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Early Electronic Television
The Dawn of Modern, Electronic Television
By Nat Pendleton
Television, like any modern invention of complexity, did not simply appear-it evolved. Much of its technology was and still is based on previous inventions as well as methods used by radio. It is not within the scope of this paper to present the history of the telegraph, telephone and radio-suffice it to say that each of these technologies built upon its predecessor. That such was the case can be noted in that the first telephones were briefly referred to as "speaking telegraphs;" likewise that during the first years of radio communication, terms like "wireless telegraphy" and "wireless telephony" were common. And in the 1920s, when experimenters first dabbled in transmitting moving pictures, the popular press and hobbyist magazines used names like "radio with pictures" and "radio movies".
The beginnings of television make for a complicated yet fascinating story. Perhaps its complexity is what has kept any details of television's origins out of most of the textbooks; whereas histories of other inventions such as the telegraph, telephone or automobile have been popularized, simplified and turned into famous historical legend. It is impossible to honestly attribute the "invention" of television to a single individual or corporation, nor can one say that it was "invented" in a given year. Rather, television's evolution is marked by a series of milestones; and several inventors, scientists, artists, financiers, corporations and even nations contributed to its progress.
First, this paper will focus on early international efforts to establish a functional television service that brought clear, steady black and white pictures to the public on a regular basis. Second, it will look at various stations, their programming and the public's reaction to "this new wonder." Television with high-quality recognizable pictures and regularly scheduled broadcasting was achieved in the late 1930s. England, Germany and the United States led the industry; followed by France, Russia, Italy and Japan which all conducted limited experiments and sporadic broadcasts. The method used in each country's system in the latter half of the 1930s was completely electronic. That is, the studio or other program images were scanned by an electronic camera, transmitted and then received by cathode ray (picture tube) television receivers. Television today works under these same principles, only using many improvements such as color, stereo sound and closed captioning.
Before this modern, all-electronic system was developed, mechanical systems were developed. Based on series of late 19th and early 20th century inventions by such luminaries as Alexander Graham Bell, Paul Nipkow, C. Frances Jenkins, and John L. Baird, these mechanical systems used spinning discs with a spiral of holes passing in front of an electric eye to create a scanned image. The pulses were transmitted and received in the home by a bulky set that used a disc with an identical spiral and a flickering neon bulb. The discs in both the studio's camera and in the home would run at the same speed. The sets at home produced images with anywhere from 30 to 60 lines of resolution-one line per hole in the scanning spiral of the disc. Needless to say that in comparison to the 525 lines used by American television today, this was a very blurry and low-definition picture. But the novelty was so great for the times, 1928 to 1933, that sets were actually sold and several businesses-mostly existing radio stations-set up studios and broadcast crude programs.
The mechanical system ultimately failed because the novelty of its low-quality pictures soon wore off. Low quality programming, with images that could not easily be seen and often looked like silhouettes, could not sustain the sales of new sets nor attract advertising dollars.1 By 1933, during the depths of the Great Depression, the five-year experiment had come to an end as the last stations shut down their studios and many went back to their laboratories. Indeed, by the end of 1930 RCA had already seen the writing on the wall:
Television must develop to the stage where broadcasting stations will be able to broadcast regularly visual objects in the studio, or scenes occurring at other places through remote control; where...these objects or scenes...(will be)...clearly discernible in millions of homes; where such devices can be built upon a principle that will eliminate rotary scanning discs, delicate (temperamental) hand controls and other moving parts...2
Although many might view mechanical television as a "false start," the work laid much of the groundwork necessary for the future method of all-electronic, higher definition television. "Similarly, it provided a rich source of studio design and programming concepts extensively drawn upon by the latter endeavor. In many ways, electronic television did not develop simply parallel to the mechanical method, but often climbed upon its shoulders."3
Electronic television also climbed on the shoulders of radio broadcasting. It comes as no surprise that British television became a state run affair. Just as with the BBC state-run radio, no advertising was used and revenue came instead from the listener and viewer who had to pay an annual licensing fee or tax to have their set. The case was similar in Germany for radio but, whereas the British had managed to sell about 20,000 television sets from 1936 to 1939 around the London area4 , the Nazi government, under the auspices of the Post Office, chose to keep theirs. Germans could watch television in Fernsehstuben-special dimly-lit TV viewing theaters-located adjacent to several post offices around the Berlin area.5
In the United States, television operations were at first subsidized by the corporate proceeds of their parent organization, but with the final intention of introducing advertising, as with radio, when the FCC gave its approval. Thus companies like RCA, GE, Philco, DuMont or Zenith all ran television studios in the late 1930s and early 1940s financed by the proceeds of their radio and electronics industries. A total of nine television stations operated in the United States before entry into World War II. Each station was considered an investment in future technology and no profits were made until the late 1940s.
It is important to point out that, although in competition with each other, much of the early television technology and patents were shared between the various American companies, the British and the Germans. One of the German technical journals illustrates how television cameras covered the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games.6 The journal gives details of how both Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope camera pick up tube and Philo Farnsworth's Image Dissector camera pick up tube were adopted and operated in German cameras. In 1936 Zworykin, a Russian Jew, was working for RCA labs and Farnsworth, a Utah Mormon, was working with Philco. Both would have been persecuted for their religious and ethnic backgrounds in Nazi Germany, and yet their inventions made television cameras possible in all countries.
It has been reasonably argued that the Third Reich used the 1936 Olympics as a great propaganda stage. The presence of large Fernsehkanonen or "television canons" at the side of the stadium's track couldn't help but attract international, public attention due to their six-foot length. Although the all-electronic system had only been perfected to 180 scanning lines of resolution7, the Nazi government was eager to get their new, still not fully developed achievement out into public view. Whereas other countries confined their lower definition pictures and early experiments of the mid-1930s to the laboratory, the Nazi propaganda machine was willing to parade the crude, 180-line pictures before the public.
The German system did improve later on so that by the fall of 1937 a 441-line system was in operation.8 This standard remained in effect in Berlin until 1943 when the television tower was destroyed in an air raid. Even more surprising is the fact that the Germans took their television system to occupied France. From 1942 until their retreat in 1944, the Germans broadcast live programs-mostly cabarets-newsreels and short films from their captured transmitter on the Eiffel Tower.9 During the war both the Berlin and Paris transmitters were used almost exclusively to televise programs for wounded soldiers.10 There were about 500 French-made television sets plus about a hundred German sets in Parisian hospitals.11
In England, the BBC operated a 405-line station located at the Alexandra Palace in northern London. Public programming started on November 2, 1936. The British claim this to be "the world's first regular public high definition television service."12 The term "high definition" was used in contrast to the earlier low definition images achieved by the defunct mechanical scanning systems. In many ways, the BBC's claim is true. Although RCA and Philco in the United States were transmitting 343 and 441 line images from 1935 to 1938, the service was not yet public. No American sets went on sale until 1939. And the Germans, although they publicly demonstrated their system, it remained at 180 lines until late 1937 and did not qualify as "high definition." Because the British sold about 20,000 sets all tuned to this single station the service was truly public. Sadly, the station was ordered to shut down on September 1, 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. Fear that the Luftwaffe could use the BBC's VHF transmitter as a homing beacon prompted this move. The station remained off the air until 1946, but much of its staff remained busy as radar technicians and developers during the war. Although England had only the one BBC television station in London, that station was an exemplary leader with many "firsts" in both programming as well as live, remote coverage:
Between 1936 and 1939 the English television audience had seen variety, drama, music, and educational programs from the television studios. They had seen the Coronation procession of King George VI, plays telecast directly from the stage of London theaters, the English Derby from Epsom Downs, the Oxford-Cambridge boat races, tennis at Wimbledon, and many other outstanding events.13
What set the United States apart from the other nations involved with television development was that several competing companies with no governmental financing were involved. Whereas Germany, England, France and Russia had only one government run station each, the United States had a total of nine on the air shortly before and during the war; three in New York City, two each in Los Angeles and Chicago, and one in Philadelphia and Schenectady.
Most of these early television stations, both in Europe as well as in the United States, had already conducted experiments during the late 1920s and early 1930s using mechanical scanning disc systems. As the science developed and improved, these stations switched over to all-electronic systems. During the earliest years they concentrated on increasing both the number of lines and the rate of scanning to improve the quality of the picture. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second. This produced a blurry image with visible, thick scanning lines and a noticeable amount of flicker. RCA transmitted from both their Camden, New Jersey laboratories as well as from atop the Empire State Building to a handful of experimental television receivers located within a few miles of both areas.14 In Philadelphia, both Philo Farnsworth and the Philco Corporation operated stations. Philco placed its studio and transmitter right in its Tioga Street radio factory and Farnsworth joined Philco. In Los Angeles, Don Lee operated a private TV station that paralleled these experiments back East. Don Lee financed the operation from his nine-station radio network on the West Coast.
The number of scan lines quickly increased to 240 lines in 1933 and a great improvement was observed in 1934 when a system using 343 lines at 30 frames was introduced by RCA. This 343-line system-and Philco's slight variation of 345 lines-was the first to employ interlacing. By interlacing, first the odd numbered lines are scanned and then the even ones are scanned. By interlacing and scanning at the faster rate of 30 frames (or 30 complete scans of both odd and even lines), all noticeable flicker is removed.
The year 1936 marked the first public demonstrations of television. As already mentioned, the Germans televised the Olympic games in Berlin using their 180-line system and the English inaugurated their 405-line service. In the United States, RCA, Philco and Don Lee all started giving public demonstrations to the press and various radio executives. Up until that time television had been considered a dark secret with many jealously guarded trade secrets and patents. As it turned out, most of the patents were shared. Although several components were indeed patented, traded and purchased, it would have been as difficult to patent a television set or the concept of television as it would have been to patent an automobile.
The demonstrations of 1936 used the 343-line system and not more than 1000 people saw all of them combined. In July 1936 when RCA held its first demonstration exclusively for radio executives, there were only three television receivers in the area15 outside of those few in the studio. By November 1936 there were only about forty to fifty experimental television sets in the New York area, and Philadelphia and Los Angeles had even fewer. All public demonstrations were by invitation only and from 1936 until the spring of 1939 the three pioneer television stations were literally broadcasting to themselves. When public demonstrations were given, it was usually the press, radio executives and the FCC who were invited.
Not all of the demonstrations went uncriticized. Although the pictures were far superior to the outdated mechanical scanning systems seen only a decade or less before, they were still small. "The greenish-hued pictures measured 7 ½ by 10 inches on a screen called 'the largest yet employed which is capable of commercial adaptation.'"16 The small "greenish-hued pictures" was a result of early phosphors used in the picture tube. It was always noticed by even the most casual of observers, most of whom had grown accustomed to large-screen black and white motion pictures. Although a green picture had been fine for laboratory experiments, public displays were another matter. One reporter observed the improvement made by Philco on February 1937 in Philadelphia when he wrote:
Also, the greenish tint that has characterized television pictures in the majority of past demonstrations has been overcome. Black and white advances telepictures closer to the cinema, but television has a long way to go to equal the movies in clarity. The sound part of the television show, however, is already equal to the best broadcast receivers&ldots; (and) the pictures, now measure 7 ½ by 10 inches. There can be no doubt that television must eventually offer larger pictures to possess real entertainment value and to lure the eye as do the movies.17
The brighter, larger pictures did not come until the early 1950s. The picture tubes were made of delicate glass and were limited to a small size due to their delicate structure, a vacuum and risk of implosion. With few exceptions, a 12-inch diagonal picture was the largest available and many sets used 9- and 5 inch tubes. Another reason early television may have failed to "lure the eyes as do the movies" was because of early, experimental production values. The same reporter commented on this at an earlier demonstration made by RCA in November 1936:
These modern television machines have entertainment value, all who watch agree, but even during a forty-minute demonstration it is noticed that spectators become restless, especially if an act is on the screen too long. The eye is not as easy to entertain as the ear.18
The same report goes on to say that newsreels and short films were the most popular programs viewed. One can easily draw the conclusion that films were superior because they were previously edited and ready to show. Television performances on the other hand were live and did not flow as smoothly as film for several reasons; among them, lack of editing, too few cameras, long pauses and lack of experience by production staff to keep the action moving. What resulted were often stilted images caused by not enough camera movements or changes. Viewers often saw the same person standing or singing with no change for several minutes. The comments made by viewers, especially newspaper reporters, were heeded and the production quality increased dramatically in the subsequent years as television became available to the public.
Technical standards also improved. In late December 1936 Philco moved up to 441-lines followed by RCA in January 1937 and Don Lee later that summer. This 441-line standard was adopted throughout the United States and remained in use until July 1, 1941 when the 525-line standard, still in use today, was adopted.
The original intent of these field tests and pioneering broadcasts was to establish a commercial television system. As the standards evolved, RCA and DuMont in New York were especially eager to manufacture and sell television sets. This happened in 1939 when RCA, GE, DuMont and a handful of others introduced the first sets for public sale in the New York area. RCA, parent corporation of NBC at the time, announced that their station would initiate a regular telecasting schedule commencing with the opening of the New York World's Fair on April 30th.19 With the gradual increase of the number of television sets, the interest in broadcasting spread to other corporations. Philco, which up to then only had conducted field tests, committed to a regular schedule in October 1939. General Electric, who had previously conducted mechanical television experiments in the 1920s, resumed broadcasting in Schenectady, New York in November 1939 using the new 441-line standard. GE pioneered television relay and in 1940 they joined RCA and Philco in the first network telecast-the Republican national convention in Philadelphia. The program was televised in Philadelphia by Philco, relayed over a coaxial cable by AT&T to New York City and broadcast there by RCA's NBC station. General Electric picked up the NBC signal on a huge, rhombic antenna and retransmitted the program in Schenectady. Other uses of this pioneering three-station network included coverage of King George VI's visit to New York City, parades and sporting events.
Each station made a series of contributions to either the technology or studio production techniques or both. RCA and DuMont led in technology and many firsts in the production field. Some of the key devices were the iconoscope pick up tube used in most cameras in the 1930s until 1945 when RCA introduced the far more sensitive image orthicon. General Electric developed studio lighting. CBS in New York, WBKB belonging to the Balaban and Katz theater chain in Chicago and Don Lee in Los Angeles all developed studio production techniques. Don Lee started sporadic broadcasts in the early 1930s, but maintained 10 hours per week of live or film programs as early as 1939.
Philadelphia's Philco station added much to television circuitry and along with RCA's NBC station in New York, pioneered live, remote coverage.20 Starting with the 1940 fall season Philco covered all home football games played by the University of Pennsylvania at Franklin Field. They also placed cameras in the Convention Hall and, as previously mentioned, covered the 1940 Republican national convention. They even installed a camera and relay in the tower of City Hall and broadcast the January 1, 1941 Mummers' Parade.21 Although outdoor and remote coverage was only for special events, the 500 to 1,000 Philadelphians who did have a television set were able to enjoy about 10 and later 20 hours per week of programming, mostly consisting of films or amateur acts from the studio.
New York City was the most active place for pre-1945 and wartime television. Not only did they have a large, Broadway-based talent pool to draw from, but by 1941 they had three competing stations: CBS, NBC and DuMont.
Thousands of set-owners throughout the world-in London, Berlin, Los Angeles and other major cities, have witnessed television performances in their own homes, but last Tuesday, [July 1, 1941] for the first time in history, more than one program was available to any television audience.22
July 1, 1941 also marked the FCC authorizing the start of commercial television and the full conversion to the 525-line standard. Most of the nine stations were broadcasting over 20 hours per week and some had plans for expansion. Don Lee had filed for a permit to build in San Francisco and NBC had plans to go on the air in Washington, DC by January 1, 1942 and in Philadelphia by June 1st of that same year.23 Delays in paperwork and, more significantly, the Second World War, postponed those plans. However, the facts that commercial service had started, TV sets were being sold and existing stations were looking towards expansion and network-building indicate that television had finally arrived.
Although World War II put American television on hold, it did not kill it. Stations were authorized to broadcast four hours of programming per week in an effort to keep the fledgling industry alive. Further, they "did their part" in the war effort by televising air raid drills, first aid lessons and military maneuvers as well as films, the occasional sporting event and live drama. The war brought many technological improvements to television mostly through radar and microwave developments. Starting in 1946, the number of stations and new television sets started to increase and a boom followed which lasted well into the 1950s.
This is just an overview of television's start. Although most of television's pre-1945 history remains hidden from the general public's eye, the sources do exist. More research awaits, especially in areas that may highlight some of the lesser-known ventures such as the other stations in Chicago, Los Angeles or overseas. Each made their contribution and thrived on each other's competition. More importantly, they set the foundation for what became nationwide and worldwide television.
1 Joseph H. Udelson, The Great Television Race: A History of the American Television Industry 1925-1941 (Tuscalusa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1982), 77.
2 David Sarnoff, Annual Report of the Radio Corporation of America (Camden, NJ: RCA, 1930), 26.
3 Udelson, 77-78.
4 D.P. Leggat, "80 Years of British Television" in International Conference on the History of Television (London: Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1986), 9
5 Dieter Holtschmidt, Fernsehen-Wie Es Begann (Hagen, Germany: Halass Satzstudio GmbH, 1984), 25.
6 Franz Fuchs, "Die 13. Große deutsche Rundfunkausstellung," in Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektroakustik, January 1937, (Akademishe Verlags GmbH, Leipzig), 5-7.
7 Ibid., 6.
8 Franz Fuchs, "Die 14. Große deutsche Rundfunkausstellung," in Ibid., January 1938, 7.
9 The Germans had used closed-circuit cables in Paris from 1941 until 1942, then they repaired the sabotaged, French-built transmitter in the Eiffel Tower in 1942.
10 Michaela Krützen, "Das Fernsehen im dritten Reich," in Das Virtuelle Fernsehmuseum (Univesity of Cologne, 1997) Available on Internet at
11 Michael Ritchie, Please Stand By: A Prehistory of Television (Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1995), 182
12 Andrew Emmerson, Old Television (Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire Publications, 1998), 5
13 Thomas H. Hutchinson, Here is Television: Your Window to the World (New York: Hastings House, 1950), 347.
14 E.W. Engstron, The Birth of an Industry (Camden, NJ: RCA, 1939), 4-7.
15 "Television Stages First Real Show," in New York Times, July 8, 1936
16 "Television Show Seen by 200 Here," in New York Times, November 7, 1936
17 Orrin E. Dunlap Jr., "Television Show Reveals Current Stage of the Art," in New York Times, February 21, 1937
18 Orrin E. Dunlap Jr., "Television Flashes Pictures Through New York's Air," in New York Times, November 15, 1936
19 Udelson, 127
20 William C. Eddy, Television: the Eyes of Tomorrow (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1945), 17-29. Eddy gives a good overview of early station operation and contributions to the field.
21 E. N. Alexander, "A review of Television Progress," in FM, August 1941, 28-32. This is part of a two-part article in the July and August 1941 issue of FM which later became FM and Television.
22 "Novel Commercials in Video Debut," in Broadcasting, July 7, 1941, 10
23 "Adam Hats Shows its Faith in Television," I Broadcasting, August 25, 1941, 56

domain: history


In the early days when there was no drill pipe to lift the drilling machine, steel wire rope was used as the traction and guiding part. With the development of control technology, drill rods were developed without wire rope drilling equipment, and materials were mined along the veins. By tracking minerals, drill rods could be reduced. Dilution of ore reduces mining costs and environmental impact, realizing green mining.
In the past few decades, drill rods have made great progress. As a kind of equipment used under specific conditions, drill rods can now be used in coal mines, hydropower stations, traffic transportation, underground construction, military engineering and other fields. The digging diameter gradually increases, especially the large-diameter shaft structure of the drill rod, which makes up for the defect that the previous drill rod can only be drilled with a small diameter.
Drill rods improve the drilling machine and the drilling process, reduce mechanical and other technical problems, improve drilling efficiency, energy saving, and safe operation. Further research and development to optimize the rock breaking method of the drilling machine, intelligent control technology and non-linear drilling, as a reliable mechanized construction method, upgrading the drilling technology is an ideal supplement to the traditional shaft construction. Compared with the traditional drilling and blasting method, The mechanized construction method can greatly reduce the number of operators, improve the safety of shaft construction, reduce worker injuries, and improve work efficiency.
The development and application of drilling technology is forward-looking. Drill rods are an important part of improving efficiency and are also the main consumable materials. Through the improvement of drill rod structure and the use of new materials, high-efficiency and low-energy-consumption drill rods are developed. The physical and mechanical properties, microwave vibration and chemical modification can further improve the efficiency of drilling by improving the drill rod.
With the development of new technologies such as lasers, high-energy particles and directional control, it is necessary to make full use of the convenience and safety brought by new technologies during the drilling process, and the technical requirements for drill rods will become higher and higher.


Pet house owners warned after coyote noticed in Lakeview Heights – West Kelowna Information
Coyote spotted roaming
Photo: Facebook/ Elaine Grison
A West Kelowna resident is warning pet owners after she spotted a coyote running around her neighbourhood.
Elaine Grison posted a photo of a coyote peaking behind a fence on Saturday in the Lakeview Heights Facebook Group.
“Watch your pets, this guy roaming around,” she said.
The coyote was reportedly hovering along Bridgeview Road near Thacker Drive.
“Coyotes primarily prey on rodents, and so do us a great service by helping to control rodent populations. However, they are opportunistic hunters and sometimes come into conflict with people as they may prey on pets, especially cats or backyard chickens, or they may see your dog as a threat,” Wild Safe BC says online.
The organization recommends not letting pets free to roam in the backyard.
“Keep your pets inside and chickens secure (electric fencing recommended), especially at night, and walk your dog on a leash.”
To report conflicts with coyotes, call the Conservation Officer Service at 1-877-952-7277.


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The DFL Mobile Spay/Neuter clinic will be at DAS on the following days providing low-cost dog spay/neuter services for income qualified individuals:
Friday, October 31st
Friday, November 7th
Friday, November 14th
Friday, November 21st
High-quality, low-cost spay and neuter services for dogs, including age-appropriate vaccines.
Why get your pet fixed?
You will be happier because your pet will be:
- Less likely to develop cancers and therefore live longer
- Calmer and more affectionate
- Less likely to cause fights or jump the fence and run away
- Most importantly, unable to produce unwanted puppies
What you need to know:
- You must be at the clinic location by 7:30 a.m. with your pet.
- Service is on a first-come, first-served basis—no appointment is necessary.
- Spay/neuter surgery is safe for puppies 8 weeks and older, weighing 2 pounds or more.
- Feed a small amount to all animals under the age of 6 months the morning of surgery.
- All animals over 6 months of age—withhold food after midnight.
- Dogs must be on a leash.
- You must pick up your pet the same day at the specified time given to you at check-in.
- We can only take a certain number of pets each day, so you may be given a rain check for another clinic day.Pre-surgical blood work is recommended prior to surgery, but is not required.
- Colorado licensed veterinarians perform all surgeries.Denver and Aurora city ordinances require dogs over 6 months be fixed.
- You can get more information by calling (720) 241-7098, or by visiting our website at ddfl.org.
Donor-subsidized spay/neuter surgeries for dogs will be provided only to patrons who meet income qualifications of less than $40,000 per year from all sources.
To qualify, please bring one of the following low-income qualifying documents when you come to our spay/neuter clinic:
- Quest or EBT card
- Paycheck stub (showing income of no more than $769 per paycheck)
- Income-tax return form (showing income of no more than $40,000 per year)
- Unemployment check stub (with current date)
- Medicaid card
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI) ID or letter

domain: pet


Commercial lot in heart of Galt. On busy Lincoln Way business corridor. .4135 acres. Easy access to Highway 99. Four lots available for a total of 1.6162 acres. Perfect location to serve your customers. Next to US Post office. Total price for all lots $290,000. This lot must be purchased with two adjacent lots to allow street access.
|--||New Value: $75,000|
|3/11/2020 5:44:47 PM||New Value: Active|
|2/19/2020 6:44:24 PM||New Value: Pending Sale|
|1/31/2020 8:15:00 PM|


(PG-13: Language) After schooling us on Goth, Pitchfork is back with another entertaining, yet educational animated history short. This time you’ll learn about the foundations of heavy metal music, and how the genre has evolved over the decades. KISS WAS NEVER METAL!
THE BEST Learning
While you may no longer be able to eat bacon or dance a jig after you’re six feet under, you may still have an impact on things long after you’re gone. Life Death And The Universe offers some deep thoughts on the subject from both philosophical and scientific angles.
Kurzgesagt explores string theory, and how it attempts to explain the nature of the universe. It’s supposed to solve the incompatibilities between quantum and gravitational physics by describing particles as “strings” rather than points. Yeah, we’re still confused.
Birds can make some crazy noises, from mimicking sounds of their environment to singing repetitive patterns unique to their species. TED-Ed looks at the ways in which our fine feathered friends pick up their songs, and carry them on generation after generation.
The guys over at iFixit are the leading experts on tearing down new gadgets, splaying their guts open for all to see. They pay their bills by providing tools and docs for those who want to repair their own gear. Motherboard went behind the scenes to learn about their business.
Mark Brown talks about systemic video games. These are games where other characters or factors affect and interact with the game’s world, such as weather, animals or police. They encourage players to be creative and can lead to surprising and memorable moments.
(PG-13: Language) When racism, sexism and classism are gone, these two boxes will still remain. Casually Explained tackles two of this generation’s favorite buzzwords. He reminds us that spending time alone and with other people are equally important. Or so he’s been told.
If you’ve ever had surgery, you know the strange sensation of counting backwards, then basically remembering until you wake up in recovery. TED-Ed explains the science behind modern anesthesia, and how they keep you from moving, feeling pain, or forming memories.
Just because you’ve got a widescreen doesn’t mean you’re seeing movies the way they were filmed. Many films were shot in an even wider aspect ratio, and streaming services are cutting off the edges to make them fit without black bars. Patrick (H) Willems explains.
It’s one of our pet peeves – replacing actors in the middle of a TV series or in movie sequels as if nothing happened. Writer Rex Sorgatz takes a look at this Hollywood monkey business, and how digitization could allow actors to keep performing long after they die.
The Slow Mo Guys turn their attention to the various ways in which television display screens trick our eyes into thinking we’re seeing motion, when in fact they’re either painting images line-by-line, or rapidly flickering between still images. They also fake us out with color.
(PG-13: Language) exurb1a performs a grand thought experiment in order to argue that said situation should remain theoretical. He considers the ethical, medical, technological, social and existential consequences if we were able to create digital copies of ourselves.


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Since I got introduced to the Meldaproduction plugins, I have used it on every single one of my track
Guy Gerber has always favored the road less traveled. The Israeli DJ thrives on confounding expectations. What other underground DJ could collaborate with one of hip-hops biggest moguls, Puff Daddy, or start a left-field night at one of Ibiza’s most commercial clubs, Pacha? What other producer blends the worlds of melancholy and euphoria so effortlessly, or turns in a breakup album as an official mix for a revered club brand? It’s these kind of contradictions that define Gerber’s compelling duality.
Before he was fiddling with drum machines and synths, Gerber was all about groups like Joy Division and My Bloody Valentine. These influences still echo clearly in his music today, whether it be his hypnotizing live performances or contemplative, moody productions. Over the course of four albums, Gerber has shown himself to be a singular artist. In 2007, he brought his debut album Late Bloomers to Sven Vath’s Cocoon, following that with 2009’s My Invisible Romance. In 2012 and 2013, he usurped the concept of a mix CD, delivering a Fabric album made up of 100% original new productions; then on Who’s Stalking Who creating an LP more akin to an extended composition than anything else.
As a performer, Guy Gerber is consistently rated one of the best touring acts in dance music, earning a top 10 live performer nod three years in a row for Resident Advisor. When DJing he’s known for extended sets, epitomized by a 12-hour performance at Burning Man in 2014. Gerber’s sets are never forgettable, and he has an unerring ability to disrupt expectations, whether it be confounding Ibiza VIPs with his 2013 Wisdom of the Glove residency at Pacha - which even caught the New York Times’ attention -- or 12 months later going in a totally new direction with his clandestine free Ibiza beach party, Rumors. Even at more traditional club residencies like those he holds at Marquee, Sound, and Story, Gerber acts as the subversion, transforming the normative experience into something alive with mysticism and mystique.
On the label front, Gerber has helped curate and A&R some of underground music’s most intriguing talents. His label Supplement Facts hosted everyone from Chaim, to dOP, Guti and Kate Simko. In typical Gerber fashion, just as it was reaching its apex he put it on hold to launch a new imprint Rumors, a befitting title for the mischievously minded Gerber. The new project got off to a promising start, serving as home to Guy’s colossal collaboration with Dixon, “No Distance,” as well as his crossover album with Puff Daddy, 11:11, which proved one of 2014’s most startling and impressive LPs. As with Supplement Facts, Rumors reiterates Gerber’s attention to the visual aesthetic. Both labels have seen him collaborating with artists all over the globe -- most recently with Miss Kittin on the critically acclaimed ‘Rumors on The Dancefloor’ EP. Rumors has also served as a home for EPs from other high-profile artists, like Seth Troxler, as well as enigmatic upcoming talents with unique styles, such as Clarian or Acid Mondays.
However, RUMORS is of course more than a well-curated imprint – Gerber also launched the accompanying event series in the summer of 2014. The RUMORS Ibiza party was a free event with a relaxed atmosphere, thanks to its setting in the Playa d’En Bossa beach hotspot Beachouse. Staying true to the original ethos of Ibiza, the RUMORS parties rejected hype by avoiding the mega-lineup announcements and posters across the rest of the island, with very little information about the parties being given away until the last minute, if at all. Despite this, 2015’s RUMORS parties saw huge artists like Sasha, Miss Kittin, Kenny Glasgow and Matthew Dear sharing the decks alongside Gerber, as well as many of the label’s upcoming artists.
Following their Ibiza successes, Guy is now taking his RUMORS parties worldwide, with events at Art Basel Miami and stages at BPM Mexico and We Are FSTVL in London proving that RUMORS really do spread. However, Guy Gerber’s vision of the perfect musical event will remain the same no matter what the stage or country: “The night has a very particular flow… it has to start very deep, very spiritual, and it slowly builds up, never too fast. It’s a very natural-feeling party. The tracks played must have some substance, not too loopy, and have some kind of musical vibe in them. I’m looking for challenging deep house.”
What’s next for Guy Gerber? Like any good rumor, it’s sure to have tongues wagging.

domain: artistic


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Army of Darkness Diorama - STL File for 3D Print
Army of Darkness Diorama
The army of darkness (original title in English: Army of Darkness) (also known as Warrior of the shadows in Latin America) is a 1992 film written and directed by Sam Raimi and starring Bruce Campbell.
The film, which combines the genres of comedy, horror and dark fantasy, is the last part of The Evil Dead trilogy.
This 3D figure is in Stl format, which is optimized for 3D printing. The files are available for download after purchase.
STL digital file to print on 3D printer. After payment, go to "Your Account" / "Order History" / "Data", click on the name of the article to download a .zip file with the download link inside. Instantly and without waiting.


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~~A whirligig of creating, photographing, blogging, sharing, refurbishing and transforming~~
The only alterations I made to these photos was to crop.
The only thing I can gather on macro is that it works better on close up shots.
Nice photos Alicia! I nominated you for the Stylish Blogger Award. Check it out at: http://meldreamsoften.blogspot.com/2011/02/wow-im-so-excited-i-passed-by-blog.htmlMelissa
Nice photos.. no 5 is the my favourite photo.Bokeh Photography


The Benchmade Bedlam 8600 series boast the Auto-AXIS pull release with an integrated safety. The safety resides on the spine of the handle and is a press and slide mechanism. You press it down and slide it toward the front of the handle to lock the blade in either the open or closed position. Easy to operate with one hand, this mechanism makes the Auto-AXIS a truly one hand opening knife. After unlocking the knife, the blade is activated by pulling on either or both sides of the AXIS pull release. The blade snaps out fast. And of course, it hardly needs mentioning, that it locks up tight. It is a Benchmade.
The blade on the 8600 series is a 154 CM modified Bowie style. You can get it plain or combo edge. Both variations have a BK1 black coating. The modification to the Bowie is that it is upswept at the tip, giving the blade an exotic look. The blade is large. At nearly 4 inches, it is plenty of blade. The base of the blade spine has a nice thumb ramp with jimping for a very secure grip when holding the knife.
The black G-10 handle scales are milled with a horizontal pattern that keeps your hand from sliding up and down the blade. The handle is extremely comfortable and big enough for even the largest of hands. The forefinger choil sweeps up and then out to create a blade guard and keep your finger safe. A glass breaker is sandwiched at the base of the handle. The skeletonized pocket clip is left/right reversible.
This is a solid built auto knife built from quality materials. Designed for heavy use, the Auto AXIS Bedlam will perform under pressure and is plenty of knife for even the most demanding users. I especially love the Auto-AXIS system and feel it is one of the most user friendly actions currently being produced. Part of the Black Class from Benchmade, the knife is built specifically for professionals where life and death situations are part of the job. The Bedlam is built so you can rely on it when it matters most.
Blade Length: 3.95″
Blade Thickness: 0.125″
Handle Thickness: 0.600″
Blade Material: 154CM Stainless Steel
Blade Hardness: 58-60HRC
Blade Style: Modified Bowie
Pocket Clip: Tip-Up, Skeletonized Black, Reversible
Lock Mechanism: Auto-AXIS
Overall Length: 9.76″
Closed Length: 5.76″
Sheath Material: Sold Separately


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- Mobile: +359 /2/ 963 31 30
- Email: sales@OlivesHotel.com
- Website: http://oliveshotel.com/
Olives City Hotel
- Posted on in Spa hotels in Sofia
Free WiFi -
Offering free access to an indoor pool and a fitness centre, as well as an à la carte restaurant, Olives City Hotel is located in a quiet residential area in Sofia, just a 12-minute walk from Sofia Zoo. Free WiFi access and free secured parking on site are available.
The air-conditioned units come with a balcony, a flat-screen satellite TV, a tumble dryer, a minibar and an electric kettle. They also feature soundproofing. The bathroom with a shower comes with a hairdryer and free toiletries. Some units feature cooking facilities and a spa bath.
A sauna and a hammam are available for a surcharge at Olives City Hotel. Also, car hire and shuttle services can be provided. The city centre can be reached in a 10-minute drive. Sofia Airport is 7 km away.
Studentski Grad is a great choice for travellers interested in nightlife, restaurants and history.
Couples particularly like the location — they rated it 8 for a two-person trip.
This property is also rated for the best value in Sofia! Guests are getting more for their money when compared to other properties in this city.

domain: travel


Finmeccanica-AgustaWestland has signed a £580 million contract to provide an availability based support package for the UK MoD's fleet of AW101 Merlin helicopters from 1st April 2015 to 31st March 2020.
UK Defence Minister Philip Dunne said, “Our fleet of Merlin helicopters has benefitted from considerable investment by the MOD through major upgrades in recent years. This new contract will ensure we can continue to deliver flexible capability to meet the needs of our Armed Forces, as well as excellent value for money for the taxpayer. In addition, the contract will sustain more than 1,000 jobs, which will maintain vital engineering skills in the defence sector.”
The helicopters supported by the IMOS contract comprise the 30 Royal Navy’s Merlin HM Mk.2 multi-role maritime helicopters and the 25 Merlin HC Mk.3 & 3A transport helicopters recently transferred to the Royal Navy from the Royal Air Force.
The Merlin HC Mk.3 & 3A helicopters are being converted by AgustaWestland to Mk.4 and 4A standard for amphibious support operations under the Merlin Life Sustainment Programme (MLSP) contract it was awarded in January 2014.
The IMOS contract includes payments for achieved flying hours and incentivisation arrangements associated with delivering agreed levels of aircraft serviceability, operational fleet aircraft numbers and Royal Navy AW101 Merlin Training System availability.
AgustaWestland is also providing Integrated Operational Support solutions for the UK MoD’s Apache AH Mk.1, AW159 Wildcat and Sea King helicopter fleets.


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Teen drug trends have changed drastically over the past 10 years. With easy access to information on new drugs over the internet, teens are experimenting with a variety of drugs today that weren’t prevalent only a few years ago.
Spice is among these newly popularized drugs. Spice is comprised of plant leaves combined with a variety of added chemicals. These added chemicals are consistently changing allowing drug creators to stay ahead of the law which has only recently made the drug an illegal substance. By making small changes in their formulas, the drug can be marketed as incense. Teens are utilizing spice as an alternative to marijuana because testing for the drug is not common. The chemicals used in spice do not show up on most drug tests allowing teens to use the substance without the fear of a positive drug test. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates 1 in 9 high school seniors have used the drug. In the first 2 months of 2012 alone, 1200 calls were made to poison centers due to spice. The drug can cause heart palpitations, respiratory problems, panic attacks, hallucinations, delusions, vomiting and increased agitation. The exact effects of the drug fluctuate due to the vast variety of chemical combinations used.
Spice’s popularity is also due to easy access to the drug. In an effort to stop distribution of the drug, law enforcement officials searched locations in Santa Clarita suspected of selling the drug. A sizable amount of the substance was found at a local Mobile Gas station in Canyon Country. While efforts continue to decrease distribution and use of spice it continues to be a problem for teens and young adults.
Marijuana use has also increased amongst teens and for the first time since 1981 is consumed more amongst high school students than tobacco. More than 1 out of 5 high school seniors report using marijuana.
Excerpt from Sovereign Health Group:
“Spice is one of the most popular brands of synthetic cannabis and is also known as Genie, K2, fake weed, or Zohai. Spice can be found in head shops everywhere and can even be purchased online. It is sold as incense, but users smoke it and find that the effects are similar to those of marijuana.
Since the effects of Spice are similar to those of marijuana, many people smoke it for the same reasons – to get away from life’s problems and enjoy the high feeling. Many users, in fact, mix the drug with marijuana for a more intense high. Also like marijuana, there are side effects: researchers have found Spice can cause dry mouth, red eyes, anxiety attacks, nausea, increased pulse rate and hallucinations. When smoked over a long period of time, users develop a tolerance to the drug and find that they must smoke more and more to get the same high. As a result, some users develop a chemical dependency.
Spice has been found to contain JWH-018, JWH-073 and HU-210, all of which are artificial chemical compounds. None of these chemicals are guaranteed safe for human consumption. JWH-018 is a chemical fertilizer that can cause the negative effects of marijuana at much lower dosages, JWH-073 has been listed by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a chemical concern and HU-210 has been found to be between 100 to 800 times more potent than THC, the main active chemical in marijuana.” For more information

domain: news


AZEKEL is a Nigerian-born London-based R&B/Soul singer. Not too long ago, he released a new single, entitled, “Don’t Wake the Babies”.
AZEKEL – “Don’t Wake the Babies”
“The first chapter tells where I’m currently at, learning my identity as a young family man. But also as a man faced with teaching my kids to embrace who they are.” – A
Contact us on social media via Twitter, Instagram, or Google+ and let us know what you think about AZEKEL’s “Don’t Wake the Babies” single. Also, check out our Dope Music Video Showcase and vote for this month’s dopest artist. Expect to hear submissions in the genre of hip-hop, R&B, Soul, Jazz, Pop, Rock, Alternative, and a few surprises. Also, don’t forget to subscribe.


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Bhojpuri actress Rani Chatterjee stays very lively on social media. Not too long ago, she has shared a video on her Instagram account wherein she is seen dancing to the music of Akshay Kumar’s movie ‘Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi’. Via her submit, Rani is telling another way that she must be strolling on foot. Followers are very keen on this video of Rani, in addition to giving her response. This video is turning into viral on social media wherein Rani is seen dancing to a music within the video.
Within the video shared on Instagram, Rani is sporting a black prime and shirt with blue coloured denims. Additionally, the hand bag can be carried. Rani can be seen dancing within the music with Lipsing. Together with sharing the video, Rani writes within the caption that ‘now Mr. participant must be.’ Let me inform you This music from the tremendous hit movie ‘Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi’ by Akshay Kumar is ‘Akaal Hai Miss Khalil Mr. Khiladi Ought to’
With this, Rani not too long ago shared a submit wherein she wrote that, ‘She is taking a break from Instagram and Fb for a couple of days. However she may also return quickly with new power. Rani Chatterjee has over 1 million followers on Instagram. Rani Chatterjee has acted in additional than 50 movies to date. Along with Bhojpuri cinema, Rani additionally participated within the realty present Khatron Ke Khiladi.

domain: celebrity


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The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in the second week of August will invite bids for building integrated cities with smart features at Dwarka, Narela and Rohini according to a source followed by a review meeting chaired by Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary Durga Shanker Mishra.
According to a senior official, developers for these projects will be selected by October this year. These, even as timelines for execution of various new projects by the DDA were firmed up at the meet, where DDA Vice-Chairman Uday Pratap Singh and other senior Ministry officials were in attendance.
“Progress of various projects and new initiatives will be reviewed once in every three years. For meeting the futuristic needs of the government and providing facilities that the private sector tends to ignore and catalysing a change in Delhi at par with neighbouring cities through signature development, the DDA has proposed to develop integrated cities with smart features on available vacant lands at Dwarka (200 hectares), Narela (218 hectares) and Rohini (259 hectares),” the official said.
Meanwhile, the DDA also agreed to start Yamuna bank development works over an area of 500 acres along the Old Railway Bridge-ITO barrage stretch by 2nd October. Earlier it was also decided that the road between the Indira Gandhi International Airport and Connaught Place will be developed to global standards by March 2020, for which final drawings will get approved by December.

domain: economics


Skip to Main Content
Climate-FVS Version 2: Content, users guide, applications, and behaviorAuthor(s): Nicholas L. Crookston
Source: Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-319. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 38 p.
Publication Series: General Technical Report (GTR)
Station: Rocky Mountain Research Station
View PDF (1.0 MB)
DescriptionClimate change in the 21st Century is projected to cause widespread changes in forest ecosystems. Climate-FVS is a modification to the Forest Vegetation Simulator designed to take climate change into account when predicting forest dynamics at decadal to century time scales. Individual tree climate viability scores measure the likelihood that the climate at a given location and at a given point in time is consistent with the climate recorded for species’ contemporary distribution. These viability scores are input into Climate-FVS. A web-based service is available for providing this input for climate predictions generated by down scaling general circulation model (GCM) outputs run using several models and scenarios from the IPCC third (IPCC 2000) and fifth assessments (IPCC 2013). Climate-FVS contains components that modify mortality and growth rates, plus rules for establishing new trees. Commands are presented that control the model. These commands enable the users to explore the model’s sensitivity to model components and parameters, to include pertinent information unknown to the model, and use the model to simulate management alternatives. Model outputs are very sensitive to the mortality component, are moderately sensitive to growth rate modifications, and are sensitive to maximum density adjustment only when a stand’s maximum density is being approached. The intended model uses are to provide insights into future forest dynamics that are not otherwise evident, to provide model outputs that are relevant to forest managers, to provide a consistent way to compare management alternatives, and to do so using defensible methods.
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CitationCrookston, Nicholas L. 2014. Climate-FVS Version 2: Content, users guide, applications, and behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-319. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 38 p.
Keywordsclimate change, Climate-FVS, Forest Vegetation Simulator
- Assessing forest vegetation and fire simulation model performance after the Cold Springs wildfire, Washington USA
- Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics
- Addressing climate change in the Forest Vegetation Simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics
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Carrying all the delightful characteristics of the same-name sea, the Mediterranean Region extends atone the south of the country with its colorful and charming view. Here, at this "Coast of Turquoise" or "Turkish Riviera", the deep azure waters tone in with the clear blue sky. The ever shining sun reflects its hue on the golden sand of lovely beaches. Wide forests covering the mountains complement the vast green meadows, while fascinating waterfalls accompany beautiful broad lakes.
Within this harmonious atmosphere the Mediterranean Region offers holidays as colorful as the land itself. If you are a sun-worshipper, it is just the right place with the typical Mediterranean climate over its impressive shores. From April to October, sunbathing and swimming are not only possible but warranted, so that you may enjoy the unspoiled bays and clean waters of the popular resorts like; Alanya, Side, Belek or Kemer. Winters are pleasantly mild, despite the snow falling over the high Taurus Mountains rolling from east to west and offer perfect opportunities for winter vacationers, like in Saklikent to the south of Antalya.
If you would like to have a lively holiday full of entertainment and recreation activities, this region is an ideal destination with these touristic centers providing every kind of facility, both in summer and in winter. If you prefer just the opposite type of holiday away from the crowd, noise and the tiring tempo, the same region surprisingly satisfy your needs with the quiet, untouched bays with nice beaches, like the ones at Kas, and Kalkan.
In addition to these contrastingly natural areas, ancient heritages are spread all over this region for sightseers and history lovers. Traces of human settlements dating back to times as earlier as the Paleolithic age are found here near Karain, Belbasi and Beldibi in Antalya. Termessos, Perge and Aspendos, which are the cities of ancient Pamphylia, offer many treasures of the past with monuments from the oldest civilizations.
This is only a part of the fantastic scenery of this region of beauty which appear in every corner. You should come and live the legends yourself, in the middle of the ruins of a rich history. You may discover the interesting places, like caves carved into the mountains, and create your own adventure. You may stride through the streets of little pretty towns, between the houses built in traditional style, or walk around the wide fields adorned with orange trees. But whichever you choose, you will discover the uniqueness of this attractive region, and appreciate the wisdom of your choice for vacation.

domain: geography


Opening of the Photographic Exhibition in Thessaloniki, Greece“MEDIEVAL PORTS IN THE MARITIME ROUTES OF THE EAST: NORTH AEGEAN, BLACK SEA, CASPIAN SEA”
From the very first days since its opening the photographic exhibition "Medieval Ports in the Maritime Routes of the East. North Aegean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea" attracts a great interest from the public. The exhibition was inaugurated on Saturday 15th December 2012 in the Hall of Temporary Exhibitions of the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki.
The exhibition is organized by the European Centre of Byzantine and Post Byzantine Monuments (E.K.B.M.M.) in cooperation with the Cultural Centre of the Region of Central Macedonia and the Centre for Study and Development of Greek Civilization of the Black Sea. It is included in the actions of the Project "OLKAS: From the Aegean to the Black Sea. Medieval Ports in the Maritime Routes of the East".
Until now schools and individuals from Greece and abroad have expressed their intention to visit the exhibition, interested in learning about the history and the culture that developed in the ports of the three seas.
Referring particularly to the impressive interest in the exhibition, the scientific coordinator, archaeologist Dr. Flora Karagianni, notes: "It is astonishing that from the early days of the exhibition, citizens and public schools have expressed strong interest in it. For us it is very hopeful that people of all ages want to learn more about the Byzantine-Medieval times in the Black Sea region".
The opening of the exhibition was attended by the Minister of Macedonia and Thrace Mr Theodoros Karaoglou, the Head of the Metropolitan Area of Thessaloniki-Region of Central Macedonia Mr Apostolos Tzitzikostas, the Mayor of Thessaloniki Mr Yiannis Boutaris, representatives of the General Consulate of the Republic of Bulgaria and of the General Consulate of Georgia, representative of the North Aegean Maritime Administration, representatives of local authorities, a representative team of the National Archives of the Ministry of Justice of Georgia, byzantinologists from Greece and abroad, private collectors and people who were highly interested in photos, documents and maps of the ports.
Basic speaker on the topic and the philosophy of the project was the scientific coordinator, archaeologist Dr. Flora Karagianni, who marked that the exhibition will "travel" and will be hosted within the next year in Istanbul, Odessa, Constanta and elsewhere. Describing the project "OLKAS", Dr Karagianni announced the upcoming launch of a website about the culture and tourist attractions of 39 medieval ports, from Thessaloniki to Baku, as well as the production of a documentary and the organization of an International Scientific Conference in 2013, in Thessaloniki.
The representative of Cultural Center of Thessaloniki which participates in project "OLKAS", Christina Kelesidou, noted the importance of the exhibition and of the whole project for the creative coexistence in the area where the ship "Olkas" was traveling.
The project “OLKAS” is funded by the European program «Joint Operational Program "BLACK SEA 2007-2013"» and by national resources and is coordinated by the European Centre of Byzantine and Post Byzantine Monuments (E.K.B.M.M.). Its focus is to create an inter-state cooperation network among the Black Sea countries, to record and promote the common medieval cultural heritage and to develop cultural tourism. Six Black Sea region countries including Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Georgia have undertaken the study, promotion and enhancement of the medieval cultural heritage of each country.
For more information:
Dr. Flora Karagianni (Ε.Κ.Β.Μ.Μ.), +30 2310 889830, +30 6977552529
E-mail contact: email@example.com
Duration of the exhibition: 15 December 2012 – 15 January 2013
Place of the exhibition: Museum of Byzantine Culture, Hall of Temporary Exhibitions “Kyriakos Krokos”, Leoforos Stratou 2, Thessaloniki, Greece


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Build this handy stool in one hour and park it in your closet. You can also use it as a step to reach the high shelf. All you need is a 4 x 4-ft. sheet of 3/4-in. plywood, wood glue and a handful of 8d finish nails. Cut the plywood pieces according to the illustration. Spread wood glue on the joints, then nail them together with 8d finish nails. First nail through the sides into the back. Then nail through the top into the sides and back. Finally, mark the location of the two shelves and nail through the sides into the shelves. Don’t have floor space to spare? Build these super simple wall-mounted shoe organizers instead!
Relax and enjoy your outdoor space with this smart patio combo consisting of a sofa and chair. You can adjust the size completely to make it fit perfectly onto your patio or deck, and both the sofa and chair have arms that double as trays for al fresco dining. And you can make your own cushions to fit, or use shop-bought ones and add your own ties, if necessary.
Instead of permanently mounting my 6-in. vise to a work-bench, I attached it to scrap plywood so I can clamp it wherever I need it. Stack two pieces of 3/4-in. plywood and screw them together with 1-1/4 in. drywall screws. Mark the vise-mounting holes on the plywood and drill 3/4-in. guide holes through both pieces. Recess the nut by drilling through the bottom sheet with a 1-in. spade bit using the 3/4-in. hole as a guide. Fasten the vise to the plywood with bolts sized to match the vise-mounting holes. If the bolt shafts are too long, cut them off with a hacksaw. — LuAnn Aiu. Plus: Learn how to use vise grips to pull nails.
Drill four 5/8-in.-dia. 1/2-in.-deep holes on the large disc?inside the traced circle?then use 5/8-in. dowel centers to transfer the hole locations to the underside of the small disc. Drill four 1/2-in.-deep holes on the underside of the small disc and a 1/2-in.-deep hole in the center of the top for the dowel handle. Glue in the dowels to join the discs, and glue in the handle. We drilled a wood ball for a handle knob, but a screw-on ceramic knob also provides a comfortable, attractive grip.
Having swing in your own home, yard or garden can be so de-stressing and be relaxing a thing to enjoy, that doesn’t matter you have a big yard or patio, or vacant porch. Kids will surely fall in love with this swing porch and love playing on a breezy day. Even, adults also do relax and enjoy a quite morning coffee, or just being embraced by the sun in the swing.
The best thing about the toy chest is that it is very easy to build. All you need is the basic understanding of woodworking and a few tools to get started. You can also modify your kid’s toy chest in any way you want or build in a different design or color different from the one pictured above. You can try some other designs for your plan in the below-mentioned link.
Sanding curves is tricky. Sometimes you need a sanding pad that’s both firm and flexible. A small notepad works great. Just wrap sandpaper around the pad and bend the pad to whatever arc you need. Slip the one end of the sandpaper between the pages to help hold it in place on the pad. Give this a try the next time you’re working on a project that has curves and tough to reach spots.
Finding a toolbox for a mechanic, for his hand tools, is not a big challenge at all - there are dozens of the tool boxes available on the market, from huge roll-around shop cases to small metal boxes. Plumbers, electricians, and farmers are well served, too, with everything from pickup-truck storage to toolboxes and belts. But, if you are a shop-bound woodworker then the case changes. You get to need a tool box that suits the range and variety of hand tools that most woodworkers like to have. For those who deny making do with second best, there's only one solution, you’ve to build a wooden toolbox that should be designed expressly for a woodworking shop.
Clamping up four mitered corners is tricky. You can buy specialty clamps for this, but I make my own. Here’s how to do it. Start with a long 1×4, as it’s easier (and safer) to clamp for making the angled cuts than a short piece. Mark out the blocks, and then drill a 1-in. diameter hole in the center of each one. The hole prevents the blocks from getting glued to your project. Cut 45-degree angles tangent to the hole, and then cut the blocks free from the long board. We’ll walk you through how to make one for your home shop.
This plan is probably the easiest plan ever added in the list. The one who is working on this project, don’t need any professional skills but just knowing some basics of woodworking will be enough for this DIY. You will get step by step detailed process of this tutorial in the source linked tutorial. This tutorial will surely help you to build this plan quickly.
I am sharing here a link to the detailed tutorial written by Pete at diypete.com, who shares the step by step process for making a wonderful barrel coffee table from scratch. He also tells you what items you’ll need for this project and where to find them. For example, you can buy an old whiskey barrel online or from a local whiskey store for a few bucks, if you haven’t already got one.
Another awesome thing about this coffee table is that it is also has a storage unit. So you can store drinks, and other stuff in the half barrel of your table and then close or open it whenever you need. Pete has also constructed a video for this tutorial for which you can find the link below. It illustrates the same process in a video guide that shows you the exact process to be followed while building this whiskey barrel coffee table.
Often times at first glance a board looks straight and the fact that it is actually bowed or has some warping isn’t always obvious. So the trick to knowing for sure, is to hold the board up towards your face, with the other end on the ground, and look at it at a downward angle (as shown in the below photo). This method will allow you to see if it is bowing at all.
When it comes to woodworking for beginners, I think it’s important to just learn how to use a few of the most essential woodworking tools for beginners. There are so many awesome tools available on the market today, it can be quite overwhelming as well as expensive to try to buy them all and know how to use them. Once you learn the basics of the most essential tools you will be able to start building in no time and feel comfortable learning any other new tools in the future.
Why would you buy a costly platform bed from Ikea or somewhere else when you can make one yourself at home? Oh yes, you can. A bed is the most common furniture piece used in the house and probably the costliest one. Wouldn’t it be great if you could just make a bed of your own, without having to spend many bucks for buying one? So I am here sharing a great tutorial to help you to build a nice comfy platform bed that you can use anywhere in the house.

domain: design


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Creepy Bart, the latest art toy designed by Cote Escriva stands approx 20cm height, 12cm width, 14cm length, and is made with polyresin in a limited edition of 200 pieces with artist signed COA (Certificate of Authenticity).
Dimensions: 8 x 5 x 5.5 inches / 20 x 12 x 14 cm
Medium: 8 Inch Tall Polyresin Sculpture based on Bart Simpson - the latest release from his popular 'Creepy' series.
Provenance: Hand-signed and numbered certificate of authenticity from artist. Comes sealed in original packaging with tamper-proof holographic decal.
Edition: Limited Edition of 200 (#51/200)
Condition: New in original packaging
Coté Escriva unites animation and street art culture in his darkly funny sculptures, paintings, and prints. In his works, American cartoon figures such as Bugs Bunny, Popeye, Snoopy, and Mickey Mouse smile and pose in spite of their exposed bones and rotting flesh. Escriva, who is based in Valencia, Spain, has exhibited in London, Barcelona, and Los Angeles, among other cities. He also works as a graphic designer and illustrator. Like many of the crossover street artists he counts as influences, including KAWS and Shepard Fairey, Escriva has also produced merchandise such as custom skateboard decks and toys.


Commissioned by the Arizona Friends of Chamber Music and premiered in 2000 at the Tucson Chamber Music Festival by Cynthia Phelps, this 5 movement work is perfectly described by the movement titles: Energetic, Dark and Austere, Shimmering, Melodius and Vibrant. 20 minutes Long, Solo Viola, Piano, Violin, Viola and Cello
Songs from the Japanese
This 3 movement large choral work has a massive dynamic range that rings out with power and then drops down to almost silence. It's filled with classic Paulus harmony voicings with the end of the first movement being a highlight, as well as the back half of the 3rd movement that showcases a beautiful soli. 15 minutes long, SSAATTBB, A Capella
The Friendly Beasts
Fantastical in nature this short 3 minute piece includes wonderful text by Robert Davis. It's one of Paulus' early works, written in 1976. SATB Chorus, Soprano Soloist, Tenor Soloist, Harp
Fantasy in Three Parts
This aptly titled work for flute and guitar was commissioned by Susan Hedling for her and Jeff Van to premiere in 1988. Its sound perfectly reflects the time period and the city of St. Paul, MN in which is was composed and premiered. It is everything the word fantasy encompasses and a real time stamp of the sounds of the time period. The piece is beautiful, lush, mystical, energetic and full of fantasy.
Air on Seurat
This gorgeous and mystic piece for cello and piano was commissioned by the National Society of Arts and Letters in 1992. The work is based on the famous painting by Georges Seurat "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte". 7 minutes long
The Shantyman's Life
This work was commissioned by the Minnesota American Revolution Bicentennial and premiered by the Dale Warland Singers in 1979. It's text is based off of an American Lumberman's Song and is a short 3 minutes long.
The Chinese Poems
This lovely 8 minute piece, was an early work written by Paulus in 1973. The text is by Han Yu, Li Shang-Yin and Tu Mu. SATB Chorus, A Cappella
Echoes Between the Peaks
With a text that comes from one of the greatest chinese poet's of all time, Tu Fu, this soul stirring piece shows a mystic side of Paulus' writing. A truly unique offering from Paulus that sounds like nothing else he's written, it was premiered by the Dale Warland Singers in 1998. It's written for SSAATTBB mixed chorus, soprano solo and chamber ensemble, including flute, oboe, violin, cello, percussion and harp. 6 movements, 25 minutes


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Here is a list of all the postings Dave Smith 14 has made in our forums. Click on a thread name to jump to the thread.
|Thread: Kingscale 5" models|
Whilst it is probably not what some people would want to hear. You are buying a product not the design, that is is Kingscales IP. It is the same for any commercial product, you would not expect to get all the drawings for a car or a toaster. What I would expect however is a set of maintenance instructions and a full spare parts list with exploded diagrams.
|Thread: Class 22 Diesel (next project)|
Sorry if this is teaching you to suck eggs then disregard, but with weathering make sure you use a photograph of the prototype as a guide. It is the only way to get realistic weathering.
|Thread: Have You considered getting a 3D printer|
Some finished parts which are not tooling, although I do use my printers for tooling.
Toothbrush holder, not reprinted in white and at 0.1 mm layer
Boiler for LNWR crane tank in 4mm scale
Replacement nose for rocket on Grandsons toy
Bin liner containers for my sons 4mm scale layout
Various tests for 5" gauge loco lamps (my own design)
Edited By SillyOldDuffer on 21/02/2021 10:51:03
|Thread: Covid test|
Wife and I both 65 had the Astrazenica jab last Friday at our local surgery 10 mins walk down the road. In and out in 5 mins, because if you walk you do not need to rest for 15 mins. Wife had no reaction at all. My arm is a little sore, but had stomach cramps for about an hour Friday night. If you read the data sheet that you get given with the jab, this is a potential side effect. The whole thing was well organised and very efficient.
|Thread: Ultra sonic cleaning|
I use Allendale general ultra sonic cleaning solution in my 2L heated version. All my machined and small soldered parts go into his machine no matter the material. For delicate stuff, watches, jewellery, 4mm scale loco chassis and bodies I have a small unheated one I put warm water and washing up liquid in.
|Thread: crane uprate - where would you add some metal ?|
Nice point which many people are unaware of and hence it gets misused, that mass is different to weight.
Mass = Density x Volume
Weight = Mass x gravity
Essentially on Earth Mass = Weight. However on the moon the mass of an object remains the same but its weight is much lower due to the lower gravity.
|Thread: Engineering / Modelling Books for Winter Evenings?|
Slide Rule by Neville Shute. His biography of his Engineering activities, an excellent read.
Vulcan 607 by Roland White. The story of the first Vulcan raid on Port Stanley during the Falklands. You will not be able to put it down although you know the story.
Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen. This is the bible given to engine crew by BR.
If you search the internet you will find it as a pdf file. If you have problems message me and I will send you a copy.
Testing Years by Roland Beaumont. He had long career flying in the war then as Chief Test pilot for English Electric. He was the pilot who did aerobatics with a Canberra at Farnbrough.
Wings On My Sleeve by Eric 'Winkle' Brown. He holds the record for the most types of aircraft flown (487) including the Messerschmitt ME163 Komet! He also holds the world record for the most carrier landings.
Some to go on with.
|Thread: New Start on LBSC's 3.5" Petrolea|
I have a full 3D model of the Don Young Aspinall I am building and I work from that not Dons drawings, only using them to tick off what parts are finished.
However for someone who has no access to CAD I think you have got it about right. The only thing I would add is that the critical parts can be easily checked as an assembly on a drawing board. You do not need to fully detail each part or all parts only the bits that interact with each other. After all this was how the loco would have been designed and how things were done before CAD. I reckon with a full set of drawing available you can do it in 3 or 4 days tops.
|Thread: Class 22 Diesel (next project)|
That really is looking good. Are you going to detail the bogies and underframes, it would be shame not to?
|Thread: Design of boilers|
If it is the article I remember, Martin's article is about predicting the performance of a boiler from first principles. The calculations take the form of an excel spread sheet. Martin was quite happy for people to have a copy of his excel file and you get a paper he wrote explaining all calculation method involved. By the way he uses the Stefan Boltzman equation. I have a full copy of all of it, however the copyright is Martins and so cannot let you have a copy. If you talk nicely to Jason or Neil they may be able to help with contact details or someone else who has access to a paper copy, which I don't. The articles are in the flash player digital copies which I can no longer read.
|Thread: 5" Maid of Kent Build Log|
Agreed with using MECH for your queries, you will find good advice. I mainly post there as I am building a DY L & Y Aspinall class 27 which is a 5" gauge loco.
|Thread: 3D Printed CNC soft jaws for work holding|
Great use of modern tech. Like I also use my FDM printer for assembly fixtures, drill jig etc. For anyone thinking about do the same, you need to be careful when machining or milling not to generate a lot of heat or you will soften or melt the plastic!
|Thread: Model boiler safety calculations|
The introduction of any code should allow grandfather rights on any existing design unless it is deemed dangerous. however if it is substantially modified and I would consider the change from crown to rods stays a substantial modification then, the modification would have to be in line with the code.
You are correct my about para 3.4.4 it is about longitudinal rod stays, my apologies. The only stays it mentions for the crown are rod stays, so is it by inference that crown girder stays are forbidden?
I agree the Aussie code is well thought out and written. It is very easy to work through a new design using it. The only issue some people may have with it is the use of metric units and having to convert from imperial. Surely it should be adopted here as the boiler test code is purely that, a method of testing boilers with no guidance on what is an acceptable design. That is left to the whims of the boiler inspectors (no offence intend to them by the way) which as a professional engineer I find an odd situation.
On girder stays, para 18.104.22.168 of the Aussie code says you can use Girder stays. However para 22.214.171.124 then goes on to say they can only be used if longitudinal rod stays cannot be fitted. So whilst permitted I reckon there are not many situations where you cannot use rod stays, so effectively banned!
I have a copy of the Aussie code if you want a copy. It details how a person without the necessary engineering expertise can demonstrate a boiler design is structurally sound. I am modifying the design of my Aspinall boiler to delete the crown girder stays and substitute rod stays. As this is a substantial deviation from the original design a structural report is required to show no regression. I am approaching the analysis in two to ways. First I am using the Aussie code and applying it to both the original and revised design. In actual fact if you have all the data the calculation part only takes a few minutes as most of it is using tables to establish things like stay diameter and spacing. The second approach is using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) the same as Luker did in the recent ME. I have already done a steel welded boiler using FEA about four years ago, which was backed up with reference to the Aussie Steel boiler code and hand calculations. The FEA analysis was validated by my senior stress engineer at work, if you are not careful it is S!"T in gospel out. I am running two analysis of the boiler, the revised design and the existing design to give a base line and show no regression. Not sure how our boiler inspectors will react to the FEA, but they have to come in the real world, hence the Aussie back up.
|Thread: Making go kart parts|
I have experience with designing hubs for racing cars and mainly used 6082 T6, occasionally using 2024 T4 if needs dictated. 6082 T6 which is very easy to get hold of and will be acceptable for your application, providing you do not go mad. 7075 is a total overkill and complete waste of money in this case, it also a lot more susceptible to corrosion issues unless protected properly.
|Thread: Rejoice, Rejoice, I have at long last achieved something!|
I just use the standard LED lights from B and Q, we get the occasional failure but some in the lounge have been in place at least 3 to 4 years now and they get a lot of use. My 1970's angle poise has always had a 60W bulb in with no problems with smell or overheating.
|Thread: ME magazine late again|
My digital version is not showing up either on here or pocketmags, Only had the notification for 4654 two days ago, Can Neil or someone advise what is happening please?
|Thread: Christmas Disasters!|
On Wednesday I dropped one of my wife's Christmas cakes she had made for one of her relatives. She was not blessed please, even though tier 4 restrictions have prevented us taking it over to them!
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Thank you for your recent editorial on restricting sales of e-cigarettes to underage minors. There is a clear need for federal and state action on this issue, but thankfully local communities are stepping up to fill the regulatory void.
I did want to point out one problem with SB 224, the Florida legislation to restrict the sale of "nicotine dispensing devices" to those under age 18 years. The bill does not restrict the sale of liquid nicotine, which is frequently sold separately. I would encourage your readers to reach out to the bill's sponsor to add liquid nicotine to the definition of tobacco products, consistent with current classification by the FDA.
Barry Hummel, Jr., Coral Springs


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Today, I’m cheating. I’m a cheater-pants blog writer. Do people still say cheater pants? Okay, done chasing that butterfly, back to the topic. I’m cheating because mindful may not be an emotion. It’s more of a state of awareness. If I’m aware of my body, how I’m feeling, where I am in life, I’m being mindful. I’m feeling mindful. So today, I’m calling mindful my Day 26 emotion. Go ahead, call me cheater-pants if it makes you feel better.
I mentioned in another post that I’d decided that my family should take a short, easy trip before I started radiation therapy. After chemo ended, I was ready for a break. Radiation treatments would be an everyday affair for seven straight weeks. If I missed my chance to do something with the family, I’d have to wait a couple months.
Usually, the oncologists scheduled radiation treatments to begin two or three weeks after chemo was completed. I asked for an extra week so we could go to a pretty state park in Arkansas to hang out. I thought the guys could get out in the water and hike around. I was just happy to be somewhere other than at home or at the treatment center.
While I was getting used to living the chemo-free high-life, I started to feel a bit more like myself. A regular flow of drugs was not messing with my brain and body. I was still weak and couldn’t do much, but I could feel myself slowly picking my way out of my cocoon. I felt lighter, more aware of things going on around me and like I might want to do something. Anything. I started to mentally assess how I was, how I would be, and how long it would take.
Meditation is often associated with mindfulness. I’m not a meditator. I’ve tried now and again, but I can’t seem to do anything but let my mind wander and to wonder how long I should try. For me, I became mindful as I just sat with myself, not particularly thinking or doing anything, just being. There were times before and during the trip when the guys were out, and I’d just sit in the room or find a chair with a view. I’d come away with a sense of where I was, emotionally, physically. Some days, it was good. I felt good about taking the break for my own peace of mind. Some days, I cried because something happened, like when I couldn’t go back in the pool because my swimsuit hadn’t dried in the air-conditioned room and was still wet. My sensitive body couldn’t take it. I cried because that’s where I still was physically, mindful of lingering limitations, then stopping. I realized that my mind and body were the way they and that was okay as I was healing from treatment.
By the way, the trip was enjoyable! Maybe a bit underwhelming for the guys. They’re so thoughtful, and they didn’t want to leave me by myself to do things. I was happy to know that they were out paddle boarding or whatever and having fun while I was relaxing. All these years, they haven’t learned that about me! One of the most fun things we did was driving around to capture Pokémon for the new Pokémon Go! mobile game. We were together and silly, and that’s what mattered.
So, I’m not sure if what I’ve described is what mindful is. Please don’t consult an actual philosopher! I’m saying this is what it was for me, and I’m standing by it.
Sometimes, when you’re facing a health or emotional crisis, you have to step back and leave room for you. You can take 10 quiet minutes away from everyone and just sit with your coffee or tea. You might say, “I’m too busy,” but I know there are 10 minutes in your day available! Don’t worry, don’t wonder, don’t make to-do lists. Just be aware of and accept yourself, whatever state your mindfulness indicates you’re in.
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