlled armament in a German warship. Other radar equipment is uncertain, the larger antenna having dimensions of 2m x 4m although FuMO 21 was by this time obsolete; the antenna on the foremast was either for a FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K or a FuMB 6 Palau.
Originally the smaller types of German torpedo-boats had no radar equipment. As the FuMO 21 Zerstörerdrehsäule was too heavy for them, some of the 1935 type boats and the 1937 type boats received a FuMO 28 with fixed mattress; two fixed 2.3m x 3.8m antenna being installed on the tripod foremast (Picture 9.8).
The radar scanned by lobe-switching, but it was obviously an inferior system because, when the FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K became available at the beginning of 1944, the surviving boats were fitted with two of these sets - one on the foremast and one on the mainmast. The same modification was made in the few surviving boats of the old 1923 and 1924 types. The passive equipment matched the contemporary standard in destroyers.
The larger boats of 1939 type received a FuMO 21, but limited arc of training. Two forms of outrigger were employed to support the 2m x 4m mattress antennas of this set. Although his class of ships numbered no less than 15 boats, which served throughout the war, there are surprisingly few photographs of them. One shows that at least one boat had her after searchlights replaced by a FuMO 63 Hohentwiel-K as in some destroyers.
T22 - T36 with FuMO 21 antenna on a foremast spur, four fixed Sumatra dipoles under crow's nest and a FuMB 3 Bali antenna on the masthead.
As Germany was rather late in developing centimetric radar, it was not until the last weeks of the war a few 'small' sets became available. There is a photograph showing a minesweeper of the 1943 Type (M 801 series) with a FuMO 62 Hohentwiel-S.
The German S-Boats which mainly operated at night and had to navigate the difficult waters of the Channel, also requested radar sets. As the Luftwaffe replaced their nightfighter FuG 202 Liechtenstein-B/C with more modern units, the Navy took over the old sets, as they worked at high frequency, required only small antennas. It was navalised, largely by discarding the high-bearing tupe, and redesigned FuMO 71 Liechtenstein-B/C. An experimental set was installed aboard an S-Boat and, as the fixed array necessitated training aboard an the boat in order to detect a target, a rotating antenna (1.6m x 1.3m) was developed under the designation FuMO 72. However, this increased the silhouette of this particular experimental boat in such a way that it was always sighted first, consequently receiving the nickname 'grenade collector'.
Later a Vorpostenboot, the Vp 1107, was fitted with an experimental FuMO 72. As with all Luftwaffe sets, but unlike most of the Kriegsmarine sets, the Liechtenstein had vertical polarsation. As far as known, no German S-Boat received an operational radar set.
The increasing intensity of the 'microwave war' caused a steady re-equipment of all German submarines with detection sets which became more and more sophisticated. To detect the British ASV (air to surface vessel) radar all German submarines were equipped, from the summer of 1942, with 'Metox' detectors manufactured by the French firms Grandin and Sadir. The antenna was a simple wooden cross, nicknamed 'Biscay cross', which had to be turned by hand and withdrawn into the boat when diving. As the British switched to microwave radar in the spring of 1943, German submarines were attacked so often, usually without a chance to take countermeasures and sometimes on totally dark nights, that losses became catastrophic. German industry was, therefore, ordered to develop new radar emission detection receivers which resulted in the production of several sets (Naxos, Cypern I, Cypern II, etc.) which employed two interchangeable antenna systems serving two different purposes:
- The pressure-proof round dipole Bali for improved omni-directional reception
- The Palau antenna for direction finding, whose distinctive butterfly shaped antennas were situated at the rear side of the Hohentwiel frame
Although Germany was leading in this field in 1939 certain factors meant that German submarines could not use radar extensively for observation and detection purposes.
Firstly, German scientiests believed strongly, that it was impossible to bring down radar wavelength to the centimetre (VHF) band so all German sets, in the first half of the war, suffered form the bearing inaccuracies inherent with metric radar and served merely as navigation aids. Only after the Germans had examined a British H2O set, containing the revolutionary cavity megatron, were they able, by copying it, to cross the VHF barrier. By then it was too late to regain all the lost technological and scientific development of the previous years.
Secondly, the German Navy having overestimated the value of passive versus active detection, created a philosophy of 'radar silence' to avoid passive detection in the same way as 'radio silence' was intended to prevent signal interception and direction finding. This might also explain why the Navy had radar with vertically polarized transmission throughout the war; an arrangement which resulted in water surface disturbance of the radar signal ('grass'). In contrast, even the first Luftwaffe ASV detection sets had horizontal polarization to avoid this problem. Hence, nearly all German wartime naval radars had aerials with vertical dipoles.
Lastly, the radar antennas were fitted in such a way that they could not used while snorkelling so, although the U-boats had radar sets, they were outdated, largely silenced and, for most of the time, useless.
The first radar employed on U-boats was a submarine version of the standard German Seetakt (82cm wavelength, 386 megacycles). The FuMO 29 set had a 2x6 fixed dipole array fitted on the forward face of the conning tower while FuMO 30 had a small turnable frame aerial with only 2x4 dipoles. Results with these sets were unsatisfactory but the Luftwaffe which held more advanced views on radar than the Navy and was now the leading service in this field, had a better type, the FuMG 200 Hohentwiel (56cm wavelength, 556 megacycles). This set became the FuMO 61 Hohentwiel-U which employed a rectangular frame aerial (1m x 1,4m) carrying 4x6 dipoles.
Although German radar development was very promising in its early stages it was quickly overtaken by allied technology. One major reason for this was that the German Navy, which was the most conservative of the three services, did not realize the full potential of active radar, leaving the Allies in a favorable position to force the pace of the microwave war. The German Navy had decided that radar transmissions would provide a source from which an enemy could obtain a 'fix' on a ship's position, in the same way that direction-finders could be used to obtain a 'fix' on the source of a radio transmission. Extensive use of radar was therefore discouraged, a decision reinforced by the German belief in the superiority of their optical equipment. It is significant that young officers were taught absolutely nothing about radar and had to learn from scratch about the complex microwave war while on active service, in conditions where any fault could be fatal. It was not until March 1945 that German Naval Command issued Tactical order No 10 entitled Instruction for use of radar aboard surface units.
Thus the story of German naval radar in surface units is one of 'too lates'. The other services, especially the Luftwaffe, the Flak (AA) troops and even coast defense artillery, employed radar skillfully and extensively, while the Navy was tardy in proving information and training in new technology.
Knowledge of high-frequency radio emissions was therefore limited and the quality of the radar aboard German ships depended substantially on the personnel interest of the responsible radio officer. Only a few of these were electronic experts, by virtue of being enthusiastic, and even fewer had good contacts in the electronic industry, thus reducing their chances of improving sets in service. It is not surprising therefore that, under the rough conditions aboard a ship, the sensitive electronic equipment soon deteriorated and became faulty. Many surface units did not have their radar equipment recalibrated during the long periods of their careers! Thus sets became so unreliable that the commander refused to use them - an easy decision, when asked to hold strict radar silence whenever possible.
To counter the superior Allied radar technology, German surface vessels were fitted with more and more passive sets, the field becoming so extended that description of the German passive radar-sets, the Funkmess-Beobachtungsgeräte or FuMBs has been reserved for a separate article.
This article was published over 15 years ago in the now defunct British naval quarterly 'Warship'. Basically the content is still valid today, although some fine details, especially regarding equipment details in defined periods, are now obsolete as new literature has been published recently. This article produced a remarkable echo, as it was the first attempt to describe this widely unknown topic.
- E. Sieche, Vienna, September 1998
- Beaver, Paul: U-Boats in the Atlantic, Patrick Stephens, Cambridge 1979
- Beaver, Paul: German Capital Ships, Patrick Stephens, Cambridge, 1981
- Beaver, Paul: German Destroyers and Escorts, Cambridge, 1982
- Bekker, Cajus: Die versunkene Flotte, Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1969
- Bekker, Cajus: Das große Bildbuch der Kriegsmarine, Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1972
- Bekker, Cajus: Augen durch Nacht und Nebel, die Radar-Story, Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1962
- Breyer, Siegfried/Koop, Gerhard: Von der Emden zur Tirpitz, 2 volumes, Wehr&Wissen, Bonn 1981
- Brown, David: Tirpitz, the floating Fortress, Arms & Armour Press, London 1977
- Friedmann, Norman: Naval Radar, Conway Maritime Press, London 1981
- Giessler, Helmut. Der Marine-Nachrichten und -Ortungsdienst, Lehmann, Munich 1971
- Harnack, Wolfgang: Zerstörer unter deutscher Flagge, Koehlers, Herford 1978
- Herzog, Bodo: Die deutsche Kriegsmarine im Kampf, eine Dokumentation in Bildern, Podzun, Dorheim 1975
- Herzog, Bodo/Elfrath, Ulrich: Schlachtschiff Bismarck, ein Bericht in Bildern und Dokumenten, Podzun, Dorheim 1975
- Humble, Richard: Hitler's High Seas Fleet, Pan/Ballantine, 1971
- Jones, R V: Most Secret War, Hamish Hamilton, London 1978
- Mallman-Showel, Jak P: The German Navy in World War Two, Arms & Armour, London 1979
- Niehaus, Werner: Die Radar-Schlacht, Motorbuch, Stuttgart 1977
- Prager, Hans-Georg: Panzerschiff Deutschland, Schwerer Kreuzer Lützow, Koehlers, Herford 1981
- Price, Alfred: Instruments of Darkness, W Kimber & Co, London 1967
- Thomas, Egbert: Torpedoboote und Zerstörer, Gerhard Stalling, Oldbenburg 1970
- Schmalenbach, Paul: Kreuzer Prinz Eugen, Koehlers, Herford 1978
"German Naval Radar to 1945" is copyrighted by the author, Erwin F. Sieche of Vienna. It originally appeared in Warship volumes 21 and 22 in 1982. This article may not be reproduced without the prior consent of the author.
I am indebted to Dipl.-Ing. Heinz-Gerhard Schöck who transcribed this article and permitted it to be used at this website.


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domain: game


text:
The Evening Standard, a British daily, reported this week that part of Barclays call center operations would go offshore, with up to 5,000 jobs eventually involved.
However, a Barclays representative denied the report Wednesday and said there were no plans for outsourcing at present. The representative declined to comment on future plans, saying instead that the industry was looking into offshoring and that it was a complex issue. Barclays has said it was in talks with the U.K. banking union, Unifi, about international outsourcing.
Barclays recently set upwith 500 staff. The jobs were created in 2003 with 250 of them replacing British jobs, reported the Daily Telegraph, another British daily. Only 40 British-based staff left Barclays as a result of the India operations opening, with the remainder redeployed within the bank.
The Indian operation is presently administration and back-office processing with no call center functions.
Barclays has about 58,000 employees in the United Kingdom, with 9,500, or about 16 percent, in call centers.
More and more British companies are turning to outsourcing, although at a slower reported rate than American companies. Recent reports have estimated that less than 15 percent of leading British companies have started outsourcing activities, compared with 35 percent of their American counterparts.
It is estimated that the United Kingdom has lost as many as 50,000 jobs to Indian outsourcing in the last two years. Call centers employ about 600,000 people in the United Kingdom, but are expected to shrink rapidly with jobs migrating to India, South Africa, Eastern Europe, the Philippines and China in the near future.
Security and unemployment fears have been voiced, and the British government has ordered an independent study of the effects of outsourcing. The study begins in January and will last about three months. The British government has downplayed outsourcing worries so far.
CNETAsia staff reported from Singapore.

domain: economics


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Sparrow Bar + Cookshop
Fit for Foodies... almostWonderful experience. Great ambience, wine selection, service and clientele. Sparrow bar has a nice energy about it. We ordered the lamb meatloaf and beef heart. Both were over cooked. Brussels sprouts were heavenly. Otherwise, the night was perfect. Seems like this place is a real gem. Still new and trying to dial things in a bit. I would definitely go back again and would recommend Sparrow Bar + Cookshop to anyone. Thank you for a fabulous evening!5/16/2013 12:00:00 AMGreat Experience In Fine DiningThis restaurant shows Monica Pope's full maturation of food concepts. Flavors mixed are well paired, as are the textures. The bar sampler just may be the best item on the menu, as seemingly simple as it is. But also great are so many other things. And the cocktail menu includes genuinely interesting flavor combinations, not the typical gratuitous fruity cocktails. Give this place a try!5/11/2013 12:00:00 AMNever DisappointsHaving been to Tafia many times in the past, we were concerned when Monica closed and announced she was going to "reinvent" the restaurant. We absolutely loved Tafia. Would we be disappointed?
WOW.....Sparrow is a real gem. Always excites the taste palates. Never too much and always leaves you wanting to come back and try something else the next time. There is such good energy here and we would highly recommend it to anyone truly seeking awesome food. If you are used to "chain" eating and consider one of these chains "gourmet dining", don't go to Sparrow. A true foodie appreciates the thought, preparation and caring that goes into these dishes. We relish every bite. Keep it up!!5/10/2013 12:00:00 AMMonica Pope Does it Again!This was our first time at Monica Pope's newest incarnation and it was just as pleasing as its predecessors. Glad the "chick" fries (chickpeas) are still on the menu. There's always a vegan option. And Monica wanders around the restaurant visiting with guests. Lots of nice new touches like the magnetic board on the walls where local entertainment is easily advertised. The crispy brussels sprouts side was excellent. And the quinoa salad.5/4/2013 12:00:00 AMBrussels sprouts and scallopsBrussels sprouts and scallops were superb! The shrimp and beef heart only slightly less. A real treat.5/4/2013 12:00:00 AMNew name, familiar experienceThe chef has apparently tried to reinvent her space and has found another original and appealing name for it. I'm glad to see that the post-t'afia changes are subtle and that the dining experience remains uniquely special.5/4/2013 12:00:00 AMFarewell LunchThe food was excellent - a very different fare from the usual restaurants. We had a group of amout 15 - we were well taken care of.5/3/2013 12:00:00 AMgreat food and serviceAlso nice to see Monica there being friendly and making sure her patrons are happy ...5/2/2013 12:00:00 AMA culinary alchemistMonica Pope is an alchemist who can convert Swiss Chard -- and virtually any other vegetable -- to culinary gold. Her proteins -- I particularly like her scallops -- are flavorful. The creativity her menus show make this well worth regular visits.4/25/2013 12:00:00 AMThe food is great. The priceThe food is great. The price is a little bit high, but overall it is a great experience.4/24/2013 12:00:00 AMPerfection!We were there to celebrate a special event and the food and service was perfect. My guests and I enjoyed it very much.4/24/2013 12:00:00 AMVery cool place. We were notVery cool place. We were not disappointed with any of our selections and favored every last bite.4/20/2013 12:00:00 AMfood was better than any hadfood was better than any had in a recent trip to NYC where we went to many good and highly rated places. Can't say enough good things about the food or the service4/19/2013 12:00:00 AMMonica is doing it again!Monica is doing it again! She is such a master!!! The food was amazing. The service was superb. She actually came to our table snd talked with us for a long time about the ingredients and preparation of the night dishes. She even offered to cook something special for my husband and my friend's husband. The sides were fantastic! I cant wait to go back.4/19/2013 12:00:00 AMgreat food, very professionalgreat food, very professional staff, nice and funky decor4/13/2013 12:00:00 AMKudos to MonicaKudos to Monica Pope for an outstanding restaurant. Lunch menu is varied in price points and selection. This visit we both went with the Build-Your-Own Burgers. Loved the sparrow sauce and beet chutney that I chose for my beef burger, on sweet-salted but, with cheddar cheese. Only complaint is that the burgers were cooked a bit more than the medium-rare requested. The Spring Slaw that I chose for my side-dish was phenomenal: like a walk through farmer's market, gathering all the in season goodies and finishing them with a light dressing. The "Red Flower" non-alcoholic drink I had was great--pureed berries with housemade sweet-sour. Monica was conducting a middle school cooking class upstairs-a nod to her civic pride in Houston.4/10/2013 12:00:00 AMA friend was in from out ofA friend was in from out of town, and she wanted to go to T'afia, I explained Sparrow was new, and some of our favorites are still on the menu. Everything was a hit, we had the mac & cheese with duck, saffron cauliflower, brussel sprouts, ceviche, and a few other items. Each was a hit. Glad to see the changes, and the faves.4/5/2013 12:00:00 AMWe had an excellent meal andWe had an excellent meal and fun drinks (if you're adventurous try the tamarind margarita!) at sparrow bar and cook shop. Our server was knowledgable, funny, and attentive without being intrusive. Love the artsy decor, too.4/4/2013 12:00:00 AMAlways greatEaster Brunch at Sparrow was marvelous. Wonderful and enthusiastic service and delectable selections on the prix fixe menu. Monica Pope always surprises the taste buds, and Sunday was no exception. I recommend this restaurant highly.3/31/2013 12:00:00 AMOn a Whim and Pleasantly Suprised!It was our first time to Sparrow. And on a whim, chose it based on a newspaper write up on Chef Pope. We were NOT disappointed. Only wish there were more vegetarian entre' choices than just one. The Avocado Shishimi appetizer was terrific, the red onion soup was spectacular, the veggie sides were tasty, and the deserts were just right. The wine menu was delightful in the choices! We'll be back.3/30/2013 12:00:00 AMAbsolutely loved this place...willAbsolutely loved this place...will definitely add this to our "regular" date-night list! No negative comments whatsoever...positively great!3/30/2013 12:00:00 AMAnything on the menu is delicious.Anything on the menu is delicious. Even if its not a food you like, try it because it will be good. I don't like peas, but I ate every one of them on my plate.3/28/2013 12:00:00 AMOutstanding food and service.Outstanding food and service. Food was well executed and presented well.
Staff very friendly and knowledgable about each item on the menu.3/20/2013 12:00:00 AMA Houston Classic with a new nameLove love love Sparrow. Always different menu which is local and healthy. Love their drink list too. Lots of fun3/20/2013 12:00:00 AMExcellent inventive food.Excellent inventive food. Love the local wine list.3/19/2013 12:00:00 AMGreat Group DinnerWent with a group of friends and had a great time. The food was delicious and the menu had exciting choices to pick from. Their drink menu was truly a delight, not only delicious but also original. The Mushroom dumplings are addictive, the blue cheese and honey sauce is not overpowering in the least. I would recommend it even if you don't like blue cheese. As for the main dishes we had the wild boar and brussels sprouts as a side. Delish! The music was funky and fun, but not so loud that we couldn't chat. Definitely would go back again!3/16/2013 12:00:00 AMA delight for your tastebudsSparrow's cocktail menu delivers; the #1, a sort of pisco sangria, was amazing. And of course, the food was delicious from start to finish. The brussels sprouts are a highlight - juicy in the middle with crisp leaves on the outside. I was skeptical of the mac 'n' cheese with jerky, but it was probably my favorite dish. The jerky was mild and provided great texture against the smooth creaminess of the cheese and noodles.3/16/2013 12:00:00 AMMy first Monica Pope experienceMy first Monica Pope experience - and it was wonderful! My friend and I started with a cocktail in the bar before dinner. Interesting, clever cocktails - I tried one with habanero vodka and a salt and pepper rim. It had some nice heat, without being overbearing. I wasn't feeling particularly adventurous that evening, so I just had the chicken and peas and we split the house mac n cheese. I was initially disappointed when the peas came out as snap peas, but OH WOW they were delicious! The chicken was sublime...who makes chicken taste that good?? And the mac n cheese was also a great thing to share - creamy, cheesy, everything you want.3/16/2013 12:00:00 AMAnother Gem!This was our first visit to Sparrow to celebrate a friend's birthday and we loved so many things on the menu we had trouble deciding. Such unique flavor combinations our mouth was watering as soon as we started reading. We had several appetisers and entrees and ate tapas style sharing everything as we navigated the menu. Can you say Avocado Appetiser, Bacon Wrapped Dates, Shiitake Mushrooms Dumplings, Seared Scallops and Mac N Cheese with Venision Jerky - we loved everything. Angela was adorable and she made our experience that much more memorable. My sister, best friend and Mom are coming in this week and I hope to be able to try the patio this time. Thanks for another gem, Monica!3/14/2013 12:00:00 AM

domain: food


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Fine Hygienic Holding (FHH), one of the world’s leading Wellness Groups and manufacturer of hygienic paper products and diapers, announced on Tuesday plans to invest more than $35m in the Egyptian market.
The investments would be injected into new equipment, research and development, marketing strategies, in addition to investment in staff.
FHH CEO James Michael Lafferty announced the group’s investment in a press conference under the patronage of the Minister of Investment and International Cooperation Sahar Nasr.
“Egypt is a strategic market for us. Among the 75 countries in which we operate, Egypt is in the upper tier alongside KSA and Jordan. We opened our first factory in the country in 1989 and we have been pumping investments ever since,” said Lafferty.
He added that this new investment will reinforce Fine’s prominent market position and build on the trust that the company has earned from consumers through years of excellence.
The press conference was also attended by Mohamed Farouk, senior economic researcher at investment promotion sector along with other government officials, Rawan Emeish, Chief Commercial for Egypt and Levant, and media figures.
On that note, Nasr said, “Egypt takes responsibility to create an appropriate environment to become more suitable for attracting foreign direct investments, in order to fulfil the sustainable development goals and to increase employment rates.”
Emeish pointed out that Fine currently has four factories in Egypt with a huge annual capacity and employs around 2000 people, adding that the company is committed to raising the standard to provide consumers with products featuring the latest in health and wellness advancements.
Fine Hygienic Holding manufactures top wellness products that are endorsed by prestigious global associations including sterilized facial tissues, paper towel, pocket tissues, and toilet rolls as well as baby and adult diapers.

domain: news


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There is a test, as someone else suggested, for the MDR-1 gene to determine if your dog may be at-risk using ivermectin.7 Some dogs, especially collies and other herding breeds, are more sensitive to ivermectin and can only tolerate doses up to 0.For example, when using Heartgard Green for dogs weighing 26 to 50 pounds, the dosage used is calculated for a 50.The first signs of trouble are dilated pupils, drooling, and unsteadinessToxicity can occur if.Ivermectin may be combined with other deworming medications.Can a dog recover from ivermectin toxicity Sunny's case has me a little bit puzzled Ivermectin is most commonly used as a heartworm preventive in dogs and cats.Ivermectin toxicity is characterized by GABA mediated cholinergic effects leading to symptoms like salivation, difficulty in breathing, diarrhea and ataxia in.FDA has not approved or authorized.“Many people already know to be aware of medications in their homes, and to be careful how those.1 mg/kg, which is sixteenfold higher than the label dose.Ivermectin is safe for treatment of onchocerciasis and may be used orally to relieve itching; however, ivermectin can cause severe adverse reactions at certain dosages treatment for ivermectin toxicity in dogs and durations of treatment.Higher doses used in the treatment of mange, or other parasitic infections, come with increased risk of side effects Veterinarians use ivermectin to treat treatment of ivermectin toxicity in dogs various parasitic infections as well as in some heartworm prevention medications.In human, Ivermectin doesn’t cross the BBB and no central nervous system toxicity has been described at therapeutic dose.Ivermectin treatments may treatment for ivermectin toxicity in dogs be given to dogs orally, by injection, or applied to the skin as a spot.Dose-dependent treatment of ivermectin toxicity in dogs effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.Of Ivermectin poisoning with severe CNS symptoms have been described in this dogs at therapeutic dose.9 mg/lb) UC Davis Researchers are Looking for Ivermectin Toxicity Cases.400-600 ug/kg for treatment of demodectic mange.Key words: Dog, ivermectin toxicity, blindness, intralipids Intralipids has emerged as a powerful antidote for the treatment of drug toxicity in the past decade.Ivermectin toxicity occurs in dogs with apparent blindness being a common clinical sign.Lovell R A (1990) Ivermectin and Piperazine toxicoses in dogs and cats.
Ivermectin Dosage Humans Scabies
Keeping your dogs away from Ivermectin is the only sure strategy of preventing an overdose There is no specific antidote, so treatment of.Sensitivity to the drug can also be seen in dogs or puppies that have.Ivermectin stromectol scabies in the uk, 2010-2011.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic medication used in.Without knowing the breed and weight of your dog it would be almost impossible for me to.This is the first case report of ivermectin‐induced blindness evaluated with ERG before and after treatment with IVL in a dog unaffected by the multidrug resistance gene mutation For most dogs, ivermectin can be administered at a dos-age of 2.A class of drugs commonly used in treatment for ivermectin toxicity in dogs veterinary medicine include ivermectin, milbemycin, and moxidectin; these are anthelmintics (these drugs kill parasites) and are commonly used as an active ingredient for monthly heartworm preventatives.Once the drug has been released into your bloodstream, it works as its own medicine by dilating your blood vessels and boosting blood flow into your.In fact, the correct dosage of ivermectin 1% for heartworm prevention is much, much less than 0 It sounds unlikely to me that Sunny's recent symptoms are caused by the Ivermectin.Veterinarians use ivermectin to treat various parasitic infections as well as in some heartworm prevention medications.Loh tze ping, cervinski mark a, katayev alex, bietenbeck andreas, van rossum huub, stromectol.Keeping your dogs away from Ivermectin is the only sure strategy of preventing an overdose There is no specific antidote, so treatment of.It also used off label for treating a variety of internal and external parasites.This 11-month-old, male neutered, Pit Bull mixed breed dog presented for tremors, lethargy, and decreased appetite.The most important issue to bear in mind first after you’ve found the best place is to search for a reputable site as the most crucial part of research is to make sure that the website.Ivermectin toxicity is actually fairly common.Typical doses for ivermectin in dogs are: 6 ug/kg for heartworm prevention.6 The LD 50 for beagle dogs is 80 mg/kg.Average maternal body weight gains were not affected by ivermectin treatment.Most common symptoms Anemia / Circling / Collapse / Lethargy / Vomiting / Weakness Hopkins K D, Marcella K L & Strecker A E (1990) Ivermectin toxicosis in a dog., collies, Border collies, Australian shepherds, Old English sheepdogs, etc.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic medication used in.For most dogs, ivermectin can be administered at a dos-age of 2.Ivermectin (EYE-ver-MEK-tin) is an anti-parasitic medication, and a relatively new animal drug , prescribed for preventing heartworm diseases and treating other conditions like ear mites, and sarcoptic and demodectic mange in dogs .5 months after treatment was stopped.H In addition, websites may inappropri-ately state that ivermectin should never be used in dogs and cats.Treatment with Ivermectin The drug Ivermectin.3,4 The dog described in this report experienced clinical signs of iver-mectin toxicosis at a dosage of approximately 0.They are also not what they seem like as far as taste will ivermectin kill all worms in dogs or texture, but the taste and texture might be good or the taste is good but the What is ivermectin used for in dogs.Ivermectin is an antiparasitic medication commonly used to control heartworms.Serum ivermectin concentrations confirmed ivermectin exposure in each case.In human, Ivermectin doesn’t cross the BBB and no central nervous system toxicity has been described at therapeutic dose.As a preventive, used in low doses, ivermectin has a good safety record.As a preventive, used in low doses, ivermectin has a good safety record.This toxic reaction occurs especially in dogs that are genetically hypersensitive to ivermectin, an anti-parasite medication most commonly used for heartworm prevention, to treat ear mites and kill mange mites.Ivermectin prevents or kills parasites by causing neurological damage to the parasite, resulting in.
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domain: biology


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text:
NYPD cops also must abide by new laws barring them from performing chokeholds, or kneeling, sitting or putting any kind of pressure on a person’s chest or back while handcuffing suspects. If cops are caught doing so, they could face misdemeanor charges, officials said.
Many of the pro-cop marchers saw the rally as a success.
Black Lives Matter demonstrations around the world
“Great turnout by law abiding Americans, who appreciate our police,” resident Joe DeMarco wrote on Facebook as he posted pictures of the march. “It is hot and humid, but that didn’t stop the enthusiasm of the Patriotic Americans.”
DeMarco noted that the anti-police protesters were in “full gear and looking to be intimidating.”
“All Black outfits, body armor, riot helmet, face shields and masks etc.,” he wrote about the BLM protesters. “They were going to be ripped apart by some of the old school neighborhood tough guys, and needed to be protected by the police.

domain: sociology


I'm not a certified mechanic but I managed to pull this duramax apart and put it back together. The good thing is everything works right! I am using PPE level 3 right now it really knocks you back in the seat. The shifts are really smooth and the truck seems less restrictive and more balanced. I have to be careful because my transmission is still stock.
1,600 Horsepower Duramax Diesel Kit from PPE
At ARP's Open House in June of 2010, PPE brought several of their show
motors, including this Twin turbo
Duramax diesel kit that utilizes a lot of ARP hardware. It makes 1,600 horsepower and PPE
only uses ARP fasteners to hold everything together. Eric Sempson of PPE
gives Chris Raschke from ARP an overview of this powerful engine package.
For more information
LLY Duramax PCV Reroute.
Just playing around and seeing how the new cam did. Take great video I
think. The routes crank case vents from the intake and routes it away
Sinister egr delete on LLY duramax!!
i got my egr delete kit on today from sinister diesel. this thing is sweet!
and IT DIDNT THROW ANY CODES!! this thing was a pain though! worth it! and
now not more sludge in my truck.
PPE Duramax Powered Boat - Half Throttle Cruising
1995 Ultimate Warlock powered by 05 LLY Duramax running on blend of B50
Some video of [40-55%] part throttle testing with the new 37 pitch "Cutting
Edge" prop, on a cool fall day. Lowest cruising speed keeping on plane was
35mph @ 1500 RPM, upper cruising speed 67mph @ 2700 RPM. Hatch open for
Installing a new turbo on an lmm Duramax and some other upgrades
This truck came in with a bad turbo and
the kid wanted to do some nice upgrades so we installed a brand new reman
lly turbo because its the largest of the
vvt turbos,An All Saeson big air kit
which includes a larger down pipe,modded uppipe,3 inch y bridge,egr
delete,and a hot side Intercooler pipe.Everting fit very
nicely and was top notch fab work.We installed a trans go Jr shift kit in
the trasmission a full MBRP Exhaust
and 1 of my lift pumps and filter combos,Should be very nasty for a stock
motor truck.Next it will be getting a built trans and the rear main seal
will get replaced as its leaking.This truck also got a dsp5 switch and efi
tuning from Bob Olson AKA Bo Bo
Powerstroke and More
Directed & Edited by
Thanks For Watching!
Don't forget to Like & Subscribe for more videos!
Questions About the Truck?
Add Mitchell on Facebook
Got a brother that works overseas. This is the truck he bought. It has
been sitting for about a year.


text:
Austin’s Congress Avenue Bridge bats typically emerge around sundown, which is just before or after dinnertime for most people. Fortunately, the area around the bridge is chock full of restaurants, ranging from budget-friendly to super fancy.
This upscale sushi bar inside the Hyatt Regency overlooks Lady Bird Lake. The menu is small, but if you like sushi, you won’t be disappointed. Don’t miss the Avocado Bomb appetizer with king crab. 208 Barton Springs; (512) 477-1234
Located inside the Four Seasons hotel, Ciclo restaurant boasts a gorgeous indoor space as well as a nice outdoor area overlooking Lady Bird Lake. While the prices are a little steep, you can get a taste of the high life at a bargain price during happy hour. 98 San Jacinto Boulevard; (512) 685-8300
The Line Hotel offers three distinct dining experiences within walking distance of the bridge. Arlo Grey is a gourmet restaurant led by chef Kristen Kish. The restaurant serves French and Italian dishes with a Central Texas twist. The hotel’s casual P6 bar and eatery is airy and bathed in pastels. The bar is an innovative reworking of the space that was once the top floor of the parking garage. The perch overlooks Lady Bird Lake and is an excellent spot to watch Austin’s bats emerge at sunset. Finally, Dean's One Trick Pony is an eclectic dive bar with a takeout window facing Congress Ave, perfect for guests to grab a quick bite while checking out the bats.
South of the Lake
Featuring two sand volleyball courts and standard pub grub, Aussie’s is a sports bar with an easygoing vibe. The food won’t win any awards, but if you’re looking for a beer and affordable burgers or fish tacos, Aussie’s is a relaxing place to wind down. 306 Barton Springs Road; (512) 480-0952
With high ceilings, wooden floors and tons of natural light, Zax has a comfortable, casual vibe. The salad with jerk salmon consistently earns raves, as does the Zax version of the Cuban sandwich. For starters, try the olive and cheese platter. 312 Barton Springs Road; (512) 481-0100
Boasting a huge, tree-shaded patio, Shady Grove is the place to be when the weather is mild. Try their signature Shady Thing drink and peruse a menu full of comfort food and vegetarian dishes. The hippie sandwich is chock full of mushrooms and zucchini for veggie lovers, and the spicy baby back ribs will satisfy the meat eaters with just enough kick to get your attention.
North of the Lake
Located two blocks north of the bat bridge, Second Bar + Kitchen is known for fancy burgers and truffle fries served in a sleek setting. If you like adventurous pizza variations, try the black + bleu, with bleu cheese, black truffle, dates and pork belly. During cool weather, the outdoor patio is an excellent seating choice. It’s superbly situated for entertaining people watching on the southern edge of downtown. 200 Congress Avenue; (512) 827-2750

domain: travel


Nokia has finally launched the much awaited Lumia devices Lumia 1320 and Lumia 525 in India. Lumia 1320 is a 6-inch phablet and cheaper version to the already launched Lumia 1520. Nokia announced Lumia 1320 last October at Nokia World event. Lumia 525 on the other hand is an upgrade for the popular Windows Phone Lumia 520.
Lumia 1320 features a 6-inch ClearBlack LCD with HD 1280 x720 pixels resolution, with a pixel density of 245ppi. It is powered by a dual-core 1.7Ghz Snapdragon S4 processor along with 1GB of RAM. Internal memory is pegged at 8GB and it comes with a micro SD card slot for memory expansion upto 64GB. Connectivity options include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, GPS etc. In the camera department it comes with a 5MP rear camera and a front VGA camera. It runs on Windows Phone platform with Nokia Black UI.
Lumia 1320 is priced in India at Rs 23,999, at this price it is going to compete with many phones with large screens including the recently launched Galaxy Grand2 and other phones from Indian brands priced at around Rs 20,000.
Lumia 525 on the other hand is the entry level phone and successor to the Lumia 520. The Lumia 520 set the sales charts on fire in India and elsewhere, it is the best seller for Nokia and for Windows Phones in general. The Lumia 525 is similar to the Lumia 520 in specifications the main difference is that the 525 gets 1GB RAM where as the 520 has only 512MB RAM. This is criticized by many as some of the Windows Phone Games required 1GB RAM. It runs on Windows Phone platform with Nokia Black UI.
Lumia 525 features a 4-inch WVGA (480 x 800 pixels) resolution, it is powered by a 1GHz dual-core Snapdragon S4 processor with 1GB of RAM and 8GB of internal storage. There is also a micro SD card for memory expansion upto 64GB. Other specifications include a 5MP rear camera, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, 3G, 1430 mAh battery under the hood.
Lumia 520 sold very well in India and we expect the Lumia 525 to do the same. Nokia Lumia 525 price in India is Rs 10,399, which is great price for the device and in-line with the 520 pricing.


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From RPLife :
From RPLife :
Here’s a short clip of Rob and Reese backstage at the ACMs tonight. I love Rob’s awkward glance at the camera, smiled, then continues to talk to Reese, awkwardly … Oh Rob, we love ya!
And the actual presentation of the Top Female Vocalist. There always is something that happens when Rob presents! .. This time .. they overshot the marker .. how funny! “Hi ya all” .. I’m from the South .. its “Hi y’all!” .. oh boyyyy lol
Source via thinking of rob
Watch the ACM Red Carpet LIVE on GACTV.com tonight at 7/6 c !!
Make sure to tune in this evening at 6:30 ET/ 5:30 c for the live Red Carpet Feed for the ACM Awards where Rob and Reese will be presenting the “Best Female Vocalist” during the awards! I will be posting links to the live feed as soon as I am aware of them! Can’t wait to see Rob in a tux! Let the drooling commence!!!
Robert Pattinson and Reese Witherspoon are expected to be presenters at the Academy of Country Music Awards. I don’t know about you guys, but I am definitely going to be tuning in to see Mr. Rob in his dapper suit
Reese Witherspoon and Robert Pattinson will bring their Hollywood star power to the country crowd at the Academy of Country Music Awards, the ACM tells PEOPLE.
The pair, who star together as lovers in the upcoming Water for Elephants, will serve as presenters at the ceremony in Las Vegas April 3. It airs on CBS starting at 8 p.m ET.
Source via People.com

domain: celebrity


text:
Jeez I have eaten for the A-Team this weekend. Thanks to The Dragon our Plett headquarters is packed with chocolate. Like...packed. You can't move without knocking over a bunny or a rabbit. If you open a cupboard there's one staring at you. The fridge has them wedged in between fruit and vegetables. On top of the TV there are little bowls of white chocolate chickens. There are dark Lindt balls in the bedrooms. It's a joke. Honestly, I almost expect to see milk chocolate when I turn on my shower in the morning. And it doesn't stop with the chocolate. It seems Easter has become a bit of a general binge and the lunch we hosted for some family friends summed it all up.
After visiting an amazing local butcher and a market in the morning I made olive-and-sundried tomato rolls, a huge mixed green vegetable salad, a butterflied leg of lamb stuffed with wild mushrooms, spinach and blue cheese and roasted tomato and basil pasta rice. The Queen weighed in with decadent chocolate brownies and ice cream. So yeah, it was a bit of a feast. I'm not going to do all the recipes in this single post because...well because I'm lazy and I'm on holiday in Plett and the beach is looking awesome. So I'm going to break them up for you. Let's start with the lamb shall we?
Stuff you'll need to feed 10-12 people:
- 2 deboned legs of lamb, about 1.5 kg each
- About 750g of mixed wild mushrooms
- Two big bunches of baby spinach
- A good block of blue cheese
- A handful of rosemary
- 3 cloves of garlic, roughly chopped
Okay, what to do:
1. Preheat the oven to 200 degrees celsius. Fry off the mushrooms in a little olive oil and set aside.
2. Do the same with the spinach leaves, adding some water. This allows the leaves to steam and wilt down fairly quickly. Don't overcook the leaves - you still want a bit of bite and you want the green colour.
3. Lay a leg of lamb on a large work surface. You will see the cavity where the bone used to be. Slide a knife in and cut through one side. Now carefully use the knife to cut as you roll the meat out. You are trying to flatten the meat so just cut wherever you think is right. Use the palm of your hand, a mallet or a rolling pin to beat the lamb down if you want. Repeat process for the other leg.
4. Take your mushrooms and spinach and chop them as finely as possible. If you have a food processor use it. What you want is something that resembles pesto in consistency.
5. Spread the mushroom and spinach mixture over one of the pieces of lamb. Add rosemary and garlic and season generously with salt and pepper. Crumble over the blue cheese. Place the other piece of lamb on top of the mixture. You should now have something that looks like a T-Rex sandwich. Season the outside of the meat again.
6. Wet some string and tie the two pieces firmly together.
7. Take the tray you will cook the meat in and place over your stove. Turn all the hobs on high and pour in some olive oil. Place your meat in the tray and brown on all sides.
8. When your meat has a nice golden colour, place the tray in the oven and cook for about an hour or until done. (use 20 minutes per 500g for pink lamb as a guideline)
9. Remove, cover with tinfoil and allow to rest for 15 minutes. Remove string and carve into slices.
10. To serve, place on a large platter carefully keeping the stuffing between the two pieces of meat.
As I said, this went down with plenty of other stuff but there is no need to go so overboard. A couple of roasted potatoes, or a nice simple salad would be awesome. It would also work really well on a Weber.
Jeepers that sounds unbelievable, wish I could have been there. Although the Lebanese food Mrs S whipped up for us in the bush was nothing short of spectacular. So I wasn't exactly hard done by. That said, I hope there are some leftovers waiting for me in the fridge, on my way through now xx
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Publishers Weekly calls The Funny Man “[An] equally sickening and humorous portrait of the celebrity as a delusional man.”
And the New York Journal of Books says:
“The Funny Man joins a short list of intelligent, dark comedies about self-loathing main characters whose success is built on the poor taste and/or low IQ of the American public…[the book] puts Warner among the most perceptive and edgy chroniclers of an increasingly coarse American culture.”
This one was fun. Really enjoyed talking with John.
Topics of conversation include: Lake Charles, McSweeney’s, tent revivals, McNeese State, bicycle cops, Robert Olen Butler, John Hughes, Chicago, Dave Eggers, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, South Carolina, church, the phrase “bless your heart,” The Real World, Barry Bonds, living with your parents, the Woody Creek Tavern, Comic Sans, humor writing, and trying to fit your fist in your mouth.

domain: library


Next-Gen 2021 F-150: Ford Doesn’t Replace—It Reloads
How will the Blue Oval keep its best-selling truck at the top of the heap?
It's only five years old, but the Ford F-150 is already the oldest full-size pickup on the market. Although it's in no danger of losing its sales title, pressure is nonetheless mounting from the surging Ram 1500, so Ford isn't waiting around to take action.
Big changes are right up front. Revisions to the headlights, grille, hood, and bumper incorporate cues from the recently refreshed Super Duty trucks and a leaked rendering of the next-generation Ranger midsize pickup. Around back, new taillights dress up the rear end, but all in all, most of the truck's sheetmetal appears to be either carried over or mildly updated.
The real changes, though, are under the skin. A new platform supports plug-in hybrid powertrains for the first time, making room for batteries, inverters, electric motors, and charging hardware. Plans for a 3.5-liter V-6 mated to an electric motor have leaked, and we expect V-8 power based on what we know from the Explorer hybrid. No other details are available yet, but if the battery is large enough to benefit from plug-in capability, it'll likely offer at least a small amount of battery-only electric driving range. More crucial to truck buyers, it would allow Ford to offer a more powerful built-in inverter to run equipment at the jobsite.
The hybrid won't likely be ready when the truck goes on sale. We expect it to launch with the current lineup of twin-turbo V-6 engines, a turbodiesel V-6, and a V-8. We have heard, though, the diesel and the V-8 will be getting updates, likely increasing output and/or efficiency. All of these powertrains will no doubt be mated to Ford's 10-speed automatic and standard rear-wheel drive with optional four-wheel drive. Following all these powertrains to market, eventually, will be a full-electric model.
The interior will also get updated to improve the F-150's competitiveness against the Ram's stellar styling. Ford is returning fire with its own all-digital instrument cluster and enormous central touchscreen infotainment system on higher trims.
We expect Ford to show us the new F-150 by the end of the year and get it to market in early 2021. Truck pricing is extremely competitive, so it shouldn't change from the current strategy with a starting point right around $30,000.
Read more about our Future Cars, SUVs, and Trucks:
- Audi TT E-Tron HERE
- 2021 BMW 4 Series HERE
- 2023 Cadillac Celestiq EV HERE
- 2022 Chevrolet Bolt SUV HERE
- 2021 Honda Civic HERE
- 2021 Jaguar XJ HERE
- 2021 Lexus IS Sedan HERE
- 2021 Mercedes-Benz S-Class HERE
- 2022 Porsche Macan EV HERE
- 2022 Toyota GR86 HERE
- 2024 Volvo XC100 Recharge HERE
‘Chicken Coupe’ 1983 Cadillac DeVille Has an LS Swap, Coil-Overs, and Even a Stick Shift
Genesis GV70 3.5T vs. 2023 Audi SQ5: Speedy Creatures
Is This the Next-Gen 2024 Toyota Tacoma? The Previews Begin
New All-Electric Jeeps Leak Out of Stellantis Dealer Meeting
Watch Kia Soul Pinwheel Through Air After Hitting a Brodozer’s Rogue Wheel


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Perfect for a rainy day but maybe with coffee or tea instead of wine
Ombre Paper Chain Backdrop—I used to make these all the time as a kid! Love this look for a party!
Xbox One Quote Video Game Art Poster Print by ExtremepandaDesign
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As a forensic discipline, the essential protocol for firearms identification is the microscopic comparison and potential identification of fired bullets as having been fired from the barrel of the same firearm.
The foundation for this technique is based on the following principles:
- The rifling in the barrel of a firearm bears unique microscopic characteristics due to manufacturing processes, use, and abuse.
- These characteristics mark the bearing surfaces of bullets when fired through the barrel.
- These individual characteristics are reproducible and identifiable with a particular firearm.
Comparison microscopy is used to establish identification and involves one of the following situations:
|Recovered firearm without related evidence
|Obtain test bullets for later comparison by test firing the recovered firearm.
|Recovered firearm with related evidence
|Obtain test bullets from evidence firearm and compare to recovered bullet to determine if the recovered firearm fired the evidence bullet.
|Recovered bullets without related firearm
|Perform intercomparison to determine if recovered bullets are related to a single firearm.
The following preliminary steps should be addressed prior to any of the case comparisons:
- Review laboratory protocols, as needed.
- Complete administrative requirements.
- Chain of custody.
- Marking of evidence.
- Laboratory case identifiers.
- Investigative file identifier.
- Examiner identity.
- Quality assurance.
- Follow laboratory safety protocols.
- Determine the presence of trace evidence and follow laboratory protocol for collection.
Examples of trace evidence include
- soft tissue,
- metal smears,
- Determine if latent fingerprint examinations should be performed prior to toolmark examinations.
- Determine if other examinations (not requested) should be performed. If so, coordinate with the investigator.
Additional Online Courses
- What Every First Responding Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence
- Collecting DNA Evidence at Property Crime Scenes
- DNA – A Prosecutor’s Practice Notebook
- Crime Scene and DNA Basics
- Laboratory Safety Programs
- DNA Amplification
- Population Genetics and Statistics
- Non-STR DNA Markers: SNPs, Y-STRs, LCN and mtDNA
- Firearms Examiner Training
- Forensic DNA Education for Law Enforcement Decisionmakers
- What Every Investigator and Evidence Technician Should Know About DNA Evidence
- Principles of Forensic DNA for Officers of the Court
- Law 101: Legal Guide for the Forensic Expert
- Laboratory Orientation and Testing of Body Fluids and Tissues
- DNA Extraction and Quantitation
- STR Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Communication Skills, Report Writing, and Courtroom Testimony
- Español for Law Enforcement
- Amplified DNA Product Separation for Forensic Analysts