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273 relations: Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Agios Efstratios, Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Albanian revolt of 1912, Alexandroupoli, Ali Rıza Pasha, Andranik, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Aristeidis Moraitinis (aviator), Armed merchantman, Armored cruiser, Army of Thessaly, Austria-Hungary, Ayvalık, Çatalca, İpek Detachment, İsmail Hakkı Okday, Şarköy, Šar Mountains, Balkan League, Balkan Wars, Balkans, Battle of Şarköy, Battle of Bizani, Battle of Bulair, Battle of Elli, Battle of Kaliakra (1912), Battle of Kardzhali, Battle of Kirk Kilisse, Battle of Kumanovo, Battle of Lemnos (1913), Battle of Lule Burgas, Battle of Merhamli, Battle of Monastir, Battle of Pente Pigadia, Battle of Prilep, Battle of Sarantaporo, Battle of Sorovich, Battle of Yenidje, Battlecruiser, Beirut, Bitola, Bizani, Black Hand (Serbia), Black Sea, Božidar Janković, Bolayır, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian crisis, ..., British Empire, British naval missions to the Ottoman Empire, Broadside, Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian unification, Capture of Korytsa, Central Powers, Chios, Cholera, Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Committee of Union and Progress, Constantine I of Greece, Constantinople, Crossing the T, Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro, Dardanelles, Didymoteicho, Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos, Division (military), Dodecanese, Doiran Lake, Douglas Gamble, Durrës, East Thrace, Eastern Army (Ottoman Empire), Eastern Question, Eastern Rumelia, Edirne, Eleftherios Venizelos, Enez, Enver Pasha, Epirus, Evzones, Farman MF.7, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, First Army (Bulgaria), First Battle of Çatalca, Firzovik Detachment, Florina, Fourth Army (Bulgaria), Franco-Prussian War, French military mission to Greece (1911–14), French Third Republic, Gallipoli, Garegin Nzhdeh, George I of Greece, Georgi Todorov (general), German Empire, German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912, Goudi coup, Great power, Greco-Turkish War (1897), Greek cruiser Georgios Averof, Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913, Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, Hasan Rıza Pasha, Hasan Tahsin Pasha, Hellenic Army, Himara, Himara revolt of 1912, I Corps (Ottoman Empire), Icaria, II Corps (Ottoman Empire), III Corps (Ottoman Empire), Imbros, In situ, Independent Albania, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, Ioannina, Ionian Sea, Ironclad warship, Isthmus, Italo-Turkish War, Italy, IV Corps (Ottoman Empire), Ivan Fichev, Janko Vukotić, Jihad, Journalists of the Balkan Wars, July Crisis, Karaağaç, Edirne, Kavala, Kâmil Pasha, Kölemen Abdullah Pasha, Kırcaali Detachment, Kırklareli, Kıyıköy, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Montenegro, Kingdom of Serbia, Konstantinos Damianos, Konstantinos Sapountzakis, Korçë, Kosovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumkale, Çanakkale, Lüleburgaz, Lefkada, Lemnos, Lesbos, Libya, List of places burned during the Balkan Wars, List of Russian rulers, List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts, Macedonia (region), Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps, Mehmed V, Mehmet Esat Bülkat, Michael Moutoussis, Mihail Savov, Mitrovica, Kosovo, Montenegro, Moudros, Nara Burnu, Naval mine, Nazım Pasha, Nicholas I of Montenegro, Nikola Ivanov, Nikolaos Votsis, Northern Epirus, Ohrid, Old Style and New Style dates, Order of battle, Order of battle of the Hellenic Army in the First Balkan War, Otto von Lossow, Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ottoman countercoup of 1909, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Syria, Ovče Pole, Panagiotis Danglis, Pangaion Hills, Pavlos Kountouriotis, Pınarhisar, Periklis Argyropoulos, Petar Bojović, Peter I of Serbia, Pirin, Pomaks, Port Said, Pre-dreadnought battleship, Preveza, Prince Peter of Montenegro, Principality of Samos, Provisional Government of Albania, Prussia, Psara, Ptolemaida, Radko Dimitriev, Radomir Putnik, Radomir Vešović, Rauf Orbay, Red Sea, Rhodope Mountains, Romania, Rumelia, Russian Empire, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Samos, Samothrace, Sandžak, Sanjak of Novi Pazar, Sarantaporo, Scutari Corps, Sea of Marmara, Second Army (Bulgaria), Second Balkan War, Second Battle of Çatalca, Serbia, Shkodër, Sick man of Europe, Siege of Adrianople (1912–13), Siege of Scutari (1912–13), Sinecure, Skopje, Spyros Spyromilios, Status quo ante bellum, Stepa Stepanović, Stiliyan Kovachev, Stracin, Strandzha, Struma Corps, Sublime Porte, Suez, Sultan, Syros, Taşlıca Detachment, Thasos, Thessaloniki, Thessaly, Third Army (Bulgaria), Thrace, Thracia, Torpedo boat, Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of London (1913), Treaty of San Stefano, Tundzha, V Corps (Ottoman Empire), Vardar Army, Vardar Macedonia, Vasil Kutinchev, Veles, Macedonia, VI Corps (Ottoman Empire), VII Corps (Ottoman Empire), VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire), Vlorë, Western Army (Ottoman Empire), Western Thrace, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, World War I, XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire), Yambol, Yanya Corps, Yemen Vilayet, Young Turk Revolution, Young Turks, Zeki Pasha, 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, 31 March Incident, 5th Airmobile Brigade (Greece). Expand index (223 more) » « Shrink index
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula.
The Aegean Sea (Αιγαίο Πέλαγος; Ege Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey.
Agios Efstratios or Saint Eustratius (Άγιος Ευστράτιος), colloquially Ai Stratis (Άη Στράτης) is a small Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea about southwest of Lemnos and northwest of Lesbos.
Ahmed İzzet Pasha (1864 – 31 March 1937), known as Ahmet İzzet Furgaç after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman general during World War I. He was also one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (14 October 1918 - 8 November 1918) and its last Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The Albanian revolt of 1912 was the last Albanian revolt in the Ottoman Empire and lasted from January until August 1912.
Alexandroupoli (Αλεξανδρούπολη) or Alexandroupolis is a city in Greece and the capital of the Evros regional unit in East Macedonia and Thrace.
Ali Rıza Pasha (Ali Rıza Paşa, 1860–1932) was an Ottoman statesman, who was one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire, under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, between 14 October 1919 and 2 March 1920.
Andranik Ozanian, commonly known as Andranik (Անդրանիկ; 25 February 186531 August 1927) was an Armenian military commander and statesman, the best known fedayi and a key figure of the Armenian national liberation movement.
Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
Aristeidis Moraitinis DSO (Αριστείδης Μωραϊτίνης, 1891–1918) was a pioneer Greek military aviator of the early 20th century.
An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact.
The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Army of Thessaly (Στρατιά Θεσσαλίας) was a field army of Greece, activated in Thessaly during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War in 1912, both times against the Ottoman Empire and commanded by Crown Prince Constantine.
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
Ayvalık is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey.
Çatalca (Metrae, Μέτραι in Ancient Greek) is a city and a rural district in Istanbul, Turkey.
The İpek Detachment of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: İpek Müfrezesi) was one of the Detachment under the command of the Ottoman Western Army.
İsmail Hakkı Okday (1881–1977) was an Ottoman military commander, who participated in the First Balkan War.
Şarköy, at Greek known as Peristasi (Περίσταση), is a seaside town and district of Tekirdağ Province situated on the north coast of the Marmara Sea in Thrace in Turkey.
The Šar Mountains (Macedonian and Шар планина, Šar planina) or Sharr Mountains (Malet e Sharrit), form a mountain range in the Balkans that extends from Kosovo and the northwest of the Republic of Macedonia, to northeastern Albania.
The Balkan League was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Balkan kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of the Balkan peninsula.
The Balkan Wars (Balkan Savaşları, literally "the Balkan Wars" or Balkan Faciası, meaning "the Balkan Tragedy") consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913.
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
The Battle of Şarköy or Sarkoy operation (Битка при Шаркьой, Şarköy Çıkarması) took place between 9 and 11 February 1913 during the First Balkan War between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Bizani (Turkish:Bizani Muharebesi) took place in Epirus on.
The battle of Bulair (Битка при Булаир, Bolayır Muharebesi) took place on 26 January 1913 between the Bulgarian Seventh Rila Infantry Division under General Georgi Todorov and the Ottoman 27th Infantry Division.
The Battle of Elli (Ναυμαχία της Έλλης, İmroz Deniz Muharebesi) or the Battle of the Dardanelles took place near the mouth of the Dardanelles on as part of the First Balkan War between the fleets of the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire. It was the largest sea battle of the Balkan Wars.
The Battle of Kaliakra, usually known as the Attack of the Drazki (Атаката на Дръзки) in Bulgaria, was a maritime action between four Bulgarian torpedo boats and the Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye in the Black Sea.
The Battle of Kircaali or Battle of Kardzhali was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Kirk Kilisse or Battle of Kirkkilise or Battle of Lozengrad was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Kumanovo (Кумановска битка/Kumanovska bitka, Kumanova Muharebesi) on 23–24 October 1912 was a major battle of the First Balkan War.
The Battle of Lemnos (Ναυμαχία της Λήμνου, Mondros Deniz Muharebesi), fought on, was a naval battle during the First Balkan War, which defeated the second and last attempt of the Ottoman Empire to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles and reclaim supremacy over the Aegean Sea from Greece.
The Battle of Lule Burgas (Lüleburgaz Muharebesi) or Battle of Luleburgas – Bunarhisar (Битка при Люлебургас – Бунархисар, Lüleburgaz – Pınarhisar Muharebesi) was a battle between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Merhamli was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire which took place on 14/27 November 1912.
The Battle of Monastir took place near the town of Bitola, Macedonia (then known as Monastir) during the First Balkan War, from 16 to 19 November 1912.
The Battle of Pente Pigadia or Battle of Beshpinar (Μάχη των Πέντε Πηγαδιών, Beşpınar Muharebesi) was fought during the First Balkan War between the Ottomans and the Kingdom of Greece.
The Battle of Prilep or Battle of Pirlepe in the First Balkan War took place on November 3, 1912.
The Battle of Sarantaporo, variously also transliterated as Sarantaporon or Sarandaporon (Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου) took place on October 9–10 (O.S.), 1912.
The Battle of Sorovich (Μάχη του Σόροβιτς, Soroviç Muharebesi) took place between 22–24 October 1912 (O.S.), during the First Balkan War.
The Battle of Yenidje or Yenice or Battle of Giannitsa, was a battle between the Greek Army and the Ottoman Army on October 19–20 1912, during the First Balkan War.
The battlecruiser, or battle cruiser, was a type of capital ship of the first half of the 20th century.
Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
Bitola (Битола known also by several alternative names) is a city in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia.
Bizani (Μπιζάνι) is a village and a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece.
Unification or Death (Уједињење или смрт / Ujedinjenje ili smrt), popularly known as the Black Hand (Црна рука / Crna ruka), was a secret military society formed on 9 May 1911 by officers in the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia, originating in the conspiracy group that assassinated the Serbian royal couple (1903), led by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis".
The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.
Božidar Janković (Божидар Јанковић; 7 December 1849 – 7 July 1920) was a Serbian army general commander of the Serbian Third Army during the First Balkan War between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire.
Bolayır is a town in the Gelibolu district of Çanakkale Province, situated on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the European part of Turkey.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (or; abbreviated B&H; Bosnian and Serbian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) / Боснa и Херцеговина (БиХ), Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH)), sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula.
The Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted when on 8 October 1908, Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formally within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
In the lead-up to World War I, there were three British naval missions to the Ottoman Empire, sent to help modernize and reform the Ottoman Navy.
A broadside is the side of a ship, the battery of cannon on one side of a warship; or their coordinated fire in naval warfare.
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Българска православна църква, Balgarska pravoslavna tsarkva) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church.
The Unification of Bulgaria (Съединение на България, Saedinenie na Balgariya) was the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and the province of Eastern Rumelia in the autumn of 1885.
The Capture of Korytsa or Korçë by the Greek armed forces, happened at 20 December 1912, at the first Balkan War.
The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).
Chios (Χίος, Khíos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea, off the Anatolian coast.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Freiherr Wilhelm Leopold Colmar von der Goltz (12 August 1843 – 19 April 1916), also known as Goltz Pasha, was a Prussian Field Marshal and military writer.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti إتحاد و ترقى جمیعتی), later Party of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası, Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students Ibrahim Temo, Mehmed Reshid, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, Ali Hüseyinzade, Kerim Sebatî, Mekkeli Sabri Bey, Nazım Bey, Şerafettin Mağmumi, Cevdet Osman and Giritli Şefik.
Constantine I (Κωνσταντίνος Αʹ, Konstantínos I; – 11 January 1923) was King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from 1920 to 1922.
Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.
Crossing the T or capping the T is a classic naval warfare tactic used from the late 19th to mid 20th centuries, in which a line of warships crosses in front of a line of enemy ships, allowing the crossing line to bring all their guns to bear while receiving fire from only the forward guns of the enemy.
Danilo Aleksandar Petrović-Njegoš (29 June 1871 – 24 September 1939) was the Crown Prince of Montenegro.
The Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı, translit), also known from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Ἑλλήσποντος, Hellespontos, literally "Sea of Helle"), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally-significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.
Didymóteicho (Διδυμότειχο) is a town located on the eastern edge of the Evros regional unit of East Macedonia and Thrace, in northeastern Greece.
Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos (Δημήτριος Ματθαιόπουλος, 1861–1923) was a senior Greek Army officer who participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.
A division is a large military unit or formation, usually consisting of between 10,000 and 20,000 soldiers.
The Dodecanese (Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, literally "twelve islands") are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey), of which 26 are inhabited.
Doiran Lake (Dojransko Ezero;, Límni Doïráni), also spelled Dojran Lake is a lake with an area of shared between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece.
Admiral Sir Douglas Austin Gamble KCVO (8 November 1856 - 23 May 1934) was a Royal Navy officer who commanded the 4th Battle Squadron.
Durrës (Durazzo,, historically known as Epidamnos and Dyrrachium, is the second most populous city of the Republic of Albania. The city is the capital of the surrounding Durrës County, one of 12 constituent counties of the country. By air, it is northwest of Sarandë, west of Tirana, south of Shkodër and east of Rome. Located on the Adriatic Sea, it is the country's most ancient and economic and historic center. Founded by Greek colonists from Corinth and Corfu under the name of Epidamnos (Επίδαμνος) around the 7th century BC, the city essentially developed to become significant as it became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. The Via Egnatia, the continuation of the Via Appia, started in the city and led across the interior of the Balkan Peninsula to Constantinople in the east. In the Middle Ages, it was contested between Bulgarian, Venetian and Ottoman dominions. Following the declaration of independence of Albania, the city served as the capital of the Principality of Albania for a short period of time. Subsequently, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy and Nazi Germany in the interwar period. Moreover, the city experienced a strong expansion in its demography and economic activity during the Communism in Albania. Durrës is served by the Port of Durrës, one of the largest on the Adriatic Sea, which connects the city to Italy and other neighbouring countries. Its most considerable attraction is the Amphitheatre of Durrës that is included on the tentative list of Albania for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Once having a capacity for 20,000 people, it is the largest amphitheatre in the Balkan Peninsula.
East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Ανατολική Θράκη, Anatoliki Thraki; Източна Тракия, Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of the modern Republic of Turkey that is geographically part of Southeast Europe.
The Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Şark Ordusu) was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army.
In diplomatic history, the "Eastern Question" refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.
Eastern Rumelia (Източна Румелия, Iztochna Rumeliya; روم الى شرقى, Rumeli-i Şarkî; Ανατολική Ρωμυλία, Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous territory (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ended in 1885, when it was united with the principality of Bulgaria, also under Ottoman suzerainty.
Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Hadrianopolis in Latin or Adrianoupolis in Greek, founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama), is a city in the northwestern Turkish province of Edirne in the region of East Thrace, close to Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria.
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos (full name Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος,; 23 August 1864 – 18 March 1936) was an eminent Greek leader of the Greek national liberation movement and a charismatic statesman of the early 20th century remembered for his promotion of liberal-democratic policies.
Enez is a town and a district of Edirne Province, in Thrace, Turkey.
Ismail Enver Pasha (اسماعیل انور پاشا; İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer and a leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.
Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania.
The Evzones or Evzonoi (Εύζωνες, Εύζωνοι), is the name of several historical elite light infantry and mountain units of the Greek Army.
The Maurice Farman MF.7 Longhorn is a French biplane developed before World War I which was used for reconnaissance by both the French and British air services in the early stages of the war before being relegated to service as a trainer.
Ferdinand I (Фердинанд I; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948),Louda, 1981, ''Lines of Succession'', Table 149 born Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the second monarch of the Third Bulgarian State, firstly as knyaz (ruling prince) from 1887 to 1908, and later as tsar (emperor) from 1908 until his abdication in 1918.
The Bulgarian First Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II.
The First Battle of Çatalca was one of the heaviest battles of the First Balkan War fought between.
The Firzovik Detachment of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Firzovik Müfrezesi) was one of the Detachments under the command of the Ottoman Vardar Army of the Western Army.
Florina (Φλώρινα, known also by some alternative names) is a town and municipality in the mountainous northwestern Macedonia, Greece.
The Bulgarian Fourth Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II.
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.
The 1911–1914 French military mission to Greece was called to Greece by the government of Eleftherios Venizelos to reorganize the Hellenic Army, parallel to a British naval mission for the Royal Hellenic Navy.
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
The Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu Yarımadası; Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης, Chersónisos tis Kallípolis) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east.
Garegin Ter-Harutyunyan (Գարեգին Տէր-Յարութիւնեան) better known by his nom de guerre Garegin Nzhdeh (Գարեգին Նժդեհ) (1 January 1886 – 21 December 1955) was an Armenian statesman and military strategist.
George I (Γεώργιος Αʹ, Geórgios I; born Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; Prins Vilhelm; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 1863 until his assassination in 1913.
Georgi Stoyanov Todorov (Георги Тодоров) (born on 10 August 1858 in Bolgrad (contemporary Ukraine); died on 16 November 1934 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general who fought in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885), Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and First World War (1914–1918).
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
The German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 was an informal conference of some of the highest military leaders of the German Empire.
The Goudi coup (κίνημα στο Γουδί) was a military coup d'état that took place in Greece on the night of, starting at the barracks in Goudi, a neighbourhood on the eastern outskirts of Athens.
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (Mauro '97) or the Unfortunate War (Ατυχής πόλεμος, Atychis polemos) (Turkish: 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı or 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
Georgios Averof (Θ/Κ Γεώργιος Αβέρωφ) is a modified armored cruiser built in Italy for the Royal Hellenic Navy in the first decade of the 20th century.
The Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913 was signed at Thessaloniki on 1 June 1913, in the aftermath of the First Balkan War, when both countries wanted to preserve their gains in Macedonia from Bulgarian expansionism.
Hans, Baron von Wangenheim (1859 – October 26, 1915) was a diplomat for Imperial Germany.
Hasan Rıza Pasha (1871 – 30 January 1913), was a general in the Ottoman Army.
Hasan Tahsin Pasha (1845–1918) was a senior Ottoman military officer, who served in Yemen and in the First Balkan War.
The Hellenic Army (Ελληνικός Στρατός, Ellinikós Stratós, sometimes abbreviated as ΕΣ), formed in 1828, is the land force of Greece (with Hellenic being a synonym for Greek).
Himara or Himarë (from Χειμάρρα, Himarra) is a bilingual region and municipality in southern Albania, part of Vlorë County.
The Himara revolt (Εξέγερση της Χειμάρρας), was a Greek uprising during the First Balkan War that took place in the region of Himara (Himarë, today southern Albania), on.
The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 1 nci Kolordu or Birinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Ικαρία), is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, 10 nautical miles (19 km) southwest of Samos.
The II Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 2 nci Kolordu or İkinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
The III Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 3üncü Kolordu or Üçüncü Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
Imbros or İmroz, officially changed to Gökçeada since 29 July 1970,Alexis Alexandris, "The Identity Issue of The Minorities In Greece An Turkey", in Hirschon, Renée (ed.), Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, Berghahn Books, 2003, (older name in Turkish: İmroz; Greek: Ίμβρος Imvros), is the largest island of Turkey and the seat of Gökçeada District of Çanakkale Province.
In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".
Independent Albania (Shqipëria e Pavarur) was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorë (then Ottoman Empire, today Republic of Albania) on 28 November 1912.
The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya (VMRO); Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) was a revolutionary national liberation movement in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Ioannina (Ιωάννινα), often called Yannena (Γιάννενα) within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus, an administrative region in north-western Greece.
The Ionian Sea (Ιόνιο Πέλαγος,, Mar Ionio,, Deti Jon) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea.
An ironclad is a steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates used in the early part of the second half of the 19th century.
An isthmus (or; plural: isthmuses; from neck) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated.
The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War"; also known in Italy as Guerra di Libia, "Libyan War") was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912.
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
The IV Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 4 ncü Kolordu or Dördüncü Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
Ivan Fichev (Иван Фичев) (born on 15 April 1860 in Tarnovo, died on 13 November 1931 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, Minister of Defense, military historian and academician.
Janko Vukotić (Јанко Вукотић; 18 February 1866 – 4 February 1927) was a Serdar, general in the armies of the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro in the Balkan Wars and World War I.
Jihad (جهاد) is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.
This page lists the known war correspondents, war photographers, war artists, and war cinematographers who were active during the First and Second Balkan Wars.
The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that was the penultimate cause of World War I. The crisis began on June 28, 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and Yugoslavic partisan, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
Karaağaç (Turkish: "elm, elm wood") is a suburb of Edirne in northwestern Turkey at the border with Greece.
Kavala (Καβάλα) is a city in northern Greece, the principal seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala regional unit.
Mehmed Kâmil Pasha (محمد كامل پاشا; Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa, "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kiamil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman statesman of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century, who became, as aside regional or international posts within the Ottoman state structure.
Abdullah Pasha or Abdullah Kölemen (1846–1937) was an Ottoman general in the First Balkan War, notable as the Ottoman commander in the Battle of Kirk Kilisse in 1912, the Battle of Lule Burgas, and the Battle of Adrianople (1913) in which the Ottoman forces were defeated by the Bulgarians.
The Kırcaali Detachment of the Ottoman Empire (Modern Turkish: Kırcaali Müfrezesi or Kırcaali Kolordusu) was one of the Detachments under the command of the Ottoman Eastern Army.
Kırklareli is a city on the European part of Turkey.
Kıyıköy, formerly Midye, ancient/medieval Medea (Μήδεια), is a village in the district of Vize in Kırklareli Province at northwestern Turkey.
The Kingdom of Bulgaria (Царство България, Tsarstvo Bǎlgariya), also referred to as the Tsardom of Bulgaria and the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, was a constitutional monarchy in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1908 when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a kingdom.
The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire).
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црнa Горa / Kraljevina Crna Gora), was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present day Montenegro, during the tumultuous years on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Legally it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice.
The Kingdom of Serbia (Краљевина Србија / Kraljevina Srbija), often rendered as Servia in English sources during the time of its existence, was created when Milan I, ruler of the Principality of Serbia, was proclaimed king in 1882.
Konstantinos Damianos (Κωνσταντίνος Δαμιανός, 1853–1915) was a senior Greek Army officer who fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.
Konstantinos Sapountzakis (Κωνσταντίνος Σαπουντζάκης, 1846 – 1931) was a Greek Army officer.
Korçë ((Korça), other names see below) is a city and municipality in southeastern Albania, and the seat of Korçë County.
Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).
Kriva Palanka (Крива Паланка) is a town located in the northeastern part of the Republic of Macedonia.
Kumkale is a village in Çanakkale Province, Turkey.
Lüleburgaz, (Люлебургас, Lyuleburgas, or Беркулен, Berkulen), historically Arcadiopolis (Αρκαδιούπολις/Αρκαδιούπολη, Arkadioupoli) is a town and district of Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.
Lefkada (Λευκάδα, Lefkáda), also known as Lefkas or Leukas (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, Leukás, modern pronunciation Lefkás) and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge.
Lemnos (Λήμνος) is a Greek island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea.
Lesbos (Λέσβος), or Lezbolar in Turkish sometimes referred to as Mytilene after its capital, is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea.
Libya (ليبيا), officially the State of Libya (دولة ليبيا), is a sovereign state in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
List of places burned during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) is a list of places totally or partly burned during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913).
This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.
Serbian–Turkish conflicts or Serbian–Ottoman conflicts include those of medieval Serbia against the Ottoman Empire, until World War I (modern Turkey).
Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe.
The Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (Македоно-одринско опълчение, Makedono-odrinsko opalchenie) was a volunteer corps of the Bulgarian Army during the Balkan Wars.
Mehmed V. Reşâd (Ottoman Turkish: محمد خامس Meḥmed-i ẖâmis, Beşinci Mehmet Reşat or Reşat Mehmet) (2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan.
Mehmed Esad Pasha (18 October 1862 – 2 November 1952), known as Mehmet Esat Bülkat after the 1934 Surname Law, was an Ottoman general active during the First Balkan War, where he led the Yanya Corps, and in World War I, where he was the senior Ottoman commander in the Dardanelles Campaign.
Michael Moutoussis (Μιχαήλ Μουτούσης, 1885 – 16 March 1956) was one of the first military aviators in the Greek Armed Forces.
Mihail Savov (Михаил Савов) (born on 14 November 1857 in Stara Zagora, died on 21 July 1928 in Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey, France) was a Bulgarian general, twice Minister of Defence (1891–1894 and 1903–1907), second in command of the Bulgarian army during the Balkan Wars.
Mitrovica (Mitrovicë) or Kosovska Mitrovica (Serbian Cyrillic: Косовска Митровица) is a city and municipality located in the Mitrovica District of Kosovo.
Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora, meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.
Moudros (Μούδρος) is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lemnos, North Aegean, Greece.
Nara Burnu (Turkish "Cape Nara"), formerly Nağara Burnu, in English Nagara Point, and in older sources Point Pesquies, is a headland on the Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Straits, north of Çanakkale.
A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines.
Hüseyin Nazım Pasha (Hüseyin Nâzım Paşa; 1848 – 23 January 1913) was the Ottoman Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army during the First Balkan War of 1912–13.
Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš (Никола I Петровић-Његош; – 1 March 1921) was the ruler of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as sovereign prince from 1860 to 1910 and as king from 1910 to 1918.
Nikola Ivanov (Никола Иванов) (2 March 1861, Kalofer – 10 September 1940, Sofia) was a Bulgarian general, Chief of the Headquarters of the Bulgarian Army between 10 May 1894 and 29 November 1896, Minister of war between 29 November 1896 - 30 January 1899.
Nikolaos Votsis (Νικόλαος Βότσης; 1877–1931) was a Greek naval officer who distinguished himself during the Balkan Wars and rose to the rank of Rear Admiral.
Northern Epirus (Βόρειος Ήπειρος, Vorios Ipiros, Epiri i Veriut) is a term used to refer to those parts of the historical region of Epirus, in the western Balkans, which today are part of Albania.
Ohrid (Охрид) is a city in the Republic of Macedonia and the seat of Ohrid Municipality.
Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are terms sometimes used with dates to indicate that the calendar convention used at the time described is different from that in use at the time the document was being written.
In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force.
The following is the order of battle of the Hellenic Army during the First Balkan War.
General Otto Hermann von Lossow (15 January 1868 – 25 November 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who played a prominent role in the events surrounding the attempted Beer Hall Putsch by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 1923.
The Islamic Ottoman Empire era of rule in the Bosnia and Herzegovina region lasted from 1463/1482 to 1878.
The Ottoman countercoup of 1909 (13 April 1909) was an attempt to dismantle the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire and replace it with an autocracy under Sultan/Caliph Abdul Hamid II.
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
Ottoman Syria refers to the parts of modern-day Syria or of Greater Syria which were subjected to Ottoman rule, anytime between the Ottoman conquests on the Mamluk Sultanate in the early 16th century and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
Ovče Pole (Овче Поле, meaning: Plain of sheep) is a plain situated around the flow of Sveti Nikole's River, which is a tributary to the Bregalnica river, in the east-central part of Republic of Macedonia.
Panagiotis Danglis (Παναγιώτης Δαγκλής; 30 August 1853 – 9 March 1924) was a Greek Army general and politician.
The Pangaion Hills (Greek, Παγγαίο, ancient forms: Pangaeon, Pangaeum, Homeric name: Nysa) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala.
Pavlos Kountouriotis (Παύλος Κουντουριώτης, 9 April 1855 – 22 August 1935) was a Greek rear admiral during the Balkan Wars, regent, and the first President of the Second Hellenic Republic.
Pınarhisar, ancient Brysis (Βρύσις in Ancient Greek), is a large town and district of Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.
Periklis Argyropoulos (Περικλής Ι. Αργυρόπουλος; 1871–1953) was a Greek naval officer, politician and diplomat.
Field Marshal Petar Bojović (16 July 1858 in Miševići, Nova Varoš – 19 January 1945 in Belgrade) was a Serbian military commander who fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, World War I and World War II.
Peter I (Petar/Петар; – 16 August 1921) reigned as the last King of Serbia (1903–1918) and as the first King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921).
The Pirin Mountains (Пирин) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria, with Vihren at an altitude of 2,914 m being the highest peak.
Pomaks (Помаци/Pomatsi, Πομάκοι/Pomákoi, Pomaklar) is a term used for Slavic Muslims inhabiting Bulgaria, northeastern Greece and northwestern Turkey, mainly referring to the ca.
Port Said (بورسعيد, the first syllable has its pronunciation from Arabic; unurbanized local pronunciation) is a city that lies in north east Egypt extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with an approximate population of 603,787 (2010).
Pre-dreadnought battleships were sea-going battleships built between the mid- to late 1880s and 1905, before the launch of.
Preveza (Πρέβεζα) is a town in the region of Epirus, northwestern Greece, located at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf.
Prince Peter Petrovich-Njegosh of Montenegro, Grand Duke of Zahumlie (10 October 1889 – 7 May 1932)Burkes Royal Families of the World.
The island of Samos had participated in the Greek War of Independence and had successfully resisted several Turkish and Egyptian attempts to occupy it, but it was not included with the boundaries of the newly independent Kingdom of Greece after 1832.
The Provisional Government of Albania (Qeveria e Përkohshme e Shqipërisë) was the first government of Albania, created by the Assembly of Vlorë on 4 December 1912.
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
Psara (Ψαρά, Psará,; formerly known as Ψύρα, Psyra, or Ψυρίη, Psyriī) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea.
Ptolemaida (Ptolemaïda, Katharevousa: Πτολεμαΐς, Ptolemaïs, before 1927: Καϊλάρια - Kailaria) is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece.
Radko Dimitriev (Радко Димитриев) (24 September 1859 in Gradets – 18 October 1918 near Pyatigorsk) was a Bulgarian general, Head of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army from 1 January 1904 to 28 March 1907, as well as a general in the Russian Army during the First World War.
Field Marshal Radomir Putnik (Радомир Путник;; 24 January 1847 – 17 May 1917) was the first Serbian Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian army in the Balkan Wars and in the First World War.
Radomir Vešović (1871–1938) was Montenegrin and Yugoslav military officer and politician.
Hüseyin Rauf Orbay (27 July 1881 – 16 July 1964) was an Ottoman-born Turkish naval officer, statesman and diplomat.
The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
The Rhodopes (Родопи, Rodopi; Ροδόπη, Rodopi; Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece.
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
Rumelia (روم ايلى, Rūm-ėli; Rumeli), also known as Turkey in Europe, was a historical term describing the area in southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, mainly the Balkan Peninsula.
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
Samos (Σάμος) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait.
Samothrace (also Samothraki, Samothracia) (Σαμοθρᾴκη, Ionic Σαμοθρηΐκη; Σαμοθράκη) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea.
Sandžak (Санџак) or Sanjak is a historical geo-political region, now divided by the border between Serbia and Montenegro.
The Sanjak of Novi Pazar (Novopazarski sandžak; Новопазарски санџак; Yeni Pazar sancağı) was an Ottoman sanjak (second-level administrative unit) that was created in 1865.
Sarantaporo (Σαραντάπορο) is a village and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece.
The Scutari Corps, Işkodra Corps or Shkodër Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: İşkodra Kolordusu) was one of the corps under the command of the Ottoman Western Army.
The Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis is the inland sea, entirely within the borders of Turkey, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts.
The Bulgarian Second Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II.
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 (O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913.
The Second Battle of Çatalca fought between 03 February 1913 - 03 April 1913 was one of the continuous skirmishes of the First Balkan War.
Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.
Shkodër or Shkodra, historically known as Scutari (in Italian, English and most Western European landuages) or Scodra, is a city in the Republic of Albania.
"Sick man of Europe" is a label given to a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment.
The Battle of Adrianople or Siege of Adrianople (Обсада на Одрин, Опсада Једрена, Edirne Kuşatması) was fought during the First Balkan War, beginning in mid-November 1912 and ending on 26 March 1913 with the capture of Edirne (Adrianople) by the Bulgarian 2nd Army.
The Siege of Scutari / Skadar took place from October 28, 1912 to April 23, 1913, with allied forces of Montenegro and Serbia against forces of the Ottoman Empire.
A sinecure (from Latin sine.
Skopje (Скопје) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia.
The term status quo ante bellum (often shortened to status quo ante) is a Latin phrase meaning "the state existing before the war".
Field Marshal Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović (Степан Степа Степановић,; – 29 April 1929) was a Serbian military commander who fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War and World War I. Having joined the Serbian military in 1874, he fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire in 1876.
Stiliyan Kovachev (Стилиян Ковачев) (born on 26 February 1860 in Yanbolu (Yambol), died on 11 July 1939 in Sofia) was a Bulgarian general.
Stracin or Stratsin (Страцин) is a village in northeastern Republic of Macedonia, in the Kratovo Municipality.
Strandzha (Странджа, also transliterated as Strandja; Istranca or Yıldız) is a mountain massif in southeastern Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey.
The Struma Corps or Usturma Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Usturma Kolordusu) was one of the corps under the command of the Ottoman Western Army.
The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.
Suez (السويس; Egyptian Arabic) is a seaport city (population ca. 497,000) in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez (a branch of the Red Sea), near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, having the same boundaries as Suez governorate.
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
Syros (Σύρος), or Siros or Syra is a Greek island in the Cyclades, in the Aegean Sea.
The Taşlıca Detachment of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Taşlıca Müfrezesi) was one of the Detachment under the command of the Ottoman Vardar Army of the Western Army.
Thasos or Thassos (Θάσος) is a Greek island, geographically part of the North Aegean Sea, but administratively part of the Kavala regional unit.
Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki), also familiarly known as Thessalonica, Salonica, or Salonika is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.
Thessaly (Θεσσαλία, Thessalía; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalía) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.
The Bulgarian Third Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II.
Thrace (Modern Θράκη, Thráki; Тракия, Trakiya; Trakya) is a geographical and historical area in southeast Europe, now split between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, the Aegean Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east.
Thracia or Thrace (Θρᾴκη Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians.
A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to carry torpedoes into battle.
The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on July 13, 1878.
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May during the London Conference of 1912–13.
The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Turkish: Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
The Tundzha (Τόνζος) is a river in Bulgaria and Turkey and the most significant tributary of the Maritsa, emptying into it on Turkish territory near Edirne.
The V Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 5 nci Kolordu or Beşinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
The Vardar Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Vardar Ordusu) was one of the field armies under the command of the Western Army.
Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian and Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija) was the name given to the territory of Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia roughly corresponding to today's Republic of Macedonia.
Vasil Ivanov Kutinchev (Васил Иванов Кутинчев) (born February 25, 1859 in Rusçuk, died March 30, 1941) was a Bulgarian officer.
Veles (Велес) is a city in the central part of the Republic of Macedonia on the Vardar river.
The VI Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 6 ncı Kolordu or Altıncı Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
The VII Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 7 nci Kolordu or Yedinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
The VIII Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 8 nci Kolordu or Sekizinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
Vlorë is the third most populous city of the Republic of Albania.
The Western Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Garp Ordusu) was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army.
Western Thrace (Θράκη, Thráki; Batı Trakya; Западна Тракия, Zapadna Trakiya or Беломорска Тракия, Belomorska Trakiya) is a geographic and historical region of Greece, between the Nestos and Evros rivers in the northeast of the country; Eastern Thrace, which lies east of the river Evros, forms the European part of Turkey, and the area to the north, in Bulgaria, is known as Northern Thrace.
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
The XVII Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: 17 nci Kolordu or On Yedinci Kolordu) was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army.
Yambol (Ямбол) is a city in southeastern Bulgaria and administrative centre of Yambol Province.
The Yanya Corps or Independent Yanya Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Yanya Kolordusu) was one of the major formations under the command of the Ottoman Western Army.
Yemen Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت یمن Vilâyet-i Yemen) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.
The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) of the Ottoman Empire was when the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics in a two stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament.
Young Turks (Jön Türkler, from Les Jeunes Turcs) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers.
Zeki Pasha or Zekki Pasha or Zeki Kolaçİzzettin Çalışlar, On yıllık savaşın günlüğü: Balkan, Birinci Dünya ve İstiklal Savaşları, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997, or Mehmet Zeki Baraz (Halepli Zeki Paşa; 1862–1943), known as Zeki Baraz Kolaç Kılıçoğlu after the 1934 Surname Law,Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu name, Osmanlı Askerlik Literatürü Tarihi: History of Military Art and Science Literature during the Ottoman Period, İslâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), 2004, was a Turkish Balkan Wars and World War I field marshal of the Ottoman Army.
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî).
The 31 March Incident (31 Mart Vakası, 31 Mart Olayı, 31 Mart Hadisesi, or 31 Mart İsyanı) was the defeat of the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 by the Hareket Ordusu ("Army of Action"), which was the 11th Salonika Reserve Infantry Division of the Third Army stationed in the Balkans and commanded by Mahmud Shevket Pasha on 24 April 1909.
The 5th Airmobile Brigade "5th Cretan Division" (5η Αερομεταφερόμενη Ταξιαρχία Πεζικού «V Μεραρχία Κρητών»), formerly the 5th Infantry Division (V Μεραρχία Πεζικού) and commonly referred to simply as the Cretan Division (Μεραρχία Κρητών), is an air assault brigade of the Hellenic Army responsible for the defense of the southern Aegean sea.
1st balkan war, Balkan War (1912-13), Balkan War (1912–13), Drac County (Kingdom of Serbia), Durres County (Kingdom of Serbia), Epirus front, First Balkan war, First Balkans War, Serbian-Turkish War (1912-1913).

domain: geography


text:
New Replacements: "Message To The Boys"
Oh, this is soooo good: classic 'Mats flavor and a rocking sound on this, the first new Replacements song in 16 years. I am loving it. The song was premiered earlier today on the Jim Rome show, which seemed an odd choice to many (apparently he is a sports radio guy), but his passion about music came through as he talked about his time working on college radio and his love for the Replacements.
Message To The Boys - The Replacements
(rip from streaming online radio, up for a limited time)
I heard Stinson's interview, and Westerberg was also supposed to call in. Anyone catch the whole thing? I am anticipating the forthcoming album Don't You Know Who I Think I Was: The Best Of The Replacements, due June 13 from Rhino Records.

domain: artistic


RFI 5G LTE 5.5dBi Collinear Antenna (698-3800 MHz); 5m SMA(M) - Black
The evolution continues with the release of the CDR7100 Series 4G LTE cellular mobile antenna.
Patented PCB based collinear design offering the ultimate in pattern and gain stability
Ideal for all new 5G lte networks with true multi-band coverage
Supplied with 5m low loss coaxial cable, with female FME connector.
Like the CDQ7100 Series, the secret to its outstanding performance lies in the use of the patented Meander™ radiating elements
These Meander circuits are coupled together to deliver extraordinary consistency in gain, coverage pattern and bandwidth
The result is a unique antenna, housed in the one unit, able to operate across all mobile phone networks global
- High gain across all bands making it suiting fringe and rural applications.
The antenna sports the "Q-Fit™ removable whip system for fast and simple removal when entering low height areas, car washes or for antenna security." - read more on the RFI website
The CDR8100 Series whips can be removed via the integrated N male connector in the whip and N female connector on the spring assembly
When travelling through different terrain, the removable antenna can be swapped over to a larger or smaller size and gain, ensuring the best performance in all geographic areas
With a 13mm stud mount on a heavy duty black chrome stainless steel spring, the CD8100 Series can be installed on a number of mounting brackets and are ideal for installations in commercial vehicles, four wheel drives and trucks.
Specifications / Frequenc
|Cable And Connector||5m RG58 (9006) low loss cable terminated with SMA male connector|
|Frequency Range||1710 - 2170, 2300 - 2700, 3400 - 3800, 698 - 960|
|Nominal Gain Dbi||5.5 / 4.5 / 5.5 / 6.5|
|Mounting area||13-16mm diameter hole|
|Frequency MHz||698-960 / 1710-2170 / 2300-2700 / 3400-3800|
Please contact us If you would like a shorter length of cable, or a different connector and we will customise this antenna for you.


text:
London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012. Octavo, dustwrapper, colour photographs, line drawings. Gardens are an opportunity to see an ecosystem at work, yet we are often oblivious of the sheer richness of experience that our gardens can provide. In small gardens, most visiting wildlife will be in the form of birds and.....
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domain: hobby


text:
Cultivate this virtue
the profound truth that
the manifest and hidden are one.
— Morihei Ueshiba, The Secrets of BudōAll Categories
I am an MD/PhD student at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. My doctoral work focused on tissue engineering approaches to study stem and progenitor cell fate in the developing liver. Learn more.
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domain: biology


text:
Mississippi lawmakers vote to extend session through 2020 to deal with coronavirus response, funding
The House passed a resolution that extends the session through the end of the year.
Mississippi lawmakers advanced a plan Wednesday that would allow them to return any time to deal with coronavirus funding and response through the end of this year.
Mississippi legislative sessions start in January and typically last 90 days, or up to 125 days at the start of a new term. They wrap up in the spring, unless the governor calls legislators back for a special session.
But this year went haywire when lawmakers were forced to leave the Capitol in mid-March over concerns about the virus. They returned twice briefly since then to hammer out bills on virus relief funding. And they were back full-time this week, many wearing masks and complying with social-distancing guidelines.
On Wednesday, the House unanimously passed a resolution that would allow lawmakers to take the unusual step of extending the session for "successive periods of thirty days" until Dec. 31. They will likely depart once again after passing a budget in the coming weeks.
But the indefinite extension would allow them to occasionally return to the Capitol any time through Dec. 31 to deal with coronavirus health response and funding.
The Senate did not take up the issue Thursday. A spokeswoman for Lt. Gov. Delbert Hosemann said she did not know when the Senate would take up the resolution.
The governor usually has the power to decide if lawmakers should return to the Capitol outside of a session to deal with a policy or budget issue. The governor sets the agenda for those special sessions — one of few powers he has over the Legislature.
But the new resolution gives more power to legislators, allowing Speaker Philip Gunn and Hosemann to jointly decide when lawmakers should return, through Dec. 31, and what they should tackle.
Legislative leaders and the governor — all Republicans — fought in recent weeks over who had power to distrubute $1.25 billion in federal virus relief funds under the CARES Act. Lawmakers ultimately wrestled control of the funds, and will distribute an initial $300 million to small businesses.
When they put the session on pause in March, lawmakers agreed they would return when it was safe and wrap up the session by July 12. But the new resolution removes that end date, and provides for an initial extension from July 10 to August 8. It also removes other procedural deadlines for bills that deal with the coronavirus response.
Lawmakers are expected to hammer out a budget for next year in June. But they may need to meet several times over the coming months to respond to the crisis, including if Congress appropriates more relief funding to the states.
Speaker Pro Tem Jason White, R-West, told representatives the session extension proposal would come "at no extra cost to the taxpayer." Wednesday was only the 56th day of what was supposed to be up to a 125-day session, he said, because lawmakers took several weeks off. He said that means they are unlikely to spent more time in Jackson than they would for a normal session.

domain: law


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Curable initiates the International PSC Genome Project
Curable, a nonprofit research accelerator that applies engineering approaches to medicine to develop solutions for rare diseases, has announced the initiation of the International PSC Genome Project, which includes the Regeneron Genetics Center (RGC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals) and the Mayo Clinic with the goal of conducting the largest sequencing project for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) to date.
PSC is an autoimmune disease of the bile ducts that leads to liver failure. There are about 50,000 patients with PSC in the U.S. today. No one knows what causes this disease, and there are currently no effective medical therapies.
During this project, the RGC will sequence 5,000 or more PSC patients, as well as samples from healthy volunteers to help identify the genetic underpinnings of PSC. Mayo Clinic is contributing over 3,000 DNA samples from appropriately consented volunteers, including over 1,200 samples from PSC patients. Curable is establishing a coalition of nonprofit institutions to participate in this project and the RGC is bringing its sequencing and analytical capabilities to the table.
“We are excited to be working with Regeneron on this important global project,” said Curable Chief Executive Officer Lisa Boyette, M.D., Ph.D. “At Curable, we firmly believe that it is this type of large-scale collaborative effort that will dramatically accelerate the R&D process. That progress will enable us to deliver the new therapeutics and early diagnostic in phase II clinical trials that we have promised our customers, who are PSC patients, in five years.”
“Through sequencing and genetic analysis, we will be able to learn more about the genetic basis of PSC and hope to uncover actionable findings for drug discovery and genomic medicine,” said Aris Baras, M.D., vice president and co-head of the RGC. “Regeneron’s goal is to advance the development of new and improved medicines for people in need, and working with dedicated organizations like Curable and the Mayo Clinic helps us further this collective mission.”
All of the coalition collaborators and the RGC will be able to analyze the genetic data and publish their findings.
“This focus on awareness, matchmaking, and effectively leveraging resources to achieve transformational solutions for underserved patients is what makes Curable unique,” said Dietrich Stephan, Ph.D., chairman of Curable’s board of directors.
“Curable’s approach—with its PSC coalition—is enabling us to pool samples and undertake a much larger study than any of the member institutions could conduct alone,” added Konstantinos Lazaridis, M.D., consultant in Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic. “I have been taking care of PSC patients for over 20 years, with no real advances to offer them apart from liver transplantation. I am so pleased that through this kind of data sharing and transparency, we will be able to maximize our efforts and provide PSC patients with tangible insights into the genetic basis of their disease.”
Curable is bringing together the best resources from academia, industry and the nonprofit sector to benefit PSC patients.

domain: news


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Rektor: express light with a strong direction
Another exciting Modular arrival is coming your way. Created by award-winning Belgian designers Couvreur.Devos, Rektor is a benevolent accent lighting force to be reckoned with. With a name whose origin lies in the Latin word for ruler, Rektor is a luminaire that commands a tranquil, confident presence.
Its esthetics alone show the supremacy of its clever design. Without a single technical detail in sight and no visible wiring, Rektor defeats any noticeable final touches with clean and elegant lines. The final application is nothing short of pure pleasure for the eye. As Rektor’s housing holds the secrets to all of the luminaire’s workings, its versatility extends to any high-end residential application, wall or ceiling. In a stylish space where natural light dances during the day, and where accent light brings in that perfect amount of extra highlight, Rektor’s the one to look up to.
Create a personalized light effect
In contrast to the authority in its name, Rektor offers versatility, adjustability and choices. No stranger to attention, Rektor equally enjoys adding a little dramatic effect to a place. Which brings us to the angles and the direction of the light. Because of Rektor’s innovative tilting technology, it can be rotated 360º, and adjusted up to 90º, upwards or downwards. And all this without the hint of a cable. This adjustability offers a myriad of possibilities to create a fascinating directional light effect. Think of a soft dramatic effect in practically any direction.
Accent in lighting, accent in colors
Equally purposeful in hospitality environments, Rektor’s surface-mounted ensemble will direct light as it should. With all its gear included in its own box, Rektor comes in a one-lamp or two-lamp units version, both available in white or black structure. As inconspicuous as the gear box may want to be – as part of an entirely white powder-painted structure application– it can offer a bit of extra color contrast to the rest of the fixture.Available in additional colors of brushed aluminium, smoked bronze and chrome, Rektor’s deco cover itself can create a distinguished warm glow, bringing even more adoration for this fixture.

domain: design


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As the pandemic drives more people outdoors, cyclists, hikers and environmentalists are in a war of words over who can use two popular trails.
There’s a neighborhood on the Peninsula where the nature access is almost too good to be true. On one side of Hallmark Drive in the Belmont hills is one of the best cross-country running courses in California, the Crystal Springs Cross Country Course, and on the other is Waterdog Lake, a publicly accessible open space that offers trails for dog walking, stroller-friendly hiking and single-track mountain biking.
Access to both is now under scrutiny. Over the past year and a half, a small group of people has been lobbying hard to restrict who can use these open spaces, triggering a battle between the group members, who describe themselves as environmental advocates, on one side and mountain bikers and runners on the other.
The environmentalists’ persistence has led the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which owns the Crystal Springs land and has for decades offered permits to the San Mateo County Community College District to manage local schools’ cross-country events held there, recently gave a warning to the parties involved to resolve the conflict by the end of the year or face losing the permit to hold races. In Belmont, the group’s work has also triggered a new analysis that could reshape who can access recreation at Waterdog, a mecca for mountain bikers because of its terrain and proximity to where people live and work.
These political processes are unfolding during a time of unparalleled popularity for parks and open spaces, and they raise questions about how Peninsula communities should manage them: They must weigh the recreational and health benefits these spaces provide against the concerns of neighbors and the need to protect the plants and animals that live in them.
Waterdog offers scenic vistas of the Bay and San Mateo Bridge, trails to challenge hardy hikers, runners and mountain bikers alike, and inclusive access for people pushing strollers or strolling with pups. The Crystal Springs course provides high school athletes from around the state the opportunity to compete on a long-standing world-class course overlooking some of the Peninsula’s most scenic geography. Plus, it’s open to the public the rest of the time.
Upon initially visiting Waterdog, tucked into a serene canyon with a small manmade lake, the accessibility was on display as families of mountain bikers zipped past couples on slow strolls. That busy Saturday afternoon, I spent more time during the run with my dog waiting on the side of narrow trails for mountain bikers to pass than expected.
But by the end of the run, any annoyance turned to curiosity over how this place came to be, where nature lovers can congregate alongside cyclists of all ages. Little did I know that my curiosity would take me right into the middle of a battle brewing in Belmont over not just the future of mountain biking at Waterdog, but a larger debate unfolding on the Peninsula over what the idea of inclusion in the outdoors means to different people.
The group fighting to limit access has a couple of specific requests: to turn Waterdog into a nature preserve and restrict mountain bike use there, and to reduce the number of participants and spectators and the frequency of the cross-country races held at Crystal Springs.
Waterdog Open Space – a mountain biking “haven”
Waterdog Open Space is one of the Midpeninsula’s few mountain biking havens, a popular destination for people to ride before or after work or on weekends. It’s also one of the few dog-friendly hiking areas in the area. (Waterdog doesn’t, as its name suggests, refer to dogs at all, but a local species of salamander.)
This year, the city of Belmont began to update its master plan for the city’s parks and open spaces and lay out what should change or be updated over the next 15 years or so, including at Waterdog Open Space, which the city owns.
Currently, only the draft recommendations for a section of the new master plan, covering plans for Belmont’s official “parks” rather than open spaces, have been released. (People can submit feedback here.)
The process has triggered calls for additional environmental analysis and restrictions for some recreational users at Waterdog from several leaders of the Friends of Waterdog Open Space group, Deniz Bolbol and Kristin Mercer, as well as Bolbol’s husband, Pat Cuviello, who runs the group.
Their group would, in short, like to see the open space turned into a preserve, with a greater emphasis on nature conservation.
In response, another group has organized to push back on the claims against the mountain bikers, and now there are two groups with contrasting websites, each making their case for whether mountain biking should or should not be permitted at Waterdog.
Cuviello, Bolbol and their supporters run the Friends of Waterdog Open Space group, which has a website and blog titled “Stop the Destruction of Waterdog Open Space,” while Waterdog Open Space Stewards represents a group of hikers, cyclists and dog walkers who wish to continue to use the park as is currently permitted.
The tension between the groups has ultimately affected how Belmont’s parks plan is unfolding. Most recently, on top of continuing to work on developing the parks plan, the Belmont City Council agreed on Dec. 14 to approve spending more than $125,000 on a consultant to develop an open space management plan, opening the door to further possible changes to the trail network and recreational uses at Waterdog. That plan is set to begin in mid-January, according to Belmont Parks and Recreation Director Brigitte Shearer.
Among the things the consultant will be evaluating are “options for new or modified open space policies and guidelines” for groups like hikers, runners, cyclists, dog owners and bird watchers and for the trail network itself, according to city documents. Those recommendations are likely to come out in the spring, Shearer says.
Conservationists: Waterdog’s trails have deteriorated
“We’re the only city stupid enough to allow this.”Kristin Mercer, former planning commissioner, Belmont
Bolbol and Mercer explain that, from their perspective, converting the open space to a nature preserve would further align with the conservation goals that came with some of the properties that form the open space, such as the John Brooks Preserve.
That preserve, given to Belmont in 1977, was intended to be kept as an “unspoiled wild area” to preserve trees and the natural environment, the group says on its website. Another piece of Waterdog Park, the Hidden Canyon property, was designated as open space in 1992 and is intended for the “protection of vegetation, creeks, soil and wildlife habitats,” according to the website.
Bolbol and Mercer also believe that the city of Belmont has not been enforcing regulations it created to protect wildlife there, such as shutting down trails that have been created illegally, and want to see mountain bikes restricted to fire roads at Waterdog.
Cuviello made restricting mountain bike access in Waterdog Park part of his campaign platform when he ran for the Belmont City Council in 2020. He was defeated, earning about 7% of the votes. Bolbol also ran unsuccessfully for the Belmont City Council in 2018. The couple has a long history as animal activists, and worked for years to advocate for the humane treatment of elephants and other animals in the Ringling Bros. Circus.
Mercer, a former planning commissioner in Belmont and a self-described avid hiker in the area, said that she’s seen the condition of the trails in Waterdog Open Space deteriorate in recent years.
She said she’s done research to compare Belmont’s policy of permitting mountain bikes at Waterdog to what other neighboring communities and districts permit in their open spaces, and noted that very few allow mountain bikes on single-track trails.
“Belmont is a clear outlier in my data,” she says. “People say they will drive here long distances just to bike our trails because there’s nowhere else in the Bay Area that allows this. … We’re the only city stupid enough to allow this.”
Cuviello’s organization, Friends of Waterdog Open Space, commissioned an environmental assessment of the recreational trail system in April by Scott Cashen, a consulting biologist. The study recommended that Belmont permanently close at least seven trails or trail segments at Waterdog Open Space, build bridges instead of permit stream crossings, and develop and implement a plan to manage the trails and prevent impacts to “special status” plants and animals, among other recommendations.
Trails that are at particularly steep grades can trigger soil loss and erosion, Cashen wrote, and there are a number of trails at Waterdog with grades that are steep enough to make them particularly susceptible to such impacts.
Cuviello also authored a separate 81-page report about environmental impacts of mountain biking in the open space that presents a clearly antagonistic perspective toward the mountain biking community. For instance, his report states that, “Hiking is about humans in nature and biking is about human versus nature.”
The report uses section headers such as “Mountain Bikers’ Ownership Mentality is Part of the Problem” and argues that because ruts on some of the trails are deeper than at neighboring parks and open spaces, it must be due to the presence of mountain bikes.
“Mountain biking is significantly more environmentally destructive to (Waterdog) than hiking or rain runoff,” he writes, without explaining, for instance, why mountain biking is worse for trails than runoff. (A 2003 report by American Trails states that, “A body of empirical, scientific studies now indicates that mountain biking is no more damaging than other forms of recreation, including hiking.”)
Cuviello also criticizes the trail maintenance efforts by the mountain biking community to clear poison oak, stating, “The ignorance and arrogance of this person to think he can flippantly determine the needs of wildlife in (Waterdog Open Space) based on his selfish desire to be free from a poison oak rash is unconscionable.”
Reluctantly fighting for the right to bike
“This was a patch of dirt that didn’t have trails until mountain bikers built it.”Scott Hill, mountain biking advocate
For a number of members of the local mountain biking community, the advocates’ approach feels unnecessarily hostile. The Six Fifty spoke with three mountain bikers who are loyal users of the Waterdog Open Space: Scott Hill, Paul Sheng and Thad Block. They are residents of Belmont who have reluctantly become politically involved in the topic, mainly with a goal of providing a counterbalancing voice to the anti-mountain bike sentiment being voiced by this small group of advocates, they said.
From their perspective, limiting all mountain bikes to fire roads, as the environmental advocates have pushed to do, would restrict trail access to only about 1.5 miles of the 10 miles of trails there and have an effect akin to enacting a mountain bike ban.
Waterdog is a rare place on the Peninsula that doesn’t require mountain bikers to go up to Skyline Boulevard to access trails that feel remote, they explained. “You can feel like you’re not in the middle of town suddenly,” Hill says.
They also push back on the notion that the open space has been a pristine wilderness area. It was formerly a barren hillside, and the trail work of the mountain biking community – in consultation with the city of Belmont – brought to life the recreation opportunities that exist there now, Hill explains, adding that he’s been involved with trail work there for going on 20 years or so.
“This was a patch of dirt that didn’t have trails until mountain bikers built it,” he says.
In the past, the mountain biking community has proposed trail construction or maintenance projects, and the Belmont parks and recreation department has paid for the materials while the mountain biking community has put in the labor to complete the projects. Many of the park’s single-track trails, those that the mountain bikers say are the most fun, have been built in the last 30 years or so. Those trails provide more technical opportunities with more complexity than what’s offered on the wide fire roads of an open space like Arastradero Open Space Preserve in Palo Alto, one of a handful of trail systems where mountain biking is permitted on the Peninsula east of Skyline Boulevard, according to Sheng.
That said, it’s not necessarily a regional mountain biking “destination” as the environmental advocates claim it is, Sheng adds. The entire open space has about 10 miles of trails, which is not enough to keep mountain bikers busy all day, he says. Waterdog is more of an “after work ride type of place,” he says, noting it still has some unique and quality technical challenges.
“I moved here in large part because I love Waterdog,” Hill says. “It’s wonderful to have it so close and available.”
Belmont’s mayor, Charles Stone, regularly runs at Waterdog and has trained for half-marathons and Tough Mudder races there.
“I’ve lived here for 17 years now and in those 17 years, I’ve never had a problem with a bicyclist,” he said.
“The last thing I would want to ever see us become is like that park in Palo Alto that was locals only … Public resources are public resources no matter where they are … If anything, we need more places like this on the Peninsula that allow folks to come and recreate in different ways.”
The Crystal Springs Cross Country Course
The Crystal Springs Cross Country Course has operated for upwards of 50 years through a partnership between the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which owns the land, and the San Mateo Community College District, which is responsible for permitting events there – the majority of which are now high school racing events. The course is open to the public from sunrise to sunset and hosts 20 to 30 cross-country races a year, usually during the fall, including regional events that can draw more than 1,000 participants and many more visitors.
There is a significant overlap in the members of the group pushing to restrict mountain bikes at Waterdog and the group seeking to limit cross-country access. Both Bolbol and Mercer of the Friends of Waterdog Open Space group are also among the leaders of the Belmont Heights Civic Improvement Association (BHCIA), a resident group and unofficial homeowners association representing the Belmont Heights neighborhood. Bolbol is president of the group and Mercer is a director.
A few members of the Belmont Heights group, including Bolbol and Mercer, have been pushing to reduce the size and frequency of cross country events at Crystal Springs. They say they dislike the traffic and street parking the running events bring, raise concerns about impacts to wildlife and worry about whether, as residents, their exit from the neighborhood would be impacted if a wildfire were to break out during a cross-country event. Bolbol says that the events, which can bring up to 4,000 people to the course in one day, had never undergone an environmental review process.
Discussions over the cross country trail emerged in earnest in April 2020, when College of San Mateo announced that it planned to relinquish its permit and hand it off to another organization to manage, which would have also eliminated public access to the open space, according to the BHCIA website.
In response, the association contacted the city of Belmont to explore options to “keep the Watershed open to the public and continue limited events for local schools while addressing neighborhood concerns,” according to its website. From there, meetings were held between various stakeholder groups, with the BHCIA group, as its website states, pushing for a “community-based solution” to manage “the scale and number of the events” in response to “neighborhood concerns.”
By January 2021, College of San Mateo had agreed to renew its permit, while the BHCIA demanded that it wanted to see no more than 17 races per year and no more than 300 runners – with the exception for one event per year up to 1,000 runners.
In a San Mateo County Community College District hearing on Aug. 25, tens of fans of the Crystal Springs cross-country course and the races there spoke in favor of the cross-country course, while several neighborhood residents said they’ve been impacted by the cross-country races and wanted to see the size and frequency of events decreased.
Ultimately, the district board directed the chancellor, Michael Claire, to move forward with recommendations to restrict the number of meets held at the Crystal Springs course to 20 per season and the number of large meets to no more than five.
Claire, chancellor at the community college district, summed up the dispute from his point of view: “The actual dispute is between the high school cross country community and some residents. We hold the permit and we are simply trying to help the two groups move forward. In fact, we hired a third party professional facilitator at District expense to help the two groups get to some kind of resolution.”
“Unfortunately, the facilitator was not able to get agreement between the parties,” Claire wrote in an August memo to the board. “The District has made every reasonable attempt to bring the parties together to resolve this matter,” he added.
While several BHCIA members spoke at the August meeting, including Bolbol and vice president Bill Kurtz, about why the events should be restricted, many others – including other residents of the Belmont Heights neighborhood – pushed for the course to continue to be used as it has for the last 50 years or so, describing the importance of the course for student athletes and residents alike.
Andreas Wolf, College of San Mateo’s athletic director, told the community college district board that the school had been assured by SFPUC that the environmental impact of the events was “minimal.”
“Otherwise they would basically shut the course down,” he said.
Supporters of the continued use of the facility by cross-country programs spoke about the racing course in glowing terms.
“The Crystal Springs cross-country racing facility is one of the finest, if not the finest course in the state of California,” said David Grissom, former principal of Mountain View High School and current commissioner of the California Interscholastic Federation, a high school sports governing body. “Generations of student-athletes have had the opportunity to run here over the years … it is truly a unique opportunity that our students and families are afforded.”
Since that August meeting, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission received an update from staff that said, “If an agreement is not reached among (San Mateo County Community College District) and the various stakeholders by the end of this calendar year, then we will take steps to revoke the existing license.”
According to a recent op-ed by Stone in the San Mateo Daily Journal, the push to restrict the size and frequency of cross-country running events at the Crystal Springs course began about a year and a half ago.
On a recent trail run at the course, I passed lush, grassy fields that overlooked the Crystal Springs Reservoir, and several families of deer enjoying the tall grasses alongside the trail. As a former cross-country runner, I can see why cross-country runners today say they value the course’s rolling hills and the trail’s width, which makes it easier for runners to pass by without having to jostle one another.
“This is a regional resource,” Stone said. “It’s one of the best cross-country courses and maybe the best in the state of California. There are not many like it.”
He also says he has problems with one of the proposals that course opponents have put forward: restricting use of the course to locals only, calling it a “pull-up-the-ladder mentality way of looking at things that’s pretty awful.”
The best cross-country races are those where there are many teams competing, he says. To curb the number of students who can participate would “degrade the quality of the meets,” he says. “That would be a tragedy in my mind.”
He also argues that allowing nonresidents to access Belmont’s outdoor recreation amenities can be good for the city’s economy.
“Whether it’s the cross-country runners that come for meets or mountain bikers that come from other cities to use our resources, where do people think they go after they finish?” he said. “They go out to lunch, breakfast, or dinner, or stop at our gas stations. This is actually good for the Belmont economy.”
Other neighbors to the cross-country course said the benefits of the cross-country events outweigh the impacts. Resident Rich Wood called the impacts of the cross-country races “minor inconveniences compared to the benefits accruing to thousands of kids” and compared the experience of being a neighbor to the course to living near a school.
“I don’t expect a school to reduce enrollment just for me,” he said. “The racing was here before me and I hope it will be here long after I am gone.”
A threatened ‘regional resource’
Demanding agreement from all parties or revoking a permit that has been in effect since the early 1970s, Stone said of the SFPUC report, is “neither fair nor reasonable.”
The SFPUC’s discussion at its Oct. 26 meeting did suggest openness to a more nuanced consideration of the permit decision, but it’s not yet clear what the commission will decide.
Commissioner Ed Harrington said, “It does seem like there’s a relatively small group that is pushing to not have this – and would be almost impossible to satisfy, one would imagine, if they don’t want it to work. Speaking for one commissioner I do not want us to revoke that permit based on only that.”
To encourage the SFPUC to renew its permit with the community college district and continue to allow cross-country events at the Crystal Springs course, the city of Belmont recently passed a resolution in support of the action. Stone says he hopes other communities will join Belmont in expressing their support.
The San Mateo County Board of Supervisors is poised to consider a similar resolution at its Jan. 11, 2022 meeting, according to Sheng. Whether the humans who have to share these open spaces with each other and wildlife will figure out how to comfortably coexist in them is still up in the air.


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Dr. John Woods 01.06.17
It is the favored gun magazine moniker these days to wrap up a firearms review with the ubiquitous “Rounds Downrange” section. All that means is that the writer checking out the new gun takes it to an available shooting range and pumps a couple hundred rounds through it to justify the examination of the firearm for the article.
In the process, of course, the function, performance, and accuracy of the firearm is verified. It’s a practical issue for sure and pretty standard fare for weapons reviews. I mean, after all, if you as a consumer are reading such a review, you certainly are interested if the gun performed at the range as expected.
Rounds downrange is also a performance function every gun buyer should perform with any gun they buy. That would be standard procedure, too. Why would you buy a new kitchen knife then hide it away in a drawer and never use it? Any gun, concealed weapon, hunting firearm, home protection shotgun, or ranch rifle demands to be function fired, appropriately sighted in, and then practice fired on a regular basis.
Too often preppers and some avid survivalists alike tend to buy gear, equipment, or especially guns, then pack them away in wait for a real SHTF to arise. Then, it is too late to bring a firearm into action, if you are too busy reading the owner’s manual to see how the darn thing works.
At gun shows we are often asked what weapon to buy for this purpose or that. Very often when the final selection is made, we proceed with a discussion about types of appropriate ammunition to purchase. It is then, when the strange look comes back like “Ammo, what do I need that for?” I mean if you buy a new car, are you going to put gasoline in it?
The only way to become proficient with shooting a firearm is to shoot it, and often. This not only builds confidence in using the gun, but also creates a skill base in knowing how the gun functions, cycles, loads, unloads, and all of its mechanical aspects. Further this with trials of disassembly, full cleaning, and then putting everything back together correctly.
Rounds downrange instills a knowledge of the firearm(s) being used, its accuracy and handling, and your own ability to put the firearm into effective action. During a SHTF that could be a lifesaving skill.


Greenlight Planet, a solar home energy company, said it has delivered clean energy to more than two million individuals in Nigeria, while focusing on rapid innovation of its product and distribution strategy.
On a mission to power the underserved, Greenlight Planet began distributing its Sun KingTM solar home energy products in the country in 2011.
Speaking on its journey in Nigeria so far, Global Business Leader, Sun King-Easy-Buy, Dhaval Radia, said: "Over the last seven years, we have sold more than 500,000 life-changing Sun KingTM solar solutions in Nigeria through strategic distribution partnerships and our own pay-as-you-go distribution channel.
Customers have been quick to recognise that an investment in a Sun King product more than pays for itself over time, with several customers experiencing dramatic improvements in household savings, increased productivity for their small businesses and additional study time for their children."
He added that the quality and reliability of Sun King TM solar home systems has helped the organisation build a loyal customer base over time. "While we are humbled by the warm acceptance of our products so far, for us this is just the beginning to reaching the 101 million individuals still living without basic access to electricity in Nigeria.
"To ensure that our products are affordable for even the most cash-constrained households, we launched our 'EasyBuyTM' pay-as-you-go distribution channel in early 2017," he said.
According to him, the company's products enabled with EasyBuyTM (PAYG technology) now allow potential users with limited access to financing to pay for the Sun KingTM products in small instalment over time.
The organisation's vision, he said, is to establish a world-class distribution and energy financing eco-system for the vast off-grid populations of rural Nigeria.
"With our rigorous efforts and continued innovation, our goal is to power 30 million lives by 2030 in Nigeria. As a company, we envision a world where access to clean, affordable energy allows every individual to maximise his or her potential."
Read the original article on Guardian.
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Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of Boiling Waters PH.
You were someone that I always looked up to. You seem so near, yet so distant. I always used to love someone who is very close to me. But what is happening to me? I used to think that all of this is an illusion that was built up by my emotions. But why am I crying now? Is this really just an infatuation that would fade away soon? Or is this something more? I started to wonder all night, thinking about the reason why. Why do I have to feel this? Why does it have to be you?
The possibility of us together has always been close to never. It was obvious, you don’t feel the same as I do. I wouldn’t try to bother you. I wouldn’t push you to love me back. I would never make any effort to pursue you. No matter how much I like you, I cannot do something that would destroy my worth. For I know that if ever there’s a chance that we are meant to be, God will do it in His own way.
Sad to say, I may never have you. But if there’s one favor that I could ask you; if ever one day you’ll find out. Can I love you even though I can’t have you?
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