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Blackwell, Oklahoma History
"This information was gathered from various sites throughout the Internet. The numbers behind the sentences correspond to the web page I got the information from during my research. It is a conglomeration of information that has it's resources on the corresponding webpages. Please visit those web pages as the people there have done hard work in making history more available to all of us."
At the bottom of the page are 'Places of Interest' where I have captured some of the history of the local area.
Blackwell is a city in Kay County, Oklahoma, located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 177 and State Highway 11 along Interstate 35 and is about 15 miles to the northwest of Ponca City. Blackwell is located at along the Chikaskia River and to the east of Interstate 35.
Lying along the Chikaskia River, Blackwell came into existence during the Cherokee Outlet Opening on September 16, 1893. The town is named for Andrew Jackson Blackwell, an allottee of mixed blood who was the dominant force in its founding. Colonel Blackwell platted the original town site and recognized the possibilities of the location. Previous to the opening of the strip, September 16, 1893, the city had been divided into lots and shortly after the opening there was a drawing for the lots. The twenty five foot lots are explained by the fact that a company advertising Blackwell as a"Garden Spot" sold more certificates than there were lots and the goods had to be cut according to the cloth, was the answer. A post office was established on December 1, 1893. Due to a struggle for regional prominence between Blackwell and nearby Parker, the post office was named Parker from April 2, 1894, to February 4, 1895. After the latter date, the name reverted to Blackwell.
It is funny how some of the leaders of the community ensured that they would have money, for it is told that sometime before the opening of the outlet, A. J. Blackwell, for whom Blackwell was named, put up 300,000 tons of prairie hay. Later the ground was burned off and when the settlers arrived there was no available feed for their stock, which necessiatated their buying this hay from Mr. Blackwell at $1.00 and $1.25 a bale. A. J. Blackwell kept the entire block where the Security bank now is located, and he evidently was good at figures for he got thirteen lots out of the block, while the others were divided into twelve. He built a three story tin hotel where the bank now stands and kept on building one story buildings until he had the block full. The first brick building is now occupied by the Leuker Drug Company. My first store was located where the First National Bank is, and was the next built, with two more built at the same time directly across the street.
Blackwell's economy has been based on agriculture and the oil and gas industry. The first gas well was drilled in the city park, and although gas was found, the well was soon abandoned and another well sunk on the Ferry Wheeler farm north of town. The gas from this well was piped to the various buildings in the town and the Blackwell Mill, one of the earliest industries to be established here.
Between 1897 and 1899 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a line east and west through the community. In 1899 the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway constructed a line north and south.
As a result, the town became an agricultural trade center, with wheat, corn, flour, hogs, and cattle being shipped to outside markets, and as a regional market for horses and mules. Petroleum assumed significance when gas wells were drilled in the area in 1901 and 1902. At 1907 statehood Blackwell's population stood at 2,664 and in 1910 at 3,266. By 1911 the town had six churches, three banks, two school buildings, flour mills, and grain elevators.
The Blackwell Eagle published by E. A. Henthorne, and Blackwell Rock Record published by Homer Chambers were the first newspapers and distributed their first issue on the day of the opening. In October Mr. Walker published the Blackwell Times and some time later Mr. Blackwell established the Blackwell Lion. In March, 1894, the Times and the Rock Record were consolidated and passed into the hands of F. T. Berkey under the name of The Times Record. Citizens supported the Blackwell Daily News as well as the weekly Times-Record newspaper.
Transportation access also helped the town attract manufacturing and industry. In the 1930s Blackwell had a flour mill, a brick plant, four grain elevators, six oil companies, and fifteen gas plants/refineries. Through the years businesses have included the Globe Oil and Refining Company, the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company, the Blackwell Cheese Company, and the Turvey (meat) Packing Company. The Oklahoma Bottle and Glass Company manufactured fruit jars. Because of the abundance of natural gas for fuel, the Blackwell Zinc Company, a smelter plant, opened in 1916. It employed approximately eight hundred in 1972 and was one of the three largest plants of its kind in the United States.
From 1916 to 1974, the Blackwell Zinc Company(BZC) operated a smelterfacility on the northwestcorner of Blackwell Avenue and north 13th Street.This smelter processed zinc and cadmium concen-trates to produce refined metal. Environmental re-leases from smelting and refining processes causedsome soils and groundwater near the historic facility to contain elevated levels of metals. In 1974, afterclosing and salvaging the facility, Blackwell Zinc Com-pany donated the smelter site to the Blackwell Indus-trial Authority (BIA), a public trust of the City ofBlackwell. Since that time, the BIA has been developing the former smelter site as an industrial park.In 1974 the Blackwell Zinc Smelter ceased operations. At the time, it was the city's largest employer, employing around 1,100 people. The smelter first began operations in 1916. After its closure the land and was donated to the BIA (Blackwell Industrial Authority). Parts of Blackwell are contaminated with various substances, including lead, arsenic, and cadmium.
Blackwell's first school opened in September 1893 in a small, frame building by Miss Lottie Jerome and it was a subsc ription school which was held in Lovett Junior High Building with fifty-two students in attendance. A gradual enrollment increase created a need for ten teachers by 1899. By the 1930s the school system consisted of six elementary schools, a junior high school, and a senior high school. In 1936 the high school was completed at a cost of $225,000 with funding from a bond issue and the federal Public Works Administration. Oklahoma Baptist College, a private institution, operated in Blackwell between 1901 and 1913. At the turn of the twenty-first century Blackwell's educational system offered head start, prekindergarten, and kindergarten through high school. Higher education was available nearby at Northern Oklahoma College in Tonkawa and at the Pioneer Technology Center in Ponca City. The city maintains nine public parks, a swimming pool, and a golf course, as well as a youth center and a public library. A municipal airport is located southeast of town. The Blackwell National Guard Armory was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
The Statue of Lady liberty in front of the Memorial Pool Complex is one of 150 originals remaining in the United States.
Blackwell is home to the Top Of Oklahoma Museum (open weekdays) which is a grand, white structure with a large central dome, the Pavilion was built in 1912 to celebrate the advent of electricity in Blackwell. Its design takes after styles exhibited at the famous “White City” of the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893. Its lights, which originally numbered over 500, could once be seen for miles across the windswept prairie.
The Kay County Free Fair (the second week of each September) Largest county fair in Oklahoma! Over 90 outdoor vendors, 8 buildings full of exhibits, livestock competition, carnival rides, and live entertainment.
And the Tulips Abloom Festival (early each spring)Craft Booths, entertainment, food, games, beauty pageant, and thousands of tuplips in bloom.
On May 25, 1955, a deadly F5 tornado struck Blackwell at approx. 9:30pm and cut a swath of destruction through the northeastern portion of city, roughly centered in the neighborhoods surrounding Riverside Park. 20 residents died and 250 were injured. This tornado was part of a significant tornado outbreak across the Central Plains which included another F5 tornado that struck Udall, Kansas killing 82 people and injuring 270. The outbreak spawned 19 tornadoes across Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas alone.
Parker was a town created by a Dr. Parker of Arkansas City, Kansas, who like the founders of Blackwell, expected his town to be the “premier” city of Kay County. Parker was located one mile south of Blackwell across the Chikaskia River. At least two two-story buildings were built and two newspapers established. Parker set about trying to convince a railroad to build a spur into the town then tried to convince the people of “Blackwell Rock” to give up their post office, even though they didn’t have one yet and to merge with Parker, giving up the name Blackwell. A.J. Blackwell convinced the townspeople of Blackwell to turn down the merger with Parker. Shortly thereafter, the Chikaskia River flooded the small town of Parker and practically washed it away. However this was not the end of Parker. It went through two more incarnations, first as Chikaskia City and then as Kay Center. Kay Center at least had the distinction of having its own post office from October 9, 1897 to June 1, 1898, then it too ceased to exist as an organized town.
-  Kay County Information (http://www.kaycounty.info/ncoha/ghostowns.htm)
-  Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History (http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/B/BL007.html)
-  Rootsweb (http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/BLACKWELL/1998-11/0910213429)
-  Wild West Tour (http://www.wildwesttour.com/communities/blackwell.htm)
Places of Interest:

domain: library


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domain: literature


Sun Ra left an indelible mark on jazz and 20th Century music as a whole. As a pioneer of Afrofuturism, he integrated cosmic philosophies and lyrical poetry into his compositions and was an early adopter of using free improvisation and was one of the first artists to use electronic keyboards.
Little is known about his early life and Sun Ra’s birthdate was only confirmed following his death in 1993. After moving to Chicago, he began to lay the groundwork for his signature transformative approach to music with his ‘Arkestra.’
Fusing all manners of free jazz, the avant-garde and funk, Sun Ra’s music transcended labels and genres and occupied its own space.
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Is Matt Bomer Too Old to Play Christian Grey?
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5 Pregnant Celebs Who Posed Nude

domain: celebrity


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Venture capital investors are increasingly looking to back startups that can combine profits with altruism.
In the 1960s, the dominant philosophy of investing echoed the edicts of economist Milton Friedman. He asserted that company leaders and managers must prioritize short-term profits above all else. Give the shareholders as much cash as you can, he opined, and don’t worry about being a good member of the community that supports you.
Fortunately, times have changed. Today’s savvy investor looks at the big picture and values companies that embrace sustainable business practices – meaning quite simply that the business can carry on indefinitely within its ecosystem. The opposite? Unsustainable business practices: business models that can’t continue indefinitely. Take the coal industry, which has, historically, been very profitable for a small number of people – but is by definition unsustainable. It cannot last forever: eventually, all the coal will be gone. What’s more, burning coal causes damage to communities in the form of pollution, the cost of which is borne by taxpayers who don’t even use the product.
Recognition of that fundamental distinction is one of the reasons why the rise of socially conscious organizations is one of the most encouraging trends in venture capital (VC) investing today.
Uplifting communities and people
VC investors are increasingly backing companies that are both sustainable and profitable – and actively involved in uplifting people who’ve been shut out. These companies seek to sell products or services that don’t hurt people – and, moreover, that act as a positive force within their communities.
The potential unleashed by this approach is illustrated by a multitude of forward-looking VC-backed companies that are now pursuing a sustainable, socially-conscious model.
Zirtue, for example, provides a lending application that enables users to easily make loans between friends and family. Founded in Dallas, Texas, in 2018, this startup gives working people an alternative to the predatory high-interest lenders that plague low-income neighborhoods and perpetuate wealth inequality.
Personal finance is also the focus for OfColor, which offers a financial wellness platform that improves the financial health of employees of color. Based in Maplewood, New Jersey, one of the goals of this Black-owned startup is to close the $154,000 racial wealth gap between Black and white families in the US.
Another socially-conscious startup is AllHere, which operates a chatbot software solution designed to reduce chronic absenteeism among students and keep parents informed. Headquartered in Boston, the company’s messaging platform facilitates two-way communication between families and school districts.
Another Boston-founded company, EatWell, creates nutritious, ready-to-cook meal kits that can be prescribed to patients to alleviate food insecurity, prevent diabetes, and reduce healthcare costs. Incubated in the Harvard Innovation Labs, EatWell reached a milestone of serving more than 50,000 meals in April 2023.
Then there’s Health in Her Hue, which operates an online platform that helps Black women access healthcare providers, telehealth services, and health content, enabling members to comfortably connect and communicate with community doctors. Based in New York, the company strives to close the persistent gaps in healthcare access, utilization, and quality of care faced by Black women and women of color.
There are many more such companies, all with the common goal of attracting VC funding and providing a competitive return on investment while making life better for their customers and stakeholders. For investors, the question now becomes: how do I pivot to be socially responsible?
Four questions for socially conscious investors
I believe there are four key questions for socially responsible investors to ask – while remembering that every investment carries risk as well as the possibility of reward.
1. Is the organization a benefit corporation or B Corp?
In the US, a benefit corporation is a state classification: essentially a state-authorized corporate form that can be adopted by any for-profit entity whose board of directors wants to consider society and the environment in addition to profit in its decision-making process. Similar models exist in a few other countries.
In contrast, a Certified B Corporation (or B Corp) is an organization certified by B Lab, a nonprofit dedicated to transforming our economic system to benefit all people, communities, and the planet. The B Corp certification goes much deeper and reflects the company’s day-to-day operations – but both are positive signs the company can deliver both profits and community good.
2. What’s the company’s mission?
You can assess a company’s mission and goals via its website and press coverage. Does this mission align with your own values, priorities or expertise? Are you interested in tackling the same social problems? Could you leverage your skills and knowledge to help coach or advise the team?
Understanding a company’s mission can be very informative with startups, but be careful when evaluating the mission of big corporations, whose goal may be to ‘greenwash’ their public image, appearing socially responsible when they’re not. Cut through company spin by getting to know the founders and understanding what motivates them. Nearly every successful impact-driven company grows from an idea rooted in a founder’s lived or observed experience. This type of conviction isn’t easily faked.
3. What’s in the company’s prospectus?
Companies seeking to raise money from VC investors will generally have a prospectus available. This document is given to investors for consideration and details the offering itself, the price of the securities (whether equity or debt, i.e. stocks or bonds), the management team, and any regulatory disclosures.
4. What’s the company’s financial outlook?
Evaluating a company that offers a social good is, in many ways, no different from assessing any venture opportunity. For a well-established company with customers and revenue traction, look for signs of scalability and promising economics. A key ratio, for example, is the lifetime value of the customer (LTV) to the cost of acquisition (CAC). An investor should also be conscious of customer churn and gross margin indicators. For pre-revenue or early-revenue businesses, focus on the market size, potential for industry disruption, competitive moats (like intellectual property), and the team’s track record.
The opportunity for founders and leaders
For today’s business leaders and startup founders, matching with socially conscious investors – who are eager to solve the problems you’re focused on – is a boon. Invest heavily in investor networking and don’t take rejections personally: your company’s mission may not align with an investor’s mandate, but that same investor likely knows others who will find the opportunity attractive.
Investors have never before had such a wealth of socially responsible opportunities. Due diligence and a keen eye for value can produce results that exceed expectations – not only in the shape of financial returns, but in benefit to our communities and planet.

domain: finance


Recently two prominent American authors, Reza Aslan and Peter Beinart, were detained briefly at the Israeli border before being allowed into the country. This has been used by Israel’s enemies as yet more ammunition with which to bash that beleaguered country. But an examination of the larger context paints a different picture.
Israel is surrounded by countries (like Iran) and terrorists (like Hamas and Hezbollah) sworn to its destruction. Tens of thousands of Israelis have been killed, maimed, and traumatized by their attacks, which stretch back for decades. Allied with these forces are credulous Western intelligentsia figures like Aslan and Beinart, who seek to exploit freedom of speech in Israel in order to visit the country and work for its demise. Both of these authors have an extensive history of anti-Israel polemics.
As a result, Israel must screen those who seek admittance to insure that they do not pose too much of a threat. Entrance to Israel by non-citizens is a privilege, not a right. The United States and all other countries follow these same rules.
Aslan and Beinart were admitted to Israel after brief interviews. Yet they continue to complain. In doing so, they betray their inimical intent towards the world’s only Jewish state, cloaked in the false garb of progressivism.
Daniel H. Trigoboff, Ph.D.


Nearly two decades ago, a Canadian rock band stormed onto the pop punk scene with their debut album, No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls. Supported by the singles "I'm Just A Kid," "I'd Do Anything," "Addicted" and "Perfect," Simple Plan went on to cement themselves as mainstays of the genre through a long trek with the recently defunct Vans Warped Tour.
“It’s been a huge part of our lives and our career,” drummer Chuck Comeau says of the traveling festival, which completed its final cross-country run in 2018. “We were able to use it to elevate ourselves and extend our reach. It was a huge platform for us and being able to do the last one was special."
Comeau suspected that the end of the 24-year pilgrimage might breathe new life into the festival, which had been struggling to attract fans in recent years, but the level of renewed interest he saw in each town still amazed him.
“The fact that it was the last one brought out so many people, because they wanted to live it one more time,” he says. “We had a hunch that people would show up, because that festival really resonated with people. Sure enough, every show was gigantic. They hadn’t had sell-outs in years, and I think the response surprised even the organizers.”
While on tour, celebrating and mourning the end of an era, Simple Plan cozied up with fellow pop punkers State Champs and We The Kings, and the three bands agreed that a tour together might fill some of the void left in the wake of Warped Tour's demise.
“We wanted to create an event, something special that isn’t just another normal show,” Comeau says. “That’s what we’re trying to do with this package. The shows have been huge so far, and it’s been amazing.”
With two platinum albums to their name, it would be easy for Simple Plan to settle in as another nostalgia outfit, but Comeau and the rest of the band refuse to rest on his laurels.
“I’ll always be very proud that people love the first few records, but we also want to keep putting out music that people can connect with," he says. "That’s a big part of being in a band, being engaged and not just playing the old stuff."
Last month, ahead of their current tour, Simple Plan released "Where I Belong," a new single that's also a teaser for their upcoming sixth studio album, which they hope to release next spring.
“We love playing the music that made us who we are, but we also want to present new music that will give fans the same feeling, and that’s what we’re trying to do with this new record," Comeau says. “It’s quintessential Simple Plan. We’re not trying to be something we’re not, but we are trying to make it modern and exciting.”
Comeau points to the likes of Green Day and blink-182 as inspiration. Both bands are cornerstones of the scene, groups that helped grow the genre but refuse to be pigeonholed as acts of yesteryear.
“It’s about embracing your past and being proud of it but also looking to the future,” he says. “I think fans want new music, and we want to give it to them."
But Simple Plan is about more than just music. For the better part of their career, they've also been involved in philanthropy.
“We started the (Simple Plan) Foundation in 2005, probably around the time our second record came out,” Comeau says. “We wanted to use some of the success and luck that we’ve had to do something positive for the young people coming to our shows."
The foundation takes a dollar from every ticket sold and gives it to a charity of the band's choice. The proceeds from the band's latest outing will be donated to help children affected by the ICE immigration raids in the USA.
"My parents asked me, ‘What do you want to be remembered for? Do you want to just have big shows and a lot of records sold or do you want to have something that can have a real impact on people?’ And so far, we’ve raised about $2.5 million."
A lot has changed for the seasoned pop punkers over the course of their career, but Comeau says they're still having the time of their lives.
“Now that we have families and kids, it’s a lot harder to be away," he says. “When we were 22, we didn’t care. We wanted to tour for two years straight. Nothing was keeping us home. Now it’s a bit more of a sacrifice to be away, but we still get to have fun and get play for a living.
“And now we get to show that to our kids, and we want them to be proud of us," he says. "If we keep going and keep playing good shows and making great records, we can probably keep doing this for the rest of our lives."
Simple Plan, State Champs and We The Kings are scheduled to perform at Revention Music Center at 5:30 p.m. (doors open) on November 16 at Revention Music Center, 520 Texas. For more information, call 800-745-3000 or visit reventionmusiccenter.com, $16.75-$33.50.


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I collect stories of unexpected things that happen to people when they share what they create in the open. They used to be amazing, but after a copyright slap, they are true.
The only time I usually add is when I get a chance to present the stories; there is (ahem) (cough) (ahem) an easy way to share… but. Well, people are busy, I know.
So I’ll be adding one more of my own soon.
I start with the end- this new cover of an issue of the biology journal Cell features an image remixed from one of my open licensed photos:
In 2008 I posted a photo of the table to flickr
This drafting table was used by my Dad in the 1950s. He had not finished college, and while working as a bricklayer. he enrolled in a correspondence course in Construction Cost Estimation. I wrote before, with a little audio assist from my Mom, how I considered my Dad a successful distance learner. No MOOC dropout was he; after getting his certificate, he went into the field for Baltimore Contractors and then spent the rest of his career doing this kind of work for the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Mom did not seem to remember the drafting table, but I had found it in the basement, took ti when I moved to Arizona, and have taken it everywhere I have lived. In the photo above in 2008, I had sanded and restained it, and put the photo on flickr.
I got a cryptic comment there warning me that my vies were about to go up, and later was told why — that image was used as part of a PhotoShop tutorial on PSDTUTS
The tutorial is pretty amazing, there is a lot before my table appears, but the author shows how to import a 3D model into PhotoShop, and manipulate the model data to generate a realistic looking blueprint image. He than shows how to make it look like a real piece of paper (with subtle shadows, folds, drapes) laid across my drafting table photo.
That would have been enough there.
But then I got a request via email from Khanh Huy Bui who asked to use the table in an image he was preparing for the cover of Cell (he has a research article in there which I am sure I would not understand). The work he did in Photoshop is amazing too, it really captures the detail of paper, shadow, etc.
And there you go, my dad uses this table to get through his studies, I cart of off, post a photo of it in flickr, it gets in a photoshop tutorial (and the commenter was right, it has like 5800 views), and now it’s the cover of a biology research journal.
You cannot expect these things to happen when you share; if you do, it’s the wrong reason to share. And usually it’s the things you share that you least expect to be of interest that for some cosmic reason, are of interest to someone else.
I cannot guarantee at all if you start sharing your photos and stuff that one of these stories will happen to you. All you do is increase the potential energy some infinitesimal amount that it might happen. But what I can guarantee is this- if you never openly, share your creations, you will never experience one of these stories.
And if you do not want something amazing to happen like this, well… Too bad. Sad.
Got a true story? I’m interested. Always.
I know my Dad would just love seeing that journal cover with his old table on it. He might not understand the crazy path, but he would appreciate it.
And that is the best story of them all.
UPDATE February 8, 2014 How did I miss this? In going through my folders (on the computer) of old photos and scans, I found Dad’s certificate from this program! It must have been in the files at my Mom’s house:
He graduated from the Chicago Technical College in April 19, 1955 with this diploma in Plan Reading, Estimating and Building Superintendence. Chicago Tech closed in the 1970s but they have been doing this kind of extension course work going back to 1915; I found a few ads in Google Books.
The answer to his education was there all the time.

domain: hobby


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Community bank finds paranoid a smart bet
FDIC begs to differ, tells bank to lend more
Send this to a friend
- Tim McLaughlin
Joseph A. Petrucelli is one of the most cautious bankers in America.
In fact, Petrucelli is so cautious that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. recently criticized his bank for not lending enough.
The FDIC’s negative review of East Bridgewater Savings Bank’s loan volume is an anomaly in today’s current banking scene as lenders reel from their role in offering too many cruddy mortgage products to borrowers with weak credit.
Still, the FDIC slapped East Bridgewater Savings with a rare “needs to improve” rating after evaluating the bank under the Community Reinvestment Act.
From late 2003 through mid-2008, East Bridgewater Savings averaged 28 cents in loans for every dollar in deposit. The average loan-to-deposit ratio among similar size savings banks is more than 90 percent, FDIC data show.
“There are no apparent financial or legal impediments that would limit the bank’s ability to help meet the credit needs of its assessment area,” the FDIC said in its CRA evaluation.
FDIC examiners also faulted East Bridgewater for not advertising and marketing its loan products enough. The bank, which does not have a Web site, offers fixed-rate mortgages.
But Petrucelli and his bank occupy the other end of the spectrum in an industry that lost $26.2 billion in the fourth quarter. Even the FDIC’s own deposit insurance fund is in bad need of a boost after paying for an upswing in bank failures.
And then there’s East Bridgewater Savings.
Bad or delinquent loans?
Money set aside in 2008 for anticipated loan losses?
“We’re paranoid about credit quality,” Petrucelli said. The 62-year-old chief executive has run the bank since 1992.
Tim McLaughlin can be reached at email@example.com.
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|Written by Noam Shelef|
Breakthrough for LGBT Rights in Israeli Prisons
Following efforts by flagship NIF grantee the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), the Israeli Prison Service has confirmed that LGBT prisoners will have the same rights to conjugal visits as heterosexuals.
ACRI began the campaign in 2009, when Chief Legal Counsel and NIF Law Fellow alum Dan Yakir sent a letter demanding that male and female prisoners receive conjugal visits even if they are in a relationship with a member of the same sex.
Following the decision, Yakir said: "It's a shame that this revolution in the rights of members of the LGBT community has only now reached the Israeli prisons. Human rights, including the right to equality, don't stop at the prison gates. This is another important step in consolidating the understanding that homosexual relationships are no less worthy than heterosexual relationships."


text:
The 1.15A crystal structure of the Staphylococcus aureus methionyl-aminopeptidase and complexes with triazole based inhibitors.
ABSTRACT Methionyl aminopeptidases (MetAPs) represent a unique class of protease that are responsible for removing the N-terminal methionine residue from proteins and peptides. There are two major classes of MetAPs (type I and type II) described and each class can be subdivided into two subclasses. Eukaryotes contain both the type I and type II MetAPs, whereas prokaryotes possess only the type I enzyme. Due to the physiological importance of these enzymes there is considerable interest in inhibitors to be used as antiangiogenic and antimicrobial agents. Here, we describe the 1.15A crystal structure of the Staphylococcus aureus MetAP-I as an apo-enzyme and its complexes with various 1,2,4-triazole-based derivatives at high-resolution. The protein has a typical "pita-bread" fold as observed for the other MetAP structures. The inhibitors bind in the active site with the N1 and N2 atoms of the triazole moiety complexing two divalent ions. The 1,2,4-triazols represent a novel class of potent non-peptidic inhibitors for the MetAP-Is.
[show abstract] [hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this article we describe the application of structural biology methods to the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases. These enzymes are employed by the cells to cleave the N-terminal methionine from nascent peptides and proteins. As this is one of the critical steps in protein maturation, it is very likely that inhibitors of these enzymes may prove useful as novel antibacterial agents. Involvement of crystallography at the very early stages of the inhibitor design process resulted in serendipitous discovery of a new inhibitor class, the pyrazole-diamines. Atomic-resolution structures of several inhibitors bound to the enzyme illuminate a new mode of inhibitor binding.Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics 03/2007; 66(3):538-46. · 3.39 Impact Factor

domain: biology


Israel’s reluctance to transfer its state-of-the-art Iron Dome air defense system to Ukraine, despite frequent appeals from US lawmakers and Ukrainian officials, could be attributed to Iran’s ability to reverse engineer advanced weapons effectively.
‘Performs Like A Fighter’! Boeing-SAAB T-7A Red Hawk Aircraft Takes Maiden Flight; Could Emerge As A Big Competitor To China’s JF-17
In a recent interview with The Wall Street Journal published on June 27, the Israeli Prime Minister addressed this concern and stated that Israel would not provide Kyiv the Iron Dome air defense system or any other weaponry.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu elaborated on the rationale behind this decision, saying that their weapon systems could potentially end up in Iran’s possession.
“I think it’s important to understand that we are also concerned with the possibility that systems that we would give to Ukraine would fall into Iranian hands,” he said.
Netanyahu highlighted the alarming prospect that Tehran could potentially employ Israeli weapons against Israel itself.
Netanyahu drew attention to the fact that Israel is a densely populated country, and its ability to minimize casualties in previous conflicts was primarily attributed to the remarkable effectiveness of the Iron Dome system, which successfully intercepted 95% of missiles aimed at population centers.
Expanding on the implications, he stressed that if the Iron Dome system were to end up in Iran’s hands, millions of Israelis would be left defenseless and exposed to grave danger.
The statements by the Israeli PM are undoubtedly well-founded, given the well-established track record of Iran’s domestic defense industry in reverse-engineering foreign weapons.
In fact, various occurrences in the ongoing war have come to light, offering substantial evidence of Iranian firms actively involved in reverse engineering foreign weapons.
For instance, Iran’s Shahed-136 drones, supplied to Russia, are powered by German engines that Tehran illegally obtained almost two decades ago.
The concerns were further amplified in March when reports surfaced that Russia is supplying Iran with specific US-made weapons and equipment that were seized in Ukraine. These systems were purportedly given to Iran to conduct technical analysis and replication.
Iran’s Track Record In Replicating Weapons
The Defense Industries Organization (DIO), an indigenous arms manufacturer in Iran, plays a significant role in producing diverse military hardware for the country.
As a state-owned entity, DIO has been involved in reverse-engineering a considerable amount of equipment to meet the needs of the Iranian military.
Established in 1981, the Defense Industries Organization played a vital role in the reorganization and growth of Iran’s defense industry after the revolution. The DIO oversees numerous state-owned defense contractors and front companies directly or through its primary subsidiary, the Aerospace Industries Organization.
Over the years, several companies under the DIO have showcased their proficiency in studying and reproducing foreign weapon systems, encompassing technologies from countries such as the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.
One successful project of the DIO is the Raad 2, a self-propelled howitzer produced domestically in Iran. This weapon system combines an American-designed turret with a Soviet-designed hull.
The Raad 2 features an originally American-designed turret derived from the M109A1 self-propelled howitzer, along with a Soviet-designed hull that resembles the Iranian Boragh—a reproduction of the 1960s-era Soviet BMP-1 amphibious armored personnel carrier.
Similarly, the country’s domestically developed missiles have faced scrutiny and allegations regarding the potential unlicensed duplication of technologies originally employed in missiles developed by the United States, North Korea, China, and the USSR.
The Sayyad-1 missile is an upgraded Iranian version of the Chinese HQ-2 SAM, featuring advancements in guidance and control subsystems. It has a 200-kilogram warhead and a speed of approximately 1,200 meters per second.
The Sayyad-2 and its successor missiles are reverse-engineered versions of the RIM-66 Standard Missile (SM-1) obtained from the United States before the 1979 revolution.
Furthermore, the industry has demonstrated its ability to adapt and improve upon foreign designs. Iranian-made Saegheh fighter jet, based on the American F-5 Tiger II, demonstrates the country’s ability to equip indigenous aircraft with modern avionics, radar, and weapons.
That being said, such efforts have mainly benefited the drone sector. One of the most notable instances of Iran’s reverse engineering expertise is its replication of the RQ-170 Sentinel stealth spy drone.
In December 2011, Iran announced that it had captured a US RQ-170 Sentinel drone that had reportedly entered Iranian airspace. Instead of returning the drone, Iran opted to analyze and study the advanced technology embedded within it.
Iranian engineers successfully deciphered the drone’s design and technology. The country subsequently unveiled its indigenous version of the stealth drone, known as the “Saegheh.” The drone has many similarities to the RQ-170 Sentinel.
In addition to UAVs, cruise missiles, and fighter aircraft, Tehran has also advanced submarine technology. Based on North Korea’s Yono-class submarines, the Ghadir-class submarines demonstrate Iran’s expertise in local innovation.
These small submarines are good at coastal defense, bolstering Iran’s naval capabilities and presenting a substantial threat to enemy countries in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, Iran’s diverse range of weapons developed is a testament to its ability to replicate technologies from other countries.
Is it the Iran factor, the Russia factor (as Israel has been resistant to sending its weaponry to Ukraine for fear of antagonizing Moscow), or both that Prime Minister Netanyahu rejecting send Iron Dome to Kyiv?


text:
Donell Jones Brings Fresh “Lyrics” To R&B
[ione_abacast_player uid=”6294″ popupurl=”http://filesource.abacast.com/reachmediainc/070913/ROBBIE0709.mp3″ version=”v5″]
From the time he crafted the insta-classic “Where I Wanna Be,” Donell Jones has been among the R&B singers that you loved even if you didn’t hear as much about him as his more publicity-minded colleagues. A star in the 90’s on the LaFace label with Toni Braxton and TLC, once the decade ended, Jones found himself fighting for attention on his new label, Jive.
With R. Kelly, Usher, Anthony Hamilton and Justin Timberlake already established there, Jones decided to go independent, establishing his own label, Candy Man Music. His new project “Lyrics” is the result of four months of work crafting just the right mix of songs for his fans who’ve remained loyal despite his being out of the spotlight for a minute.
“I’ve just been in the lab, loving life and just had a new baby,” Jones told the Tom Joyner Morning Show. His…
View original post 413 more words

domain: entertainment


|Publication number||US5717682 A|
|Application number||US 08/594,787|
|Publication date||Feb 10, 1998|
|Filing date||Jan 31, 1996|
|Priority date||Feb 1, 1995|
|Publication number||08594787, 594787, US 5717682 A, US 5717682A, US-A-5717682, US5717682 A, US5717682A|
|Original Assignee||Pioneer Electronic Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (15), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
d=(2n+1)·λ/4 (n: integer).
d=(2n+1)·λ/4 (n: integer).
d=(2n+1)·λ/4 (n: integer);
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical disk and a device for reproducing information from the same, and more particularly to an optical disk formed with information pits each containing multi-bits information.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration of a known optical disk on which audio information and/or video information is recorded. Information to be recorded is converted into signals corresponding to the pit lengths, and the signals are recorded on the information recording surface 95 of the optical disk 92 in the form of the information pits 91. In reproduction, a laser light is irradiated on the information recording surface 95 so that the information pit 91 is covered with the light spot LS having a predetermined diameter, and a reflected and diffracted light beam is detected by a photodetector, such as a photodiode, to produce a read-out electric signal. The reproduction device extracts and decodes the audio and/or video information from the electric signal, and outputs it. In FIG. 1, the reference numeral 93 indicates a substrate and the reference numeral 94 indicates a protection layer. As an example of such an optical disk, there are known a Compact Disk (CD) and an optical video disk. The information recording density of the optical disk is limited by a track pitch. As shown in FIG. 2, the track pitch (P1) is an interval between neighboring tracks which serve as the center-lines of the columns of the information pits 91. Recently, in order to improve the recording density of the optical disk, various measures have been taken.
A first measure for the improvement of the recording density is to reduce the track pitch. However, the simple reduction of the track pitch may result a drawback. Namely, when the track pitch is simply reduced to the value P2 smaller than conventional value P1 (e.g., P2 =P1 /2) as illustrated in FIG. 3, the light spot LS covers not only the information pit 91A on the target track to be read-out but also the information pits 91B and 91C on both neighboring tracks. Therefore, the read-out signal includes a crosstalk component (intermixture of signals from the neighboring tracks) too much. In this view, in order to reduce the crosstalk, the track pitch is required be large enough in comparison with the diameter of light spot LS. Namely, the crosstalk becomes a bar against increasing recording density by the reduction of the track pitch.
A second measure for the recording density improvement is to reduce the size of the light spot of the laser beam. In general, the radius W of the light spot LS is prescribed as follows:
W=α×(λ/NA) (α: constant),
where NA is the numerical aperture of the objective lens and λ is the wavelength of the laser light. Accordingly, in order to reduce the radius W of the laser light, the wavelength λ should be reduced, or alternatively the numeral aperture NA should be increased. However, the wavelength λ may be reduced to be half at the utmost, and the numerical aperture NA may be increased 10% at the utmost. Therefore, it is hopeless to improve recording density greatly by this second measure.
As a third measure, it has been proposed a method for improving recording density in which multiple (more than three) information are expressed by a unique information pit (disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 03-187746 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/998,056). According to this method, the shapes of the information pits are recognized by a pattern recognition utilizing a diffraction phenomenon of the light beam. However, according to the third measure, the crosstalk components mixed from the neighboring tracks and the relative deviation of the light spot position with respect to the information pit are not negligible, and hence sufficient improvement of the recording density may not be expected.
Further, a fourth measure is proposed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open under No. 02-123523. In this method, the optical disk is formed with the rectangular information pits oriented toward different directions, and the laser light having linear polarization components substantially normal to each other is irradiated on the disk. The reproduction device compares the magnitude of the reflected light with a reference threshold level to obtain the multiple information recorded. According to the fourth measure, however, the reproduction device needs to produce two linear polarizations, and hence the optical system requires a complicated structure and the cost necessarily increases.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical disk of high recording density and a device for reproducing information therefrom.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical disk including: an information recording surface on which a laser light is irradiated; and information pits arranged on the information recording surface and comprising a plurality of shapes each corresponding to information to be recorded, each of the shapes having different lengths in at least one of a radial direction of the disk and a circumferential direction of the disk and a depth d substantially satisfying the following relationship with a wavelength λ of the laser light:
d=(2n+1)·λ/4 (n: integer).
In accordance with the optical disk, information is recorded on the information recording surface of the optical disk in a form of information pit. The shape of the information pit corresponds to information to be recorded. The information pits have a plurality of shapes differing from each other in its lengths in the radial and/or the circumferential direction of the disk. Accordingly, a unique information pit can hold multiple information. In reproduction of the recorded information, the laser light irradiated on the information recording surface is reflected so that the reflected light includes diffracted light component. Depending upon the shape of the information pit, the intensity distribution of the diffracted light varies. Therefore, by detecting the intensity distribution, the recorded information may be recognized. In addition, since the depth of the information pit satisfies the above condition, the reflected light quantity is maximized.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device for reproducing information from the above described optical disk, including: a laser light irradiating unit for irradiating the laser light on the information recording surface; a first detecting unit for receiving a light reflected by the information recording surface and for detecting an intensity of a first-order diffracted light component diffracted in the circumferential direction to produce a first detection signal; a first comparing unit for comparing the first detection signal with one or more threshold values; a second detecting unit for receiving the light reflected by the information recording surface and for detecting an intensity of a first-order diffracted light component diffracted in the radial direction to produce a second detection signal; a second comparing unit for comparing the second detection signal with one or more threshold values; and a determining unit for determining information recorded on the optical disk on the basis of comparison results of the first comparing unit and the second comparing unit.
In accordance with the device thus configured, the laser light irradiating unit irradiates the laser light on the information recording surface. The light reflected by the optical disk includes first-order diffracted light components at the edge portions of the light spot in both radial and circumferential direction of the disk, in addition to the directly reflected light component. The first detecting unit detects the intensity of the diffracted light component in the circumferential direction and the first comparing unit compares the detected intensity with one or more threshold values. Similarly, the second detecting unit detects the intensity of the diffracted light component in the radial direction and the second comparing unit compares the detected intensity with one or more threshold values. The determining unit determines the recorded information on the basis of the comparison results of the first and the second comparing units.
The nature, utility, and further features of this invention will be more clearly apparent from the following detailed description with respect to preferred embodiment of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings briefly described below.
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a configuration of a known optical disk;
FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating a pit arrangement of a known optical disk;
FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating a pit arrangement of an optical disk when a track pitch is halved;
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating shapes of four information pits each corresponding to different information;
FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of the information pits on the optical disk according to the present invention;
FIG. 4C is an enlarged view of the encircled portion of FIG. 4B;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating an intensity distribution of laser light diffracted by the information pits;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a model of the information pit;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a rule used for a judgement of the shape of the information pits shown in FIG. 4A;
FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a configuration of a device for reproducing information from the optical disk according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a photodetector and elements around the photodetector;
FIG. 10A is a schematic diagram illustrating shapes of nine information pits each corresponding to different information; and
FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating a rule used for a judgement of shapes of the information pits shown in FIG. 10A.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the attached drawings.
FIG. 4A illustrates the shapes of four information pits each corresponding to different information, and FIG. 4B illustrates the arrangement of the information pits on the optical disk. In this embodiment, four different information is expressed by the four different shapes or arrangement manners of the information pits shown in FIG. 4A. Namely, the plain surface portion 31, the square pit 32, the vertically-elongated pit 33 and the laterally-elongated pit 34 correspond and represent different information, respectively. The plain surface portion 31 is a portion where no protruding pit shape is formed. It is possible to recognize this portion as a kind of pit which has zero length or width in both radial and circumferential directions of the disk. Namely, in this invention, the plain surface portion 31 is treated as one of the pit shapes to which an information is assigned. As seen from FIGS. 4A and 48, the vertically-elongated pit 33 is elongated in the radial direction of the optical disk 2, and the laterally-elongated pit 34 is elongated in the circumferential direction of the disk 2. These information pits are formed on the optical disk 2 in alignment on a track spirally formed, with an equal interval P therebetween in the circumferential direction of the optical disk 2. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the track pitch between the neighboring tracks is equal to the interval P of the information pits in the circumferential direction. When a read-out laser light is irradiated, the light reflected by the plain surface portion 31 provides a certain manner of light intensity distribution, and hence the plain surface portion 31 can be used as a kind of information pits as well as the deformed pits like the square pits or the elongated pits. This is because, since information is assigned to the pit shapes in this invention, it is equivalent to assigning information to the intensity distribution of the reflected light which is dependent upon the pit shape. The details of the information assignment to the pit shapes will be described later. The information pits are formed so as to have an appropriate depth for obtaining distinctive light quantity differences of the reflected light beams, for example, equal to the phase depth corresponding to the quarter of the wavelength λ of the laser light.
FIG. 8 illustrates a configuration of a device for reproducing information from the optical disk according to the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the laser beam emitted by the semiconductor laser 4 is converted to a parallel beam by the collimator lens 6. Then, the laser beam is circularly polarized by the quarter wavelength plate 8 and passes through the half-mirror surface 10a of the beam-splitter 10. The passed laser light is reflected by the reflective mirror 12 and is converged upon the information recording surface of the optical disk 2 by the objective lens 14. The laser light irradiated upon the information recording surface is reflected, and the reflected light whose quantity depends upon the shape of the information pit again passes through the objective lens 14 and is reflected by the reflective mirror 12. Then, the reflected light incident upon the beam-splitter 10 is reflected to the perpendicular direction by the half-mirror surface 10a. The light reflected by the half-mirror surface 10a is collected by the cylindrical lens 16 to be irradiated upon the photodetector 18.
FIG. 9 illustrates the configuration of the photodetector and the elements around the photodetector. As shown in FIG. 9, the photodetector 18 includes four detecting elements D1 to D4 which convert the received light into the electric detection signal, respectively. Here, it is assumed that the order of the diffracted light in the circumferential direction of the optical disk is represented by "x", that the order of the diffracted light in the radial direction of the optical disk is represented by "y", and that the diffracted light detected by the detecting element is represented by (x, y). The detecting element D1 detects the diffracted light of (0, 1)-order diffracted by an edge of the information pit in the radial direction, and the detecting element D2 detects the diffracted light of (1, 0)-order diffracted by an edge of the information pit in the circumferential direction. Similarly, the detecting element D3 detects the diffracted light of (0, -1)-order diffracted by the other edge of the information pit in the radial direction, and the detecting element D4 detects the diffracted light of (-1, 0)-order diffracted by the other edge of the information pit in the circumferential direction. The detection signal of the detecting element D1 is supplied to one input terminal of the additional amplifier 20 and the detection signal of the detecting element D3 is supplied to the other input terminal of the additional amplifier 20. Similarly, the detection signal of the detecting element D2 is supplied to one input terminal of the additional amplifier 22 and the detection signal of the detecting element D4 is supplied to the other input terminal of the additional amplifier 22. Each of the additional amplifiers 20 and 22 adds the detection signals to output a sum signal. The comparator 24 compares the sum signal from the additional amplifier 20 with a predetermined threshold level TL1 and the comparator 26 compares the sum signal from the additional amplifier 22 with a predetermined threshold level TL2. It is noted that the threshold values TL1 and TL2 approximately equal to each other. The comparison result signals ("0" or "1") produced by the comparators 24 and 26 are supplied to the processor 28.
Next, the principle of the information reading will be described. The light beam reflected by the information recording surface of the optical disk includes a directly reflected light (zero-order diffracted light) and a diffracted light. As shown in FIG. 5, the first-order diffracted lights partially overlap with the directly-reflected light (zero-order light). Here, the concept disclosed in the Paper, "Diffraction theory of laser read-out systems for optical video discs", H. H. Hopkins JOSA vol. 69, No. 1, 1979, is applied to the examination of the light intensity of the reflected light. According to this theory, the-intensity distribution of the light emitted from a light emission point and reflected by a reflecting surface (i.e., the information recording surface in this embodiment) to return to the light emission point is expressed by the following equation. ##EQU1## In the equation (1), "x" and "y" represent the positional deviations of the foot of the perpendicular from the light irradiation point to the light irradiation surface (i.e., information recording surface in this case). R(m, n) represents the reflection coefficient of the diffracted light which has first-order diffraction in the x-direction and n-order diffraction in the y-direction and R*(m, n) represents a complex reflection coefficient. In addition, f(x, y) represents a pupil function indicative of the magnitude distribution with respect to the pupil sphere around the light irradiation point, and f*(x, y) represents a complex pupil function. To simplify the analysis, the pupil function is expressed by:
f(x, y)=1(x2 +y2 <1)=0(x2 +y2 >1).
By this, the light intensities of the five areas A1 to A5 shown in FIG. 5 are obtained as follows:
A5: I5=R(0,0)R*(0,0) (2).
In the equation (2), the reflection coefficient R(m, n) depends upon the pit shape. The reflection coefficient calculated with respect to the model of the information pit shown in FIG. 6 is expressed as follows: ##EQU2## where "r" is a refractive index of the substrate, "λ" is a wavelength of a read-out laser light, and "d" is a depth of the information pit. Therefore, the reflection coefficients for the zero-order and the first-order diffracted lights are expressed as follows: ##EQU3## As a result, the light intensities of the areas A1 to A5 on the photodetector are obtained as follows: ##EQU4## As seen from the equations (5), the area A1 and the area A3 have equal light intensities irrespective of the shape of the information pits (i.e., irrespective of the values of γ and β), and similarly the area A2 and the area A4 have equal light intensities. The sum of the light intensities of the areas A1 and A2 differ from the sum of the light intensities of the areas A2 and A4 dependently upon the shape of the information pit.
Assuming that four different pit shapes as shown in FIG. 4A are prepared, either one of the areas A1 and A3 and either one of the areas A2 and A4 may take two different values, respectively. A predetermined threshold level TL (e.g., an average of the two values) is set to the reproduction device of the optical disk in advance and the pit judgement is performed in accordance with the rule shown in FIG. 7, thereby the device can determine the shape of the information pits. This means that four different information can be expressed by a unique information pit. In FIG. 7, the judgement rule using the intensities I1 and I2 of the areas A1 and A2 is represented as an example. In this embodiment, the device is so configured that the additional amplifier 20 calculates the sum signal of the intensities I1 and I3 of the areas A1 and A3 and the additional amplifier 22 calculates the sum signal of the intensities I2 and I4 of the areas A2 and A4, so that allowable error component included in the detected intensities and the slight positional deviation of the light spot with respect to the tracks may be absorbed.
Next, the preferable depth of the information pits will be examined. As seen from the equations (5), in order to ensure the accuracy of the pit judgement, it is preferable that the detected intensity values of the areas A1 to A4, which are dependent upon the pit shapes, have a sufficient difference. In this view, the pit depth may preferably be determined so that the value "αα*" takes a maximum value. Since the equation (6) stands:
αα*=2 1-cos (4 πrd/λ)! (6)
the value αα* takes the maximum value under the following condition:
rd=λ/4·(2n+1) (n: integer) (7).
Since the refractive index r of an optical disk is normally nearly equal to 1.5, the depth d of the pit may be approximated as follows:
d=λ/4·(2n+1) (n: integer) (7a).
According to the above equations, if n=0, the shape of the pit becomes a concave shape having a minimum phase depth λ/4, which reflects large quantity of light. If n=-1, a pit of convex shape having phase height λ/4 is formed.
Next, the interval or pitch of the pits will be examined. The pit interval P and the track pitch P need to satisfy the condition: P>λ/(2 NA), because the information recorded as the pits cannot be read out if the ±1-order diffracted light does not impinge upon the photodetector. Here, NA represents a numerical aperture of the laser light. In practice, the interval P may preferably satisfy the equation:
P=λ/(√ 2NA) (8),
so that the intensity difference of the detected signals can be accurately detected.
Next, the operation of the reproduction device of the optical disk will be described. In the following description, it is assumed that the information pits of four shapes shown in FIG. 4A are formed with the pit depth corresponding to the 1/4 of the laser light wavelength and that the pit interval and the track pitch are determined in conformity with the equation (8). Prior to the reproduction of the recorded information, the optical disk reproduction device 100 determines the threshold TL used for the pit judgement. Preferably, the threshold TL may be an intermediate value of the maximum and minimum intensity values of the detected signals. In this view, the device 100 determines the threshold level TL in one of the following manner:
(a) rotates the optical disk for several times prior to the reproduction, and uses the D.C. level of the detected signal obtained during the rotation as the threshold value.
(b) forms special pits for the threshold determination in advance on the optical disk, and determines the threshold level using the read-out signal of the special pits. In using the above method (a), the optical disk 2 needs to satisfy such conditions that the optical disk 2 has the four pits shapes shown in FIG. 4A and that the depth of the optical disk 2 satisfies the equation (7). On the other hand, in using the method (b), the special pits for the threshold determination should be formed in addition to the above two requirements for the method (a). The special pit should have such a length and a depth that the detected signal of the special pit takes the magnitude level nearly equal to the average of the maximum and the minimum values. In the above description, the same threshold TL is used for the judgement of the pit shape in both of the radial direction and the circumferential direction. However, when the pit interval is different from the track pitch, different threshold values should be prepared. In that case, the different threshold values are set to the comparators 20 and 22. The comparators 20 and 22 retain the threshold values TL obtained by the above method (a) or (b). At the time of reproduction, the detecting elements D1 and D3 detect the first-order diffracted lights in the radiation direction and the additional amplifier 20 adds the detected signals from the detecting elements D1 and D3 which are indicative of the light intensity distribution in the radial direction. The comparator 24 compares the sum signal with the threshold level TL. Similarly, the detecting elements D2 and D4 detect the first-order diffracted lights in the circumferential direction and the additional amplifier 22 adds the detected signals from the detecting elements D2 and D4 which are indicative of the light intensity distribution in the circumferential direction (time axis direction). The comparator 26 compares the sum signal with the threshold level TL. The processor 28 judges the pit shape on the basis of the outputs of the comparators 24 and 26 according to the rule shown in FIG. 7. Specifically, it is assumed that the sum signal supplied to the comparator 24 is expressed by "u", the sum signal supplied to the comparator. 26 is expressed by "v" and the combinations of the comparison results is expressed by (u, v). The processor 28 recognizes the information pit as the square pit when (u, v)=(0, 0), recognizes the information pit as the laterally-elongated pit when (u, v)=(1, 0), recognizes the information pit as the vertically-elongated pit when (u, v)=(0, 1) and recognizes the absence of the pit when (u, v)=(1, 1). In this way, multiple information recorded in the form of an information pit are read out.
According to the optical disk of the invention, a unique pit can express four different information, i.e., information of two bits. Under the conditions that the wavelength λ=780 nm! and the numerical aperture NA=0.45, the recording density of the optical disk according to the invention is as follows:
Recording density=2 bits×(√ 2NA/λ)2 =1.33 Mbits/mm2 !.
As a result, the optical disk of the invention has a storage capacity at least 30% larger than the conventional type optical disk having an identical track pitch. A compact disk on the market has a recording density 1 Mbits/mm2 !. As described above, according to the invention, the recording density may be improved more than 30%. In addition, the reproduction device may employ the four-divided photodetector of known type, and the polarization plate and the beam-splitter may be omitted in comparison with the conventional type reproduction device, thereby the manufacturing cost per bits may be remarkably reduced.
The present invention may be modified in other various forms. Specifically, more than four pit shapes may be introduced. For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, nine different pit shapes may be used. In this modification, the comparators need to compare the detected signals with two different thresholds in order to discriminate the nine pit shapes. With the judgement rule using two thresholds TL1 and TL2, as shown in FIG. 10B, the reproduction device can recognize nine different pit shapes. As a result, a single pit can express information of three bits, the recording density may be further improved. In the similar manner, by introducing more pit shapes and performing an accurate pit shape judgement using more than three thresholds, the information recording ability of a single pit may be further improved. In this invention, information pits to be formed are not limited to the shapes as described above. Namely, various pit shapes capable of diffracting the laser light and producing the diffracted light may be employed. In this view, this invention is applicable to a phase-change type optical disk and magnetooptical disk.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
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|US5331626 *||Jan 14, 1993||Jul 19, 1994||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Recording medium and information recording and reproducing apparatus therefor|
|US5337301 *||Dec 17, 1992||Aug 9, 1994||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Optical recording medium, apparatus for reproducing the same and method of recording and reproducing the same|
|US5339304 *||Apr 8, 1993||Aug 16, 1994||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Optical disc having two-step pit structure and pickup apparatus|
|US5357499 *||Nov 12, 1992||Oct 18, 1994||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Optical disk and optical disk reproducing apparatus|
|US5359591 *||Dec 29, 1992||Oct 25, 1994||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Optical disc having information pits in form of plurality of fragments arranged in symmetrical pattern|
|US5459712 *||Sep 13, 1994||Oct 17, 1995||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Optical disk and optical disk apparatus where information is recorded having a specific track pitch and as a plurality of pit trains, each including a plurality of substantially trapezoidal pits|
|US5467339 *||Jun 30, 1994||Nov 14, 1995||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Optical disc having information units comprising a plurality of separated pit pieces, and playback apparatus and recording and playback method therefor|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5850383 *||Sep 23, 1997||Dec 15, 1998||Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation||Magneto-optical recording medium with recordable lands and grooves|
|US6304544||Dec 15, 1999||Oct 16, 2001||Diskxpress Us, Inc.||Card compact disc, compact disc interface seat and methods of using same|
|US6430123 *||Nov 10, 1999||Aug 6, 2002||Maxtor Corporation||Scanning micropatterns on an optical medium|
|US7095700||Apr 17, 2002||Aug 22, 2006||Sony Corporation||Optical disc medium, optical disc recording/reproducing apparatus and method|
|US7152097||Jun 19, 2000||Dec 19, 2006||Diskxpress Us, Inc.||System and methods of updating compact discs and graphical user interface for updating same|
|US7174369||Jun 19, 2000||Feb 6, 2007||Dxpdd, Inc.||System and methods of updating compact disc cards and graphical user interface for updating same|
|US7680024 *||Apr 8, 2005||Mar 16, 2010||Shanghai Xiangzhang Electronics Co., Ltd.||Multilevel read-only optical disk and method for producing the same|
|US20040081068 *||Apr 17, 2002||Apr 29, 2004||Seiji Kobayashi||Optical disc medium, optical disc recording/reproducing apparatus and method|
|US20060066765 *||Nov 16, 2005||Mar 30, 2006||Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd., A Japan Corporation||Liquid crystal display device and driving method thereof|
|US20060203706 *||Apr 8, 2005||Sep 14, 2006||Duanyi Xu||Multilevel read-only optical disk and method for producing the same|
|US20070070874 *||Oct 20, 2004||Mar 29, 2007||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Recording apparatus and method for recording information on a record carrier in the form of contiguous pit-marks|
|US20070231541 *||Mar 31, 2006||Oct 4, 2007||3M Innovative Properties Company||Microstructured tool and method of making same using laser ablation|
|US20070235902 *||Mar 31, 2006||Oct 11, 2007||3M Innovative Properties Company||Microstructured tool and method of making same using laser ablation|
|WO2002089122A1 *||Apr 17, 2002||Nov 7, 2002||Sony Corporation||Optical disc medium, optical disc recording/reproducing apparatus and method|
|WO2006010882A1 *||Jul 6, 2005||Feb 2, 2006||Imperial Innovations Limited||Optical disk and reader therefor|
|U.S. Classification||369/275.4, 369/275.1, G9B/7.134, G9B/7.018, G9B/7.039|
|International Classification||G11B7/24, G11B7/013, G11B7/005, G11B7/13, G11B7/00|
|Cooperative Classification||G11B7/131, G11B7/24085, G11B7/005|
|European Classification||G11B7/131, G11B7/24085, G11B7/005|
|Jan 31, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PIONEER ELECTRONIC CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOMOTO, TAKAYUKI;REEL/FRAME:007848/0666
Effective date: 19960112
|Aug 9, 2001||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 13, 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 14, 2009||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Feb 10, 2010||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Mar 30, 2010||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20100210


text:
The acting Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, Ibrahim Magu, says there need to place more emphasis on preventive measures if Nigeria is to make significant headway in the fight against corruption.
He stated this at the ongoing 1st Anti-Corruption Summit organized by the Adamawa State Government in Yola, the state capital.
Magu who spoke through the Commission’s spokesperson Wilson Uwujaren observed that, commendable as the current emphasis on enforcement activities is, it will be more profitable to prevent corruption rather fight it.
He noted that the emphases on prevention was in tandem with the United Nation’s recommendation, which advocates that 60 percent of the anti corruption activities should be on prevention.
The EFCC boss also commended the Adamawa state government for embracing the fight against corruption and urged other states to emulate it.
“I commend the Adamawa state government for coming up with an anti-corruption strategy. I expect other states to borrow a leaf from Adamawa state. Indeed, if state governments are serious about peer review, there is lot they can learn from Adamawa. This is the type of things that the Governors Forum should be looking at,” he said.
He emphasized that, unlike some states government that are suspicious of the EFCC and see the fight against corruption as a federal agenda, the EFCC had collaborated with the Adamawa state government in prosecuting corruption cases, the most notable being the prosecution and conviction of a former governor of the state, Bala Ngilari, which was done in record time.
Earlier, the state Attorney General and Commissioner of Justice, Bala Sanga took the audience through the justice sector reform of the Adamawa state government with emphasis on the modernization of the state judiciary, enactment of new laws and enforcement of transparency in the procurement process.
He disclosed that, though the state has no investigation agency, it has concluded investigation of fifteen corruption cases while efforts are being made to enact a Proceeds of Crime Act, POCA, which will be the first in the country.
The Commissioner further disclosed that the state was at the verge of passing the Administration of Criminal Justice Act which will ensure speedy determination of cases in court.

domain: news


text:
You have been aware of love-hate human relationships and have likely been in one particular yourself. They are often fun to start with, but can easily drain you emotionally and physically. You will discover other types of romantic relationships, lovely russian lady which includes ones through which both parties will be equally active. These romances are often seen as a relative not enough rigid outlook and common sense. This type of romance is generally associated with couples who will be 40 or over, and focus away from pre-determined scripts. Here are a couple examples of each type.
Good-on-paper interactions – At times a marriage takes place mainly because you feel you must like the person in question. You is able to see why he might be attractive and sweet, nevertheless he wouldn’t seem like the person you’d prefer to agree to. These interactions often lack a ignite and absence a strong basis. This type of relationship is the most common among real love and is characterized by commitment, customer loyalty, and integrity.
Career-driven relationships – Sometimes the relationship between two people may be a career-oriented you. In such a romantic relationship, the two people share precisely the same goals, however the two of these people prioritize their careers. In spite of the differences between your two of them, there is even now a strong psychological connection involving the two of these people. And when a person feels that they belong with another individual, he or she will certainly feel that they’re essential than a profession.
Mourner-based human relationships – Each people share a similar discomfort. This type of relationship is dedicated to shared tremendous grief or damage and typically fails when the pain wears off. Moreover, there exists little or no common ground amongst the two people. Because of this, the relationship is normally driven simply by work without by mutual interest. It’s easy to get caught up in a miserable-love-based marriage, but the rewards are far greater than the costs.
A fling relationship is defined as a temporary relationship that takes place during a holiday and ends with the end of the getaway. It is just a one-night-stand sort of relationship, which means that there’s no real dedication. This type of relationship does not have a sense of résolution. It is centered solely in sexual fascination and is certain to end. If the two people stay together following your vacation, each of them will have a long-lasting and gratifying relationship.
A trophy marriage is a marriage in which the partners are interested in the other’s career. Those in this kind of romantic relationship will be totally devoted to one another. A trophy relationship is without emotional or perhaps material connection, but the additional is in need of a substantial amount of money and material belongings. If the a couple are compatible, the partnership will last permanently. However , the partnership will be short-lived. This type of relationship can last for years as well as decades.

domain: sociology


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Last Updated on
Michel’le is an R&B American singer and songwriter. She is best known for her songs from the late 1980s to early 1990s. Her most notable songs were two Billboard R&B chart-toppers “No More Lies” and “Something in My Heart”. She’s known for her high-pitched vocals. Additionally, she was a main cast on the reality series, R&B Divas: Los Angeles. Michel’ le Toussaint was born on December 5, 1970, in Los Angeles, California.
Michel’le Denise Toussant Age
She was born on December 5, 1970, in Los Angeles, California, United States of America. Her zodiac birth sign is Sagittarius. She was born as Michelle Denise Toussant. Michel’le is forty-eight years of age as of 2018.
She stands at a height of 5 feet 4inches tall. Unfortunately, her weight is still under review. Otherwise, she has an African American skin tone with black hair and black eyes.
Michel’le Relationships/ Marriage
This hot celebrity had been dating Dr. Dre as her boyfriend. But the relationship didn’t go on well even though they have a son called Marcel.
The relationship had to be forbidden because Michel’le went on stating publically that Dr. Dre had been abusing her physically and that went on to the extent that he even broke her nose and ribs.
With this level of violence and trauma going on around, Michel’le might have had no option rather than to leave the man he once loved so dearly.
Later in 1999, she got married to Suge Knight. He stayed with her as her husband for eight long years and got divorced later.
The relationship was also not saved by the fact that they had a daughter together. We can say that sexy Michel’le has had ups and downs in her life for so many reasons. More about her can be read in Wikipedia.
Michel’le was originally a featured female vocalist on World Class Wreckin’ Cru’s 1987 single “Turn Off the Lights”. This was after she was called at the last minute to record vocals for Mona Lisa, who could not make it to the studio.
Michel’le was signed to Eazy-E’s Ruthless Records. In 1989, she released her self-titled debut album, produced entirely by then-boyfriend Dr. Dre. The album contained “No More Lies” and the hit singles “Nicety” and “Something in My Heart”. Michel’le was certified Gold on April 25, 1990, with 1.3 million copies sold overall to date.
During the Suge Knightshakedown incident, Jerry Heller was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, The D.O.C. and Michel’le. She scored a nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 33rd Grammy Awards for her part in the single cut “We’re All in the Same Gang” which also included Ice-T, MC Hammer, Young MC, JJ Fad as well as NWA members Dr. Dre, MC Ren and Eazy E.
In 1998, she released her second album, Hung Jury, on Death Row Records but it garnered little attention and no hit singles. As of 2013, worldwide sales for the album stood at 171,000 copies. Michel’le also provided vocals on 2Pac’s song “Run the Streets” on his album All Eyez on Me, and Tha Dogg Pound’s song “Let’s Play House” on their debut Dogg Food. Following Dr. Dre’s departure from Death Row Records, Michel’le and Dr. Dre parted ways.
Michel’le contributed to the soundtrack Dysfunktional in 2003. She has since confirmed through several media outlets that she’s been working on new material and looking for a label for her third album. A trailer video for Michel’le’s single “Freedom To Love” can be seen on YouTube. She has new singles, titled “It Still Hurts” and “Nothing”.
In 2013, Michel’le was part of the cast of TV One’s R&B Divas LA.
Her character was left out of the 2015 film Straight Outta Compton, even though she played a role in N.W.A. She was included in a notorious N.W.A diss track on Ice Cube’s 1991 double platinum effort, Death Certificate. This was in a reference to a video the group made with the female singer. This omission gave her the opportunity to tell her story.
On October 15, 2016, Lifetime aired a biopic about Michel’le’s life called Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel’le. She was portrayed by Rhyon Nicole Brown. It tells the story of her abusive relationship with Dr. Dre and Suge Knight. It also talked of her experiences with Ruthless Records, and the journey she went through to find herself. Her intentions with the biopic are to help encourage other victims of domestic violence.
She was cast as herself in the stage play Love Jones: The Musical.
Michel’le was engaged to Dr. Dre; they have a son, Marcel (born 1991). When Michel’le began dating Dr. Dre he had just had a baby and had another one on the way. Marcel was her first and his fifth child. After their son was born their relationship became more strained due to Dr. Dre’s drinking, infidelity, and abuse. She has gone on record stating that Dr.
Dre was physically abusive throughout their relationship, with injuries including a broken nose (which she had to have surgically corrected), a cracked rib and five black eyes. Michel’le recalled on The Breakfast Club that, after the first time he hit her, they cried together in bed, and he said, “I’m really sorry,” but the abuse continued despite his apology. After one argument Dr. Dre shot at Michel’le, missing her by inches.
She left the bullet in the door for him to see and stated that “he never tried to shoot me anymore. Thank God. But the beatings were — it was a lot… His last wife, I just couldn’t do it anymore. It’s too much.” Things got so bad that she began to self medicate with prescription pills and alcohol. Michel’le left Dr. Dre after she discovered he was engaged to another woman.
At Michel’le’s lowest point with Dr. Dre, Death Row Records CEO/co-founder Suge Knight stepped in to help get her clean by sending her to rehab. In 1999, Michel’le married Suge while he was in prison. She filed for divorce six years later.
Michel’le claims to have discovered that her marriage to Suge was invalid through the divorce process because he was still married to his ex-wife Sharitha. Michel’le stated Suge hit her once, dislocating her jaw. They have a daughter, Bailey, who was born in 2002. In 2009, Michel’le went to court over unpaid spousal and child support from Suge.
In 2015, after Dre was criticized for omitting his past of abusing women in the film Straight Outta Compton, he issued a statement to The New York Times apologizing to the women he has hurt. Michel’le did not think the apology was genuine and said she believed he released the statement to protect his brand. “He apologized to the public.
I don’t think that was an apology to me because if it was, he would’ve either called me without the public and said ‘Michel’ le, I am so sorry for what I did to you 20-something years ago,’ that’s an apology,” she said.
In 2015, Michel’le revealed that she attempted suicide two years prior. She had reached a breaking point because Suge was controlling her life. Michel’le claimed that he was the reason why she didn’t sing for seven years. She said, “Looking back I didn’t even know I was depressed, I was just so used to feeling that way and thought that was what life was. I tried telling my family and friends but they just blow you off and say: ‘Yeah right’ they don’t know what it is, so they just don’t want to be around that.”
Michel’le Denise Toussant Net Worth
Michel’le has a net worth of around $1 million dollars, the affluence, and luxury that she has surely come off from the talent and rhythm that she has in her voice.


text:
If you're a cycling enthusiast, you know how precious floor space can be when it comes to storing your beloved bikes. That's where the WheelsUp Series of bike wall mounts and racks comes to the rescue. These innovative solutions allow you to elevate your bike storage, creating a tidy and clutter-free environment in your home, shed, or garage. In this blog, we'll dive into these exceptional products, emphasizing their contribution to popular bike storage ideas like wall bike racks, bike stands, and hanging bikes on a wall.
WheelsUp Series Vertical Bike Wall Mount
Elevate your bike storage and free up floor space with the WheelsUp Series Vertical Bike Wall Mount. This smart and unobtrusive 2-piece wall mount is a game-changer for anyone seeking a space-saving storage solution. Here's why it's a must-have:
Universal Compatibility: Whether you have a road bike, mountain bike, or BMX, this wall mount can handle it. It supports bikes up to 66 lbs with a maximum tire width of 3.5 inches, making it a versatile choice for various bike types.
Effortless Storage: Say goodbye to heavy lifting. Simply tilt your bike onto its rear wheel and glide it into the rack. It's a stress-free way to store your bike, aligning with popular bike storage ideas like bike stands.
Wall Protection: The wall-mounted tire stop not only keeps your bike secure but also safeguards both your bike and the wall from unsightly scratches, ensuring a clean and damage-free storage space.Specifications:
WheelsUp Series Bike Wall Mount with Shelf and Hooks
Transform your living space and revolutionize your bike storage with our WheelsUp Series Bike Wall Mount with Shelf and Hooks. Bid farewell to cluttered floors and usher in a stylish, functional solution that maximizes space effortlessly. Constructed from high-strength steel, this bike mount not only radiates durability but also boasts a gentle silicone padding, preserving your bike's frame while securely suspending it. The incorporated top shelf and built-in hooks offer ample additional storage, ideal for housing your cycling essentials. Concerned about your front wheel making contact with the wall? Our included wheel strap ensures unwanted movement is a thing of the past. With two easily detachable brackets designed for simple installation on wood studs, setting up your new storage solution is a breeze.
Additional Storage: The open top shelf and hooks provide extra storage space for your bike gear, contributing to bike storage ideas that keep your accessories organized and easily accessible.
Front Wheel Security: An extra wheel strap ensures your bike's front wheel is securely fixed, preventing accidental movement, and making it a reliable choice for bike rack for garage storage.
Easy Installation: Two removable brackets make installation on wood studs a breeze, adding convenience to your bike storage solution.Specifications:
WheelsUp Series Bike Wall Mount with Adjustable Angle
Embrace universal compatibility that accommodates an array of bike types, including road, mountain, BMX, and more with the WheelsUp Series Bike Wall Mount with Adjustable Angle. Elevate your bike storage strategy and proudly display your bicycle on the wall! Whether it's your home, shed, or garage, this sophisticated solution guarantees a clutter-free space for your cycling equipment. Crafted from robust high-strength steel, it features a gentle padding that shields your bike's crossbar from unsightly scratches. Thanks to the built-in extension arm, our rack effortlessly accommodates bikes with handlebar widths of up to 30.3 inches. The mounting hook is thoughtfully designed to suit your preferred bike angle, while a front-wheel strap safeguards against any unintentional wall contact.
Flexible Design: The angle-adjustable mounting hook lets you position your bike exactly as you like it on the wall, adhering to bike storage ideas that focus on customization.
Universal Compatibility: Just like the other models in the series, this wall mount is compatible with a wide range of bike types, including road bikes, mountain bikes, and BMX bikes.
Frame Protection: Soft padding on the crossbar protects your bike's frame from scratches, ensuring it remains in pristine condition, contributing to popular bike storage ideas.
Handlebar Width: The extension arm ensures that the rack can hold bikes with a handlebar width of up to 30.3 inches, accommodating a variety of bike types and sizes.
Front-Wheel Security: A front-wheel strap prevents any unwanted contact with the wall, keeping both your bike and your wall safe, adhering to wall bike rack storage principles.Specifications:
In conclusion, the WheelsUp Series of bike wall mounts and racks offers a range of innovative and stylish solutions to elevate your bike storage. Whether you prefer a vertical mount, additional storage and hooks, or an angle-adjustable design, WheelsUp has the perfect solution for you. These products align with popular bike storage ideas like wall bike racks, bike stands, and hanging bikes on a wall, helping you clear the clutter and make your living spaces more organized and stylish while freeing up valuable floor space.

domain: design


text:
The need for information on the influence of alternating 50-Hz-magnetic fields of different flux density on the intra-cellular calcium concentration of freshly isolated human lymphocytes and in cells of cultivated human leukaemia T-cell lines (testing Lindström's existing results). Goal: determining the effect of low frequency magnetic fields on the immune system
17 rats were exposed for two weeks to a magnetic field of 50 Hz/100 µT or to simulated exposure; at the end of the exposure period blood samples were taken and lymphocytes isolated; analysis of 3741 cells; measurement of the intra-cellular calcium concentration; stimulation with concanavalin A.
In contrast to earlier results, simulated exposure cells showed a stronger capacity for stimulation (intermediate individual response and number of reacting cells).
electrical engineeringType of hazard:
Strahlung, arbeitsbedingte GesundheitsgefahrenCatchwords:
Physikalische Faktoren, elektromagnetische Felder, gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen und StörungenDescription, key words:
Danger to the immune system through 50-Hz-magnetic field


text:
[News] Statement of Level Adjustment for Ranking and CP
After the maintenance , Maximum level will be changed 350 to 349 for website Ranking page and CP system:
About Ranking page: When two players has the same number of rebirth and Level,
the player who has higher EXP will temporarily be ranked ahead of the other player.
About CP system, you can use CP box for Maximum level 349.

domain: game