|Publication number||US5773103 A|
|Application number||US 08/509,415|
|Publication date||Jun 30, 1998|
|Filing date||Jul 31, 1995|
|Priority date||Jul 31, 1995|
|Publication number||08509415, 509415, US 5773103 A, US 5773103A, US-A-5773103, US5773103 A, US5773103A|
|Inventors||Richard J. Ciora, Jr., Paul K. T. Liu|
|Original Assignee||Media And Process Technology Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (29), Classifications (33), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to a composite comprised of a porous cordierite substrate support and a coating of a porous ceramic oxide membrane and a method of forming a composite having a membrane layer. In one aspect, the invention relates to the deposition of a ceramic layer as an intermediate layer to mask the undesirable porous structure of cordierite for subsequent deposition of layers with a smaller pore size.
Ceramic membranes have been widely used in liquid phase separations in pharmaceutical, food, beverage and other industries. Recently, they have also been explored for gas separations and catalytic reactions. Compared with their polymeric counterparts, ceramic membranes are more desirable because of their improved thermal and chemical stabilities. However, the problem with ceramic membranes is their high capital cost. Thus, they only have been considered for niche applications where the high capital cost can be justified. The high cost of ceramic membranes results primarily from the requirement of high purity materials with a narrow particle size distribution which are necessary for the base substrate. The substrate is then used as a support for subsequent deposition of additional membrane layers. Another cost associated with ceramic membranes is the high firing temperature (>1600° C.) required to sinter the large particles to form the base support of the membrane.
State-of-the-art ceramic membranes consist of a multilayered asymmetric structure, specifically, a base support and several thin layers deposited thereon. The support is generally a thick, very porous structure which is used to provide strength to the membrane element without introducing significant flow resistance. The support can be fabricated from the high purity α-Al2 O3 about 3 to 30 mm thick depending upon the configuration (i.e., tubular or monolithic) with a nominal pore size of 10 to 15 microns. Additional layers with progressively smaller pore sizes are normally deposited on this support, i.e., a 0.01 to 0.02 mm thick α-Al2 O3 layer with a nominal 0.8 micron pore size and a 0.01 to 0.02 mm thick α-Al2 O3 layer with a nominal 0.2 micron pore size. This composite asymmetric membrane containing the 0.2 micron pore size layer is sometimes used as a microfilter. Also, this microfilter can be used as a support for an ultrafiltration layer. A separation layer can be deposited with a pore size <0.2 micron via slip casting of sols prepared from alkoxides of aluminum or zirconium. Depending upon the firing temperature (ranging from 400°0 to >1400° C.), a membrane with a pore size between 40Å and less than 0.2 micron can thus be obtained.
Examples of such membranes are set forth in the following patents which are incorporated herein by reference.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,696 discloses a multilayer inorganic porous membrane consisting of a monolayer or multilayer porous support having at least one surface integrally formed thereon with a porous thin layer having an average pore size less than that of the porous support, wherein a maximum pore size in the support surface is defined to be from 1 to 250 times an average pore size in the thin layer. The multilayer porous membrane is superior in preventing the occurrence of pin holes and cracks therein thereby enhancing precision of the filtration and separation.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,831 discloses a cross-flow filtration device which separates a feed stock into filtrate and retentate, including a structure of porous material which defines a plurality of passageways extending longitudinally from the feed end of the structure to a retentate end, and a number of filtrate conduits within the structure for carrying filtrate from within the structure toward a filtrate collection zone. The filtrate conduits provide paths of lower flow resistance than that of alternative flow paths through the porous material, and the structure is constructed such that the filtrate conduits are distributed among the passageways to provide low pressure drop flow paths for filtrate flow from the passageways through the porous material to nearby filtrate conduits. The cross-flow filtration device can also be utilized as a membrane support for a device for cross-flow microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, gas separations or pervaporation.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,423 discloses a porous inorganic membrane for use with a membrane device having a porous support, the membrane including refractory particles bound to each other and to the support by a thermally reactive inorganic binder which reacts at a temperature below that at which the refractory particles react. Further, a method of forming porous inorganic membrane on a support by applying a coating of a mixture of refractory particles and a thermally reactive inorganic binder to the support is disclosed. The inorganic binder reacts at a first temperature lower than a second temperature at which the refractory particles sinter. The method further includes firing the support to a firing temperature at least as high as the first temperature and less than the second temperature to react the inorganic binder, and cooling the support to form the porous membrane.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,160 discloses a honeycomb structure for fluid filtration including a support of porous ceramic material having a multiplicity of axially parallel passageways extending therethrough and uniformly spaced by porous partition walls to permit flow of fluid under pressure passing therethrough and a selective membrane coated onto the surface of the passageways to separate one or more components from the fluid and to permit flow of filtrate passing therethrough to be carried through the porous partition walls to the exterior surface of the partition walls for collection. In the honeycomb structure, the partition walls are formed to permit the passage of filtrate at a flow quantity more than twenty times the flow quantity of filtrate passing through the selective membrane and partition walls, and an average pore size of the selective membrane is about from 10 to 10000 angstroms.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,157 discloses a ceramic support having a multiplicity of parallel passageways therethrough, the passageways being coated with an ultrafiltration membrane, the support having a specific surface area to volume ratio and defined permeability characteristics.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,377 discloses a homogeneous (not multilayered) porous ceramic structure as a filter, which is composed of cordierite ceramic and a quantity of α-alumina substantially in excess of that required to form the cordierite. The product formed from this composition demonstrates improved porous characteristics and mechanical strength.
Thus, in spite of these prior art materials, there is a great need for a composite comprised of an inorganic porous support with a narrow well-defined pore size distribution and smooth defect-free surface for the deposition of a membrane thereon. Additionally, the support material should have a high melting point which provides sufficient temperature stability for sintering of a variety of metal or ceramic oxide membrane layers deposited thereon.
It is an object of this invention to provide a low cost porous ceramic substrate, which may have a wide ill-defined pore size distribution, for use as a porous support for inorganic membranes.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a low cost ceramic substrate as the support for depositing a crack-free integral membrane layer thereon without use of a reactive inorganic binder.
It is a further object of this invention to form a ceramic oxide layer with a narrow well-defined pore size distribution on a support having an ill-defined pore size distribution.
It is a further object of the invention to use the ceramic membrane for subsequent deposition of the membrane with a smaller pore size.
In accordance with these objects, disclosed is a ceramic fired composite filter media having a uniform pore size, the media consisting essentially of a porous cordierite substrate having a surface having pores of non-uniform diameter, the diameter ranging from <1 to 200 μm; and a layer of porous ceramic oxide having pores having a uniform diameter bonded to the surface of the cordierite substrate, the layer of ceramic oxide comprised of ceramic oxide particles having a particle size sufficiently large to avoid substantial penetration of the pores in the surface of the cordierite.
FIG. 1 shows liquid displacement porometry of cordierite substrate and ceramic oxide layers deposited thereon.
FIG. 2a shows a mercury porosimetry of cordierite substrate in terms of pore diameter vs. incremental intrusion volume.
FIG. 2b shows the mercury porosimetry of cordierite substrate in terms of pore diameter vs. cumulative intrusion volume.
FIG. 3 shows in cross section a SEM photomicrograph of a cordierite as substrate and ceramic oxide layer deposited thereon.
The present invention comprises a ceramic fired composite filter or separation media. The media is comprised of a substrate of porous cordierite having a surface containing pores having a substantially non-uniform diameter and a layer of ceramic oxide bonded thereto having a substantially uniform pore size. For example, the pores that contribute to flow through the cordierite substrate can have a diameter that ranges from <1 to >20 μm. Further, the surface can have significantly larger defects such as cracks, craters and dead-end pores that do not contribute to flow through the cordierite substrate.
By the use of the term "cordierite" as used herein it is meant a multicomponent mixed oxide comprised of approximately 47 to 62 mol. % SiO2, 10 to 23 mol. % MgO and 21 to 38 mol. % Al2 O3 or as defined in Corning CelcorŪ Dieselfilters Brochure #CEL-DSL 6/87 MA, incorporated herein by reference. Further, the cordierite material has a pore volume of 0.01 to 0.5 cc/g. Typical cordierite useful in the invention is comprised of 55.6 mol. % SiO2, 22.2 mol. % MgO and 22.2 mol. % Al2 O3, a pore volume of 0.1 cc/g and a pore diameter that ranges from <1 to >20 μm. Further, because the cordierite material is used as a substrate, it can be provided in any desired shape suitable to the filtration or separation operation. For example, the cordierite can be provided in the shape of individual tubes or a monolith, plate, block, etc., or any array of tubes to provide parallel passages that may have a square, circular or other configuration. Any and all shapes are contemplated within the perview of the invention.
A porous cordierite ceramic substrate in the configuration of tube, monolith, or others, such as an array of parallel passageways with a circular, square or other shapes, can be covered with a layer of ceramic oxide with a uniform pore size distribution, which tightly adheres to the support surface. Cordierite porous tubes useful in the invention containing square channels can be obtained from commercial manufacturers. Such tubes generally have a wide pore size distribution, for example, a pore size distribution between 0.2 and 17.8 microns as determined by liquid displacement porometry (Coulter Instrument) although pore >17.8 microns and <0.2 microns in size may also be present in the substrate. The average pore size obtained by liquid displacement porometry using a Coulter Porometer was 5.6 μm. Additionally, much larger surface defects on the order of 50 to >100 μm were present. These surface defects were undetectable via liquid displacement porometry (since they are not through pores) but can be seen in mercury porosimetry data and scanning electron microscope photographs of the structure. Since the former technique uses flow of gas through the pores, only pores that contribute to the gas flux through the support were measured. By comparison, mercury porosimetry measures total pore volume, some of which may be dead end pores which are unavailable for flow. Hence, a dead end pore would be measured by mercury porosimetry, but would be undetectable using liquid displacement porometry. As a result, liquid displacement porometry is more informative in providing the pore size distribution with respect to the functional performance of a membrane. By comparison, mercury porosimetry and SEM analysis can be useful for characterizing intrinsic porous structure and gross defects in the surface of the support, which may or may not contribute to the flow through porosity of the membrane, but are important to the deposition of crack-free membrane layers.
Thus, it will be seen that the cordierite useful in the present invention can have a wide range of pore diameter and thus is not effective and efficient for selective removal of oil emulsions from water, for potable water treatment and for gas separation, for example.
To provide a filter or separation media having a uniform pore size diameter, a layer of ceramic oxide particles is bonded to the surface of the cordierite. However, to insure a filter membrane or separation membrane having the desired selectivity, the ceramic oxide particles with substantially uniform particle size are selected to provide a pore size having a substantially uniform diameter. Further, the ceramic oxide particles have a size selected to resist or prevent substantial intrusion of the oxide particles into the pores of the cordierite support thereby only minimally increasing flow resistance through the support material.
Any ceramic oxide that bonds to the cordierite may be employed. Typical ceramic oxide materials that may be employed include alumina, silica, zirconia or titania or combinations thereof.
As noted, the particles employed have a size that resists intrusion into the pores of the cordierite material. For example, in cordierite having a pore size distribution of 0.2 to 17.8 microns, if ceramic oxide particles selected have a particle size of 18 microns or greater than 18 microns, then there will be substantially no intrusion. However, it has been discovered that not all the particles have to be 18 microns or greater to prevent intrusion. Further, to have intrusion of a particle into a pore, the particle has to be lined up with the pore. Because this does not normally happen, it has been discovered that the particles can have a size smaller than the pore size and yet intrusion is not substantial. Thus, ceramic oxide particles can be used wherein the particles have a size equal to or greater than the maximum pore diameter which covers 40% or more, preferably 60% or more and typically 80% or more, of pore volume in the cordierite material. Thus, if the largest pore size was 17.8 microns in diameter, ceramic oxide particles with an average size of 9 microns and greater, for example, may be used with substantially no intrusion into the pores. This average particle size is greater than the maximum diameter of the pores which cover, for example, 60% of the pore volume of the cordierite support. In the present invention, it is desired to use the smallest particle that can be used without substantial intrusion in order that subsequent layers of very fine particles, such as 1 to 2 μm, can be used.
For purposes of the present invention, the layer of ceramic oxide particles can be 5 to 100μ thick with a typical thickness being about 50 μm.
After a layer of ceramic oxide particles has been coated on the surface of the cordierite material to form a composite, the layer is bonded to the cordierite by firing or heating. That is, it has been discovered that the layer of ceramic oxide particles firmly bonds to the cordierite when the combination or composite is heated to a temperature range of 1000° to 1500° C., and typically 1300° to 1430° C. The preferred temperature is the maximum temperature that results in a chemical bonding of the ceramic oxide layer to the cordierite substrate which does not deform the substrate as a result of melting of the cordierite. In this way, very strong bonding of the ceramic oxide particles to the cordierite can be achieved without the use of additives such as glass frits or ceramic oxide particles substantially smaller than the average particle size of the desired ceramic oxide particle layer. The interlayer bonding in this invention is very strong and may be attributed to reaction between Al2 O3 particles and the base cordierite in the interface in addition to the sintering in the interlayer.
When the ceramic oxide particles are bonded as a layer to the surface of the cordierite in this way, a porous ceramic oxide layer is obtained with a uniform pore diameter. For example, when ceramic oxide particles are used having an average particle size of 9 μm to form a porous ceramic oxide layer, the layer has pore diameter size in the range of 0.2 to 5 μm, with a peak pore size being about 1 μm. Thus, it will be seen that the composite filter or separation media can be achieved with a filter having a substantially uniform pore size.
In the present invention, any method may be used that results in a layer of ceramic oxide particles being sufficiently deposited on the cordierite material surface to permit firing or heating. Thus, for example, a suspension containing ceramic oxide particles with a selected particle size can be prepared and deposited on the surface of cordierite substrates. As noted, the particle size can be chosen based upon the pore size and pore volume of the cordierite support. Preferably, the particle size is selected to minimize flow resistance in the ceramic oxide layer. However, the particle size should not be too large and thus be unsuitable for depositing subsequent layers, or be ineffective in masking the wide pore size distribution and large surface defects of the underlying cordierite support.
The ceramic oxide layer can be deposited on the cordierite support by slip casting. To form a stable suspension or slip, the ceramic oxide particles are dispersed in water or other vehicle and additives are added to alter the properties of the slip or cast film. For instance, nitric acid can be added to peptize the oxide particles to prevent flocculation and biological growth, etc. In addition, an organic binder such as poly(vinyl alcohol) may be used to adjust the viscosity of the suspension to facilitate layer deposition by slip casting. The binder may also be used to relieve stresses created during the drying of the layer. However, since the organic binder decomposes and evaporates during firing, it is only a temporary additive and does not impact the final strength of the deposited ceramic oxide layer. The details of suspension/slip preparation and casting can be found in "Inorganic Membranes Synthesis, Characteristics, and Applications" by R. R. Bhave, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, incorporated herein by reference.
After deposition of the ceramic oxide layer on the cordierite substrate, the combination is fired as noted earlier. Care should be taken to stay below the melting point of the cordierite and below a temperature at which the cordierite can soften and deform significantly. However, the temperatures must be sufficiently high to permit bonding of the ceramic oxide particles to the cordierite material and to permit bonding of the ceramic oxide particles to each other. Normally, the temperature should be at least 1300° C. Utilizing these temperatures for firing, it has been discovered that after cooling, the layer was very tightly attached to the cordierite support. Pore size distribution analysis of this layered support indicates that the effective pore size of the material based upon liquid displacement porometry, is essentially the effective pore size of the deposited layer. The ceramic oxide layer masks the large and wide pore size distribution observed for the cordierite support and eliminates the large surface defects. Additionally, it was found that large defects in the surface of the support can be covered as evidenced by the mercury porosimetry. Further, successive ceramic oxide layers with much smaller pore sizes can be applied. It has been found that when firing at temperatures below about 1000° C., the ceramic oxide layer can be chipped easily from the support in the form of flakes or powder.
The following examples are still further illustrative of the invention:
A square single channel porous cordierite tube was provided as a membrane support. The single square tube opening was approximately 0.135" and the wall thickness was approximately 0.050". The porosity of the cordierite was determined to be 35% and the maximum and mean pore sizes as determined by liquid displacement porometry are approximately 17.8 and 5.9 μm. Pore size distributions as determined by liquid displacement porometry (Coulter Porometer) and mercury porosimetry (Micromeretics) are shown in FIGS. 1, 2a and 2b, respectively.
The single square tube was coated with a ceramic layer by slip casting. The ceramic slip material contained the following materials:
45 wt. % 9 micron alumina particles (Alcoa, type A-10);
53.3 wt. % isopropyl alcohol; and
1.7 wt. % poly(acrylic acid).
The slip material was prepared by mixing at high speed for approximately five minutes then stirring on a magnetic stir plate. For purposes of applying a ceramic oxide layer, the tube was filled with slip material and held for several seconds and then drained and then dried in an oven for one hour. This coating procedure was repeated two more times with the same slip material to ensure coverage of the cordierite support.
After drying in the oven, the tube was fired in an electric furnace at 1410° C. for two hours. The heating and cooling rates were 2° C./hr. The upper temperature of 1410° C. provided both excellent interparticulate bonding of the alumina (A-10) layer and excellent bonding of the Al2 O3 layer to the cordierite substrate. The A-10 layer could not be removed without destruction of the cordierite support.
The thickness of the alumina A-10 layer was determined to be approximately 50 μm, and the layer was characterized by liquid displacement and mercury porosimetry. The pore size distributions of the fired Al2 O3 layer on the cordierite tube and the original cordierite tube are given in FIG. 1 for comparison. The pore size distribution of the Al2 O3 layer (layer 1) obtained by liquid displacement porometry shows a maximum and peak pore diameter of approximately 3 and 1 μm, respectively. Additionally, the layer was free of major defects or cracks as evidenced by the narrow pore size distribution. Additional coatings of Al2 O3 or other ceramic oxides (layer 2) having a smaller particle size can be added to provide both a thinner layer and smaller pores.
Clean water flux through the fired Al2 O3 layer on the cordierite support and the bare support were found to be approximately 950 and 1100 liter/m2 /hr/bar of the transmembrane pressure, respectively. Thus, it can be seen that a substantial fraction of the original flux was maintained even though an additional layer of ceramic oxide was deposited onto the cordierite support.
The porous structure of the bare substrate was compared with the substrate after the Al2 O3 membrane layer deposition using mercury porosimetry. The pore size versus pore volume distribution of the bare cordierite support by mercury porosimetry is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. A majority of the pores range in size from 0.1 to 18 micron as measured by mercury porosimetry although pore sizes significantly greater than 18 microns and some less than 0.1 micron were measured. The pore size distribution versus percent flow contribution for the same sample measured by the flow-through (liquid displacement) porometry is shown in FIG. 1. Pore sizes ranging from about 0.5 to about 17.8 microns contribute to the majority of the flow. No significant flow was observed for pores greater than 17.8 microns or less than 0.5 microns. This indicates that the pore sizes greater than 18 or less than 0.5 microns, as measured with the mercury porosimeter, result from dead end pores. These dead-end pores are present on the surface of the cordierite support (defects which include craters, cavities or others without a through channel). These dead end pores are not available to contribute to any flow from the permeation standpoint and therefore are not detected using liquid displacement porometry. Such defects are visible in the photomicrograph in FIG. 3. The flow-through porometric analysis of the Al2 O3 coated membrane shown in FIG. 1 indicates that the coated layer has a well-defined pore size distribution between about 0.2 and about 5 microns and that the surface defects have been eliminated. The SEM photomicrograph shown in FIG. 3 offers the visible evidence.
The 9 micron alumina particles were chosen for the Al2 O3 membrane layer because a significant portion, i.e., 63%, of the cumulative pore volume of the support as defined by mercury porosimetry is contributed by pores less than or equal to 9 microns as shown in FIG. 2b. Thus, the deposited A-10 alumina particles could form a smooth transition layer to cover the surface defects while not leaking substantially through the pores in the support (e.g., 0.5 to 17.8 microns as shown in FIG. 1 for the support). This example demonstrates that the layer deposition technique can be used to mask the large surface defects and broad pore size of the support to produce a surface with a well-defined pore size distribution. This layer can then be used for the deposition of subsequent layers with smaller pore sizes, if desired.
Several membranes were prepared as described in Example 1 and fired at selected temperatures of 1250°, 1300°, 1350°, 1400° or 1410° C. Heating and cooling rates of 2° C./min were utilized. Tubes fired at 1400° and 1410° C. were held at this temperature for two hours. Tubes fired at 1250°, 1300° and 1350° C. were held for five hours. At temperatures above 1435° C., the cordierite tube deformed and/or melted and was unusable.
Comparison of the degree of interparticle bonding and layer attachment at the various firing temperatures was evaluated qualitatively by scraping the Al2 O3 layer with wooden and steel probes. The A-10 layers fired at 1250° and 1300° C. showed the lowest bond strength; the particles could be removed as a powder from the cordierite surface with a wooden probe. Attachment to the cordierite surface was observed but weak. At 1350° C. and above, it was necessary to use the steel probe to damage the layer. Additionally, layer bonding as well as attachment to the cordierite support improved dramatically as the firing temperature was raised. Specifically, attempts to remove the Al2 O3 membrane layer from the sample fired at 1410° C. resulted in destruction of the cordierite substrate while the tube prepared at 1350° C. showed some bond strength but could be removed from the surface without causing much damage to the cordierite support. The tube fired at 1400° C. showed improved bond strength. It will be seen that these levels of bond strength were achieved without additives but rather through the inteparticle and interlayer bonding.
An α-Al2 O3 ceramic tube with a nominal pore size of 10 μm was coated with A-10 type α-Al2 O3 having a particle size of about 9 microns using the slip and procedure described in Example 1. The tube was then fired at 1410° C. using the thermal cycle described in Example 1.
Interparticle bonding and attachment of the α-Al2 O3 layer to the α-Al2 O3 support was tested qualitatively using the procedure described in Example 2. The α-Al2 O3 layer was easily removed from the support by scraping with a steel probe and was considerably inferior to the integrity and adhesion of the α-Al2 O3 layer fired at 1410° C. on the cordierite support. The strong adhesion of the alumina layer on the cordierite support at this temperature is unique to the cordierite support and is not attributed to the sintering of the Al2 O3 particles alone.
A sample having an α-Al2 O3 layer was prepared as described in Example 1. Following firing at 1410° C. to bond the α-Al2 O3 to the cordierite tube, an additional layer of finer alumina particles was coated by slip casting to form a membrane layer on the cordierite support.
The slip consisted of the following composition:
25 wt. % 1.5 micron alumina particles (Alcoa, type A-152);
73.2 wt. % deionized water;
0.6 wt. % nitric acid; and
1.2 wt. % poly(vinyl alcohol).
The slip was mixed at high speed for a short time then set on a magnetic stir plate and stirred to maintain the suspension. Small additions of an anti-foaming agent were added to the slip to reduce/eliminate foaming. The cordierite tube support having a layer of Al2 O3 as in Example 1 was coated as described above. Subsequently, the tube was fired at 1250° C. for two hours and a heating/cooling rate of 2° C./min was used. The second layer adhered well to the first layer and could only be removed by vigorous scraping with a steel probe. The pore size distribution that results from the addition of this layer is given in FIG. 1.
A base cordierite square channel tube of the same type as described in Example 1 was coated with a slip of the following composition:
33 wt. % 1.5 micron alumina particles (Alcoa, type A-152);
65.2 wt. % deionized water;
0.6 wt. % nitric acid; and
1.2 wt. % poly(vinyl alcohol).
The slip was mixed at high speed for a short time then set on a magnetic stir plate and stirred to maintain the suspension. Small additions of an anti-foaming agent were added to the slip to reduce/eliminate foaming. The cordierite tube was then coated as described above and dried in air for 20 minutes and in an oven at 90° C. for one hour. Subsequently, the tube was fired at 1250° C. for two hours and a heating/cooling rate of 2° C./min was used.
Following firing, the interparticle bonding and adhesion to the cordierite support were tested qualitatively by scraping with a steel probe. It was found that the A-152 layer could be delaminated relatively easily from the cordierite support which is indicative of poor layer adhesion. However, because the A-152 layer came off in flakes (as opposed to a powder), it indicates that good interparticle bonding was achieved due to sintering of the A-152 particles. Hence, although sintering of the smaller particles, i.e., A-152, is achieved at a temperature of 1250° C., this is an insufficient criterion for good bond strength to the cordierite substrate.
While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, the claims appended hereto are intended to encompass other embodiments which fall within the spirit of the invention.
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|EP1043067A2 *||Apr 7, 2000||Oct 11, 2000||Denso Corporation||A ceramic support capable of supporting a catalyst, a catalyst-ceramic body and processes for producing same|
|EP1609519A1 *||Feb 12, 2004||Dec 28, 2005||Ngk Insulators, Ltd.||Base for honeycomb filter, method for producing same and honeycomb filter|
|WO2001039887A2||Dec 1, 2000||Jun 7, 2001||The Associated Cement Companies Limited||Process for making macro porous ceramic spheres and products made therefrom|
|WO2014188071A1 *||May 21, 2014||Nov 27, 2014||Outotec (Finland) Oy||Ceramic filter element and method for manufacturing a ceramic filter element|
|WO2016069820A1 *||Oct 29, 2015||May 6, 2016||Corning Incorporated||Inorganic membrane filter and methods thereof|
|U.S. Classification||428/34.6, 428/329, 428/328, 428/325, 428/702, 428/312.8, 210/500.21, 428/699, 210/506, 428/701, 428/307.7|
|International Classification||B01D71/02, B01D39/20, B01D53/86, C04B41/45|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/249957, Y10T428/24997, B01D39/2093, B01D67/0046, B01D2323/12, B01D71/024, B01D2323/08, C04B41/4582, Y10T428/252, Y10T428/1317, Y10T428/257, B01D53/86, Y10T428/256|
|European Classification||B01D67/00M12, B01D71/02P, C04B41/45L, B01D53/86, B01D39/20H6|
|Jul 31, 1995||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MEDIA AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY INC., PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CIORA, RICHARD J., JR.;LIU, PAUL K. T.;REEL/FRAME:007612/0341
Effective date: 19950711
|Jan 22, 2002||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jul 1, 2002||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Aug 27, 2002||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20020630


text:
The Various Edges of Video Game Computer Programming
Lots of people will certainly participate in computer games with no knowledge of just how much job entered the video game. Accurate, a bunch of thought as well as imagination had to be actually hired so as to create the video game work, yet the video game additionally called for a deal of computer system shows and also expertise of various pc shows languages if you want to create the game certainly not only think genuine, yet appear eye-catching as well. There are actually several edges of computer game programming, so if you are interested in computer game programs and may would like to take up training programs in the future, look at this listing.
The game natural science designer is actually an individual that drives just how a video game utilizes natural sciences if you want to appear appropriate as well as feel appropriate. A personal computer game are going to certainly not fully mimic the natural science of a true planet, however some necessary elements of physics might have to happen right into play for some games. Wind resistance could be actually essential to fights, while the liquid yet impeded activities of some personalities in water may be actually needed for a role-playing activity.
The expert system programmer is actually the one accountable of establishing the rational series of the game on its own. For example, when a video game includes discovering a pathway, hiring methods, or even causing adversary methods, an artificial intelligence designer may be hired to make a game wise– in short, to create the activity believe by itself. In general, the computer language used for expert system programming is actually simpler than other languages, as well as it may be provided the game’s players.
The graphics developer uses a set of codes and also algorithms to deliver graphics worldwide of the activity. In the modern-day age, a graphics coder has to work in a three-dimensional environment, and also should therefore have knowledge of calculus, angle math, as well as other algebra principles that might be needed for focusing on providing such photos. There are only extremely couple of graphics designers, as well as they might commonly require higher incomes for their job.
A sound designer will offer noises in regards to characters’ conversations, music, and even appears that can easily create the game seem even more actual, like the audio of crunching fallen leaves or even lawn as personalities stroll on all of them. The gameplay designer will definitely add to the experience of the video game, and also are going to do this through focusing on the video game’s feel and method.
Personal computer game shows are going to additionally need a team of scripters, who are actually additionally often the developers of the game. Needed are individual interface designers, or even the UI: the User interface coders will certainly develop a collection of various aspects that can be used across a vast variety of globes within the game, or a large range of video games within a producer.
Likewise important is an input developer, that creates codes for exactly how different type of hardware, including the joystick, computer mouse, or even keyboard, will definitely influence the activity. The system coder will definitely find methods for the activity to service a system, where individuals may bet each other. A porting coder guarantees that the game may work on various platforms as well as operating units.
Managing all these activities is the lead video game designer. These are actually just a few elements of computer game shows. As the field broadens, a growing number of coders of different kinds are going to must be actually hired as well as recognized as necessary.
True, a great deal of idea and creative thinking had actually to be used in purchase to bring in the video game job, however the activity additionally called for a really good offer of personal computer shows and understanding of different computer system programming foreign languages in order to create the activity not merely feel real, yet look appealing. There are numerous sides of computer system game programs, thus if you are actually intrigued in computer system video game computer programming and might wish to take up training courses in the future, take a look at this listing.
The game natural science coder is actually somebody that guides how a video game utilizes natural sciences in purchase to look right as well as feel proper. When an activity involves finding a course, utilizing methods, or providing growth to foe approaches, an artificial intelligence information programmer may be referred to as in to create a game brilliant– in various other words, to make the game assume on its own. Needed are actually user interface coders, or the User interface: the UI designers will definitely generate a public library of different components that can be made use of around a vast variety of globes within the activity, or even a wide range of video games within a producer.

domain: hobby


text:
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Gender roles in Cinderella
Transcript of Gender roles in Cinderella
Grimm Brothers & Disney's Versions
In our society there is a huge pressure from all sides to conform to a certain ideal of beauty; we are inundated with all types of images and media forms telling us who to be and what to look like. Young girls are hounded with images of princesses who tell them that the key to happiness is being fashionable, beautiful and finding a price to -save- you. Young men are taught to be successful, good looking, muscular and manipulative.
What is a gender role?
-the cultural and social basis of roles assumed daily by men/women
-expectations regarding attitudes, behaviours & personality traits
-social and behavioral norms considered appropriate in society
-gender stereotypes are present in the Disney Princess line
-in the 50's in particular, TV and magazines portray women in domestic roles and work; women took care of the house
-domestic roles were displayed in films like Cinderella and Snow White
-women are depicted as weak, submissive and reliant on men
-a woman's true happiness can only exist through the love of a man
It is derived from Perrault's version of 1697
It suggests that:
-the big reward in life is the security of marrying a 'prince'
-powerful female figures are often ugly and evil
-the goal of Ugly Stepsisters is to meet bachelors
-girls should know that their value lies in men's desire for them
Cinderella in Grimm's
Of all of the stories that the Grimm Brothers and Disney shared, the one story that was the most different in its two incarnations was Cinderella.
-weak father, who fall silent and become invisible in the presence of strong women/cautionary tale for men who would give their wives too much freedom
-the name, some of the basic plot and characters
-a girl who is forced into servitude by her
stepmother and eventually is able to attend a royal ball where she meets Prince Charming
-after passing 'trial of shoe' they live happily-ever-after
-both societies (Grimm and Disney's) put great stock in the ability to keep the house
-the ideas concerning women are vastly different in the Grimm and Disney's culture: Grimm society desired hard working and pious women while Disney's desired the passive women, the perfect little housewives
-Cinderella plants a hazel branch on her mother's grave, it grows into a 'handsome tree' in which lives a white bird that helps her
-no restrictions imposed upon her by Fairy Godmother (leave the ball and keep her identity secret). This version lacks the Fairy. Instead, the little girl has to work hard for her rights, triumphing through extreme perseverance and piety.
: no sitting by the fire and weeping-she goes at once to the tree and gets a pretty frock which she puts on with all speed and hastens to the party.
-Grimm version is much harsher, more bloody than the version of Disney. There is a part of the story that is completely neglected by Disney (stepmother forces her daughters to mutilate themselves and then are further mutilated as punishment).
-magical birds find the stepsisters and peck out one eye from each of them. Thus they were punished with blindness for the rest of their lives due to their wickedness and malice.
-but Disney's society shelter the children (a story in which girls cut off parts of their feet would have been considered too violent).
wicked parties are punished for their wicked ways.
The ugly stepsisters are not ugly, they are '
beautiful and fair of face, but vile and black of heart
' (their true nature is hidden by their pretty face) and Cinderella is '
Elisabeth Pantaja points out that this FT reflectsand reinforces feudal ideas rather than bourgeouise ideals:
Cinderella's lack of beauty is of no consequence to the prince; the story values are actually historically prior to middle class ideas of romantic love, sexual attraction
in pre-modern societies concepts of blood and alliance are integral to kinship arrangements
if members of aristocracy married each other based on class, then one way of identifying class is through clothing.
the Prince chooses Cinderella because she represents herself as a member of elite through her clothing. when she doesn't wear her finery the Prince does not recognize her.
Cinderella in Disney's film of 1950
it reinforces gender roles by portraying women in a negative light
it reaffirms masculine dominance and feminine submissiveness
the film features the famous song A Dream is a Wish your Heart Makes =>by dreaming hard enough wishes will come true by a stroke of luck. REALLY???!!!!!
does absolutely nothing herself to get out of the situation she is in. She should have confidence to stand up for herself and not wait around for her wishes to come true.
-getting a wealthy man to fall in love with you will result in true happiness
-'female should be rescued by men'=> women have to rely on other people to save them, particularly men.
-without a male figure, women are weak and insignificant
-wealthy and beauty= top priority and a gateway to happiness
-women are passive and unable to take actions on their own to go after their dreams
-women should be weak, obedient and passive
- you have to be beautiful (if not, men won't pay attention to you)
-get attention with the help of little magic to make you appear beautiful (clothes, make up)=> Prince Charming fell in love with Cinderella's beauty not necessarily Cinderella herself
Cinderella: Dreams Come True 2002
decides what happens to her family, runs her castle and the country in her husband's absence
-it continues to reproduce the feminine beauty ideal
-because Cinderella is beautiful she is also kind and has forgiven her stepsisters and stepmother (they live in her castle)
-but her ugly sister Anastasia falls in love with and marries an unattractive town backer
her inferior beauty can only earn her the love of an equally unattractive man who is in a lower social sphere
Continuing to portray characters in this way,
people conform to dominate norms and conceptualizations including those related to age and gender, even if we question or reject those norms. This type of conformity causes gender roles and stereotypes to remain present in our society.

domain: literature


text:
Rossendale bike ace Tom Carne has left the FPW racing team for 2012 but will continue in the 125 GP championships.
The 18-year-old, who has been with the team for three years, said he wanted a new challenge: "After a careful decision I have decided to leave the FPW team after receiving several offers for 2012.
"As yet, nothing has been signed or sealed.
"I felt that I have gone as far as I can with the team and wanted new ideas and a fresh start and wish the team well in 2012.
"Some of my sponsors have travelled with me over the last three years and have confirmed that they would be happy to support me further which is good, even though anyone out there is always welcome to come on board.
"I have still got a strict training programme that I will be following to keep me fit until the new season begins.
"Last year was a learning curve for me, so next year I will be more knowledgeable and more experienced on the track than I have ever been. Having a new team behind me will make all the difference and push me to my limits."
Tom won the ThundersportGB 125 GP championship in 2010 and during 2011 raced in the Sunoco British 125 GP championship gaining numerous top ten results including a front row start at Thruxton and a best finish of fifth at Cadwell Park in August.
FPW Racing has already secured sponsorship for 2012 and are looking for a new rider.
"The team wishes Tom all the very best for 2012 and thanks him for all his efforts over the last three years," a statement said.

domain: sports


text:
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Is it at 18, or 16 or 10 … or perhaps when they are more than 1 metre tall
Comment Rail passengers are paying for the profits made by the rolling stock companies formed at privatisation
From next April you can choose to do what you like with your pension savings – but who is going to give you advice?
Year after year quotes are routinely raised in the hope no one will notice
of 235 for

domain: finance


text:
Small town mayor-turned-Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said he was “shocked by how controversial it was” when he talked about how highways are “racist.”
Buttigieg, one of the most incompetent people serving in Biden’s Cabinet (and that’s saying a lot), previously appeared on MSNBC’s Politics Nation to discuss racist roads with host Al Sharpton.
Buttigieg told Al Sharpton that traffic fatalities happen because of racism and discrimination.
“We’ve got a crisis when it comes to roadway fatalities in America,” Buttigieg said. “We lose about 40,000 people every year. It’s a level that is comparable to gun violence – and we see a lot of racial disparities. Black and brown Americans and tribal citizens and rural residents are much more likely to lose their lives…”
Buttigieg continued, “There are a lot of reason related to discrimination….even related to the way the roads are designed and who has access to a safe street design that’s got crosswalks and good lighting.”
Roads are racist according to Pete Buttigieg.
And now he’s gaslighting people who questioned his absurd claims.
“I’m shocked by how controversial it was when I made a reference to the simple fact that a lot of black neighborhoods got wiped out by the way highways were built. And I didn’t bring that up because I wanted everybody to feel bad about it. I brought it up because we can do something about it,” Buttigieg said.
Biden Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg: “I’m just interested to know what it means to examine equity in bridge maintenance” pic.twitter.com/9any2IrvRQ
— RNC Research (@RNCResearch) January 27, 2024

domain: sociology


text:
I've always loved Where the Wild Things Are. I even wrote up a proposal to adapt the book into a musical for a class when I was in college. But it only occurred to me today that I haven't read any of his other books, which is a shame, because his catalog and work is extensive and impressive.
So, I'm thinking: At the tender age of 34, it's time I finally read the entire Maurice Sendak library. How creepy would it be if I just go to the local library and hang out in the kids' section reading Maurice Sendak? Too much?

domain: library


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NIF SMBC & NTT Finance invest an undisclosed amount in DiBcom (Acquired by Parrot)
Transaction led by Clipperton Finance, acting as Sole Manager.
Clipperton Finance successfully leads a capital raising for DiBcom (acquired by Parrot)
Clipperton Finance, a leading European corporate finance boutique dedicated to the High Tech and Media industries, today announced the closing of a capital raising for DiBcom, a semiconductor company and undisputed world leader of Mobile TV solutions. For this round, NIF SMBC Ventures and NTT Finance, two strategic Japanese companies have recently joined the company’s select group of investors.
NIF SMBC Ventures, leader of the round, is the largest private equity firm in Japan and a subsidiary of one of the major Japanese securities company and bank: Daiwa Securities Group, Inc. and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, NTT Finance Corp., the investment arm and a strategic business development partner of NTT Group Companies, recognised as the number one telecom operator in Japan, has co-invested with NIF SMBC.
Through this investment, NTT Finance acknowledges DiBcom’s market leading position as a supplier of DVB-H solutions and by the same token the massive adoption of DVB-H by a large number of countries in Europe, South-East Asia, Africa and Latin America. Yannick Levy, DiBcom’s CEO, said, “DiBcom and its current investors are very happy to welcome the contribution of two of Japan’s leading venture capital firms. We are determined to fully assume our reputation as the market leader by deploying our proven technology on the largest Mobile TV market on the planet today – Japan”.
For its third operation managed for DiBcom, Clipperton Finance focused specifically on identifying and syndicating two tier-one Japanese investors, which would provide DiBcom with both financial and industrial value added on the Japanese market. “I am glad Clipperton’s team was able to help DiBcom attract NIF SMBC and NTT Finance as new shareholders, as these two investors could be instrumental in the company’s international development and specifically for the Japanese market”, said Nicolas von Bulow, Partner at Clipperton Finance.
DiBcom is at the heart of mobile TV. As a fabless semiconductor company that designs high-performance chipsets, DiBcom enables low-power mobile and portable TV reception everywhere and at speeds exceeding 200 km/h. The company’s solutions are used in automotive, PC/peripheral, mobile phones and other handheld devices. DiBcom has extensive experience solving real-world mobile digital terrestrial television (DTT) reception problems and has overcome the main technological barriers to high-quality service. The company has developed a number of patented algorithms and architectures for fast and accurate channel estimation and high Doppler compensation. Its chipsets are compliant with the current worldwide Digital Video Broadcast standards DVB-T, DVB-H, DVB-SH, T-DMB and ISDB-T. For more information, visit www.dibcom.com.
About Clipperton Finance
Clipperton Finance is a European corporate finance boutique dedicated to the High Tech and Media industries. Clipperton is focused on start-up and advanced companies in the Software, Telecom, Components and Media/Internet spaces, advising them in their financial transactions: fundraising/capital increases and Mergers & Acquisitions. Over the past years the company and its team have managed to structure numerous high level international transactions in the European High Tech sector.


text:
Question : What day in the next four weeks has the best fares?
Answer : As of Jun 19th, the best day for booking to San Francisco (SFO) is Jun 26th. It costs $848, which is 37% below this route's average price.
Question : How long do most people stay in San Francisco?
Answer : Of course you're not most people, but if you were, you'd stay roughly 23 days.
Question : Who's offering the cheapest round-trip flight to San Francisco International Airport (SFO) over the coming months?
Answer : KLM is the leader in keeping costs down for their passengers over the next three months. Fares are being booked at just $700, which is quite a deal when compared to the more expensive bookings of $3,730.
Question : Do prices fluctuate more for this route than others?
Answer : Flight prices are fluctuating much more for this route than most routes from Romania, as they're ranging anywhere from $700 to $3,730. Remember, the sooner you book, the better price you tend to get.
Question : Will you do what it takes to get the absolute lowest-cost flight?
Answer : Sunday is your cheapest day to fly in the month of July. Flexibility is paramount when booking travel plans in order to keep travel costs down.

domain: geography


Students of Kaduna State University on Monday shut out the university’s staff in protest against incessant attacks by hoodlums around the university campus.
The protest, which lasted more than three hours in front of the university’s main gate, caused traffic gridlock along Tafawa Balewa Way.
The spokesperson of the students, who spoke on condition of anonymity, explained that the protest became necessary following what he described as the nonchalant attitude of the school management over the security of students, particularly those living off campus.
He said that students were being attacked daily by hoodlums on their way home from school, and their belongings such as money, laptops, phones and other valuables snatched.
He said, “Just yesterday, a 400 level Political Science female student was attacked, injured and is currently laying half paralysed at the university’s teaching hospital.
“The student was preparing for a test today and was attacked on her way home after reading in school. The hoodlums attacked her, took away her valuables and left her almost lifeless.
“Such attacks have been ongoing for a very long time; in fact, one of our students was killed recently by hoodlums. This has to stop.”
He also complained that students were being harassed by the university security and urged the management to train the security personnel on human relations in line with global practices.
The students demanded that a security outpost be established in all strategic locations, where students reside to curb the ugly trend.
“We don’t want the school security; we want the police to be permanently stationed around the school to provide the needed security,’’ he added.
The protest was suspended following the intervention of the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Tanko Mohammed, who pleaded with the students to embrace dialogue.
He noted the prevalence of security challenges in and around the school but decried the fact that no formal complaint was made to him.
Mohammed said that the university’s management had engaged a security consultant to help address the problem.
He added that the university would discuss with the Commissioner of Police to beef up security around the school.


text:
Although the classic movie 'Vaishali' hit the screens 30 years ago, its lead characters Vaishali and Rishyasringan are still vivid in the hearts of every Malayali.
While the characters were essayed by Sanjay Mithra and Suparna Anand in the 1986 movie, the duo got married in 1996. They were blessed with two boys, but soon the duo parted ways and got married to different persons over the years and settled down again.
Sanjay got married to one Taruna Mitra and Suparna to Rajesh, a Delhi-based businessman. They are leading a happy life in their respective families. Interestingly, the duo recently appeared on Mazhavil Manorama's show 'Onnum Onnum Moonu' hosted by Rimi Tomy where they talked about their movies, lives and career.
“My elder son is a first-year law student and the second one is in the 12th standard. We are currently settled in Delhi. Rajesh is into real estate while I'm currently looking after my father's business,” Suparna revealed.
When asked what was the happiest moment in his life, Sanjay replied, “when Suparna gave birth to my sons.” He also went ahead and specifically remembered the birth time of his elder son. Both Suparna and host Rimi were taken aback on hearing this.
Talking about their failed relationship, both of them said they are happy with their lives now and met each other on this show after two years. “When you love somebody you want them to be happy whether they are with you or away from you. There was nothing to fight about in our case and we never fought,” Suparna confessed.
Meanwhile, Sanjay noted that by coming together on a show they wanted to set out a message, “Though we have separated and have married others, we are good friends and we would like to remain so. But that doesn't mean that I have to hate the other person. Hatred won't bring anything in life. And we being together happily on a show like this itself is proof.”
Before appearing in 'Vaishali', the veteran actress had did a handful of movies as she began her acting career when she was only 6. Recalling the casting call for 'Vaishali', Suparna said, “The shooting of 'Tezaab' had begun. I was 16 then and it was during my birthday party an agent came and told my parents that one director Bharathan wanted to meet me. Bharathan wanted to meet me by 7 am. Since I am not a morning person, I was upset as why he had fixed an early hour. But he finally arrived at 10:30 am. When he told me that I would be playing the lead role in 'Vaishali', I was like I don't know the language. For all my queries, he said 'Don't worry, I will take care of everything', and I couldn't say 'no'. Years later, I realised that was my birthday gift and I feel I was born to do it.”
Surprisingly, director Bharathan had made a sketch of the character Vaishali before meeting Suparna and after meeting her he revealed to her that she was like the sketch he had already drawn.

domain: entertainment


text:
The dress, a new item from the masterful creators behind the mesh powerhouse ColdLogic, is simply gorgeous! Beautiful design, gorgeous textures, wrinkles and shading where you'd expect them to be - creating a more realistic look! Available in store in variety of colors and patterns, it's sure to be an instant favorite for any girl's closet (and wallet!). Love it!
The skin, a gorgeous item available at the Arcade Gacha Event (soon closing) from the creative designers behind [TheSkinnery], is soft, realistic, and made from a redhead's dream color palette! Soft and warm golden hues, drawing attention to the face, which is beautifully freckled and natural! Love this skin, just love it. :D
On to the fashion!
What I'm wearing:
Skin: [TheSkinnery] - Kate (Virgin/Champagne) **The Arcade** ( Arcade closing soon )
Hair: Wasabi Pills - Julia (Cinnamon) **WCF** ( WCF closing soon )
Eyes: .ID. - Soulful Eyes (gray)
Lashes: Tameless - Lashes (10)
Necklace: MG - Venice White Diamond Choker **Zodiac**
Earrings: MG - Venice White Diamond Earrings **Zodiac**
Dress: ColdLogic - Blyth (pink) **NEW**
Stockings: T*Whore - Lace Stockings (white/clear)
Shoes: ChaChaDee! - Me Glamorous High Heels (baby pink)
Purse: Blah - My Bow Pochette (white leather) **NEW**
Nails: Mstyle - Classic Long Nails (french)
About author: Author Name
Jaded Lorefield is the author of this blog, with the occassional assistance from her long time hubby Cross Aura. Her blogging style is more of a photographic blog rather than a stand and shoot blog. She's been blogging since 2012, and her style varies from professional to role playing clothing, she also covers furniture and poses as well. Although she does have amazing sponsors, she prides herself in choosing said sponsors from clothing she actually wears or items she actually uses, thus ensuring the items blogged are items actually worn and enjoyed. You can be sure the things displayed in her postings are quality items and whether purchased or sponsored, are items she loves.

domain: artistic


text:
Different Types Of Frameworks for Hybrid App Development Service
The growth of mobile apps is growing day by day in this digital age. Now, more and more individuals use smartphones for their everyday jobs and use mobile apps. With mobile app development companies rising demand and popularity, mobile app development companies are aiming to boost user experience by opting for the latest technology in the development of mobile apps. It is necessary to choose the correct structure for the creation of the hybrid application. For hybrid app creation, there are distinct types of frameworks.
1. React Native
2. UI of onsen
Developers can make applications with the aid of this open-source platform by integrating native-looking components. Without AngularJS, this easy to use application is capable of operating. It also has outstanding documentation that includes many layouts. The downside of this system is that it only offers the theme for iOS, while its next edition aims to provide support for material design.
This is a common system and the preference of many app developers is preferred. Native-looking designs can be rendered using the CSS component of this system. You should combine Ionic with AngularJS if you want to harness Ionic’s full potential.
4. System 7
5. Mobile jQuery
JQuery Mobile, one of the oldest mobile frameworks, does not seek to render apps that look like Android or iOS. Instead, its primary role is to help create web apps that perform equally well on all mobile browsers, such as Blackberry, Windows Phone, and Symbian. This structure is recognized for its lightweight, quickness to use and understand.
6. Aboriginal Script
There are some of the best application frameworks for hybrid mobile applications that can be used. According to your software development specifications, you can compare these frameworks and choose the best.
If you are looking for the best react native app development company in usa, then Vasundhara infotech has the best company for developing apps in different apps. The company gives a complete mobile app design and development.

domain: design


text:
---- — Scott A. Riddle, 50, Kokomo, passed away at 12:12 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 12, 2013, at Community Howard Regional Health. He was born July 18, 1963, in Kokomo to Bill and Marty (Herren) Riddle.
Scott was a graduate of Indiana Business College with an associate degree in accounting. He was also a member of Macedonia Christian Church.
He is survived by his mother and stepfather, Marty and Bruce Runyan; sons, Andrew and Adam Riddle; grandson, Caiden Riddle; a sister, Deborah (Glen) Lassiter; a brother, Tom Riddle; a stepbrother, John Runyan; a stepsister, Nancy (Alan) Davis; and many aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, extended family and friends.
He was preceded in death by his father, Bill Riddle.
A memorial service will be at noon Saturday at Macedonia Christian Church, 1532 S. 500 East, with John Piotrowicz officiating.
Shirley & Stout Funeral Homes & Crematory, Lincoln Road Chapel, assisted the family with arrangements. Messages of condolence may be submitted online at www.shirleyandstout.com.

domain: news


text:
Mardi Himal Basecamp Trek
The appeal of a lesser-travelled trekking destination took me to the Mardi Himal Base Camp. Part of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, the Mardi Himal trek not only offers amazing views of the mountains and local culture, but also glimpses of the flora and fauna of the Annapurna region.
On 27th January 2017, My friend and I left Kathmandu on an evening bus, and got off at Kaadey, on the Baglung-Pokhara Highway, about 7 hours’ drive from Kathmandu. A hike of about 1.5 hours up stone steps took us to the Australian Camp, where we spent the first night.
We left the Australian Camp before dawn the next day, with the goal of making it to Pitam Deurali (2100 meters) for sunrise. The trail is mostly through the jungle, with stone steps making a rough staircase. The hidden forest and thick canopy barely lets any light enter the forest, let alone the view of the mountains. Near Pitam Deurali, Machchapuchhre rises above the landscape, and a quick turn in the trail reveals one of the most majestic views of South Annapurna. We reached Pitam Deurali right before dawn, as the golden light of the sun just started to paint the clouds on the horizon and on the peaks of the snowcapped mountains. We watched the stunning sunrise over Pitam Deurali while eating breakfast. The majestic scene exceeded our expectations, and the rays of the sun falling on the white-capped peaks of South Annapurna was straight out of a painting.
After spending considerable time in Pitam Deurali, we made our way to Forest Camp. The trail ascends through a thick forest and rises gradually, with an occasional view of the mountain ranges to the left. For most of this part of the trek, the mountains hide behind the forest landscape. Yet the greenery and silence is also beautiful, with the sounds of nature all around. Barking deer, chattering monkeys and chirping pheasants are common noises, with the occasional chittering of squirrels.
The trail continues through thick forest until the Forest Camp (2480 meters). A small settlement in the middle of the jungle, the Forest Camp is a nice resting place to cool down and glimpse the open sky, before more walking in the forest ahead. The walk from Pitam Deurali to Forest Camp is long, about 4 hours without any teahouses in between. The steepness of the trails means that you’ll likely be hungry by the time you reach the Forest Camp.
After filling our stomachs with dal bhat, we proceeded along the trail. The trail climbs steeply through dense forest, and soon the teahouses of the camp are far below. Once we reached the top of a hill, the trail became covered in thick snow, as it had rained and snowed the day before. The snowy trails started as low as 2300 meters. From there, it was an endless walk in the snow until reaching the High Camp. The melting snow made it hard to walk, and the melting ice from the trees kept falling on our heads. Some chunks were large enough to hurt. Through the snowy forest we reached Low Camp (3450 meters), about two hours after leaving Forest Camp.
The view of Machchapuchhre from Low Camp was one of the best views of the whole trek, and the mountain forms a backdrop behind the teahouses. The camp was completely covered in snow, with no mud or grass visible. After a quick stop to refill our water bottles and enjoy the view, we set off to the High Camp. Although it isn’t far from the Low Camp, the excessive snow on the trail made the short trek treacherous. There was almost nine inches of snow on the trail, and the melting snow made it even tougher to walk. As we ascended higher, the snow was thicker and the views became more amazing. With every step we could sense that we were an inch closer to South Annapurna, Gangapurna and Machchapuchhre. An uphill walk of about half an hour took us to a small viewpoint, from where the view of both the mountains and landscapes was absolutely amazing. Right in front of was the Badal Dada, a small house sitting atop a snow covered hill, with the massive South Annapurna looming behind. The village of Ghandruk lies way below, to the south-west of Badal Dada.
The trails got even more tiring as we went higher, as we had now walked for over six hours, and the snow had finally started to melt through our boots. The cold wetness of the snow had reached our feet. The path became even more slippery, but the cold in our feet was neutralized by the majestic view of the landscape and mountains.
At the end of almost 8 hours of long trek up the hill, far in the distance we saw the shining blue steel roof of a house—we were almost at our destination. Walking along the thin trails thick with snow, and with little room for error, we finally made it to the High Camp (4100 meters) . It was almost dusk, the sun was near the horizon and we were ready to call it a day.
We reached the hotel just before nightfall. There were plenty of people in the dining room, warming themselves in front of the heater. We needed to soak our socks and dry our shoes too, and we jumped right in front of the heater. It was then, while talking to other trekkers, that we learned it would be impossible to reach the Base Camp because of the heavy snow.
A trekker who had tried to reach Base Camp that day told us that there was almost a foot of snow past the high view point. He had had to return because it was impossible to see where he was going. There was just too much snow to risk it. Even the locals suggested not going further.
We were saddened by the news: all this for nothing? But we were determined to give it a shot, so decided to wake up early in the morning. We asked the hotel owners to pack us some eggs and tea. We started at the break of dawn and headed towards Mardi Base Camp. On the trail outside the hotel was almost a foot of snow, so we decided to wrap our legs with plastic bags. This turned out to be very effective. The trail to the Base Camp ascends gently for a short time. A point on a trail overlooking the High Camp teahouse is an amazing spot to view the sunrise and the mountains, offering some of the most striking views of South Annapurna and Machchapuchhre.
From there, the trail rose, fell and leveled out. The snow became an obstacle. We pushed our way through the snow, and at times had to literally crawl through the snowy stones. The chill in the hands made it hard to hold onto the stones. We walked for a considerable time from the High Camp. We should have been very close to the Base Camp, but the amount of snow on the ridge near Base Camp made it extremely hard to keep going forward, so we sadly had to return to High Camp.
The descent was arduous. We slipped many times, fortunately in safe areas. In a few places the ridge was steep and narrow, with a huge drop below. Slowly and carefully we dropped down to the high camp. It was sad to come so far and not even reach Base Camp, but the risk was far too great.
Back at the High Camp we packed our bags and started the long journey back down. It was almost the middle of the day and the teahouse had emptied as everyone was returning back down. The trail had gotten even more arduous as the snow was melting, plus the footsteps of so many trekkers had made the path extremely slippery. We skidded at times, slipping much of the way to Low Camp. From there we descended to the village of Siddhing, instead of going back to Forest Camp and Australian Camp.
The trail from Low Camp to Siddhing (1750 meters) was completely downhill, and after about twenty minutes there was no more snow, just stone steps through the dense jungle. The hilltop upon which the Low Camp sits was visible in the distance, with Machchapucchre to the side of it.
It didn’t take long to reach Siddhing, and from there we made our way to Lumre, about two hours walk from Siddhing. From there we could get a local bus back to Pokhara the next day.
All in all, this was one of the best treks ever. The Mardi Himal Base Camp trek is definitely a promising trekking destination. It offers amazing insights into the ecotourism side of trekking in Nepal, and unbeatable views of South Annapurna, Gangapurna and Machchapuchhre. The trail is not crowded, and the short trek can be done in little time.
About Anuj Ghimire
Anuj Ghimire is an Ecologist by profession. He loves trekking and has been working on mountain ecology and wildlife of various Himalayan regions of Nepal. Turning his passion of travelling and adventure into his profession he has been working as a writer and content curation at UpEverest.
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The Meadowlands Racetrack has teamed up with Warrior Ranch Foundation for a driving program designed for military veterans and first responders.
Army Ranger Paul Martinez (ret.) and world-class harness trainer Robbie Siegelman will be managing the six week driving program at Warrior Ranch this summer.
Staff Sergeant Martinez is the author of “When the Killer Man Comes,” and has been supporting equine activities since he retired in 2014.
Robbie Siegelman has been a Standardbred trainer since 1982 and owned and operated Siegelman Stables for nearly 40 years.
This once in a lifetime experience will give five veterans a chance to learn how to care for horses, how to apply the racing tack and harness and also learn how to drive them on the track.
“As soon as Robbie Siegelman reached out I wanted to sponsor this program,” said Meadowlands Racetrack COO & GM Jason Settlemoir. “It is important to support our veterans and thank them for all they have done for us.”
At the conclusion of the program the participants will have a “Night at the Races” at the Meadowlands Racetrack and have the chance to lead some post parades during the evening.
“We have received generous support from the Meadowlands to begin the program for our first group of veterans,” said Eileen Shanahan, President and Founder of Warrior Ranch Foundation. “We are seeking further support to fund the horses and their care.”
Those looking to donate can visit Donate-original (warriorranchfoundation.org)
New to the Paulick Report? Click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the Thoroughbred industry.
Copyright © 2021 Paulick Report.


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Prior to the genocide, the United Nations had declared Srebrenica a UN protected "safe area", but that did not prevent the massacre, even though 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers were present at the time.
The father, mother and brother of Hasan Nuhanovic and the husband/father of the Mustafic family were among the people who were actually forced to leave the Dutch UN contingent's compound at Potocari and were effectively hande dover to be killed by the Bosnian Serbs under Ratko Mladic. Hasan and the Mustafic's are bringing a civil action in the Dutch courts on 16 June to hold the Dutch government to account for their failure to protect their relatives. Here is the press release. Please circulate it.
PRESS RELEASEPlease see the full press release here.
Amsterdam, 1 June 2008:
THE DUTCH STATE FAILED IN ITS DUTY TO PROTECT CIVILIAN VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AT SREBRENICA
Civil action due to be heard at 10 a.m. on 16 June 2008 in the District Court at The Hague (Prins Clauslaan 60, The Hague, Netherlands).
On 16 June 2008 the District Court at The Hague will hear the first civil action brought against the Dutch State by relatives of the victims of genocide at Srebrenica. Hasan Nuhanovic and the family of Rizo Mustafic are seeking to establish that the Dutch state is responsible for the failure of Dutch troops acting under a United Nations mandate to protect their family members massacred at Srebrenica in July 1995.
Hasan Nuhanovic, a U.N. interpreter who lost his father, mother and younger brother, and the family of Rizo Mustafic, an electrician employed by the Dutch battalion of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), claim that the Dutch government failed to protect the lives of their relatives after the safe area established by U.N. Security Council Resolution around the town of Srebrenica in Eastern Bosnia was allowed to fall into the hands of the Bosnian Serb Army.
The Nuhanovic and Mustafic families were among thousands of refugees who sought protection inside the compound of the U.N. base at Potocari but were then delivered by the Dutch UNPROFOR forces into the hands of Serb General Ratko Mladic. Dutch soldiers in U.N. blue helmets are alleged to have watched on as women and young girls were taken away and raped and men and boys separated before being taken away for summary execution.
In a tort action against the Dutch state in which much of the legal debate revolves around the division of responsibility between the United Nations and national states, the plaintiffs' lawyer Liesbeth Zegveld will argue that the Dutch government and the Dutch command within UNPROFOR were responsible for the gross negligence shown by Dutch troops, were primarily concerned for the safety of their national contingent and showed scant regard for the safety of the civilian population entrusted to their care.
Update: Srebrenica Families’ Anger at Removal of Judge:
It is unclear why Judge Bart Punt has left the case, which is to be heard at the Hague District Court on June 16. However, victims’ families are outraged that he is going after working on it for three years, and fear it could affect the final verdict.
In January 2007, families welcomed an interim decision by Judge Punt which supported the view that Dutch soldiers at Srebrenica should have evacuated Mustafic along with them because he was employed by the UN. Instead, according to the claimants, a Dutch personnel officer sent him away and he was captured by Bosnian Serbs.
In 2002, Dutch prime minister Wim Kok and his government resigned after a report found the state partly responsible for the fall of the UN-protected area.

domain: history


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News that the Inquiry will be extended and expanded to encompass Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage protection more broadly is welcome, as is the recommendation that the Western Australian Government place a moratorium on the consideration and approval of new Section 18 applications until stronger heritage protections can be enacted.
Several of the inquiry's interim recommendations mirror a number of proposals contained in GetUp's submission, including the recommendations that "the Australian Government urgently review the adequacy of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984," that "ministerial responsibility for the administration of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 revert to the Minister for Indigenous Australians," and that "the relevant Minister direct their office and department to more vigorously prosecute use of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 in Western Australia".
Greg McIntyre S.C., who successfully represented Eddie Mabo in the landmark Mabo v Queensland (1992) land rights case, provided expert independent legal advice that the Commonwealth should introduce uniform Indigenous heritage protection legislation, undertake large-scale assessment of areas that could qualify for Indigenous heritage status, and give responsibility for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage protection to the Commonwealth Minister for Indigenous Affairs.
GetUp First Nations Justice Campaign Director Larissa Baldwin said:
"We welcome the Juukan Gorge Senate Inquiry's decision to expand in scope and extend its timeline to October 2021, to more fully examine the protection of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage.
"Until the Inquiry hands down its final recommendations, the Morrison Government must immediately enact a nationwide moratorium on development approvals that potentially impact on Indigenous cultural heritage, until the Inquiry can finish its important work.
"There are hundreds of potential Juukan Gorges waiting to happen around the country. Until the Inquiry examines the evidence and recommends a clear way forward for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage protection, the Federal Government must agree to a moratorium to ensure the disaster of Juukan Gorge is not repeated."
Media contact: Alex McKinnon 0411 829 334
Larissa Baldwin, First Nations Justice Campaign Director at GetUp

domain: law


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2021 Oracle NetSuite Open Brings World Class Squash back to San Francisco
The 2021 Oracle NetSuite Open will celebrate its 9thannual presentation on San Francisco’s storied Embarcadero this coming September 24-27, 2021. The PSA World Tour Gold-level men’s and women’s pro squash tournament will feature the best players in the sport. World No. 2 and defending champion Mohamed Elshorbagy is confirmed for the men’s competition and USA no. 1 and World No. 5 Amanda Sobhy will seek the title on the women’s side. Many other top 10 players are expected to enter.
Held alongside the spectacular San Francisco waterfront, in front of the famous Ferry Building on Embarcadero Plaza, the Oracle NetSuite Open will offer a purse of $242,000 split evenly between the men’s and women’s divisions. Based on total compensation, the tournament, which joined the PSA Tour in 2011, is expected to be the 10th largest on the 2021-2022 world tour calendar.
Under San Francisco’s current Covid-19 protocols, no social distancing or mask wearing will be required at the outdoor squash arena at Embarcadero Plaza and attendees will not need to show proof of vaccination. These policies are subject to change.
In addition to Oracle NetSuite’s Platinum Title Sponsorship, 2021 sponsors include Gold Sponsors Growthpoint Technology Partners and The Wall Street Journal, and Martin Sign Company, MPM Capital, Oakland Promise, Indian Leap Winery and Dunlop. SquashDrive, an after-school squash and education program for Oakland public school students, is the official non-profit partner of the tournament.
Tournament promoter John Nimick of Squash Engine, Inc. is enthusiastic about the return of the event after a one-year hiatus due to the pandemic. “All the international players love coming to San Francisco and they are eager to compete as the World Tour restarts across the globe. We expect a packed draw and sold-out sessions at our pop-up 500-seat stadium on the Embarcadero.”
Oracle NetSuite SVP and tournament founder Evan Goldberg confirms the company’s long running support of the event. “Oracle NetSuite is proud to be associated with one of the largest equal prize money events on the World Tour and to support the great game of squash as it prospers here on the West Coast. I can only imagine how super excited squash fans will be to see all the world stars competing again in San Francisco. These players are some of the most approachable, friendly and ultra-fit athletes in the world.”
Play during the first two rounds will be split between Squash Zone in Redwood City, and the Bay Club San Francisco, the Olympic Club and the University Club in San Francisco, while action from the quarterfinals onward will be played on the Squash Engine court at Embarcadero Plaza.
The 2021 Oracle NetSuite Open will once again use best-of-three games scoring format until the Finals, which allows fans to see four matches each session at both local clubs and the glass court until the final evening when scoring will revert to best out of five games.
Tickets for the Oracle NetSuite Open will go on sale on July 12th.


LINCOLN, NEB. – The Nebraska Farm Bureau has identified the organization’s top five priorities for the new farm bill, as representatives of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate work to negotiate a final Farm Bill from the versions passed by the House and Senate. Nebraska Farm Bureau shared the priorities in correspondence to members of Nebraska’s Congressional delegation thanking them for their efforts to advance farm bill discussions, while also encouraging them to communicate the priorities to members of Congress tasked with putting the finishing touches on the bill.
“The farm bill is an important piece of legislation for all Americans, but it is especially important to our farmers and ranchers. While only a small percentage of the dollars allocated in the farm bill aid farm and ranch families, those dollars are vital to funding risk management programs that help farmers deal with the volatility in agricultural markets, while also assisting farmers and ranchers impacted by catastrophic floods, rain and hail, droughts, and other natural disasters beyond their control,” said Steve Nelson, Nebraska Farm Bureau president.
Nebraska Farm Bureau’s priorities for the farm bill negotiations include:
- Protecting and improving risk management programs.
“Both the House and Senate versions of the farm bill largely leave federal crop insurance untouched. Our members have made it clear the preservation of a robust federal crop insurance system is a top priority,” said Nelson. “The House and Senate versions of the farm bill also offer beneficial changes to federal commodity programs including the use of a new data set when determining yields under the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) program, as well as the inclusion of a floating reference price under the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program.”
- Ensuring the conservation title does not include new permanent easement and Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) language.
“The Senate passed version of the bill created a new permanent easement program to help transition acres out of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). These acres would then be held in their “retired” condition in perpetuity. Nebraska Farm Bureau policy raises concerns with the concept of permanent easements and it’s important this program is dropped out of the final bill,” said Nelson. “The Senate bill also modifies CSP by re-infusing top-down bureaucracy and carving up the program. It adds multiple layers of bureaucratic hurdles and consultation requirements, as well as redirecting funding away from on-the-ground conservation practices, which is a concern.”
- Growing federal trade promotion programs.
“Now more than ever we need programs focused on export growth and promotion of U.S. agricultural products overseas. Both the House and Senate bills combine the Market Access program, Foreign Market Development program, the Emerging Markets program, and Technical Assistance for Specialty Crops into one program,” said Nelson. “These programs are vital to market growth and it’s important Congress strengthens the budget for this new program,” said Nelson.
- Helping create new health insurance plans for farmers and ranchers who are suffering the brunt of the Affordable Care Act’s unaffordable health insurance.
“The House bill creates a new loan and grant program under the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to assist in the establishment of agricultural association health plans. The cost of health care and health insurance ranked second in terms of the most concerning issue for farmers and ranchers at Nebraska Farm Bureau listening sessions held around the state this summer. As organizations around the country look to better serve the agricultural community by trying to offer new health insurance options, this new program could go a long way in helping to provide the necessary seed-money to get these options from concept to reality,” said Nelson.
- Continuing work to eliminate unnecessary and harmful federal regulations.
“Both the House and Senate bill make separate attempts to address a number of regulations which have been points of concern for the agricultural community for years. It is imperative the final bill include measures to fix problems we have had with the enforcement of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, federal Hours of Service regulations for transport of agriculture commodities, efforts by states to improperly regulate interstate commerce, as well as the ‘Waters of the U.S.’ rule,” said Nelson. “It is important to note that each of these efforts have bipartisan support.”
The Nebraska Farm Bureau is a grassroots, state-wide organization dedicated to supporting farm and ranch families and working for the benefit of all Nebraskans through a wide variety of educational, service and advocacy efforts. More than 61,000 families across Nebraska are Farm Bureau members, working together to achieve rural and urban prosperity as agriculture is a key fuel to Nebraska’s economy. For more information about Nebraska Farm Bureau and agriculture, visit www.nefb.org.


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KINGSTON -- Ulster County lawmakers vowed Tuesday to help advance a multimillion-dollar resort adjoining Belleayre Mountain Ski Center.
Legislators voted 27-3, with one abstention, in favor of a resolution supporting the proposed Belleayre Resort at Catskill Park, promising to work with the developer and "offering any appropriate assistance to acquire permits, licenses and/or easements to assure the development" of a project that has generated controversy in the area for more than a decade.
More than 100 spectators packed the legislative chambers and spilled out into the hallway as more than two dozen people spoke on this issue during a public comment session that lasted more than one hour.
Most of the local residents speaking called on lawmakers to withhold their support of the project, which is still undergoing review under the State Environmental Quality Review Act. Area tradesman and union representatives comprised the bulk of those speaking in favor of the development.
Hardenburgh town Supervisor Jerry Fairbairn was among those calling on legislators remain neutral.
"We respectfully request you keep your nose out of it," said Fairbairn. Fairbairn said the project is subject to review by the Ulster County town of Shandaken and Delaware County town of Middletown, where the resort will be located. Ulster County has no permitting or regulatory responsibility over the project.
Fairbairn said his town, which is contiguous to the town of Shandaken, will be affected by the increased traffic generated by the resort.
Developer Dean Gitter, of Crossroads Ventures LLC has proposed construction of the project adjacent to the state-run Belleayre Mountain Ski Center, and spanning the border of Ulster and Delaware counties. Scaled down from a proposal he first unveiled in 1999, the project as it is now proposed would comprise two hotels -- one a four-star family-style resort, and the other a five-star luxury spa resort -- conference facilities, a golf course, some 629 detached lodging units and time-share townhouses.
Gitter has said that when completed, the project will generate millions of dollars each year in sales tax revenue to the county, will provide a much-needed boost to the local economy and will create hundreds of full- and part-time jobs.
Glen Williams, a Newburgh resident and a local union worker said the project will bring much-needed construction jobs to the region.
"I want a job, I want to work," said Mark Peifley, another Newburgh resident and local union worker.
Legislator Peter Loughran, D-Kingston, who introduced the resolution, said voting against the resolution would be pushing economic development out of the county.
But Legislator Brian Shapiro, D-Woodstock, whose district includes the towns of Shandaken and Hardenburgh, said thousands of people within his district oppose the project.
Shapiro, Donald Gregorious, D-Woodstock, and Robert Parete, D-Boiceville, voted against the resolution. Legislator Roy Hochberg, D-Glenford, abstained. Legislators Frank Fellicello, R-Marlboro, and Susan Zimet, D-New Paltz, were absent.

domain: economics


President Obama invited Congressional leaders to the White House today to give them a preview of the Wednesday speech on the ISIS war, with officials saying he wanted the Hill’s backing on the conflict. Instead, he just told them how they don’t matter.
Obama told the leaders he would welcome anything that shows a “united front” behind his new war, but that he maintains, as he’s always maintained, that he has the authority to launch the war without them.
The White House readout of the meeting said Obama told Congress he believes “that the nation is stronger and our efforts more effective” when Congress backs the president, and that he will continue to engage in “consultation” with the handful of Congressmen he deems worth talking to.
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R – KY) didn’t directly dispute the White House assessment, but said he believes that it is in the president’s “best interest” to ask Congress to endorse the war.
There are two different bills working through Congress right now, one which endorses a three-year war without ground troops, and another which endorses an open-ended war with no limits.
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