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While there is a long tradition of both historical and economic thinking in the Indian subcontinent, modern economic history may be dated from the late nineteenth century. From the early pioneers of economic history, including Mahadev Govind Ranade and Romesh Chander Dutt, the field reached a high level in India, giving rise to a stellar set of practitioners and an impressive body of scholarship, ranging from Irfan Habib’s studies of the Mughal empire to Amiya Bagchi’s analyses of the colonial economy.
In the last century and a half, three main lines of thinking may be identified in Indian economic history. The first is the early nationalist school inaugurated by Ranade and Dutt. The turn to history for these thinkers was part of an agenda to develop an “Indian economics,” which was attuned to the peculiarities of India. A historical approach was essential to this intellectual project. The search for an Indian economics went largely into decline from the 1930s and in faculties of economics the study and teaching of economic history was of secondary importance for several decades. The second line of economic history may be dated from the 1950s and emerges from a growing influence of Marxism, whose enormous impact was felt by both economists and historians. The final line emerged in the 1960s at the great powerhouse of both economics and economic history in recent decades, the Delhi School of Economics. This represented to some extent a revival of economic history within the ranks of economists.
The flourishing state of economic history in India in the 1960s and 1970s represented a confluence of different forces. Similarly, the decline of economic history from its highpoint of those years is due to multiple factors as well as broad changes in both historical practice and economic thinking.
The focus of this essay is on the evolution of economic history within India itself. Important contributions to Indian economic history have come from scholars located outside the country, but that work is for the most part not taken up in this essay, although references to some of these contributions is inevitable, especially those that shaped economic history writing in India itself. Nonetheless, the purpose of the essay is to chart the development of this branch of history in modern India.
Nationalism and Economic History
Mahadev Govind Ranade is widely acknowledged to be the father of Indian nationalist economics, or Indian political economy. He was born in western India in 1842 and was in instructor in economics at Elphinstone College for a decade and a half where he taught Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill, who was the main figure on the syllabus, but to give his students a “wider perspective of political economy,” he studied Malthus, Bastiat, Ramsay, McCulloch and Senior.1
Indian nationalist economics had two goals. The first was the well known critique of the economic impact of British rule in India. The second goal, although less recognized but no less important, was to reject the universalism of economic theory and to construct a framework which captured the unique features of the Indian economy. As Ranade put it in his seminal essay, “Indian Political Economy,” delivered as a lecture at the Deccan College in Pune in 1892, “The same teachers and statesmen, who warn us against certain tendencies in our political aspirations . . . seem to hold that the truths of economic science, as they have been expounded in our most popular English text-books, are absolutely and demonstrably true, and must be accepted as guides of conduct for all time and place whatever may be the stage of national advance. Ethnical, social, juristic, ethical, or economical differences in the environments are not regarded as having any influence in modifying the practical application of these truths.”2
Indian political economy was an economics rooted in the social, cultural and political conditions of India. One inspiration for it was John Stuart Mill, who rejected the universal claims of political economy. Mill wrote in his autobiography that his teachers tried “to construct a permanent fabric out of transitory materials; that they took for granted the immutability of arrangements of society, many of which are in their nature fluctuating or progressive; and enunciate, with as little qualification as if they were universal and absolute truths.”3 Such statements found an appreciative audience among Indians of the late nineteenth century.
The more important inspiration, however, was the German historical school, which gave Indian economics a firm rooting in the study of the past. (Ranade wrote, “The German school regards that universalism and perpetualism in economic doctrine are both unscientific and untrue.”4) Between these two influences, B. N. Ganguli gives primacy to the German historical school and he reconciles them in the following terms: “Parts of the British economic theory, which had assimilated some of the contentions of the continental thinkers, were readily acclaimed by Indians. But where assimilation was doubtful and the resulting ‘compromise’ or rather ‘balance,’ uncertain, there was preference for the conclusions of the Historical School.”5
Among the German economists, Friedrich List was to be the most influential. According to Ranade, “It was the writings of List, which gave the fullest expression to the rebellion against the orthodox creed . . . The function of the state is to help those influences which tend to secure national progress through the several states of growth and adopt free trade or protection, as circumstances may require.”6 List was representative of a larger historical method in economic analysis. Again, to quote Ranade, “The method to be followed is not the deductive but the historical method, which takes account of the past in its forecast of the future; and relativity, and not absoluteness, characterizes the conclusions of economical science.”7
Romesh Chander Dutt’s two volume Economic History of India was the most important historical work produced in this nationalist historical tradition. Dutt was a polymath, one of the first Indian entrants into the Indian Civil Service, the elite administrative cadre that governed British India. He resigned from the government after twenty-six years and devoted himself to politics and writing. He was active in the Indian National Congress and he produced novels, several historical works, translations from the Sanskrit, as well as important political tracts. His two-volume study of the Indian economy under British rule established the contours of a nationalist economic history which endures even in our times.8 (One commentator writes of the first volume, “In several respects this book would rank as the most valuable of books on India under the British rule.”9)
Agriculture is given pride of place in both volumes, perhaps not surprising given the importance of the land revenue for the British Indian state. Much attention is given to the formation of the land revenue systems in the different provinces of British India and their revisions. Industry, internal and external trade, finance, and railways and irrigation are all explored as well, however. The Listian influence is also made explicit. After quoting a long passage from The National System of of Political Economy in which List discussed the economic relationship between Britain and India, Dutt concludes, “While British Political Economists professed the principles of free trade from the latter end of the eighteenth century, the British Nation declined to adopt them till they had crushed the Manufacturing Power of India . . . [I]n India the Manufacturing Power of the people was stamped out by protection against her industries, and then free trade was forced on her so as to prevent a revival.”10
The commitment to a distinct Indian political economy continued into the early decades of the twentieth century, as did a commitment to a historical approach. As late as 1957 the economics department at the University of Madras was still called the “Department of Indian Economics.” In the early twentieth century a number of the leading economists combined research in historical topics along with studies of contemporary Indian problems. P. J. Thomas, who became Professor of Economics at Madras University in 1927, wrote his Oxford doctoral thesis on British trade with India in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, the now classic Mercantilism and the East India Trade.11 He also produced, along with B. Nataraja Pillai, a seminal study of the depression of the 1820s-1840s in South India.12The rest of his oeuvre, however, was devoted to analyses of the Indian economy of the 1930s and 1940s and he served on the Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, the Agricultural Economic Council, the among other government bodies. Thomas took leave from the university in 1943 to take up a position in the Government of India, eventually resigning from his professorship three years later.13
Similarly, the publications of Radhakamal Mukerjee, who began his career as a lecturer in the department of economics at the University of Calcutta and then served as professor and head of the department of economics and sociology at Lucknow University, ranged from economic history to contemporary village studies. He published his The Economic History of India: 1600-1800 in 1939.14 Earlier in his career he was part of a sociological investigation in the Madras Presidency of Dravidian village communities, published several works on the foundations and postulates of Indian economics, housing and slums in urban India, comparative economics and demography.15 Mukerjee is best remembered today as a founder of the Lucknow School of Sociology.16 He was committed to both history and serious field work, however. In his autobiography, he wrote, “In the early years of my own teaching I deeply felt the necessity of relating economic theories and doctrines not only to economic history but also to the concrete social and economic environment.”17
Most famous of all is D. R. Gadgil, who was a major figure in Indian economics from the 1920s to the 1970s. His first book, The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times, was submitted as a MLitt thesis at Cambridge University. Ostensibly, it was a study of industry from 1860 to 1914 (subsequent editions brought the story forward into the 1920s and 1930s), but it was in reality a broad economic history of the period.18The work was a critique of British rule and in the later editions this critique, particularly of British laissez faire, was made more explicit.19 (Gadgil provided an introduction to a Government of India reprint of Romesh Dutt’s Economic History of India.) Gadgil later undertook important investigations on the impact of World War II on the Indian economy, industrial labor and wages, the urban economy of western India, and planning and development in post-Independence India. Gadgil was also a staunch proponent of cooperatives for development and this, along with other positions sympathetic to the plight of labors and peasants, led S. A. Dange, Chairman of the Communist Party of India, to produce a pamphlet in appreciation of Gadgil after the economist’s death in 1971.20
The economic histories of India produced by Indian nationalism did not go unchallenged by the defenders of British rule. Among the most enduring are the writings of W. H. Moreland, the former civil servant turned historian, who concentrated his energies on the economics of the Mughal Empire.21 In Moreland’s interpretation of Mughal rule and its economic impact, the problems of British India, including low standards of living and widespread poverty, were portrayed as long-standing features of the Indian political economy. Others defended British rule along similar lines and attributed Indian economic problems to the deficiencies of culture and society, the most prominent being Vera Anstey, who was located not in India but at the London School of Economics.
From the 1930s the historical bent in Indian economics went into decline and a new generation of economists focused on the contemporary problems of India with little appeal to history and little interest in the past. The independence of India from British rule in 1947 reinforced these choices and the finest economic thinkers in the country turned their minds to the problems of development and planning, which preoccupied both academic and government experts in the 1950s. Perhaps no figure better symbolizes the new practices of Indian economists than V. K. R. V. Rao. Rao was born in South India in 1908 and he was only seven years younger than D. R. Gadgil, but of a different generation in several important respects. He, as did Gadgil, studied economics at Cambridge where he was a student of John Maynard Keynes. Rao’s early work was on the national income India in the 1920s and 1930s. His subsequent research focused on macroeconomics, public finance, education, and development planning, as well as a variety of other topics. Unlike his predecessors, however, Rao did not venture into economic history.22
Why the turn from history, which had been a hallmark of Indian political economy since the late nineteenth century? In his “Rise and Decline of Development Economics” Albert Hirschman credits the Keynesian Revolution for creating the intellectual space to make development economics possible. He wrote, “Development economics took advantage of the unprecedented discredit orthodox economics had fallen into as a result of the depression of the thirties and of the equally unprecedented success of an attack on orthodoxy from within the economics ‘establishment.’ I am talking of course about the Keynesian Revolution of the thirties . . . The Keynesian step from one to two economics was crucial: the ice of monoeconomics had been broken and the idea that there might be yet another economics had instant credibility.”23
Just as the Keynesian Revolution made possible an economics of development, it created the economic justification to develop an approach to the Indian economy, an Indian economics, which did not need recourse to history. On theoretical grounds alone, as Keynes showed, there are compelling arguments for multiple approaches to the study of economics. It was this door, which Keynes created, that Rao and his successors entered, leaving history behind. It would not be till the 1960s that Indian economists would seriously reckon with economic history.
While economists, especially those of a more mainstream persuasion, abandoned economic history in the 1940s and 1950s, the growing influence of Marxism, most strikingly among historians, infused economic history with new life and energy. Even in the early decades of the twentieth century historians of India had dealt with economic questions, such as A. Appadorai’s monumental two-volume study of economic conditions in medieval South India.24 In the 1950s there were figures such as N. K. Sinha in Bengal, who wrote a path-breaking three volume economic history of Bengal from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century.25 However, the bulk of historical research focused on political history and the state.
A Marxian interpretation of the Indian past emerged after Indian independence in 1947, displacing the high politics that had reigned supreme for several decades. According to Sumit Sarkar, the change in historical sensibilities emerged from the “conjuncture of the 1950s and 1960s, marked by a strong and apparently growing Left presence in Indian political and intellectual life . . . It was not mainstream British or American historiography, not even writings on South Asian themes, but a journal like Past and Present, the ‘transition debate’, and the work of historians like Hill, Hobsbawm and Thompson . . . that appeared most stimulating to Indian scholars exploring new ways of looking at history.”26
The injection of Marxism into history writing in India opened up whole new worlds of possibilities. One of these was economic history, which flourished in major history departments of India from the 1960s. Many of the contributions to Indian economic history made in those decades were closely connected to research in social history, which too was energized by the Marxian turn.
The impact of Marxism and its contribution to a deeper engagement with economic life was felt across the long span of the Indian past. The study of ancient India was reinvigorated under the influence of D. D. Kosambi and his highly original use of Marxism as a starting point for historical inquiry. As Romila Thapar writes, “The outstanding exponent of the Marxist interpretation of Indian history in all its complexity and the one, who ushered in a paradigm shift in the study of ancient Indian history, was D D Kosambi. The paradigm shift was the move away from colonial and nationalist frameworks and the centrality of dynastic history to a new framework integrating social and economic history and relating the cultural dimensions of the past to these investigations . . . For him history was the presentation in chronological order of successive developments in the means and relations of production.”27
Kosambi also influenced scholarship in medieval history with his arguments for the utility of the concept of feudalism in the study of India, in the usage of Kosambi from the classical to the medieval period.28 R. S. Sharma developed these ideas further.29 The debate on Indian feudalism sparked a major comparative exchange in the Journal of Peasant Studies on the appropriateness of the category for understanding societies outside Europe. Harbans Mukhia initiated the exchange with his essay, “Was There Feudalism in Indian History?”30
The influence of Marxism was felt elsewhere in the study of medieval India, perhaps most strikingly in studies of the Mughal Empire where the focus shifted from the personalities of the ruling emperors to material conditions. Investigations were undertaken on the agrarian order, technology, commerce, banking, feudalism, and the potentialities of capitalism. Irfan Habib was the giant who loomed over the field of Mughal studies and his great work, the Agrarian System of Mughal India, was published in 1963. His structuralist interpretation of the empire and his articulation of lines of class conflict to explain the crisis of the empire and its decline took Mughal history by storm.31
Modern history as well came under the Marxian rethink. While the study of the nationalist movement continued to be of great importance for historians of modern India, the rise of social history led to a greater emphasis on material conditions and, therefore, economic life. Sumit Sarkar sees the development of economic history one of the major areas of advance in the study of modern India, which was also furthered by the fuller development of the nationalist paradigm “enriched through more sophisticated tools and empirical detail the basic critique of colonial policies and structures that had been initiated by the first generation of nationalist economists and developed by Marxists like R. P. Dutt.”32
Modern economic and social historians tackled a broad range of issues, including demography, external as well as internal trade, finance, banking and currency questions, and national income estimation. However, the economic and social history of modern Indian has centered on agriculture and industry, which is not surprising given that these sector loomed large in policy discussions on economic development after independence. Nevertheless, it is somewhat surprising that important issues such as India’s place in the global order, which had been a longstanding concern for nationalist economic historians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, received so little attention from historians. Dadhabai Naoroji, Romesh Chander Dutt and others were deeply concerned with the drain of wealth from India to Britain, which they saw as operating through the international payments and settlements system. G. Balachandran sees the neglect of this topic as due to the “canonical status of the ‘nationalist economists’ who wrote on the subject . . . the tightening of India’s external economic controls since the 1950s; and the complicit evolution of disciplinary regimes in both mainstream economics and history.”33 The last point, on the divergent paths of history and economics, is one that this essay will return to.
While the study of India’s place in the world economy has been neglected for the modern period, it has flourished with respect to the period between 1500 and 1800. These centuries were traditionally considered to form part of the medieval history of India, but they are now increasingly considered to mark the flowering of an early modernity, manifest in economic, as well as political, social and cultural life. In the 1960s and 1970s Indian economic historians, most notably, Ashin Das Gupta, produced major studies of subcontinent’s maritime connections and lay the foundation for the new field of Indian Ocean studies.
Despite these exciting developments in pre-colonial trade history, when it came to the colonial period, agriculture and industry ruled the day. The agrarian turn was part of a larger “return of the peasant to South Asian history,” in Eric Stokes’ evocative language and from the 1960s enormous numbers of regional and local histories of agriculture were produced. These ranged from investigations of the British revenue settlements, a well-worn path of research, to the land market in colonial India, class relations in the countryside, to studies of famine. The richness of this scholarship defies easy summary and the continued value of many of these studies cannot be overstated.34
The most important Marxian debate in the agrarian history of India has come to be known as the “mode of production” debate and it took place in the 1960s and 1970s with many of the major contributions published in the Economic and Political Weekly.35 The essence of the debate was empirical and theoretical disagreements on how to categorize the mode of production in agriculture in India. The exchange began in the early 1960s within economists who were attempting to understand the nature of capitalist relations of production in contemporary Indian agriculture. The debate broadened quickly, however, to ask if the contemporary agrarian order could be even labeled capitalist, with feudalism and semi-feudalism proposed as alternatives. The debate also broadened its temporal focus to include commercial relations in the countryside during the period of British rule and the extent to which the coming of independence represented a break in the development of agriculture. In terms of the historical dimension of the debate, the contributions of Jairus Banaji, especially his “Capitalist Domination and the Small Peasantry: Deccan Districts in the Late Nineteenth Century,” were to be of the greatest importance. Although the debate was at times highly technical, and occasionally appeared to be overly concerned with semantics, its impact was felt widely in the writing of Indian agrarian history.
The bulk of the participants in the mode of production debate focused on contemporary India, which reflected the larger disconnect—even within Marxian economics—between economics and history, which as we have seen emerged in the 1930s. Nevertheless, the vigor with which economists embraced the historical dimensions is reminiscent of Indian economic thinking in the early decades of the twentieth century, at the time when the discipline was searching for an Indian political economy. This may be attributed to the historicism of Marxism, but as we shall see, in the 1960s there was to some extent a rediscovery of history by Indian economists.
Industrialization and deindustrialization was the second major area of research within an economic and social history inspired by the Marxian turn. The deindustrialization of nineteenth-century Indian regions was a key plank of the nationalist critique of British rule and figured in Romesh Chander Dutt’s economic history of India. Amiya Bagchi’s study of manufacturing employment in nineteenth-century Bihar may be the most important modern study of deindustrialization and sparked a renewed discussion and debate which drew participants from India as well as around the world.
Bagchi is also the author of what may be the most important study of industrialization in twentieth-century India, Private Investment of India. While the work is influenced by Keynesian macroeconomics, with its emphasis on demand as a crucial limit on private investment in the early decades of the twentieth century, its larger thesis is that “before the First World it was the governmental policy of free trade, and after the war it was the general depression in the capitalist system combined with the halting and piecemeal policy of tariff protection adopted b y the Government of India, that limited the rate of investment in modern industry.”36 With this argument Bagchi took on a long line of thinkers who had argued that the problem of slow Indian growth and development was due to supply side factors such as lack of capital, entrepreneurship or Indian values.
Bagchi combined his historical interests with research on contemporary themes. Both interests were brought together in his Political Economy of Underdevelopment, which ranged beyond India to include discussions of Latin America, Indonesia and China, as well as the analysis of several problems in economic development, including land reform, labour, capital and the state, population growth, and planning.37 Bagchi’s work then has investigated some of the classic themes in Indian economic history as inaugurated by the nationalists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, including deindustrialization, the constrained industrialization of British India, the extraction of resources through agricultural taxation and the drain. (Bagchi has also produced seminal works on the financial history of British India.38)
The continuity between nationalist economic history and Marxian economic history illustrates what Sumit Sarkar has called a “Left nationalist-Marxist consensus.” He wrote, “As the example of economic history indicates, there was considerable scope in modern Indian history for a kind of Left nationalist-Marxist consensus, a rough counterpart perhaps in historiography to the Nehruvian consensus which, at least in retrospect, seems to have characterized middle-class Indian intellectual life during those decades.”39
This consensus, along with an admixture of social and economic history, dominated major history departments in India from the 1960s. Even as late as 1997, a volume celebrating the seventy-fifth anniversary of Delhi University, which was founded in 1922, described the history department, one of the leading in India, in the following terms: “Almost every member of the present Faculty has been constantly working on various aspects of socio-economic history cutting across chronological frontiers of Indian history . . . The Department has, over the years, set to achieve itsobjectives, viz. l’historire (sic) integrale: the study of ‘total history’ over the long (sic) duree.”40
Economists Re-Engage with the Past
While Marxism was reshaping the writing of history from the 1950s, economists at what had become the preeminent center for research and teaching of the discipline, the Delhi School of Economics, began to re-engage with the study of the past. In the closing years of the decade V. K. R. V. Rao, who established the Delhi School in 1949 and later became the Vice-Chancellor of Delhi University, invited Tapan Raychaudhuri to join the economics department, which he did in February 1959.41 In the early 1950s Raychaudhuri received a PhD in History from Calcutta University with a dissertation on the social history of Bengal in the Mughal period, after which he embarked upon a teaching career in Calcutta. Several years later he completed a DPhil in History at Oxford on the trade of the Dutch East India Company in South India. Upon returning to India he took up a post as the Deputy Director and Acting Director of the National Archives of India.
It is not clear why Rao, who as previously noted showed little inclination towards economic history in his own career as an economist, asked a historian to join the economics department. It is clearer, however, why Rao had to turn to someone trained as a historian and not as an economist: the decline of economic history within economics had meant that very few—if any—Indian economists had been trained in that field in recent decades. Raychaudhuri describes feeling lost in the midst of “very high-powered theoretical economics.” This period was perhaps the heyday of the Delhi School as it boasted on its economics faculty K. N. Raj, Amartya Sen, Sukhamoy Chakravarty and Jagdish Bhagwati. Raychaudhuri writes in his memoir that he realized that he had made “a mistake in coming.” At the same time, the colleagues were extremely accommodating. In 1964 a chair in economic history was created, to which he was appointed, and the department took a decision to specialize in economic history and economic development. This allowed for the addition of a reader in economic history, to which post Dharma Kumar was appointed, and the establishment of a visiting professorship in economic history, which drew top economic historians from the United Kingdom, including M. M. Postan, John Habakkuk and Peter Mathias, the United States, Japan and the USSR. According to Raychaudhuri, “My colleagues were aware of my predicament, the professional isolation from which I suffered, and did their best to make me feel at home.”42 With the growing presence of economic history at the school other members of the faculty were encouraged to venture into the field. Amartya Sen, for example, undertook studies of industrialization in India in the second half of the nineteenth century.43
In 1963 Tapan Raychaudhuri and Dharma Kumar launched the Indian Economic and Social History Review, which remains the leading journal of Indian economic history. The initial editorial committee included R. S. Sharma, Nurul Hasan, Ranajit Guha, K. N. Raj, M. N. Srinivas, Amarty Sen, Irfan Habib and Dharma Kumar with Tapan Raychaudhuri as the Managing Editor. The journal, as suggested by the name and this group, had an interest in economic questions but broadly defined to include the social and political dimensions. (Over time cultural questions came increasingly under the purview of the journal as well.) This broad approach characterized the articles as well. The first issue of the journal contained essays on the nature of land rights in Mughal India, the pattern of public investment in early twentieth-century India, and two pieces on the nationalist movement and the agrarian economy.
Dharma Kumar and Tapan Raychaudhuri teamed up again to produce the Cambridge Economic of History. The former (with the assistance of Meghnad Desai on the statistical parts), edited the second volume, which covered the period from the mid-eighteenth century to the present. The latter, along with Irfan Habib, edited the first volume, which ranged from 1200 to 1750.44 It was an unlikely editorial team. Tapan Raychaudhuri was a staunch nationalist, who had been jailed in 1942 during the Quit India movement and Habib was a leading Marxist historian. Dharma Kumar, in the meantime, had made her name with an important critique of the nationalist narrative, arguing in her Land and Caste in South India that landless labor in South India was not a creation of British rule but predated it.45 The second volume of the Cambridge Economic History did not subscribe to the nationalist line and was criticized widely for this.46
In the 1970s economic history (along with econometrics) flourished at the Delhi School.47 Economic history benefitted from the fact that it made sense for students to remain at the school to pursue doctorates in it, as opposed to going to the UK or the USA.48 From the 1960s the Delhi School produced a number of very fine economic historians, including Om Prakash, Omkar Goswami and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Much of this work was not narrowly economic in its focus and included the social and political domains, as did the articles in the Indian Economic and Social History Review, and the interests and methods of the economic historians at the Delhi School shared much with historians in Delhi and elsewhere in India. While fine quantitative work emerged from the Delhi School, such as that of S. Sivasubramaniam on national income, cliometrics did not find a home, perhaps not least because of the poor quality of much Indian data.49
In retrospect, the two-volume Cambridge Economic History of India marked the end of the heyday of economic history in India. While excellent work continued even after its publication in 1982, economic history slowly lost much of its glamour. The Delhi School of Economics has no faculty in economic history. The leading history departments in India have shifted from social and economic history to social and cultural history. From the history recounted in this paper, the decline of economic history may be seen as the outcome of two developments.
The first is the decline of Marxism, which had been the source of the economic turn in history departments from the 1950s. Of course, historians were not narrow economic historians and placed economic life in a broader context, but the economic came to be less central with the dwindling appeal of Marxism. For some, the shift from the economic was a reaction to crude reductionism, but for many it was a slow evolution as new concerns came to the fore. The career of Harbans Mukhia may be illustrative in which a shift from Marxism came from a deepening engagement with the Annales and the total history of that approach.50 (This tension has already been seen in the Delhi University history department’s commitment to social and economic history as well as total history.)
The second is the rise of a universal economics, or monoeconomics, within departments of economics. The search for an alternate paradigm drove the turn to history in Indian economics in the late nineteenth century. In the 1960s economic history appears to have flourished in tandem with development economics as they both sought to construct a framework that could help untangle the problems of the Indian economy. The growing influence of neoclassical economics and its universalization has eliminated the need for a historical approach in contemporary Indian economics.
1 B. N. Ganguli, Indian Economic Thought: Nineteenth Century Perspectives (New Delhi, 1977), p. 164.
2 Mahadev Govind Ranade, C.I.E., “Indian Political Economy,” in his Essays on Indian Economics: A Collection of Essays and Speeches, 3rd edn. (Madras, 1920), p. 2.
3 Cited in Ganguli, Indian Economic Thought, p. 69.
4 Ranade, “Indian Political Economy,” p. 20.
5 Ganguli, Indian Economic Thought, p. 76.
6 Cited in Ganguli, Indian Economic Thought, pp. 78-9.
7 Ranade, “Indian Political Economy,” pp. 20-1.
8 Romesh Dutt, The Economic History of India, 2 vols. (London, 1902-4)
9 P. K. Gopalakrishnan, Development of Economic Ideas in India (1880-1950) (New Delhi, 1959), p. 147-8.
10 Romesh Dutt, The Economic History of India, vol. 1, Under Early British Rule (Delhi, 1960), pp. 215-6.
11 P. J. Thomas, Mercantilism and the East India Trade (London, 1926).
12 P. J. Thomas and B. Nataraja Pillai, Economic Depression in the Madras Presidency (1820-1854) (Madras, 1933).
13History of Higher Education in South India, vol. 1, University of Madras 1857-1957 (Madras, 1957), pp. 161-3.
14 Radhakamal Mukerjee, The Economic History of India: 1600-1800 (London, 1939).
15Post-Graduate Teaching in the University of Calcutta 1919-1920 (Calcutta, no date of publication), pp. 65-6; Satish Chandra Ghosh, The Economic and Commercial Publications of the Post-Graduate Teachers of Calcutta University (Calcutta, 1948), pp. 44-5.
16 P. C. Joshi, “Founders of the Lucknow School and their Legacy Radhakamal Mukerjee and D. P. Mukerji: Some Reflections,” Economic and Political Weekly, 21 (1986), pp. 1455-69.
17 Radhakamal Mukerjee, India: The Dawn of New Era (An Autobiography) (New Delhi, 1997), p. 119.
18 D. R. Gadgil, The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times (London, 1924).
19 Bhabatosh Datta, Indian Economic Thought: Twentieth Century Perspectives 1900-1950 (New Delhi, 1978), p. 51.
20 S.A. Dange, Gadgil and the Economics of Indian Democracy (New Delhi, 1971). For Gadgil’s writings on cooperatives see his Writings and Speeches of D. R. Gadgil on Cooperation (Poona, 1975).
21 W. H. Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar (London, 1920) and From Akbar to Aurangzeb (London, 1923).
22 For more on his life, see S. L. Rao (ed.), The Partial Memoirs of V. K. R. V. Rao (Delhi, 2002).
23 Albert O. Hirschman, “The Rise and Decline of Development Economics,” in his Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond (Cambridge, 1981), p. 6.
24 A. Appadorai, Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.), 2 vols. (Madras, 1936).
25 N. K. Sinha, The Economic History of Bengal, 3 vols. (Calcutta, 1956-70).
26 Sumit Sarkar, “The Many Worlds of Indian History,” in his Writing Social History (Delhi, 1997), p. 37.
27 Romila Thapar, “Early Indian History and the Legacy of DD Kosmabi,” Resonance, June 2011, p. 553-4.
28 D. D. Kosambi, “Stages of Indian History,” in his Combined Methods in Indology and Other Writings (Delhi, 2002), pp. 57-72.
29 R. S. Sharma, Indian Feudalism (Calcutta, 1965).
30 T. J. Byres and Harbans Mukhia (eds.), Feudalism and Non-European Societies (London, 1985).
31 This is how several years ago Harbans Mukhia described the impact of the book to me.
32 Sarkar, “The Many Worlds of Indian History,” p. 39.
33 G. Balachandran, “Introduction,” in G. Balachandran (ed.), India and the World Economy 1850-1950 (Delhi, 2003), p. 1.
34 For a sense of the richness and range of agrarian history in recent decades see Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri, Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India (New Delhi, 2008).
35 For a selection of key contributions to the debate see Utsa Patnaik (ed.), Agrarian Relations and Accumulation: The ‘Mode of Production” Debate in India (Delhi, 1990).
37 Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (Cambridge, 1982).
38 See his The Presidency Banks and the Indian Economy, 1876-1914 (Calcutta, 1989) and his multi-volume history of the State Bank of India, The Evolution of the State Bank of India.
39 Sarkar, “The Many Worlds of Indian History,” p. 39.
40 R. B. Jain (ed.), The University of Delhi: Faculties and Departments, A Profile (Delhi, 2000), p. 165.
41 Tapan Raychaudhuri, The World in Our Time: A Memoir (Noida, 2011), p. 274.
42 Raychaudhuri, The World in Our Time, pp. 278-9.
43 “The Commodity Pattern of British Enterprise in Early Indian Industrialization 1854-1914,” in the Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Economic History (Paris,1965); “The Pattern of British Enterprise in India 1854-1914: A Causal Analysis,” in B. Singh andV. B. Singh, eds., Social and Economic Change (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1967).
44 Raychaudhuri, The World in Our Time, p. 280.
45 Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India (Cambridge, 1965).
46 Irfan Habib, “Studying a Colonial Economy without Perceiving Colonialism,” Modern Asian Studies, 19 (1985), pp. 355-81.
47 Interview with Dilip Mookherjee, May 9, 2012.
48 Dharma Kumar and Dilip Mookherjee (eds.), The D. School: Reflections on the Delhi School of Economics (Delhi, 1995).
49 S. Sivasubramaniam, The National Income of India in the Twentieth Century (Delhi, 2000).
50 See the intellectual biography of Mukhia by Rajat Datta in Rajat Datta (ed.), Rethinking a Millenium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century, Essays for Harbans Mukhia (Delhi, 2008).


RaceTrac Launches 'Crazy Good' Coffee Celebration
All stores will offer free coffee the week of Nov. 10
ATLANTA -- RaceTrac has announced its Free Coffee Week from Nov. 10-16, 2013, as a way of saying "thank you" to the retailer's loyal customers. Employees as RaceTrac's more than 365 stores will welcome customers with free coffee all week, no coupon or purchase needed.
"RaceTrac's third annual Free Coffee Week is our way of showing our guests how much we appreciate them," said RaceTrac CEO, Allison Moran. "Free Coffee Week allows us to say 'Thank You' to the loyal Trac Fanatics who already enjoy our Crazy Good Coffee, and give other shoppers an opportunity to try it for the first time. We gave away more than 2.3 million cups of free coffee last year and are trying to give away even more this year."
The Crazy Good Coffee celebration highlights RaceTrac's recently revamped coffee offering available at all locations, as well as the expansive coffee bars in their newest store models. This year, RaceTrac knows "it's morning somewhere" and is celebrating its coffee from November through January 2014.
RaceTrac's Crazy Good Coffee offering provides a lineup of six blends of freshly brewed coffee, including 100% Colombian Roast, Dark Roast, Hazelnut, Extra Caffeinated and more. RaceTrac also uses 100% Arabica beans, brews coffee fresh 24/7 and has an expansive coffee bar area where guests can add flavors, creams and sweeteners, empowering them to be their own baristas.
In addition to the traditional coffee blends offered at RaceTrac, the stores also offer an array of cappuccino and skinny cappuccino blends, as well as a variety breakfast biscuits, croissants and muffins.
Based in Atlanta, RaceTrac has been serving customers since 1934 and now operates more than 365 convenience store locations in Georgia, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. In January 2012, RaceTrac introduced its new 6,000 square foot store design, featuring 24 hour Swirl World frozen yogurt, fresh salads and sandwiches, up to 24 fueling stations and more than 4,000 items.


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30 Minute Vegan Alfredo + Mushroom Pasta
Looking for a healthy vegan pasta recipe that’s quick AND family friendly? You’re going to fall in LOVE with this delicious vegan alfredo pasta recipe. It’s creamy, nutritious + it comes together in 30 MINUTES flat using only 9 simple ingredients!
During the week, I am the queen of the quick vegan dinner. Even though I cook for a living, I still know the crush of getting dinner on the table for a hungry family after work! Enter this creamy vegan alfredo pasta, that is both dietitian approved and one of those plant-based recipes that will have even skeptics asking for more. The secret? My amazingly simple 5 minute cashew alfredo sauce. And if you love this one, check out my cookbooks Eat More Plants + Good For Your Gut for more nutrient-dense vegan recipes that never sacrifice flavour for nutrition.
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Enter your email & I’ll send it to your inbox. Plus, get great new recipes from me every week!
But wait, is pasta healthy?
Take it from a dietitian: yes it is my friends! Pasta (and other grain-based noodles) have been a part of traditional diets the world over, from Italy to China. Italian style pasta is a very simple food made from just wheat flour and water and – while I would absolutely love for you to eat more 100% whole grain pastas – here is what you need to know about regular ol’ white pasta:
- When cooked al dente, white pasta actually has a low glycemic impact, with a glycemic index typically in the 40s (less than 55 is considered low GI).
- It contains way more protein than you think it does, about 10 grams per serving depending on the brand.
- Eating it with a source of healthy fats, plant-based protein + fibre will moderate the glycemic impact even further.
So YES, eat 100% whole grain pasta whenever you can for more nutrition. Toss with zoodles to boost veggie intake. Choose legume-based pastas when you want a protein boost. Or gluten free pastas if you have celiac disease. But don’t ever think plain old pasta is unhealthy!
Vegan Alfredo Pasta Ingredients
All you need to make this quick vegan alfredo pasta is 9 simple ingredients and 30 minutes!
- 12 ounce (340 gram) package of your favourite pasta, or a 1 pound (450 gram) pack for larger appetites!
- 1 pound (450 grams) mixed mushrooms, such as crimini, shiitake, oyster, or others
- raw cashews
- nutritional yeast
- fresh or dried thyme
- parsley, if you want to add a punch of green
- extra virgin olive oil
- salt and pepper
Tips, tricks + substitutions
- Allergic to nuts? You can substitute either sunflower seeds or hemp seeds for the cashews. Even with a high-speed blender, sunflower seeds MUST be soaked for 4 hours (or soaked in just boiled water for 2) before using. Hemp hearts don’t need soaking but they have a bit of a grassier flavour. You can adjust for this by using a bit of lemon juice or some extra garlic powder.
- Not into mushrooms? You could use absolutely any vegetable you wish. Toss in frozen peas in the last 2 minutes of cooking the pasta. Or wilt spinach by placing in the colander and then pouring over the cooked pasta and water to strain. Or roast up some broccoli.
- Gluten free? Use a legume-based gluten free pasta to make this recipe gluten free
More vegan healthy pasta recipes
30 Minute Vegan Alfredo + Mushroom Pasta
Mushrooms + Pasta
- 12 ounce package of your favourite pasta
- 1 pound mixed mushrooms, crimini, oyster, shiitake, enoki, SLICED
- ½ cup curly parsley, minced
- 2 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
- 2 sprigs fresh thyme, or ½ teaspoon dried thyme leaves
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- ½ teaspoon salt
- High Speed Blender
- Cook pasta according to package instructions.
- If you haven't already, make the cashew alfredo sauce in the blender.
- Warm olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat, add mushrooms + cook, until mushrooms release their liquid and start turning golden brown. Try not to stir too much.
- Add garlic and thyme and stir constantly for 2 minutes more. Remove from heat and season with ½ teaspoons salt and pepper to taste.
- When the pasta is ready, drain and return to the pot, off the heat. Pour sauce over the pasta and toss to coat.
- Divide among 4 bowls and top with mushrooms and parmesan, if using

domain: food


Skilled pilot landed plane one-handed at Taghmon
A 73-year-old pilot, who demonstrated good flying skills, managed to land his 'amateur-built' plane one-handed after hanging onto the cockpit canopy when it opened during flight after taking off from Taghmon.
The pilot escaped unscathed, but the aircraft was substantially damaged during the forced landing at the Irish Light Aviation Society Airfield at Taghmon on June 9.
An Air Accident Investigation Unit report noted the pilot's evidence that he had carried out pre-flight checks, including a 'canopy locked check' before a normal take-off shortly before midday, in good flying conditions.
But at 91 metres, the canopy of the aircraft unexpectedly opened.
The pilot, who was not named, was able to pull the canopy closed. but could not lock it shut.
This meant he had to 'to exert sustained manual pressure' while continuing to fly the aircraft one-handed.
In order to land as quickly as possible he climbed to 305 metres and completed a standard circuit for Runway 18 at the airfield.
'With only one hand available to operate the stick and throttle, control of the aircraft was difficult.'
The report said a subsequent loss of airspeed resulted in a hard landing which caused the left wheel to become detached from the aircraft. About seven metres after the aircraft first made contact with the runway the propeller hit the ground, breaking both blades. The aircraft then swivelled an anti-clockwise direction before coming to rest. The air accident report noted damage to right wheel shock absorber and that the left wing was cracked.
The report said the pilot 'demonstrated good flying skills maintaining steady flight and positioning for landing' and that the unexpected opening of a cockpit canopy in flight can result in the loss of an aircraft due to what it termed the 'startle effect'. The plane EI-EWZ was a Colibri MB-2, a single seat, sports aircraft, powered by a Volkswagen engine.
It had an all wooden framework with plywood fuselage and fabric covered wings. It was amateur built by the pilot from plans provided by Colibri and was first flown on the July 26, 2012. At the time of the incident the aircraft had an IAA Permit to Fly issued on February 1, 2017, which was valid until January 31, next year.


Welcome to our weekly look at the Magic Top 25 Pro Rankings. There were Grand Prix in both Europe and North America last weekend, so let's see what impact they had on the standings. First, the simple: Only three members of our Top 25 came to Grand Prix Madrid, and of those three neither Joel Larsson nor Ondřej Stráský could make it out of Sealed Deck play on Day One. No points for them, and both slide down one slot on the table as a result. Antonio Del Moral León, however, had an excellent weekend, reaching the Top 8 and climbing three places to No. 16.
Grand Prix Oklahoma City, meanwhile, did plenty to shake up the rankings. Let's begin with two players who ended up exactly where they started. Eric Froehlich maintains his No. 1 ranking, thanks to a 43rd-place finish in Oklahoma City that netted him one point. That was enough to keep Seth Manfield at bay, who made it as far as Day Two but couldn't convert that into Pro Points on Sunday. The two major successes came from Brad Nelson and Steve Rubin. Both recent World Championship competitors, they fell just short of the Top 8 in Oklahoma City. Nonetheless, Nelson rose three spots to No. 8, and Rubin—the biggest mover of the week—is up four to No. 13.
In terms of results, it was Paul Rietzl who had the best performance at Oklahoma City. He added another Grand Prix Top 8 to his Hall of Fame career, which widened the gap between himself and Sam Black but left Rietzl still sitting at No. 4.
The rankings are due to go quiet for a few weeks now, since we're approaching the Prerelease for Battle for Zendikar. But the preparations will begin in earnest after that, as we build towards the Pro Tour in Milwaukee. Join us again next week for all the latest from the Magic Top 25 Pro Rankings.
|9||Lee Shi Tian||64.62||-1||8|
|16||Antonio Del Moral León||58.39||+3||19|
|19||Paulo Vitor Damo Da Rosa||54.64||-1||18|
Dropped from rankings: NONE


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The wonderful atmosphere of the bar/terrace, facing the coast, a unique place to relax after taking part various sporting activities : Air-based activities such as Kitesurfing and Kite buggying, Endless wakes aboard a catamaran, sand-yachting or surfing, Trills await the whole family on the new trimaran, magnum 21 (water tours). Whether you want to try it for the first time or rediscover the taste of adventure, the water sports centre is there to turn your dreams of freedom into reality.
ATLANTIC WAKE PARKL'AIGUILLON-SUR-MER
The Atlantic Wake Park is a big cable skiing of 750 m of length allowing the practise during an initiation or improvement of Wakeboard, Kneeboard, Wakeskate and Water Ski.
Multivoile, plage des Dames in Noirmoutier-en-l'île. Rental and private lessons of kayak, paddle and catamaran with your instructor Ghislain, state-registered graduated (BPJEPS). Reception of groups and works councils before peak season: don't hesitate to contact us by phone or on our website. Open 7d/7 from 10am to 19pm in July and August, and on weekends in April, May, June and September.
HISSEZ-HAUT - ECOLE DE VOILEBARBATRE
Training courses and rental. Water sports training lagoon, optimist, catamaran and windsurf traning courses. Habitable catamaran initiation. Catamran, windsurf boat, sea kayak and paddle rental.
INSTITUT SPORTS OCÉAN - ECOLE DE VOILE (ISO)LES SABLES-D'OLONNE
Optimist-Catamaran - Sailing dinghy - Windsurfing \nFrom beginners to proficiency level, the Institut Sport Océan (ISO) proposes first-time discovery sessions, private lessons and courses for all abilities \n(for 5 yrs +) in a stunning setting with 2 additional \npractice sites.

domain: hobby


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By: Jim Patrico, Progressive Farmer Senior Editor
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (DTN) — John Deere got the National Farm Machinery Show off to a fast start Wednesday when it announced a new corn and soybean planter that uses a revolutionary new seed delivery system with a recommended planting speed of 10 miles per hour.
Speedy, accurate planting is the Holy Grail for farmers with a lot of acres to plant in a short amount of time. The problem has always been that too much speed has meant too little accuracy; a tradeoff that can cost yield. Those days are over, says John Deere. Its new ExactEmerge planter with a revolutionary seed delivery system could double recommended planting speeds from 5 mph to a blazing 10 mph.
“We have broken the link between speed and precision,” said Elena Kaverina, product line manager.
Extensive research and development, and three seasons of planting in customer fields, got the ExactEmerge ready for prime time, Deere said. Along the way, its engineers had to start from the beginning and rethink how seed is delivered from hopper to seed trench. At the heart of Deere’s new planting system is a device it calls a brush belt, whose job is to replace the venerable seed tube when planting at high speeds.
ExactEmerge as Deere calls its new seed delivery technology, could change the way farmers think about planting.
HOW IT WORKS
Let’s start with the brush belt. Product Specialist Kelby Krueger says Deere engineers first began to question the essential role of traditional seed tubes after watching high-speed video of seeds falling into a seed trench at high planting speeds. They bounced and rolled and — in general — were out of control. That makes sense because once seeds leave the meter and slide into the tube, they have about 2 feet of free-fall. Throw in variations caused by side hills and bumpy terrain, and it’s little wonder that seeds are kind of on their own coming down the tube.
The solution, Deere engineers decided, was to eliminate the tube and develop a mechanism to firmly hold a seed in place all the way from meter to trench. The final design looks like the bar of a chainsaw encased in plastic, but instead of sharp teeth it has brush bristles attached to a belt. With Deere’s patented brush belt, a single seed is handed off from the meter and nestles firmly into the brush’s bristles, which are temporarily forced open. The bristles then spring closed as they capture the seed.
The belt carries the seed past a sensor, which counts it and sends data to a new SeedStar 3 HP in-cab monitor. When the seed reaches the bottom of the belt at ground level, the bristles open and is placed into the seed trench. The vertical drop is only as deep as the trench; say 2 inches… not much room for bouncing or rolling.
“The seed is controlled through the whole process, all the way to the ground and is not affected by dynamics,” Krueger said. “Sometimes
Sounds simple, but the system is really complex. For instance, what mechanism turns the brush belt and how fast does it go? Engineers designed an electric motor system to turn the belt and they controlled its speed with sensors to match the planter’s ground speed. That leaves little relative motion between the seed and the ground, which minimizes bounce and roll.
Meanwhile, the meter up top has a separate electric motor to enable it to measure the correct seed populations into the brush belt. The higher the population, the less distance between seeds as they ride on the brush belt.
The ExactEmerge system is currently meant for corn and soybeans only.
Deere tested the system with a wide variety of seed sizes and shapes to be sure it would accommodate different corn hybrids. In fact, Krueger said, Deere tested the system with eight different hybrids simultaneously. It passed with flying colors with a 99%-plus singulation rate and excellent placement.
For soybeans, singulation and placement accuracy was so great during system tests, Krueger said, growers might be able to lower seeding rates because nearly every seed was left in an ideal position to germinate.
While the new ExactEmerge system has changed a lot, it still relies on some standard Deere equipment, including its active down-force feature, which creates a consistent seed trench depth and its trench closing mechanisms to achieve proper seed to soil contact.
Gravity makes the seed tube a simple and reliable concept. The brush-belt system, by contrast, has a lot of moving parts. Growers might ask if they will face reliability issues with the ExactEmerge system.
“The challenges [of a planting system this complex] are one reason there is nothing on the market like this,” Krueger said. Deere understood that when it started the process. “When we were developing the project, we held our engineers to the standard of no more downtime than the previous systems.”
Extensive testing shows that the system will be reliable, despite the fact that there are more wear points in a brush belt than a seed tube. For instance, seed on the brush belt glides on a replaceable strip. But replacement should be only a three- to five-year occurrence, as with other components of the row unit, Krueger said. Sandy conditions and high-rate beans might shorten that timeframe.
To aid in maintenance, Krueger said, engineers designed the system to be easily accessible.
Electric motors are also unusual on planters. To power the two motors per row required on ExactEmerge system, Deere installed a variable load alternator driven by two hydraulic hoses coming from the tractor. These are the same hoses that work the variable rate drives on Deere’s current planters. The alternator uses 12 gpm of hydraulic flow to produce a 56-volt charge; the alternator load decreases when less electricity is needed.
The faster you drive the more horsepower you need. Krueger estimates that a tractor will use 40% more horsepower when a planter goes from a traditional 5 mph to a faster 7.5 mph. When it goes to 10 mph, the tractor will require 80% more horsepower than at 5 mph.
Krueger doesn’t expect that farmers with the new system will go slowly: “When we gave customers this planter [to test], we thought it would take them a while to feel comfortable getting to 10 mph. That didn’t happen. They would plant, then get out and dig up seed in the ground. When they saw the results, they would go faster.”
The ExactEmerge system was officially introduced at the National Farm Machinery Show in Louisville, Ky. A limited production run this year will lead to field demonstrations in the spring and customer availability next year. Pricing is not yet available.
When released, the ExactEmerge system initially will be available for Deere’s 1775NT and 1795 planters in 15-, 20- and 30-inch row spacings. They will be for central fill units only.
Growers uninterested in 10 mph capabilities need not worry. Deere does not plan to phase out its traditional systems.
“Along with ExactEmerge, our premium feature, we will continue to offer seed tube configurations,” Kaverina said. “Growers may choose between the two systems based on their preferences and their farming operation needs.”
© Copyright 2014 DTN/The Progressive Farmer. All rights reserved.
© Copyright 2014 DTN/The Progressive Farmer, A Telvent Brand. All rights reserved
Source: DTN – Article – Wed Feb 12, 2014 10:34 AM CST

domain: agronomy


text:
Concert Band - Level 4 - Digital Download
Composed by Brendan Collins. Contemporary,Jazz. Score and parts. 86 pages. Brendan Collins #4838091. Published by Brendan Collins (A0.797661).
This fast-paced, brash work for solo piano and wind band with its heavy jazz influences is sure to have your audiences dancing in the aisles. Narrabeen Hustle began life as a persistent theme that pounded away in the mind of the composer as he went for his daily run along Sydney's famous Narrabeen beach. Performing this work will leave you as breathless as Collins was on the sands of Narrabeen!!
This product was created by a member of ArrangeMe, Hal Leonard’s global self-publishing community of independent composers, arrangers, and songwriters. ArrangeMe allows for the publication of unique arrangements of both popular titles and original compositions from a wide variety of voices and backgrounds.
About Digital Downloads
Digital Downloads are downloadable sheet music files that can be viewed directly on your computer, tablet or mobile device. Once you download your digital sheet music, you can view and print it at home, school, or anywhere you want to make music, and you don’t have to be connected to the internet. Just purchase, download and play!
PLEASE NOTE: Your Digital Download will have a watermark at the bottom of each page that will include your name, purchase date and number of copies purchased. You are only authorized to print the number of copies that you have purchased. You may not digitally distribute or print more copies than purchased for use (i.e., you may not print or digitally distribute individual copies to friends or students).

domain: artistic


NVIDIA's is reportedly set to introduce a new flagship graphics card, which is said to carry the label GeForce GTX 590. Corroborating earlier leaks, the card will allegedly integrate dual GF110 GPUs with a combined 1024 CUDA cores and 3GB of memory, sources have told NordicHardware. The latest information suggests separate leak, which was tied to the name GTX 595, may have been an prototype of the 590.
The card will effectively double the number of CUDA cores from the existing GTX 580 variant, which only integrates a single GPU. The new model reportedly brings a significant jump in efficiency, with lower voltages and a likely drop in clock frequencies. The configuration is also said be paired with a 2x384-bit memory bus.
The GTX 590 has been paired with a February launch date, though the company has yet to confirm details surrounding the card.


The massive screen of iPhone XS Max is staggering, but this device on the whole has set such high bars for itself, that lacking a few impressive functions that has now become basic to every premium smartphone is basically disheartening.
Since the launch of Apple’s top of the line smartphone that has been supersized in both screen size and prize, is the iPhone XS Max really worth all the hype as well as all that asking price of over £1,099? Last year iPhone X was the biggest hit of the year and was a huge leap forward in design for Apple after years if resting on its laurels. This year iPhone XS Max is essentially the biggest thing this year with its overwhelming massive design – which is a flagship killer in itself.
Samsung Galaxy’s flagship phone Galaxy Note 9 has the same screen size of 6.5 inches, but though both are high-end phones with over 103 sq. cm of screen area and a screen-to-body ratio of 84%, Galaxy Note 9 stands as a no match to iPhone XS Max.
Well, for starters Apple has a colossal screen that has been squeezed into a too-big-to-handle phone, with a thickness of 7.7mm unlike Samsung Galaxy Note 9 at 8.8mm thick. At 157.5mm, the iPhone XS Max is shorter than phones and with smaller screens like the Google Pixel 2 XL.
Overall, iPhone XS Max is still a difficult phone to manage because of its super-size and because it is marginally wider at 77.4mm wide.
The biggest difference between the iPhone and the rest is Apple’s use of rounded sides and they feel really luxurious in stainless steel. Though it is difficult to get a solid grip on your fingers, there are other sort of sides that until you have large hands you can’t use it with hands even at your peril and the metal and glass would come down smashing once you drop it even in the slightest accident.
- Screen: 6.5in Super Retina HD (OLED) (458ppi)
- Processor: Apple A12 Bionic
- RAM: 4GB of RAM
- Storage: 64, 256 or 512GB
- Operating system: iOS 12
- Camera: Dual 12MP rear cameras with OIS, 7MP front-facing camera
- Connectivity: LTE, Wi-Fiac, NFC, Bluetooth 5, Lightning and GPS
- Dimensions: 157.5 x 77.4 x 7.7 mm
- Weight: 208g
Apple iPhone XS Max has the latest Apple processor having a six-core A12 Bionic that claims itself to be faster by 15% compared to its predecessor last year and is 50% more efficient. But this integrated AI chip is upto nine times faster that sweeps others off the floor!
On an everyday basis, iPhone XS Max doesn’t have a faster iOS than iPhone X, but with other recent iPhone updates, the new software is sleek in the AR experiences and other details that have an upper hand than iPhone X.
Though iPhone XS Max have a slightly disappointing battery life, since it doesn’t come close to Huawei, lasting only a few minutes over 27 hours starting from 7am from one day and lasting right through past 10am on day two, while receiving emails, messages, five hours of music, an hour of Netflix and after 10 selfies. The lightning connector is a super-fast charger and it takes two hours using an optional fast charger and USB-C cable. Huawei’s Mate 10 Pro lasts about 50 hours, wile Galaxy S9+ lasts 25 hours, but its a disappointment in iPhone XS Max this year.
Gesture-Based Navigation and iOS:
iPhone X introduced gesture-based navigation and not a lot has been changed because iOS 12 focussed on optimisation over new features. Through an addition to a set of wellbeing tools, with much better group notifications that were dismissed at one go. There are several drawbacks with iPhone XS Max.
Apple iPhone XS Max might be a great phone, bit too big to handle but Apple doesn’t seem to do much with such a stunning big screen. No split screen multitasking, unlike Samsung that has an entire treasure full of productivity into the phones with screens this big.
Being the only biometric security system on Apple iPhones, it works well as it did on the iPhone X but wasn’t noticeably faster. Though the dual camera system on the back of iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max and has been improved since iPhone 8 Plus last year. With features of the same combo of 12 megapixel cameras, one wide angle and an effective optical zoom of 2X, image sensors and algorithms have been updated. Works smooth in low light performance, doesn’t beat the rivals of Samsung or Huawei. The images were detailed and the quality has improved to that of Google’s Pixel 2 XL. Through improved HDR mode and best to deal with high-contrast scenes, shooting in the sun and other bright areas aren’t as much of a problem. With a personalised bokeh, good selfie camera and good video stabilisation can give the other phone cameras a run for their money.
Even if the phone is supported by its weight, your hands can get cramped. Also, your hands can get warm as they stick to the glass back for an easier grip and slippery when cold. It is easier for swiping side-to-side on the gesture bar to switch apps without invoking the recently used app cards. It took some full minutes to restore normal apps like Evernote from the background, there’s a provision of eSim for dual-sim support but it won’t be activated until later the year. Though the holes in the bottom aren’t symmetrical, there’s a surprising amount of stereo separation from the speakers.
XS Max is big, beautiful and incredibly expensive, but it isn’t everything that you hoped for. Or maybe, much lesser than what you expected. The point that sells more is because of the enormous screen best suited for watching videos and photos. The camera is great, battery life is manageable and has a charm that others can’t even come closer to. Overall,


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On Thursday, December 5, 2013, New York Mayor-elect Bill de Blasio appointed William Bratton to lead the New York Police Department. Bratton has a troubling record of supporting the types of practices that have caused so much concern among New Yorkers, and Mayor-elect de Blasio has made a campaign promise to reform the NYPD because of these very issues. While chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, Bratton promoted stop and frisk practices and defended a widespread data gathering and mapping project targeting innocent American Muslims in Los Angeles, which was scrapped only after public outcry. Bratton never denounced the program or acknowledged that it violated fundamental guarantees of religious freedom and equal treatment under the law. This is especially concerning, given that the NYPD currently operates a surveillance program targeting innocent American Muslims in New York and throughout the northeast that has been challenged as a violation of the Constitution.
Timeline of the LAPD Muslim Mapping Program
- October 30, 2007 — Michael P. Downing, Commanding Officer of the Counter-Terrorism / Criminal Intelligence Bureau of the LAPD, testifies before the US Senate’s Homeland and Government Affairs Committee, saying that the LAPD plans to institute a “community mapping” program targeting Los Angeles’ American Muslim population in an effort to “identify [Muslim] communities … which may be susceptible to violent ideologically based extremism.” Through the Program, he said, LAPD would “take a deeper look at [American Muslims’] history, demographics, language, culture, ethnic background, socio-economic status, and social interactions.”
- November 8, 2007 — Muslim Advocates, ACLU of Southern California, CAIR Southern California, and Islamic Shura Council write to Commander Downing, expressing their concerns about the Program as described in his testimony, and request a meeting to discuss the matter further.
- November 9, 2007 — Then-Chief of Police William Bratton forcefully criticizes these groups’ letter, saying, “…[T]he ACLU, the letter they sent, some of their comments (Thursday) were outrageous…I’m sorry, this is an effort to understand and know the communities we’re policing, to build trusting relationships.”
- November 15, 2007 — After a meeting attended by Bratton and Muslim community groups and civil rights organizations, Bratton announces at a press conference that the LAPD is abandoning the Muslim mapping program. “We put it out there, it was rejected, it’s dead on arrival…It will not be going forward.” Bratton never acknowledges that his program designed to “take a deeper look” at a particular religious community’s “history, demographics, language, culture, ethnic background, socio-economic status, and social interactions” violates fundamental American values of religious freedom and equal protection of the law.

domain: sociology


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Officials from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank arrived in Argentina on Tuesday to evaluate the country's financial system as part of checkups agreed among Group of 20 nations, according to a report from the official state news agency, Telam.
Argentina belongs to the G20 and to the IMF, but in the last five years it has refused to allow the Fund to carry out routine annual evaluations of economic conditions for political reasons.
The Argentine government blames IMF policies for precipitating the country's devastating 2001-02 economic crisis and its sustained recovery since then for turning its back on IMF suggested policies.
Officials may also have wanted to stave off criticism over the government's widely discredited inflation data, which the Fund censured last month.
The technical mission will stay in Argentina for two weeks, Telam said. According to the IMF website, G20 countries agreed to undergo evaluations every five years under the so-called Financial Sector Assessment Program.
In related news, official data showed that Argentina posted a primary budget deficit of 4.37 billion Pesos (888 million) in 2012, marking the first such deficit since 1996.
The government of President Cristina Fernandez said the deficit reflected counter-cyclical spending to fend off the impact of global economic sluggishness.
The primary budget balance, which shows government finances before debts are paid, showed a surplus of 4.92 billion Pesos in 2011. The government had forecast a primary budget surplus of 11.54 billion pesos in 2012, according to estimates included in the 2013 budget.
In light of the deterioration in the international situation, fiscal policy had a counter-cyclical objective in 2012, the economy ministry said in a press statement.
A sustained economic boom in Argentina stalled in 2012 due to weak global demand, high inflation, a drought-hit grains harvest, poor performance from its main partner, Brazil and the impact of government import and currency controls on investment.
The administration of Cristina Fernandez' has used high state spending to sustain domestic demand and economic growth in Argentina, but analysts say that strategy is losing steam. The overall fiscal deficit in 2012 totalled 55.56 billion Pesos, compared with a deficit of 30.66 billion Pesos in 2011.
In December alone, Argentina posted a primary budget deficit of 11.05 billion Pesos, 36% up from the 8.11bn Peso deficit in December 2011. The overall fiscal deficit in December was 33.15 billion Pesos.

domain: finance


Take Know-how, experience, and innovation. Add them to the most high-tech and innovative production solutions and place them together in the center of the Italian Tech Valley, where machinery for the production and transformation of food are born and developed. There Gorreri Food Processing Technology® Company engineers and manufactures complete production lines and machinery for the confectionery sector. A historical firm that thanks to the trust of its customers are quickly growing and that in 2019 will inaugurate its new and innovative Company Site.
MATCHLESS MIXING SYSTEMS. Gorreri Company is worldwide known for its ability to manufacture customized and designed turn-key solutions and to produce machines and technologies unequaled for performance and results.
GUERRERI TURBOMIXER®, the famous and unique turboemulsifier with vertical head that is conquering the main confectionary producers all over the world is an innovative in-continuous mixing system, fruit of many years of experience that through a bright solution like VERTIMIX TECHNOLOGY® is able in few minutes to emulsify batters, creams, mousses, sponge-cake with a final density impossible to reach with any other mixing equipment on the market. turbomixer Range is a wide and complete set of turboemulsifiers of many capability and dimension.
But GORRERI experience in mixing equipment does not stop here. With PLANETMIXER SERIES®, a range of indestructible pressurized planetary mixers available in 6 different capacities (from 120 to 800 lt ) with a complete range of options and devices, the company satisfies each single production need.
COMPLETE PRODUCTION LINES.
More than 50 years of experience in the confectionery sector process make Gorreri Company able to design turn-key and tailored solutions for the production of Sponge Cake based products, Layer-cakes, Pies and Tarts, Muffins and each kind of dosed product. It is only when you perfectly know the production process and the technological characteristics of different batters and doughs that you can manage every step of a production process, avoiding loss of production and guarantee the maximum of optimization
Because when you buy a production line and when you evaluate an investment, one of the most important items to take into account is the reliability of the machinery and the speed of the installation and the waste of production that with Gorreri technologies are reduced to the minimum.” says Mr Luca Gorreri, General Manager and owner.
And it is always thanks to the mastery and the great knowledge of the production process of products such as sponge cake that Gorreri manufactures unique technologies, such as G-Roll Technology and G-Tube Technology to realize rich and perfect rolled layer cakes that no other competitor on the market is able to do.
A PHILOSOPHY THAT MAKES GORRERI’S machinery UNMISTAKABLE. Guerrero’s lines and machinery are all designed with a specific and unique philosophy that makes each product highly recognizable and optimized for the use for which it has been studied. Simple and fast maintenance, Assembly and dismount without using keys or tools, High technologic touch screen panels and interconnectable with the business management, Installation of the best components on the market, High flexibility, Entirely sanificable; High performance with reduction to minimum of the waste, Installation of the most recent and innovative technologies, Clean, simple and essential design to avoid contamination and dust.
A UNIQUE AND COMPLETE HIGH TECH WORLD. Guerreri’s range of machinery is very wide.
The company offers to its customers innovative and high performing solutions for many different applications and each of them ensures the performance of the highest technological level because every single device is designed to give the best and to put the customer in a position to produce beautiful, perfect and unique products.
Guerreri’s range offers compact and semi-automatic lines for the production of round and rectangular layer-cakes and each kind of dosed products, like muffins, eclairs and cakes; both vertical and horizontal injection devices, CUTTERSONIC, the ultrasonic cutting systems for any need, depositors, enrobing and decorating devices, different solutions of depanning systems, robotic arms to decorate and printing systems with edible inks and customizable machineries made on request.


Mazda continues to register increases in the sales volume on the Romanian market for the fourth consecutive month, with the number of traded units rising by 17 percent in September, compared with the same month of 2009, informs Mazda Romania.
As many as 668 Mazda automobiles were sold January-to-September, by 12 percent more compared with the similar period of the past year. The Mazda models which registered the highest sale increases in the first nine months of the year are Mazda2 with 229 units, up by 27 percent from the same period a year ago, Mazda3 with 252 units, a 19 percent increase and Mazda BT-50 with 20 units sold, increasing by 11 percent from the same period in 2009. The Mazda model, which registered the highest sale increase, is the new Mazda CX-7. During January-September, 112 units were sold, representing a 78 percent increase compared with the nine months of 2009.


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“Indissolubility and the Synod of Bishops: Reflections of a Canon Lawyer” by Msgr. John A. Alesandro, JCD, JD (Paulist Press, 2015, pp. 84, $12.95)
The book was inspired as Pope Francis was inviting the bishops of the world to a Synod in Rome on “The Pastoral Challenges of the Family in the Context of Evangelization.”
The pope has just issued “Amoris Laetitia” or “The Joy of Love,” the post-synod exhortation addressed to “bishops, priests, deacons, consecrated persons, Christian married couples and all the lay faithful.”
Msgr. Alesandro is a distinguished doctor of canon law and holds a juris doctor degree in civil law. He is past president of the Canon Law Society of America. He has over 40 years of pastoral and tribunal experience in helping Catholic couples deal with the heartache and anxiety connected with divorce and the seeking of annulments.
His book will help in understanding some of the changes in Church law that have already been enacted and others that are anticipated.
Many couples have encountered a complex juridical process when they approach the Church for an annulment. Msgr. Alesandro outlines a theological, scriptural and canonical revision of current practices. Several of the points he makes about streamlining the process were also recommended by the papal commission and eventually approved by Pope Francis last December. Some revisions have already been implemented in the Diocese of Brooklyn. Msgr. Steven Aguggia, judicial vicar, wrote a series of articles in The Tablet last fall on some changes that have already been put in place in Brooklyn and Queens.
The author describes the historical process as marriage law in the Church evolved over many centuries. The legal reformulations often overlooked biblical and sacramental implications. It is time for these rich dimensions to be restored in Church law. He recommends six specific revisions in the present Code of Canon Law that now “hinder theological and pastoral development.”
Further, he recommends “a complete revamping of the process the Church uses to address marriages that have ended in divorce.” In this area, he suggests 11 revisions of present canonical procedures.
Msgr. Alesandro does not hesitate to write: “…the Church’s canonical construct of marriage and the procedure of applying it both need radical surgery. We are losing the battle for marriage as a sacrament of the new covenant both in the parish and in the tribunal.”
He notes that Catholic marriages in the U.S. have declined by 52 percent over the past 25 years while the overall Catholic population has been increasing. His research in a sampling of 13 tribunals in the U.S. revealed that formal decisions about nullity totaled 6,942 in 1988, but only 2,170 in 2013, a decline of 69 percent.
‘Newness of Christ’
As he nears the conclusions of this analysis, Msgr. Alesandro writes: “For too long, the Church has unnecessarily juridicized marriage, downplaying its truly sacred and, in many cases, sacramental character. … The Code should be purged of whatever norms are inconsistent with the sacrament (of marriage); and at the same time, jurisprudence should be empowered to rediscover the newness of Christ in today’s marital experiences.”
He agrees with the new norms that allow the presence of a single judge rather than three judges as in the past. But Msgr. Alesandro would go further, offering the role of judge to qualified lay people, women and men, rather than being limited to priests and deacons as it is now.
This book is technical in some sections and may require a patient reading, but it is well worth the journey. Even if the legal and historical formulations are not so easy to penetrate, the pastoral concern for the women and men who are seeking to be helped by the Church today is admirable and most welcome.
The overall impact of this book is a refreshing look at a crucial moment in Church life and a valuable insight into what Pope Francis is asking of the Church today.
Msgr. Martin Geraghty is the pastor emeritus of St. Robert Bellarmine parish, Bayside.

domain: library


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Law enforcement and local authorities in Oldsmar, Florida, reported that on February 5, 2021, an unknown hacker gained access to the city’s wastewater treatment plant and changed the chemical composition of the water.
The attacker logged in twice – at 8:00 and 13:30 the same day, initially gaining access to TeamViewer on the computer of one of the employees, and then to other systems.
The second intrusion lasted for about five minutes and was noticed by an operator who watched as the unknown person moved the mouse cursor across the screen and launched the software responsible for water purification.
As a result of these manipulations, the attacker successfully increased the level of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to dangerous levels, and then logged out.
Fortunately, the dangerous water was not supplied to the local residents, as the attack was noticed on time, and as soon as the hacker disconnected, the operator immediately returned all the values of the chemicals to normal.
Oldsmar Mayor Erik Seidel stressed that the city’s water treatment system is set up with redundancy and would sound an alarm anyway if the levels of chemicals reached dangerous levels.
So far, officials have not linked this attack to any particular hacker group or organization.
It should be noted that this is not the first incident of this kind. Back in 2016, it became known that the water treatment facilities of an unnamed company had been hacked in a similar way, although then the hacker clearly did not understand where he entered and what he was doing. Additionally, in 2020, a series of similar attacks hit Israeli water systems, but then the attackers did not succeed in hacking attempts.
Let me also remind you that cybercriminals can hack our reality and provoke the end of the world, as for example in this post: Apocalypse Now: experts presented a new type of cyber-biological attack.

domain: news


We consider a coupled bulk-surface system of partial differential equations with nonlinear coupling modeling receptor-ligand dynamics. The model arises as a simplification of a mathematical model for the reaction between cell surface resident receptors and ligands present in the extracellular medium. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions. We also consider a number of biologically relevant asymptotic limits of the model. We prove convergence to limiting problems which take the form of free boundary problems posed on the cell surface. We also report on numerical simulations illustrating convergence to one of the limiting problems as well as the spatiotemporal distributions of the receptors and ligands in a realistic geometry.


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Why Is Beyonce’s ‘Lemonade’ Nominated for an Album Of The Year Grammy?
Beyoncé channeled her inner Sasha Fierce in 2008, grew outside her pop confines with 4 and tapped deeper still into her artistic side on her 2013 self-titled album. But when she returned with Lemonade in 2016, she not only kept her longstanding message of empowerment going stronger than ever, but supplied a political rallying cry — and a personal narrative we didn't exactly see coming.
From her controversy-sparking "Formation" to the "Becky with the good hair" heard 'round the world on "Sorry," Beyonce proved yet again why she's truly the Queen B, reeling in nine Grammy Award nominations this year, including Best Rock Performance for "Don't Hurt Yourself" (a first for the singer!), and, of course, Album of the Year.
ABOUT THE ALBUM: As we've seen with the release of her surprise self-titled visual album in 2013, Beyoncé doesn't necessarily follow the rules. So when she revealed that a new album was on the way, she did so by first announcing The Formation World Tour during Super Bowl 50, before anyone knew there would be more music beyond "Formation." In late February, Twitter erupted with news of a Bey movie premiere in the spring. Lemonade, the album visual, premiered on HBO on April 23, and the tracks were made available via TIDAL (naturally!) immediately after the telecast before becoming available on iTunes on April 25. Bey worked with an eclectic set of heavyweights on Lemonade, including Diplo, Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend, Jack White, Just Blaze, Mike Will Made It and James Blake.
SINGLES: If you watched Lemonade, then you heard every song, but "Formation," "Sorry," "Hold Up," "Freedom" and "All Night" were the five official singles off Lemonade. "Formation," which made its live debut at the Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show, peaked at the No. 10 spot on the Billboard 100. "Sorry" came in at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, while "Hold Up" landed in the 13th spot on the chart. Meanwhile, her collaboration with Kendrick Lamar, "Freedom" popped up on radio on September 9, and "All Night" followed in December.
CRITICAL PRAISE: Lemonade was named one of the best albums of 2016 across the media spectrum. Entertainment Weekly's Ray Rahman called it "her boldest, most ambitious, best album to date."Jillian Mapes of Pitchfork wrote, "Lemonade is a stunning album, one that sees her exploring sounds she never has before. It also voices a rarely seen concept, that of the album-length ode to infidelity. Even stranger, it doesn’t double as an album-length ode to breaking up." Jonathan Bernstein wrote that Lemonade was Bey's "strongest album" in The Telegraph. Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone gave it five stars and wrote, "Lemonade is her most emotionally extreme music, but also her most sonically adventurous."
CULTURAL IMPACT: If there 's one Beyoncé album that caused the most controversy, it was definitely Lemonade. Let's start with her lead single, "Formation": not only did she receive flack for the post-Katrina and New Orleans footage in the video, but her Black Panther-inspired performance at Super Bowl 50 sparked criticism for being anti-police and even brought a "protest" in New York City against the superstar. At the time, Saturday Night Live poked fun at people's realization that Beyoncé is a proud black woman in a skit that received more than 9.8 million views.
Then there's the question: "Who's Becky with the good hair," anyway? A lyric from her song "Sorry" became the next big obsession. Not only did that song question Jay Z's commitment, but also caused both fans and the media to point fingers at a whole slew of female celebrities from Rita Ora to Rachel Roy, who was heavily accused of being Jay's mistress at one point.
Bey's unapologetic honesty received praise from stars including Lin-Manuel Miranda, Anne Hathaway and late night hosts like James Corden, who did a hilarious parody of the movie. Lemonade also made an impact in academia as one professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio developed a class to analyze the social, cultural and historical aspects of the album.
Going along with the remix of "Daddy's Lessons" with The Dixie Chicks, Bey and the country group performed the song at the Country Music Awards Awards last November. However, the Country Music Association Awards deleted the performance from its website, allegedly removing it following racist comments on the post. Keeping her head up, Beyoncé showed her patriotic spirit days before Election Day (November 8) by performing "Formation" at a major fundraising concert for Democratic Presidential Candidate Hillary Clinton. And as recently as this month, some of those who walked in Washington, D.C. for the Women's March on Saturday (January 21) wore their Bey and Lemonade gear to show off their feminist spirit.
THE ARTIST SAYS: While fans will say they know Beyoncé, how much do they really know her? She's known to rarely give interviews and keep things mysterious. However, she did open up a little bit about why she released Lemonade to Access Hollywood during the premiere of the visual. "It was time for me to share my story because I've been through so much, and I have so much to celebrate and so much to share. And I've always directed these little movies, and now I've directed a film for HBO. I'm so proud and so nervous."
She also spoke with Elle for its May 2016 issue about what "Formation" means to her. "I mean, I'm an artist and I think the most powerful art is usually misunderstood," she told the magazine. "But anyone who perceives my message as anti-police is completely mistaken. I have so much admiration and respect for officers and the families of officers who sacrifice themselves to keep us safe. But let's be clear: I am against police brutality and injustice. Those are two separate things. If celebrating my roots and culture during Black History Month made anyone uncomfortable, those feelings were there long before a video and long before me. I'm proud of what we created and I'm proud to be a part of a conversation that is pushing things forward in a positive way."


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Just returned from four days in the high valley of Tavildara. Our team of four went to conduct interviews and meet with the leader of a “jamoat” where we plan to work. The only public accommodation there is the “Hotel Tavildara”, a very basic two-storey building with about 8 rooms and very little heat. When the hotel is receiving electricity (about 6 hours a day), small electric heaters can be used. Otherwise, there are smoky wood-fired stoves in some of the rooms – these do a better job of warming the room but need to be stoked regularly (meaning a cold night if you are not up to load the stove). One lesson I have learned (or relearned) is that concrete buildings get very cold when left without heat for any length of time. In fact, it is often noticeably colder inside these buildings than outside. Faced with what we knew would be a cold night from our last trip here, my colleagues chose the option of staying at the homes of two of our team members who live here. This proved to a wise choice – not only were we warmer, but the food was much better.
After another experience stuck in a Tajik village, I have to say I love village life. There is a definite charm to the simple rhythms of life here. The snow blankets everything and stays (and stays white). People greatly outnumber vehicles. The tremendous hospitality shown in the villages of Tajikistan is all the more dramatic when it is so cold outside (and in every public building, none of which have any real heat. It’s a cold walk to the outhouse, but it’s beautiful to be outside no matter what you are doing. A few days ago I washed my face and brushed my teeth outside at the common tap (that always is open to keep from freezing) while a heavy snow came down – this was a new experience. Actually the snow keeps things a bit warmer than it would otherwise be. When the water from the tap is very close to freezing and someone brings you a teapot of hot water to wash your face, it’s that much more appreciated.

domain: travel


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Animal Crossing Nintendo Switch & Switch Lite JoyCon Covers: Duck, Cat, Bear, Pig
Add to your ever-growing Animal Crossing collection with this set of 2 or 4 animal-themed joysticks caps. Fits both the Switch and Switch Lite.
Caps are made of silicone and help improve grip, performance and comfort.
Easy to install!
Ships in 1-3 days from Seattle, WA. Orders over $35 ship for free within the US!
Animal Crossing-Theme Controller Button/Stick Covers: Nintendo Switch & Nintendo Switch Lite
Fruit Jelly Thumb Joycon Joystick Cap Grip Controller Stick Cover | Pineapple, Watermelon, Honeydew, Carrot, Blueberry, Strawberry, Lemon

domain: game


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Inverness Creative Academy is a £5.7m project currently transforming two beautiful B-listed former school buildings on the old Inverness Royal Academy site in the Crown area of the city into the largest creative facility for artists, designers, makers, creative industries, cultural social enterprises and the community in the Scottish Highlands. This will be the largest creative hub in the Highlands, providing space for artists, designers, makers, creative industries, arts organisations and cultural social enterprises.
The creation of Inverness Creative Academy is happening in two phases. Phase 1 was completed in November 2018 – this phase brought the 1913 Arts and Science extension back into use as 30 studio spaces for artists and makers. The first tenants moved into their studios in December 2018. and this part of the project was formally opened by Provost Helen Carmichael on the 28th March 2019. Phase 2 is almost complete and will be open soon and will restore the original 1895 Academy building, one of the finest listed buildings in Inverness, completing the ‘creative industries’ wing of the project and restoring the grand assembly hall into an inspiring public space. This stage will complete our vision to deliver a vibrant creative destination to serve the whole of the Highlands.
The two buildings currently provide 3,200 m2 in floor area and therefore have the capacity to make a considerable contribution to local heritage regeneration and to the growth of the wider creative economy in the Highlands. We can’t wait to complete our first major creative hub in the Highlands, building a central home for collaboration, production and opportunity.
Inverness Creative Academy is breathing new life into the former Inverness Royal Academy buildings in Inverness. Throughout the project, we have been exploring the history behind these incredible buildings, and have discovered a few artefacts along the way. Read, watch and listen to find out more:
As part of the project, we have also been working to inform, educate and inspire people of all ages about the history on their doorstep. Find out about the activity we have been delivering in the community:
Wasps’ revenue covers our core costs and enables us to provide artists and makers with workspaces at rents which they can afford. However, we are dependent on funding and donations to enable all of our capital developments in the first instance. Donations to Inverness Creative Academy will help us to complete Phase 2, support creative talent in the Highlands and invest in the future of Inverness’ built heritage and creative economy.
If you would like to find out more about supporting the transformation of Midmills, please contact Claire English, Wasps Funding and Partnerships Manager on 0141 553 5890 or email email@example.com.
There are a number of options to acknowledge your support within the development. You can also donate securely with PayPal Giving Fund using the button below:
We would like to say a huge thank you to all the supporters of Inverness Creative Academy so far:

domain: design


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Author: Gi Maeng-gi
ISBN : 9788934982913 1500 pages / 152 * 210mm / 1950g
|Important! Please read before you order!|
|>>>This book is written in Korean.|
About This Book
"Mirae" who was hurt by her ugly appearance, is about to undergo plastic surgery to live a new life and become a beauty in Gangnam. As the Mirae, who has yet to mend its timid personality, unlike its lofty appearance, goes through the life of the left-wing idol campus, it gradually gains confidence and realizes its true happiness.
Availability:Usually ships in 5~10 business days.

domain: literature


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A Wood River woman is facing charges after Madison County prosecutors say she falsely accused police of assaulting her. 23 year old Jennifer Peterson of the 100 block of Prospect is charged with felony disorderly conduct after she allegedly claimed police roughed her up while she was in custody on January 1.
Authorities say Peterson was originally arrested for being an intoxicated pedestrian in the roadway, and while she was in custody at the Wood River Police Department, she allegedly tried to conceal evidence by swallowing it and took a swing at an officer and was subsequently restrained. Police say the substance she swallowed was cannabis. Two days later, she returned to the police department with her mother to file a complaint that she was assaulted by the officers. Wood River Police notified her that her arrest was under video surveillance and the evidence was turned over to the Madison County State's Attorney's Office and she was then charged with making the false claim against the officers.