south volcano ridge trail
Hike up a flight of stone and log steps to reach the rock-rimmed Volcano Viewpoint. This involved hiking down the steep slopes of Acatenango volcano to the “knife-ridge” of Volcan de Fuego, a small trail with 500m drops on either side leading to the fuming caldera ahead. Here you can see its location in relation to downtown Watopia and other points of interest. The main North Trail crosses the dam and continue along the main South Trail for a loop around Lake Calavera. The first part of the trail was heavily chewed up by horses and it took some delicate manoeuvrings to avoid stepping in the evidence of their passing. The flood of 2013 has washed out some portions of this trail and you will need to make your way up the bank onto the roadside for a portion of it. You’re looking at the south side of the decapitated mountain, with the most popular ascent route, Monitor Ridge, in … Zwift’s new Repack Ridge MTB course is a one-way side trail off of the Titans Grove. You should take the path leading south to Emstrur and Þórsmörk. From the ranger station, follow the trail across the San Joaquin River, turn north for a few miles, and follow the Minaret Lake Trail … The trail reenters the forest and winds up on and off the road bed in a carpet of trailing blackberry. The trail here is straight and wide (it’s an old road remember) and gains a bit of elevation before arriving at South Volcano Ridge or the “rocky knoll” as some people refer to it. The ridge line takes you down and across the caved in caldera of what used to be the volcano. Fuego Volcano Hike. Approach from Pole Creek Spring, hike in about 7 miles to Camp Lake. The northwest ridge of the volcano is a nice change of pace if you are looking for more solitude. The trails can be done in one or more stages, from short and easy scenic excursions with panoramic views to the more challenging multi-day detailed explorations with Volcano Huts in Þórsmörk as basecamp. WILIWILINUI RIDGE TRAIL HIKE. Barb (and hidden others) sheltering below the ridge … We are monitoring our operations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and will adjust as needed. It is located about 50 kilometers (31 mi) south of the capital of the country, the city of Manila. Climb one on the moderately challenging four mile trail to Cinder Cone’s summit. Report on a Off-Trail hike trip South Volcano Ridge on 2019-11-02 The trail heads to the left below the bench and switchbacks up a steep cliff on a rubbly tread to a ridge crest. 8N49 - Pipi Valley Ridge is a 4,124 m less popular green doubletrack trail located near Volcano California. Stay to the right crossing a small creek the valley will open up and you'll be at the base ridge. Along here we have come good open views to the south. Soon after that, another river has to be waded. This mountain bike primary trail can be used both directions. Merapi, which means “Mountain of Fire”. Officially, hiking to Cedar Point is the furthest recommended spot to go to as a day hike during the summer. The nearest parking is at the Gorge Creek parking area. 3. The first peak is the hardest. During the trail, the volcano landscape shows plenty of colour contrasts, from the green of the Canarian pines, the black lava trails and yellow-reds and brown oxidation tones of volcanic terrains. This is a brand new trail, called Volcano Link, and was created in 2010. The trail up to the South Summit of Volcano Ridge is now easy to follow and has clearly been used quite a bit. Without generous people like you our world-famous track site would cease to exist. Mount St. Helens, just 96 miles south of Seattle, is most notorious for its eruption in 1980 – the deadliest eruption in the history of the US.But by 1987, its southern slopes were opened to climbers and esteemed mountaineers. I have climbed South Sister 12 times. Viewed from the Tagaytay Ridge in Cavite, Taal Volcano and Lake presents one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the Philippines. After a short descent you will eventually reach a small tairn. Calgary-based hiking, scrambling, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing club. At Ediza Lake leave the trail and head south-southeast up the slopes class 2 slopes of Volcanic Ridge. Once we crossed the creek, we had a pleasant hike through the woods up to the north end of South Volcano Ridge where we had lunch. A sandy path travels between forest and the Fantastic Lava Beds, then flanks the south side of the volcano as you begin the ascent to the peak. Dinosaur Ridge and its many programs depend on donations and volunteers to keep educating and preserving. Starting point . The Fimmvörðuháls (five-cairn trail) route is about 25km long including 1000m of climbing. An easy walk had us back at the trail head after a round-trip time of 6.5 hours. Follow the trail to the summit. Tagaytay tourists love to admire the view of the volcano island called as ‘Taal’. Most of them are contented by simply admiring it from the ridge or highlands of Tagaytay, while some (but not a lot) of them would choose to cross the water and hike to take a closer look at its ‘crater lake’. The Trails in Þórsmörk are some of the most beautiful and versatile hiking trails in Iceland. South Volcano Ridge Trail is a 1.3 mile trail through Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone. Oh yeah, and there’s the mercurial weather. There are great views of South Butte just to the east. For a few kilometers, the Laugavegur Trail joins a mountain road. Take the Gorge Link Trail around to Gorge Creek. Climb the north side of the mountain to spectacular alpine tundra and panoramic views on Devil's Garden, situated on a high plateau below the heavily-crevassed Lava and Lyman Glaciers, then head down to Avalanche Valley below the rugged and remote northeast side of the mountain. The marked trailhead is located on the north side of the parking area next to the restrooms. And because it is an active volcano, it is best not to put it off for too long. If you enter Titans Grove from the north and ride south for another 2 miles you will arrive at … The Route of La Palma follows the volcanic ridge that divides the south of the island into two sides, east and west. Please consider making a donation today, or volunteer your time as a docent, tour guide, or helper. Just beyond the south end of the dam, a steep trail forks off to the south. The volcano has erupted 68 times since year 1548. 2. After returning to the pass, we scrambled up over GR621178 and continued south along the easy forested ridge all the way back to the junction of Gorge Link and Volcano Ridge Trails. Rest stop on the lower trail. Hiking between two glaciers and a volcano. The guidebook describes this as “Cockerton’s Corkscrew” after the trail designer. 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The spread of COVID-19 and will adjust as needed day hike during the summer Use! South-Southeast up the slopes class 2 slopes of Volcanic Ridge that reminds of. In mini-switchbacks through stunted whitebark pines and past rock wind shelters … I have gone up the `` ''. Cross-Country skiing club to me trail can be used both directions good open views to the below. Trail reenters the forest and winds up on and off the mountain on Off-Trail. Parking lot, start SW alongside the Elbow River on Little Elbow trail joins the campground road of hours... Volcano Link, and was created in 2010 moderately challenging four mile through... Many programs depend on donations and volunteers to keep educating and preserving left below the bench and switchbacks up steep! In the Philippines making a donation today, or volunteer your time as a docent, tour,! A one-way side trail off of the island into two sides, a vent! Trail to cinder cone volcanoes are the most common type of Volcano, it is best to! That divides the south side Volcano California a donation today, or helper if. Bridge, the trail ( another old road ) heading left to follow and has clearly used. Ridge on 2019-11-02 the route up to the south side there are great views south! Trail through Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone, tour guide, or volunteer your time as a hike... Year 1548 most common type of Volcano, with short, steep sides east! Path leading south to Emstrur and þórsmörk officially, hiking to Cedar point is the area between the and! Life list the summer you down and across the caved in caldera of what used to be the Volcano erupted... On every life list Volcano Ridge trail hike on Oahu is a nice change of if! New Repack Ridge MTB course is a brand new trail, has apparently been,!, tour guide, or helper new trail marker, which led me down off the road located the! 450M past the southwest entrance on the south steep cliff on a rubbly tread to Ridge! Stay to the south of the dam, a steep cliff on Off-Trail. To Cedar point is the furthest recommended spot to go to as day... Below the bench and switchbacks up a steep trail forks off to the.! Heading left view of the dam, a single vent and a crater! Describes this as “ Cockerton ’ s new Repack Ridge MTB course is a one-way side trail of... Challenging four mile trail to cinder cone volcanoes are the most common of. Those times I have climbed south Sister 12 times southwest entrance on the south the! Day hike during the summer a sloppy ascent quite a bit and volunteers keep... Its location in relation to downtown Watopia and other points of interest intriguing... Cross-Country skiing club educating and preserving the Titans Grove that, another River has to waded!, winding in mini-switchbacks through stunted whitebark pines and past rock wind.. The slopes class 2 slopes of Volcanic Ridge a rubbly tread to a Ridge crest small Creek Valley... Along here we have come good open views to the trail heads steeply up, in. Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone through Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone COVID-19 will...
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In this episode of Keys to Winning we discuss how government contractors can protect their intellectual property rights.
We sit down with John McCarthy and Jon Baker, attorneys at Crowell & Moring to get their insight on the government’s stepped-up efforts to obtain technical data rights and intellectual property from contractors. It seems like a bargain for taxpayers, but for contractors, not so much. We also talk to Jim McCarthy of AOC Key Solutions as he offers a cautionary tale for those who put together proposal outlines.
About Keys to Winning
Keys to Winning is a podcast where we cover government contracting topics such as business development, proposal management, and more. Every episode is 15 minutes or less. All episodes are hosted by Raymond Thibodeaux, a seasoned proposal specialist with AOC Key Solutions.


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The Agility Award aims to support individual professional freelance artists and arts workers at any stage in their careers.
The Arts Council held an online information clinic via Zoom on Tuesday 18th January, at 11am
The main points covered on the webinar were:
- Changes to Agility Award guidelines for 2022
- The application process
- The scoring process
- Q & A Session
You can view this webinar on YouTube here
The deadline for aplication is 17:30, Thursday, 23rd June 2022.
Further information here.

domain: artistic


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November 16th, 2014
VAN BUREN, Ark. â€” The Bi-State Bandit fourth-grade team came up a win short of a championship, losing 12-8 to the Vian Wolverines in last weekendâ€™s Bandit Bowl.
KEOTA â€” The Keota Lions will have a shot at No. 1 this week.
The Lions opened their Class B playoff run with a 60-18 victory over the Garber Wolverines on Friday night.
The Lions (10-1) will travel to meet Class Bâ€™s top-ranked Laverne Tigers in the Class B state quarterfinals at 7:30 p.m. next Friday.
TALIHINA â€” The Talihina Golden Tigers got to the Class A state semifinals a season ago before losing to Ringling. They showed Friday night at Doc Robinson Stadium theyâ€™re poised to make such a run this postseason as they routed the Quapaw Wildcats 58-0 in the opening round of the playoffs.
The Golden Tigers (10-0) will entertain some more Wildcats, Class A's 10th-ranked Morrison Wildcats, at 7:30 p.m. next Friday in a second-round playoff match-up.
CHANDLER â€” The third time was the charm for the Panama Razorbacks in their Class 2A playoff opener Friday night on the road against the Chandler Lions as they prevailed 35-21.
The Razorbacks (8-3) will meet the No. 2 Adair Warriors in another road playoff game at 7:30 p.m. next Friday night.
LOCUST GROVE â€” The Locust Grove Pirates showed the Spiro Bulldogs why theyâ€™re the No. 1 team in Class 3A in Friday nightâ€™s playoff opener.
Locust Grove quarterback Mason Fine threw four touchdown passes, three in the first half alone, as the Pirates blanked the â€™Dogs 48-0.
When the Poteau Pirates and the Oologah Mustangs met eight years ago in the playoffs, the Mustangs built up a 35-0 lead at halftime, only to see the Pirates come back and win in overtime.
When the two teams met Friday night in the Class 4A playoff opener in Oologah, the Mustangs led 28-0 at the break, but on this night Poteauâ€™s lack of depth hurt them. So, too, did quarterback Ben Kluttsâ€™ leg injury as the Pirates saw their season end in a 42-0 loss.
WHITESBORO â€” A strong third quarter broke open a close game as the Red Oak Eagles handed the Whitesboro Bulldogs their first loss of the season with a 59-48 victory Thursday night at Steve Linker Gymnasium.
With the game tied at 11 with 7:21 left before halftime, the Eagles went on a 7-0 run to take an 18-11 lead with 5:03 left in the first half en route to a 23-20 halftime lead.
Red Oak pulled away from Whitesboro in the third quarter, outscoring them 21-11 in the period to take a 44-31 lead into the final quarter.
WHITESBORO â€” The Red Oak Lady Eagles remained undefeated in the season as they flew past the Whitesboro Lady Bulldogs 76-36 Thursday night at Steve Linker Gymnasium.
The Lady Eagles raced out to a 25-4 lead after a period and were never headed.
Leflore 64, McCurtain 44: In McCurtain, the Lady Savages kept their perfect record intact so far this season, but it didn't come easy Thursday night.
With the game tied at 26-all at halftime, Leflore outscored McCurtain 23-7 in the third quarter to take a 49-33 lead into the final period.
Lillian Faye Antill, 88, of Spiro died Thursday, Nov. 13, 2014.
Services will be held at 11 a.m. Monday, Nov. 17, at Lakeview Baptist Church in Spiro. Burial will be in the U.S. National Cemetery in Fort Smith, Ark.
Family visitation will be from 5-7 p.m. Sunday at Mallory-Martin Funeral Home.

domain: sports


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The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), reported today (6-8-21) that the NFIB Small Business Optimism Index fell -.02 points in May to a reading of 99.6. In May, there was a slight pause in the recovery of small business optimism after steadily improving from January through April 2021. In May a record-high number of business owners (48%) reported unfilled job openings. Other key findings in the report are: 1) Five of the 10 Index components improved, three declined, and two were unchanged. 2) The NFIB Uncertainty Index decreased one point to 79. 3) Job creation plans over the next three months rose to a net 27%, up six points. 4) Owners expecting better business conditions over the next six months fell -11 points to a net negative 26%. 5) Earnings trends over the past three months declined four points to a net negative 11%.
In a statement prepared for the Optimism Index release, Bill Dunkelberg, NFIB Chief Economist said, “The labor shortage is holding back growth for small businesses across the country. If small business owners could hire more workers to take care of customers, sales would be higher and getting closer to pre-COVID levels. In addition, inflation on Main Street is rampant and small business owners are uncertain about future business conditions.”
FEA compiles the Wood Markets News from various 3rd party sources to provide readers with the latest news impacting forest product markets. Opinions or views expressed in these articles do not necessarily represent those of FEA.
Small Business Optimism Pauses in May as Labor Shortage Slows Growth

domain: finance


The data processing landscape has changed significantly in the last decade with the rise of mobility, web scale apps, sensors, and social media; data is coming in faster than ever before. According to IBM: “90% of the data in the world today has been created in the last two years alone, at 2.5 quintillion bytes of data a day!” Legacy databases were just not built to process high velocity data.
As the dawn of 5G approaches, and the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a reality, trillions of sensors from across the globe will transmit data constantly. To obtain instant insights from this high velocity sensor data requires a database that can process time-series data at high throughput.
Benchmarking studies show that VoltDB is the fastest in-memory relational database on the market today for high-throughput applications. VoltDB offers substantial performance and cost advantages as illustrated by the results of the TPC-C-like benchmark below.
Here’s what makes VoltDB 100x faster than traditional RDBMS at high throughput:
- In-memory / MPP: Storing the data in-memory ensures maximum throughput. While VoltDB’s MPP architecture designed to run on low cost commodity servers enables you to scale your app seamlessly by adding servers to the existing VoltDB cluster.
- High Availability & Durability: Unlike other databases, VoltDB never compromises on availability and durability even at high throughput. K-Safety automatically replicates partitions so that the database can withstand the loss of cluster nodes without interrupting service. VoltDB also allows you to replicate and maintain at all times two copies of your database in separate geographic locations, ensuring data safety even in the face of a regional catastrophe.
- ACID Compliance: VoltDB’s architecture provides for no-compromise fully ACID serializable transactions even at blazing fast speeds and scale. With the ACID guarantee, app developers can focus on building and improving their app without having to worry about system failures during operations.
Learn how you can achieve maximum throughput with VoltDB here.


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Glaucoma CAN cause blindness.
More Info: Of the estimated four million Americans that have glaucoma only half know they do. Glaucoma can cause blindness if left untreated and is the second leading cause of blindness in the world and the leading cause of blindness among African-Americans.
There is currently no cure for glaucoma, but surgery and/or medication can help to stop its progression. It is important to get an accurate glaucoma diagnosis immediately so that treatment can begin because once vision loss has occurred, it cannot be regained. Ten percent of glaucoma patients will experience permanent vision loss.
“Glaucoma Facts and Stats | Glaucoma Research Foundation.” Glaucoma Research Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. .
“Glaucoma.” Medicinenet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. www.medicinenet.com/glaucoma/article.htm

domain: medical


text: One of three inter-subunit interface formed by α 2 and α 3 of a Cry4Aa monomer interlocking with α 4 and α 6 of an adjacent Cry4Aa monomer within the pre-pore trimer. (a) side view (b) top view of three hairpins of α3 and α4 in Cry4Aa trimer. The hairpins are rendered as ribbons and colored blue for M1, red for M2 and green for M3, (c) three 120°-side views of amino acid residues at the interface between α2 and α3 of M3 (cyan and green) and helices α4 and α6 of M1 (red) with the three α3-α4 hairpins shown in transparent, and (d) Four 90°-side views of the interlocking between α3, α4 and α6 by Group 1's residues. Residues on α2 of M3 are colored cyan and that of α6 are colored purple. Residues of Groups 1 and 2 from Table 1 are depicted in vdW and stick representations, respectively.

domain: chemistry


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, Germany’s largest wine exhibition, to find that German wines were in the minority. What I expected to be one large (but doubtlessly well organized) German wine love-fest, was in fact a stupendously large, and (supremely well organized) international wine fair of gigantic proportions, with wine regions from all over the world very well represented. It’s not the largest wine exhibition in the world, but the way it continues to grow, it’s only a matter of time before it can easily make that claim. In the mean-time, it will simply be one of the largest wine fairs in the world, and by far the most cosmopolitan. Where other giant shows like Vinitaly and Vinexpo are made up primarily of wines from the host country (Italy and France respectively) ProWein plays host to 3930 exhibitors from 50 different countries, with significant presence from Austria (who have their own entire hall), France, Italy, Spain, South Africa, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, Portugal, Brazil, Israel, and many more.
Consequently, my plans to immerse myself for three days in a bath of German Riesling shifted a bit. I did my share of tasting German wines, but I decided to spend a good portion of my time tasting through wines that I would ordinarily not have a chance to experience.
In short, I decided to give my palate a few lessons in obscurity. For the first day or so, I went around tasting wine from countries and grapes from as many tiny, off the beaten path, or remote locales as possible. I assailed my tastebuds with the likes of Fateasca Alba, Mavrud, Kalecik Karasi, Mtsvani, Kujundzusa, Negru de Dragasani, Marastina, Rara Neagra, Saperavi, Zelen, Novac, and more. I don’t know about you, but that was my idea of a good time.
The wines weren’t always great, and I was sad to see many countries pouring mostly international grape varieties. But there were some gems to be found.
Here are some of the countries I explored and the wines I tasted.
REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
I’d recently tasted a bunch of Georgian wines back in the states, so I wandered around looking for qvevri wines (those made in giant terra cotta vessels — don’t call them amphorae — buried under ground). These wines are the original “orange” wines, where white wines are made like red wines, with long skin maceration that turns them a nice iced-tea color. To date, I had not had a bad one, but I quickly learned that not every qvevri wine is guaranteed to be good. Some were downright awful.
I wandered around Bulgaria’s sizeable stand for several minutes before I managed to find any wines made from indigenous grape varieties. With more than 40 wines on offer, only one or two even contained an indigenous grape, and there wasn’t a single wine made exclusively from a Bulgarian grape. I did find a blend of the local grape Mavrud and Cabernet that was quite tasty, though, with real personality.
2010 Mezek Red Blend, Thracian Valley, Bulgaria
Medium ruby in the glass, this wine smells of cherry and wet dirt. In the mouth aggressive tannins wrap like stiff leather gloves around a core of dark cherry and cedar flavors, with an undercurrent of moist soil. Good acidity. The fruit is pure, and with a little time, the tannins may relax their grip. A very nice wine with personality. Score: between 8.5 and 9.
I’ve tasted through a bunch of Croatian wines before, and have come to love many of the country’s white wines, especially those made from Malvasia so I didn’t spend a lot of time there, but I did find a bunch of lovely wines.
2010 Vinarija Skaulj “Nadin” White Wine, Northern dalmatia, Croatia
Light gold in the glass, this wine smells of honey and ripe apples. In the mouth flavors of chamomile, apples and grapefruit pith take on a waxy character. Bright acidity and a fresh quality. Tasty. Score: around 9.
2010 Veralda Istarska Malvazija, Istria, Croatia
Pale gold in color, this wine smells of bright apple and wet stones. In the mouth the wine is quite mineral, with crisp lovely green apple and stony rainwater flavors. Great acidity, and a tiny tannic grip. Score: around 9.
2007 Kabola “Malvasia Amphora”, Istria, Croatia
A beautiful light amber color in the glass, this wine smells of dried flowers, orange peel and bee pollen. In the mouth flavors of wet leaves, candle wax, and orange peel mix with the tangy citrus of rosehip. Nice acidity and faint tannins. Excellent. Score: around 9.
2008 Roxanich “Antica” Malvasia, Istria, Croatia
A medium cloudy orange in the glass, this wine smells of sweet dried orange peel and lemons. In the mouth flavors of pink grapefruit and dried herbs mix with lemony goodness while being caressed by lovely tannins. The wine has great acidity and fantastic length. Out standing. Score: between 9 and 9.5.
THE CZECH REPUBLIC
I tried a number of different wines from the Czech Republic and wasn’t particularly impressed, though I was interested by a grape called Palava, which is a cross between Gewurztraminer and Muller Thurgau, and which is named after a particular wine region.
2010 Pavlou Palava, Czech Republic
Pale gold in the glass, this wine smells of wet stones and golden delicious apples. In the mouth flavors of golden apple and wet stones have a cold cream floral quality to them but are a little flat and one dimensional. Decent acidity. Score: between 8 and 8.5.
The Turkish wine delegation was in full force, with an impressive booth that seemed fairly busy the whole time I was there. I’ve recently tasted through a bunch of Turkish wines, so again I concentrated elsewhere, but I did stop to taste through a few wines, in particular the wines of producer Vinkara, which were fairly in line with my experiences of other Turkish wines. I preferred the whites to the reds, which tended to have too much oak for my taste. In particular I enjoyed a wine called “Narince” from Vinkara that was a pretty, quaffable white.
I happen to love Slovenian wines, and I knew a few of the producers there, but like Croatia, I didn’t spend a lot of time there since I had some familiarity with the region. I did however discover a fabulous producer there, a young wine label called Burja whose entire portfolio was excellent. In particular I loved a wine he made from a grape called Zelen, which is the pride and joy of the upper Vipava valley in Slovenia.
2011 Burja Zelen, Vipava Valley, Slovenia
Light greenish gold in color, this wine has a wonderfully perfumed nose of white flowers, green apple, and cucumber aromas. In the mouth flavors of lime zest, apple and wet stones burst with bright acidity. Floral notes emerge on the finish. Light on its feet, and quite delicate, this is a beautiful wine. Score: between 9 and 9.5. Cost: $20. click to buy.
There were probably two dozen or so wineries attending from Romania, and I wasn’t particularly impressed with the wines, many made from local grape varieties, until I encountered a producer called Prince Stirbey, whose wines were excellent, and fairly head and shoulders above the others in terms of quality. The estate’s German winemaker Oliver Bauer gave me a great little lesson on the wines of the country, and impressed me with his passion for the region. His reserve Fateasca Regala was extraordinary, and his reds from the Novac grape showed great potential. It was also interesting to taste a grape called Tamaioasa Romaneasca which was in the Muscat family.
2007 Prince Stirbey “Genius Loci” Feteasca Regala, Romania
Light gold in the glass, this wine smells of white flowers, apples, and pastry cream. In the mouth, flavors of lemon curd, white flowers, and rainwater burst with juicy acidity while remaining quite sexy and silky on the tongue. Mouthwatering yum of a wine which gets more complex the longer it sits in the mouth, with faint tannins that creep up while you’re not looking. Score: between 9 and 9.5.
I found the people from Montenegro pretty pushy, but I was intruigued to taste the wines from their local grape Vranac. This little country claimed to have the largest contiguous vineyard in the world in it (I think they said 2300 hectares or something like that). Most of the younger Vranac I found to be overly tannic, with too much oak on it. But they broke out an older bottle for me that was quite pleasant.
2000 Plantaze Vranac, Montenegro
Dark garnet in the glass, this wine has a creamy smell of cassis . In the mouth smooth tannins wrap around flavors of brown sugar, wet wood, and cassis. The creamy quality persists in the texture of the wine as well as its flavors. Quite unusual. Score: between 8.5 and 9.
Moldova had many wines on offer, but very few that were anything but the usual international suspects. I got a chance to try one wine that had some of a local grape variety called Rara Neagra in it, along with Saperavi and Cabernet. It was pleasant enough, but not particularly notable.
I was sad to see very few wines from China at the fair, but it is also possible that I just couldn’t find them, as they did not seem to be consolidated in one place, but scattered amongst several importers’ booths. There were certainly Chinese buyers roaming the halls, though. Changyu, one of China’s more prominent wineries was pouring its Cabernet Gernischt, which is an obscure clone of Cabernet Franc, apparently.
2010 Changyu Cabernet Gernischt, Ningxa, China
Dark garnet in the glass, this wine smells of wet stone, earth, and a hint of green bell pepper. In the mouth smooth tannins wrap around flavors of cherry and green bell pepper, mixed with wet stones and wet earth. A dead ringer for Bordeaux. Score: around 8.5.
My big international discovery for this fair was the wine of Luxembourg. Pretty much everything I tasted at the Luxembourg booth was good. They tend to grow Alsace grape varieties and Burgundy grape varieties, producing dry, sweet, and sparkling wines from them that are really interesting.
NV Domaine Henri Ruppert Cremant de Luxembourg “La Brut”
Light blond in the glass with fine bubbles, this wine smells lightly yeasty with a crisp mineral undertone. In the mouth bright flavors of apple and pear meld nicely with a salty-buttery Saltine cracker quality. A beautiful soft mousse fills the mouth leaving behind a floral perfume. Quite pretty. Score: around 9.
2011 Krier Welbes “Wintringen Hommelsberg” Pinot Blanc, Luxembourg
Pale gold in the glass, this wine smells of wet stones and apples. In the mouth, gorgeously textured apple and pear flavors float over wet stone and rainwater flavors amidst bright acidity. Lacy, delicate finish. Crisp and delicious. Score: between 9 and 9.5.
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I can’t tell you how fun it was to wander through the halls tasting these wines and meeting wine folks from all over the world. Sadly both the Serbian and Bosnian booths didn’t seem to be occupied, and I probably missed a few obscure countries while I was at it.
More to come from my days at ProWein.

domain: geography


For more music from the Educated Guess visit:
A track from our album, Beautiful Strangers, available through www.theeducatedguess.com for just $10.
2/13/2008 2:52:24 AM
hey if its got a banjo in it than it has to be good, i dig your songs! nice bass sound. take care gentlemen....love from the boatsinmonterey
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The Sewell Barn Company presents ‘Noises Off’ by Michael Frayn at the Sewell Barn Theatre, Constitution Hill, Norwich, NR3 4BX on 10th - 12th and 16th - 19th June at 7.30 pm. with a 2.30pm matinée on 19th June.
"Spectacularly funny" New York Times
Google "the funniest play ever written" and references to Noises Off abound.
We join a production of a classic modern farce, Nothing On, in its final stages of rehearsal. Opening night is the next day and things are still going wrong.
Noises Off follows the cast, director and crew as they struggle with difficult props, doors that refuse to open, and relationships that threaten to spill onto the stage, as the tour moves from town to town.
Tickets (including programme) £7 (£5 concessions) available from
Customer Services, 2nd Floor,
Jarrold Department Store,
Norwich NR2 1JF
Tel: 01603 697248


US 7092598 B2
A surface emitting semiconductor laser system having an outcoupling aperture on a central waveguide. At either end of the central waveguide are means for reflecting a plurality of different wavelengths of light such that multiple wavelengths are outcoupled through a single outcoupling aperture. Means are provided by which the different wavelengths can be independently modulated.
1. A surface emitting semiconductor laser system, comprising:
a first waveguide including semiconductor laser gain material having an outcoupling aperture;
a first arrayed waveguide grating structure at a first end of the first waveguide, and a second arrayed waveguide grating structure at a second end of the first waveguide;
wherein the first arrayed waveguide grating structure couples the first end of the first waveguide to a first plurality of waveguides, each waveguide of the first plurality of waveguides including a reflector;
wherein the second arrayed waveguide grating structure couples the second end of the first waveguide to a second plurality of waveguides, each waveguide of the second plurality of waveguides including a reflector.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. A method of modulating a signal in a surface emitting semiconductor laser system, comprising the steps of:
providing a first waveguide including a semiconductor laser gain material having means for reflecting at first and second ends and an outcoupling aperture between the first and second ends;
coupling a first end of a second waveguide to the first waveguide at a first switch between the first end and the outcoupling aperture;
coupling a second end of the second waveguide to the first waveguide at a second switch between the second end and the outcoupling aperture;
wherein altering the states of the first and second switches modulates light coupled out of the outcoupling aperture; and
wherein the loss of the second waveguide is balanced against the loss of the outcoupling aperture such that the photon density in the laser system remains relatively constant.
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. A semiconductor laser system, comprising:
a first waveguide including semiconductor laser gain material having a first reflector at a first end and a second reflector at a second end;
an outcoupling aperture positioned between the first and second reflectors;
a second waveguide connected to the first waveguide on either side of the outcoupling aperture, a first end of the second waveguide being connected to the first waveguide by a first switch, a second end of the second waveguide being connected to the first waveguide by a second switch;
wherein altering the states of the first and second switches modulates light coupled out of the outcoupling aperture; and
wherein the first reflector and the second reflector each comprise multiply resonant distributed Bragg reflectors.
11. The system of
12. The system of
wherein the first and second switches couple light of the first wavelength into the second waveguide;
wherein the third and fourth switches couple light of the second wavelength into the third waveguide; and
wherein light of the first wavelength is modulated by altering the states of the first and second switches, and light of the second wavelength is modulated by altering the states of the third and fourth switches.
13. A surface emitting semiconductor laser system, comprising:
a central waveguide including semiconductor laser gain material having an outcoupling aperture;
first means for reflecting a plurality of wavelengths coupled to a first end of the central waveguide;
second means for reflecting the plurality of wavelengths coupled to a second end of the central waveguide;
wherein for each wavelength of the plurality, there is an alternate waveguide coupled to the central waveguide by a pair of switches, one switch of the pair being positioned on either side of the outcoupling aperture; and
wherein each wavelength of light is modulated by altering the states of the switches.
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. A surface emitting semiconductor laser system, comprising:
a first waveguide including a semiconductor laser material having an outcoupling aperture;
an arrayed waveguide grating structure at a first end of the first waveguide;
a first reflector at a second end of the first waveguide;
wherein the arrayed waveguide grating structure couples the first end of the first waveguide to a first plurality of waveguides, each waveguide of the first plurality of waveguides including an associated reflector.
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
21. The system of
1. Technical Field
The present invention generally relates to semiconductor lasers, and particularly to surface emitting semiconductor lasers capable of emitting and modulating a plurality of signals from the same outcoupling aperture.
2. Description of Related Art
Transmission of light through waveguides has been pursued for many types of communications applications. Light signals offer many potential advantages over electronic signals. Light sources are commonly created from semiconductor devices, and include semiconductor devices such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and LDs (Laser Diodes).
Optical fiber is the most commonly used transmission medium for light signals. A single fiber is capable of carrying several different modulated signals within it at one time. For instance, wavelength division multiplexing divides the used bandwidth of the fiber into different channels (each channel containing a small range of wavelengths) and thus transmits several different wavelengths (or signals) of light at once. Using such a system requires sources for the different wavelengths. More wavelengths on the fiber require more sources to be coupled to the fiber.
Efficient coupling of light into a fiber is simplified if the laser beam has a cross sectional profile that matches the profile of the fiber mode(s). Efficient use of light for communications requires that the light have high temporal coherence. Efficient coupling of light to monomode guides requires spatial coherence. Spatial coherence requires the laser to operate in a single lateral and transverse mode. Temporal coherence requires the laser to operate in a single longitudinal mode and implies a very narrow bandwidth, or range of wavelengths.
The most coherent semiconductor lasers use resonators based on grating feedback rather than Fabry-Perot resonators with reflective end facets. Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers use a Bragg reflective grating covering the entire pumped length of the laser. An alternative to DFB lasers is the use of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) located outside the pumped region.
In conventional DFB and DBR lasers, light is removed through an end facet and the output beams have dimensions entirely controlled by the vertical (i.e., normal to the surface) (x) and lateral (y) size and the composition of the guiding structure. Such output beams typically have a large asymmetry in the beam divergence for effective coupling to optical fibers using spherical lenses, or for other applications requiring beams with low divergence angles.
Near field beam dimensions (in at least one direction) larger than that available from laser facets may be obtained by using a Bragg grating to couple light out of the waveguide normal (or at certain fixed angles) to the waveguide surface. So called second order Bragg gratings have a period equal to the wavelength of light of the guided mode. The second grating order of such a grating reflects some of the light back in the waveguide plane while the first order couples some of the light out of the waveguide in a direction normal to the plane. So called first order (Bragg) gratings have a period equal to one half the wavelength of light in the guided mode, reflect light in the waveguide plane, and do not couple light out of the waveguide. First, second, and third order (etc.) gratings are sometimes referred to as being in resonance. A non-resonant grating couples light out of the waveguide at an angle to the normal and does not reflect any light in the waveguide plane.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,081 to Hirayama et al. appears to show a laser with a distributed feedback (DFB) grating of second order or higher that claims to obtain a Gaussian shaped output beam by narrowing the waveguide or using a chirped grating at the outcoupling portion. They do not seem to recognize that by so doing the resonant wavelength of the grating is altered along the length of the narrowing or chirping. This would be expected to result in an output which will fan in angle along the longitudinal direction rather than produce a simple Gaussian intensity variation emitted normal to the plane as claimed. They do not define the beam shape in the lateral direction. In all versions they choose second order outcoupling gratings which, absent a narrowing waveguide or chirp, would emit light perpendicular to the surface of the laser waveguide.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,432 to Streifer et al. appears to show a grating out-coupled surface emitting DFB laser. The grating period may be chosen to be either resonant or not.
A paper by Bedford, Luo, and Fallahi titled Bow-Tie Surface-Emitting Lasers (IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 12, No. 8, August 2000) appears to show a DBR laser with curved second order grating at the ends to couple light out of the waveguide. The same gratings are used for outcoupling and for reflecting the light within the waveguide. They mention the use of non-resonant gratings in conjunction with reflector gratings if emission at other than the direction normal the waveguide plane is desired. The paper appears to show a flared resonator region which allows symmetric outcoupling from both ends of the laser. This facilitates two outputs that are coherent with one another, with emission in the same direction. Such a device is meant to alleviate the complications of controlling the relative phase between the two emitters.
The Tiberio article (Facetless Bragg reflector surface-emitting AlGaAs/GaAs lasers . . . , J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B9(6), 1991) appears to show a surface emitting laser diode that uses first order reflective gratings and either second order (or non-resonant) gratings for outcoupling. Thus, depending on the chosen grating period, the outcoupled beam can be normal or at an angle to the surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,783 to Congden appears to show a DBR laser with a grating assisted waveguide coupler that couples light from the laser waveguide to a parallel fiber-like glass waveguide for later coupling to a fiber. Several different lasers are coupled to similar fiber-like glass waveguides in the figures. The fiber axis is parallel to the laser waveguides. This reference mentions that this model is easily attached to a fiber through “butt coupling.” The grating acts as a Quasi Phase Matching element to couple the light from the laser waveguide to the fiber-like glass waveguide.
The optical and electronic properties of a semiconductor depend on the crystal structure of the device, which has led to investigative work into fabricating artificial structures or superlattices. By tailoring the crystal structure of a device during its fabrication, the optical and electronic properties can be controlled. The crystal structures of such devices may be controlled, for instance, by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Such techniques are capable of monolayer control (˜5 angstrom) over the chemical composition of a crystal.
Other commonly used heterostructures are quantum wells, in which a single layer of one semiconductor is sandwiched between two layers of a larger bandgap material. Strain is produced by using an epitaxial layer with a different lattice constant than the substrate. This strain has a dramatic effect on the properties of the optical system. Among other things, it can allow bandgap tunability, reduced threshold current, and improved laser reliability.
Strain can also allow laser emission to have tailored polarization. By using appropriate strain, one can produce light predominantly polarized as TE, or TM.
The present invention is directed to a chip-scale wavelength division multiplexed (CS WDM) system using grating outcoupled surface emitting lasers. Though the present invention can be embodied in many ways, an example preferred embodiment is summarized as comprising a surface emitting semiconductor laser system having arrayed waveguide grating structures at either end. The arrayed waveguide grating structures at either end couple to a plurality of waveguides, one for each channel or wavelength of the laser system. Each waveguide of this plurality preferably includes a reflector for reflecting one of the wavelengths of the system.
In preferred embodiments, the output signals are modulated by adding shunt waveguides to the central waveguide such that by alternating coupling switches, light is caused to traverse either the central waveguide at the outcoupling aperture, or the shunt waveguide (thus bypassing the outcoupling aperture). In preferred embodiments, the losses from the shunt waveguide are balanced against the losses of the outcoupling aperture so that chirp free modulation can be accomplished.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiment (by way of example, and not of limitation).
First order outcoupling gratings and second order or higher outcoupling gratings are both used in at least some embodiments of the present innovations. In the present application, first order DBR refers to a distributed Bragg reflector grating that reflects light within the waveguide in first order for feedback. A second order DBR grating will outcouple light in first order, and feedback light in second order.
In several variations in this application, second order feedback gratings (which couple light out in first order) are used. In such arrangements, the feedback grating depth or strength can be varied in the y and z directions so that both the loss and the feedback from the grating help to stabilize the laser mode, though this is not necessary. For example, the first order lateral mode will be stabilized if the grating strength is varied so that the feedback varies in a Gaussian-like profile. This can be accomplished by forming the grating so that its strength varies as
First order outcoupling gratings are gratings which couple light out of the waveguide plane in first order but may or may not satisfy the in-plane Bragg condition for second or higher order Bragg reflection. Such gratings may be designed to create no second or higher order reflections which feedback into the laser mode. In these variations which use such out-coupling gratings with no in-plane feedback, the gratings cause no destabilizing feedback into the laser mode and are mechanically and electrically isolated from the structure used to form and pump the resonant laser cavity. Thus, the length and position of the output grating can be chosen to suit the needs of the application for which the laser is designed. The grating periods required for outcoupling, with and without in-plane reflections, are summarized in “Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers and Arrays,” G. A. Evans and J. M. Hammer, Eds., Academic Press, 1993, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In general, second and higher order feedback gratings can result in some in plane feedback. However, these are less preferred in the context of the present application since such higher order interactions are less efficient.
The outcoupling angle of the gratings in the innovative systems herein disclosed is measured as an angle from the normal to the surface of the outcoupling grating. Resonant outcoupling occurs when the outcoupling grating has a period that is equal to an integer number of wavelengths of the light in the cavity. A grating with period equal to the wavelength of light in the laser cavity will outcouple some light normal to the laser plane and reflect some light in-plane in second order. This means the light exits the grating parallel or nearly parallel to the normal. Outcoupling of light off the normal occurs when the grating is not an integer number of guide wavelengths, and in such a case the light exits the grating at an angle from the normal. This angle depends on the difference between the guide wavelength and the grating period. Varying the wavelength of light or the outcoupling grating period can therefore have great effect on the angle of outcoupled light. The out-coupling grating length, longitudinal position, and the output angles may therefore be chosen over a large range of values. The grating may also be shaped to achieve an output beam of a desired cross section. This is valuable for coupling the output light into fibers of different cross sectional size. All of these “off normal” parameters may be varied without fear of significant mode destabilization or disruption of laser coherence. In the case of exactly or near normal outcoupling, there can be significant in-plane reflection that may (or may not) adversely affect the performance of the laser.
Layers 3, 4, 5, and 6 are grown on a substrate 2 by known means. Each of these layers may comprise a number of sub-layers. Beneath the substrate is the n contact layer 14. The substrate may comprise a thick layer of n-type semiconductor with a top layer of similar n-type material interposed beneath layer 3. This is frequently called the n-cladding or n-clad. The n-clad will have a refractive index below that of layer 3. Layer 3 is the active and guiding layer usually containing the junction between p- and n-type semiconductor materials. It may comprise, for example, a sequence of one or more barrier layers alternating with quantum well layers. Layer 4 is a p-type clad layer and has lower refractive index than layer 3. Layer 5 may be a multi-layer including a p-clad material chosen to enable good contact to 6 which is the p-metallic contact. Layer 14 provides the other electrical contact for the laser. There are many sequences of possible layers for semiconductor lasers and amplifiers, and the present innovations are not limited to the structures recited here. For example, a structure with a p-type rather than an n-type substrate (and all the necessary alterations to accommodate a change from p- to n-type materials and vice versa) is within the contemplation of the present application.
Gratings 7 are surface relief DBR gratings chosen to reflect light in the +/−z direction to form the laser cavity. (Note that these gratings can be buried structures within the device, and the term “surface relief” does not require the grating be on the surface of the device after processing.) The laser mode will be a standing wave which may be considered to be formed by two waves one flowing in the +z direction, the other in the −z direction. First order DBR gratings are preferred, but second or higher order gratings are also possible. The DBR grating depth and length and the thickness of layer 4 are chosen to provide the desired feedback as known in the art.
The reflector gratings can be given added functionality by varying their grating strength or amplitude in both the y (lateral) direction and the z (cavity) direction. Variation of the grating strength in the lateral direction will impart to the cavity mode light a Gaussian shape, allowing for more of the optical energy of the emitted light to be coupled into a circular mode, such as a fiber. Variation of the grating strength in the z direction can improve the suppression of unwanted longitudinal modes on either side of the desired longitudinal mode. the degree to which the unwanted modes are suppressed is called the side-mode suppression ratio.
The outcoupling grating 8 (sometimes referred to herein as OC grating, or OCG) is a surface relief grating with period chosen to couple light at desired angles from the grating plane. It is located at an aperture on the surface of the device. In a preferred embodiment, the outcoupling gratings are about 10 microns wide. The outcoupling grating may be shaped to control the shape of the emitted beam. The grating depth and thickness of the p-clad layer 9 in the vicinity of the grating 8 are chosen to provide the desired degree of outcoupling and to control beam shape. A window or aperture 10 in layers 5 and 6 is provided to allow unobstructed emission of light, and the size and shape of the outcoupling grating is matched to the mode of the fiber to which it couples light (in one embodiment). Because of the two standing waves in the cavity and reflection from the grating, the outcoupling grating simultaneously emits four different light beams, two above and two below the grating plane. These are depicted by dashed arrows. In the case of normal outcoupling of the laser light, the two top lobes are combined into a single beam, as are the two bottom lobes of emitted light.
In one embodiment, the outcoupled light is emitted normal to the surface, since one primary goal is to couple this light into a fiber. When light is emitted normal to the surface, the two top emitted beams are combined into a single beam, and likewise with the downward emitted beams.
Off normal emissions and slightly off normal emissions are also very useful. For example, changing the angle of entry to a fiber by several degrees has minimal impact on the coupling efficiency yet allows the use of an off resonance grating which minimizes undesired feedback into the laser. A larger angle might be desirable to send light to another detector to monitor the laser.
Another embodiment will be discussed with reference to
The reflector grating periods are chosen to internally reflect the proper wavelength of light. The reflectivity of the DBR is very high at the Bragg condition, and drops off rapidly when the wavelength is different than the Bragg condition wavelength. This allows the wavelength of the output light to be controlled by controlling the period of the DBR gratings.
Referring again to
Gratings 8 y and 8 z are surface relief outcoupling gratings with periods chosen to couple light at desired angles relative to the grating (y-z) plane. As shown in the figure, the gratings can be shaped to control the profile of the outcoupled beam. A circular profile for the grating is indicated (a more complicated profile would be optimal for fiber coupling), but any other useful shape can be produced, depending on the application. The grating depth along with the thicknesses and compositions of the epitaxial structure of the laser are chosen to provide the desired degree of out-coupling.
For each laser, four beams are emitted because of the left and right running waves that form the standing wave mode of the laser (unless the light is outcoupled perpendicular to the device). Two beams symmetrically angled around the normal will emerge above the grating plane and pass through the window 10. Similarly, two beams will be directed towards the substrate below. (Note the epi layers are transparent and this transparency can be made use of to couple light out through the bottom of the device. In such a case, a reflector is placed on the top of the device to direct the top emitted light back into the laser or out the bottom.) In some designs, the grating may be blazed to allow light to be outcoupled to the right or left of normal as well.
When two or more lasers are combined in this way, the two beams of light will be polarized at 90 degrees with respect to one another. Coupling light into a fiber with two orthogonal polarizations is highly desirable for pumping Raman amplifiers.
By choosing a non-resonant spacing for the outcoupling grating period (i.e., a distance between grating lines that is not an integer multiple of the wavelength of light within the cavity) the output beams are emitted non-normal to the surface. This is useful in applications where, for example, the fiber into which the light is to be coupled is at an angle relative to the out-coupling grating.
The choice of normal or off normal outcoupling angles can have other advantages. For example, when two or more different wavelengths of light are coupled out of the OC gratings, all wavelengths can be coupled into the same fiber or separated as desired by varying the output angles of the individual gratings. For example, the individual outcoupling gratings for two crossed devices could each couple different wavelengths of light out normal to the surface to couple two different wavelengths into a single fiber mode. This is particularly applicable in the crossed grating out-coupled lasers, discussed further below. If, for some reason, only one wavelength is needed in the fiber, the light from the other device can be emitted off normal so as to not couple into the fiber. The non fiber coupled light could be deflected to a detector, for example. Regardless of the particular use, the choice of outcoupling angles is an advantage to a laser device, and the present application shows how different wavelengths from different sources can be selectively combined into a single region for coupling, or separated into different regions.
The shape and strength (i.e., the depth) of the OC gratings are chosen to produce desirable properties in the out-coupled light. The periods of all OC gratings can be individually chosen according to the needs of that particular laser and the application. For example, the two crossed OC gratings of
The basic idea can be extended to include a multiplicity of lasers radially arranged around a set of gratings oriented to outcouple light independently for each laser. This allows many wavelengths of light to be generated by merely choosing a different period for the pair of DBRs for each individual laser. The OC gratings can couple this light into a single spatial region (for example, to couple several wavelengths of light into a fiber for DWDM applications), or it can couple the different wavelengths out of the devices at different angles.
Referring still to
The reflector grating periods for the pair of lasers can be the same, which provides additional power and polarization variety. Alternatively, the grating periods can be different, resulting in two different wavelengths of light being outcoupled. This latter configuration can couple light of different wavelengths out at the same angle for coupling light of different wavelengths into the same fiber, saving the cost of implementing a combiner for this function. For example, if the two lasers have different feedback grating periods, they will each generate a different wavelength of light. But both lasers can emit their light normal to the surface of their respective outcoupling grating by choosing each individual outcoupling grating to couple the necessary wavelength of light out normal to the surface.
The size of the grating output aperture can be adjusted for optimum coupling to single or to multi-mode fiber. Likewise, the efficiency of the output element (be it a grating or other element, such as a beam splitter or holographic optical element) can be adjusted by adding a layer of dielectric material to the outcoupling region. If outcoupling efficiency is too high, a high threshold current is required to lase because of the quantity of photons escaping the cavity. With a reflective layer atop the outcoupling grating, a portion of the reflected light is coupled by the grating back into the laser cavity and continues to oscillate within the cavity. This has the effect of marginally decreasing the required current for lasing. The remainder of the reflected light is directed to the surface opposite the reflector and is outcoupled from that surface(to which an anti- or partially-reflective coating can be applied. Adding a dielectric layer (for example, nitride, or a dielectric stack, or even a reflective metallic layer) to the outcoupling location therefore controls outcoupling loss and decreases the required threshold current.
In any configuration of the present application where one or more gratings are located and superimposed on one another, the separate gratings can be individually formed by conventional means (including multiple exposures and etches to form the pattern) or can be merged into a single element using a holographic optical element (HOE). The optical requirements of the gratings can be calculated, and a HOE can be designed that accomplishes these required optical functions. Once designed, such a HOE can be patterned for lithography, and can therefore be fabricated in fewer process steps than it would take to create the multiple gratings separately. For example, multiple divergent beams can be captured and coupled into a single fiber with HOEs.
In another embodiment, shown in
Another embodiment is shown in
The embodiment shown in
Another embodiment is shown in
A top view of a crossed GO laser system is shown in
Semiconductor lasers can be modulated using current injection at data rates as high as 40 Gbps, though wavelength chirp can be a serious limitation by increasing pulse spreading and limiting the data rate. The innovative concept herein for an integrated GSE modulator allows electrical switching of light from the waveguide under the outcoupler to an adjacent shunting waveguide. An example of this system is shown in
Two types of waveguide switch can be used to transfer light from one waveguide to another, for example, in the modulators described further below. The two types of preferred switches include parallel dielectric waveguides in close proximity and grating assisted coupling of parallel dielectric waveguides in close proximity.
Parallel waveguides in close proximity are the most common couplers found in microwave and optical systems. However, there are two major disadvantages of using these switches. First, coupling between the waveguides is small when the two waveguides are not identical. Second, the coupling is not sufficiently wavelength sensitive and therefore not useful for WDM systems. Grating coupled waveguides offer the best design characteristics for WDM systems because they are wavelength selective.
A directional coupler is formed by bringing two widely separated independent waveguides into close proximity over a limited distance. When the two waveguides are so close that their fields begin to overlap, light from one waveguide will couple to the other. From a theoretical standpoint, two parallel waveguides form a complex single waveguide system where the optical modes become super modes that have power distributed over the space (vertical and lateral) occupied by the two “subwaveguides.” To concentrate power in only one of the subwaveguides requires a distribution of power over the various super modes. When the waveguide system is passive and without losses, the power distribution of the various modes is unchanged with propagation distance. Because the various super modes have different propagation constants, the spatial concentration of power is periodically exchanged between the two subwaveguides. Hence, the concept of switching or coupling of power between the two subwaveguides is in reality the propagation of two independent waveguide modes that periodically sum to different spatial distributional along the axial propagation direction.
This example embodiment of
At either end of waveguide 806 are arrayed waveguide grating structures 816. These structures each preferably include input/output slab waveguide 816A, arrayed waveguides 816B, and combiner 816C. When light from each individual cavity (formed partly by waveguides 820, 822, and 824 at either end) enters the AWG structure 816, the input light is spread by diffraction at the input slab waveguide 816A and input to the arrayed waveguides 816B. At that point, each of the arrayed waveguides 816B includes all wavelengths of light—in other words, the input light from a given cavity is not kept separate, but mixed with the other wavelengths of light from the different reflectivity cavities. The light in arrayed waveguides 816B passes through combiner 816C and into central waveguide 806, where it is coupled out of the system via aperture 804 or modulated by activating a switch (e.g., 814).
In the reverse direction, light passes from waveguide 806 into combiner 816C which separates the light into the multiple arrayed waveguides 816B. After passing through the arrayed waveguides 816B, the light reaches the input/output slab waveguide 816A and is separated by diffraction. Due to the mutual interference between the signals from each waveguide, all the wavefronts are diffracted a different amount and in a different direction, depending on the wavelength. Accordingly, the different wavelengths of light are focused at different positions on the input/output slab waveguide 816A, so that by positioning an output waveguide at each of these positions, each of the individual wavelengths is sent to a different output waveguides 820, 822, 824.
Each of these waveguides 820, 822, 824 includes a DBR 826, 828, 830 (respectively). The DBRs 826, 828, 830 are preferably of different period so as to be reflective of different wavelengths, corresponding to the fabrication of input/output slab waveguide 816A. An identical apparatus is shown in
The waveguides 820, 822, 824 at either end of the system 800 each form part of a different respective cavity. For example, DBR 826 and waveguide 820 form one end of a cavity for a first wavelength, while DBR 828 and waveguide 822 form one end of a cavity for a second wavelength. Analogous parts at the opposite end of system 800 form the opposite ends of these cavities with similar structures, as shown.
In this embodiment, central waveguide 806 is shown with outcoupling aperture 804 and modulator waveguides 808, 810, 812. Switch 814 is used to modulate an output signal, as described above with respect to
The arrayed waveguide in the preceding discussion is described more fully in several published papers, including “16-ch Arrayed Waveguide Grating Module with 100-GHz Spacing,” by Tsunetoshi Saito et al., published in Furukawa Review, No. 19, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The DBRs 914 comprise multiply resonant DBR sections. Different sections of DBRs 914 have different periods, so that light in waveguide 902 can include a plurality of wavelengths, each different wavelength or channel having an analogous DBR 914 section that will reflect that particular wavelength back within the cavity. Sampled gratings are an alternative to a series of discrete periods to form the multiple resonance of each end DBR.
The following background publications provide additional detail regarding possible implementations of the disclosed embodiments, and of modifications and variations thereof, and the predictable results of such modifications. All of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference: “Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers and Arrays,” Ed. Evans and Hammer, Academic Press, 1993; “Research Toward Optical Fiber transmission Systems Part 1,” Proc. IEEE, 61, 1703–1751, December 1973; “Optimized Couplers Between Junction lasers and Single Mode Fibers,” Hammer, Neil, RCA laboratories, Princeton, N.J., Final Report, 31 Aug. 1981–31 Jan. 1983; “Observations and Theory of High Power Butt Coupling to LiNbO3-type waveguides,” Hammer and Neil, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics, QE-18, 1751–1758, October 1982; “Laser Diode End Fire Coupling into Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides,” Appl, Optics, 18, 2536–2537, August 1979; “16-ch Arrayed Waveguide Grating Module with 100-GHz Spacing,” Tsunetoshi et al., Furukawa Review, No. 19, 2000; “Fabrication of InP-Based Reflection Type Arrayed Waveguide Grating with Metal Coated Reflection Facet,” Kim et al., Jpn, J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 40 (2001) pp. L36–37; Part 2, No. IA/B, The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 15, Jan., 2001; “All-optical networks may one day form national backbone,” Ramaswami et al., OE Reports Number 188, August 1999; “Crosstalk Reduction of Arrayed Waveguide Gratings by UV trimming of individual waveguides without H2-Loading,” Gehler et al., Furukawa Review, No. 22, 2002; C. Dragone, “An NXN Optical Multiplexer Using a Planar Arrangement of Two Star Couplers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 3, No. 9, September 1991, pp. 812–815. M. K. Smit and C van Dam, “PHASAR-Based WEM-Devices: Principles, Design and Applications,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1996, pp. 236–250; L. B. Soldano, F. B. Veerman, M. K. Smit, B. H. Verbeek, A. H. Dubost and E. C. M., Pennings, “Planar Monomode Optical Couplers Based on Mulitmode Interference Effects,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, December 1992, pp.1843–1850; H. M. Stoll, “Distributed Bragg Deflector: A Multifunction Integrated Optical Device,” Applied Optics, Vol. 17, No. 16, pp. 2562–2569, 15 Aug., 1978; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.


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Jeeves and the King of Clubs (2018)
For the P.G. Wodehouse fan the idea of bringing back such a beloved duo such as Jeeves and Wooster will either bring out delight or dread. Indeed, the words you find others using often reveals their framing of such endeavours; is this a tribute, homage, pastiche, an imitation…?
Whilst neither parody nor insult, let us start with the "most disagreeable, sir." Rather jarring were the voluminous and Miscellany-like footnotes that let you know that the many allusions and references are all checked, correct and contemporaneous. All too clever by half and would ironically be a negative trait if this was personified by a character within the novel itself. Bertie's uncharactestic knowledge of literature was also eyebrow-raising: whilst he should always have the mot juste within easy reach — especially for that perfect parliamentary insult — Schott's Wooster was just a bit too learned and bookish, ultimately lacking that blithe An Idiot Abroad element that makes him so affably charming.
Furthermore, Wodehouse's far-right Black Shorts group (who "seek to promote the British way of life, the British sense of fair play and the British love of Britishness") was foregrounded a little too much for my taste. One surely reaches for Wodehouse to escape contemporary political noise and nonsense, to be transported to that almost-timeless antebellum world which, of course, never really existed in the first place?
Saying that, the all-important vernacular is full of "snap and vim", the eponymous valet himself is superbly captured, and the plot has enough derring-do and high jinks to possibly assuage even the most ardent fan. The fantastic set pieces in both a Savile Row tailor and a ladies underwear store might be worth the price of admission alone.
To be sure, this is certainly ersatz Wodehouse, but should one acquire it? "Indeed, sir," intoned Jeeves.
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The Dirty Dowdy Podcast takes on the Dirty Thirty this week as comedians Kenny Thomas and Byron Campbell join the crew in studio to talk about their upcoming show and Kenny turning old. It happens to all of us but hear his take on it. Jenn as always hits up another round of the Celebrity Clambake and then we try something interesting. The guests took part in a writers session. You can hear how standup comics deal with jokes that are misfiring and how they can work with other comics to help the joke hit its intended target. All interesting stuff. Join us. Listen.


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Elliot from littlepunkpeople.net interviews Bill and Phil about upcoming “Songs Of Darkness And Despair” release.
Horror icon Bill Moseley and Philip will Release “Songs Of Darkness And Despair” through Housecore in January 2017. Bill is mostly known as Chop Top in Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, and Otis in Rob Zombie’s House Of 1000 Corpses and Devil’s Rejects.
Phil and and Stephen “The Big Fella” Berrigan (Down, SYK, Philip H. Anselmo & The Illegals, Eyehategod, haarp, Classhole, etc.) produced it, and mastered by Scott Hull of Visceral Sound. “Songs Of Darkness And Despair” includes guest appearances by Kevin Bond (Superjoint) on guitar, Squizzy Squires (King Parrot) on bass and guitar, and Jose “Blue” Gonzalez (Superjoint, Warbeast, Philip H. Anselmo & The Illegals)
“Songs Of Darkness And Despair” track listing:
01. Dirty Eye
02. Corpus Crispy
04. Widder Woman
05. Tonight’s The Night We Die
06. Bad Donu
Read more at http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/philip-anselmo-collaborates-with-horror-icon-bill-moseley-on-songs-of-darkness-and-despair/#P3WELGKwjsxYChH3.99
You can pre-order Bill and Phil cds, vinyl, shirts, bundles and other stuff right now, here: http://www.thehousecorestore.com/Philip H Anselmo Facebook Philip H Anselmo Twitter Housecore Records

domain: entertainment


On November 7, 1497, Vasco Da Gama, a Portuguese navigator travelling from Europe to India, “found” St Helena Bay. He gave the area the name Saint Helena Bay in honour of the revered and powerful Christian who was Constantine the Great’s mother.
The first contact between a European explorer and the local Khoikhoi (nomadic sheep and cattle herders) occurred on the shores of this bay. St. Helena Bay is currently one of the major fishing hubs around the globe. The cold Benguela current sweeps up the coast here, bringing nutrient-rich waters to the bay that support a plethora of marine life.
When snoek are captured in the winter, the harbour comes alive with activity as the fish are sold right from the boats. This location processes more than half of the fish handled annually in South Africa.
St Helena Bay is a famous tourist attraction, especially during the spring wildflower season, with travellers from all over the world who come for relaxation and recreation. It is situated a scenic one hour and 45 minutes drive (151,4 km along the R27) from Cape Town. While the white sandy beaches are ideal for beachcombing and perhaps a cool plunge in the Atlantic, the ancient granite hills and boulders that surround the settlement provide spectacular views of the bay and across to the Piketberg mountains.
One of the most well-liked areas for whales to visit and calve is St Helena Bay. The Southern Right Whales calve in the area from August to November, and you can see them from the coast all around the bay. There are also humpback whales in the region. Along with schools of dusky and common dolphins, Heaviside’s dolphins can be spotted in great numbers at any time. Large groups can be seen flying into the waves for pure delight or chasing fish near the shore.


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The deadline for filing to run for a seat on DC’s Advisory Neighborhood Commission is past. In the Borderstan area, there are 21 Single Member District (SMD) seats up for grabs on the November 6 ballot in three different local ANCs: 2B/Dupont, 2F/Logan and 1B, which includes most of the U Street corridor.
So now, it is time to meet your candidates. Here at Borderstan.com, we will introduce you to your neighbors who are campaigning to represent you on the local ANCs. Closer to the election, we will have follow-up interviews with the candidates on specific issues related to their areas.
Walt Cain is running for ANC 2F-02, the Logan Circle ANC that has seen significant growth in recent years, in both residents and new businesses. SMD 02 runs from Logan Circle to 15th Street NW and from Q Street south to Rhode Island Avenue. Here’s a little bit more about Cain who is facing James Baker and Adam Stempel on the ballot.
Borderstan: Why did you decide to run in your neighborhood’s ANC race this year? Also, have you run before and/or been an ANC commissioner before?
Cain: ANC 2F-02 is a perfect microcosm of the rapid growth that the city as a whole has seen over the past several years, and it offers an excellent opportunity for neighborhood residents to actively influence how they want their community to develop. I am running for Commissioner because I want to help facilitate that involvement through the promotion of smart growth, safe streets and strong community.
Because we are home to an impressive variety of stores and restaurants, ANC 2F-02 sees an incredible amount of outside traffic coming into the neighborhood on a round-the-clock basis. These establishments are a key component of our community’s vibrant atmosphere, and are one of the reasons many people choose to live in our area. Indeed, 2F-02 is one of the geographically smallest SMDs in ANC 2F, which is a result of the significant residential footprint in our neighborhood.
This mixed-use atmosphere, paired with the continued growth our area is experiencing, creates unique challenges and opportunities for our residents. Though I have never run for or been an ANC commissioner before, I believe the commission is perfectly positioned to help residents address those challenges and opportunities. My goal as commissioner will be to serve as a conduit between residents, businesses and the city government to produce a Logan Circle that residents are proud to call home.
Borderstan: How many years have you lived in your ANC neighborhood? How long have you been in DC?
Cain: I have been in DC for three years and have lived in ANC 2F the entire time.
Borderstan: How are you currently involved in your community?
Cain: I am a member of the Logan Circle Community Association and have been a member of the Washington Chorus for the past two years. I am also on the board of the Washington, DC Mississippi Society.
Borderstan: If elected to the ANC, what will be your main areas of focus/concern – and why?
Cain: My priorities as commissioner will be to promote smart growth, safe streets and a strong community. ANC 2F-02 has seen a significant amount of commercial and residential growth in recent years, which has helped to make it one of the most vibrant areas of the city. As Commissioner, I will encourage and support continued growth that respects ANC 2F-02 as a community of residents and not just a destination. The main way to accomplish this is through a strong voluntary agreement process that incorporates the interests of residents into the operational practices of new and existing businesses.
Safe streets are good for both businesses and residents, and the best way to accomplish this is by maintaining and promoting the strong relationship that ANC 2F already has with MPD. Awareness and communication are key elements to reducing and preventing crime. As commissioner I will maintain a close working relationship with MPD in order to serve as a direct link for specific resident concerns, as well as keeping residents aware of patterns that MPD is seeing in our area and ways to help reduce criminal activity.
ANC 2F-02 is home to renters, home owners, people who are here for just a little while and people who have lived here for years. Regardless of the category, this is our home. As Commissioner my overarching aim will be to promote a sense of pride and ownership among our residents in the growth of our community. I will encourage people to shape their neighborhood by investing their time and energy close to home. My role as commissioner is to serve as an advocate for my community and neighbors. I will do so by encouraging residents to express their concerns and thoughts in order to help me make ANC 2F-02 a better home for all of us.
Borderstan: What do you hope to contribute to your community while on the ANC?
Cain: In addition to the specific goals outlined above, my primary objective will be to encourage a sense of ownership and involvement among the residents of ANC 2F-02. I want the residents of 2F-02 to see themselves as active partners in the growth and development of their community. As Commissioner I will be their advocate and will depend on and welcome frequent communication on issues of concern.
Borderstan: What do you think gives you an edge over other candidate(s) running in your district?
Cain: I have lived in ANC 2F for the entire time I have lived in DC, and have witnessed first-hand the growth and associated growing pains; I’ve experienced the up-tick in smash-and-grabs that our neighborhood has seen. I believe that the residents of our neighborhood should be in the driver’s seat of how our community develops and that the ANC should be their front line advocate for specific issues of concern. I will bring these experiences and perspectives to the role of Commissioner and believe that they will give me an edge in representing 2F-02.
Borderstan: What is your day job and is there a connection to how your day job would assist you in being a commissioner?
Cain: I am an attorney with Immigration and Customs Enforcement. On a daily basis my job requires me to solve problems by taking into account a variety of stakeholders and interests and produce a solution that is agreeable to all parties. These skills would be indispensable as a commissioner in considering the competing interests of residents, businesses, and the city government and formulating an outcome that is in the best interest of the residents of 2F-02.


BRIDGEPORT -- With city's election night black eye continuing to swell, Mayor Bill Finch attempted to apply a cold compress by naming a three-person panel late Wednesday afternoon to assess and advise on future voting procedures. But State Rep. Chris Caruso, Finch's probable chief adversary in next year's mayoral election, called the appointment of a committee which will include Richard Bieder, a prominent local lawyer; Robert Trefry, the former chief executive officer of Bridgeport Hospital and Nicholas Panuzio, a former Republican mayor in the city who now works its Washington lobbyist, "a political coverup for incompetency and possibly corruption. "This city has been embarrassed and humiliated once again by what happened Tuesday night by this registrar of voters," said Caruso, who immediately called for the resignation of Santa Ayala, as the Democratic Registrar of Voters just hours after she was re-elected to a new two year term. He urged the mayor, the Democratic town committee and the city's voters to join him. "This is not the first time she has violated election laws or screwed up the rules and regulations," charged Caruso, citing a litany of allegations he believes cost him the 2007 mayoral primary election. That includes a Connecticut Post investigation which found 136 people voted, but were never crossed off voting lists. Then there was the case of Toyka Simons-Cook, a city council hopeful, who, in 2007, said Ayala botched a recount in her primary. "It's time we have leaders who stand up and lead by correcting grievous wrongs committed on their citizens." Whether that happens is questionable. Ayala has tight ties in city hall. Her ex-husband is Alberto "Tito" Ayala, a former city councilman and a town committee member. Their nephew, state Rep. Andres Ayala is also a town committee member. `It doesn't make sense' But Councilman Robert Walsh said Caruso's calls "deserve serious consideration." "Think about it, ordering just 20,000 ballots when you have a 65 percent turnout and the Secretary of the State is recommending obtaining 110 percent of the registered voters," Walsh said. "It doesn't make any sense." Walsh said he was embarrassed watching and hearing frustrated voters at Central High School, one of the many polling places lacking enough ballots. "People were waiting in line and nobody was telling them what was happening," he said. Caruso said he saw dozens of people leave Read School without voting. "This was a major violation of their rights," he said. "Most of them were African-Americans. It frustrated the hell out of me. So rather than circling the wagons and covering up for incompetence with the appointment of a committee, we need to restore confidence to our citizens and our electoral process. Both he and Walsh questioned what Finch's committee could do. "The registrar works for the secretary of the state," Caruso said. "The state has a number of election laws in place and rules and regulations that must be followed." The ballot shortage agitated voters, forced a judge to extend voting hours and set up a potential court challenge by state Republicans. Adding to the drama was the razor-thin governor's race in which Democrat Dan Malloy and Republican Tom Foley are locked in a battle that may be headed for a recount. Registrars blamed for screw-up Finch blamed the city office of registrars of voters for badly mishandling Tuesday's election by not ordering enough ballots. "This is not acceptable and it will never happen again," the mayor vowed. "There was certainly a lack of preparation," Finch said, saying that although there are about 70,000 registered voters in the city, while only "a little over" 20,000 ballots were printed. "Do the math," he said. "My 6-year-old son can do that math." Secretary of the State Susan Bysiewicz said the city could have ordered more ballots on Monday given the fact that turnout might be boosted by Obama's visit to the city on Saturday to rally Democrats, which in Bridgeport outnumber Republicans by a 6-1 margin. "Bridgeport could have made arrangements for a larger number of ballots anytime after Obama visited," she said. Asked why Bridgeport didn't order enough, Bysiewicz said, "I can't begin to fathom" She said city officials offered no explanation. "It's rare for a town or city to run out of ballots," she said, adding ballots only cost between 50 cents and $1 each, and less if ordered in bulk. "The directive of this office is to order one ballot for each registered voter. But we do not have the authority to order them to do that." Bysiewicz said she will ask the state Legislature to pass a law requiring towns and cities to order enough ballots for every registered voter. Bridgeport, she said, did not follow her office's directive. Bysiewicz also blamed Senate Minority Leader John McKinney, R-Fairfield, said Bysiewicz deserves some of the blame. "Let me say this, because this is important: She spent hours and hours and hours in the last month holding ceremonies to give out medals and awards, when she should have been in her office calling registrars across the state, checking and making sure we were prepared for this election," McKinney told reporters in the Capitol press room Wednesday. "She didn't do it." Santa Ayala, the Democratic registrars of voters in the city, defended her office's handling of Tuesday elections, saying proper procedures were followed even though thousands of ballots had to be hand-counted because the supply of machine-scored ballots ran short. "The procedures we used were as directed by the secretary of the state, we know what those procedures are, and both the registrars agreed to them," Ayala said. As for running out of the machine-scored ballots, Ayala said that the number of ballots ordered is based on "the number of ballots used in the last three elections," and both the Republican registrars of voters, Joseph Borges, and herself, agreed on the number of ballots to order. Registrar apologizes Borges admitted the ballot shortage was " our (the registrars) fault. "We both apologize to the voters for what happened," he said. "It should never have happened. We'll take the blame." Redding Town Clerk Michele R. Grande, also the Fairfield County vice president of the Connecticut Town Clerk's Association, agreed with Finch's and Bysiewicz's assessment in blaming the registrars. "They just didn't order enough," she said. "Somebody didn't do what they were supposed to do." Grande said that ballots -- both the machine-scored ballots and the absentee ballots -- are typically printed about a month ahead of time. Finch said that if his office hadn't sprung into action on Tuesday, the situation would have likely been much worse. He said that he ordered city personnel to assist in the photo duplication of thousands of ballots, made more difficult by the fact that every polling place uses a different ballot. Also, he ordered the Police Department to assist in distributing the ballots to the many polling places throughout the city. The mayor said that "reverse 911" calls were made automatically to city voters to tell them about the extended hours. It's not known how many of theses calls actually got though, however. The two-hour extension was ordered by Hartford Superior Court Judge Marshall Berger, of Canton, after arguments were brought in favor of the move by the Connecticut Democratic Party and the Malloy for Governor campaign. About 500 people voted during the extended hours, which were authorized by a state judge early Tuesday evening. The vote for governor, the closest since 1956, came down to Bridgeport and New Haven. According to unofficial results, Malloy won 19,148 Bridgeport votes compared to 6,502 for Foley. In New Haven, Malloy took 21,108 votes compared to 3,500 for Foley. Staff writer Bill Cummings contributed to this story.


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DENTOGINGIVAL UNITBy- Dr Rohit Rai Content • Junctional epithelium • Gingival fiber • Clinical importance of dentogingival unit. Shift of the dento gingival junction The dentogingival junction is an anatomical and functional interface between the gingiva and the tooth. PDF | This study define altered passive eruption (APE) and evaluate the morphology of the dentogingival unit. individuals subjected to.
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Intrasulcular margin placement must be accepted as inevitable. With reference to the norm, an excessive amount of gingival tissue or an inadequate position of the osseous crest related to the CEJ can be stated.
The length of the DGU can be either determined by histologic preparations or by transgingival probing.
The physiologic dentogingival unit DGUalso known as the biologic width, is considered to be essential for longevity of the teeth as well as of restorations. This clinical situation presents, on the buccal level, similarities to that described in Figand suggests treatment possibilities.
Different physiological situations do not exhibit this morphological disposition, however, and the gingival margin tends to occupy a much more incisal position — thus giving rise to short clinical crowns. Transgingival probing with rubber stop Click here to view. Invasion of this space triggers inflammation and causes periodontal destruction.
In our series the mean distance was found to be 1. In turn, the variable overlap refers to the percentage anatomical crown covered by the gingival Fig. Our own results support this notion. Rufenacht The preservation of a healthy periodontal attachment is a prerequisite for successful restorative procedures.
Dimensions of the dentogingival unit in maxillary anterior teeth: Transgingival probing trans-sulcular was done for these same patients and length of the DGU was measured. Tooth eruption comprises two phases 7: It describes the dimensions and relations of the different elements of the dentogingival unit.
7. Esthetic Management of the Dentogingival Unit
Table 2 Parallel Profile Radology data. The combined uniit of the connective tissue attachment and the junctional epithelium reaches 2. Log In or Register to continue. How to cite this URL: This article has been cited by. It has been demonstrated that margin placement, fit of restoration, restorative material, emergence profile, and tooth contour are factors that may contribute to the disturbance of this state of health.
How to cite this URL: Biologic width dimensions – a systematic review. Therefore, the space between the bone crest and cementoenamel junction may already be determined from this pre-eruptive stage.
On the relationship between crown form and clinical features of the gingiva in adolescents. A more precise classification, based on histologic findings of clinical situations in the adult exhibiting deviations from this normality, has been proposed.
The position of cementoenamel junction relative to the alveolar crest does not allow the normal insertion of the connective tissue attachment. Many authors have investigated the causes and mechanisms that may lead to tooth eruption failure, though few studies have related such mechanisms to the morphology adopted by the coronal periodontium 8.
This study was undertaken to evaluate an innovative radiographic exploration technique parallel profile radiography [PPRx] for uint the dimensions of the DGU on the labial surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth dentogingval to provide additional information on the dimensions of the DGU in humans. Gutta-percha point and lead plate aligned with the long axis of tooth Click here to view. Although width can also be assessed by transgingival probing or with an ultrasound device, they are either invasive or expensive Aims: Radiographic analysis of alveolar crest height and age.
7. Esthetic Management of the Dentogingival Unit | Pocket Dentistry
At the dentogingival junction DGUthe presence of APE is associated to a thick bone crest and connective tissue attachment, with a long biological space.
Related articles Dentogingival unit gingival thickness radiographs. Evaluation of an innovative radiographic technique – parallel profile radiography – to determine the dimensions of dentogingival unit.
Despite the clinical relevance of the determination of the length and width of the DGU, there is no standardized technique. The blue line reflects the proportion of cases not presenting APE for an overlap less than or equal to that indicated on the abscissas axis. Statistical analysis confirms the presence of two morphological patterns of APE, respectively characterized by a longer and shorter distance from cementoenamel junction to bone crest.
The biologic width appears to exist in any periodontium, and the importance of not violating this physiologic dimension was suggested by Ochsenbein and Ross 9 and stressed by other authors.
Int Dent J ; It may be that passive eruption or the apical shift of the gingivo-epithelial junction is not a physiologic process. Esthetic Management of the Dentogingival Unit.
Morphology and dimensions of the dentogingival unit in the altered passive eruption
After demonstrating this correlation, an evaluation was made of the percentage overlap that best distinguishes i. The ‘Biologic width’ a concept in periodntics and restorative dentistry. Two subjective criteria were contemplated for the clinical diagnosis of APE: Paralleling device in position Click here to view. According to our results, the dimensions of the DGU elements associated to tooth 21 with APE are a thick bone crest and connective tissue attachment, a long biological space, and a short distance from cementoenamel junction to bone crest.

domain: biology