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“I try not to get involved in the business of prediction. It’s a quick way to look like an idiot.” ~ Warren Ellis
I don’t like to make predictions, but the amount of foolish predictions that have been flowing from the Silicon Valley self-appointed insurance industry “disruptors” has forced my hand.
While I may be motivated by some paternal instinct for our shared insurance industry, I genuinely believe my experience taking Effective Coverage from insure-tech startup to established renters insurance niche leader provides a unique and realistic perspective on what the future may hold for the insurance industry.
Those of you who have actually been in the insurance industry know that firms have driven methodical and deliberate investment in technology innovation for years. Evidence of this investment can be found in a report by research and consulting firm Celent, which estimated insurance IT expenditure at $174.9 billion in 2015.
That is real capital deployed by real leaders using all the tools at their disposal to innovate.
Innovation will continue, and new entrants will contribute, but those new entrants should be aware of three big trends that will materialize in the next 12 months.
1) Venture capital firms will NOT pick insure-tech leaders.
Leaders will be determined by the firms’ abilities to develop strategic partnerships and replicate on proven patterns of success. The ability to raise $14 million dollars in venture funding in 12 months is in no way an indication of an entrepreneur’s ability to lead or even build a business.
Insureds deserve a better customer experience and transparency, but the complexities of insurance demand much more than just money.
According to research conducted by CB Insights, there was $4.08 billion in VC investments in insure-tech companies from 2011 to 2015. While $4.08 billion is a lot of money, it is still billions less than the $6.59 billion in net income that just one leading insurance brokerage, Marsh & McLennan, enjoyed over the same period.
Over the course of the next year, the firms that have been driving innovation for decades will focus their significant capital resources and attention on utilizing available technologies to hone their product distribution and value propositions.
[tweet_box design=”default” float=”none”]Don’t fool yourself into believing $10M in venture capital provides a meaningful advantage.[/tweet_box]
2) Carriers will focus on their current partnerships that are driving innovation.
Carriers have been having conversations for years at every level of their organizations to determine the most efficient ways to reward the firms that are growing, innovating, and providing real value to consumers. They have rewarded their partners who have been delivering better than average results through innovations.
We will see more brokerage firms like Lockton making strategic investments in divisions focused on transacting business in digital platforms.
Carriers, like Chubb, took a 24% stake in CoverHound, who has been executing at a high level for over 6 years.
Yes, there have been plenty of me-too copycats popping up over the past 18 months, but those firms that have current healthy distribution models will find their partner carriers eager to help them drive innovation and growth.
Those who lack experience and the infrastructure to support their goals will need to find partners who can bridge the gap.
3) Carriers and brokers will pay to secure their the top talent.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. insurance industry employed 2.5 million people in 2015.
It is a mistake to conclude that insurance executives are clamoring to join your startup based on a sample of a few recent headlines.
We have been a handful of insurance executives join insurtech startups, but a “migration” implies more than a handful. I resigned from Chubb in 2008 to launch Effective Coverage, and that was unheard of at that time. “Startup” was not the buzzword it is today.
While insurtech startups have certainly benefited from a change of attitude, a migration of top talent falling at your door will not occur. In the same time frame that a few insurance veterans left to join startups, many more left to join Chubb, AIG, and Willis.
Expect to find the best and brightest harder than ever to convince to join your firm.
Most importantly, there has never been a better time to be in the insurance industry.
We are entering a golden age, and our insureds will thank us for the advice we provide and the tools that we use to make the insurance transaction as transparent and efficient as ever.
image credit: Bigstock.


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A new 25-page report commissioned by the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) has highlighted the serious risks posed to public health by the relocation of the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The relocation will restrict the agency’s ability to call on and manage the network of expertise it relies on and limit staff retention and capacity, warns the authors.
Compiled by the consulting firm Charles Rivers Associates, the study analyzes the range of activities undertaken by the EMA and considers the impact of the move on continuity, patients, and approval of new medicines.
The report identifies two key areas-the evaluation of applications for marketing authorization and monitoring the safety of medicines across their lifecycle-as having the most significant detrimental effect on public health due to the relocation.
Delays in evaluating applications for marketing authorization mean delays in access to new medicines for patients across Europe, while disruption to critical safety functions can lead to delays in identification, management, and communication of safety issues, thereby putting patients at risk, according to the authors.
Transitional arrangements must be put in place to ensure the EMA has the time to manage the relocation and safeguard public health, they stated.
"The EMA plays a key role in Europe's health, ensuring that medicines are safe, effective, and of high quality,” noted EFPIA Director General Nathalie Moll. “This report underlines the importance of both the location decision and transitional arrangements to the agency's future. Supporting the continuity of its critical functions, its ability to retain staff, and access expert networks is central to its future and to public health."
To download a copy of the report, click here.

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On-line version ISSN 2221-4062
Print version ISSN 0375-1589
S. Afr. j. anim. sci. vol.42 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2012
J. Myburgh; G. Osthoff#; A. Hugo, M. de Wit; K. Nel; D. Fourie
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
The milk composition of free-ranging indigenous African cattle breeds was analysed. These breeds were chosen because they have not been bred specifically for milk production and might be considered the closest to a "natural" or "wild type" of the Bos species. It was found that the nutrient composition of the milk of these cattle, in particular the dry matter, is as low as that of European beef breeds. The content of whey proteins and NPN is also lower than that of dairy breeds. Statistically significant differences in milk fatty acid composition between the Sanga-type cattle and the Afrikaner and its derivatives were observed for the content of lactose, whey protein and non-protein nitrogen, as well as fatty acid composition regarding medium long chain and long chain fatty acids. A genetic relationship is evident and suggests the preference of certain fatty acid synthesis pathways.
Keywords: Boran, Nguni, Tuli, Bonsmara, Drakensberger, Afrikaner, fatty acids, proximate analysis
Almost all research on cows' milk has involved the milk of dairy breeds of European and Asian origin. These breeds have been developed to purposely produce high volumes of milk, and even specific nutrients. Very little is known about the milk of cows other than the dairy breeds, such as beef breeds. Even less is known about milk from cattle breeds that have not been interfered with by dedicated breeding to improve milk and beef quality such as indigenous African cattle. Until recently, breeding of traditional African cattle was based mainly on survivability against environmental conditions and diseases, rather than on food improvement.
Indigenous African cattle contain genetic markers of both Bos taurus and Bos indicus, and it is believed that they originate from Hamitic longhorn cattle (Bos taurus) from Arabia, and Zebu cattle (Bosindicus) and humpless shorthorn cattle from Asia (Payne, 1970). Breeds such as the Afrikaner, Boran, Nguni, Sanga and Tuli are true African breeds, while the Bonsmara and Drakensberger were developed from the Afrikaner in South Africa by crossbreeding with European breeds (Meyer, 1984).
The Sanga is the dominant breed, from which most of the southern African breeds have been derived, such as the Nguni and Tuli. The Boran became the dominant breed of eastern Africa. It has been bred as a pure breed for 1 300 years. The Tuli is a descendant of the Sanga, and was brought to the regions south of the Zambezi around 700 AD. The Nguni was brought by the Nguni tribe to the south-eastern area of Swaziland, Zululand and Mozambique. Not much is known about the origins of the Afrikaner. It is said to have crossed into Africa from Aden approximately 2 000 years ago and was brought to southern Africa by the Khoi people earlier than the Nguni (Bonsma et al., 1951). It is genetically related to the Sanga types (Meyer, 1984). Although these cattle have been used traditionally to obtain milk, they are not used for commercial milk production, but instead, in some areas, for meat production (Strydom, 2008). It was shown by Meyer (1984) that the genetic differences may be followed by genetic markers for the milk proteins, b-casein and a-lactalbumin, and also the blood proteins, haemoglobin and albumin.
European settlers brought new agricultural practices and imported the less adapted Bos taurus breeds for their perceived higher income, coupled with better carcass quality. These were crossbred with indigenous breeds to develop inter alia the Drakensberger and Bonsmara. Crossbreeding of the Afrikaner with some European breeds resulted in the Drakensberger, while the Bonsmara composition was created by approximately 5/8 Afrikaner, 3/16 Shorthorn and 3/16 Hereford (Bonsma et al., 1951; Bonsma, 1980). These three cattle breeds are also employed as beef breeds (Strydom, 2008).
Since the African indigenous cattle had been least affected by dedicated breeding for food quality until approximately 50 years ago, they might be regarded as being the closest to a "natural" Bos species to represent the Bovidae family in a comparative study of milk composition across all mammalian species. No detailed data on the milk of these breeds are available.
Research on energy provision by milk energy components has received great interest (Oftedal, 1984; Tilden & Oftedal, 1997; Power et al., 2002), as has the fatty acid content of and deposition in milk fat (Dils et al., 1977; Iverson & Oftedal, 1995; Milligan et al., 2008). This aspect is important, because certain long chain unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to play a direct role in the neuro-development of infants (Makrides et al, 1994; Kothapalli et al, 2007). The fatty acid composition in milk differs between species. In species with foregut fermentation, in particular the ruminants, the ingested fatty acids are changed by fermentation, mainly hydrogenated. Every species of monogastric digesters, such as the lion (De Waal et al., 2005), cat (Jacobsen, 2004), pig (Csapó et al, 1996) and primates (Milligan et al, 2008; Osthoff et al, 2009a), and hindgut fermenters, such as the African elephant (Osthoff et al., 2005), seems to have a unique need for certain fatty acids and the milk fat composition may be dictated by a preference for the incorporation of dietary fatty acids or de novo synthesized medium chain (8:0 - 14:0) fatty acids.
In ruminants, de novo synthesis of medium chain fatty acids is performed from lactate, acetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, which are metabolites from the fermentation of carbohydrates by the rumen bacteria, as substrates. The length of de novo synthesized fatty acids depends on the particular properties of enzymes in the synthesis pathway. Fatty acids are synthesized by fatty acid synthase in an elongation process. In the liver and adipose tissue, the fatty acids attain a chain length of 16 carbons or more. In the mammary gland, the synthesis is terminated by a thioesterase before a chain length of 16 carbons is reached. Depending on the properties of the thioesterase, this termination may be effected after elongation of 8 to 14 carbons (Neville et al, 1983).
Among the non-ruminants, such as bats (Hood et al., 2001) and primates (Milligan et al., 2008; Osthoff et al., 2009a), there is evidence that ecological (diet) factors, as well as phylogenic (genetic) factors, may contribute to differences in fatty acid composition of milk fat. To date, such observations among ruminants are still unclear, although it is known that members of at least the Caprinae sub-family, specifically the sheep (Ovis aries) (Haenlein & Wendorff, 2006) and goat (Capra hircus) (Park, 2006), may contain 10% - 19% medium chain (8:0-12:0) fatty acids in milk fat (Talpur et al, 2009) compared with less than 10% in other ruminant milk. A single sample of okapi milk that was analysed may suggest that concentrations higher than 10% are also found in milk of the Giraffidae (Glass & Jenness, 1971). Among the Bovini tribe of the Bovinae subfamily, the proximate and fatty acid composition of the domesticated cow (Jenness & Patton, 1976), yak (Lkhagvajav, 1978), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (Jensen, 1995) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) (Osthoff et al., 2009b) differ. Regarding the fatty acids, the greatest differences were shown to occur in 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 (Pandya & Khan, 2006; Osthoff et al., 2009b).
Medium chain length fatty acids are formed owing to the termination of elongation after 8 to 14 carbons by a thioesterase (Neville et al, 1983). Little emphasis is placed on the composition of myristic acid (14:0) in the comparisons of milk among species. The reason might be that the greatest differences in medium chain fatty acid composition in milks are observed in the 8:0 to 12:0 acids (Iverson & Oftedal, 1995). The 14:0 content is very constant at below 10%. Levels above 10% have been detected in only a few species, such as the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus), slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) (Myher et al., 1994) and Norway rat (Rattus norwegicus) (Mills et al., 1990). In general, only ruminant milks contain above 10% of 14:0, but contents above 18% have been found only in the blesbok and blue wildebeest of the Elaphinae subfamily (Osthoff et al, 2009c).
The fatty acid composition of ruminant milk is linked to intrinsic factors (animal species, breed, genotype, pregnancy and lactation stages) or extrinsic (environmental). In a given animal species, the effects linked to breed or genotype are significant, but restricted, and they can be achieved only over the long term. Nevertheless, the efficiency of transfer of long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids to milk is low owing to extensive biohydrogenation by the rumen bacteria (Jenkins, 1993; French et al, 2000; Chilliard et al, 2001). In agricultural practices, this may be achieved by chemical protection of the fatty acids with polysaccharides for post-rumen release (Offer et al., 1999; Jenkins & Bridges, 2007).
The composition of cows' milk from dairy breeds is well known. Since these breeds have been altered intensively by dedicated breeding for food quality, they are not suitable representatives for interspecies comparison of milks. African indigenous cattle have been least affected by dedicated breeding, and might be considered the closest to a "natural" or "wild type" of Bos species as representative of the Bovidae family in a comparative study of milk composition. No detailed data on the milk of these breeds are available. Such data would be useful for nutritional knowledge of mammals in general and calf rearing in particular. To imitate natural conditions, free-roaming animals should be used for such an investigation. To counter the effect of nutrition and other environmental factors on milk composition, the study area should be small and contain the same vegetation. We report the milk composition of four African cattle breeds, the Afrikaner, Boran, Nguni, Tuli, and two composite breeds, the Bonsmara and Drakensberger.
Material and Methods
Milk samples were collected from non-dairy cattle breeds within a 50 km radius of Bloemfontein, South Africa. The animals were free ranging, and no form of nutrient supplement was provided. The vegetation type of the area is known as Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda veld (Acocks, 1988). Two herds each of Afrikaner, Bonsmara, Boran and Drakensberger and three herds each of Nguni and Tuli were sampled, and all the cows were in the peak stage of lactation. The peak stage, between weeks 7 and 10 (Jenkins & Ferrell, 1984), was selected, because the least changes in nutrients occur during this stage. Thus, the exact postpartum date of collection was not so important. Three cows of each herd were hand-milked and milk of all four quarters was pooled, mixed and subdivided for storage in 50 mL sterile bottles. No milk-letting agent was administered. Milk was kept on ice while in the field for 1 - 2 h until freezing facilities were available. The milk samples were then subdivided into 100 mL in Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20 °C until all the samples had been collected, which took two weeks. For analysis, milk was thawed and mixed by swirling at 39 °C in a water bath.
Crude protein content was determined with a Leco® nitrogen (N) analyser (Leco Corporation, 2001) and then the total nitrogen content was multiplied by a factor of 6.38. Electrophoresis and identification of protein bands were carried out on a Mighty Small miniature slab gel electrophoresis unit SE 260 (Hoefer Scientific Instruments). Milk samples were diluted 1 : 10 with stacking gel buffer containing 2% - 5% sucrose and a trace of bromophenol blue tracking dye. Sample volumes of 5 mL milk were applied to the wells of the slab gel.
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and whey proteins were fractionated by selective precipitation according to Igarashi's (1995) method, and the protein content of each fraction was determined as above. The fractions were subjected to electrophoresis to enable identification of protein bands on the electrophoretograms.
Extraction of total fat from the milk was performed quantitatively according to Folch et al. (1957), using chloroform and methanol in a ratio of 2 : 1. Total extractable fat concentration was determined by weighing and expressed as % fat (w/w) per 100 g milk. The fat-free dry matter (FFDM) content was determined by weighing the residue on pre-weighed filter paper, used for Folch extraction, after drying. By determining the difference in weight, the FFDM could be expressed as % FFDM (w/w) per 100 g milk. The moisture content of the milk was determined by subtraction (100% - % lipid - % FFDM) and expressed as % moisture (w/w) per 100 g milk.
Fatty acids were transesterified to form methyl esters using 0.5 N NaOH in methanol and 14% boron trifluoride in methanol (Park & Goins, 1994). Fatty acid methylesters (FAME) were quantified using a Varian GX 3400 GC, with a flame ionization detector and a fused silica capillary column, Chrompack CPSIL 88 (100 m length, 0.25 mm ID, 0.2 mm film thickness). The column temperature was 40 - 230 °C (hold 2 min; 4 °C/min; hold 10 min). The solution of FAME in hexane (1 mL) was injected into the column using a Varian 8200 CX Autosampler with a split ratio of 100 : 1. The injection port and detector were both maintained at 250 °C. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at 45 psi and nitrogen as the makeup gas. Chromatograms were recorded with Varian Star Chromatography Software. Identification of sample FAME was made by comparing the relative retention times of FAME peaks from samples with those of standards obtained from Supelco (Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix 47885-U). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) standards were obtained from Matreya Inc. Fatty acid concentrations were expressed as the proportion of each individual fatty acid to the total of all fatty acids present in the sample.
Carbohydrates were determined with a Waters Breeze High Performance Liquid Chromatography system using Biorad Aminex 42C (300 x 7.8) mm and Waters Sugar Pak l (300 x 7.8) mm columns at 84 °C with a differential refractive detector. The mobile phase was de-ionized water and eluted at 0.6 mL/min. Samples were de-fatted and de-proteinized by centrifugation at 3000 g in Ultrafree-CL (UFC4 LCC 25) filter devices (Millipore), and 10 mL of each sample was subsequently injected into the system. Quantification was done with maltotriose, lactose, glucose, galactose and fucose as standards.
Significant differences in means among breeds were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons between breeds using the Tukey-Kramer test at a = 0.05 (NCSS, 2007). Statistically significant variables were visualized in a two-dimensional space by principal component analysis (PCA) (NCSS, 2007).
Results and Discussion
The cattle under study were kept for meat production, were free ranging and were not accustomed to being handled by humans. Not all the cows and calves of the same lactating stage in a herd could be rounded up simultaneously. Difficulties in obtaining milk were encountered with most Afrikaner cows and only a few from the other breeds. Handling and attempted milking caused stress, mainly with the Afrikaner cows, which resulted in failed milk letting, or milk letting that stopped halfway through the collection procedure. Consequently, milk from all four quarters that was suitable for the intended investigation was not obtained from all cows of a herd. It may be argued that the milk composition might have been affected by the stress. However, reported data show that only long-term stress conditions, such as daily abusive handling (De Passillé & Rushen, 1999) and heat (Kadzere et al, 2002), seem to alter milk composition. These reports show that a simultaneous drop in fat and protein content was observed in the milk of cow and rat (Purcell et al., 2011). Since this does not seem to be the case with the Afrikaner milk samples, it may be assumed that short-term stress did not affect the milk composition.
The proximate analysis of the milk of the six cattle breeds is shown in Table l and the fatty acid composition of the fat fraction in Table 2. The milk composition of a dairy breed from the literature is presented as reference (Jenness & Patton, 1976; Atwal et al, 1990). In general, the dry matter of the milks under study, at approximately 10%, is almost 2% lower than that found in most dairy breeds, while the lactose content of between 5.16 ± 0.89% and 6.74 ± 0.35% is higher (Jenness & Patton, 1976; Atwal et al, 1990). This is in agreement with the data of Litwinczuk & Krol (2002) from a comparative study between milk from the Hereford, Limousine and Simmental with Holstein milk. The lactose content of the Nguni and Tuli was above 6.2% and is significantly higher than that of the other breeds, which is less than 5.8%. The fat content of the African breeds is in the same order of magnitude, and comparable with that of dairy cows (Jenness & Patton 1976; Atwal et al, 1990), as well as the beef breeds reported by Litwinczuk & Krol (2002). While the milk fat content of the Nguni was the highest at 4.18 ± 1.64%, it differs significantly only from that of the Tuli, at 2.01 ± 0.82%, which was the lowest. No significant difference in protein and casein content of the milk was noted between the six breeds. However, the whey content of the Nguni (0.40 ± 0.23%) and Tuli (0.31 ± 0.33%) was the lowest and significantly lower than that of the Bonsmara (1.01 ± 0.47%), which was the highest. The casein : whey ratio of the Nguni was 6.3 : 1 and that of the Tuli was 8.7 : 1. The NPN of the Boran, Nguni and Tuli, approximately 0.1%, was significantly lower than that of the Bonsmara and Drakensberger, which was between 0.58% and 0.63%.
Electrophoresis of the milk proteins resulted in no obvious differences between most milk samples. Two protein bands of a-lactalbumin were observed in milk from two Bonsmara cows and one Drakensberger cow (Figure 1). This might be an indication of the occurrence of isomers of this protein, with the upper band representing a-lactalbumin type A, typical of the Sanga types, while the second band may be a-lactalbumin type B, which is inherited from the European Bos taurus line (Meyer, 1984). No isomers of b-casein were noted (Meyer, 1984).
The fatty acid composition of the milks is given in Table 2. Since dairy cattle are fed supplementary feed, which is known to affect the fatty acid composition (Atwal et al, 1990; Chilliard et al, 2001; Chilliard et al., 2007), a detailed quantitative comparison with the literature was not attempted.
In general, the milk from the Afrikaner, Bonsmara and Drakensberger contained more saturated fatty acids (P <0.001) than that of the Boran, Nguni and Tuli, while the reverse was true of the mono-unsaturated fatty acids (P <0.001). The highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids were observed for the Drakenberger (78.4 ± 2.32%) and the lowest for the Tuli (60.9 ± 4.72%). Responsible for the high concentration of saturated fatty acids in the milk from Afrikaner, Bonsmara and Drakensberger are mainly fatty acids, 4:0 - 14:0 (P <0.001), while 18:1c9 (P <0.001) and to a lesser extent 16:1c9 (P <0.01) accounts for the low levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Although the concentrations were very low, very long chain fatty acids and their unsaturated derivatives, 20 to 24 carbons in length, were detected mainly in the milk of the Boran, Nguni and Tuli. The 20:2(n-6) was present in all individuals at between 0.1% and 0.5% of these three breeds, while the longer fatty acids were present in the milk of only a few individual cows.
Detailed inspection of the content of some fatty acids showed that in the milk fat from Boran, Nguni and Tuli, the 4:0, 6:0, 8:0 and 12:0, at P <0.001 as well as 14:0 at P <0.01 of the Nguni and Tuli differed from that of the Afrikaner, Bonsmara and Drakensberger. The Tuli milk contained the lowest level of saturated fatty acids, specifically 4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0, while the Drakensberger contained the highest. In turn, Tuli milk contained the highest concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, and Drakensberger milk had the lowest. Tuli milk also contained the highest concentration of 17:1c10 (P <0.001).
Closer inspection of the milk from the Afrikaner shows that some nutrients do not differ significantly from that of the Boran, and to a lesser extent the Nguni, expressly the concentration of whey, NPN, 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, total saturated and total mono-unsaturated fatty acids. A similar inspection showed the same for the nutrients of Bonsmara milk, specifically the concentrations of 8:0, 14:0, total saturated and total mono-unsaturated fatty acids.
The data of Tables 1 and 2 were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA), the results of which are shown in Figure 2. Dimension 1 explains 64.4% of the variation, and dimension 2 explains 15.9%. The data visually show that the milk composition of the Afrikaner and its derived beef breeds, Bonsmara and Drakensberger, forms a cluster recognized by its levels of fat, whey protein, NPN, saturated fatty acids, specifically of 4:0 to 16:0 lengths. The cluster of the Boran, Nguni and Tuli is recognized by its concentrations of lactose, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, specifically 14:1c9, 16:1c9, 17:1c10, 18:1c7 and 18:1c9. The PCA also shows that the milk composition of the Tuli differed from that of the Nguni and Boran, and that the milk composition of the Afrikaner was not so far removed from the other three indigenous breeds as that of the Bonsmara and Drakensberger, which are Afrikaner crossbred with European breeds.
A comparison of the milk fatty acid concentration of the cattle under study with other members of the Bovinae sub-family shows that the milk fat from the Boran, Nguni and Tuli is comparable with that of the African buffalo (Osthoff et al., 2009b). The latter contains 58.7 ± 5.01% saturated fatty acids, 31.3 ± 3.56% mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 2.72 ± 0.58% poly-unsaturated fatty acids, with the fatty acids of 4:0 to 14:0 in length, as well as the 18:1c9 being of the same order of magnitude. Small amounts of very long chain fatty acids were also found in the African buffalo milk, including 20:2(n-6), at approximately 1.1%. The composition of the milk fatty acids from Afrikaner, Bonsmara and Drakensberger is more comparable with that reported from milk of dairy species.
Similar results from Pakistan reported on the milk fatty acids of two breeds of sheep, the Kachi and Kooka, and two breeds of goat, the Kamori and Pateri, which were kept in the same environmental and feeding conditions (Talpur et al., 2009). One breed of each was shown to contain higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids, specifically of 4:0 to 16:0 lengths and lower concentrations of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, specifically 14:1c9, 16:1c9, 17:1c10, 18:1c7 and 18:1c9, while the poly-unsaturated acids were similar in all breeds.
The highly significant (P <0.001) difference in short to medium chain saturated fatty acids and the mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and also the presence of very long chain fatty acids, between the two cattle clusters, needs a separate discussion because it reflects on the synthesis of these acids. In ruminants, the concentration of 14:0 is above 10%, normally around 14%. In only a few species of the Bovidae family is its concentration above 16%, such as the blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) (Dill et al., 1972) and the gazelle (Gazella granti) (Glass & Jenness, 1971), while the highest concentrations have been recorded in the blesbok, 18.1%, and the blue wildebeest at 20.6% (Osthoff et al., 2010). A high concentration of 14:0 is normally accompanied by a high content of the shorter saturated fatty acids, and these examples indicate a phylogenetic effect.
The genetic effect could be exerted on the supply system of dietary fatty acids via low density (LDL) and very low density (VLDL) lipoproteins (Glascock & Welch, 1974), or on the enzymes in the fatty acid synthesis pathway, specifically the fatty acid synthase or the thioesterase that terminates the elongation process (Hawke & Taylor, 1983; Neville et al., 1983). Since all the cattle in the current study were free roaming on the same vegetation type with no additional supplementary feed, the fatty acid uptake into, and release from lipoproteins can therefore be excluded as explanation.
The occurrence of very long chain fatty acids, especially 20:2(n-6), is also an indication that the fatty acid metabolism of the Boran, Nguni and Tuli differs from that of the Afrikaner, Bonsmara and Drakensberger. It is formed by elongation/desaturation of 18:0 by a D12 desaturase followed by an elongase (Guillou et al., 2010). While the roles of several of the enzymes involved in the elongation and desaturation steps in mammals have been identified with the use of transgenic mice (Guillou et al., 2010) the endoplasmic D12 desaturase has been found only in plants and lower eucaryotes (Fauconnot et al., 1999; Schwartzbeck et al., 2001). It is therefore unlikely that the synthesis of the 20:2 (n-6) is completed in the cow. It could originate from certain plants, which might indicate different dietary preferences between the cattle breeds. However, these breeds of cattle are not selective grazers (De Waal, 1990), so the effect of diet can be ruled out in this case. It could also indicate specialized bio-oxidation in the rumen, which would be an indication of unique symbiosis with specific rumen bacteria.
This investigation has shown that the nutrient composition of the milk, in particular the dry matter, of indigenous African cattle breeds that have not been bred for milk production is as low as that of European beef breeds. The content of whey proteins and NPN is also lower than that of other breeds. Great differences in milk fatty acid composition between the Sanga breeds and Afrikaner and its derivative breeds were observed, which would suggest the preference of certain fatty acid synthesis pathways. In future research the biochemical validation of this observation should be attempted.
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Atwal, A.S., Hidroglouant, M., Kramer, J.K.G. & Binns, M.R., 1990. Effects of feeding a-tocopherol and calcium salts of fatty acids on vitamin E and fatty acid composition of cow's milk. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 2832-2841. [ Links ]
Bonsma, F.N., Bisschop, J.H.R., Curson, H.H., Van Rensburg, P., Van Rensburg, J.A., Van Wyk, H.P.P., Barnard, W.G. & Watermeyer, F., 1951. Nguni cattle: Report on indigenous cattle in South Africa. Pamphlet no. 311 of the Department of Agriculture of the Union of South Africa. [ Links ]
Bonsma, J.C., 1980. Cross-breeding, breed creation and the genesis of the Bonsmara. In: Livestock Production. A Global Approach. Ed. Bonsma, J.C., Tafelberg Publishers Ltd., Cape Town. [ Links ]
Chilliard, Y., Ferlay, A. & Doreau, M., 2001. Effect of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow's diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70, 31-48. [ Links ]
Chilliard, Y., Glasser, F., Ferlay, A., Bernard, L., Rouel, J. & Doreau, M., 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109, 828-855. [ Links ]
Csapó, J., Martin, T.G., Csapó-Kiss, Z.S. & Hazas, Z., 1996. Protein, fats, vitamin and mineral concentrations in porcine colostrums and milk from partition to 60 days. Int. Dairy J. 6, 881-902. [ Links ]
De Passillé, A.M.B. & Rushen, J., 1999. Are you a source of stress or comfort for your cows? Adv. Dairy Technol. 11, 347-360. [ Links ]
De Waal, H.O., 1990. Animal production from native pasture (veld) in the Free State Region - a perspective of the grazing ruminant. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 20, 1-9. [ Links ]
De Waal, H.O., Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., Myburgh, J. & Botes, P., 2004. The composition of African lion (Panthera leo) milk collected a few days postpartum. Mamm. Biol. 69, 1-9. [ Links ]
Dils, R.R., Clark S. & Knudsen, J., 1977. Comparative aspects of milk fat synthesis. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 41, 43-55. [ Links ]
Fauconnot, L., Nugier-Chauvin, C., Noiret, N., Poulain, S. & Patin, H., 1999. Regio- and enantioselective oxidation of thiaoleic acids by an algal D12-desaturase. Phytochem. 52,567-573 [ Links ]
French, P., Stanton, C., Lawless, F., O 'Riordan, E.G., Monahan, F.J., Caffrey, P.J. & Moloney, A.P., 2000. Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage or concentrate-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 78,2849-2855. [ Links ]
Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G.H., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509. Glascock, R.F. & Welch, V.A., 1974. Contribution of the fatty acids of three low density serum lipoproteins to bovine milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 57, 1364-1370. [ Links ] [ Links ]
Glass, R.L. & Jenness, R., 1971. Comparative biochemical studies of milk - VI. Constituent fatty acids of milk fats of additional species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 38, 353-359. [ Links ]
Guillou, H., Zadravec, D., Martin, P.G.P. & Jacobsson, A., 2010. The key roles of elongases and desaturases in mammalian fatty acid metabolism: Insights from transgenic mice. Prog. Lipid Res. 49, 186-199. [ Links ]
Haenlein, G.F.W. & Wendorff, W.L., 2006. Sheep milk. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals. Eds Park, Y.W. & Haenlein, G.F.W., Blackwell, London. pp. 137-194. [ Links ]
Hood, R.H., Kunz, T.H., Oftedal, O.T., Iverson, S.J., Le Blanc, D. & Seyagat, J., 2001. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of milk in old world fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74, 134-146. [ Links ]
Igarashi, Y., 1995. An improved procedure for the preliminary fractionation of milk proteins. Int.Dairy J. 5, 305-310. [ Links ]
Iverson, S.J. & Oftedal, O.T., 1995. Phylogenetic and ecological variation in the fatty acid composition of milks. In: Handbook of Milk Composition. Ed Jensen, R.G., Academic Press, New York. pp. 790-827. [ Links ]
Jacobsen, K.L., De Peters, E.J., Rogers, Q.R. & Taylor, S.J., 2004. Influences of stage of lactation, teat position and sequential milk sampling on the composition of domestic cat milk (Felis catus). J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 88, 46-58. [ Links ]
Jenkins, T.C., 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 76, 3851-3863. [ Links ]
Jenkins, T.C. & Bridges, W.C., 2007. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109, 778-789. [ Links ]
Jenkins, T.G. & Ferrell, C.L., 1984. A note on lactation curves of crossbred cows. Anim. Prod. 39:479-482. [ Links ]
Kadzere, C.T., Murphya, M.R., Silanikoveb, N. & Maltz, E., 2002. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 77, 59-91. [ Links ]
Kothapalli, K.S.D., Anthony, J.C., Pan, B.S., Hsieh, A.T., Nathanielsz, P.W. & Brenna, J.T., 2007. Differential cerebral cortex transcriptones of baboon neonates consuming moderate and high docosahexaenoic acid formulas. PLoS ONE (4), e370. [ Links ]
Litwinczuk, Z. & Krol, J., 2002. The yield and composition of beef cow's milk and the results of calf rearing. Animal Science Papers and Reports 20, Suppl. 1, 199-204. Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrizebiec, Poland. [ Links ]
Lkhagvajav, B., 1978. Lipido-acidic composition of milk fat of Mongolian yak and khaihags. J. Food. Technol. 4, 41-43. [ Links ]
Makrides, M., Neumann, M.A., Byard, R.W., Simmer, K. & Gibson, R.A., 1994. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina and erythrocytes in breast fed and formula fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 189-194. [ Links ]
Meyer, E.H.H., 1984. Chromosomal and biochemical genetic markers of cattle breeds in Southern Africa. In: Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Sheep and Beef Cattle Breeding, Pretoria, South Africa. [ Links ]
Milligan, L.A. & Bazinet, R.P., 2008. Evolutionary modifications of human milk composition: evidence from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of anthropoid milks. J. Human Evolution 55, 1086-1095. Mills, D.E., Ward, R.P. & Huang, Y.S., 1990. Fatty acid composition of milk from genetically normotensive rats. J. Nutr. 120, 431-435. [ Links ] [ Links ]
Myher, J.J., Kuksis, A., Tilden, C. & Oftedal, O.T., 1994. A cross-species comparison of neutral lipid composition of milk fat of prosimian primates. Lipids 29, 411-419. [ Links ]
NCSS, 2007. Statistical System for Windows. NCSS Statistical Systems, Kaysville, Utah, USA. Neville, M.C., Allen, J.C. & Watters, C., 1983. Mechanisms of milk secretion. In: Lactation; Physiology, Nutrition and Breast-feeding. Eds Neville, M.C. & Neifert, M.R., Plenum Press New York. [ Links ]
Offer, N.W., Marsden, M., Dixon, J., Speake, B.K. & Thacker, F.E., 1999. Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk. Anim. Sci. 69, 613-625. [ Links ]
Oftedal, O.T., 1984. Milk omposition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 51, 33-85. [ Links ]
Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., De Waal, H.O. & Botes, P., 2005. The composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) milk collected a few days postpartum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 141,223-229. [ Links ]
Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., De Wit, M., Nguyen, T.P.M. & Seier, J., 2009a. Milk composition of captive vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with observations on gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and white handed gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 152, 332-338. [ Links ]
Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., De Wit, M. & Nguyen, T.P.M., 2009b. The chemical composition of milk from free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 39, 97-102. [ Links ]
Osthoff, G., Hugo, A. & De Wit, M., 2009c. Comparison of the milk composition of free-ranging blesbok, black wildebeest and blue wildebeest of the subfamily Alcelaphinae (family: Bovidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 154, 48-54. [ Links ]
Payne, W.J.A., 1970. Cattle production in the tropics. Vol. 1. General Introduction and Breeds and Breeding. Longman, London. [ Links ]
Pandya, A.J. & Khan, M.M., 2006. Buffalo milk utilization for dairy products. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals. Eds Park, Y.W. & Haenlein, G.F.W., Blackwell, London. [ Links ]
Park, P.W. & Goins, R.E., 1994. In situ preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for analysis of fatty acid composition in foods. J. Food. Sci. 59, 1262-1266. Park, Y.W., 2006. Goat milk - chemistry and nutrition. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals. Eds Park, Y.W. & Haenlein, G.F.W., Blackwell, London. [ Links ] [ Links ]
Power, M.L., Oftedal, O.T. & Tardif, S.D., 2002. Does the milk of Callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids? Am. J. Primatol. 56, 117-127. [ Links ]
Purcell, R.H., Sun, B., Pass, L.L., Power, M.L., Moran, T.H. & Tamashiro, K.L.K., 2011. Maternal stress and high-fat diet effect on maternal behavior, milk composition, and pup ingestive behaviour. Physiol. Behavior 104, 474-479. [ Links ]
Schwartzbeck, J.L., Jung, S., Abbott, A.G., Mosley, E., Lewis, S., Pries, G.L. & Powel, G.L., 2001. Endoplasmic oleoyl-PC desaturase references the second double bond. Phytochem. 57,643-652. [ Links ]
Strydom, P.E., 2008. Do indigenous Southern African cattle breeds have the right genetics for commercial production of quality meat? Meat Sci. 80, 86-93. [ Links ]
Talpur, F.N., Bhanger, M.I. & Memon, N.N., 2009. Milk fatty acid composition of indigenous goat and ewe breeds from Sindh, Pakistan. J. Food Comp. Anal. 22, 59-64. [ Links ]
Tilden, C.D. & Oftedal, O.T., 1997. Milk composition reflects pattern of maternal care in prosimian primates. Am. J. Primatol. 41, 195-211. [ Links ]
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See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/za Condition of use: The user may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work, but must recognise the authors and the South African Journal of Animal Science.
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domain: literature


Charles River Women's Black Gemini Leggings comes with a custom NinjaZone logo to raise your brand awareness and motivate employees. Working out is now a piece of cake with these leggings because of the soft and comfortable material, made with 85% polyester and 15% spandex blend. Also, the wicking and antimicrobial properties help you to move easily and they are the perfect solution for yoga, the gym and getting a great workout in. Stay cozy for a night in with these Gemini Leggings. Their high-rise waist with a power mesh lining streamlines your shape while providing opaque matte coverage with a nice elastic waistband and a hidden key pocket.


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Manon Aubry, together with Martin Schirdewan Co-President of the GUE/NGL group, was the guest in the sixth edition of transform! europe’s webinar series Meeting the Left. She is former spokesperson for Oxfam, and since 2019 a Member of the European Parliament for France Insoumise.
On 16 July 2019, the GUE/NGL voted against the election of Ursula von der Leyen as President of the European Commission. Aubry explained that the GUE/NGL vote was motivated by issues of content.
"We worked on ten key points and ten key expectations from the EU Commission. We are the only group that is actually writing a paper: These are the ten key expectations we have and these are the reasons why we voted against Ursula von der Leyen. We made proposals and counter-proposals, because we are not just an opposition in the European Parliament, we are a constructive opposition."
Referring to the risk of the ecological crisis being overlooked as a consequence of the pandemic, Aubry said: "The worst response to the corona crisis would be to repeat the same mistakes that have been made so far." The GUE/NGL is proposing a set of actions to be promoted in the European Parliament aimed at the ecological crisis: "It means stopping the lobbies that were trying to delay any kind of ambitious policy on the part of the Commission on ecological issues. It means that all the funds that are being injected, particularly as Recovery Fund, needs to be green."
With regards to the pandemic, Aubry said that it demonstrated not only the loss of solidarity between the European countries. In addition, it is also a loss of industrial sovereignty for the EU, as Europe, in the first stages of the crisis, was not even able to produce enough masks to protect its own citizens, organise the production of essential goods, and help the countries that suffered the most during the crisis, all of which generated widespread Euroscepticism.
Aubry also spoke about the recovery package labelled ‘Next Generation EU’ put forward by the European Commission.
"It is very far from what we were asking for. We have asked for two trillion euros and, in terms of new money, we only got 750 billions. The second issue is democracy. How will this new money be distributed? Who will decide? According to what criteria? To what extend will this decision be based on democratic consensus, at least from the European Parliament? And last but not least, the Commission is giving money to regions, but states have to meet a certain number of economic conditions to get this money – in other words they have to implement austerity measures."
Finally, Aubry presented the current initiatives the GUE/NGL is promoting in the European Parliament and emphasised the role of the left in Europe:
"Our role is central, because our responsibility is to translate hope into change. We can do it only if we are able to build a social movement. And we are the only group in the European Parliament building strong connections to social movements, meaning trade unions, NGOs, associations and activists in the very different forms they exists."

domain: news


text:
Community of Heroes
and 21,010 others signed the petition to
Justice for Brownie
and 48,954 others signed the petition to
Protect People that Protect Animals - Stop Ag-Gag in Pennsylvania
and 6,429 others pledged to
POISONED AND KILLED FOR COSMETICS..the cruelty suffered by many innocent animals.
and 62,571 others signed the petition to
Stop Abusing Ducks and Geese - No more Foie Gras!
and 32,147 others signed the petition to
JAIL THIS MAN FOR ANIMAL CRUELTY
and 7,582 others pledged to
Join the MARCH AGAINST CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
and 7,542 others pledged to
remove this Craigslist ad with graphic photo of dead dog

domain: law


text:
This Independence Day reminds us to feel proud of being a part of this great nation. May this spirit of […]
Praetorian Aviation Services is pleased to announce the appointment as cargo GSA for SriLankan Airlines in Pakistan. Please contact our […]
Praetorians logistics division, BNS LOGISTICS has prioritised the transport of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) as paramount in these challenging times. […]
Praetorian’s freight division, BNS Logistics transports large consignment of multiple construction equipment comprising of all kinds of machinery.
United Cargo is very pleased to announce we have appointed Praetorian Aviation Services as our new ‘Sales Partner’ with responsibility […]
Praetorian’s, BNS Logistics and its heavy lift division successfully deliver another shipment of heavy equipment. These beauties (on tracks), were delivered […]
Praetorian provide another cool winning solution for the Pakistani market...
Praetorian’s CEO, Fahad Hussain represented the group at TIACA ACF in Paris. This is biennial International Air Cargo Forum and […]
Praetorian’s BNS Logistics were busy again handling the delivery...
Praetorian’s BNS Logistics were busy again handling the delivery of earth moving equipment which BNS transported to the destination. Moved by […]
Praetorian’s courier division for Life Sciences division jointly conducts a successful two day training work shop for Aga Khan University […]
Praetorian’s Logistics division, BNS LOGISTICS successfully provides seamless end to end transport for over 50 tractors for Eagle Industries to […]
Praetorian’s Life Sciences Division, offers a seamless delivery of World Courier’s amazing temperature controlled equipment called the Cocoon. BNS’s LOGISTICS […]
Praetorian Life Sciences Division participated in the biggest pharma industry event Pharma Asia at Karachi Expo Centre, Pakistan.
Independence Day Celebrations at the Praetorian head office. All the staff at Praetorian took part in the celebrations wholeheartedly and […]
Praetorian partners with Office Depot to offer business supplies and services in the Pakistan market in 2016. Office Depot is […]


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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are both extremely common neurological disorders that can be very frustrating. Symptoms usually manifest before the age of 12, but can also develop later on as an adult. Common manifestations include problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can cause problems in a patient’s ability to learn effectively, interact appropriately in social settings, and adversely affects workplace productivity.
Though the two diagnoses are different, the approaches for behavioral interventions are similar. Medications can be effective in returning a patient to higher levels of functioning. Other non-medication treatment options include learning practical tools such as getting better organized, using a pocket planner, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Meet one of our experienced providers and let us help get you back.

domain: medical


text:
The Road to Calle
Photographer Claudia Calle presents her solo exhibition The Road to Calle: Republic of China.
The Road to Calle: Republic of China
Opening reception Saturday, October 9 from 7 p.m.-11 p.m.
Luis Perez Galeria / Awarehouse, 550 NW 29th Street, Miami
www.claudiacalle.com or www.awarehousemiami.com
Colombian photographer/mixed media artist Claudia Calle presents The Road to Calle: Republic of China, a solo exhibition that showcases a series of images exploring China's often controversial participation in globalization including its issues with mass production and copyright. The opening will coincide with Wynwood’s monthly Second Saturday Art Walk on Saturday, October 9, 2010 from 7 to 11 p.m. and is free and open to the public.
“I create from a spontaneous place where, even if only for a brief moment through the lens, I can expose the wondrous nuances of my surroundings,” said Calle. “My passion for traveling and studying social and cultural phenomena pushes me to capture the essence of people and things in front of me. Experimenting with photography, painting and non-conventional materials allows my canvas to expand, making all traditional techniques or rules disappear.”
Calle’s Republic of China series was selected by International Photo Awards among 15,000 submissions spanning 103 countries. The pieces, which fuse photography with collage and acrylic on wood, were further hand-picked by renowned curator Adriana Teresa to appear in the IPA “Best of Show” Exhibit in late-October at Splashlight Studios, New York.
A beer sampling courtesy of Samuel Adams and DJ sets by Aramis (Poplife), Mr. Pauer (Fabrika) and Kiko de Gallo (Groovalizacion) will set the tone at Luis Perez Galeria / Awarehouse with the official after-party taking place at Grand Central.
See and Do
- Russian pianist plays Wynwood on Friday
- Third Thursdays at Perez Art Museum Miami brings music and drinks
- Memorial Day Weekend Events - 2015
- Haitian Book Fair to celebrate Caribbean culture for 3rd year
- Annie, Open Play & Freebie Fun: Munchkin Fun's Top Picks for Memorial Day Week
- Free and cheap things to do in Miami - May 15-17
- Haitian Compas Festival encores at Sun Life Stadium with System Band and many more
- Siempre Flamenco hosts Cafe Cantante at the South Miami-Dade Cultural Arts Center
- The Rhythm Foundation's Dance Band Night kicks off with The French Horn
- What if Works presents Chekhov's 'The Cherry Orchard'

domain: artistic


Can you believe we've already had two episodes of The X Factor
USA? Well, we have, and they've been packed with talent, too. We've already asked you for your picks from the premiere
, but eight new acts
went through last night - and we want to know your favorite.
Rylie Brown performs in front of the Judges
Would it be sister group Roxxy Montana? Are you a fan of Latino ice-cream truck owner/womaniser Jorge Pena? Or are you hoping that Al Calderon will be the next popstar? Let us know by voting in our poll, and leave your comments about the show below!
The X Factor airs on Fox.
Who was your favorite contestant in the second episode of The X Factor USA?


You'll find Powhatan State Park in the northwest corner of Powhatan County on the historic James River. The park has diverse wildlife habitat, from open fields to upland hardwood forests. Guests can use the park's car-top boat slide to access the river. Other amenities include a canoe-in campground, multi-use trails, wildlife observation areas, picnic shelters and a playground.
The park has about 7.3 miles of multi-use trails through various habitats including field edge, upland pine forest and mature hardwoods. The trails provide excellent opportunities for viewing wildlife. Visitors launching a canoe or kayak from the park may enjoy a 5-mile float down river to the Maidens boat launch. This stretch of water is generally flat.
The park is open from dawn until dusk.
(Note: Many places fill to capacity on busy, nice weather days, especially holiday weekends. Please call ahead or visit the official website to get the most up-to-date information before visiting.)
$4 parking fee; weekdays and weekends, in and out of state
Powhatan State Park fosters wildlife viewing, canoeing, kayaking, camping, and picnicking. Additionally, there are horseshoe pits by the river picnic area.
Powhatan State Park was the vision of many in the Powhatan County community and several members of the general assembly. In 2003, 1,564 acres were transferred from the Department of Juvenile Justice to the Department of Conservation and Recreation for the development of a park. It is meant to fill a need in central Virginia for a state park with access to the James River and with day-use and overnight facilities.


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AG's Wildcat Report - Dispatches on the Wildcats, from Anthony Gimino
Sat, Mar 26, 2011
Derrick Williams' foul trouble 'changed the game'
The final Horne: Dream shot misses the mark as Wildcats' season ends
Arizona-UConn game blog: Fight for the Final Four
Arizona-UConn: What they're saying across the country
« Back to AG's Wildcat Report, page 23
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Carton Surf Shop
Tortuga Surf Camp
Regardless of your age or ability, this is one of the top places in Jacó to learn to surf or improve your technique. Michael and his...
Vista Los Sueños Day Tours
The longest zip lines in the area belong to Vista Los Sueños, which offers 14 cables accessed by tractor cart through the lush hillside....
Discovery Horseback Tours
Nearby beach and rainforest rides are available through this highly recommended outfit, run by an English couple who offer an extremely...
Soda a Cachete
Although many of the local sodas have been pushed out by gringo palates, this little place survives through its loyal following, who...
Calle Madrigal · interesting places nearby
Carton Surf Shop information
A good place to rent boards, run by the friendly Villalobos brothers, near the beach at the southern end of the main drag on Calle Madrigal.

domain: travel


York chairman Jon Flatman says they expect to receive two points after their Championship clash with Rochdale was postponed in farcical circumstances on Sunday.
With little more than half an hour to go until kick-off, Rochdale issued a statement to say that the kick-off may be delayed at the Crown Oil Arena due to high winds.
Due to high winds, there is the possibility that this afternoon's game against @YorkKnightsRLFC will kick off at a later time.
The game was due to kick off at 3pm. Please stay tuned for more details.
— Rochdale Hornets (@RochdaleHornets) March 10, 2019
Eventually, the game didn’t go ahead at all as the winds meant that the covers protecting the pitch couldn’t be removed safely, nor could the rugby posts be installed.
In a statement, Flatman said: “There is a clear issue to resolve when both teams players, staff and officials want a game to occur and issues created via the Stadium Management company and contractors result in a different outcome.
“The match commissioner was clear that the pitch was playable and he tried his very best to reason with a group of individuals who had a different agenda. Health and safety is a primary concern of all parties however it is not correct to use this backdrop to mask a different agenda.
“It’s the players and fans with whom I have the greatest sympathy. The new wave of York fans, over 300 in number, who has travelled to the game with good intentions has been let down today and quite rightly they are asking questions of our club, the Rochdale club and the sport as a whole.
“Be under no illusions though, York City Knights explored every avenue to get the game on and expect the 2 league points to be awarded to us and for a clear message to be sent that professional rugby league has obligations of all clubs with respect of ground availability. In light of today, we will further review this position with the arrangements at new community stadium.”
York could have gone top of the Championship table with a win.


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|Genre/Form:||State government records
|Document Type:||Archival Material|
|All Authors / Contributors:||
Argeo Paul Cellucci; Evelyn F Murphy; Thomas P O'Neill; Francis W Sargent; Jane Swift; Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor.; Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor (1967-1969 : Sargent); Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor (1975-1983 : O'Neill); Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor (1987-1991 : Murphy); Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor (1991-1997 : Cellucci); Massachusetts. Lieutenant Governor (1999-2001 : Swift)
|Notes:||Box 1: Sargent, 1967-1968. Boxes 2-7: O'Neill, 1975-1981. Boxes 8-9: Murphy, 1987-1990.|
|Description:||9.1 cubic ft. (7 record center cartons and 2 doc. boxes)|
Files contain draft and printed speeches, interviews, and hearing transcripts. Venues include governmental hearings; conferences; businesses; professional, political, and community organizations; ceremonies; rallies; and banquets.
Series currently includes files from terms of Francis Sargent (1967-1969--formerly identified as scheduling files), Thomas O'Neill (1975-1983), and Evelyn Murphy (1987-1991). For speeches of Argeo Paul Cellucci (1991-1997) and Jane Swift (1999-2001) see among speeches of Gov. William Weld and Gov. Argeo Paul Cellucci respectively in: Massachusetts. Governor's Press Office. Speeches and testimonies ((M-Ar)10)


AUSTIN (Nexstar) — On Tuesday, Democratic candidate for governor Beto O’Rourke held a rally near downtown Austin at the Long Center for the Performing Arts to kick off the last week of his 49-day campaign tour.
It came the same day as a new ad is launching on TV across the state – clipping two segments of Gov. Greg Abbott answering questions about the state’s abortion laws.
The near-complete ban went into effect last month, criminalizing abortions with some exceptions when the mother’s life is at risk, but none for rape or incest victims.
When the bill was passed, a reporter asked the governor, “Why force a rape or incest victim to carry a pregnancy to term?”
Gov. Abbott replied then, “Texas will work tirelessly to make sure that we eliminate all rapists from the streets of Texas.”
This week, though, on KXAS in Dallas, he gave a different answer when asked about the lack of exceptions in the law.
“For the mother, though, that is a victim of rape or incest and would like to have an abortion, I mean, what do you say to her?” the reporter asked.
“They can get the Plan B pill,” the commercial shows Abbott answering.
The governor’s campaign spokesperson added more context to that answer on Tuesday to KXAN, stating in part, “We urge any victim of rape to get medical help immediately. The medical care offered at hospitals and emergency rooms includes access to Plan B medication that can prevent pregnancy.”
Still, Cecile Richards, former president of Planned Parenthood and daughter of former Texas Gov. Ann Richards, said his answers don’t suffice.
“Even though now in the state of Texas, if you’re a survivor of rape or incest, you cannot get access to safe and legal abortion. And his solution was to round up all the rapists. I have seen absolutely no evidence that Greg Abbott is doing anything to reduce the incidences of rape in this state, or to help do anything to prevent future occurrences. It’s outrageous,” Richards said.
That’s part of why she’s backing O’Rourke in the race. She said she’s heard from countless high-risk OBGYN doctors saying they’re too afraid to even counsel their patients anymore because of legal scares.
“I’ll never forget talking to a doctor in El Paso at a Planned Parenthood clinic. And she said the heartbreaking thing is seeing women miscarrying in El Paso and being turned away by the hospital, and actually having nowhere to go because the hospital is unclear what’s legal and what’s not legal,” Richards said.
She’ll be on stage with O’Rourke Tuesday evening, along with Democratic candidate for Lt. Gov. Mike Collier, and Democratic candidate for attorney general Rochelle Garza.
Richards says she hasn’t seen as much small-town support for a Democratic gubernatorial candidate since her mother was in office.
“This is not the kind of state that people want to raise their kids in. And I do think we’re going to see a surge of women registering to vote and showing up at the polls,” she said.
Conservative groups believe the Dobbs decision, and subsequent laws in Texas, will play to their favor.
“I absolutely do think that more people are going to turn out to the polls, because the momentum is high. We’ve achieved a lot in this movement. And again, and again, this has been a winning issue for Texas,” Mary Castle with Texas Values said Tuesday.
“I think it’s been a general consensus in the pro-life movement, that we want to make sure that we protect life at all costs. And make sure that the person who is punished for the crime is the rapist and make sure that they’re given the punishment for the atrocity that they committed against the woman. But we want to make sure that the baby, that human life, is not punished,” Castle said.
Gov. Abbott headlined the Conservative Political Action Conference last month in Dallas, and will debate O’Rourke on September 30, airing on KXAN and across Nexstar Texas stations.


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If you have a green thumb, you probably have extra plants to sell during warmer months. Some types of plants may prove more popular and profitable in your area than others. It is a seasonal business for everyone who doesn't live in a warm climate, but it may be just what you need to earn a bit of money for your pocketbook.
How to have a plant sale -- online or in person
Learn about where and how you can sell plants to earn extra money.
Choosing which plants to sell
One thing to keep in mind is that plant sales are generally a seasonal event. In a warm climate, pond plants don't sell well after midsummer. Neither do home-grown vegetables. Rare tropicals cannot be shipped safely when the temperature outdoors drops below freezing.
If you are making this a full-time job, have a plan in place to earn money in the off-season.
Where to sell plants
- eBay: eBay offers a set amount of free listings each month, with extra listings available through special promotions. A Final Value Fee is then charged when each listing is sold. This might be a good option for an occasional plant seller, or someone who is just cleaning out some extra cuttings.
- Craiglist: No listing fees, no closing fees. List your plants with a price per quantity, and don't forget good photos of the plants you are selling. This is a good option when your listing budget is an issue.
- Your local fish shop: While not online, many fish shops like to support local plant sellers. Ask at the counter about whether they buy water plants.
- Your local nursery: By the same token, many larger nurseries get their stock from small home nurseries. Ask at the counter about it.
Propagate your plants for profit
Pricing your plants
The important thing to remember with plant sales is the bottom line. Price to sell, especially if the market is tight. It is hard to compete with pricing of annuals from a big-box store, for example. Focus on rarer plants whenever possible since it is better to get some money from a lot of plant-buying customers than a lot of money from one customer. Try to make your plants look like a bargain compared to others in the area.
Grow your plant sales
Start your own web site
Once you are doing a brisk business, set up your own website so local retailers can find your plants easily. Your own site can be a big investment. You will need to hire someone to build it for you if you don't know how to design and code a website.
Tip: Someone may contact you, so include at least
an email address or phone number on your site.
If you aren't doing a reasonable volume of plant sales just yet, wait a bit before setting it up.
Restrictions on selling plants
As expected, not every plant can be sold in every location. Plants such as water hyacinth are practically weeds in the southern United States, so they cannot be legally imported from other parts of the country. You should be able to check restrictions on each state's or country's agricultural websites.
If a particular plant cannot be shipped to a location, note that in in the listing.
You may need a special license to ship plants over state lines. Check with the local agricultural facilities about getting a permit if it proves necessary.
Safe shipment of plants is to most critical issue when selling plants online. If the plant is particularly fragile, it won't survive until delivery. Pack carefully.
How to ship plants
Always choose the fastest method so the poor plant doesn't have to spend any more time in transit than necessarily. USPS Priority is a good, fast choice for live plants. Make use of the Post Office's free Priority Mailers whenever possible.
Soil or bareroot?
- Is the plant in bloom? Keep it in the potting mix for shipment, but be aware that this adds a lot of weight.
- If the plant isn't blooming, prune it back hard before shipping (note in the listing that it will be pruned). This reduces bulk. Most plants can then be safely shipped bareroot.
- Choose a shipping box that is just big enough for the plant being shipped. You may have to build a box to fit.
Note: tv dinner boxes, pizza delivery boxes, and packaged
food boxes (crackers, etc) are not shipping-grade boxes.
Do not reuse them.
- Wrap the roots in a damp (not wet) paper towel, then tape a plastic bag over the root area so the box won't be damaged by leaks in shipment.
- Wrap the entire plant in packing paper and secure into to box. Remember that the buyer will need to be able to remove the plant from the box with minimal damage to the plant.
- Mark the top of the box to minimize movement of the plant.
When to ship live plants
Plants should only be shipped on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday to ensure that your plants aren't sitting at the post office over the weekend. This should be noted in the listing.
Special care for shipment of water plants
- Water plants should be wrapped entirely in damp paper towel. Tiny water plants such as duckweed can be placed on a square of damp paper towel before being bagged. No actual water should be loose in the bag.
- Water plants should be double-bagged for shipment in case of leaks. Use enough shipping tape to seal the bag.

domain: agronomy


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domain: geography


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Thinking for IVF treatment? You need to know the IVF cost in Sambhal. Before considering take IVF treatment in Sambhal. Today Infertility the type of issue and affects 1 in every 6 couples. IVF treatment proved as the best infertility treatment. IVF treatment is wellknown as test tube baby treatment. If you are comfortable to attempt IVF treatment in Sambhal. Then, initially, your first job is to find out about the whole IVF process. And the standard cost for the test-tube baby in Sambhal. IVF treatment procedure cost varies according to couple’s infertility issues. With minimal IVF cost, Sambhal interest in vast medical tourism.
In This Article
- IVF Procedure Cost in Sambhal
- How much does infertility treatment cost in Sambhal?
- What factors involved in the cost of the IVF cycle?
- Initial Consultation Fee
- Pre Lab tests
- Ultrasound Monitoring
- Need for fertility drugs
- Basic IVF Treatment
- ICSI cycle
- FET cycle
- IUI cycle
- IMSI cycle
- What are the factors that influence IVF to cost in Sambhal?
- Age of Woman
- Need for Multiple IVF Cycles
- Need for Egg or Sperm Donor
- Egg freezing
- Need for Additional treatment
- Quality of semen
- Which is the best reasonable IVF cost in Sambhal?
- Standard IVF treatment Cost
- What Is The Average Cost Of IVF With Egg Donor?
- What Is The Average Cost Of IVF With Sperm Donor?
- How Much Does Cost Of IVF With Embryo Donor?
- What Is The Pricing Of IVF With Gestational Carrier?
- What Is The Pricing Of IVF With PGD or PGS?
- What Is The Expense Of IVF With TESA/ PESA?
- Mini IVF VS standard IVF cost in Sambhal
- IVF Cost in top India Cities
- What is the IVF success rate in Sambhal?
- Why choose Sambhal for IVF Treatment
IVF Procedure Cost in Sambhal
|FERTILITY PROCEDURE NAME
|IUI (Artificial Insemination)
|Rs. 10000/- TO Rs.15000/-(MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Rs. 60000/- TO Rs.75000/- (INJECTION & MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Rs. 80000/- TO Rs.90000/- (INJECTION & MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Laser Assisted Hatching of Embryos
|Rs. 15000/- (MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Blastocyst Culture of Embryos
|Embryo Freezing (Vitrification)
|Rs. 35000/- (Rs.15000/- Per six months For Maintenance)
|Frozen Thaw Embryo Transfer (FET)
|Rs. 45000/- (MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Rs. 5000/- (MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Rs. 20000/- (MEDICINE EXTRA)
|Freezing of Semen sample/Donor Sperm Sample
|Rs. 5000/-(IVF Charge Not Included)
|Rs. 35000/-(IVF Charge Not Included)
|Donor Embryo (Embryo Adoption)
|Rs. 45000/-(IVF Charge Not Included)
|Pre Implantation Genetic Screening Testing(PGS)
|Rs. 50000/- PER EMBRYO
|Ask For Quotation
How much does infertility treatment cost in Sambhal?
The average IVF cost in Sambhal starts from Rs.90, 000 to Rs. 2, 50,000. It does not include the expenses of medicines and injections. If a couple needs an extra 2-3 IVF cycle. The average IVF treatment cost will rise. If you have planned to take IVF treatment in Sambhal. Some aspects you will need to know that involves IVF cost. And the IVF packages for couples in Sambhal. IVF isn’t an one-step treatment. This needs several steps and procedures that enhance the cost. With IVF treatment, the couple has higher chances for getting success in one-cycle IVF. But, there are few chances that the couple faces failure. Later, a couple should go through 2-3 cycles of IVF. This also adds extra IVF cost in Sambhal. However, the use of techniques and treatment are similar in Sambhal. But, a couple needs to choose Sambhal based on the specialization of doctors.
What factors involved in the cost of the IVF cycle?
IVF treatment has several steps to perform. It is conducted by a fertility specialist and medical staff. IVF is one of the common assisted reproductive technology for infertility. Depending on your own infertility cause, the IVF treatment can perform. However, the IVF procedure cost in location differs from clinic to clinic . Following are the major concerns
Initial Consultation Fee
Your first step is to consult with an IVF doctor in Sambhal. Usually, the average consultation fee starts with Rs.500. After fixing your scheduled appointment with an IVF doctor. The fertility doctor asks you a few questions to go advance in IVF treatment.
Pre Lab tests
The IVF doctor in Sambhal takes some fertility trials of the couple. There are many fertility tests involved in male and female. The fertility test cost will vary as per the required numbers of lab tests . Its cost will start from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 10, 000.
Ultrasounds test usually performs to identify the internal condition of the female. This helps in monitoring the follicles of eggs during ovulation. And eggs are ready for retrieval process or not. The actual cost will begin from Rs.500 to Rs.2000.
Need for fertility drugs
In females, the hormones and fertility drugs used to improve egg production. However, this will affect the cost of fertility injections. The usual cost of fertility injection starts from Rs.1000 to Rs.5000.
Basic IVF Treatment
Basic IVF treatment requires a three-step procedure. Removal of eggs, fertilization under special labs, and embryo placement. For that reason, the cost of every step needs to pay separately by the couple. The standard IVF cost in Sambhal ranges from Rs. 90,000 to Rs. 5, 00,000.
ICSI treatment completed by the IVF specialist. A one sperm is taken and injected directly into female eggs for fertilization. However, it is added as an extra IVF cost. You will have to pay Rs. 1, 50,000. It commonly performs to treat male infertility.
FET cycle belongs to In vitro fertilization treatment. A fertility doctor uses frozen donor eggs or sperm inside a couple for IVF success. The cost of the FET cycle also noted as an additional cost. The usual cost will start from Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 50, 000.
The intrauterine insemination cycle is an additional IVF treatment. A one sperm is injected into a female uterus to assist fertilization. However, it has an effect on the IVF cost in Sambhal. Hence, it increases the IVF cost in Sambhal. Well, the standard IUI cost is Rs. 3000.
IMSI is IVF treatment to boost the chances of fertilization. The fertility doctor decides high-quality sperm under a special microspore. Hence, this has an effect on the IVF cost too. And you need to pay Rs. 2, 40,000.
What are the factors that influence IVF to cost in Sambhal?
Apart from the essential IVF treatment cost in IVF center in Sambhal. There are some other caused that impact over-all IVF cost.
Age of Woman
A younger woman has higher chances to conceive a rather higher age woman.
Need for Multiple IVF Cycles
The frequent couples need to experience a total of 3 IVF cycles. It mainly relies upon the complications of a couple. Yet, every couple is not recommended to undergo 3 IVF cycles.
Need for Egg or Sperm Donor
A couple with weak sperm and eggs impact the IVF success rate. At that time, IVF doctor opts for donor eggs and sperms. Hence, it will enhance the IVF cost.
In this process , woman’s eggs are stored for future use. This should be done for medical purposes or social reasons.
Need for Additional treatment
In numerous couples, the infertility cause is unexplained. The fertility doctor asks you to perform a fertility test that influences the IVF cost.
Quality of semen
If men are found infertile with minimal sperm quality and motility. So, first, your fertility doctor performs infertility treatments. Hence, this will enhance the IVF cost.
Which is the best reasonable IVF cost in Sambhal?
The IVF Centre in Sambhal you get affordable packages for couples. So, they could live their parental dream with no hassle.
Standard IVF treatment Cost
In Sambhal, the couple can receive affordable standard IVF treatment cost. Typically, the standard IVF ranges from Rs. 90, 000 to Rs. 2, 50, 000.
What Is The Average Cost Of IVF With Egg Donor?
The cost of IVF with Egg Donor normally starts from Rs. 1, 55,000 to Rs. 3, 50,000. Most of female don’t desire to use their own egg for IVF treatment. Due to most issues which include having premature ovarian failure, Genetic disease risk etc. In this case they need IVF with Egg Donor treatment. The Cost of Egg Donor in Sambhal may vary as per the quality and qualification of the egg donor. So the entire IVF cycle cost increases with this additional Donor Egg cost. Couple might need to pay for the Egg Donor by using cost starts from Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 50,000.
What Is The Average Cost Of IVF With Sperm Donor?
The basic cost of sperm donor may consist of Rs 8,000 to Rs 15,000. Which will add a little extra price towards the total IVF cost. The average IVF with Sperm Donor cost is Rs. 1, 00,000 may be increase up to Rs. 2, 70,000. IVF with Sperm Donor s the most effective treatment for male infertility. Heterosexual, lesbian couples and single women may take advantages of become parents with this treatment. The Cost of IVF with Sperm Donor in Sambhal varies somehow from centre to centre.
How Much Does Cost Of IVF With Embryo Donor?
Normally you need to pay cost from Rs 35,000 to Rs 40,000 for the cost of Embryo Donor. The IVF increases just for this additional cost. Around the cost of IVF with Embryo Donor is from Rs. 1, 30,000 to Rs. 3, 35,000. It is the effective option patient who unable to develop high quality eggs. Couples who don’t want to pass genetic issues to their child take advantage of this treatment. You can discover different IVF with Embryo Donor cost in Sambhal from clinic to clinic.
What Is The Pricing Of IVF With Gestational Carrier?
The basic price of Gestational Carrier may range from Rs.15,00,000 – Rs. 20,00,000. Women who intend to become single parents may also option of IVF with Gestational Carrier treatment. IVF with Gestational Carrier treatment popular as surrogacy. The genetics of both the mother and father can be shared within this treatment. Many points need to consider which affect the total cost of surrogacy. You will get different IVF with Gestational Carrier cost in Sambhal from clinic to clinic.
What Is The Pricing Of IVF With PGD or PGS?
The basic cost of PGD or PGS may consist of Rs.40, 000 to Rs. 60,000. Couple wants to use the PGS genetic testing to double the success rate. This PGD or PGS testing option are used for over age female partner. PGD is a procedure of lot of laboratory work. The average cost of IVF PGD or PGS may vary and starts from Rs. 1, 55,000 to Rs. 3, 50,000. The cost of PGD or PGS in Sambhal is not same it differ from clinic to clinic.
What Is The Expense Of IVF With TESA/ PESA?
This is not fixed, as it is possible that Cost of TESA/ PESA can raise Rs.5, 000 to Rs. 10,000. So the couple may spend upwards of Rs.95, 000 to Rs. 3, 10,000 for the IVF with TESA/ PESA cost. Sperm extraction process is used for male infertility for obstructive azoospermia. This IVF Treatment offers a solution in cases of severe male infertility i.e. zoospermia. Female with endometriosis or PCOS issues can use this treatment. Normally the cost of IVF with TESA/ PESA may differ from IVF centre to IVF centre.
Mini IVF VS standard IVF cost in Sambhal
Minimal stimulation IVF is quite same as standard IVF treatment. You will probably be advised to carry out the same procedure. It consists of Eggs retrieval, fertilization under labs, and embryo transfer. The difference between Mini and standard IVF procedure cost in Sambhal, the utilization of fertility injections. For egg retrieval, fertility drugs and injections are used in standard IVF treatment. In standard IVF, the use of fertility drugs and injections are used for the egg retrieval process. The usual cost of standard IVF ranges from Rs.90, 000 to Rs. 3 lakhs. However, the cost of mini IVF ranges from Rs. 70, 000 to Rs. 2, 50, 000.
IVF Cost in top India Cities
What is the IVF success rate in Sambhal?
The IVF success rate in Sambhal is higher than of other fertility clinics. But, the success rate of IVF typically depends on many factors. The utilization of donor eggs and sperm improves the IVF success rate. The IVF success rate additionally relies on the fertility clinic you have a pick. Make sure you have picked the clinic with a high IVF success rate in Sambhal.
Why choose Sambhal for IVF Treatment
As the best IVF fertility clinic in Sambhal. IVF Centre in Sambhal always ready to offer the best IVF treatment to everyone infertile So, the infertile couple can feel proud to become parent. With fertility clinic in Sambhal, you are able to claim the following benefits. Clinic in Sambhal offer the best and low-cost IVF treatment packages. Fertility experts in Sambhal use best practices to accomplish your goals. IVF doctors in Sambhal assist you best so you can take IVF treatment comfortably. More than 80% IVF success rate, the IVF fertility clinic in Sambhal is so well-known. They can make possible for a couple to have a quicker pregnancy. The fertility doctors provide the best solution to conceive at affordable charges. If you are stressed out after trying for a year. Then put one step and achieve your dream here.


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What are the signs of spina bifida in pregnancy?
In some cases, the only sign is a dimple, birthmark or hair tuft above the gap in the spine. (Many people don't even realize they have spina bifida unless they happen to have an X-ray.) Others with spina bifida occulta may have back pain, leg weakness, or bowel or bladder problems.
Can you tell if your baby has spina bifida in the womb?
Fetal ultrasound is the most accurate method to diagnose spina bifida in your baby before delivery. Ultrasound can be performed during the first trimester (11 to 14 weeks) and second trimester (18 to 22 weeks). Spina bifida can be accurately diagnosed during the second trimester ultrasound scan.
What stage of pregnancy does spina bifida occur?
Spina bifida happens in the first few weeks of pregnancy, often before a woman knows she's pregnant. Although folic acid is not a guarantee that a woman will have a healthy pregnancy, taking folic acid can help reduce a woman's risk of having a pregnancy affected by spina bifida.
What causes spina bifida during pregnancy?
Lack of folic acid
Not having enough folic acid during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase your chances of having a child with spina bifida. Folic acid (also known as vitamin B9) occurs naturally in some foods, such as broccoli, peas and brown rice.
What are the chances of spina bifida in pregnancy?
It affects approximately 1,500 pregnancies each year. Although the occurrences appear to be decreasing, the birth defect occurs in approximately 7 of out every 10,000 live births in the United States.
What Is Spina Bifida? (2 of 12)
Can a baby with spina bifida move in the womb?
Despite anticipated major lower extremity and bladder dysfunction, lower limb movements were seen in 100% of the fetuses with anencephaly and encephaloceles, 93% with isolated spina bifida, 60% with complex spina bifida and 90% with abnormal intracranial findings.
What group is at highest risk for spina bifida babies?
Which children are at risk for spina bifida?
- Mother's age. Spina bifida is more common in teen mothers.
- History of miscarriage. A woman who has had miscarriages in the past has a higher risk of having a baby with neural tube defects.
- Birth order. First-born babies are at higher risk.
- Socioeconomic status.
What are 3 symptoms that people with spina bifida may experience?
Symptoms of spina bifida
- weakness or total paralysis of the legs.
- bowel incontinence and urinary incontinence.
- loss of skin sensation in the legs and around the bottom – the child is unable to feel hot or cold, which can lead to accidental injury.
What foods to avoid if you have spina bifida?
Prevent this by having your child avoid caffeinated drinks and eating plenty of iron-rich foods, like chicken, fish, and beans. If anemia continues to be a problem, talk to the spina bifida clinic dietitian. Your child may sometimes need an iron supplement and iron-rich diet.
Can stress cause spina bifida?
The association of stressful life events with anencephaly and spina bifida was stronger among women who did not take folic acid supplements than among women who did take supplements (Table 4).
How do you detect spina bifida on ultrasound?
How is spina bifida diagnosed? Open spina bifida, is usually detected at the antenatal mid-term ultrasound (20 week) scan. The appearance of the skull bones and cerebellum - part of the back of the brain - show distinct signs that lead the sonographer to look for tiny changes in the spine.
Can a blood test detect spina bifida?
Measuring the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level by a blood test checks for open NTDs. About 80 percent of the time when a woman is carrying a child with spina bifida or anencephaly, her blood test will show a higher than normal AFP level.
Does folic acid stop spina bifida?
Introduction. The intake of folic acid before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy can prevent spina bifida.
What does a mild case of spina bifida look like?
Spina bifida occulta is a mild form of spina bifida and rarely causes symptoms. Children diagnosed with spina bifida occulta might have a visible mark on their skin at the lower part of the back when they're born that appears as a lump, a red or purple patch (hemangioma), a dark spot (birthmark) or a dimple.
Can birth defects occur in third trimester?
Birth defects can occur during any stage of pregnancy. Most birth defects occur in the first 3 months of pregnancy, when the organs of the baby are forming. This is a very important stage of development. However, some birth defects occur later in pregnancy.
Which condition can be detected before birth spina bifida?
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) screen.
During pregnancy, a small amount of AFP normally crosses the placenta and enters the mother's bloodstream. Abnormally high levels of AFP may indicate that the fetus has spina bifida or other neural tube defect.
How do you fix spina bifida in the womb?
Prenatal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC), the most common and severe form of spina bifida, is a delicate surgical procedure where fetal surgeons open the uterus and close the opening in the baby's back while they are still in the womb.
What vitamins should mothers take to prevent spina bifida?
Folic Acid Can Help Prevent Birth Defects
Folic acid can reduce certain birth defects of the brain and spinal cord by more than 70 percent. These birth defects are called neural tube defects (NTDs). NTDs happen when the spinal cord fails to close properly. The most common neural tube defect is spina bifida.
Can you give birth naturally with spina bifida?
A Pregnant Woman with Spina Bifida: Need for a Multidisciplinary Labor Plan. Women with spina bifida present both obstetrical and anesthesia challenges. They are more likely to require a caesarian delivery and traditionally neuraxial anesthesia has been avoided due to concerns of worsening neurologic disability.
Does spina bifida cause baby pain?
In a small number of people, spina bifida occulta causes pain and neurological challenges like tethered spinal cord, a complication that can be surgically corrected.
Where does spina bifida most commonly occur?
The opening can be repaired through surgery, but the nerve damage isn't resolved and that causes permanent disability. Spina bifida can occur anywhere along the backbone, but is most often found in the small of the back or further down.
What organs does spina bifida affect?
Spina bifida is the most common kind of neural tube defect. These are conditions of the brain, spine and spinal cord. Birth defects are structural changes present at birth that can affect almost any part of the body. Spina bifida can affect how your baby's brain, spine, spinal cord and meninges develop.
How can spina bifida be prevented during pregnancy?
Folic acid is the only form of folate that has been shown to help prevent neural tube defects. Folic acid is a specific form of folate that does not generally occur naturally. You can find folic acid in vitamins, fortified foods like rice, pasta, and bread, and some breakfast cereals that are labeled “enriched.”
What are 5 health issues a person with spina bifida might have?
The person might have back pain, scoliosis (crooked spine), leg and foot weakness, changes in bladder or bowel control, and other problems. A tethered spinal cord can be treated with surgery.
Does spina bifida affect sleep?
Sleep apnea in adults with Spina Bifida is a common but very serious condition. Unfortunately, many adults don't realize they have sleep apnea and can go undiagnosed & untreated for too long.


North Korea conducted another ballistic missile test, just 48 hours before U.S. President Donald Trump is due to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping to discuss Pyongyang's nuclear ambitions.
The projectile was fired into the East Sea early Wednesday and flew about 60 kilometers, South Korea's joint chiefs of staff said in a text message.
Any launch of objects using the ballistic missile technology is a violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions, but the North has defied the ban as infringement of its sovereign rights to self-defense and pursuit of space exploration.
Launch follows Trump threat
Wednesday's launch came after Trump threatened that the U.S. is prepared to go it alone in bringing the North to heel if China does not step in.
U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson issued a terse statement from Washington in response to Pyongyang's latest test: “The United States has spoken enough about North Korea. We have no further comment.”
During his trip to South Korea last month, Tillerson rejected Washington's long-standing policy of “strategic patience” in dealing with the hermit regime. “We are exploring a new range of diplomatic, security and economic measures,” he said. “All options are on the table.”
North Korea responds to tough talk
North Korea's foreign ministry on Monday assailed Washington for its tough talk and for an ongoing joint military exercise with South Korea and Japan, which Pyongyang sees as a dress rehearsal for invasion.
The “reckless actions” are driving the tense situation on the Korean peninsula “to the brink of a war,” a ministry spokesman was quoted as saying by the official KCNA news agency.
South Korean intelligence warned in late March that North Korea could detonate a nuclear device in the first week of April to “overshadow” the U.S.-China summit.
Meeting with his Chinese counterpart, Wang Yi, earlier in the month, Tillerson and said tensions on the Korean Peninsula have reached a “rather dangerous level.”
“I think we share a common view and a sense that tensions in the peninsula are quite high right now,” Tillerson said. “We will work together to see if we cannot bring the government in Pyongyang to a place where they want to make a different course — make a course correction — and move away from the development of nuclear weapons.”
Four missiles fired in March
Last month, North Korea fired four ballistic missiles into the sea off Japan in response to annual U.S.-South Korea military drills, which the North sees as a preparation for war.
Three of the missiles flew about 1,000 kilometers and landed in Japanese waters, the Pentagon said. U.S. officials said the weapons were medium-range rockets that did not pose a threat to North America.


November 26, 2019
What is the difference between a Product Manager and Product Owner?
You've probably heard the terms "Product Manager" and "Product Owner" used a lot to describe the process of developing digital products. But how does the Product Manager differ from Product Owner? These two terms are often used interchangeably – and,
November 23, 2019
What Does a UX Designer Actually Do?
There is a job title that is becoming increasingly popular in the job market in the tech industry and beyond, User Experience (UX) Designer. UX is one of the essential fields in product development; there is no doubt about it.