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International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 150916, 4 pages
Gender Effects on Plasma and Brain Copper
Department of Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
Received 16 June 2011; Accepted 16 August 2011
Academic Editor: Rosanna Squitti
Copyright © 2011 Joseph F. Quinn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The effect of gender on systemic and brain levels of copper is relatively understudied. We examined gender effects in mice and human subjects. We observed a trend to higher serum copper levels in female compared to male LaFerla “triple transgenic” ( versus ng/mL, ) mice, and significantly higher brain copper levels in female- versus male wild-type mice ( versus ng/mg wet wt, ). Plasma copper was significantly correlated with brain copper in mice (R2 = 0.218; ). Among human subjects with AD, both plasma copper ( versus ng/mL, ) and cerebrospinal fluid copper ( versus ng/mL, ) were elevated in women compared to men. Among healthy control subjects, plasma copper ( versus ng/mL; ) was higher in women than in men, but there was no difference in cerebrospinal fluid copper. We conclude that gender differences in copper status may influence copper-mediated pathological events in the brain.
Copper has been implicated in the pathological aggregation and neurotoxicity of beta amyloid (Aβ)  in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The evidence for “excess” circulating copper in AD has been reviewed recently  and copper-modulating therapies for AD are being evaluated [3, 4]. Although gender may influence the appearance of AD pathology, the effect of gender on copper status is relatively understudied. Some published reports have described gender differences in serum copper levels [5–7], but the effect of gender upon brain copper, which is more relevant to AD pathogenesis, has not been previously described.
We tested the hypothesis that gender modifies both circulating and brain copper levels, with potential consequences for AD pathology, using samples from an animal model of AD and from human subjects with and without AD.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Transgenic Mouse Studies
Breeding pairs of wild-type and “triple transgenic” (3xTg) mice  were generously provided by Dr. Frank LaFerla, and offspring were raised in the Portland VA Medical Center Veterinary Medical Unit. Mice were maintained on AIN93 diet from the time of weaning, with ad lib deionized water, so dietary intake of copper was closely regulated. For these experiments, 7 female wild type, 7 female transgenic, 4 male wild-type, and 3 male transgenic mice were used. At the age of 14 months, mice were euthanized with terminal collection of plasma and with rapid harvest of brain tissue. Copper levels were determined in brain (bilateral frontal cortex) and plasma by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All procedures were approved by the Portland VA Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
2.2. Human Subject Studies
Individuals with AD as well as healthy control subjects were characterized by clinicians at the Oregon Health and Science University NIA-funded Alzheimer’s center. AD was diagnosed according to NINDS-ADRDA criteria . Healthy control subjects were tested with neuropsychologic battery and with interview of a collateral historian to ensure that they are genuinely healthy controls.
With appropriate Institutional Review Board approvals, subjects donated plasma by venipuncture and cerebrospinal fluid by lumber puncture. All lumbar punctures were performed in the AM fasting condition, in the lateral decubitus position. Both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were frozen at −70 until copper measurements were performed by ICPMS.
However, plasma samples from AD patients and controls were collected in different tubes, with AD samples in heparin tubes and control samples in EDTA tubes (because the samples were initially collected under different protocols before being deposited in a repository). The use of EDTA (rather then heparin salt) collection tubes has been identified as a major source of variability in cross-sectional studies comparing blood levels across patient populations . The analysis below consequently does not compare plasma levels across diagnostic groups.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Group means were compared by two-tailed -test or ANOVA, depending on the number of means being compared.
(1) Serum Copper in Mice
Serum copper is increased in female (1399 ± 233 ng/mL) compared to male (804 ± 436 ng/mL) 3xTg mice, and a trend in the same direction is seen in wild-type mice (1467 ± 128 ng/mL in females and 1230 ± 169 ng/mL in males, ) (see Figure 1).
(2) Brain Copper in Mice
Brain copper is significantly increased in female (5.2 ± 0.2 ng/mg wet wt) compared to male (4.18 ± 0.3, ) wild-type mice, and a trend in the same direction is seen in 3xTg mice (5.2 ± 0.5 versus 4.2 ± 0.8, ; see Figure 2). Plasma copper was significantly correlated with brain copper in mice (R2 = 0.218; ).
(3) Human Subject Characteristics
Control subjects were characterized as “young” (age 20–40, ), middle-aged (age 41–60, ), and old (age ≥ 60, ). The old controls did not differ from the AD subjects in mean age (see Table 1) or in percentage of women. Subjects with AD had mild deficits, illustrated by mean MMSE = 17 ± 0.7 (see Table 1).
(4) Plasma Copper in Human Subjects
Plasma copper was not correlated with age among control subjects or AD patients. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid copper were not correlated in any group.
Plasma copper is increased in human female (1008 ± 51 ng/mL) compared to male (836 ± 41) control subjects () when all age groups were combined. When the control subjects were divided by age group, trends to higher plasma copper in females were appreciated in the middle-aged and old control subjects, but not the young subjects (Figure 3).
Among subjects with AD, plasma copper was significantly increased in female compared to male AD subjects (1284 ± 118 versus 853 ± 81 ng/mL, ).
(5) Cerebrospinal Fluid Copper in Human Subjects
CSF copper is increased in human female compared to male AD subjects (12.8 ± 1 versus 10.4 ± 0.7 ng/mL, ). No gender-specific difference in CSF copper was seen in control subjects considered as a single group (12.2 ± 0.7 versus 11.6 ± 0.52; ) or when considered by age group (see Figure 4). There was also no significant difference between AD patients and control groups in CSF copper, consistent with a recent meta-analysis on this topic .
These findings in both mice and human subjects are consistent with a small number of publications in human populations which have found an effect of gender on serum copper, with higher copper levels in women than in men [5–7]. The possible confounding effects of dietary intake of copper  or the use of copper-containing supplements  has been emphasized in other studies of human subjects. However, the demonstration of gender effects in mice, with strict controls on copper intake which are not possible in human studies, strengthens the argument that these gender differences are due to gender-specific differences in copper trafficking rather than differences in dietary intake.
In some transgenic mice engineered to express AD pathology, female mice are more prone to AD pathology than male mice , and most studies examining the effect of gender on AD risk in human subjects [12–14] find an increased risk in women (although there is some controversy surrounding this point, with one study finding increased risk in women only after age 90 ). In light of these observations, it is interesting to speculate that gender differences in copper status, perhaps related in some way to iron-regulatory mechanisms related to menstruation, might modulate these apparent gender effects on AD pathology. Beyond speculation, gender effects on copper may also be important considerations in the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials of copper-modulating therapy for AD.
Further investigation of the consequences of gender-specific differences in copper status may be facilitated by clarification of the relationship between systemic and central nervous system copper. The significant positive correlation between serum and brain copper in the mice in this study supports the hypothesis that blood levels are relevant to brain levels of copper, and the concordance between serum and brain tissue results (with copper levels higher in females in both cases) provides further support for this view, at least with respect to frontal cortex.
However, since brain levels are not an option in living human subjects, these experiments used cerebrospinal fluid as a surrogate for brain tissue. In the case of subjects with AD, the effects of gender on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid copper were concordant, suggesting a blood-brain relationship similar to that seen in the mice. However, the absence of a correlation between human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid copper in both AD and control subjects suggests that either plasma copper does not reflect brain tissue or that cerebrospinal fluid is not an adequate surrogate for brain tissue in this instance. Alternatively, it may be necessary to measure the proportion of CSF copper not explained by ceruloplasmin in order to appreciate plasma: CSF correlations, as reported by others .
These data add to existing evidence that female gender has an effect on blood levels of copper and provide new evidence that female gender may also have an effect on brain levels of copper. Gender effects on copper status may need to be considered in interpreting experiments, including clinical trials, which test the hypothesis that copper plays a role in AD pathogenesis and progression.
This paper is supported by: NIA-AG08017, NIH RR025512, and Department of Veterans Affairs (J. Quinn).
- Y. H. Hung, A. I. Bush, and R. A. Cherny, “Copper in the brain and Alzheimer's disease,” Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 61–76, 2010.
- S. Bucossi, M. Ventriglia, V. Panetta, et al., “Copper in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of serum,plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid studies,” Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 175–185, 2011.
- A. I. Bush, “Metal complexing agents as therapies for Alzheimer's disease,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1031–1038, 2002.
- R. Squitti and G. Zito, “Anti-copper therapies in Alzheimer's disease: new concepts,” Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 209–219, 2009.
- N. A. Clark, K. Teschke, K. Rideout, and R. Copes, “Trace element levels in adults from the west coast of Canada and associations with age, gender, diet, activities, and levels of other trace elements,” Chemosphere, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 155–164, 2007.
- M. Schuhmacher, J. L. Domingo, and J. Corbella, “Zinc and copper levels in serum and urine: Relationship to biological, habitual and environmental factors,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 67–72, 1994.
- R. Rahii-Khazen, B. J. Bolann, and R. J. Ulvik, “Trace element reference values in serum determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 765–772, 2000.
- S. Oddo, A. Caccamo, J. D. Shepherd et al., “Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's Disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Aβ and synaptic dysfunction,” Neuron, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 409–421, 2003.
- G. McKhann, D. Drachman, M. Folstein, R. Katzman, D. Price, and E. M. Stadlan, “Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease,” Neurology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 939–944, 1984.
- G. J. Brewer, “Toxicity of copper in drinking water,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health B, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 449–452, 2010.
- C. Hirata-Fukae, H. F. Li, H. S. Hoe et al., “Females exhibit more extensive amyloid, but not tau, pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic model,” Brain Research, vol. 1216, pp. 92–103, 2008.
- S. Gao, H. C. Hendrie, K. S. Hall, and S. Hui, “The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 809–815, 1998.
- R. Brookmeyer, S. Gray, and C. Kawas, “Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 88, no. 9, pp. 1337–1342, 1998.
- L. Fratiglioni, M. Viitanen, E. Von Strauss, V. Tontodonati, A. Herlitz, and B. Winblad, “Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: incidence data from the Kungsholmen Project, Stockholm,” Neurology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 132–138, 1997.
- A. Ruitenberg, A. Ott, J. C. Van Swieten, A. Hofman, and M. M. B. Breteler, “Incidence of dementia: Does gender make a difference?” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 575–580, 2001.
- R. Squitti, G. Barbati, L. Rossi et al., “Excess of nonceruloplasmin serum copper in AD correlates with MMSE, CSF β-amyloid, and h-tau,” Neurology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 76–82, 2006.

domain: literature


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Loveweddingplan.com – Coming to the wedding party should pay attention about the theme of the wedding party. Besides paying attention to the theme, it is important for you to consider about the season. In this beautiful occasion, we will talk about the wedding guest dresses for winter you are able to find the best one for you.
When in the winter season, you will feel cold. It is impossible coming to the wedding party with the sexy open wedding dress. It can make you uncomfortable because feeling so cold. This is the common problem that comes for the guests and the groom. You may feel confused to choose the best guest wedding dress to be worn in the winter season. You must remain to be able to look beautiful with the great dress. Commonly, wedding guest dresses is identical with the black color. Actually, although many people commonly wear the black wedding dress in the winter season, you can take the different choice. The other colors beside black will be suitable if the model of the style of the dress can be suitable. In this time, you will learn about the tips on how to choose the guest wedding dress especially that is worn in the winter season.
The things you should keep in your mind before going to the boutique to choose the best winter wedding guest dresses, don’t forget to think about the materials, model, and the great colors to be chosen by you. The following is the clear information for you.
Think about the material of the wedding guest dresses for winter
Before thinking the other parts about wedding guest dresses for winter, it is the most important thing for you to think about the material that you will choose because it has the role to give you the comfort. Because you wear the dress in the winter season, the right choice is choosing rather material because it will keep you feeling warmer. One example material that can be chosen by you is Battenberg material.
But if you have no idea, then you maybe interested to try the idea from Basilica Winter Angelina Gown which is for me very very much beautiful. Or, you might love to wear Alice Temperley dress.
Choose the right color for your dress
Commonly, many people choose the black color for their wedding guest gown for winter. This is because black can give the warm. However, if you want to choose the other colors, it doesn’t matter. For example, you can choose the pink color for your option.
Read Also : Black Dresses for Weddings’ Guest Ideas
Consider about the sleeves
Although you can choose the short sleeves, the long sleeves are the best option for the guest dresses for winter. It can protect you from the extreme season so you feel comfortable. If you don’t like the long sleeves, you can choose the alternative choice that is three-quarters sleeves. This will be more fashionable.
Read Also : Perfect Beach Wedding Guest Dresses
Think about the accessory for the wedding guest dresses
Do you know about the right accessory for the wedding dresses for winter? Well, you can wear the scarf. Besides it can beautify your appearance, you will be protected from the cold feeling. The accessory can be vary, necklace with special charakter or color, even maybe spesial flowers in your head will add more value and looks.
Those are some important tips on how to choose the great wedding dresses for winter. If you pay attention of some of the things above, you will get the perfect wedding guest dresses. Not only being beautiful, you will feel comfortable. Hopefully, this information can help you in finding the dress that is perfect and suitable for you.

domain: design


text:
New Delhi: 'Dil Bechara' was Sushant Singh Rajput's much-anticipated film, but after his sudden demise, there's also an emotional connect with the film. The release of the film was postponed a couple of times between 2019 and early 2020. It was in June that the makers of 'Dil Bechara' decided to stream it online as a tribute to Sushant.
The trailer of the film releases today (July 6) and even before it has hit YouTube, it's the top trend on the internet.
Only love pic.twitter.com/xkbhMpn36h
— Mukesh Chhabra CSA (@CastingChhabra) July 5, 2020
'Dil Bechara' will be Sushant's last film. It stars Sanjana Sanghi opposite the late actor. The film narrates the love story of Kizie (Sanjana), a cancer patient, and Manny (Sushant), and how the duo explores life together.
The film has been shot in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, and in Paris. It went on floors in 2018.
'Dil Bechara', helmed by casting director Mukesh Chhabra, is the official remake of the 2014 Hollywood romantic drama 'The Fault In Our Stars', based on John Green's popular novel of the same name.
The film was initially titled 'Kizie Or Manny', but was later named 'Dil Bechara'.
— Fox Star Hindi (@foxstarhindi) July 13, 2018
Besides, Sushant and Sanjana, 'Dil Bechara' also stars Saif Ali Khan and Swastika Mukherjee in pivotal roles.
'Dil Bechara' streams on Disney+ Hotstar from July 24. It will be available for subscribers and non-subscribers too.

domain: artistic


text:
Students at Greenville Montessori School are showing residents a little extra love this Valentine’s Day
WINTERVILLE, N.C. (WITN) - This is the third year in a row that students at Greenville Montessori will “Plant a Valentine.” That’s when students ages 3 to 12 plant a succulent to send out with the Meals on Wheels program.
Generations and strangers are connected by a simple gift as students plant a succulent in an old mug. That plant will then get delivered to Pitt County citizens with the Meals on Wheels, a program where some Pitt County residents receive a meal at their home once a week.
“So, Meals on Wheels have been going for 45 years, and we partnered with the Montessori School for the last several years, and what we’re really partnering with is an opportunity to bring joy and love to people who are mostly shut in mostly alone, isolated,” said Rich Zeck, the Executive Director of Council on Aging.
The gift will also come with a note written by students.
“I also think they’ll feel really happy because it’s something that is, you know, for Valentine’s Day. It’s like their gift, and it’s from someone they don’t know, so it’s like wow, even someone-a stranger who doesn’t know me at all still cares about me,” said student, Rylan Kelly.
Those who have received the gifts in the past say they do make a difference.
“Yes, it’s special. It’s special to know that we are thought of that way and loved by others,” said Pitt County resident Bertha Gaye.
The residents will continue to feel love as the students will continue making the plants up until Valentine’s Day with a goal of 250 to be distributed across the region.
Plant a valentine has been taking place for the past three years, and Gaye says she still has her’s from last year and loves to care for it.
Zeck said he is passionate about the idea of delivering hope to these residents, as the meal won’t last long but the plant will be a constant reminder of the love.
Copyright 2023 WITN. All rights reserved.

domain: news


Sigourney Weaver all up in ‘AVATAR’ sequels. As a new character.
Sigourney Weaver has been spittin’ the word that she’s returning to the Avatar Universe in the sequels for a while now. Most wondered how the fuck she would, since she died in the original flick. Like didn’t flowers eat her up and shit? Man — Avatar. That fucking movie was real, and people actually paid for it. Goodness gracious. Anyways, Jimmy Cameron found a way around her death in the original movie. Just give her a new character to portray.
Sigourney Weaver is officially heading back to Pandora. The Avatar actress has just been set for all three upcoming sequels, joining Sam Worthington, Zoë Saldana, and Stephen Lang.
At this point, moviegoers who saw the first Avatar (so, all of them) may be wondering how Weaver intends to return when her character, Grace, died in the first film. As it turns out, that isn’t an issue at all because Weaver isn’t playing Grace this time around. Hit the jump for details.
Weaver’s return hardly comes as a surprise, as both Weaver and Cameron have been teasing her potential return for years. Cameron has even suggested a few ways that Grace could be written back into the story despite her death. But it seems he’s going a different route entirely.
Sigourney and I have a long creative history, dating back to 1985 when we made Aliens. We’re good friends who’ve always worked well together, so it just feels right that she’s coming back for the Avatar sequels. Her character of Grace Augustine, as fans know, died in the first movie, so she’s playing a different and in many ways more challenging character in the upcoming films. We’re both looking forward to this new creative challenge, the latest chapter in our long and continuing collaboration. [/Film]


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Related Post : Foto abg bugil xj
How To Get To SM Mall of Asia and MOA Arena? | Directions
The SM Mall of Asia (SM MOA) is the second largest shopping mall in the country and the fourth largest in the world. SM MOA is located in the Bay City in Pasay City ...
Last update Mon, 16 Apr 2018 06:27:00 GMT Read More
Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for....
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domain: geography


text:
Will sugar dissolve in urine if pregnant?
Now notice how sugar reacts after you pour urine on it. If the sugar starts forming clumps, it means you are pregnant and if the sugar dissolves quickly, it means you are not pregnant. The hCG hormone released from the urine does not allow the sugar to dissolve properly.
How long does the sugar pregnancy test take?
You will be asked to drink a liquid that contains glucose (75 g). You will have blood drawn before you drink the liquid, and again 2 more times every 60 minutes after you drink it. Each time, your blood glucose level will be checked. Allow at least 2 hours for this test.
Are homemade pregnancy tests reliable?
Drugstore home pregnancy tests claim to be about 99 percent accurate. Pregnancy tests are more accurate when the first urine of the day is used.
Can instant pregnancy test be wrong?
Could a positive result be wrong? Although rare, it’s possible to get a positive result from a home pregnancy test when you’re not actually pregnant. This is known as a false-positive.
Can sugar pregnancy test be wrong?
Is a sugar pregnancy test accurate? There is no evidence that the sugar pregnancy test is accurate. No recent scientific study has tested this method, and many anecdotes on message boards do not support its use. Some people who use this test claim that it offers earlier results than home pregnancy tests.
How can I test pregnancy with sugar?
What a positive result looks like. According to the popular belief, if you have hCG in your urine, the sugar won’t dissolve like it normally would. Instead, advocates of this test say the sugar will clump, indicating pregnancy. So for a supposedly positive result, you’ll see clumps of sugar in the bottom of the bowl.
Does sugar dissolve in pee?
What does a negative result look like? Fans of the test say that a positive result will cause the sugar to turn dry and clumpy. If the result is negative, the sugar will just dissolve in the urine, they claim.
How can I check if Im pregnant without a pregnancy test?
The most common early signs and symptoms of pregnancy might include:
- Missed period. If you’re in your childbearing years and a week or more has passed without the start of an expected menstrual cycle, you might be pregnant. …
- Tender, swollen breasts. …
- Nausea with or without vomiting. …
- Increased urination. …
Why do I feel like I’m pregnant but the test says negative?
If you feel pregnant but had a negative test result, you may have experienced a very early miscarriage (also known as a chemical pregnancy). This occurs when there is a problem with the fertilized egg, most commonly a chromosomal disorder that makes the pregnancy non-viable.
Does water mess up pregnancy test?
Don’t drink too much water, or any liquid, before taking a pregnancy test. Excess fluids can impact the accuracy of the test results, so if your urine is diluted or pale yellow, hold off on taking a test. Diluted urine tends to also have diluted hCG levels which can skew the test results.

domain: chemistry


Embossing of membrane keyboards
Membrane keypads are made of a polycarbonate film, and the key area is embossed upwards. Our customers supply the printed films and the template for embossing the keys.
We manufacture the necessary tools, set up the embossing press and emboss the keyboards. For this purpose, a hydraulic embossing press with a sliding table is available.


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By Brazen_Intellect 13 Comments
Good - Best thing to come out of Marvel Now
Bad - Worst thing to come out of Marvel Now
Ugly - Character your most afraid for based on the new direction
Give one example for each of the three, this can be on current series or ones in discussion where the premise and rosters are known.

domain: entertainment


Slashing the Renewable Energy Target (RET) as proposed by the Federal Government would smash the value of projects that are already operating, and potentially expose the government to massive compensation claims by those affected, new analysis by law firm Baker & McKenzie reveals.
The report Financing impacts of amendments to the Renewable Energy Target examines the risks that are likely to arise should the government’s proposal to cut the target be implemented, and how this would impact financial and contractual arrangements for existing and future large-scale renewable energy projects.
The report also examines the issues and complexity associated with designing and implementing any compensation regime to compensate existing renewable energy projects.
While the Federal Government has repeatedly assured the industry that changes to the RET would not affect existing investments, its position announced last Wednesday made no reference to compensation to off-set the retrospective hit on existing investments that would result from its proposed 64 per cent slashing of the current scheme.
Clean Energy Council Acting Chief Executive Kane Thornton said it was not only future projects and jobs that were on the line if the RET was slashed.
“A retrospective change to the policy would result in financial impairment and a substantial risk that existing projects and businesses would collapse, as well as inflicting damage on Australia’s reputation as a safe place to invest,” Mr Thornton said.
“This report shows that a cut in the target of the scale proposed by the government would have far reaching and damaging consequences, and also that ensuring adequate compensation would be an extraordinarily complex and expensive task.
“The finance for every renewable energy project is significantly different, and compensation or transitional assistance would need to be different for each and every project.”
Mr Thornton said over $10 billion worth of investment had been made in large scale renewable energy projects, and those investments were made based on the legislated 41,000 GWh target.
“The legislated policy provides the revenue to underpin the investments in renewable energy projects out to 2030, but this revenue would collapse if the RET is cut, smashing the companies which invested behind the policy based on its long-standing bipartisan support,” he said.
“The Renewable Energy Target legislation that has been supported by all political parties for over a decade is explicit about the 41,000 GWh target, and the Coalition re-stated its commitment to the fixed 41,000 GWh target in the lead up to the recent election.
“Moving the goal posts so significantly on investors would result in massive asset devaluation, job losses and business closures, and send a signal to international investors that Australia is closed for business. The future viability of existing renewable energy projects is highly dependent on a strong, bipartisan policy.”
The main findings of the report are as follows:
- Any substantial reduction of the RET will lead to renewable energy certificate prices being substantially lower than prices modelled for operating and future projects for the purposes of equity and debt financing.
- Any substantial reduction to the RET will trigger a review of existing funding arrangements by lenders. The cost of capital for equity is likely to be higher, reflecting the higher cost.
- There are likely to be legal challenges to any legislative change made to the RET which results in adverse financial impacts on renewable energy operators and developers.
- Any compensation and transitional assistance regime will need to be designed for the specific financial arrangements of each and every renewable energy project.
- Designing and implementing compensation or transitional assistance will involve significant inherent complexities and policy issues that could potentially undermine the overall effectiveness and efficiency of a reduced RET.
- There is a risk for the Australian Government that the policy objective of achieving even reduced targets might not be met because of the impacts resulting from sovereign risk associated with a reduction to the RET.
- The vast majority of existing projects will be up for refinancing over the period 2016-2018. Existing projects might not be able to meet the minimum financing requirements based on the revised set of risk assumptions and parameters.
Financing impacts of amendments to the Renewable Energy Target is available from the Clean Energy Council website.
Please contact Clean Energy Council Media Manager Mark Bretherton on 0413 556 981 for more information or to organise an interview.


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Maker: Case attributed to André Charles Boulle (French, Paris 1642–1732 Paris)
Artist: After a design by Jean Berain (French, Saint-Mihiel 1640–1711 Paris)
Maker: Clock by Jacques III Thuret (1669–1738) or
Maker: more likely his father, Isaac II Thuret (1630–1706)
Date: ca. 1690
Culture: French, Paris
Medium: Case and pedestal of oak with marquetry of tortoiseshell, engraved brass, and pewter; gilt bronze; dial of gilt brass with white enameled Arabic numerals; movement of brass and steel
Dimensions: 87 1/4 x 13 3/4 x 11 3/8 in. (221.6 x 34.9 x 28.9 cm); Other (clock and crest): 24 1/2 in. (62.2cm)
Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1958
Accession Number: 58.53a–c
The eight-day, spring-wound movement originally had a shorter bob pendulum (now a Brocot-type replacement of the late nineteenth century) and hour and quarter rack striking (now mostly missing). Although it is the product of a member of a distinguished family of Parisian clockmakers, this clock is more important for its case and pedestal. Both the inlay and mounts of the case are thought to have been made in André-Charles Boulle's workshop. Boulle was by far the best known cabinetmaker of the Louis XIV period; like the Thurets, he was granted the use of a royal workshop in the Louvre. Many of the decorative motifs seen here are based on ornament engravings by Jean Berain, including the flaming urns on the crest, the four sphinxes supporting the clock, the female mask set on the front of the pedestal, and the acanthus scrolls that flank it. Above the mask, the five inscriptions describing weather conditions indicate the perimeter of what must have been a barometer dial. In fact, the pedestal door is perforated behind the mask to accommodate the spindle of a pointer.
This clock and pedestal are part of a small series that derive from an original model that Boulle supplied the marquis de Louvois (d. 1690), the French king's minister of war and the arts, and it may have been one of those offered as a prize in a lottery organized in Paris by Isaac Thuret in May 1691.


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Every aquarium will eventually leak.
One never notices what has been done; one can only see what remains to be done.
To be one, to be united is a great thing. But to respect the right to be different is maybe even greater.
You laugh at me because I'm different, I laugh at you because you're all the same.
Never pick a fight with an ugly person, they've got nothing to lose.
Yesterday I was clever, so I wanted to change the world. Today I am wise, so I am changing myself.
Wonder is the beginning of wisdom.
Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies.
A man who as a physical being is always turned toward the outside, thinking that his happiness lies outside him, finally turns inward and discovers that the source is within him.
A crust eaten in peace is better than a banquet partaken in anxiety.
Promises are like crying babies in a theater, they should be carried out at once.
There are no limitations to the mind except those we acknowledge.
Never argue with an idiot. They drag you down to their level and then beat you with experience.
Our society is run by insane people for insane objectives.
Drop the idea of becoming someone, because you are already a masterpiece. You cannot be improved. You have only to come to it, to know it, to realize it.
Circumstances do not make a man, they reveal him.
Love one another, but make not a bond of love: Let it rather be a moving sea between the shores of your souls.
Men are not prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own minds.
To kill an error is as good a service as, and sometimes even better than, the establishing of a new truth or fact
It's not a question of learning much.On the contrary.It's a question of UNLEARNING much.
Yes, I guess you could say I am a loner, but I feel more lonely in a crowed room with boring people than I feel on my own.


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I want to bring to your attention a New York Times article published today, "Indian-Americans Test their Clout on Atom Pact that captures the surge in Indian-American activism inspired by the Indo-US nuclear deal. As you know Young India has been active on this front and its stance on the issue being included in the article is heartening.
I would like to take this opportunity to clarify my statement regarding immigrant activism that was quoted out of context. Young India itself is an organization made up of immigrants and we ourselves focus on issues that help us accrue intellectual credibility. In that context, it is an organization's and community's perogative to pursue all matters, big or small, to ensure a space at the table of democratic discourse. My statement was part of a larger answer in regards to the general question of immigrant activism.
On behalf of Young India I would like to take this opportunity to commend the efforts of the Indian-American community to galvanize itself on this issue. We may differ in our opinion pertaining to the details of the deal with our fellow citizens but as members of this larger community we are energized by every member of it that is dedicating time and energy to the cause of meaningful Indo-US relations.

domain: sociology


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Release Date:10/27/2014;Notes:Limited edition 2014 vinyl LP reissue. Revisiting the masters is crucial from time to time, and Friday Music makes The ...Click To Read More About This Product
Release Date:10/27/2014;Notes:Limited edition 2014 vinyl LP reissue. Revisiting the masters is crucial from time to time, and Friday Music makes The Allman Brothers Band's "Reach for the Sky" a worthy experience. The 1980 Arista Records release gets a fresh mastering by Joe Reagoso of Friday Music and Capital Mastering and is pressed on 180-gram audiophile vinyl. Of course, the music remains the centerpiece of this album. Dickey Betts and Dan Toler hammer out a stellar twin-guitar recording in "From the Madness of the West," which harkens back to the songs by Dickey and the late great Duane Allman. The band scored a hit with the bluesy "Angeline." "Angeline" climbed up to #58 on the Billboard Hot 100, while the album peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200 chart.;Track List:1. Hell High Water;2. Mystery Woman;3. From the Madness of the West;4. I Got a Right to Be Wrong;5. Angeline;6. Famous Last Words;7. Keep on Keepin' on;8. So Long;Special Attributes:LIMITED EDITION, 180 GRAM VINYL, GATEFOLD LP JACKET, ANNIVERSARY EDITION
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


*Pictures show 6" potted specimen - natural variation in size and appearance may occur.
Alocasia gagena 'Cali'
No need for helicopter plant parenting
Avoid direct sunlight
Once A Week
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50% Potting/Compost | 25% Peat Moss | 25% Perlite
55°F - 75°F
Normal household humidity is fine
Appreciates filtered or indirect light, evenly moist soil and excellent drainage there know tut i do
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Researchers from FOM research institute AMOLF in the Netherlands have produced the first images of a cloud of heavy protein ions during deposition and ionization. The images, enabled by an innovative detector, have provided the researchers with an insight into how protein ions on tissue are formed. The research has been published online on 3 September 2013 as a Very Important Paper (VIP) in Angewandte Chemie.
To produce the images, researchers from the group of professor Ron Heeren combined the so-called Timepix detector with a mass spectrometer, conventional detectors struggle with demonstrating the presence of large intact proteins in biological samples.
The Timepix detector was developed for high-energy physics, so the AMOLF researchers first had to adapt it for protein analysis. They did this by removing a photon sensor and replacing it with a plate sensitive for charged particles such as ions. The Timepix detector chip consists of 262,144 individual pixels, each of which separately measures the mass and location of the protein ions. Consequently the detector does not make a single measurement but produces 262,144 spectra from a single desorption event. The information density therefore strongly increases.
Read more at: Phys.org


text: EkoPet is a superlight non-clumping hygienic cat litter. Each granule contains thousands of fast acting micropores which quickly absorbs liquid like a sponge instantly trapping any unpleasant odours. Because EkoPet hygienic cat litter instantly locks in all liquid this controls bacteria more effectively than conventional lightweight litters, ensuring any cat’s well-being and contentment. It’s a clean lightweight cat litter, during production it’s autoclaved in high pressure steam, so it’s sanitary and very hygienic. Additionally it has a special additive with antibacterial action to reduce the unpleasant odour of cat’s waste.

domain: pet


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We are thrilled and proud to welcome Petra Karlsson as the latest artist to join our Gallery. Once you see the passion and creativity that Petra puts into all her artistic expressions, you’ll immediately see why we are sure that she will be a popular addition to the family.
Petra’s works have been displayed at many exhibitions around the world such as The Glass Museum of Sweden and Art3f (Monaco), Contemporary Art Expo (Brussels), Gallery Katarina (Stockholm), and ArtExpo (New York).
Petra’s love of glass art evolved from her studies at some of the world’s premier art educational institutions, i.e., ArtTex Lunds Folkuniversitet (Växjö, Sweden), Glass Design and Marketing Växjö University (Växjö, Sweden), and Urban Glass (Brooklyn, New York)
Petra lives and works in Urshuit, Sweden, about two hours north of Copenhagen.


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Calendar overview 994
|Wolfgang , missionary and bishop of Regensburg dies.|
|994 in other calendars|
|Armenian calendar||442/443 (turn of the year July)|
|Buddhist calendar||1537/38 (southern Buddhism); 1536/37 (alternative calculation according to Buddhas Parinirvana )|
|Chinese calendar||61st (62nd) cycle|
|Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)||356/357 (turn of the year April)|
|Islamic calendar||383/384 (turn of the year February 14/15)|
|Jewish calendar||4754/55 (September 7/8)|
ab urbe condita MDCCXLVII (1747)
Diocletian's era : 710/711 (New Year November)
|Seleucid era||Babylon: 1304/05 (April)
Syria: 1305/06 (October)
|Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)||1050/51 (turn of the year April)|
Politics and world events
- July 10th : After the death of Leopold I , his son Heinrich I becomes Margrave of Austria .
- December: García II becomes King of Navarre and Count of Aragón after the death of his father Sancho II .
- The Roman-German King Otto III. gradually emancipates himself from the reign of his grandmother Adelheid of Burgundy and increasingly makes his own decisions. He made his confidante Heribert von Köln Arch Chancellor of Italy , an office that was previously reserved exclusively for Italians.
- Lambert I becomes Count von Löwen .
- Viking Age : Viking attack on Stade , probably with the participation of the Danish King Sven Gabelbart ; first documentary mention of the city by Thietmar von Merseburg .
- to 986 /994: In the battle of hjörungavágr between the Norwegian Jarl Håkon and a Danish allegedly from the fleet, Jomswikingern is supported, win the Norwegians .
- Rajaraja I. , ruler of the Chola , invades the heartland of the Chera and destroys the ships of Bhaskara Ravi Varman Thiruvadi in the battle of Kandalur Salai .
City rights and first documentary mentions
- Quedlinburg receives from King Otto III. awarded the city charter. Linked to this are market, coin and customs law.
- First documentary mention of Kirchberg BE and Uetendorf
- Ludolf succeeds Egbert, who died the previous year, as Archbishop of Trier .
- Gebhard I. succeeds Wolfgang , who died on October 31st, as Bishop of Regensburg .
- Count Palatine Aribo I of Bavaria and his wife Adala found the Seeon Monastery .
- Benedictines found the Santa Maria in Strada monastery north of Bologna .
- 994/ 995 : The Abbey of St. Victor in front of Mainz was founded and in the presence of Otto III. inaugurated by the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis .
- November 7 : Abū Muhammad ʿAlī ibn Ahmad Ibn Hazm az-Zāhirī al-Andalusī , Arab polymath in the Caliphate of Cordoba († 1064 )
- Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Husain ibn ʿAli ibn Mūsā al-Chusraudschirdī al-Baihaqi , Sunni scholar († 1066 )
- Alfonso V , King of León († 1028 )
- February 19 : Erp , Bishop of Verden
- April 23 : Gerhard I , Bishop of Toul (* 935 )
- April: Ekbert vom Ambergau , Count in Amberau and Derlingau, Vogt of the Diocese of Münster and Lord of the Alaburg (* around 932 )
- July 10 : Leopold I , Margrave of Austria (* around 940 )
- August 28 : Hadwig , Duchess of Swabia (* around 940 )
- October 28 : Sigeric the Serious , Bishop of Ramsbury and Archbishop of Canterbury
- October 31 : Wolfgang , missionary and bishop of Regensburg, saint of the Catholic Church (* around 924 )
- December: Sancho II , King of Navarre and Count of Aragón (* 938 )

domain: history


text:
Results 1-10 of 9,972
G8 EDUCATION - BRISBANE, QLD
... and we are currently seeking an experienced Group Financial Reporting Manager to join our Finance team on a 10-month maternity leave contract based at both our Brisbane and Gold Coast ... ofices. Reporting to the Financial Controller, you will manage a team of 5 Accountants, focused on delivering the consolidated group results and the production of timely and accurate ...
CITI AUSTRALIA - MELBOURNE, VICTORIA
... are promoted based on merit, where we value and demand respect for others and where opportunities to develop are widely available to all. Your role as a Tax & Financial Reporting Manager ... will be to lead a small team responsible for the successful delivery of tax, financial statements and other regulatory reporting to our superannuation fund and managed investment trust clients ...
JOBLEADS - MELBOURNE, VICTORIA
Financial and statutory reporting Consolidated group financial statements Packs and presentations Technical accounting papers and memos Ad hoc projects This position will challenge any accountant and would ideally suit an incumbent currently working in a ...150000 - 200000
AUREC - NEW SOUTH WALES, PARRAMATTA
Data Visualisation and Reporting Manager to work on large program storytelling and visualising data utilising Power BI with a team. What you will be doing: Identify reporting ... of all reporting data and ensure compliance with Quality Management Framework Manage all reporting activities for various groups Apply Design thinking to create data visualisation ...
PAGEGROUP - NSW
Develop, implement and maintain effective project reporting and data management systems and processes that meet best practice requirements. A critical requirement of this role ... of all reporting data associated with the program and ensure compliance with Quality Management Standards Develop a visualisation and reporting framework for the program and implement ...
PAXUS - PARRAMATTA , SYDNEY
... this into a captivating narrative using non-technical language Oversee the management of all reporting data associated with the program and ensure compliance with Quality Management Standards Develop ... with Project Managers and SMEs across the program to ensure reporting is driven from a single source of truth utilising sustainable and trusted sources of data Manage all reporting activities ...
PEOPLEBANK - PARRAMATTA, NEW SOUTH WALES
About the Company A large and well known Australian business, providing an integrated customer experience to its services. About the Role As Reporting Manager you ... will be responsible for to developing, implementing and maintaining effective project reporting and data management systems and processes that meet best practice requirements. A critical requirement ...
SPORT AUSTRALIA - CANBERRA, ACT
Data and Reporting Manager As the leading sports agency in Australia, Sport Australia is focused on getting more Australians participating and excelling in sport. The Sport ... and Reporting Manager is a key driver supporting the delivery of an online national grants program to get Australian students active. As a member of the Sporting Schools team, you ...$90,203 - $103,998 PA + UP TO 15.4 % SUPERANNUATION
AXR - CBD, SYDNEY
... and these changing dynamics have created a greater demand for commercially orientated finance professionals capable of assisting with strategic delivery. ABOUT THE ROLE Reporting to the Head of FP ... &A, the FP&A Manager is responsible for the delivery of divisional results, reporting, annual budgets, forecasting and 5-year strategy updates to the executive team. The role will provide ...150000.00 - 160000.00 (ANNUAL SALARY)
TALENT WEB - NEW SOUTH WALES, SYDNEY
... Reporting Manager to undertake a 12-month contract, providing cover for a secondment into the business. This initial contract is the ideal introduction into a large and diverse group ...UP TO AU$170000.00 PER ANNUM
Find out your market rate by simply uploading your CV
Continue your search from your iPhone or Android phone.
532 new job listings for this search have been found in the last calendar day, compared with 1,007 in the last 72 hours and 3,177 in the last week.
The average salary for open Reporting Manager jobs is currently $99,272, 5% higher than the national average salary for all jobs which is $94,275.
There are 9,972 Reporting Manager job vacancies in Australia available immediately, compared to 3,836 in New South Wales.
Companies presently offering Reporting Manager job vacancies in Australia include Country Road, Coles, Queensland Government..
94% of the live vacancies are full-time, however 6% of them are part-time positions.
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domain: finance


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Groove Armada take over the 6 Mix as Tom Findlay sits in for Iyare.
BBC Radio 6 Music
An underground dance pioneer special featuring a headline mix from producer Luke Soloman.
Iyare hosts a 'Godfathers of American Alt-Rock' mix special.
UK producer Jagz Kooner chooses a selection of tracks.


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Football is not one of Finn's passions - much to his father's chagrin. A strange crow lures the boy away from the sports ground to an enchanted-looking farmhouse nearby where he encounters a mysterious man in a black coat with a flowing mane of white hair. Finn is entranced when old Luuk starts playing his violin. All at once Finn's mother - who died years before - appears to him, her face wreathed in smiles just as he remembers her from a photograph. From this moment on, Finn wants nothing more than to learn how to play the violin so he can repeat this magical experience. But he has his father to reckon with...
2014: World Film Festival Montreal (CA), Kids International Film Festival Toronto (CA), BFI London Film Festival (UK), Giffoni Film Festival (IT), Tel Aviv International Children's Film Festival (IL), Tokyo Children's Film Festival (JP), Manburger Kinder- und Jugendfilmfestival (DE), Bielefelder International Film Festival (DE)
2014: Golden Griffioen Elements +10 - Giffoni Film Festival (IT), Jury Award - Tel Aviv International Children's Film Festival (IL), Special Jury's Feature Film Award - Tokyo Children's Film Festival (JP), Best Film - Manburger Kinder- und Jugendfilmfestival (DE), Best Youth Film - Bielefelder International Film Festival (DE)
Sabine Veenendaal, Michiel de Rooij & Jeroen Beker


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I sort of kept to the 80’s theme by including a poet who was around in the 80’s! Charles Bukowski is a German-American writer. I’ve seen a lot of his poems and short quotes on Pinterest and I love his writing. It’s very raw and straight forward, and he talks a lot about serious topics, such as alcoholism, poverty, and relationship issues. The remix I chose was to do an assignment that you wouldn’t want your parents to see (parental advisory card). I had already created poetry art a few weeks ago and it was one of my favorite things I did, so I chose to go with that similar assignment. I tried to keep to the similar minimalistic theme as my previous poetry art assignment. I kept the pinks and greens of the paintbrush strokes and wanted to keep the elements of the bottle and hands similar to the lines I created around the person in that picture. I found the quote and pictures on Pinterest and edited it using Canva, instead of through PicsArt like I did originally. I edited the images in Canva using an effect called “distorted”. I think using this effect provides a visualization of how someone’s reality is distorted when they drink or take drugs, and especially when they do both at the same time. The background I […]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5d-2PbL348&feature=youtu.be Hey everyone! So I created my own mashup assignment (maybe I didn’t but when I was looking I didn’t find one like this) but I’m sure there’s something similar to it out there. Basically I just combined my audio from this assignment a couple of weeks back, and some video clips I found on Pexels. I tried to match the clips to the aesthetic of the sound I had created. For example, you’ll see in the video that the first clip is of rain (of course) and then followed by a clip of someone playing the piano as those keys chime in from the audio. Surprisingly, if you look closely enough, some of the keys that are being played in the audio seem to match up with the person playing in the video. It’s not perfect, but there’s a bit of synchrony there and that was a stroke of luck for me because I didn’t try for that! I also color edited a few of the clips, such as the kids playing in the rain, the picture of the plants blowing in the wind. For each clip, I increased the temperature and saturation a bit and brought down the brightness a little. I wanted to create a fall, rainy day vibe. As the audio got quicker I made the clips shorter to match […]
For this remix assignment, I decided to remix one of my old poster designs and add a Dr. Suess character to it. The original assignment I created was a Body Dysmorphia poster. I spent some time looking up Dr. Suess characters, trying to figure out which one would fit the best. My first choice was Horton (the elephant), but then I thought about the Grinch. The idea I had for him came together gradually. I thought about doing a body dysmorphia poster but then it kind of turned into a personality disorder poster (part of the remix on my end I guess). What I wanted to get across in this image I created is how The Grinch is battling with himself. In the mirror, he sees an angry image, who’s supposed to not care about anyone or anything and wreak havoc. But inside he knows he’s good! Or at least, he knows he’s able to become good!
⭐⭐⭐⭐ (I’m rating it a 2 personally) Hey guys! So this assignment was very simple and easy to do. I just had to take a picture of a friend doing something in the moment that looks like one of the emojis on a phone. My sister was with me doing her homework when I found this assignment, and I asked for her help. She told me her favorite emoji was the one smirking with sunglasses on, so she found a pair and I took a picture of her! These are the results: Since this assignment was very easy and done in two seconds, I chose to do a third assignment to do, so that will be my next post! What is your favorite emoji?
✰✰✰✰ For this assignment, I chose to combine two famous 80’s movie scenes into one picture. I’ve seen this picture of the scene many times, just in pictures and references on blog posts, etc., but I’ve actually never seen the movie itself (Say Anything). Maybe it’ll be the next quarantine movie I’ll watch! I tried to make it look like these two were jamming out to music together and trying to get someone’s attention. I got both pictures from Pinterest and edited it using PicsArt on my phone. I think the lower part of Bender’s body up until it reaches his arm looks pretty realistic. It was hard to crop his arm and the head, but I’m pretty happy with how it turned out. I chose these two scenes because I figured it would be easier to make it look like one whole picture with people who were presenting in similar positions (standing), wearing similar clothing (the coats). To me, they honestly look like they could be friends! I had thoughts at first about putting the guy with the boombox (not sure his name) in Bender’s end scene (on the football field) but I thought that background with the car might’ve made that more difficult to do. Let me know what you think! If you’ve seen both of these movies, which do you […]
4 Stars This is one of my favorite videos I’ve made in this class so far! It even tops last week’s “All About the 80s”. For this video, the assignment was to ask people their opinion on something. The first idea that popped into my head was: “pineapple on pizza!”. It’s pretty cliche and basic, I’ve seen a lot of “arguments” about it on Twitter, and I thought it would be a fun and easy topic to do. What was not easy, was the editing process. It’s very different working with your own footage, compared to using someone else’s. I paid way more attention to the details this time, and since it was my own footage I was able to be more creative with it. I tried out a new video editing software this week called Filmora. I like the Windows Movie editor but it’s extremely limited in what it can do. Filmora is incredibly user friendly, and I am super happy I chose this one. For someone who’s a beginner, I was able to quickly pick up the elements, yet it still has many advanced features that I still have yet to master! Here’s a screenshot of my editing screen (Filmora9): And here’s the video! (all credits are listed in the video description): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51Eo5u7_CBM
I have a much better appreciation and respect for those who decided to take on careers (or even just a hobby) in cinematography. I thought the Youtube videos that we were recommended to watch were full of amazing information. My favorite video was the one about the chairs. Who knew that something so simple could have such a huge effect? But I guess that really is the whole take-home message from this experience. There are so many details in the cutting, angles, movement, environment and much more that truly go into making films than I could’ve ever imagined before, and it’s not easy work! I also thought the video that showed the scene from the Avengers was interesting…it really is a bland scene! I took notes from the sources provided and typed them up in my Google Docs and used those notes to apply them to this video. I tried to watch for every aspect of the things that I learned from the videos and readings. I narrated the things that stood out to me the most, what elements I thought were being used, and what grabbed my attention, but I still struggled a bit and feel like there was much more I could’ve said about this scene. The whole process of making the video was similar to my others. I grabbed the scene […]
View this post on Instagram where i’m spending quarantine #ds106 A post shared by @ rachelds106 on Mar 27, 2020 at 4:38pm PDT My last two video assignments together gave me 9 stars, so I chose a super easy one to make it to ten! I took this boomerang of my room, where I’ve been spending the majority of my time recently. I thought about making my bed/just cleaning it up to make it look nicer, but I thought: “Might as well make it a realistic boomerang!”
https://youtu.be/h13NoU4kmxw The second video project I decided to do was to create a book trailer. It was much harder than anticipated for a few reasons…Unlike my first project, Youtube failed when it came to providing the types of clips I needed for this, so I resorted to Videvo and Pexels, and even finding clips from there was difficult. Secondly, I had to create my own background audio which took so much more time than I thought it would. I had to figure out the exact times when certain audios were to be played for certain clips, trim the audio I downloaded and tried to make it flow smoothly, which was the most frustrating part. To be honest, I am only about 85% happy with how it sounds, but since I’m in a time crunch and also have to juggle other online courses, I decided to stop fiddling with the audio and leave it where it’s at. Despite the struggles, I am still proud of my work. I wish the overall video was longer and I could’ve found clips that would’ve suited it better, but I believe I captured the novel well. In the description for the assignment, it said not to give any spoilers away, and even though it looks in the video like I did, there is much more depth to the story […]
Hi! So I chose option 2 for this week (do 10 stars worth of video assignments) and I chose to create a mash-up trailer. At first this task seemed super daunting, and I admit it was a bit challenging at first because I’ve never done something like it before, BUT…..it ended up being my favorite thing I’ve ever created so far for this class. I decided to take my own twist on the project, and instead of a movie trailer, I created a short film/”trailer” all about the 80s. Here’s a list from my notes about what I chose to include in the video: Historical events Popular movies Popular musicians Fashion Technology/arcades/games This project was super time consuming, especially trimming and splitting the videos to show the exact moments I wanted. I pulled the videos from Youtube, which also was time-consuming because I had to watch a lot of things, and pick/chose which videos I thought would fit best. To download the videos from Youtube, I used “4k downloader” and it did the job perfectly, great app. To put the clips together, I used the generic Windows Movie/Photo app on my laptop, which is super basic (perfect for beginners). I wish it had more features, such as more available background music or a way to transition the clips in cool ways, but overall I’m […]

domain: hobby


text:
Create a list of articles to read later. You will be able to access your list from any article in Discover.
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Like small signposts, these curious organisms can tell us a lot about the air we are breathing.
Fresh, clean air is wonderful to breathe in. Without the health risks of air pollution, fresh air feels great for our lungs.
Lichens love clean air too - in fact, their sensitivity to air pollution means they make good air quality indicators.
Lichens are able to tell us the effects of air pollution on ecosystems, not just of the number of pollution particles in the air. This is handy if you want to know how air pollution is changing ecological communities and what that means for the people who rely on them.
If you don't yet know what lichens look like, once you start searching you might see them everywhere, even in the unlikeliest of places.
Lichens are miniature ecosystems made of fungus and an algae and/or cyanobacteria. These different life forms work so closely together that the algae or cyanobacteria actually sits inside the fungus. The algae or cyanobacteria provide the fungus with sugars made from sunlight, and the fungus provides the home.
Lichens look like spots or clumps of colour, like someone has splashed paint onto a branch of a tree. Their colours range from green to brown to white to russet red. Even in these colours, lichens can be understated additions to tree trunks and rocks, and you might miss them at first glance.
There are many types of lichen but they only grow in three ways. They can be branched like tiny shrubs, they can have crinkly little leaves or they can grow like a crust on a surface.
The Museum has a lichen identification guide to help you look for and find different types of lichen in your area.
To grow, lichens get their nutrients from the air. Because lichens have no roots or protective surface, they cannot filter what they absorb, so anything in the air is taken straight inside. If there are pollutants, it can accumulate in the lichen and can become toxic very quickly.
Museum lichenologist Gothamie Weerakoon says that lichens make great air pollution indicators. She says, 'they are very sensitive and respond to pollution in short time frames.'
Butterflies, nematodes, frogs and toads are very good indicators of environmental pollutants, but lichens are easier to study and are quicker to respond to environmental change.
Next time you are on a walk, you can look around for the types of lichen that grow in your area. As a rule of thumb, the smaller the size and less variety of lichens in an area, the more polluted is the environment.
Two main air pollutants that affect lichen growth are nitrogen and sulphur dioxide.
We breathe in harmless nitrogen gas all the time - in fact it makes up a large part of Earth's atmosphere. But when nitrogren is heated and combined with oxygen (as it is in a car engine), nitrogen oxides are created.
Nitrogen dioxide in the air can be a powerful polluter and becomes harmful for human health in high concentrations. In UK cities, around half the nitrogen dioxide air pollution comes from road traffic. Farms also emit nitrogen pollutants from fertilizers, farm machinery and livestock waste.
Nitrogen dioxide gas can inflame the lining of the lungs and can cause respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and a cough. Nitrogen dioxide can also decrease your body's immune response to lung infections. For people with asthma, nitrogen dioxide air pollution may mean more frequent attacks.
Some lichens will die in the presence of nitrogen, while others will thrive. By learning a few common lichen species, you can judge the nitrogen pollution levels in your area.
Sulphur dioxide pollution comes from coal burning and industry. This pollutant has killed many lichens around the UK in the past, but now because we burn less coal, they are beginning to return.
In high concentrations, sulphur dioxide can irritate the mucus lining of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Exposure to sulphur dioxide may cause coughing and tightness in your chest. People with asthma are more sensitive to sulphur dioxide pollution.
You can find out more about surveying lichens to assess air pollution as part of an earlier Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) citizen science project that mapped lichens in the UK.
Humans have many uses for lichens, including as a source of potential antibiotic, anti-fungal and anti-cancer drugs. Lichens also can be used in perfumes and incense and as a clothes dye.
Lichens are also important for other plants and animals. Their ability to grow in some barren places, like on the surface of a rock, allows for other things to grow in the organic material that lichens leave behind when they break down.
They are also food for many animals, including reindeer, squirrels, snails and insects.
Researchers at the Museum are part of a global team investigating nitrogen pollution from tea estates in Sri Lanka and in the forests of the Himalayas.
Tea growers in Sri Lanka use fertilizers that contain nitrogen in the form of ammonia. This ammonia does not stay on the tea farm, and some of it inevitably flows into the surrounding ecosystems.
The nitrogen is carried into the atmosphere through winds and sits in the clouds, ready to rain on the nearby mountains and cloud forests.
Gothamie is part of a team setting up permanent plots in Sri Lanka to monitor the effects of nitrogen air pollution. They are using lichens as indicators.
These plots sit high up in the mountain cloud forests, and the researchers are recording how the lichen community in these plots change over time.
To set up the experiment, they consider the local climate and known atmospheric nitrogen levels. They then release nitrogen in a controlled way onto the plots to test the effects of different nitrogen concentrations.
Gothamie says, 'Every year the amount of nitrogen increases in the atmosphere, from the increase of fertilisers being used.'
This research will help them understand how increases in fertiliser use on tea farms will change the ecology of southern Asia.

domain: biology


Continuing his bid to replace U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., businessman and veteran Todd Wilcox warned conservatives over the weekend about an out-of-control executive branch and the expansion of the federal government.
Going after both President Barack Obama and the GOP congressional leadership, Wilcox spoke at the the Republican Liberty Caucus of Central East Florida’s Constitution Day dinner Saturday night. He offered listeners his take on the federal government’s current course. Republican primary rival U.S. Rep. Ron DeSantis, R-Fla., had been scheduled to speak but canceled his appearance.
“I fear we are on the path to dystopia and I believe our future as a constitutional republic is in serious jeopardy,” Wilcox said. “Our national debt is $18.4 trillion, our unfunded liabilities and future obligations are more than $200 trillion and the number of people receiving entitlements nearly equals those who pay federal income taxes. This continued increase of federal spending was entirely predictable and America has developed a post-constitutional culture in which too many of us have been transformed from independent citizens into weak dependents, fully reliant upon the dispensations and ‘protections’ of government.”
He continued, “The fundamental goal of the Constitution was to ensure liberty; by separating the different powers of government so that no one branch of government would have all the tools to dominate the body politic. And yet over the last 100 years, with the growth in the federal government and entitlement spending, the executive branch has accumulated powers so vast that the entitlement state has killed the separation of powers. The Supreme Court and the Congress are now largely infirm, fatally weakened by the growth of an executive branch that provides ever-expanding entitlements, dispensations and protections.”
Wilcox told a packed crowd of more than 200 Republican activists and leaders that the federal government had overstepped its bounds.
“There is now no area of American life in which the federal government does not claim the role of caretaker,” Wilcox said. “It exists to make college education ‘affordable to all,’ to dispense subsidized health-care, to provide housing and mortgages, to furnish food and, yes, even cell phones. It secures access to ‘free’ birth control for young women and ‘protects’ children against obesity by dictating the menu for school lunches.”
The Senate hopeful slammed “corporate lobbyists” and businesses that rely on federal money.
“Huge sectors of our economy –- insurance, pharmaceuticals, transportation, construction, defense – are government dependents,” Wilcox insisted.
Taking aim at the Obama White House, Wilcox said the current administration is “encroaching on our personal freedom and liberty” and relying heavily on executive actions, undermining the economy and Americans’ privacy.
Wilcox said the other branches of the federal government are being run over by the executive branch.
“The immensity of the executive has transformed the Congress and the judiciary into political irrelevancies who act primarily to grease the skids of the so-called beneficent dispensations, protections and regulations,” Wilcox said. “The legislative branch is largely powerless in the face of an executive branch that is the fountainhead of popular gratifications in the form of entitlements.”
Wilcox also jabbed at the Republican majorities in charge of Capitol Hill. “Legislative leaders with large majorities are unable to utilize their overwhelming power of the purse to fight off the executive,” Wilcox said before turning his fire back to the White House. “The executive branch now stonewalls congressional investigations with impunity, blatantly ignores congressional statutes, enacts ever encroaching executive actions with total disregard for the rule of law.”
Focusing back on the Republicans, Wilcox said U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and U.S. House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, should not be afraid to play hardball with the White House even as a federal shutdown looms if an agreement is not reached by the end of the month.
“In the face of these breathtaking encroachments by the executive branch, both Speaker Boehner and Majority Leader McConnell have publicly eschewed a government shutdown,” Wilcox said.
“They know this new post-constitutional culture will not tolerate turning off the spigot of governmental money. Right or wrong, conservatives have surrendered their most powerful tool because they fear the new entitlement culture will jeopardize their reelection. The political unpopularity of government shutdowns should illustrate to all of us that our national culture has now changed.
“Congress is now the weakest branch of government,” Wilcox continued. “More importantly, Congress has intentionally enfeebled itself to get in on the game of spreading government entitlements, subsidies and protection. Congress, in short, is no longer a serious branch of government that grapples with the serious responsibilities it was given under the Constitution.”
Reminding the audience that he never has held elected office while his rivals have, Wilcox called for a restoration of “citizen government” and insisted politicians won’t be able to turn things around.
“Career politicians who called themselves conservatives ‘won’ the Congress and lost the culture,” Wilcox insisted before telling the crowd that the stakes are high.
“The average age of the world’s greatest civilizations has been 200 years,” Wilcox said in conclusion. “All of these failed nations have progressed through this sequence: from bondage to spiritual faith; spiritual faith to great courage; courage to liberty; liberty to abundance; abundance to selfishness; selfishness to apathy; apathy to dependence; and from dependency back again into bondage. America was founded 239 years ago. What stage are we in? Sadly I fear our constitutional republic is now passing over the horizon.
What will replace it is yet to be seen. But I refuse to sit by and watch it happen. That is why I am a candidate for the U.S. Senate.”
Besides Wilcox and DeSantis, Lt. Gov. Carlos Lopez-Cantera and U.S. Rep. David Jolly, R-Fla., are running for the Republican nomination. Rubio is running for the Republican presidential nomination and has said he will not run for a second term in the Senate.
Reach Kevin Derby at firstname.lastname@example.org or follow him on Twitter: @KevinDerbySSN


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MIFF 60: The Melbourne International Film Festival (1952-2011) — Melbourne, Australia
MIFF60 showcases 60 years of the Melbourne International Film Festival's graphic style, featuring original programmes, leaflets, photos and documents. It definitely offers an interesting look into Melbourne's cultural identities and the history of Australian graphic design.


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Ivan O. Rosas, MD
Dr. Rosas’ main clinical research interest is to determine the natural history of early stages of pulmonary fibrosis in susceptible cohorts. Through extensive phenotyping of patients affected with sporadic Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), kindred members affected with Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis (FPF), and rheumatoid arthritis patients affected with secondary pulmonary fibrosis, his research has shown that early pulmonary fibrosis can be readily detected in populations at risk. More recently his research has focused on the incidence of early interstitial lung disease in smokers.
Dr. Rosas is Director of the Pulmonary Fibrosis Program at Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Assistant Professor of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH)/Harvard Medical School. Dr. Rosas is working with LRRI to develop new capabilities such as animal models to better understand mechanisms involved in the etiology and to search for effective therapies. Faculty, post doctoral fellows, and graduate/undergraduate students are shared between LRRI and BWH, as are facilities, and clinical and animal research resources.
Dr. Rosas’ translational research efforts have focused on identifying novel molecular targets for diagnosis and treatment of human pulmonary fibrosis. Using gene-expression micro-arrays and targeted proteomics of broncho-alveolar lavage and peripheral blood, his research group has identified increases in levels of Syndecan-2 and Matrix Metalloprotease -7 in the lungs and peripheral blood of patients affected with IPF, suggesting that these proteins may have a role in disease progression. Presently his bench research focuses on potential molecular mechanisms by which these proteins contribute to the development of human pulmonary fibrosis.
Dr. Rosas is a member of the BWH Hospital Interstitial Lung Disease Program and the BWH Lung Transplant Program. The BWH Interstitial Lung Disease Program provides multi-disciplinary outpatient and inpatient care to patients affected with diverse forms of pulmonary fibrosis. Patients undergo an extensive evaluation by a pulmonologist, rheumatologist, cardiologist, and if required, a thoracic surgeon. Once diagnosis is confirmed, patients are treated with standard of care approaches and are invited to participate in clinical research trials or translational research protocols.
BWH Profile: http://researchfaculty.brighamandwomens.org/BRIProfile.aspx?id=4155

domain: medical


We are Mittal Bros wholesale trader and retailer of Digital Print Fabric, Polyester Chiffon Fabric, Polyester Crepe Fabric, Polyester Moss Crepe Fabric, Polyester Satin Fabric and Polyester Georgette Fabric,Polyester Georgette Border Print Fabric,Printed Polyester Satin Fabric,Jungle Print Fabric,Polyester Moss Crepe Fabric in New Delhi,Delhi, India
Mittal Bros : Retailer, wholesaler of chiffon fabric, crepe fabric, georgette fabric, polyester fabric, printed fabric, satin fabric in Delhi, Delhi, India.
|Nature of Business Trade
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Wholesale Merchants,Retail Store
Ravi Jain ( Partner )
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Delhi, Delhi, India
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Sole Proprietorship (Individual)
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26 to 50 People
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Rs. 1 - 5 Crore
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Payment due Upon Receipt, Cash in advance (CIA)
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Monday To Friday : 10:00 AM To 07:00 PM
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Legal Disclaimer of Mittal Bros is This is due to computer monitors displaying colors differently and everyone that the color you see accurately portrays the true color of the product.
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London Wedding Photographer
Hello my name is Phil Bourne, I'm a London based photographer. Welcome to e-motion images my wedding photography website. Please take a look through the site to see how I may help with your wedding photography needs. I am a professional London wedding photographer. My style of wedding photography combines creative, fashion inspired portraiture and reportage, or photojournalistic, wedding photography. My aim is to capture your natural personality, and to faithfully tell the story of your special day, leaving you with a unique, beautiful and stylish collection of wedding photographs. If you like what you see and want to discuss your wedding photography requirements in more detail then please get in touch. I hope you enjoy your visit and have fun planning your special day.


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Key Pieces of Lawn Care
The Lawn expert difference starts with our unique approach to lawn maintenance providers. When you choose Lawn Doctor to your lawn’s maintenance and maintenance, your services will be customized for your lawn mixture of grass kinds. Our regional offices bring experience and experience about the climate of your area and conditions to your own service plan. This way, you’ll attain lawn.
You will have everything you want to give your lawn strong rootsgrowth, and color. Our turf maintenance services operate to Make Sure your lawn receives all of the nutrients Lawn maintenance equipment. We help homeowners achieve healthier, more attractive lawns like core aeration, fertilization, electricity seeding, and soil pH correction.
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Our treatment programs that are pest include Yard Armour ® tick and mosquito control and perimeter pest management to rid your lawn of pests. The Lawn Doctor Guarantee At Lawn Doctor, we have worked hard to bring the very best in lawn maintenance. Countless families have fallen in love and we’re confident you’ll too. That is why we supply the Yard Doctor Guarantee*. If one of those support remedies leaves you less than 100% fulfilled, we will make it all right. Contact Our Lawn Care Experts Today Ready for a greener, more enjoyable lawn? Call now for a lawn care that is free quote. Each of our lawn care service pros begin to comprehend the requirements of each customer with a FREE Lawn Assessment of yard or her or his landscape. Once we have determined the issues of your lawn, we figure by a lawn treatment to continuing lawn upkeep, for you. Every landscape is different, so we will customize a lawn solution to deal with the specific requirements of your lawn.
The Lawn Care Game
Proper seeding and watering are indispensable for a healthy yard. For dispersing seed and watering, simple strategies would possess your lawn thriving. A lawn that is healthy is known by you when you visit it: a lush carpet, perfect for cartwheels and croquet. Why doesn’t your lawn look like that? “You know how in golf clubs they say ‘function as ball’? Well, you have got to be the grass. You’ve got to think about what it needs,” Gary says. The fundamentals are fairly easy: water sunlight and fertilizer.
Everyone’s happy — your yard and you once you get those down.
Here is how to begin. No matter which planting method you plan on using, you need to ready the region to banish weeds and be certain soil compact into ruts that are lumpy or wo crust over. A master gardener in West Virginia, John Griggs, says the main step — and one which many anglers bypass — is testing the soil’s pH. Do-it-yourself test kids are available from catalogs and nurseries, or you can make the most of the testing provided by the designated agricultural university of your state. “It may seem like a hassle, but testing your soil will save you from putting money into the ground,” John says. Green Lawn Maintenance Tips Practice Ahmed Hassan’s expert suggestions to get the greenest lawn in the area. Start by stripping the area of all weeds, including roots, even if that means taking off the top six inches. Then rototill into a thickness of at least six inches to loosen compaction and improve drainage. It’s extremely important to include loam and compost to enrich the soil experts suggest mixing equal parts of loam, sand along with your topsoil.
You are better off if you prevent pooling and incorporate a incline to alleviate drainage. Use a roller to pack the soil downlevel the area with a metal rake. Sod down or be as thorough as you can — remember, once you’ve put your seed, you regrade and can’t go back. To Seed or Not is your way to a gorgeous lawn. However, sod can get expensive, especially if your lawn will cover a large area. The alternate is seeding the area yourself, either by hand or using a method which has become very common. Long used by farmers to sow massive fields, hydroseeding solves one of the problems of hand seeding: even dispersal of seeds. The grass seed — a mixture of varieties blended for your climate and the sort of use your yard will get — is mixed into a pulp made from fertilizer wood fibers and binding agents.
Shave and a Haircut When it comes to sharing yard secrets, the one on garden pros’ lips is currently mowing height. The key, he says, is don’t, not more: “I’m a fantastic believer in benign neglect.” He recommends lifting the mower to the highest possible notch once you cut so you’re mowing just the upper third of the bud. Taller grass shading the floor so it doesn’t dry out, in addition to promotes root growth, Paul says. An added benefit: the grass blocks the sun that weed seeds need in order to germinate. And don’t think that leaving grass taller will mean mowing more frequently, ” says Gary. “There is a significant misunderstanding that a lot of folks have that if they cut it shorter, they won’t have to mow it as frequently,” say Gary. “But that is absolutely false; it renews itself so fast that it doesn’t save you any moment.” Water, Water Everywhere “Water only once a week, but water heavy” is the rule according to Paul. A weekly soaking helps roots extend deeper into the ground, while frequent waterings tend to cause thatch, that unsightly web of dry runners just above the soil. Watering may also prevent a pest which will attach dried, bugs, stressed out throughout the waist of the nation.
To figure out how much water your lawn needs, take your own dirt type into account soils dry out faster, while clay soils do not require watering often and hold moisture longer. To get a newly seeded lawn, water for five to ten minutes only. Your goal is to dampen the seeds without mar the surface together with gullies or causing runoff that might wash them away. After the seeds sprout and the fresh grass is really a half inch tall, water once every day. Please Feed Me the healthiest yard becomes hungry and needs a solid meal.
Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Lawn Care
Twice a year, fall and spring, is the bare minimum most experts advocate for fertilization, though some include a feeding in the middle of the summer. But beware the frequent N-P-K (nitrogen-phosphate-potassium) fertilizers popular with most gardeners, states Gary; they don’t offer everything your hungry grass requirements. He urges a fertilizer that includes micronutrients such as iron, copper and sulfur. “Much like you take a multivitamin, your grass needs one also,” says Gary. Every couple of decades, in addition to routine fertilizing, he recommends an application of dolomitic lime.

This is only because watering and fertilizing cause dirt to become acidic over time and lime restores the pH whilst putting back significant minerals like magnesium and calcium in the soil. In some Western regions, soils may not have this problem, so it’s ideal to check the pH of your soil first and are alkaline. Weeds, Proceed No doubt about it, crabgrass is the bane of each yard gardener’s existence. But that doesn’t mean herbicides are essential to a wholesome lawn; in fact, they are avoided by many experts. The key to weedsis to grow such bud that is healthier that it chokes the invaders out . Mowing regularly helps since it tops weeds such as crabgrass and dandelions off before they have a opportunity. When you do find yourself forced to do battle against a path of weeds, Paul recommends using one of the new “natural” herbicides that derive their effectiveness from corn gluten, salts out of fatty acids or other nonchemical sources. Air Supply When grass gets too nutrients can not permeate into the root system in which they needed. Where aeration — poking holes in your yard stems in, that is.

A tool which resembles two tubes attached to a very long handle’s end is aerated with by many individuals. Obviously, it is also possible to simply waltz your yard around in sports sneakers — which works well too. Kinds of Grass Some lawns have nicer textures (believe golf classes), while some feel like Astroturf below your feet. There are hundreds of kinds of grass each year, and new varieties are manufactured. As with all plant choices, climate plays a big role in determining which type of bud will work best for you personally personally — soil type, rainfall and other factors come into it. As a general rule, cool-season grasses go dormant during the warm weather, and warm-season grasses go dormant throughout the coolest months of the year; in locations where it’s possible to have a green lawn all year round, you would like a mixture of both those sorts. “I have lived in seven different countries and I have had seven different yards,” says master gardener John Griggs, that believes a local nursery school is among the best sources of advice on which kind of grass will work best in your town. Here’s a list of the options.

Lawn Doctor’s advantage is our regional professionals who understand all about the specific attributes of your area.

domain: agronomy


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Tuesday, 4 February 2014
B4S3 - hosted by XC Bragg Creek Ski Club - Feb 14, 2014
Join XC Bragg Creek Ski Club on Friday, Feb 14, 2014 for a fun day of ski racing in the third event of the four event Built for Speed (B4S) event series. The event will take place at West Bragg Creek ski trails.
This is the second 'development' event aimed at kids in their first or second year of racing, or who are just getting started with country skiing. The first B4S development event held Feb 1 in Canmore, hosted by Crystal Ridge and was a huge success. almost 80 kids participated all of whom were novice skiers and racers.
Registration for B4S3 is on zone 4 at https://zone4.ca/reg.asp?id=6458&lan=1&cartlevel=1
Event information is found at http://xcbraggcreek.ca/
Trail maps for west bragg ski trails are found at http://braggcreektrails.org/projects/west-bragg-all-season-trail-plan/maps.html

domain: sports


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Related Links:Fertility Pills Injectable Gonadotropins Menstrual Cycle Monitoring Human Chorionic Gonadotropin The Early Pregnancy Preparing For Pregnancy
The pituitary gland which sits at the base of the brain secretes chemical messengers (or hormones) which control the function of other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal and ovary. Two chemical signals emitted by the pituitary that control the ovaries are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH and FSH are called gonadotropins.
FSH causes one or more of the eggs resting in the ovary to activate. As eggs mature, fluid collects around them forming what is called a follicle. The cells of the follicle wall produce estrogen. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the follicle to release its ripe egg and produce the hormone progesterone.
Gonadotropins are ideal substances to stimulate the ovaries of women who either have no pituitary gland or lack their own gonadotropins. Also, gonadotropins may be more effective than fertility pills for stimulating the ovaries of individuals whose own FSH and LH are not properly coordinated. Finally and most commonly, gonadotropins are used to purposely hyperstimulate the ovaries of infertile women who ovulate normally. Controlled hyperstimulation is a part of several advanced reproductive technologies, including intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF).
In a natural ovulation cycle, follicles and surrounding cells emit chemical signals which feedback to the pituitary so that only one egg proceeds to ovulation each month. Because they override this innate feedback system, gonadotropins require careful monitoring in order to prevent unwanted hyperstimulation of the ovary.
Hyperstimulation has two undesirable consequences. First, too many eggs release, giving rise to multiple gestation (twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc.). Second, hyperstimulated ovaries become enlarged and cystic. These hyperstimulated ovaries may twist or produce chemical signals that cause fluid to leak out of blood vessels into body cavities, endangering a woman’s health.
We utilize ultrasound and blood testing to monitor our patients who take gonadotropins. Ultrasound predicts the number of eggs that will be released. (Remember, not every released egg will be fertilized.) Blood tests help determine the extent of overstimulation and time ovulation properly. If monitoring suggests too much risk of multiple birth or hyperstimulation, the treatment cycle may be cancelled.
Taking the Medication
Since FSH and LH are not absorbed intact into the body from the stomach, the medication is given by injection. Gonadotropins are dispensed as a powder which is dissolved in a sterile water vehicle just before it is injected. The procedure for reconstituting the medication is not difficult to learn. Often a spouse, relative or friend will be recruited to administer the medication. Other brands of gonadotropins are packaged in a pen, and no reconstitution is necessary.
A typical gonadotropins cycle begins on day 2 to 4 of a menstrual flow. Injections are usually given daily until the follicles are ripe. The number of injections required will vary from woman to woman and from cycle to cycle. The usual range is between 5 to 12 shots. Once the process has begun, frequent trips to the doctor’s office for blood tests, exams and ultrasounds will be scheduled.
When the ultrasound monitoring shows that the follicles are ripe, ovulation is triggered with another gonadotropin product called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) . hCG functions similarly to luteinizing hormone (LH). It initiates the three aspects of ovulation – release of the egg, production of progesterone and maturation of the egg. The eggs are released from their follicles about 36 to 40 hours after the hCG injection.
After ovulation hormone levels essential to implantation are supported by either booster shots of hCG or progesterone in pill, suppository or injection form. Pregnancy cannot be detected until two weeks after ovulation.
Currently, there are several brands of injectable gonadotropins available for ovulation induction.
One of these products is a combination of FSH and LH hormones that is obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women. BRAVELLE®can be administered by subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) injections and is used for women undergoing ovulation induction and multiple follicular development in those who are able to produce and release eggs (ovulate). BRAVELLE® is a highly purified preparation of human follicle FSH, containing 75 IUs FSH with 2% luteinizing hormone (LH) activity. BRAVELLE® stimulates eggs to mature in women whose ovaries are basically healthy but are unable to develop eggs. It is not used by women who suffer from ovarian failure.
MENOPUR® is a highly purified preparation of naturally derived gonadotropins, called hMG (human menopausal gonadotropins). MENOPUR® contains equal amounts (75 IUs) of 2 kinds of hormonal activity: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which helps stimulate egg production; and luteinizing hormone (LH), which helps the eggs mature and release (ovulate). MENOPUR® helps stimulate eggs to mature in women whose ovaries are basically healthy but are unable to develop eggs. It is not used for women who suffer from ovarian failure.
Follistim and Gonal F are preparations of FSH hormone that are produced in animal cells by bio-recombinant technology (as opposed to obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women). These preparations can be given subcutaneously.
The most obvious differences between preparations is how they are manufactured and the cost. Recombinant FSH is more convenient and slightly stronger than gonadotropins from menopausal urine but not enough to outweigh its higher cost. An exhaustive list of the side effects and complications of gonadotropins is provided in the product package inserts.
Side Effects Common side effects include:
- pain at the injection site
- fatigue weight gain/water retention
- mood change
- pain at the time of ovulation pain in the week(s) following ovulation (from ovaries enlarged by cysts)
Less common but more serious complications include:
- multiple gestation (30% twins, 6% triplets; multiple gestation increases the risk of pregnancy complications)
- pregnancy and miscarriage (slightly increased over normal rates)
- rupture, bleeding or twisting of ovarian cysts
- severe hyperstimulation
We are concerned that the use of fertility drugs may increase the chance that women will develop ovarian cancer later in life. Current information suggests that some women who are infertile are carry an increased risk of future ovarian cancer which is not further increased by the use of fertility drugs. These concerns underscore the need to use fertility drugs with care and caution.


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