* During World War II, the Soviet aircraft design bureau run by Semyon Lavochkin developed a series of propeller fighters, notably the Lavochkin "La-5" and "La-7", that provided a significant contribution to Soviet victory. In the postwar period, Lavochkin developed a series of jet fighters, most notably the "La-15" -- but of all the different Lavochkin jet fighter designs, it was the only one that was built in any quantity, and it was quickly retired from service. This document provides a history and description of Lavochkin's jet fighters.
* In the last year of World War II, Germany began to introduce jet combat aircraft into service. While the US and Britain were also beginning to introduce jets, the Soviet Union was lagging well behind; although a number of Soviet engine designers, most notably Arkhip M. Lyulka, were working on turbojet engines, with experimental design bureaus (OKB in the Russian acronym) dedicated to aircraft development coming up with concepts for flying machines to be powered by them, by early 1945 it was apparent that Soviet turbojet engines weren't going to be available in the near term.
As a result, Soviet dictator Josef Stalin ordered the development of a single-seat jet fighter, based on the German Jumo 004B axial-flow turbojet, used on the Messerschmitt Me 262 twinjet fighter. The Jumo 004B was to be reverse-engineered by the Tumanskiy engine OKB as the "RD-10", where "RD" stood for "reaktivniy dvigatel" or "reaction device (jet engine)".
Aircraft prototypes were ordered from the Mikoyan, Yakovlev, and Lavochkin OKBs. The Lavochkin offering had the company code of "Izdeliye (Article) 150 (I-150)", sometimes rendered as "La-150", the aircraft being based on the "pod and boom" layout -- with a fuselage built around the Jumo turbojet, positioned behind the cockpit, and the tail assembly on the end of a boom extending from the upper fuselage. The machine's general configuration had been defined by the Central Aerodynamics & Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI in its Russian acronym). The first of eight prototype / pre-series I-150 machines performed its initial flight on 11 September 1946.
The I-150 was of all-metal construction; fabrication of the aircraft had been delayed, because the factory where they were build had been turning out aircraft made largely with wood, and so had little tooling for dealing with metal. The aircraft had straight wings and tailplane, plus a triangular tailfin. The wings were shoulder-mounted, while the tailplane was mid-mounted on the tailfin. It had tricycle landing gear, all gear assemblies with single wheels, the nose gear retracting backward, the main gear tucking up into the fuselage -- an unusual feature for a Soviet fighter of the era, which typically had gear that retracted into the wings -- with a resulting narrow landing gear track. The landing gear was hydraulically actuated.
The engine intake was in the nose. The RD-10 engine provided a meager 8.8 kN (900 kgp / 2,000 lbf) thrust. The I-150 was armed with twin Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 23-millimeter cannon, mounted below the nose, with 75 rounds per gun. The cockpit was mounted well forward, with the center section of the three-piece canopy hinging open to the right; there was no ejection seat. The windscreen was of armor glass, while the cockpit also had armor protection.
LAVOCHKIN I-150: _____________________ _________________ _______________________ spec metric english _____________________ _________________ _______________________ wingspan 8.2 meters 26 feet 11 inches wing area 12.15 sq_meters 130.6 sq_feet length 9.42 meters 30 feet 11 inches height 2.6 meters 8 feet 6 inches empty weight 2,155 kilograms 4,755 pounds loaded weight 2,975 kilograms 6,555 pounds max speed at altitude 880 KPH 545 MPH / 475 KT service ceiling 12,600 meters 41,340 feet range 495 kilometers 545 MI / 475 NMI _____________________ _________________ _______________________
Preliminary trials proved the I-150 a disappointment, the primary reason being the inadequate thrust of the RD-10 engine, the limited thrust also leading to unfortunate design compromises: the cockpit was small and cramped, the fuel supply too limited, and the twin cannon were seen as inadequate armament. The I-150 also suffered from lateral instability.
* Following the end of manufacturer's trials in the spring of 1947, one of the I-150s was sent back to the factory to be upgraded as the "I-150M". It had a wider and more comfortable cockpit, with an ejection seat, plus armor protection for the pilot fore and aft. The wings were also made detachable to simplify transport, and had downturned wingtips to improve lateral stability. Of course, the changes meant added weight, to the tune of several hundred kilograms, and performance deteriorated substantially, top speed being reduced to about 800 KPH (500 MPH).
Along a parallel track, the Lavochkin OKB had been working to improve the RD-10 by adding an afterburner, resulting in a turbojet, the "Izdeliye YuF (I-YuF)", that provided 30% more power, with only a modest increase in weight and length. One was fitted into an I-150 in July 1947, the aircraft being redesignated "I-150F". It had much improved performance, with a top speed of 915 KPH (570 MPH) at altitude. Although it might have seemed tempting to mate the afterburning RD-10 to the I-150M, the general perception was that would be the end of the line for the I-150, the design having no growth potential after that -- in particular, it couldn't accommodate a bigger engine. The I-150 was abandoned.BACK_TO_TOP
* The reason the Lavochkin OKB had no great problem in dumping the I-150 was because a more promising option was available. From late 1945, the bureau worked on the design of another jet fighter, the "Izdeliye 152", also to be powered by the RD-10 turbojet. The I-152 was to be easier to fly and service, and also be amenable to larger engines as they came available. The single prototype performed its first flight on 5 December 1952.
The I-152 was of all-metal construction and, like the I-150, had a pod-&-boom configuration, but it was much more along the Yakovlev Yak-17, with the engine under the forward fuselage and running under the cockpit. The wings and tailplane were straight, the wings being mid-mounted. The I-152 had tricycle landing gear, all assemblies having single wheels, the nose gear retracting backward and turning flat to fit, the main gear tucking back into the fuselage.
The I-152 was armed with three NS-23 23-millimeter cannon, with two cannon on the right alongside the nose, and one on the left. Ammunition supply was 50 rounds per gun. The cockpit featured front and back armor, plus an armor-glass windshield; there was no ejection seat. Length was 9.4 meters (29 feet 8 inches), wingspan was 8.2 meters (26 feet 11 inches), and empty weight was 2,310 kilograms (5,092 pounds). The prototype was, to no great surprise, underpowered, with a top speed of only about 840 KPH (455 MPH), hardly better than a good piston fighter. Worse, the RD-10 was unreliable; the prototype crashed on its eighth test flight when the engine failed, the aircraft being written off.
As noted, the I-152 was designed to permit installation of larger engines, and so work had been initiated in 1946 on the "Izdeliye 154", which was much the same as the I-152, but was to be powered by a Lyulka TR-1 turbojet with 12.3 kN (1,270 kgp / 2,800 lbf) thrust -- the first turbojet of Soviet design to actually be flight-tested, more powerful than the RD-10, if not by any great leap. Work on an I-154 prototype was begun, but it was abandoned in 1947, since the TR-1 didn't end up going into production.
* As mentioned above, the Lavochkin OKB had worked on afterburning derivatives of the RD-10 and flight-tested one of them, the I-YuF, in the I-150F. The same engine was fitted to an I-152 prototype in the fall of 1946, to be redesignated "I-152D" -- "D" for "dublyor (2nd)" -- though it was quickly changed to "I-156". The I-156 also featured enhanced cockpit armor; an ejection seat; a refined canopy; tailfin and tailplane of greater span; plus new wings with span increased to 8.52 meters (28 feet), area increased to 13.24 square meters (142.4 square feet), and a revised airfoil. Empty weight increased by about 4%.
Initial flight of the I-156 prototype was on 1 March 1947, with a second prototype following. Although performance was noticeably improved, the VVS report on conclusion of trials in early 1948 indicated the engine was unreliable, and the aircraft had handling problems. The I-156 was subsequently cancelled.
* As the narrative so far suggests, the Soviets were lagging the West badly in jet engine design. A suggestion was made to Stalin that the USSR license jet designs from Britain; Stalin reportedly answered: "What fool will sell us his secrets?" However, the Atlee government in Britain still had some sympathy with their wartime ally, and the engines in question -- the Nene and Derwent centrifugal-flow turbojets -- were not secret technology. The Soviets had license-produced American aircraft during the war, including the PBY Catalina flying boat and the DC-3 airliner, so the British were not violating precedent; they sold the Soviets rights to the Nene and Derwent, which were license-built as the Klimov "RD-45" and "RD-500" respectively. They were simple, sturdy, effective engines and fit the Soviet engineering mindset perfectly.
Given engines that actually worked, the I-156 design was modified to accept an imported Derwent obtained as part of the license deal, the new variant having a very thin wing -- being accordingly assigned the designation of "Izdeliye 174TK", where "TK" stood for "tonkoye krelo (thin wing)". The pot-shaped Derwent required that the three NS-23 cannon be repositioned to under the nose. Initial flight was in early 1948; performance of the I-174TK was much better than that of its predecessors, but it had already been outpaced by improved designs, and was quickly given up in turn.
* Alongside the I-174TK, the Lavochkin OKB also developed a swept-wing derivative of the basic I-152 design, designated the "Izdeliye 160". It featured the same fuselage configuration as the other members of the family, but had a wing with a sweep of 35 degrees at quarter chord, and a similarly swept tailplane. There were twin wing fences on each wing. It was powered by an I-YuF engine, and had armament of twin N-37 37-millimeter cannon, the barrels protruding from the nose.
The I-160, which was nicknamed "Strelka", meaning "Little Arrow", was the first Soviet swept-wing fighter to take to the air. Initial flight was on 24 June 1947, with Ivan Fedorov at the controls. Performance was impressive, but the aircraft broke up in flight from wing flutter. That was the end of the line for the I-160; it amounted to nothing more than a demonstrator for more refined swept-wing aircraft.BACK_TO_TOP
* Experience obtained from the ill-fated I-160 helped Lavochkin engineers in development of a more adequate swept-wing fighter, given the OKB designation of "Aircraft 168". It was to be powered by a Nene / RD-45 turbojet, providing 22.26 kN (2,265 kgp / 5,000 lbf) thrust.
The I-168 had a high swept wing with a sweepback of 32 degrees 20 seconds, a swept tee tail, and armament of one N-37 and two NS-23 cannon. It featured tricycle landing gear -- all with single wheels, the nose gear retracting backward, the main gear tucking forward into the fuselage. It was fitted with an airbrake on each side of the fuselage, as well as a pressurized cockpit -- a first for a Lavochkin aircraft -- with an ejection seat. It had a length of 10.56 meters (34 feet 8 inches), a wingspan of 9.5 meters (31 feet 2 inches), and an empty weight of 3,110 kilograms (6,860 pounds). Initial flight was on 22 April 1948, with Fydorov at the controls.
A similar aircraft, the "Izdeliye 176", was also flown, this machine featuring wings with a steeper sweep of 45 degrees, with triple wing fences on each wing, and a Klimov VK-1 engine -- an improved version of the Nene / RD-45. Initial flight was on 22 September 1948, the pilot being Fyodorov once again.
On 26 December 1948, the I-176, with Oleg V. Sokolovsky at the the controls, became the first Soviet aircraft to break Mach 1 -- if in a shallow dive. It was lost in a crash on 3 February 1949, Sokolovsky being killed, with the authorities instead selecting the Mikoyan MiG-15 fighter, also powered by the VK-1, for production.
* However, working from the I-168, the Lavochkin OKB developed a new fighter scaled down by 90%, powered by the Derwent V / RD-500 turbojet -- the main driver apparently being limited availability of the more powerful RD-45 turbojet. The Lavochkin design was given the factory designation of "Izdeliye 174". Initial flight of the first prototype was on 8 January 1948, with Fyordorov at the controls; the aircraft suffered from vibration problems, resulting in its loss on 11 May 1948, Fyodorov bailing out safely. Trials continued with an improved second prototype, the "Izdeliye 174D", that cured the vibration problem, results being satisfactory enough to order it into production as the "La-15".
The La-15 was smaller than its competitor, the MiG-15, but had some general similarity. Both fighters were all-metal aircraft, with an intake in the nose, all-swept flight surfaces, and tricycle landing gear. The La-15 differed in having high-mounted instead of mid-mounted wings, with the same sweep as the wings of the I-168, and a tee tail instead of a normal tail configuration. Flight controls were conventional: one-piece flaps, ailerons, rudder, elevators; there were two fences on each wing, and a fixed ventral fin under the tail. There was an airbrake on each side of the rear fuselage, the airbrakes being hinged on the rear. All landing gear had single wheels, the nose gear retracting backward, the main gear tucking forward into the fuselage.
The La-15's RD-500 engine provided 15.6 kN (1,587 kgp / 3,500 lbf) thrust; there were twin bladder fuel tanks in the forward fuselage and an annular integral fuel tank in the rear fuselage, with a total fuel capacity of 1,100 liters (290 US gallons). The pilot sat on a bubble canopy on an ejection seat, cockpit instrumentation being typical for the time. Armament consisted of three NS-23 23-millimeter cannon, mounted under the nose, with two guns on the right and one on the left. Ammunition supply was 100 rounds per gun. A conformal external tank could be fitted under the centerline.
LAVOCHKIN LA-15: _____________________ _________________ _______________________ spec metric english _____________________ _________________ _______________________ wingspan 8.83 meters 29 feet wing area 16.16 sq_meters 174 sq_feet length 9.56 meters 38 feet 1 inch empty weight 2,575 kilograms 5,675 pounds loaded weight 3,850 kilograms 8,490 pounds max speed at altitude 1,005 KPH 625 MPH / 545 KT service ceiling 13,500 meters 44,290 feet range 1,145 kilometers 710 MI / 620 NMI _____________________ _________________ _______________________
Total production of the La-15 is given as 235 aircraft; NATO assigned it the amusing reporting name of "Fantail". The La-15 was slightly faster but had a lower climb rate than the MiG-15; the La-15 was also more agile than the MiG-15 -- presumably because it was a lightweight fighter, with only about 70% of the empty weight of the MiG-15 -- and handled nicely. There were also considerable manufacturing defects, leading to a number of crashes.
The defects were curable and not too surprising for early-production advanced aircraft, but the USSR couldn't afford to produce two comparable jet fighters. The MiG-15 was cheaper to build than the La-15, and the MiG-15's landing gear was more robust, a definite plus for operating off of rough airfields. There was also a push to standardize on the VK-1 engine, and give up on the RD-500.
Production of the La-15 was abandoned in August 1949, with all the machines grounded by 1953, their RD-500 engines being "recycled" for use with the KS-1 Kometa (NATO AS-1 Kennel) air-launched cruise missile. Some of the aircraft hulks were used as ground targets of a sort, in nuclear tests. There was work on a tandem-seat trainer version of the La-15, designated the "La-15UTI", sometimes given as "I-180", but it didn't go beyond two prototypes. The La-15 was not exported, and saw no combat action.
* Having developed second-generation jet fighters like the MiG-15 and La-15, the Soviet aircraft industry then began to work on third-generation fighters, capable of supersonic performance in level flight. The Lavochkin OKB focused on a design that would emerge as the "Izdeliye 190", which was to be powered by a Lyuka AL-5 axial-flow turbojet, providing 45.1 kN (4,600 kgp / 10,140 lbf) thrust.
The single prototype performed its initial flight in early 1951. It was of all-metal construction, with all-swept flight surfaces, and bicycle-type landing gear. The wings were mid-mounted and of tapered layout, with a leading-edge sweep of 55 degrees, featuring one-piece flaps and ailerons. The tailfin was strongly swept, with a triangular tailplane mounted at mid-height. The nose gear featured a single wheel, and retracted backward; the rear gear featured two wheels, being adjustable in height to raise the nose for take-offs; while there was retractable outrigger gear on each wingtip.
The engine intake was in the nose, with a Korshun (Kite Hawk) radar in a radome on the upper lip. Armament was to be twin N-37 37-millimeter cannon, though it is unclear that the prototype was ever fitted with radar or was armed. The pilot sat under a bubble canopy on an ejection seat. Length of the I-190 was 16.35 meters (53 feet 8 inches), wingspan was 9.9 meters (32 feet 6 inches), and empty weight was 7,315 kilograms (16,125 pounds). Initial trials showed the AL-5 engine could not meet its thrust specification, and was dangerously unreliable; the I-190 effort was abandoned after only a handful of test flights. The aircraft had been able to break Mach 1 in level flight, but work on the design was not continued, sources hinting it also had handling problems.BACK_TO_TOP
* At the outset of the Lavochkin OKB's work on jet fighters, his chief aide, Semyon Mikhailovich Alekseyev, had notions for a twinjet heavy fighter, and in fact, the work on the I-150 was paralleled by work on an "Izdeliye 160" twinjet, as a backup effort. There weren't resources at the Lavochkin OKB to do both designs; however, in 1946, Alekseyev became chief designer of his own design bureau, OKB-21 in Gorkiy, allowing him to focus on the twinjet. The "I-160" code, as noted above, was recycled and applied to the I-160 swept-wing derivative of the I-152.
The "Istrebitel 21" -- "Fighter 21", the number apparently being a reference to the OKB -- was to be a single-seat interceptor, with heavier armament than a single-engine jet fighter, and more fuel for long endurance. It would also be able to carry a drop tank or a bomb under each wing. Consideration was given to use of the RD-10 or the RD-20 turbojets, the RD-20 being a Soviet copy of the German BMW-003 turbojet -- but the decision was made to use the more powerful Lyulka TR-1 turbojet, and later derivatives of it. Work on a flight prototype and a static test item began in late 1946, with the prototype taking to the air in the fall of 1947, A.A. Popov being the project test pilot.
The "I-21-1", as the prototype was designated -- sources usually and confusingly designate it as "I-211" -- was of all-metal construction, mostly of aircraft aluminum, with some steel assemblies. It had straight flight surfaces, the wing being mid-mounted, the tailplane being mounted at the mid-height of the tailfin. There was a prominent hydraulically-operated airbrake on each side of the rear fuselage. A Lyulka TR-1A turbojet engine was mounted in a nacelle in the middle of each wing.
The aircraft had tricycle landing gear, all gear assemblies with twin wheels, the nose gear retracting backward, the main gear hinging from just inboard of the engine nacelles to retract into the inner wing. The cockpit was pressurized, featuring an ejection seat, with the jettisonable canopy hinging open to the left. The prototype was initially unarmed. The I-21-1 had a distinct resemblance to the British Gloster Meteor fighter. Although no doubt Soviet engineers were familiar with the Meteor and it may have had some influence on their thinking, the I-21-1 was very different at a detail level, and was hardly a copy.
After a handful of test flights, the I-21-1 was grounded after its landing gear collapsed, due to an encounter with a pothole. It hadn't demonstrated satisfactory performance anyway, so when it went back to the shop, it was refitted with Derwent V / RD-500 engines, design work having already been performed to that end. The "I-21-5", as the updated prototype was designated, was completed in late 1947, and returned to the air for trials in the spring of 1948. Unlike the I-21-1, the I-21-5 was armed, with three NS-37 37-millimeter cannon firing from under the nose.
ALEKSEYEV I-21-5: _____________________ _________________ _______________________ spec metric english _____________________ _________________ _______________________ wingspan 12.25 meters 40 feet 2 inches wing area 25 sq_meters 269.1 sq_feet length 11.54 meters 37 feet 10 inches height 3.68 meters 12 feet 1 inch empty weight 4,010 kilograms 8,840 pounds loaded weight 6,890 kilograms 15,190 pounds max speed at altitude 960 KPH 595 MPH / 515 KT service ceiling 13,600 meters 44,620 feet range 1,700 kilometers 1,055 MI / 920 NMI _____________________ _________________ _______________________
Although trials went well, test pilots taking a liking to the aircraft, it was not approved for production; aircraft design was simply moving too fast at the time, the I-21 was already looking stodgy compared to newer designs coming down the pipeline. However, a second prototype, the "I-21-5D" -- again, "D" for "dublyor (2nd)" -- was built, though primarily to test a bicycle landing gear configuration, with twin wheels fore and aft, and an outrigger extending from under each engine nacelle. The rear landing gear assembly could "kneel" to raise the aircraft's nose for take-off.
The I-21-5D was put through its paces in the fall of 1949. There had been suspicion of the bicycle landing gear concept among Soviet aircraft designers, but the I-21-5D had no difficulties with take-off, landing, or ground handling. It was the end of the line. There was thought of an "I-21-6", similar to the I-21-5 but with twin 75-millimeter cannon protruding from the nose; the "I-21-7", which was an I-21 with either swept or forward-swept wings; and a heavy two-seat interceptor, the "I-22", with VK-1 / Nene engines, but none of them happened. The Alekseyev OKB was disbanded, without ever having put an aircraft into production. What happened to Alekseyev is unclear; the simplest guess is that he went back to work for Lavochkin.BACK_TO_TOP
* This document does not cover the unproduced La-200 and La-250 interceptors, those aircraft being better discussed along with Soviet production interceptors. In any case, the bottom line of Lavochkin's jet fighter efforts was that they were a dead end. With the push towards guided missiles, the Lavochkin OKB was redirected towards missile and space work -- notable efforts being the S-75 Dvina (NATO SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile, plus Soviet Moon and planetary probes.
The only jet aircraft produced by the Lavochkin OKB that proved honestly successful was a drone, the Lavochkin "La-17". Work on the La-17 was initiated in 1950. Flight tests began in 1953, with prototype drones carried on a Tupolev Tu-4 four-engine bomber, which was a direct Soviet copy of the US Boeing B-29. Production of the La-17 began in 1956.
The La-17 was a jet drone of all-metal construction, with straight flight surfaces, and a jet engine carried in a nacelle under the fuselage. The initial variant, which was just known as the "La-17", was air-launched, and powered by a Bondaryuk RD-900 ramjet with 7.85 kN (800 kgp / 1,760 lbf) thrust. There was a "windmill" type electric generator in the nose of the drone to provide electric power. The La-17 was directed by radio control and simply "bellied in" to land, with the engine taking the abuse of the touchdown; the ramjet was strictly expendable and easily replaced. The drone could carry signature enhancement devices.
The original La-17 was effective, but left something to be desired. Air launch was expensive and logistically clumsy, making simulations of "mass attacks" with drones difficult at best, and the ramjet engine was thirsty, resulting in such short endurance that if a fighter pilot missed the drone on his first pass, it would have run out of fuel before he could come around again. To address these problems, Lavochkin engineers came up with a ground-launched variant with a turbojet powerplant, the "La-17M", which performed its initial flights in 1959 and went into service in 1960. The La-17M was launched using a rocket-assisted takeoff (RATO) booster under each wing root, from a four-wheel towed launcher derived from the carriage for a standard 100-millimeter antiaircraft gun.
The drone was powered by a Mikulin RD-9BK turbojet with 19.1 kN (1,950 kgp / 4,300 lbf) thrust; the RD-9BK was a derated, non-afterburning, and simplified version of the RD-9B engine used on the Mikoyan MiG-19 fighter. There were teardrop fairings on the wingtips -- not for radar enhancement devices, but for compressed air that would be fed to the engine to boost the flight ceiling. Flight endurance improved from the 40 minutes of the La-17 to 60 minutes. As with the La-17, the La-17M bellied in to land.
LAVOCHKIN LA-17M: _____________________ _________________ _______________________ spec metric english _____________________ _________________ _______________________ wingspan 7.50 meters 24 feet 7 inches length 8.44 meters 27 feet 9 inches launch weight 3,065 kilograms 6,758 pounds maximum speed 900 KPH 560 MPH / 485 KT service ceiling 17,000 meters 55,770 feet endurance 60 minutes _____________________ _________________ _______________________
Early production La-17Ms were strictly radio-controlled and didn't have an autopilot; they were quickly replaced by the "La-17MA", which did. Later production featured the RD-9BKR engine, with the same performance as the RD-9BK but with some minor changes to permit low-level operation, and the service life improved from 15 to 30 hours. Later machines also featured an improved landing control system that caused the drone to "nose up" before touchdown, as well as a landing skid under the engine nacelle. These two refinements permitted landings with much less risk of engine damage. These machines were designated "La-17MM" and went into service in 1964. A number of old ramjet-powered La-17s were updated for ground launch, with the twin RATO boosters and some airframe reinforcements. These drones were redesignated "La-17n".
* Early on, there was some work to use the ramjet-powered La-17 as the basis for an air-launched reconnaissance drone, but because of the deficiencies of the early La-17, it didn't happen. However, a ground-launched battlefield reconnaissance drone based on the La-17MM, the "La-17R", was introduced in 1962. It featured a nose stretched by 54 centimeters (22 inches) to accommodate a reconnaissance payload. Ultimately a number of different payloads were developed, including high resolution or wide area film cameras, a real-time TV camera, and a radiation monitoring instrument. The La-17R didn't have the wingtip compressed air pods for high altitude operation fitted to the La-17M. An improved version of the La-17R, the "La-17RM", was introduced in 1965, featuring some of the refinements of the La-17MM target drone.
The evolution of the target and reconnaissance variants of the La-17 progressed along two paths, with the result that commonality between the two branches of the family diverged. In order to rationalize production and logistics, a target drone designated the "La-17UM" and a reconnaissance drone designated the "La-17RU" were built, the two machines being designed for the maximum parts commonality.
* These were the last La-17s built by the Lavochkin OKB, but not the last La-17s built in the USSR. As the Lavochkin OKB became more and more involved in the development of space systems, the production of La-17s proceeded on "autopilot" into the late 1970s -- until availability of RD-9BK engines dried up, meaning that it was no longer possible to build the La-17 as it was.
A group of aerospace organizations then came up with the "R11K", an expendable non-afterburning version of the Tumanskiy R11F-300 turbojet, used on first-generation Mikoyan MiG-21 fighters, and the La-17 was redesigned to be fitted with this engine. The Sokol OKB began production of this re-engined La-17 in the late 1970s; as far as the armed services went, it was still an La-17MM, but it had an internal OKB designation of "La-17K". The R11K engines were rebuilds of retired R11F-300 engines. The La-17K remained in production into the early 1990s. It is now generally out of service.
* It doesn't appear that the La-17 family was widely exported, though La-17RM reconnaissance drones were provided to Syria in the 1980s. The Chinese also obtained the La-17 and in fact built it themselves, though not under a license agreement. In the late 1950s, a number of La-17s had been handed over to the People's Republic of China. Stocks began running low in the later half of the 1960s, when relations with the USSR were very poor, so an effort was begun to reverse-engineer the La-17 and build it in China. The resulting product, the "Chang Kong (Blue Sky) 1" or "CK-1", was introduced to service in 1977. It was powered by the WP-6 engine, which was a Chinese copy of the RD-9B, with the drone featuring some system changes from the original La-17s used as a pattern. It also featured a parachute recovery system.
The CK-1 was quickly followed by the "CK-1A", which had underwing pods for additional kit. A "CK-1B" was introduced into service in 1983 that was optimized for low-level flight and had non-jettisonable underwing fuel tanks. It was followed by the "CK-1C", with a much improved control system to provide greater maneuverability, as well as airframe reinforcement to withstand maneuvering stresses.BACK_TO_TOP
* As concerns copyrights and permissions for this document, all illustrations and images credited to me are public domain. I reserve all rights to my writings. However, if anyone does want to make use of my writings, just contact me, and we can chat about it. I'm lenient in giving permissions, usually on the basis of being properly credited.
* Sources include:
* Revision history:
v1.0.0 / 01 jan 16 v1.0.1 / 01 jan 16 / Review & polish.BACK_TO_TOP


text:
Abstract P317: Acute Exercise Stress and ROS Signaling: Activation of Nrf2/ARE-Dependent Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in the Mouse Myocardium
Background: Cellular defense mechanisms are crucial for maintaining intracellular redox state and mitigating free radical accumulation with aging. Nuclear Erythroid 2 p45 related factor-2 (Nrf2) regulates basal and inducible expression of numerous cytoprotective/antioxidant genes. We hypothesize that acute exercise will induce ROS, which triggers Nrf2/ARE signaling and promotes myocardial defense mechanisms.
Methods: Age-matched wild-type (WT) and Nrf2−/− (KO) mice at 2 and >20 months were subjected to acute exercise stress (AES) and then we assessed the activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent transcriptional mechanisms in the heart. Myocardial ROS was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis.
Results: Under basal conditions, total ROS and GSH levels were identical at 2 months, whereas they were significantly impaired in Nrf2-KO when compared to Wt myocardium at ∼20 months indicating that Nrf2-deficiency is coupled with blemished redox potential. Upon AES, the young WT and KO mice exhibited oxidative stress (OS), but the WT were able compensate for the stress by increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and subsequent upregulation of cytoprotective genes. However, the aged (WT & KO) mice developed OS in response to AES. The degree of OS was several fold higher in the aged Nrf2-KO mice when compared with WT, suggesting an important age dependent function for Nrf2 in the myocardium. Western blot analysis revealed significant down regulation of major antioxidants (GCS, Nqo1, Ho1, catalase, G6pd and Gsr) in KO mice, while WT mice exhibited compensatory antioxidant response to the AES. Gene expression (qPCR) analysis revealed profound upregulation of major antioxidants in WT, but there was no such response occurred in KO mice after AES, suggesting Nrf2 independent mechanisms are inadequate to protect the myocardium.
Conclusions: Acute exercise induces ROS and thereby activates Nrf2 in the myocardium. However, disruption of Nrf2 increases susceptibility of the myocardium to OS induced damage. Thus Nrf2 signaling might be a potential therapeutic target to protect the heart from ROS and/or age dependent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and myocardial infarction (MI).
- © 2011 by American Heart Association, Inc.

domain: literature


SAN FRANCISCO -- Google announced at its annual developer conference Thursday that its Chrome browser and its Google Drive, a Dropbox-like storage service, are coming to Apple iOS devices.
Adding the Google browser to iOS devices means Google users will be able to get a more consistent experience across multiple devices, including their iPhones and iPads. Brian Rakowski, vice president of Chrome, showed off how the browser will work on iOS devices.
Specifically, he showed how the sync feature that Google recently added to Chrome will work on iOS devices. Sync allows people to share their browser settings across multiple devices when they're signed in using their Google credentials. This means tabs you have open on your computer can be accessed when you're in the Chrome browser on your smartphone.
And now all these features will also work on Apple iOS devices.
Google also announced that its Drive service, which lets people store and share documents, will now work on iOS devices as well. The service will also work on Chrome OS devices.
"We brought many of the best features of Drive to mobile," said Clay Bavor, director of product for Google Apps.
Google launched the Drive service (formerly known as Google Docs) about 10 weeks ago. Already the company says 10 million users are signed up to use it. One of the great features of Drive that Bavor showed off during the keynote was that images can be scanned and stored as PDF files in Google Drive. And using Google search technology, they're searchable.
One of the demonstrations showed how you could scan a postal receipt and then search for it in your Drive files. And photos are also searchable, even if they aren't properly labeled. For example, a picture of someone taken at the Great Pyramid in Egypt can be stored in Google Drive, and you can find it by typing in "Photos of us at the pyramids." Even though there was no label that said "pyramids," the Google technology is able to recognize the picture as one taken in front of the pyramids.
All this functionality, which Google had enabled for desktops and laptops, will now be available on mobile devices and in particular Apple iOS devices, such as the iPhone and iPad.
Update, 12:20 p.m. PT:Adds more detail, including information on searchability of images stored on Drive.
Watch this: Google announces Chrome for iPhone and iPad


Districts planning calamity day makeups
GREATER AKRON — With the Ohio General Assembly expected to pass legislation soon on calamity days, local districts are forging ahead with plans to make up days required by the state.
According to Akron Public Schools officials, the current version of House Bill 416 does not affect the district. It would keep the current guidelines in that districts are “forgiven” for their first five days. Districts must then make up days six through nine that are used. APS used eight calamity days due to weather this year, and the Bridges program had an additional day off.
The legislation proposed would forgive calamity days 10 through 13, as long as days six through nine are made up, according to APS officials.
Because of the need to make up days, district officials said APS students will attend school through June 10 (June 11 for Bridges students). The last day of school had been scheduled for June 5. District officials noted any additional calamity days used this year will further extend the schedule.
With this year’s extreme cold temperatures and snowy conditions, districts throughout the state have found they exceeded their allotted five calamity days. Normally districts have days set aside to make up additional days, sometimes using days at the end of the year, scheduled breaks or even Saturdays.
Once districts began exceeding their five days, Gov. John Kasich asked the Ohio General Assembly to work to grant districts an additional four calamity days for this year.
The original bill proposed allowing districts to have the four days, but the Senate version stated districts must first use their set-aside days to make up four days before receiving four additional calamity days.
A conference committee then addressed the proposed legislation to work out a compromise. The committee proposed keeping the Senate provision that graduating seniors do not need to make up scheduled school make-up days after graduation. In addition, the committee version allows the Ohio Department of Education to continue to accept applications from districts wishing to use “blizzard bags,” or online assignments, as make-up options.
In other districts, plans so far are as follows:
- Revere Local Schools Superintendent Randy Boroff said the district has one day to make up and will add it to the end of the year, on June 5.
- Woodridge Local Schools have missed eight days, although the high school missed 10 this year because of two separate gas leaks. During the March 18 school board meeting, it was decided the district would now use the previously scheduled in-service day April 21 as the first makeup day. The district will make up the additional two days (three for the high school) with blizzard bag assignments. Under the state legislation expected to pass, the high school will not have to make up the 10th day, according to district officials.
- In the Copley-Fairlawn City Schools District, which used a total of eight days this year, Superintendent Brian Poe proposed the district use blizzard bags to make up the three days. The district’s Board of Education approved that plan at the March 18 meeting. Lessons will be due April 22.
- The Highland Local Schools Board of Education voted during the March 17 meeting to extend the school year, as previously planned, to make up its four required days. The district will hold classes May 30 and June 2-4.
- In Norton City Schools, which used eight calamity days, Superintendent David Dunn said he proposed using blizzard bags to make up three days. He said the school board and teachers’ union would have to approve the plan, which he expects will happen.
More Community News
- Mock crash reminds students of risks
- Akron rolls out medical marijuana plan
- Akron Council, BOE delve into issues
- Author ties together causes of opiate epidemic
- Yellow Creek watershed advocates move forward
- West Side News & Notes
- Area Girl Scouts take part in World Thinking Day
- LeBron James announces plan for new Akron school
- Summit first autism-friendly county in Ohio
- Boston BZA fees going up
- BCF launches fundraiser
- Council chambers receives electronic upgrades
- Bath trustees authorize new parking lot design
- Library levy before Medina County voters
- Sharon officials discuss spring projects
- Bright ‘Roland’ back at library
- Venturing Crew clears trail preserve
- Lakemore gearing up for police department
- Author ties together causes of opiate problem
- Coventry Schools levy renewal ‘crucial’ for district
- Township officials addressing opiate epidemic
- Coventry fire department utilizing grant money
- South Side News & Notes
- Springfield trustees move to demolish garage
Calendar of Events
- Yoga and Mimosa; Yoga and Wine - 4/24/2017
- The Art of Journaling; Men Facing Grief Support Group - 4/24/2017
- Fiction Book Club: “Truly Madly Guilty” - 4/25/2017
- Yoga for Homeschoolers: ages 8-12 - 4/25/2017
- PiYo with Morgan Webb - 4/25/2017


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Keyboard Signature Licks. Signature Licks Keyboard. Jazz Instruction, Bebop. Instructional book (softcover) with CD. 64 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.695734).
Item Number: HL.695734
ISBN 0634026909. 9x12 inches. Gene Rizzo Keyboard Signature Licks.
Learn the trademark piano styles and techniques of bebop pioneers such as Red Garland, Hampton Hawes, Hank Jones, George Shearing and others! Through transcriptions and recorded examples, Gene Rizzo teaches 16 classic tunes: April in Paris • Body and Soul • Cherokee • East of the Sun (And West of the Moon) • I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance • If I Were a Bell • Lullaby of Birdland • On a Clear Day • Prelude to a Kiss • Satin Doll • Thou Swell • and more.

domain: library


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This weekend I participated in another runDisney race and always enjoy the ability to mingle with the Disney characters. This weekend’s festivities included a super heroes theme and I found plenty of men and women dressed in Avengers’ costumes and volunteers also decorated in a mix of colorful Thor and Captain America memorabilia.
Although the winds were a bit strong in this race (up to 65 mph headwinds and blowing over aid stations), I generally adore running through California Adventure Park and Disneyland Resort. Here are a few reasons to consider adding a runDisney race to your 2015 schedule…be sure to add it into your budget, however. They come with a nice hefty registration price (but I think it’s worth it, at least once in your life).
1. Early morning start. Yes, they have to start early to get you out of the park before it opens to the public…However, this means you can be back at your hotel, showered and ready to explore one of the resorts early as well. Plus, you have the race done and over before most people even open their eyes for the day.
2. Plenty of “set-up” camera opportunities. Throughout the park, Disney officials bring in loads of costumed characters complete with race photographers and another Disney employee standing there ready to take a photo with your own camera. If you don’t want to spend the money on photos, it’s easy to take your own. Although photographers dot the course and take much higher-quality photos perfect for keepsakes (and Disney races offer the best keepsake photos).
3. The memorabilia available, from princess tiaras to wear while you run to the best medals in the running biz, you’ll bring home plenty of racing loot.
Upcoming Disney races:
On Sale: Feb. 10, 2015
Disney Wine & Dine Half Marathon WeekendNov. 6-7, 2015 │ Walt Disney World Resort
On Sale: March 17, 2015
Avengers Super Heroes Half Marathon WeekendNov. 12-15, 2015 │ Disneyland Resort
On Sale: April 7, 2015
Walt Disney World Marathon Weekend Jan. 6-10, 2016 │ Walt Disney World Resort
On Sale: April 28, 2015
Star Wars Half Marathon Weekend Jan. 14-17, 2016 │ Disneyland Resort
On Sale: June 16, 2015
Disney Princess Half Marathon WeekendFeb. 18-21, 2016 │ Walt Disney World Resort
On Sale: July 14, 2015
Tinker Bell Half Marathon WeekendMay 5-8, 2016 │ Disneyland Resort
On Sale: Aug. 11, 2015

domain: hobby


TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers.
Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its original form through TimesMachine.
BRONXVILLE, N. Y., July 6-- Fred Oman, 16-year-old Hastings High senior, who surprised by winning the medal with a 72 yesterday in the Metropolitan junior golf championship, captured his first two matches today. View Full Article in Timesmachine »


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May 01, 2019 · When a suicide occurs, people want to know, why do teens commit suicide? Some people consider their teenage years the happiest years of their lives, so a teen suicide just doesn't make sense to them. But teens can suffer real pain and be in terrible situations and these can cause teen suicides. Most. It's also important to know the suicide risk factors, so you can help yourself, a friend, or a family member if suicide ever becomes an issue. What Are Teen Suicide Risk Factors? Risk factors are habits or histories that put someone at greater likelihood of having a problem.
Causes of teenage suicide can be difficult to pinpoint and may involve several factors. Teens go through a vulnerable period at this stage in their lives. No matter how small or big their problems, their troubles may feel unbearable or overwhelming. Noticeable changes in behavior, such as withdrawal. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for children, adolescents, and young adults age 5-to-24-year-olds. The majority of children and adolescents who attempt suicide have a significant mental health disorder, usually depression. Among younger children, suicide attempts are often impulsive.
Causes of Teenage Suicide Essay. 550 Words 3 Pages. Show More. Teen Suicide: Causes, Statistic, Emotions, And Treatments Of Teenage Suicide. sharing some information that I have found about the effects, causes, statistic, emotions, and treatments of teenage suicide. People see suicide as if it was not important but that is absolutely not true. About Teen Suicide. The reasons behind a teen's suicide or attempted suicide can be complex. Although suicide is relatively rare among children, the rate of suicides and suicide attempts increases greatly during adolescence. Suicide is the third-leading cause of death for 15- to 24-year-olds, according to the Centers for Disease Control and.
Learn about teen suicide risk factors. Child Mind Institute teaches the warning signs of suicide, depression awareness, and teen suicide prevention.Author: Sal Pietro. Amazing fetish video library: Kinky Porn Pass Amateur-couples; Animated; Asian; Asian-juicy; Ass; Asshole; Big-ass; Big-tits; Boobs; Booty.
Teen suicide: What parents need to know. Teen suicide is preventable. Know the risk factors, the warning signs and the steps you can take to protect your teen. By Mayo Clinic Staff. Is your teen at risk of suicide? While no teen is immune, there are factors that can make some adolescents more vulnerable than others. Understand how to tell if. Nude Snapchat Leak Drove Teen Girl to Suicide. Tovonna Holton killed herself after her friend posted a photo of her showering on Snapchat that was then shared with other students, her mom said.Author: Kate Briquelet, Katie Zavadski.

domain: sociology


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February 28, 2009:
India is demanding that Russia sell them the design data for many of the weapons they have bought over the years. Russia is under a lot of pressure to accede. For decades, Russia controlled most of the market for high-tech military exports to India. Since the end of the Cold War in 1991, India went through some changes. First, the Indians abandoned their four decade experiment with socialism and state control of the economy (not communism and central planning, but many restrictions on entrepreneurs, as well as importing and exporting goods). The economy flourished, and suddenly India could afford even better quality weapons (from Western suppliers.) At the same time, India sought to expand its domestic arms industry, so that they could design and produce their own high-tech weapons.
Russia had already sold India production licenses for many major weapons systems. Russia would have preferred to just ship tanks and aircraft to India, but the license approach was a profitable second best. Russia also planned to make a lot of money with upgrades for the weapons, both the ones built in Russia, and those built under license in India. But the Indians wanted to shop around, and, where it suited their interests, to install non-Russian upgrades. To do that, they often need design details on the Russian gear.
India doesn't have to threaten to switch to Western, or domestic, designs for major military systems. This is already happening. India is telling the Russians that, if they want to preserve their privileged position as the major Indian weapons supplier, they will have to cooperate by sharing weapons design data. It's an offer the Russians can't refuse, at least not at great risk to their weapons exports.

domain: politics


text:
González-Fernández, Marcos González-Velasco, Carmen
Year of Publication:
[Journal:] Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa [ISSN:] 1886-516X [Volume:] 21 [Year:] 2016 [Pages:] 103-116
The objective of this paper is to classify a group of EMU countries according to the main determinants of long-term sovereign bond yields. We apply the Classification and Regression Tree method (CART). According to the findings, countries with lower inflation, a lower debt to GDP ratio, a lower average income tax rate, higher public debt maturity and higher IPI growth are placed in classification groups that have lower bond yields. These results confirm the hypothesis that countries with better macroeconomic and fiscal indicators have lower sovereign bond yields.
long-term yields sovereign yields classification trees decision trees

domain: economics


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#RightToRecord: DOJ must investigate arrests of citizens who document police killings
Editor's Note: The International Documentary Association has released a petition that asks the Department of Justice to investigate the arrests of citizen journalists who videotape police killings of citizens in marginalized communities. Boing Boing asked documentary filmmakers Laura Poitras and David Felix Sutcliffe to share with our readers why the fight to protect the rights of these amateur documentarians matters so much for all of us.—Xeni Jardin
Citizen journalists are reporting from the frontline of police violence in the United States. Using camera phones, they recorded the final moments of Philando Castile, Alton Sterling, Freddie Gray, and Eric Garner. In each case, the police retaliated by arresting those citizens - either in the immediate aftermath of the killings, or within 24 hours of the deaths being ruled homicides by medical examiners.
Kevin Moore, who documented Freddie Gray as he was arrested and dragged into the back of the police van, was taken into custody the night before charges were announced against 6 Baltimore officers. Though Moore was released without charges, he says that law enforcement continue to harass him. “Police sit outside my son’s school. And they ride past taunting me with their phones up.”
Mainstream media publish and often exploit the images recorded by these individuals. Unfortunately, it has overlooked the consequences for (and courage of) those who document police brutality, many of whom are people of color and vulnerable to the same violence they've captured. Today, dozens of award-winning documentary filmmakers are launching a petition, asking the Department of Justice to investigate this pattern of abuse, and for the journalistic community to stand in solidarity with citizens risking their personal freedom to document police violence.
We invite all individuals - be they filmmakers or just concerned citizens - to show their support and add their name to the petition.
STATEMENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTARY ASSOCIATION:
"We, the documentary community, call upon the Department of Justice to investigate a troubling pattern of abuse of power: the pervasive harassment of citizens who use cameras and social media to document and distribute footage of law enforcement. Whether they identify as citizen journalists, activists, or civilians, it is vital we defend the rights of these individuals to use video as a means of criticizing unjust police activity. We ask for a full investigation into any and all actions taken against them by police departments, and the larger pattern of abuse that has emerged on a federal, state, and local level, and the threat it poses to free speech and a free press.
We also call upon our peers in the journalistic community to investigate and report on these abuses. Chris LeDay, Abdullah Muflahi, Diamond Reynolds, Kevin Moore and Ramsey Orta are just a few of the names of the individuals who have used personal cameras and social media to shine a light on police brutality. By investigating other instances of police violence captured on video by citizens, and what consequences they may have faced, we can expand our awareness of the problem and take stock of the damages."
Click here to sign the statement.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Laura Poitras is a filmmaker and co-creator of Field of Vision. Her film CITIZENFOUR received an Oscar for best documentary. She is on the board of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.
David Felix Sutcliffe is an independent documentary filmmaker. Most recently, he co-directed (T)ERROR, which premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival where it won a Special Jury Prize for Break Out First Feature. Along with (T)ERROR co-director Lyric R. Cabral, David was honored by the International Documentary Association with the 2015 Emerging Filmmaker Award.
TOP PHOTO: Clockwise from top left: Diamond Reynolds, Chris LeDay, Abdullah Muflahi, Ramsey Orta (r), Kevin Moore (l).
Diamond Reynolds (top left) was arrested while livestreaming the aftermath of the police shooting of her fiancee Philando Castile.
Chris LeDay (top right) uploaded a video of police officers shooting Alton Sterling in the chest and was arrested 26 hours later by a dozen armed officers.
Abdullah Muflahi (bottom right) documented the police shooting of Alton Sterling and was arrested immediately afterwards.
Ramsey Orta (bottom left, in black shirt) documented the death of Eric Garner, who was asphyxiated by police and was arrested the day after Garner's death was ruled a homicide.
Kevin Moore (bottom left, in blue shirt) filmed Baltimore police officers as they dragged Freddie Gray into the back of a van where he subsequently suffered fatal spinal injuries. Moore was arrested the night before charges were announced against 6 Baltimore police officers).
“It would be the right (thing). But it’s not up to us to decide,” Putin said.
Chris Wallace of Fox News was impressed with Ambassador William Taylor’s testimony in today’s impeachment hearings: “William Taylor was a very impressive witness and was very damaging to the president. First of all, as you pointed out, he took very copious notes at almost every conversation… I think very nonpolitical. He went out of his […]
A number of popular health-related websites in the UK are reported to be actively sharing sensitive user data with dozens of third parties, including Google and Facebook, but also various adtech firms and data brokers.
The more you use your computer, the more it becomes possible for others to use it too. Where there are anti-virus systems, there are hackers looking for a way to get around them. That’s why it’s important to get software that doesn’t just passively scout for viruses in the background. The folks behind GlassWire have […]
Knowledge is power. It’s a cliché, but sometimes things turn into a cliché because they’re true. If you’re making your way through the world of business and entrepreneurship, it only makes sense to read about the insights of people who have climbed that ladder before you. Trouble is, the modern workday doesn’t leave a lot […]
As much as some of us fear the loss of our jobs to robots, there’s one job we’re pretty sure they are welcome to: vacuuming. There’s nothing quite like kicking back and watching a robot vacuum do one of the most time-consuming tasks on the household chore list. And there are few ‘bots that do […]


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domain: entertainment


This fireside chat recap is from FreightWaves’ DroneWaves Summit.
FIRESIDE CHAT TOPIC: Planning urban centers for drone delivery
DETAILS: Kaylee Nix, a reporter at FreightWaves, and Joshua Goldstein chat about how UrbanFootprint is taking a data-driven approach to planning layouts of urban environments. The logistics of drone operations and getting governmental approval in cities is quite complicated.
SPEAKER: Goldstein is the director of business development and partnerships at UrbanFootprint.
BIO: UrbanFootprint uses a software platform with in-depth urban planning data to help organizations transition to more sustainable, green economies. Goldstein has nearly a decade of experience building technology companies that work on hard public-sector problems. He was the co-founder and CEO of the Department of Better Technology and chief product officer at CityBase. Goldstein has also worked at Google, the World Bank and USAID.
KEY QUOTES FROM GOLDSTEIN:
“Many cities or local jurisdictions aren’t providing guidance on things like route planning, things like takeoff and landing, things like, ‘Can you fly over preschools?’ … I think that’s the biggest practical challenge that folks are facing.”
“From both an operational perspective and from the policy dialogue and policy planning part of this story, I think there are a lot of folks from city managers to mayors that we’ve talked to who want to be leaders in this space and are looking for private-sector partners to test some of these things.”
“I think we’re very far from the ideal Jetsons world that we all maybe want to live in in terms of a really crowded urban airspace.”


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Kenny Werner's ground-breaking book, "Effortless Mastery", and his fascinating seminars have helped thousands of musicians remove barriers to creativity and rediscover the joy of playing music. The "Effortless Mastery" DVD captures Mr. Wernspeaking before a packed house at the International Association of Jazz Educators convention where he directly addresses the creative problems faced by all musicians and suggests proven tactics for overcoming fear, apprehension, and other common creative barriers.
In a relaxed style, which is both entertaining and inspiring, Mr. Werner brings up the realization that many of these barriers to our creativity and spiritual fullfillment are commonly experienced by all professionals, reassuring the audience that he too has "been there", while demonstrating his principles for moving on to a higher level of musical comfort that promotes free-flowing, effortless thinking and performance.
Special DVD features include: Stereo.
DVD Video, NTSC, Regions: All
Kenny Werner is an accomplished pianist who began performing at the age of 4 and, by 11, had appeared on television. While at the Manhattan School of Music he became restless with his musical direction and began to explore jazz as a means of creativity and self-expression. Along his journey, he was inspired by masters of the craft to rethink not only the technical aspects of creativeity, but also the spiritual aspects.


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(Grand Cayman, Grand Cayman Island – April 2008) Destination wedding seekers desiring an intimate yet casual affair, a one-wedding-a-day guarantee, and the largest beachfront with 1,600 feet of pure heaven need look no further than The Reef Resort, Grand Cayman. This all-suite, beachfront property offers this and much more. Upon check-in, the bride and groom will receive a chilled bottle of champagne, a box Cuban-cigars, handmade gourmet chocolates and island bath treats. This casual celebration by the sea includes; a wedding arch of bamboo and conch shells lined with rose petals, a Caymanian marriage officer, beach ceremony and license, plus a sumptuous wedding cake, with Dom Perignon Champagne toast a professional wedding photographer a soloist, and a bridal bouquet and groom boutonniere. Caymanite precious gemstones (choice of blessing stones or pendants), and a morning-after breakfast in bed for two is also included. New this year is a private beach butler for the couple, waiting on the newlyweds as they dine by candlelight sea-side. The bride and groom will relish their spacious deluxe beachfront studio suite with patio or balcony, and truly enjoy the in-room Jacuzzi, priced at U.S. $4,995, Winter (1/5/08-3/28/08) Summer/Fall $4,500 (3/29/08 –12/20/08) including a five night stay. Additional wedding packages are available at www.thereef.com or contact the on-site concierge at firstname.lastname@example.org to accommodate special guest’s requests pre-arrival to ensure a truly magical and memorable wedding day.
Couples wanting to disengage from everyday life and reacquaint themselves with one another can do so easily at The Reef Resort as the quiet East End provides endless opportunities for hand-holding walks on smooth, white, sandy beaches and hours of daydreaming in a hammock under a coconut palm with a tasty Piña Colada in hand. Adventurous couples can scuba dive or snorkel – both of which the East End is known for and/or enjoy a couples massage in the brand new spa, Le Soleil Spa. Other island adventures include an awe-inspiring bio-luminescent or sunset kayaking tour, a Jolly Roger cocktail cruise, horseback riding, a bubble-sub tour, or couples may choose to just sit back, relax, and breathe in the cool island breezes from their private beachfront balcony or patio while engaging in a fun board game which are available at the front desk.
Expanded wedding options: island wedding specialists, photographers, and one-of-a-kind menu options in conjunction with the Reef’s on-site wedding coordinator; email@example.com. can be emailed for additional information, and to request rates, inquire about other wedding packages, resort amenities, and island entertainment call/email reservations at 888.232.0541 or firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: geography


text:
Washington: The US researchers have cracked a system that renders certain types of immune cells impervious to HIV infection, possibly paving the way to its eradication from the body.
The system's two vital components are high levels of a molecule that becomes embedded in viral DNA like a code written in invisible ink and an enzyme that, when it reads the code, switches from repairing the DNA to chopping it up into unusable pieces.
Johns Hopkins researchers say the discovery opens a new approach to eradicating HIV from the body, the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports.
"For decades, we have seen conflicting reports on whether each of these components helped protect cells from viruses," says James Stivers, professor of pharmacology and molecular sciences at the Johns Hopkins Medicine's Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, who led the study.
"By plotting how much of each are found in different types of cells, as well as the cells' response to HIV, we learned that both are needed to get the protective effect," adds Stivers, according to a John Hopkins' statement.

domain: health


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In the dynamic business landscape of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), staying ahead of the curve requires not only strategic planning but also efficient financial management. The emergence of virtual accountants has revolutionized the way businesses handle their accounting and financial consulting needs. In this article, we will explore the key benefits of employing a virtual accountant in UAE.
One of the primary advantages of utilizing a virtual accountant in UAE is the ability to access remote financial consulting UAE services. This proves especially beneficial in a business environment where agility and adaptability are paramount. Virtual accountants leverage technology to connect with clients irrespective of geographical distances, providing real-time financial insights and advice.
In a fast-paced business ecosystem like the UAE, the market trends can change rapidly. Having a remote financial consultant allows businesses to make informed decisions promptly. This is particularly crucial for startups and small enterprises aiming for growth and sustainability. By tapping into the expertise of a virtual accountant, businesses can navigate financial challenges with agility and gain a competitive edge.
UAE virtual accounting specialists bring a wealth of experience and industry-specific knowledge to the table. Whether it’s navigating the intricacies of UAE taxation laws, compliance requirements, or industry-specific financial nuances, virtual accountant in UAE are equipped to handle diverse challenges. This specialized expertise ensures that businesses receive accurate and tailored financial advice.
Moreover, virtual accounting specialists in the UAE often stay abreast of the latest changes in regulations and best practices. This proactive approach helps businesses in the region to remain compliant and mitigate risks effectively. By outsourcing accounting tasks to specialists who understand the local business landscape, companies can focus on their core competencies while ensuring their financial processes are in capable hands.
Virtual accounting services in the UAE offer a range of solutions designed to streamline financial operations. From day-to-day bookkeeping tasks to complex financial analysis, virtual accountants employ cutting-edge technology to enhance efficiency. Cloud-based accounting platforms, secure data storage, and automated processes contribute to a seamless and error-free financial management system.
The efficiency gains achieved through virtual accounting services translate into time and cost savings for businesses. Manual data entry errors are minimized, and the risk of financial discrepancies is significantly reduced. This not only fosters accuracy in financial reporting but also frees up valuable resources that can be redirected towards strategic business initiatives.
The adoption of online bookkeeping solutions is a key component of the virtual accounting landscape in the UAE. Cloud-based accounting software allows businesses to manage their financial records securely and access them from anywhere, at any time. This level of accessibility is particularly advantageous in a globalized business environment where mobility is essential.
Online bookkeeping solutions also facilitate collaboration between businesses and their virtual accountants. Real-time updates and shared access to financial data promote transparency and enable more informed decision-making. Furthermore, the automation features embedded in modern accounting software contribute to enhanced accuracy and reduced manual workload.
Cost-effectiveness is a critical consideration for businesses of all sizes, and virtual accountants in the UAE offer a solution that aligns with this priority. Traditional in-house accounting departments often come with hefty overhead costs, including salaries, benefits, and office space. In contrast, virtual accountant in UAE operates remotely, allowing businesses to access top-tier financial expertise without the burden of extensive fixed costs.
Moreover, the scalability of virtual accounting services is a significant advantage for businesses experiencing fluctuations in their financial needs. Whether a company is scaling up or down, virtual accountants can adjust their services accordingly. This scalability ensures that businesses pay only for the services they require, making it a flexible and cost-efficient solution for both startups and established enterprises.
Concerns about data security are paramount in today’s digital landscape, and virtual accountants in the UAE recognize the importance of implementing robust security measures. Leading virtual accounting services utilize advanced encryption protocols, secure servers, and multi-factor authentication to protect sensitive financial data. This commitment to security not only safeguards the confidentiality of financial information but also instills trust among businesses outsourcing their accounting tasks.
The emphasis on data security is particularly crucial in a region like the UAE, where regulatory compliance and confidentiality are paramount. Virtual accountants prioritize compliance with local data protection laws. It provides businesses with peace of mind as they entrust their financial information to remote professionals.
You can Also Read: Maximizing Your Financial Potential with Professional Accounting Services
Beyond day-to-day accounting tasks, virtual accountant in UAE play a crucial role in strategic financial planning. By leveraging data analytics and financial insights, virtual accountants can help businesses make informed decisions that contribute to sustainable growth. These professionals go beyond mere number-crunching, offering strategic advice that aligns with the long-term objectives of the business.
Virtual accountants analyze financial trends, identify potential risks, and highlight growth opportunities. This strategic approach to financial planning empowers businesses in the UAE to proactively address challenges. It also helps to capitalize on emerging market trends. In a rapidly evolving business landscape, having a financial partner who understands the intricacies of the UAE market is invaluable for informed decision-making.
Staying compliant with the ever-evolving regulatory landscape in the UAE can be a daunting task. Virtual accountants, with their specialized knowledge of local regulations, ensure that businesses adhere to all legal requirements. From tax filings to financial reporting, virtual accountants stay abreast of changes in legislation, helping businesses avoid penalties and legal complications.
The complexities of UAE tax laws and compliance standards require a meticulous approach, and virtual accountants are well-equipped to navigate these intricacies. This compliance assurance not only mitigates legal risks but also contributes to the overall financial stability and reputation of the business in the UAE market.
In conclusion, the shift towards virtual accountant in UAE represents a transformative step in the realm of financial management. Businesses benefit from remote financial consulting and the expertise of virtual accountants, enhancing efficiency through online bookkeeping, all provided by SA Consultants. Embracing virtual accounting is strategic, not just convenient, in the evolving tech landscape of the UAE. By leveraging virtual accountants, businesses achieve efficiency, precision, and modernized financial management tailored to today’s demands
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domain: finance


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domain: medical


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Generally, anxiety arises first, often during childhood. Evidence suggests that both biology and environment can contribute to the disorder. Some people may have a genetic predisposition to anxiety; however, even so, development of the condition is not inevitable. Early traumatic experiences can also reset the body’s normal fear-processing system so that it is hyper-reactive.
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People generally can overcome panic attacks faster if they seek help after the first one or two, says psychologist Cheryl Carmin, PhD, director of clinical psychology training at the Wexner Medical Center and a professor at Ohio State University in Columbus. When you do seek help, your doctor or therapist will ask about your symptoms and the situations in which they arise, and might also recommend additional medical testing to rule out other health concerns.
As with most behavioral illnesses, the causes of panic attacks are many. Certainly there is evidence that the tendency to have panic attacks can sometimes be inherited. However, there is also evidence that panic may be a learned response and that the attacks can be initiated in otherwise healthy people simply given the right set of circumstances. Research into the causes of panic attacks is ongoing.
“One day, without any warning or reason, a feeling of terrible anxiety came crashing down on me. I felt like I couldn’t get enough air, no matter how hard I breathed. My heart was pounding out of my chest, and I thought I might die. I was sweating and felt dizzy. I felt like I had no control over these feelings and like I was drowning and couldn’t think straight.
Some research suggests that your body's natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. For example, if a grizzly bear came after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would speed up as your body prepared for a life-threatening situation. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But it's unknown why a panic attack occurs when there's no obvious danger present.
Learn how to control your breathing. Hyperventilation brings on many sensations (such as lightheadedness and tightness of the chest) that occur during a panic attack. Deep breathing, on the other hand, can relieve the symptoms of panic. By learning to control your breathing, you can calm yourself down when you begin to feel anxious. And if you know how to control your breathing, you’re also less likely to create the very sensations that you’re afraid of.
Buspirone is a drug indicated for the treatment of anxiety. This drug has high efficacy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and is particularly effective at reducing the cognitive and interpersonal problems associated with anxiety. Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone does not have a sedative effect or interact with alcohol. Most importantly there is a very low risk of developing a dependence on buspirone. Its side effects are minimal but can include dizziness, nervousness, and headaches. BuSpar and Vanspar are brand names associated with buspirone.
Exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia includes exposure to the situations you fear and avoid is also included in treatment. As in exposure therapy for specific phobias, you face the feared situation until the panic begins to go away. Through this experience, you learn that the situation isn’t harmful and that you have control over your emotions.
Not getting enough restful sleep can trigger anxiety. Stress and anxiety can also interfere with sleep and cause you to stay awake at night. It can be a frustrating cycle when the stressors of the day and future worries cause you stay up at night. Take some time to wind down before bed such as utilizing some of the above relaxation and meditation strategies. Also, instead of letting your mind continuously race at night, try putting your thoughts, worries, and plans for the next day on paper before bed. This will ease your anxiety about forgetting something you need to accomplish in the future and allow you to relax and rest.
The electrocardiograph in a person with panic attacks often shows tachycardia, but does not usually show any of the changes typically seen in people with heart attacks or angina. However, if significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease are present, a noninvasive evaluation to rule out coronary artery disease (CAD) may sometimes be a good idea.
Anxiety disorders reflect disorders that share a general feature of excessive fear (i.e. emotional response to perceived or real threat) and/or anxiety (i.e. anticipation of future threat) and demonstrate behavioral and functional disturbances as a result. Panic attacks are a feature that can occur in the context of many anxiety disorders and reflect a type of fear response.
What happens, exactly? "We all physically respond to stress," says Barbara O. Rothbaum, PhD, psychiatry professor and director, Trauma and Anxiety Recovery Program, at Atlanta's Emory University School of Medicine. "You might feel anxious about work-related problems, taking a big exam, or making an important decision. But someone who suffers from panic disorder may react to those same moderate pressures with an exaggerated physical reaction-as if he or she were about to be attacked by a wild tiger or fall from a great height. It's full-on, adrenaline-pumping, fight-or-flight response."
There are many highly effective treatment options available for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. These treatments can be broadly categorized as: 1) Psychotherapy; 2) Medications; and 3) Complementary and Alternative Therapies. Patients diagnosed with anxiety can benefit from one or a combination of these various therapies. Discussions of emerging therapies and types of care providers are also included.
Have you ever worried about your health? Money? The well-being of your family? Who hasn’t, right? These are common issues we all deal with and worry about from time to time. However, if you find yourself in constant worry over anything and everything in your life, even when there should be no cause for concern, you might be suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder. People with this condition often recognize they are “over-worrying” about a lot of issues, but have no control over the worry and associated anxiety. It is constant and can interfere with your ability to relax or sleep well and can cause you to startle easily.
The degree of accompanying stress response and its physiological, psychological, and emotional changes are directly proportional to the degree of anxiety. For example, if you are only slightly concerned, such as being slightly nervous about meeting someone new, the body produces a small degree stress response. The small degree stress response can be so slight that you don’t even notice it.
Panic disorder is a separate but related diagnosis to panic attacks. People experiencing repeated panic attacks and who meet other diagnostic criteria may be diagnosed with this illness. Panic disorder is thought to have more of an inherited component than panic attacks that are not a part of panic disorder. Certain medical conditions, like asthma and heart disease, as well as certain medications, like steroids and some asthma medications, can cause anxiety attacks as a symptom or side effect. As individuals with panic disorder are at higher risk of having a heart-valve abnormality called mitral valve prolapse (MVP), that should be evaluated by a doctor since MVP may indicate that specific precautions be taken when the person is treated for a dental problem.
The last strategy — learning what triggers your anxiety — is important. Sometimes you can take small steps to conquer your anxiety instead of letting the trigger conquer you. For example, if meeting new people causes you high anxiety, consider going with a friend to meet the new neighbors. Once you do this with ease, you can move forward and meet people on your own. All the pent-up fear and anxiety attacks will start to resolve as you become accustomed to reaching out in your community.
If you're having lots of panic attacks at unpredictable times and there doesn't seem to be a particular trigger or cause, you might be given a diagnosis of panic disorder. It's common to experience panic disorder and agoraphobia (a type of phobia) together. People who experience panic disorder may have some periods with few or no panic attacks, but have lots at other times.
A large brief current is passed through a wire coil that is placed on the front of the head which is near the areas that regulate mood. The transient current creates a magnetic field that produces an electric current in the brain and stimulates nerve cells in the targeted region. The current typically only affects brain regions that are 5 centimeters deep into the brain which allows doctors to selectively target which brain regions to treat. Typical sessions lasts 30-60 minutes and do not require anesthesia. Sessions are administered 4-5 times a week for about 6 weeks. Although the procedure is painless, patients may experience a gentle tapping in the area of the head where the current is being administered. Neuromodulation has very few side effects but they may include headaches, slight tingling or discomfort in the area in which the coil is placed. rTMS may be administered alone or in combination with medication and/or psychotherapy.
A collection of activities focused in which an individual consciously produces the relaxation response in their body. This response consists of slower breathing, resulting in lower blood pressure and overall feeling of well-being. These activities include: progressive relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, and self-hypnosis and deep-breathing exercises.
The signs and symptoms of a panic attack develop abruptly and usually reach their peak within 10 minutes. They rarely last more than an hour, with most ending within 20 to 30 minutes. Panic attacks can happen anywhere and at any time. You may have one while you’re in a store shopping, walking down the street, driving in your car, or even sitting on the couch at home.
Poor coping skills (e.g., rigidity/inflexible problem solving, denial, avoidance, impulsivity, extreme self-expectation, negative thoughts, affective instability, and inability to focus on problems) are associated with anxiety. Anxiety is also linked and perpetuated by the person's own pessimistic outcome expectancy and how they cope with feedback negativity. Temperament (e.g., neuroticism) and attitudes (e.g. pessimism) have been found to be risk factors for anxiety.
Panic disorder is a condition that causes many disturbing mental, physical, and emotional symptoms. Despite these intense symptoms, panic disorder, panic attacks, and agoraphobia are all treatable conditions. Given that agoraphobia typically develops within the first year a person begins to have abrupt panic attacks, it is important to seek out help early on. However, treatment can provide much improvement, even for those with long-term symptoms.
Because involuntary panic attacks can be caused by other medical conditions, such as mitral valve prolapse, thyroid problems, hyperglycemia, side effects from certain types of medications, recreational drug use (such as marijuana), stimulants, etc., it’s best to discuss your panic attacks and symptoms with your doctor to rule out any medical cause.
The cause of anxiety disorders is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Anxiety can stem itself from certain factors: genetics, medicinal side-effects, shortness of oxygen. Risk factors include a history of child abuse, family history of mental disorders, and poverty. Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental disorders, particularly major depressive disorder, personality disorder, and substance use disorder. To be diagnosed symptoms typically need to be present at least six months, be more than would be expected for the situation, and decrease functioning. Other problems that may result in similar symptoms including hyperthyroidism, heart disease, caffeine, alcohol, or cannabis use, and withdrawal from certain drugs, among others.
Anxiety can be either a short-term 'state' or a long-term personality "trait". Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan of responding with acute, state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations (whether they are actually deemed threatening or not). A meta-analysis showed that a high level of neuroticism is a risk factor for development of anxiety symptoms and disorders. Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious.
Primarily, it is important to stay calm, patient, and understanding. Help your friend wait out the panic attack by encouraging them to take deep breaths in for four seconds and out for four seconds. Stay with them and assure them that this attack is only temporary and they will get through it. You can also remind them that they can leave the environment they are in if they would feel more comfortable elsewhere and try to engage them in light-hearted conversation.
“Panic disorder is diagnosed if the individual has recurrent panic attacks (minimum four in a four-week period), and at least one of the attacks is accompanied by one or more physical symptoms, including persistent concern about having another attack, worry about the implication or consequences of the attack (i.e., having a heart attack), and/or a significant change in behaviour due to the attacks, such as quitting a job.7 In addition, the panic attacks cannot be due to the physiological effects of a substance or another general medical condition.”
So, if anxiety has so many negative effects, why is it relatively common? Many scientists who study anxiety disorders believe that many of the symptoms of anxiety (e.g., being easily startled, worrying about having enough resources) helped humans survive under harsh and dangerous conditions. For instance, being afraid of a snake and having a "fight or flight" response is most likely a good idea! It can keep you from being injured or even killed. When humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies and couldn't pick up their next meal at a grocery store or drive-through, it was useful to worry about where the next meal, or food for the winter, would come from. Similarly avoiding an area because you know there might be a bear would keep you alive —worry can serve to motivate behaviors that help you survive. But in modern society, these anxiety-related responses often occur in response to events or concerns that are not linked to survival. For example, seeing a bear in the zoo does not put you at any physical risk, and how well-liked you are at work does not impact your health or safety. In short, most experts believe that anxiety works by taking responses that are appropriate when there are real risks to your physical wellbeing (e.g., a predator or a gun), and then activating those responses when there is no imminent physical risk (e.g., when you are safe at home or work).
When used in the appropriate person with close monitoring, medications can be quite effective as part of treatment for panic disorder. However, as anything that is ingested carries a risk of side effects, it is important for the individual who has panic attacks to work closely with the prescribing health care professional to decide whether treatment with medications is an appropriate intervention and, if so, which medication should be administered. The person being treated should be closely monitored for the possibility of side effects that can vary from minor to severe, and in some cases, even be life-threatening. Due to the possible risks to the fetus of a mother being treated for panic attacks with medication, psychotherapy should be the first treatment tried when possible during pregnancy and the risk of medication treatment should be weighed against the risk of continued panic attacks in regard to the impact of a developing fetus.
We all experience anxiety. For example, speaking in front of a group can make us anxious, but that anxiety also motivates us to prepare and practice. Driving in heavy traffic is another common source of anxiety, but it helps keep us alert and cautious to avoid accidents. However, when feelings of intense fear and distress become overwhelming and prevent us from doing everyday activities, an anxiety disorder may be the cause.
Most people experience feelings of anxiety before an important event such as a big exam, business presentation or first date. Anxiety disorders, however, are illnesses that cause people to feel frightened, distressed and uneasy for no apparent reason. Left untreated, these disorders can dramatically reduce productivity and significantly diminish an individual's quality of life.
I felt pretty much like a anxiety attack today and I felt like nausea, puked literally green fluid. And then after a while felt relieved. Suddenly felt like nausea and was burping real bad and then I go to the toilet and then sat on the floor and thank god I had two of my besties at home to support me holding my hands and asked me to calm down. Since it clicked me that something is getting extra in my body I started breathing fast and then kept saying “I am strong” and came out to my bedroom and started working out jumping like crazy for almost 5 minutes and then all the shivering went away. Finally I vomited once again and then after reaching hospital and getting intravenous injection I felt relieved. Just to make sure nothing is really wrong I went to visit a general physician and he gave me meds and suggested looking at my fear for a sonography. Turns out I need to relax.
If I might make a suggestion for another coping mechanism: go near someone you trust – a friend, family member, or spouse. There’s safety in numbers, and even your subconscious knows that. Being near someone you trust can be comforting, as you’ll be able to get their help if something really does happen. It doesn’t matter if you talk to them, if they’re paying attention to you, or even if they’re sleeping – them simply being nearby and available to call upon if something happens will dull your fear.
There is a long list of signs and symptoms of an anxiety attack. But because each body is somewhat chemically unique, anxiety attacks can affect each person differently. Consequently, anxiety attack symptoms can vary from person to person in type or kind, number, intensity, duration, and frequency. If your symptoms don’t exactly match this list, that doesn’t mean you don’t have anxiety attacks. It simply means that your body is responding to them slightly differently.
Prevention is more effective than treatment for panic attacks. Prevention involves stress management methods such as meditation and mindfulness to reduce your stress so that it doesn’t accumulate and eventually erupt into a panic attack. Prevention is not about stopping a panic attack just before it happens. The best you can do just before a panic attack is manage it.
Many neurotransmitters are affected when the body is under the increased stress and anxiety that accompany a panic attack. Some include serotonin, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), dopamine, norepinephrine and glutamate. More research into how these neurotransmitters interact with one another during a panic attack is needed to make any solid conclusions, however.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the handbook used for diagnosis of mental health disorders, and is widely used by health care professionals around the world. For each disorder, the DSM has a description of symptoms and other criteria to diagnose the disorder. The DSM is important, because it allows different clinicians and/or researchers to use the same language when discussing mental health disorders. The first DSM was published in 1952 and has been updated several times after new research and knowledge became available. In 2013, the most recent version of the DSM, the DSM-5, was released. There are a few important differences with its predecessor DSM-IV regarding anxiety disorders. First, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is not part of the anxiety disorders any more, but now has its own category: Obsessive-Compulsive, Stereotypic and related disorders. Second, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) now also has its own category: Trauma and Stressor-related Disorders.