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Biochar is charcoal that is produced by pyrolysis of biomass in the absence of oxygen; it is used as a soil ameliorant for both carbon sequestration and soil health benefits. Biochar is a stable solid that is rich in carbon and can endure in soil for thousands of years. Biochar is being investigated as a means of carbon sequestration, and it may be a means to mitigate global warming and climate change. It results from processes related to pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS).
Biochar may increase the soil fertility of acidic soils, increase agricultural productivity, and provide protection against some foliar and soil-borne diseases. Biochar is defined by the International Biochar Initiative as "The solid material obtained from the thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment".
The word "biochar" is a late 20th century English neologism derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, "life" and "char" (charcoal produced by carbonisation of biomass). It is recognised as charcoal which performs a number of functions in biological processes found in soil, aquatic habitats or in the digestive systems of animals.
Pre-Columbian Amazonians produced biochar by smoldering agricultural waste (i.e., covering burning biomass with soil) in pits or trenches. It is not known if they intentionally used biochar to enhance soil productivity. European settlers called it terra preta de Indio. Following observations and experiments, a research team working in French Guiana hypothesized that the Amazonian earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus was the main agent of fine powdering and incorporation of charcoal debris in the mineral soil.
Biochar is a high-carbon, fine-grained residue that is currently produced through modern pyrolysis processes; it is the direct thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen (preventing combustion), which produces a mixture of solids (the biochar proper), liquid (bio-oil), and gas (syngas) products. The specific yield from pyrolysis is dependent on process condition, such as temperature, residence time, and heating rate. These parameters can be optimized to produce either energy or biochar. Temperatures of 400–500 °C (673–773 K) produce more char, whereas temperatures above 700 °C (973 K) favor the yield of liquid and gas fuel components. Pyrolysis occurs more quickly at the higher temperatures, typically requiring seconds rather than hours. The increasing heating rate will also lead to a decrease of pyrolysis biochar yield, while the temperature is in the range of 350–600 °C (623–873 K). Typical yields are 60% bio-oil, 20% biochar, and 20% syngas. By comparison, slow pyrolysis can produce substantially more char (≈35%); this contributes to the observed soil fertility of terra preta. Once initialized, both processes produce net energy. For typical inputs, the energy required to run a "fast" pyrolyzer is approximately 15% of the energy that it outputs. Modern pyrolysis plants can use the syngas created by the pyrolysis process and output 3–9 times the amount of energy required to run.
Besides pyrolysis, torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization processes can also thermally decompose biomass to the solid material. However, these products cannot be strictly defined as biochar. The carbon product from the torrefaction process still contains some volatile organic components, thus its properties are between that of biomass feedstock and biochar. Furthermore, even the hydrothermal carbonization could produce a carbon-rich solid product, the hydrothermal carbonization is evidently different from the conventional thermal conversion process. Therefore, the solid product from hydrothermal carbonization is defined as "hydrochar" rather than "biochar".
The Amazonian pit/trench method harvests neither bio-oil nor syngas, and releases a large amount of CO
2, black carbon, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) (and potentially, toxins) into the air, though less greenhouse gasses than captured during the growth of the biomass. Commercial-scale systems process agricultural waste, paper byproducts, and even municipal waste and typically eliminate these side effects by capturing and using the liquid and gas products. The production of biochar as an output is not a priority in most cases.
In a centralized system, all biomass in a region is brought to a central plant (i.e. biomass-fueled thermal power station) for processing into biochar. Alternatively, each farmer or group of farmers can operate a lower-tech kiln. Finally, a truck equipped with a pyrolyzer can move from place to place to pyrolyze biomass. Vehicle power comes from the syngas stream, while the biochar remains on the farm. The biofuel is sent to a refinery or storage site. Factors that influence the choice of system type include the cost of transportation of the liquid and solid byproducts, the amount of material to be processed, and the ability to feed directly into the power grid.
The most common crops used for making biochar include various tree species, as well as various energy crops. Some of these energy crops (i.e. Napier grass) can also store much more carbon on a shorter timespan than trees do.
For crops that are not exclusively for biochar production, the Residue-to-Product Ratio (RPR) and the collection factor (CF) the percent of the residue not used for other things, measure the approximate amount of feedstock that can be obtained for pyrolysis after harvesting the primary product. For instance, Brazil harvests approximately 460 million tons (MT) of sugarcane annually, with an RPR of 0.30, and a CF of 0.70 for the sugarcane tops, which normally are burned in the field. This translates into approximately 100 MT of residue annually, which could be pyrolyzed to create energy and soil additives. Adding in the bagasse (sugarcane waste) (RPR=0.29 CF=1.0), which is otherwise burned (inefficiently) in boilers, raises the total to 230 MT of pyrolysis feedstock. Some plant residue, however, must remain on the soil to avoid increased costs and emissions from nitrogen fertilizers.
Pyrolysis technologies for processing loose and leafy biomass produce both biochar and syngas.
Alternatively, "thermo-catalytic depolymerization", which utilizes microwaves, has recently been used to efficiently convert organic matter to biochar on an industrial scale, producing ≈50% char.
The physical and chemical properties of biochars as determined by feedstocks and technologies are crucial for the application of biochars in the industry and environment. Different characterization data are applied to biochars and determine their performance in a specific use. For example, the guidelines published by the International Biochar Initiative provide standardized methods in evaluating the product quality of biochar for soil application. The properties of biochar can be characterized in several respects, including the proximate and elemental composition, pH value, and porosity, which correlate with different biochar properties. The atomic ratios of biochar, including H/C and O/C, correlate with the biochar properties that are relevant to the organic content, such as polarity and aromaticity. The van-Krevelen diagram can be used to show the evolution of biochar atomic ratios in the production process. In the carbonization process, both the H/C and O/C ratio decrease due to the release of functional groups which contain hydrogen and oxygen.
The burning and natural decomposition of biomass releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane to the Earth's atmosphere. The biochar production process also releases CO2 (up to 50% of the biomass), however, the remaining carbon content is stable indefinitely. Biochar presents a stable means of storing carbon in the ground for centuries, potentially reducing or stalling the growth in atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. Simultaneously, its presence in the earth can improve water quality, increase soil fertility, raise agricultural productivity, and reduce pressure on old-growth forests.
Biochar can sequester carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years, like coal. Such a carbon negative technology would lead to a net withdrawal of CO2 from the atmosphere, while producing consumable energy. This technique is advocated by prominent scientists such as James Hansen, previously head of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and James Lovelock, creator of the Gaia hypothesis, for mitigation of global warming by greenhouse gas remediation.
Researchers have estimated that sustainable use of biochar could reduce the global net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO
2), methane, and nitrous oxide by up to 1.8 Pg (CO
2-Ce) per year (12% of current anthropogenic CO
2-Ce emissions), and total net emissions over the course of the next century by 130 Pg CO
2-Ce, without endangering food security, habitats, or soil conservation.
Biochar is recognized as offering a number of soil health benefits. The extremely porous nature of biochar is found to be effective at retaining both water and water-soluble nutrients. Soil biologist Elaine Ingham indicates the extreme suitability of biochar as a habitat for many beneficial soil micro organisms. She points out that when pre-charged with these beneficial organisms biochar becomes an extremely effective soil amendment promoting good soil and, in turn, plant health.
Biochar has also been shown to reduce leaching of E-coli through sandy soils depending on application rate, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil moisture content, soil texture, and surface properties of the bacteria.
Biochar can improve water quality, reduce soil emissions of greenhouse gases, reduce nutrient leaching, reduce soil acidity, and reduce irrigation and fertilizer requirements. Biochar was also found under certain circumstances to induce plant systemic responses to foliar fungal diseases and to improve plant responses to diseases caused by soilborne pathogens.
The various impacts of biochar can be dependent on the properties of the biochar, as well as the amount applied, and there is still a lack of knowledge about the important mechanisms and properties. Biochar impact may depend on regional conditions including soil type, soil condition (depleted or healthy), temperature, and humidity. Modest additions of biochar to soil reduce nitrous oxide N
2O emissions by up to 80% and eliminate methane emissions, which are both more potent greenhouse gases than CO
Studies have reported positive effects from biochar on crop production in degraded and nutrient–poor soils. The application of compost and biochar under FP7 project FERTIPLUS has had positive effects in soil humidity, and crop productivity and quality in different countries. Biochar can be designed with specific qualities to target distinct properties of soils. In a Colombian savanna soil, biochar reduced leaching of critical nutrients, created a higher crop uptake of nutrients, and provided greater soil availability of nutrients. At 10% levels biochar reduced contaminant levels in plants by up to 80%, while reducing total chlordane and DDX content in the plants by 68 and 79%, respectively. On the other hand, because of its high adsorption capacity, biochar may reduce the efficacy of soil applied pesticides that are used for weed and pest control. High-surface-area biochars may be particularly problematic in this regard; more research into the long-term effects of biochar addition to soil is needed.
Switching from slash-and-burn to slash-and-char farming techniques in Brazil can decrease both deforestation of the Amazon basin and carbon dioxide emission, as well as increase crop yields. Slash-and-burn leaves only 3% of the carbon from the organic material in the soil. Slash-and-char can keep up to 50% of the carbon in a highly stable form. Returning the biochar into the soil rather than removing it all for energy production reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizers, thereby reducing cost and emissions from fertilizer production and transport. Additionally, by improving the soil's ability to be tilled, its fertility and its productivity, biochar-enhanced soils can indefinitely sustain agricultural production, whereas non-enriched soils quickly become depleted of nutrients, forcing farmers to abandon the fields, producing a continuous slash and burn cycle and the continued loss of tropical rainforest. Using pyrolysis to produce bio-energy also has the added benefit of not requiring infrastructure changes the way processing biomass for cellulosic ethanol does. Additionally, the biochar produced can be applied by the currently used machinery for tilling the soil or equipment used to apply fertilizer.
Biochar is hygroscopic. Thus it is a desirable soil material in many locations due to its ability to attract and retain water. This is possible because of its porous structure and high specific surface area. As a result, nutrients such as phosphate, and agrochemicals are retained for the plants benefit. Plants are therefore healthier, and less fertilizer leaches into surface or groundwater.
Mobile pyrolysis units can be used to lower the costs of transportation of the biomass if the biochar is returned to the soil and the syngas stream is used to power the process. Bio-oil contains organic acids that are corrosive to steel containers, has a high water vapor content that is detrimental to ignition, and, unless carefully cleaned, contains some biochar particles which can block injectors. Currently, it is less suitable for use as a kind of biodiesel than other sources.
If biochar is used for the production of energy rather than as a soil amendment, it can be directly substituted for any application that uses coal. Pyrolysis also may be the most cost-effective way of electricity generation from biomaterial.
A Western Australian farmer has explored the use of biochar mixed with molasses as stock fodder. He asserts that in ruminants, biochar can assist digestion and reduce methane production. The farmer also uses dung beetles to work the biochar infused dung down into the soil without using machinery. It is proposed that the nitrogen and carbon in the dung are both incorporated into the soil rather than staying on the soil surface, reducing the production of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, which are both greenhouse gasses. The nitrogen and carbon then both add to soil fertility. There is also on-farm evidence that the fodder has led to improvements of liveweight gain in Angus-cross cattle.
Doug Pow won the Australian Government Innovation in Agriculture Land Management Award at the 2019 Western Australian Landcare Awards for this innovation. Mr Pow's work led to two further trials on dairy cattle, with the results of odour reduction and increased milk production.
Research into aspects involving pyrolysis/biochar is underway around the world. From 2005 to 2012, there were 1,038 articles that included the word "biochar" or "bio-char" in the topic that had been indexed in the ISI Web of Science. Further research is in progress by such diverse institutions around the world as Cornell University, the University of Edinburgh (which has a dedicated research unit), the University of Georgia, the , and the University of Delaware.
Long-term effect of biochar on soil C sequestration of recent carbon inputs has been examined using soil from arable fields in Belgium with charcoal-enriched black spots dating >150 years ago from historical charcoal production mound kilns. Topsoils from these 'black spots' had a higher organic C concentration [3.6 ± 0.9% organic carbon (OC)] than adjacent soils outside these black spots (2.1 ± 0.2% OC). The soils had been cropped with maize for at least 12 years which provided a continuous input of C with a C isotope signature (δ13C) −13.1, distinct from the δ13C of soil organic carbon (−27.4 ‰) and charcoal (−25.7 ‰) collected in the surrounding area. The isotope signatures in the soil revealed that maize-derived C concentration was significantly higher in charcoal-amended samples ('black spots') than in adjacent unamended ones (0.44% vs. 0.31%; P = 0.02). Topsoils were subsequently collected as a gradient across two 'black spots' along with corresponding adjacent soils outside these black spots and soil respiration, and physical soil fractionation was conducted. Total soil respiration (130 days) was unaffected by charcoal, but the maize-derived C respiration per unit maize-derived OC in soil significantly decreased about half (P < 0.02) with increasing charcoal-derived C in soil. Maize-derived C was proportionally present more in protected soil aggregates in the presence of charcoal. The lower specific mineralization and increased C sequestration of recent C with charcoal are attributed to a combination of physical protection, C saturation of microbial communities and, potentially, slightly higher annual primary production. Overall, this study provides evidence of the capacity of biochar to enhance C sequestration in soils through reduced C turnover on the long term. ().
Biochar sequesters carbon (C) in soils because of its prolonged residence time, ranging from several years to millennia. In addition, biochar can promote indirect C-sequestration by increasing crop yield while, potentially, reducing C-mineralization. Laboratory studies have evidenced effects of biochar on C-mineralization using 13C isotope signatures.
Fluorescence analysis of the dissolved organic matter from soil amended with biochar revealed that biochar application increased a humic-like fluorescent component, likely associated with biochar-carbon in solution. The combined spectroscopy-microscopy approach revealed the accumulation of aromatic-carbon in discrete spots in the solid-phase of microaggregates and its co-localization with clay minerals for soil amended with raw residue or biochar. The co-localization of aromatic-C:polysaccharides-C was consistently reduced upon biochar application. These finding suggested that reduced C metabolism is an important mechanism for C stabilization in biochar-amended soils
Students at Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey are developing supercapacitors that use electrodes made of biochar. A process developed by University of Florida researchers that removes phosphate from water, also yields methane gas usable as fuel and phosphate-laden carbon suitable for enriching soil. Researchers at the University of Auckland are also working on utilizing biochar in concrete applications to reduce carbon emissions during concrete production and to improve the strength considerably. It has also demonstrated that the biochar can be used as a suitable filler in polymer matrix. Recently, biochar-starch bio-composites were prepared and its nano-mechanical behaviours were investigated using advanced dynamic atomic force microscopy. Recently, the agglomeration behaviour of biochar in Polypropylene was investigated using micro-CT studies. These studies give more insight into the biochar interaction with the polymer matrix.
Research and practical investigations into the potential of biochar for coarse soils in semi-arid and degraded ecosystems are ongoing. In the Southern African country Namibia biochar is explored as a measure under climate change adaptation efforts, strengthening local communities' drought resilience and food security through the local production and application of biochar from abundant encroacher biomass.
If biomass is pyrolyzed to biochar and put back into the soil, rather than being completely burned, this may reduce carbon emissions. Potentially, the bioenergy industry might even be made to sequester net carbon. Pyrolysis might be cost-effective for a combination of sequestration and energy production when the cost of a CO
2 ton reaches $37. Carbon credits could help to make implementation easier as most large biomass power producers are neither equipped to create biochar nor are financially motivated for making it (because implementing biochar production would leave less energy for power production).
Current biochar projects make no significant impact on the overall global carbon budget, although expansion of this technique has been advocated as a geoengineering approach. In May 2009, the Biochar Fund, a small "social profit organization", received a grant from the Congo Basin Forest Fund for a project in Central Africa to simultaneously slow down deforestation, increase the food security of rural communities, provide renewable energy and sequester carbon. Though some farmers did report better maize crops, the project ended early without significant results and with promises to the farmers not kept.
Application rates of 2.5–20 tonnes per hectare (1.0–8.1 t/acre) appear to be required to produce significant improvements in plant yields. Biochar costs in developed countries vary from $300–7000/tonne, generally too high for the farmer/horticulturalist and prohibitive for low-input field crops. In developing countries, constraints on agricultural biochar relate more to biomass availability and production time. An alternative is to use small amounts of biochar in lower cost biochar-fertilizer complexes.
Various companies in North America, Australia, and England sell biochar or biochar production units. In Sweden the 'Stockholm Solution' is an urban tree planting system that uses 30% biochar to support healthy growth of the urban forest. The Qatar Aspire Park now uses biochar to help trees cope with the intense heat of their summers.
At the 2009 International Biochar Conference, a mobile pyrolysis unit with a specified intake of 1,000 pounds (450 kg) was introduced for agricultural applications. The unit had a length of 12 feet and height of 7 feet (3.6 m by 2.1m).

domain: chemistry


- Articles tagged ‘sandy bridge-e’
The Sandy Bridge-E is the first-ever consumer processor (as well as its platform) to support a quad-channel DDR3 memory architecture. We attempt to find out how much performance impact you would notice if toggling between different memory channel modes (dual, triple and quad) and memory frequency.
Better late than never, Gigabyte held its X79 motherboard seminar to showcase its range of boards that support the Sandy Bridge-E processors as well as their exciting new features.
The MSI X79A-GD65 (8D) is a high-end X79 motherboard featuring eight DDR3 DIMM slots and claims to be the first motherboard with support for PCIe 3.0. We show you the board in detail.
The soon to be released Sandy Bridge-E processor (also known as the Extreme Edition) with new X79 motherboards were spotted at IDF 2011's tech showcase.
- "Is this your photo?" virus solutions and advice from mobile security experts
- HTC announces Desire Eye's price and availability (Updated)
- Alienware Alpha makes its debut in US Stores
- Prolink to launch new Energiepak series power banks at Sitex 2014
- PSA: 'Is this your photo?' SMS virus circulating
- Atari: Game Over now available for free online
- Xiaomi wants to be number one smartphone maker in 10 years
- AMD officially announces Carrizo, the next-gen APU


Gov. Roy Cooper has rolled out his budget and there is much to like in our new Governor’s approach. With the Executive and Legislative branches of government once again split along party lines, don’t expect the legislature to simply move forward with the Governor’s budget. Still, many of the proposals in the budget were developed by Departments under the McCrory administration and already have legislative support. This may be particularly true in the Justice and Public Safety arena.
Department of Public Safety
Former Commissioner David Guice has now been re-appointed as the Chief Deputy Secretary for Adult Corrections and Juvenile Justice and will continue many of the initiatives he started under the McCrory administration. Those include:
North Carolina has seen a decrease in the prison population in recent years. This has been a very positive change for a state that was at one point constructing 1,000 bed prisons almost annually. These changes are primarily due to adjustments in the sentencing structure that were enacted prior to justice reinvestment along with changes in revocation policies that were made as a part of Justice Reinvestment. Another factor is that the long sentences enacted in 1994 have finally moved through a 20 year cycle and are no longer contributing to a continual population increase.
During the worst period of the economic downturn, funds saved from closed units helped maintain existing Departmental functions that would have been cut even more severely. Since that time, some funds have been reinvested, but the reinvestments have been limited to post-release supervision officers, vehicles and CRV (confinement in response to violation) units. No reinvestment dollars have yet gone into local services designed to increase community success and decrease recidivism. Reinvestment dollars are desperately needed at the community level to assist with employment services, substance abuse and mental health treatment, housing and cbi (cognitive behavioral intervention) and re-entry councils.
Justice Reinvestment – Reinvestment dollars in the current budget will go toward probation and CRV units in the following items:
Expand Probation Case Management – In the current budget, $3.5 million by 2018-2019 will be “reinvested” to add a total of 56 mental health probation/post-release supervision officers. These officers will be trained to address severe and persistent mental health issues, prepare individuals for re-entry and to conduct pre-sentence investigations in making sentencing decisions. While we fully support training probation officers in mental health needs, we would prefer to see pre-sentence work linked to Indigent Defense and provided locally through Sentencing Services as it was done from the mid-eighties through 2013.
CRV Unit – A CRV unit for females will be located at Swannanoa Correctional Center. Costs of $1.221 million will be allocated by 2018-19.
Establish Quality Assurance Program – creates 4 positions to “monitor implementation of evidence-based programming in Adult Correction.”
Mental Health Services – Allocates $12.6 million by 2018-19 to expand behavioral treatment services. While this is designated as a “Re-entry” item, the improved mental health services will be provided inside the prison system.
Local Re-entry Councils – We are delighted to see this appropriation. It is the first increase in state funds designed to assist local communities in their efforts to decrease recidivism since the downturn in the economy. Grant funds have been used as seed money for 5 pilot Re-entry Councils up to this point. The Governor’s budget appropriates $1.5 million in 2017-18 and $2.205 is appropriated in 2018-19 to fund Local Re-entry Councils. These funds are designed to be seed money for 2-3 years. After that point, Councils will be expected to raise a significant portion of the funds themselves. We commend Gov. Cooper for including this important item and for recognizing that some level of continued funding will be needed.
Re-entry – Transitional Housing – This item provides $1 million in additional funds to “extend transitional housing.” This is an important item and, along with funding for the local Re-entry Councils, is the first increase in state funds to improve local services since the downturn in the economy.
Re-entry – Strengthen Prison Re-entry Programming – Allocates $600,000 to support designated re-entry facilities. This is an ongoing initiative for the Department.
Central Prison Long-term Care Unit – $2.313 by 2017-18 will be appropriated for chronically ill prisoners.
Training – Samarcand – Provides $2.8 million by 2018-19 for 6 positions and 8 instructors at the Adult and juvenile training facility.
The Department is to be commended for its strong support for raising the juvenile age. The Governor has already included $5 million in planning dollars by 18-19 and $13.245 million to construct one 64 bed Youth Development Center as the first step in the $53 million in appropriating funds required. All of the funds needed for construction are appropriated in 17-18 by authorizing the use of limited obligation bonds. Chief Deputy David Guice and William Lassiter continue to be important leaders in this initiative.
Juvenile Crime Prevention Councils (JCPCs) – JCPC funds are increased by $2 million a year in the Governor’s budget. These increases are for the under 16 population and are not tied to raising the juvenile age. We commend DPS for consistently supporting these community operated programs for juveniles.
Expand Crisis and Assessment Center – Repurposes a dormitory at Dobbs for essential crisis and assessment services – $900,000 is provided.
Multipurpose Group Home – $600,000 is allocated for a multi-purpose group home in Craven County.
Opioid Addiction – $2 million is provided to law enforcement to help fight opioid addiction. While no new treatment dollars are provided in the corrections budget, $12.7 million is provided in the DHHS budget to assist with the opioid crisis. We hope these funds will be available for treatment of justice-involved persons and we will be keeping track of how the funds are used.
In spite of a continued need for treatment funds for the justice-involved population, funds available for treatment of justice involved persons at the local level has DECREASED in recent years. Only 20% of Recidivism Reduction Services dollars may be used for substance abuse treatment.
We hope that percentage may increase as the opioid crisis has created a renewed recognition concerning the need for substance abuse treatment. 70% of the 16,722 prisoners who were screened by the SASSI screen indicated a need for substance abuse treatment services. Similar needs exist with justice-involved persons in the community as well. It’s past time to address the problems that we know exist.
Drug Treatment Courts are also an important vehicle for addressing addiction issues and Sen. Randleman (Co-chair, JPS) said she anticipates a plan from the Administrative Office of the Courts to address the issue of “specialty courts” in the near future. The committee has eliminated funding for these courts (other than Business Court) in recent years because they do not exist in every judicial district.
SBI Lab – Funding High Standards – $882,000 is appropriated to fund training and certification in the state crime lab. This is a critical item if the state is to have a truly scientific crime lab. $500,000 is provided for essential equipment.
De-escalation Training – $170,000 will create two positions to train law enforcement officers in how to “diffuse and de-escalate violent confrontations” – particularly those that involve persons with mental illness. We have frequently advocated in the Update for de-escalation training and are delighted to see these positions.
State employees would receive a 2% increase under this budget along with a $500 non-recurring bonus for permanent full-time State employees. This is a significant improvement for state employees who have had to fight at every step of the budget process to get increases other than one-time bonuses which do not increase the underlying rate of pay.
Funds will be appropriated to finalize the 3 year effort to increase base pay for correctional officers.
Magistrates and Assistant and Deputy Clerks will receive a Step Pay increase.
Private Counsel – rates will be partially restored with a $5 / hour increase. The amounts allocated for private counsel in recent years have made it increasingly difficult to “recruit and retain private counsel” according to Indigent Defense Services.


What is PWM and how it is useful in inverter circuit?
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal based inverters are produce output as pure sine wave and it can be used for any electric appliance that meets the inverter output range. Simple and powerful PWM inverter circuit diagram designed with IC SG3524 (Regulating Pulse Width Modulator) gives upto 230V AC from 12V DC supply.
How does a PWM inverter work?
The PWM technology corrects the output voltage> according to the value of the load by changing the Width of the switching frequency in the oscillator section. As a result of this, the AC voltage from the Inverter changes depending on the width of the switching pulse.
Is PWM inverter A sine wave inverter?
The so-called PWM technology (Pulse Width Modulation, PWM) is made of a reference wave (usually a sine wave, trapezoidal wave or sometimes injected zero sequence harmonic sine wave or square wave) for modulation wave, and to N times the frequency of the modulation wave of the triangular wave (sawtooth wave is also …
What are the applications of PWM inverter?
The PWM inverters are very commonly used in adjustable speed ac motor drive loads where one needs to feed the motor with variable voltage, variable frequency supply. For wide variation in drive speed, the frequency of the applied ac voltage needs to be varied over a wide range.
What are advantages of PWM inverter?
Advantages of using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Inverter No additional components are required in order to control the output voltage. The harmonic of lower order can be eliminated (removed) along with controlling the output voltage. Use of PWM Techniques reduces the harmonic content in the output (load) AC voltage.
What is PWM method?
Pulse width modulation or PWM is a commonly used control technique that generates analog signals from digital devices such as microcontrollers. In PWM technique, the signal’s energy is distributed through a series of pulses rather than a continuously varying (analog) signal.
What is PWM carrier frequency?
Most PWM drives operate with a fixed carrier frequency that is several times higher than the highest output frequency that is to be used. As industrial drives operate with an output frequency from a few Hertz up to about 100 Hz, they use a carrier frequency in the range of 2 kHz up to about 10 kHz.
What is the principle of PWM?
Pulse Width Modulator – Principle of operation One of the simplest methods of generating a PWM signal is to compare two control signals, a carrier signal and a modulation signal. This is known as carrier-based PWM. The carrier signal is a high frequency (switching frequency) triangular waveform.
What are the advantages of PWM control in inverter?
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch.
What are disadvantages of PWM?
Disadvantage of PWM The disadvantages of PWM may be described by under: Due to the variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power contents. Hence, the transmission must be powerful enough to handle the maximum width, pulse, though the average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of this maximum power.
What are the PWM techniques?
The three conventional types of pulse width modulation are a) Trail Edge Modulation b) Lead Edge Modulation c) Pulse Center Two Edge Modulation.
What frequency is PWM?
PWM frequency is 15.625 kHz.
What are the advantages of PWM techniques in inverters?
Advantages of pulse width modulation : Low power consumption. Efficiency up to 90 % A signal can be separated very easily at demodulation and noise can be also separated easily. High power handling capacity.
What are the advantages of a PWM inverter?
PWM Techniques are used in Telecommunications for encoding purposes.
What is meant by PWM inverter?
PWM Inverter Circuit Diagram. There are various circuits used in the PWM inverters.
– It requires only one sinewave – It is easier to implement – The harmonic performance is poor – requires large filter at the output – Switching losses are more – Not much of use in the modern era. – However, be
How to invert PWM?
Very easy to invert the PWM signal in hardware at a cost of £0.10. Make both resistors a value of 1K Ohm, use a NPN transistor e.g. 2N3904 and finally ensure the +V is connected to the 5V from the Arduino, Vs = Connected to Arduino and Ground connected back to the Arduino. The VO = inverted signal. You’re welcome.


text:
Why Desire Luzinda missed Lwasa's birthday bash
29 DEC 2017 6:15 PM
Masaka based businessman Emmanuel Lwasa was celebrating yet another year, sources indicate he turned 46 and one of his many babes, not Desire Luzinda was behind the surprise birthday bash.
While speaking to his guests, the Tavern Kick boss noted that he has celebrated birthdays, but there was none that could be compared to this one.
It should be recalled that Lwasa had sunk millions in Desire Luzinda's last two birthday parties, but looks like, things have fallen apart, she did not even wish him the very best on his day.
Tuesday, 08 December 2020
Modern Coast bus services hasd resumed with the Nairobi Kampala route after a long break
Wednesday, 24 June 2020
Big Eye threatens to sue the President over Shillings 270Million
Saturday, 20 June 2020
Buchaman arrested after disrupting a NEMA meeting
Thursday, 29 August 2019
Uganda Airlines is back to the skies
Sunday, 11 August 2019
Sheebah Karungi latest news

domain: news


text:
Kevin Bacon will star as a retired FBI profiler who finds himself caught up in a serial killer's diabolical scheme.
Rome star Purefoy will play the murderous Joe Carroll, who uses technology to create a cult of fellow serial killers, according to Deadline.
The actor - who also appeared in 2009 film Solomon Kane and 2011's Ironclad - was considering four pilot offers, before finally settling on Williamson's project.
The Vampire Diaries director Marcos Siega will helm the currently-untitled pilot, which will be produced by Warner Bros TV and Williamson's studio-based Outerbanks Entertainment.
If picked up to series, the show's first season will run for just 15 episodes - the shorter running length being a condition of Bacon's contract.
Other drama projects in the works at Fox include a teen spy series from The Playboy Club's Karyn Usher, legal drama Guilty and Josh Friedman's action drama The Asset.
> Modern Family, Happy Endings execs' pilots picked up by Fox

domain: artistic


Frankie Cocozza is a singer from Brighton, who is known as much for his wild child antics as he is for his brief spell as a contestant on The X Factor. He started life in musical theatre when he was just eight years old, and played great roles such as the Artful Dodger in Oliver! before leaving the stage at 14 to pursue other interests. A troubled teen, he was kicked out of college for being "a pain" and didn't know what to do next, until his mum paid for him to audition on The X Factor. He first wowed the judges on the 2011 show with his performance of The Zutons' classic Valerie, before dropping his trousers to reveal the names of seven girls tattooed on his bum from a dare he agreed to while working in Malia. He also claimed: "I want to sleep with as many women as possible." Frankie continued to impress at the Boot Camp with his rendition of Iris by the Goo Goo Dolls, which topped the iTunes music chart shortly afterwards. The performance got him through to the judges' houses stages of the competition, which saw him flown to LA to perform in front of Gary Barlow and Robbie Williams. He sang Rihanna's What's My Name. It was a hit, and Gary Barlow put him through to the live competition. During the live shows, Frankie received a wealth of media attention, garnering as many critics as he did fans for his wild antics and partying behaviour. He was romantically linked to fellow contestants Amelia Lily, Sophie Habibis and Kitty Brucknell, as well as admitting to sleeping with Geordie Shore star Holly Hagan. On 8 November 2011, after surviving five weeks of voting, Frankie was sensationally kicked out of The X Factor for breaking the "golden rule". It has been reported that the "rule" was drugs-related, though other show sources indicate that his behaviour had become too risqué for X Factor viewers. Gary Barlow said that he was "hugely disappointed" with the star for wasting the opportunity of a lifetime. In a statement he made himself, Frankie said: "My life during the show has gone out of control and my behaviour off stage has over-stepped the rules of the competition. I no longer deserve my place in the show, so I am therefore leaving. I would like to thank everyone who has supported me."


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The FTC entered into consent orders with four separate companies which falsely claimed to be certified under the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework, which governs the ability of companies to transfer personal data outside of the EU.
In 1995, the EU enacted a Directive on Data Privacy which created requirements for privacy and the protection of personal data for EU citizens. Among other things, the Directive prohibits most transfers of personal data outside the EU, unless the EU has made a determination that the recipient jurisdiction’s laws ensure the protection of such personal data. The EU and the U.S. Department of Commerce negotiated the Privacy Shield framework, which allows U.S. companies to receive certifications that they comply with the EU’s privacy directive, and in turn allows them to transfer covered data outside of the EU. To become certified, a company must self-certify to the Department of Commerce that it complies with the Privacy Shield framework and related requirements that have been deemed to meet the EU’s adequacy standard. The Privacy Shield framework went into effect in 2016.
Each of the companies entered into a consent order with the FTC to resolve its complaint. In each case, the companies agreed to correct any inaccurate statements about their compliance with the Privacy Shield framework and to not make further false or misleading statements about compliance with the Privacy Shield framework. While there was no monetary penalty, the companies also agreed—for 20 years—to provide information to their employees about the consent order, to provide compliance reports and notices to the FTC, to engage in certain recordkeeping practices, and to engage in additional compliance monitoring.
For more information on the consent orders, click HERE.

domain: law


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The Libbey 7512 martini glass, part of the Vina series, provides an effortlessly beautiful glass best suited to serving martinis and other cocktails. This 8-ounce glass has a classic V-shaped bowl paired with a sleek design, including the Finedge minimum bead on the rim and an elegant stem. It is also covered by the Libbey Safedge rim guarantee, which protects the glass against chipping that may occur at the rim of the glass during normal commercial use.
- Vina series
- 8-oz. martini glass
- Sleek design with a classic martini shape
- Serve martinis and cocktails in a modern glass
- Finedge design has a minimum bread on the rim
- Covered by the Safedge rim guarantee against chipping
- Overall Dimensions: 67⁄8 in. H x 47⁄8 in. max dia. x 47⁄8 in. top dia. x 31⁄4 in. bottom dia.
Note: Glass volume measurements are given in U.S. customary ounces in brimful capacities. The capacity of an individual piece may vary by up to 5 percent from its given measurement.
Martini Glass, 8 oz., Finedge® and Safedge® rim guarantee, Vina™ (H 6-7/8"; T 4-7/8"; B 3-1/4"; D 4-7/8")
Libbey 7512 SpecificationsPDF Spec Sheet
|Capacity (ozs)||8 to 15.9 oz|

domain: design


On December 14, 2008, the winds of Alaska kicked up one of the worst blizzards in history. The black sky wiped any indication of time and drove townspeople into their warm beds. Flight N3409 battled strong winds, poor visibility, and ice. It’s a wonder any person or plane survived the storm.
Tape recording #1
December 14, 2008
This disappearance case brought me to the small town of Bard, Alaska, just outside Quartz Lake. Ice fishing shanties of assorted colors, shapes, and sizes covered the frozen tundra of the lake. A small community, rooted in historical folklore, resides fifteen minutes from the lake. The town hall serves as an archive and contains many displays, artifacts, and other historical items that may help in my research.
Tape recording #2
December 17, 2008
I do want to note a gray haired, elderly woman cleaning the glass display cases in the town hall. I was startled, when she came up behind me and whispered in my ear, “pamru”, “pamru”, “pamru” with her crackly and hoarse voice. I attempted to ask her questions about the disappearance, but she refused to utter any other word. Although it’s not much, at least it is a tid-bit of information.
Tape recording #3
December 18, 2008
I settle nicely into a booth at the local diner for the fourth day in a row. I order my usual black, New Yorker style ‘Joe’ from the printed menu. After research at the town hall, I begin piecing together and reviewing the facts.
On December 12, 2008 Richard Jones disappeared. His body remains undiscovered so there’s no way for sure to say he’s dead or alive. He was your typical adrenaline junky and came all the way out here to fish himself the biggest Arctic char and claim bragging rights among his friends. Supposedly, he was dragged into the frigid waters while holding onto his fishing rod. The idiot should’ve let go, but who am I to judge. ‘Pamru’ means ‘to be trapped by ice with nowhere to go’. Did someone trap Richard in the ice? What was strong enough to pull a 6’5, 200 pound grown main through and underneath three feet of solid ice?
Note to self: the same elderly woman was seen walking through a hidden opening in the woods in the direction of Quartz Lake. Several minutes have passed and a few more locals disappeared through the same opening. The opening appears to be well hidden and unnoticeable to the naked eye.
Set back from the main street in town, a wall of dense evergreen trees line a secluded portion of Quartz Lake. A small footpath exactly 24 paces from the stop light leads to a wide opening on the lake. If standing in the clearing the entire lake is visible, but there is no other way to reach this area from the opposite direction. There appears only one way in and one way out.
Tape recording #4
December 22, 2008
As Christmas approaches, the locals continually ventured into the woods for long periods of time. They are difficult to talk to and avoid all questions relative to the case.
Observations so far lead me to believe that they are preparing for something out on the icy lake. What’s so special about that opening and where does it lead out onto Quartz Lake? Why is it not accessible to the public?
Tape recording #5
December 25, 2008
It’s about eleven o’clock in the evening and I managed to sneak behind an ice fishing shanty while following the trail of torches through the woods. My face was dirty from running into low hanging branches and tripping over a surface root while following the group staying just far enough back to remain out of sight. I heard slight chanting up ahead, but can’t understand the words. The air felt heavy with expectation. A low fog began to settle over the icy lake. I try to catch my breath and slow the panic surging my heartbeat, but the chilling air made it impossible. Apart from the creepy locals, the full moon cast monstrous shadows through the woods.
Note to self: there is something way fishier, pun not intended, going on here. I’ve never believed in myths and monsters but something is in the water! My advice? Don’t come here and don’t engage with the locals.
Observations: the locals have arranged themselves in a circle with their torches pointing towards the ice. Something is glowing. The ice was glowing in a perfect circle. The chanting stopped and all I can hear is my heavy breathing.
March 26, 2009
I don’t remember what happened. I wish I could tell you the things I saw next, but it’s like it never happened. And I’ll tell you again, I don’t remember walking off that plane. You play those tapes over and over again and I’m certain that’s my voice, but wait, where did those tapes come from?Something happened during that blizzard. There’s no way the plane landed in a town not on a map! For all I know I’m just part of the myths and history of Bard, Alaska now.
© 2017 Katie Pelissari All Rights Reserved. This is original content.


Chris Morgan: A Life in THE WILD
From Pythons to Polar Bears
Friday | January 26, 2024 | 7:30PM
Dive into life among bears and other big carnivores with renowned wildlife ecologist Chris Morgan!
You’ll feel like you’re right there with Chris Morgan as he sloshes through jungles and crunches across the arctic sea ice pulling you into the fascinating and emotional stories of wonder and hope from our incredible planet. Morgan’s live event brings a captivating energy to the stage as he shares his work around the world as a conservationist, TV host, and podcast producer. His stories, stunning photographs, and beautiful film clips will leave you inspired, moved, entertained, and hopeful about the great things we can all do together for humans, other species, and our planet.
Whether Andean bears on the equator or Siberian tigers on the Russian frontier, this large carnivore ecologist, filmmaker, and global adventurer has spent over 30 years immersed in the wild. Morgan’s TV shows and hit podcast (THE WILD with Chris Morgan) have reached hundreds of millions of people around the world. During this event, you’ll hear stories from behind the scenes, experiences with other adventurous conservationists located across the globe, and peek into his frontline work as a grizzly bear expert in the Pacific Northwest.
Morgan has dedicated his life to learning about the world through the large carnivores he studies and telling stories that educate, inspire, and entertain. His approach to conservation is based on mankind’s connection to all living things. It is his mission to reconnect people with nature, so they fall in love with it and want to protect it.
Morgan has hosted, narrated and appeared on several Emmy Award-winning shows and stations including PBS’s Nature, BBC, National Geographic Television, the Discovery Channel, and The Late Show with David Letterman. Morgan’s year-long odyssey across the Arctic Circle by motorcycle was featured in the award-winning mini-series Bears of the Last Frontier, and in the feature film BEARTREK.
Morgan is the co-founder of Wildlife Media, the non-profit organization that produced BEARTREK and the accompanying campaign which continues to generate support and exposure for critical bear conservation projects worldwide. The headquarters for Wildlife Media is based in right here in Bellingham, WA.
Production Genre: Speaker, Documentary, Conservation, Ecology


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NEW YORK (Reuters) – Because the U.S. greenback tumbles from multi-decade highs, some buyers are betting rising market currencies will likely be huge winners from a sustained reversal within the buck.
The MSCI Worldwide Rising Market Foreign money Index is up practically 5% from its lows and notched its greatest month-to-month achieve in about seven years in November, as expectations that the Federal Reserve will quickly gradual the tempo of its rate of interest hikes bolstered the case for buyers betting on rising market currencies.
Indicators of a broader flip in greenback sentiment are seen within the buck’s 8% decline towards a basket of developed market currencies from its September highs. In futures markets in November, speculative merchants swung to a web brief place on the U.S. greenback for the primary time in 16 months, calculations by Reuters based mostly on U.S. Commodity Futures Buying and selling Fee knowledge confirmed.
“The planets are lining up for a greenback bear market,” stated Paresh Upadhyaya, director of fastened revenue and forex technique at Amundi US.
Rising market currencies have outperformed their developed market counterparts this yr, with MSCI’s index of rising market currencies down 5% year-to-date, whereas the greenback’s G10 friends have misplaced practically twice as a lot.
GRAPHIC: EM currencies https://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/mkt/akpeqzkxmpr/Pastedpercent20imagepercent201670273827457.png
Along with the potential of slower Fed hikes, buyers cited expectations that China will loosen its strict COVID-19 containment coverage and relatively wealthy yields discovered in lots of EM nations as causes for including to positions in rising market currencies.
Amundi’s Upadhyaya is specializing in the currencies of high-yielding rising market nations which have balanced present accounts and smaller price range deficits, together with the Brazilian actual, Peruvian sol= and Indian rupee.
Some rising markets provide engaging yield even adjusted for inflation. For example, the inflation-adjusted yield on the U.S. 10-year Treasuries is at 1.08%, in contrast with 6.07% for the Brazilian equal.
Buyers have cheered the prospect of a shift in China’s COVID-19 coverage, after uncommon avenue protests elevated stress on officers to ease some guidelines. China – the world’s second-largest financial system and a key shopper of the commodities produced by many rising market nations – is about to announce an extra easing of its COVID curbs as early as Wednesday, sources stated.
The is up about 5% towards the greenback since late October and posted its greatest weekly efficiency towards the U.S. forex in at the very least twenty years on Friday, whereas the rose 27% in November, its greatest month since October 1998.
“I feel the cat is out of the bag. They can not return to their pure restrictive zero COVID coverage,” stated Jack McIntyre, a portfolio supervisor at Brandywine World.
McIntyre has been rising publicity to some Asian currencies, together with the Thai baht and the Malaysian ringgit. Thailand’s forex rose 8% in November, whereas the ringgit has appreciated 6%.
Some buyers assume it could be too early to wager on a sustained greenback reversal. Whereas Fed Chair Jerome Powell stated final week it was time to gradual the tempo of coming rate of interest hikes, the central financial institution may elevate charges additional than beforehand anticipated because it fights the worst inflation in many years.
On the identical time, indicators of cussed inflation in subsequent week’s U.S. shopper worth knowledge may reignite bets on Fed hawkishness and increase the greenback.
Buyers broadly count on the Fed to lift charges by 50 foundation factors subsequent week, after a spate of 75 basis-point price will increase.
Conversely, tightening by central banks all over the world additionally dangers sparking a world recession, a situation some consider may damage rising market currencies and assist the greenback.
A worldwide slowdown “would create a secure haven bid and restrict the power of most cycle-sensitive currencies to rally towards the greenback,” stated Aaron Hurd, senior portfolio supervisor, forex, at State Avenue (NYSE:) World Advisors.
Others, nevertheless, are betting China’s reopening bodes nicely for sure emerging-market currencies.
Carlos Fernandez-Aller, head of World FX and EM Macro buying and selling at Financial institution of America (NYSE:), sees an eventual China reopening boosting the Thai baht, which he believes will profit from a rise in tourism.
Analysts at Société Générale (EPA:), in the meantime, stated an easing of China’s COVID restrictions may buoy the South African rand, forecasting an 18% achieve in complete return phrases for the commodity exporter’s forex subsequent yr.
“Enhancements in fundamentals, valuations, and technical elements make the argument for stronger EM FX efficiency over the subsequent yr,” they wrote in a latest report.

domain: finance


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Introduction|It’s No Joke|Modelling Appropriate Behavior|Handling a Complaint|The Responsible Leader
Harassment, even if it occurs just once, can have a corrosive and long lasting effect on a person. Unfortunately, harassment seems to be a commonplace thing in many workplaces. So what exactly constitutes harassment, and where do the lines need to be drawn in order to prevent it? As a leader, you need to understand what harassment is in order to model appropriate behavior; if employees see you acting inappropriately, it is conceivable they will view such actions as acceptable. This is why working quickly and effectively to identify and eliminate harassment is so important. Harassment is not a laughing matter, and any complaint should be handled with diligence and care. Utilize this Video On Demand to learn how to do respond, and begin your efforts in stopping harassment in your workplace.

domain: sociology


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The English Lop is a domestic rabbit breed that originated in England in the 19th century. It is easily recognizable by its long, droopy ears that can measure up to 21 inches in length. The English Lop is a medium-sized rabbit breed with a compact and muscular body. The breed is known for its calm and gentle temperament, which makes it a popular pet and show animal.
English Lops come in a variety of colors, including solid colors such as black, blue, chocolate, lilac, and red, as well as broken patterns such as harlequin and magpie. They have short, fine fur that is easy to maintain with regular brushing and grooming.
The English Lop is a docile breed that is generally good with children and other animals, making it an excellent choice for a family pet. They are also a popular show breed and are often entered into rabbit shows around the world.
However, it's worth noting that because of their long ears, English Lops can be prone to ear infections and other ear-related issues. It's important to keep their ears clean and dry to prevent any potential health problems.
In terms of diet, English Lops should be fed a diet that is high in fiber, such as hay, and supplemented with fresh vegetables and fruits. Clean water should always be available.
Overall, the English Lop is a gentle and beautiful rabbit breed that makes a great addition to any family or rabbit enthusiast's collection.
|Country of Origin:|

domain: pet


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Amazing Skylights for Kitchen With Farmhouse Style
File Type: image/jpeg
Kitchen — This kitchen, is one of the 30 designs published under the gallery: 30 Awesome Kitchen Designs With Skylights. In the next page, we have the amazing skylights for kitchen with chairs and table [ ... ]. While in the previous page, we have the amazing skylights for kitchen with orange cabinet and sink [ ... ].
View other and more kitchen designs below.
File Size: 425 KB
Dimension: 900x596 pixels
Downloaded: 602 times
Updated: Apr 4th, 2017
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Want to make life easier? How about a month of meals that can be made in advance? Get a Month of Prepped & Ready Meal Plans.
Prepped and ready. Like music to your ears, isn’t it?
To know that dinner is all prepped and ready can turn around the hardest of days. It can make you feel like a time management ninja who can do all the things. And it can make sure that you have a healthy, home cooked meal just waiting to serve to friends and family.
Make-ahead meals have been a boon to me, over my 25 years of adulthood. Knowing I had food ready at home after a long day of classes kept me from purchasing pricy take-out on my way home. A pan of enchiladas or a pot of soup all fixed up has made it easier for our family to invite friends back home with us after church or a ball game. Sliding a premade casserole in the oven has allowed me extra time to cuddle with a fussy baby or to help with a math assignment.
Prepped and ready just MAKES LIFE EASIER!
That’s what this Month of Meal Plans is designed to help you do: make your life easier.
In this month’s featured meal plan, you’ll find all the recipes, grocery lists, and prep tips you need for a month of dinners you can make ahead of time. While some of these recipes are freezer-friendly, others are simply to have prepped and ready a few days in advance. Either way, dinner comes together in a snap!
I’ve found that something as simple as pre-cooked meal components can take most of the hassle and hurry out of meal prep. For instance, just last week my people were starving after church. I was able to pull together a tasty chili lunch in less than 30 minutes because the meat and beans were already cooked. After a quick stir on the stovetop with tomato sauce and spices, our lunch was ready. Easy peasy.
This is what I want you to experience this month: calm, organized time in the kitchen that results in delicious dinners – every night!
And you can have that in A Month of Prepped & Ready Meal Plans.
In this Month of Meals, you’ll receive the following:
- 4 weeks of menus that are easy to make-ahead
- 4 weekly grocery lists
- a monthly grocery list to help you make good use of sales
- 30+ main dish recipes
- additional recipes for basic sauces and dressings
- tips for prepping ahead
- prep tips to make it all come together easily
- printable calendars and grocery lists to get organized in the blink of an eye

domain: food


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Until 1977 Cardiff’s official meteorological station was at Penylan and only a simple weather station existed within the nursery at Bute Park. In 1976 it was decided that Bute Park would be a better location for Cardiff’s main station.
Meteorological information from Bute Park has been returned to the Met Office since September 1977. Originally data was entered on pre-printed forms and returned by post about once a week.
The meteorological station is within the nursery area and is not accessible to the public. The present-day station is part of the Met Office network of more than 270 automatic weather stations which report a mixture of snapshot hourly observations of the weather (synoptic observations) as well as daily summaries of the weather (climate observations).

domain: geography


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Stephanie LaMotte is a songwriter and pianist and choral director who finds joy and inspiration in the creative arts. Stephanie is a classically trained pianist and feels privileged to make her living as a musician. During the pandemic, while unable to work directly with her choirs, she enjoyed using her creative energies to focus on writing music as well as writing stories and articles. Stephanie spent most of her life living on the West Coast, but now resides on the Chesapeake Bay with her husband Richard LaMotte.
Stephanie King LaMotte has been directing and accompanying choirs for three decades. She has a Bachelor’s degree in Piano Performance from San Jose State University, and a Master’s degree in Music from Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. She had the privilege of studying piano with the esteemed Japanese pianist Aiko Onishi, and was the personal assistant and accompanist to renowned choral director Dr. Charlene Archibeque. One of her career highlights was to be the guest soloist with the Willamette Falls Symphony, performing the Grieg Piano Concerto.
Ms. LaMotte has led five international choir tours, including trips to Germany, Ireland, Hawaii, Austria, and Canada. She was invited to be the pianist for the Salute to Valor Festival in Honolulu, Hawaii, which also included a performance of her original patriotic choral composition “Remember.” Stephanie taught choir, band, and orchestra at the middle and high school levels, and was the Creative Arts Director in charge of vocal and instrumental music, drama, dance, visual and technical arts for a large metropolitan church in Portland, Oregon. After moving to Sisters, Oregon, she accompanied the semi-professional ensemble, Bend Camerata, and held the position of Music Director and Organist at The Church of the Transfiguration.
Stephanie LaMotte is the director of the a cappella ensemble River Voices and is the Assistant Director and Accompanist for the Chester River Chorale in Chestertown, Maryland. In addition, Ms. LaMotte is the Director of Music and Choirmaster for Emmanuel Episcopal Church and serves on the board of the Kent Cultural Alliance. She has spent summers in Italy as faculty with the Tuscia Opera Festival/International Lyric Academy, and was recently the featured pianist for 33 Variations, a play based on Beethoven’s life and music. In her free time, Stephanie enjoys her family, travel, cooking, yoga, kayaking, and beachcombing.


Lin-Manuel Miranda blasts church’s ‘illegal’, homophobic Hamilton performance
Hamilton creator Lin-Manuel Miranda called out a Texas church for hosting an “illegal” performance of his Tony-winning musical that included anti-LGBTQ+ statements.
The Door Christian Fellowship Ministries in Texas hosted performances of Hamilton in early August, but the church added religious references not included in the original musical. It also concluded with a homophobic line which compared being gay to drug and alcohol addiction.
Needless to say, Miranda was none too pleased to hear about the church’s rendition of his musical filled with religious messages and anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric. The show’s creator and original star wrote on Twitter that he was “grateful” to everyone who reached out about the “illegal, unauthorized” production hosted by the Texas church.
“Now lawyers do their work,” Miranda added.
Grateful to all of you who reached out about this illegal, unauthorized production. Now lawyers do their work.
And always grateful to the @dramatistsguild, who have the backs of writers everywhere, be it your first play or your fiftieth. 1/2 https://t.co/yMtM3z9crI
— Lin-Manuel Miranda (@Lin_Manuel) August 10, 2022
Lin-Manuel Miranda retweeted a condemnation from the Dramatist’s Guild – a professional organisation for playwrights, composers and lyricists working in the US.
The Dramatist’s Guild criticised the church’s “brazen infringement” of the massively popular and “groundbreaking” musical. The guild wanted to “shine a light on the problematic pattern” of some theatrical organisations performing authors’ works “without a license and rewriting the text without authorial consent”.
“No writer’s work, whether they are a student who has just written their first play, or Lin-Manuel Miranda, can be performed without their permission,” the Dramatist’s Guild wrote. “And it is never okay to change the words, lyrics, or notes, without their express consent.”
Lin-Manuel Miranda said on Twitter he was “always grateful” to the professional organisation for having the “backs of writers everywhere, be it your first play or your fiftieth”.
The church’s alterations of Hamilton included changing the lyrics in the song “That Would Be Enough” from a loving message from a wife to her husband to words about giving Jesus a “chance”.
Parts of the song “Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story” were also altered from focusing on raising children to introduce “hundreds of children to Jesus”.
The Texas church’s production also included a sermon by the church’s associate pastor Victor Lopez comparing homosexuality to drug addition.
“Maybe you struggle with alcohol, with drugs, with homosexuality, maybe you struggle with other things in life, your finances, whatever, God can help you tonight,” Lopez said.
Shane Marshall Brown, a spokesperson for Hamilton, told USA Today the team behind Lin-Manuel Miranda’s beloved musical denounced the Door Christian Fellowship Ministries’ “unauthorised changes” to the production.
“We issued a cease-and-desist letter for the unauthorized use of Hamilton’s intellectual property, demanding the immediate removal of all videos and images from previous productions from the internet, including YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, their own website, and elsewhere,” Brown said.
Brown added: “The Hamilton family stands for tolerance, compassion, inclusivity and certainly LGBTQ+ rights. We are in the process of reviewing the unauthorized changes made to the script to determine further action.”
Roman Gutierrez, a pastor at the church, told the Dallas Morning News the church received a “licence” to reproduce Hamilton. However, the Hamilton team has thoroughly denied it ever gave such permission to the church.
Gutierrez also insisted the church is not anti-LGBTQ+ and that “everyone is always welcome”.


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Christmas Weather Forecast for Mainland USA-Cold, white, gray and wet, depending on where you live. There will be traffic snarls, snowplows and sandbags in place. If you’re headed to Aunt Sally’s house for the holiday meal, better dry out those snow boots and stage the shovels.
Have you ever thought of giving yourself the gift of Hawaii for the holidays? Be an elf angel and head to The Big Island this year where the temperature rarely dips below 65 (at night) and hovers in the low 80’s during the day. Your color spectrum will be upgraded to include luscious emerald greens, poinsettia reds and azure blues mirrored between sea and sky.
Sound good? This could be you, without the hat and in a different kind of suit-the kind you wear when swimming with turtles or kayaking out to the dolphins!
-Yes, we have Christmas Trees! It’s fun to play at decorating our palm trees, and we do, but the Evergreens here are in their Hawaiian glory, draped in pikake flowers, orchids and keepsake ornaments just as your would have at home.
-Santa does make it south, even if he does arrive at the helm of an outrigger wearing board shorts…
-In some places, including our Big Island bed and breakfast, the cool night air lends itself to a fire. It’s a fire for atmosphere, not as a heating source! Have you ever tried “Mac Nuts Roasting by an Open Fire?”
-We have snow! If you really miss the white stuff, you can head up to Mauna Kea (White Mountain) and make your own snow angel, watch the stars or our maverick Hawaiian snowboarders in action!
All the trimmings and traditions of your mainland holidays are here to enjoy. The magic of Christmas in Hawaii is found in a slower pace, a balmy breeze, the refreshing blue pacific and the joy of sharing a relaxing holiday with those dearest to you.
At Holualoa Inn, we bring the holiday spirit to life. Our home is transformed with festive decor: Chef Crystal’s sumptuous holiday breakfasts, homemade cookies and the welcoming service of our friendly Ohana. Let us do the planning for you and arrive for your stay with festivities in place. We can arrange for a sunset sail on “Santa’s Sleigh”, arrange an intimate Christmas dinner for 2 or even have a tree waiting for you in your room!
So what are you waiting for? Escape the cold and embrace the serenity of Holualoa Inn with our Christmas in Hawaii Package. It’s a Festive Time in Hawaii, join us!


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The Bank of England (BoE) has released the results of its most recent financial stress test, showing that the financial system should be able to manage the impact of the net-zero transition.
Despite the positive note, the BoE says climate risk could hit profit by 10-15% – around £225 billion in a “no action” scenario. What’s most interesting about the report, though, is what it fails to address.
What’s the Bank of England climate stress test?
The BoE is part of the global Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS), a network of central banks and regulators concerned that the financial risks from both the physical and transition risks associated with a shift to a net-zero economy could affect the stability of the financial system, and specifically affect the vulnerability of banks and insurers to market shocks.
The stress test, or what the BoE calls the Climate Biennial Exploratory Scenario (CBES), is a technique to understand how resilient financial institutions and portfolios are under a range of different scenarios and built on scenarios developed by the NGFS.
The purpose of such an exercise is to get a sense of how large the risks being faced are, to drive action on risk management in banks and insurers and to understand how the sector might respond to the wider consequences of climate risk.
The 2021 climate stress test
The 2021 CBES assessed the impact of three different scenarios on 19 banks and insurers over the next thirty years. The exercise considered two possible routes to net-zero UK greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050: an ‘Early Action’ (EA) scenario and a ‘Late Action’ (LA) scenario.
A third ‘No Additional Action’ (NAA) scenario explores the physical risks that would begin to materialise if governments around the world fail to enact policy responses to global warming.
The BoE made clear that CBES scenarios are not forecasts of likely future outcomes but rather, “they are plausible representations of what might happen based on different future paths of climate policies, technological developments and consumer behaviour, aimed at limiting the rise in global temperatures.”
Unsurprisingly, there was a wide variation in losses associated with different institutions and scenarios. This is in part due to difference in impact type – such as the impact on insurers of extreme weather events versus credit risk to banks – and in part due to the different ways in which different institutions assess risk.
There is also uncertainty about when climate risks will have impact. In the LA scenario, overall projected losses were 30% higher, while for the insurance industry in particular, annualised losses could increase between 50% and 70%.
Net-zero transition losses to vary by sector and geographical area
While the Bank’s assessment is that UK banks and insurers are in a good position to manage forthcoming shocks, it also warned that “the Bank’s assessment is that UK banks and insurers still need to do much more to understand and manage their exposure to climate risks.
“The lack of available data on corporates’ current emissions and future transition plans is a collective issue affecting all participating firms.’
This is a significant concern when considering what is left out of the CBES.
While the CBES identified potential impacts through defined scenario analysis, a recent paper in a leading academic journal identified the specific link between policy and specific oil and gas assets likely to be affected by climate risk.
This included publicly listed companies with $1.27 trillion of stranded assets, with a further $681 billion of assets at risk owned by financial institutions.
There will also be geographical differences, with $300 billion each at risk in the US and Russia, with a further $100 billion at risk in both China and Canada.
While a global rather than a UK figure, the research highlights the specific impacts that might occur.
It’s worth noting that, according to the research, 88% of these ‘at-risk’ assets are currently owned by wealthier countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) – and their governments have direct exposure to $484 billion of potential losses through current asset ownership.
There is no doubt that transition to net zero is going to have impact on far more than the fossil fuel industry – it’s going to affect different sectors in different ways. New business models, innovation and shifts in market expectations can and will have a dramatic impact on the financial system.
Risks outside the CBES
At the very least, the BoE admitted, there are climate risks outside the CBES – such as bank trading losses and mortality risk for insurers. These could be material and there is uncertainty about the magnitude of such risks.
One of the most obvious would be the economic implications if policy or market related limits on lending and insurance to fossil fuel companies start to have an impact before energy efficiency measures and renewable energy capacity are sufficient to fulfil misplaced energy demand.
This is a particular concern given the current energy crisis and concern about rising energy costs and inflation. If, as the BoE suggest, financial services manage by passing costs along to customers, this would also have knock-on economic effects through higher cost of credit or cost of premiums, as well as changes to asset allocation and reinsurance programmes.
Data fundamental to mitigate impact of transition
Sam Woods, deputy government for prudential regulation and chief executive of the Prudential Regulation Authority, said in a speech: “Over time, climate risks will become a persistent drag on banks’ and insurers’ profitability – particularly if they don’t manage them effectively… [but] by themselves, these are not the kinds of losses that would make me question the stability of the system, and they suggest that the financial sector has the capacity to support the economy through the transition.”
There is no doubt that how and when net-zero transition takes place matters – with the BoE stating clearly that the impact and cost will be far lower if transition is managed early, in an orderly and structured fashion.
What comes across most clearly, however, is how sensitive scenario modelling is to underlying assumptions – these range from carbon prices, actual warming and its impact, or even the actions taken by companies and financial institutions to address the impact.
Woods admitted in his speech that the “error bands around all these estimates are very wide” in terms of the CBES. It’s possible that the error might be in favour of less impact, but growing evidence of growing pollution, falling biodiversity and more extreme weather suggests that we are only seeing the beginning of a major operational shift.
Financial institutions and companies alike need to understand how business models and balance sheets are exposed to climate risk, both today and in the future. Given that these assumptions are based on available data, the focus on reliable and accurate data becomes increasingly clear.


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PHOENIX -- If you have mail to send out, get ready to shell out an extra penny.
Starting Sunday, the price of postage increases by a cent.
First class stamps will now cost 46 cents, while postcard prices go up to 33 cents.
Sending mail out of the country will cost $1.10. That’s up from 85 cents to Canada and Mexico, and a $1.05 to other international destinations.
The hike in postage prices comes as the U.S. Postal Service continues to struggle financially.


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Julia Roberts wore a black gown trimmed with sparkling sequins at the Critics’ Choice Awards.
Julia Roberts, 55, rocked a sparkling gown at the Critics’ Choice Awards in Los Angeles on Sunday (January 15). The actress donned a floor-length black Schiaparelli gown with glittery sequins on the bodice and sleeves at the awards ceremony at the Fairmont Century Plaza Hotel. She also wore Chopard jewels. The 55-year-old let her middle-parted auburn hair fall in soft curls over her shoulders during the performance. She kept her makeup natural.
Nominated for “Gaslit”.
Roberts was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie for her role in “Gaslit,” but the award ultimately went to Amanda Seyfried (37) for “The Dropout.” “Gaslit” revolves around the Watergate scandal – and Martha Mitchell’s role in it.
In addition to Julia Roberts, Sean Penn (62) can also be seen in it. He portrays former Attorney General John Mitchell in the series, which is based on the Slow Burn podcast, with Roberts playing his wife. As an unexpected whistleblower, she exposes the illegal activities in the White House and becomes the target of a smear campaign. The Watergate scandal ousted President Nixon from office in 1974.
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Self-verified patient of Dr. David B Kay - Posted on February 11th, 2014
Called his office to set up appointment & the number is no longer in service, who closes & doesn't even consult with their patients?!
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This Dr just closed up and ran nothing to patient to let them know where he would be HE IS VERY DISRESPECTFUL TO HIS PATIENTS
A patient who verified they visited Dr. David B Kay - Posted on October 21st, 2012
I don't recommend this doctor. I had an annual done and we discussed having the IUD inserted so we agreed that we would do an ultra sound the following week in regards to the pain on my left side near my ovary. The next week the IUD was inserted but no ultrasound to make sure the device was in properly nor to check to see what was going on with my left ovary. He says to come back in two weeks. I come back in two weeks, whereas the cramping was supposed to subside after the insertion, they didn't. We did do the ultrasound but he made mention that the IUD was not in high enough. Instead of correcting it, he just asked if I was cramping and told me to continue to take 800mg Ibuprofen. Finally after only having the IUD in for a month, I asked to have it removed. When he removed it, the IUD had already fallen out of place then he asked the question after its removal, "who put this in?" The nurse informed him that he had. He was in disbelief that he had done that. As he was walking out the room he made this remark, "don't come back here with a positive pregnancy test". Quacks like these should be practicing at all. I often wonder how do they get through medical school or obtain their liscenses?
Self-verified patient of Dr. David B Kay - Posted on October 17th, 2016
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Use our thorough list of flow meter manufacturers and suppliers in Kentucky to examine and sort top flow meter manufacturers with previews of ads and detailed descriptions of each product. Any flow meter manufacturers can provide flow meter products to meet your company's specific qualifications. An easy connection to reach flow meter manufacturers through our fast request for quote form is provided as well. This source is right for you whether it's for flow gauges, flow indicators, or any other flow meter needs.
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Serving industries such as oil and gas, chemical, petrochemical, aerospace, pharmaceutical, energy measurement and more; Hoffer Flow Controls, Inc. is committed to providing flow meters for the masses! Hoffer Flow Controls got their start in 1969 in New Jersey manufacturing cryogenic flow measurements. For over forty-five years Hoffer has grown the company to provide flow measurement solutions to industrial flow applications. Providing turbine flow meters of varying configurations is their specialty. Hoffer Flow Controls manufactures products for utilization on a global stage participating in the European Common Market and Central and South American Markets.Hoffer Flow Controls is an ISO 9001 certified company that makes every effort to maintain their place in the competitive global market with exceptional flow meter products. Hoffer’s mission is to ensure that they are continually supporting the customers' needs and strives to constantly improve performance in all aspects of the business. Applications of Hoffer flow meters and electronics include cryogenic fluid flows, fuel flow meters for rocket engine testing, water for injection in pharmaceutical, drag racing, power generation, industrial/municipal water, custom sub sea flow applications as well as a wide variety of others. Visit Hoffer’s website at www.hofferflow.com. An easily accessible request for quote form is available where you may submit your flow application specs. Experienced people can be found at Hoffer. From engineering and assembly to calibration and testing, the people at Hoffer continue to make immeasurable contributions to give you the measurable difference. $$$
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When I got to Boston Tuesday night, the TV weather folks were talking about a probable snowstorm on Thursday. Fortunately, they were wrong; instead, today opened with light rain and above-freezing temperatures, and now they’re predicting a mixture of rain and snow (more snow outside the immediate Boston area) and then clear and cold. At this time of year, that’s not a bad deal.
We had dinner at Helmand, an Afghani restaurant in Cambridge. Yummy. Highly recommended! They had traditional and non-traditional dishes (at least, I don’t think swordfish is a traditional Afghani dish), but we all stuck with traditional choices. I went for Murgh Kabob, which was a nicely spiced and marninated chicken dish (but not in bite-sized pieces).
I also enjoyed the wine — a 1998 Pouilly-Fusee (I know I spelled that wrong) White Burgundy.


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The images from this episode are attached below.
At 16:05, Takanashi Konoko and Uchino Pochi, the voices of Nanami and Yuuna, make appearances to promote Maidens of Michael. With this, all main performers have made an appearance on Reo-ppoi Radio.
At 19:28, a new segment was introduced to discuss Yurin Yurin’s standings in the Moe Game Awards. As of this writing, Lovers of the Atelier is at #9, and Maidens of Michael is #14. Anzu Hana also made the suggestion to listeners to propose a moe game idea by changing the premise of the visual novel currently ranked #1, which features a heterosexual couple, into a yuri story. She also explained her own role in Yurin Yurin’s next products. Currently, she voices two main characters (Reo and Satsuki, a protagonist in the sequel to Longing of an Angel) and performed two theme songs and four singles. Hana also explained that one of the protagonists in Yurin Yurin’s next product will be a tomboy, information that was reiterated at Girls Love Festival 9.
24:53 features the return of the Immigration Bureau, but for the first time, the applicant was denied entry into the Kingdom of Reo.
Let’s Study Global Yuri~n Yuri~n is not featured in this episode, but you can send in yuri-related phrases in your native tongue to reoppoi_radio★fuguriya.sakura.ne.jp (replacing the ★ with @) with the subject line 百合っぽいセリフ (English), with the language of the line you’re submitting changed accordingly. As for what constitutes a yuri-related phrase, no criteria was given. Simply use your own judgment as to what should be submitted.
You can listen to every Reo-ppoi Radio to date on this YouTube playlist.


A Kane County Circuit Court judge has blocked East Dundee Village Board member Frank J. Scarpelli from conducting municipal business until he rules whether Scarpelli can legally serve as both a village trustee and township Park Board member.
Judge Donald Fabian issued a preliminary injunction Tuesday blocking Scarpelli from acting as trustee after a lawsuit was filed last month by Kane County State's Atty. John Barsanti, who said that holding both posts constituted a conflict of interest.
Scarpelli, 43, and his attorney Lance Malina of Chicago declined to comment on what legal action they might take next. But Malina said an immediate appeal of Fabian's injunction could not be ruled out.
While noting that the controversy surrounding Scarpelli's two posts is "certainly not an issue of culpability on anyone's part," Fabian said he issued the preliminary injunction "to be sure [the citizens of East Dundee] have a properly functioning village government."
East Dundee could confront legal snags if any of Scarpelli's votes were later found to be invalid.
"This [six-member] Village Board is able to function without one vote," Fabian said in issuing his ruling.
Barsanti's complaint is based on a 1985 Illinois attorney general's opinion and a recent precedent-setting opinion by the Illinois Appellate Court that concluded the two offices were incompatible because "there is a conflict of duties."
Assistant State's Atty. Joseph Lulves argued Tuesday that Scarpelli in effect resigned his trustee post when he was re-elected and sworn in as a member of the Dundee Township Park District Board.
Scarpelli was first elected to the Park Board in 1999 and then elected to the Village Board in 2003.
It was not until he was re-elected to another six-year Park Board term and sworn into office in May, midway through his Village Board term, that Barsanti filed a complaint. Scarpelli contends the move was politically motivated.
Village Board member Dan O'Leary, who attended Tuesday's court hearing, said he was "a little bit disappointed that it played out this way."
O'Leary said the village's "previous law firm should have warned [Scarpelli] off."
Malina argued unsuccessfully that Fabian should first rule on the merits of the lawsuit before deciding whether to oust anyone from office. He described as minuscule the business dealings between the two posts.
"This very incompatibility has existed from 2003," said Malina.
"The effect of a preliminary injunction is to create a vacancy and allow for an appointment to fill it," he said.
The Village Board was scheduled to meet Tuesday night for the first time without Scarpelli.