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Published to commemorate the sixty-fifth birthday of Richard Klein, the distinguished scholar of ancient history from the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, this volume consists of twenty-one articles written by him over a period of two decades on select themes in later Roman and early Christian history. Because this work is not constructed around a single, unifying thesis, this review will begin with brief abstracts of a few of the essays in each section and will conclude with more general observations on Klein’s scholarship as a whole.
Section I: Politische Geschichte
1. “Die Kämpfe um die Nachfolge nach dem Tode Constantins des Grossen.” In this essay Klein evaluates the problematic evidence for assessing the role of Constantius in the violence following the death of Constantine. After rightly questioning Eusebius’ tendentious account, Klein argues that Constantine’s administrative decisions and his entanglements with Persia show that he had not clearly established a line of succession prior to his death, a situation that might have been caused in part by the emperor’s lack of faith in his sons. In any event, Klein argues that the sources that accuse Constantius of the murders of his relatives are untrustworthy and concludes that Constantius was not the driving force behind these bloody events.
2. “Der Rombesuch des Kaisers Constantius II. im Jahre 357.” This essay offers a critical evaluation of Ammianus Marcellinus’ account of Constantius’ visit to Rome in 357. Klein argues that Constantius traveled to Rome not only to celebrate recent military accomplishments but also to commemorate his own vicennalia and to show the city that the imperium and majesty previously embodied in Constantine had been transferred to him. Klein also views the trip as a step in Constantius’ plan to curb the prestige of Rome and elevate the political power of Constantinople. Ammianus’ description of the awe Constantius felt while in Rome are thus meant to heighten Rome’s position during a period of turmoil rather than to provide a positive evaluation of the emperor. Finally, Klein observes that Constantius’ dealings with the Christian community as well as his toleration of pagan religiosity are examples of the emperor’s Realpolitik.
3. “Die Ermordung der Philosophin Hypatia: Zum Kampf um die politische Macht in Alexandria.” Klein begins by noting that most previous treatments of the death of Hypatia are limited because they narrowly frame the events under the rubric of religious factionalism, with Cyril leading the Christians and Hypatia the pagans. According to Klein, however, a more comprehensive understanding of Hypatia’s death must take into account the political atmosphere in Alexandria, including the divisions within Christianity itself. Indeed, he argues that Hypatia’s reputation for wisdom had elevated her to a position of political prominence, to the point that even some Christians recognized her influence and sought her advice. The Alexandrian bishop thus likely saw Hypatia as a challenge to his own political aspirations and must have resented the philosopher for undermining his authority within the Christian community. Because the death of Hypatia occurred in Cyril’s church, Klein thinks it probable that the bishop was aware of these events and therefore should not be exonerated. Finally, although Cyril probably bribed imperial officials against reporting the events in order to prevent reprisals, legislation from the Theodosian Code diminishing the power of the bishop shows that the emperor blamed Cyril and the Alexandrian community for their actions.
Section II: Religionsgeschichte
1. “Kaiser Julians Rhetoren- und Unterrichtsgesetz.” Upon review of Julian’s law regulating the moral qualities of instructors ( Cod. Theo. XIII.3.5) as well as of his Ep. 55, Klein argues that the emperor intended to prevent Christian teachers from working in order to reestablish the basic tenets of paganism. Klein thus objects to earlier studies that place Julian’s hatred of Christianity at the forefront of their analyses. Instead, he insists that Julian’s legislation was primarily a political move intended to surround himself with like-minded administrators and secondarily, as an attempt to return to the golden age when the pagan cultus dominated the religious and social life of Rome. Julian nevertheless recognized that this decree would cause significant problems for Christianity, which had not established its own schools. Accordingly, some Christian parents took their children out of school fearing that they would be infected by pagan education, while many Christian educators denied their faith in order to keep their lucrative positions. Ultimately, Klein observes, this policy of disenfranchisement was more effective than violent persecution.
2. “Die Entwicklung der christlichen Palästinawallfahrt in Konstantinischer Zeit.” While Judaism and Islam employed the idea of pilgrimage from their beginnings, Klein observes that it took Christianity three centuries to develop a similar notion. He points to a number of factors for this disinterest in an earthly place for worshiping God: the movement away from Jerusalem after the Jewish War and the Bar Kochba revolt, the interest in apocalypticism, and more spiritualized understandings of God. Even so, because Jewish Christianity played a role in preserving traditions of Jesus and his earliest followers, certain cult sites in and around Jerusalem always remained important for Christianity and were occasionally visited prior to Constantine. Christian pilgrimages, which built upon pagan and Jewish customs, only became popular with the end of the persecutions and after Constantine’s victory over Maxentius. Thereafter, the emperor encouraged the construction of buildings dedicated to the martyrs as visible proof of his victory over the pagan deities.
Most instrumental in encouraging Christian pilgrimages, however, was Eusebius. He not only provided a theological justification for pilgrimages by envisioning Jerusalem as the earthly counterpart to the heavenly city, but he also aided pilgrims in a practical way by developing guidebooks of the Holy Land. While early pilgrims undoubtedly came from regions near Palestine, the earliest reports are nevertheless from the West. The first report, from the Bordeaux pilgrim, shows a greater concentration on Jewish sites, in part because a Christian tradition had yet to be developed and in part because the Christian memorials were still in the process of construction. By contrast, the second report from Egeria from the late fourth century shows that Christianity had a much stronger foothold in Palestine: Egeria’s knowledge of Christian sites is more thorough, she acknowledges the existence of monks, and she describes Christian ritual activity. It is in the latter half of the fourth century, then, that Christian pilgrimage is established.
3. “Spätantike Tempelzerstörungen im Widerspruch christlicher Urteile.” Although there are a number of famous cases of temple destruction in the post-Constantinian era, most notably the Serapeum in Alexandria, Klein shows that Christian writers often balanced their zeal for destroying pagan shrines with a certain restraint and tolerance toward these holy places. Imperial legislation likewise shows that pagan temples were protected, often because the building itself and its statues were deemed valuable. Libanius’ plea for the preservation of the temples was thus generally followed by Christians: while paganism was certainly condemned, their buildings could nevertheless be adopted for Christian purposes to demonstrate the superiority of the one true God.
Section III: Sozialgeschichte
1. “Die frühe Kirche und die Sklaverei.” In this essay Klein argues that any understanding of slavery in early Christianity must first take into account how the idea was understood in the larger Greco-Roman world. Slavery was a vital part of the ancient world’s socio-economy structure, and the freeing of slaves provoked different responses among the philosophical schools. While Plato and Aristotle envisaged a sharp distinction between slave and free, the Stoics’ revalued the word “slave” to mean one who was ruled by his or her desires, while “free” signaled one who had mastered them. In addition, all humans were equal in the sense that they all emerged from the same seed. Whether one was a slave or a freeman in the legal sense was therefore less important than that all people should strive to act according to reason: for the slaveowner it meant showing his slaves compassion, for the slave it meant obeying his master. In this way the social order was sustained. With the emergence of Christianity, according to Klein, the Stoic position had become predominant.
In the Pauline epistles, Klein detects an attempt to steer a middle course between Stoicism’s notion of absolute equality and the harsh demands of absolute obedience. In consonance with the larger Hellenistic world, Christianity accepted slavery as an integral part of the social order, yet its insistence on brotherhood through Christ is a concept that is unknown in Greco-Roman religious and philosophical texts. Klein thereafter shows that the patristic writers essentially held to the Pauline position that freedom is determined by one’s belief in Christ, while the inscriptions from the catacombs show that this belief erases all class distinctions. In the early church two positions can be detected toward the issue of slavery. On the one hand, it was not uncommon for Christians and the church to buy freedom for slaves, thinking it to be a good work. On the other hand, there was a tendency to de-emphasize the Pauline notion of equality in later Christian legislation. When the church addressed the issue of slavery in the later fourth and early fifth centuries, it was forced to negotiate between two extremes. The first, which stemmed from the large influx of nobility into the church, demanded absolute rights for slaveowners. The second, deriving from the monastic world, encouraged slaves to despise and run away from their masters. Having outgrown the Pauline teachings on slavery, church leaders were forced to find a new solution that satisfied the increasing number of philosophically-trained Christians.
The patristic response to slavery was diverse, ranging from an absolute rejection of slavery to a justification of it through Aristotle’s idea of natural distinctions between humans. Generally, however, most authors saw slavery as a necessary institution and thus appealed both to Greco-Roman philosophical teachings and the idea that slavery was the result of sin in order to justify its existence. Nevertheless, these Christian leaders were troubled by slavery and did work toward changing the relationship between masters and slaves by promoting the ideal of brotherhood.
2. “Zum Verhältnis von Herren und Sklaven in der Spätantike.” In this essay Klein proposes a fresh look at the evidence from Italy and Gaul that sheds light on how pagan and Christian authors viewed the relationship between the nobility and slaves. Klein begins by noting that pagan writers such as Symmachus drew a sharp distinction between the upper classes and slaves, the latter of which were regarded as simple tools that deserved only disdain and contempt. By contrast, slaveowners who were sensitive to Christian ideals such as universal brotherhood and the creation of humanity in the image of God recognized a duty to act humanely and responsibly toward their servants. Nevertheless, it is clear, according to Klein, that these enlightened owners were in the minority as the flight of slaves increased during the tumultuous years of the early fifth century. As the slaves began to assert their freedom in greater numbers, the nobility sought to develop a new relationship with them in order to preserve the social order.
With the rise of the Merovingians, Klein turns to the writings of the bishops, the lives of the saints, and the texts from church councils. He argues that the number of slaves did not decrease in this period and may have even become greater due to the continuous raids led by rulers of outlying regions. In addition, the treatment of slaves became more brutal, for the Frankish nobility were not, like their Roman counterparts, subject to punishment for killing a slave. In this situation the church and medieval Christians reacted in various ways. While the bishops may have been patrons to the poor, slaves were generally not under their sphere of influence, and in any event the church accepted the institution of slavery as part of the social order (indeed, the church itself owned a large number of slaves). From the church councils, however, it becomes clear that some attempts were made to improve the lot of slaves. For instance, the punishments for runaways were lessened, owners could be sentenced to temporary excommunication for unlawfully killing a slave, and nobles were prevented from forcing former slaves to return to their previous positions. Still, the Western church’s record on slavery is tainted because of its interest in maintaining the institutions integral to the socio-economic order.
3. “Die Bestellung von Sklaven zu Priestern: Ein rechtliches und soziales Problem in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter.” The movement from slave to priest, a phenomenon that has received little attention in the scholarly literature, was an issue with important social ramifications for the institutionalized church. Klein examines a number of ecclesiastical and imperial legal texts that show how both institutions sought to prevent or at least put controls on slaves entering into priestly office. This was done to protect the appearance and standards of the church, to pacify slaveowners, who all too often saw their property flee to the church in order to gain freedom, and to preserve the social order of noble households. Popes such as Leo and Gregory the Great even went so far as to assert that the character and moral worth of slaves was insufficient for becoming priests, and that slaves stained the office.
These strong statements were largely ignored, however, due to simple necessity as well as the Christian belief that all humans should be treated the same because all were equal in Christ. This latter position, derived from the Pauline epistles, was advanced by the emperor Justinian, who refers to Galatians 3:28 when decreeing that slaves who enter the cloister may remain there if their conduct is blameless for a period of three years (the period was reduced to one year for priests). The result, not surprisingly, was a considerable increase in the number of new monks and priests in the Eastern empire. It is likely that these former slaves were put in charge of communities, for it is probable that they would have received at least a rudimentary education from their owners (a luxury unavailable to many among the free underclass) and would have had some experience in handling practical affairs.
In the early Middle Ages, the problem of the ordination of slaves persisted, as evidenced by the attempts of numerous church councils in Gaul and Spain to reinforce the traditional papal position barring slaves from the priesthood. As with the earlier age, this position was grounded in the idea that the spiritual leadership of the church should not be related in any way to slavery or to temporal concerns.
Section IV: Geistes- und Literaturgeschichte
1. “Die Romidee bei Symmachus, Claudian und Prudentius.” With the disintegration of the Western empire near the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth century, Rome experienced an identity crisis that resulted in much discussion on the value and significance of the former capital. In this essay Klein compares the views of Symmachus, Claudian, and Prudentius, representatives of pagan, religiously indifferent, and Christian viewpoints, respectively, in order to highlight the diversity of opinions on the importance of Rome. With Symmachus we hear from an aristocratic senator who is convinced that Rome’s greatness can be traced to its citizens’ adherence to the traditional cults. He thus calls for a return to the sacrificial cultus of the ancient gods in order to preserve the city’s grandeur. This position, which no doubt stems from his noble upbringing, was, however, completely out of step with reality. Indeed, Symmachus consistently distorted the significance of Rome as well as the influence of the Senate and the emperor, thinking that the status of the city in the late fourth century was identical to its prominent position centuries earlier. Because he constructs an inflexible and unrealistic portrait of Rome as the central and most powerful city in an empire that has lost none of its former greatness, Klein views the senator as a tragic figure unable (or unwilling) to accept the barbaric and Christian influences that surrounded him.
The Alexandrian poet Claudian shares with Symmachus a reverence for Rome, but he is less concerned with reviving the ancient sacrificial cults. Rather, he views Rome allegorically as a cultural symbol that has unified the entire world under the aegis of peace, law, and civilization. Moreover, instead of restricting himself to viewing the goddess Roma as staid, backward-looking, and in need of sacrificial offerings (as Symmachus does), the poet imagines the goddess as ever-changing and adapting to meet the needs of the present.
As with the first two authors, Prudentius displays a patriotic vision of Rome, although his main contribution was to reappropriate the pagan lore of Rome for Christianity. Thus, the power of Christ and the martyrs have replaced the pagan divinities, and according to the poet the future stability of Rome depends on its citizens turning to this burgeoning faith. As proof of this, Prudentius cites Constantine, Theodosius, and his successors as instrumental figures who initiated and secured the place of Christianity in the empire and brought Roman history to a climax. Through this examination, Klein notes that while all three writers possessed an ideal picture of Rome, each one did so from a decidedly different vantage point: if Symmachus continually hearkened back to the city’s former glory, Claudian was more interested in the developing the significance of Rome for the present world and Prudentius revalued this lore in order to envision the city’s future greatness.
2. “Die Neuen Augustinus-Predigten: Ein aufsehenerregender Handschriftenfund in Mainz.” This article rehearses the startling 1990 discovery of twenty-six sermons from Augustine and reviews the first to be published by the French scholar F. Dolbeau. These sermons, which date from between 397-405 and are directed at schismatics and heretics as well as pagans, help illuminate the social and political climate of this period. For example, in one sermon Augustine marshals evidence against the Donatists to prove that the church is universal and against the pagans to show that idols are worthless. Elsewhere, Augustine adopts a more hortatory tone with the pagans, insisting that the divinity of God cannot be viewed with the eyes but only through the pure heart of the believer. Other topics include contrasting the wisdom of God with the powerlessness of humanity, thoughts on catechumens, and his views on charity and the love of God. This essay is followed by two others that Klein had written on the same set of sermons (“Die neugefunden Augustinus-Predigten aus der Mainzer Stadtbibliothek: Fortsetzung” and “Die neudeckten Mainzer Augustinus-Predigten: Abschluss”).
3. “Die Bedeutung von Basilius’ Schrift ‘Ad Adolescentes’ für die Erhaltung der heidnisch-griechischen Literatur.” This essay examines Christianity’s views on pagan paideia as a means for uncovering the significance of Basil of Caesarea’s treatise on Christian higher education. From the beginning, Klein asserts, Christianity maintained an uneasy relationship with pagan education. The conflicting messages on this topic in the New Testament extend into the patristic literature, where on the one hand Justin and the Alexandrian fathers viewed such learning positively as a propaedeutic to Christian education while on the other hand more recalcitrant voices like Tatian and Tertullian staunchly decried any conciliation to the immoral and offensive teachings of the Greco-Roman world. In the late fourth century the controversy over the value of pagan education reached a fever pitch. Klein identifies a general trend among Christians to reject classical learning, a development that the emperor Julian sought to reverse through his legislation against Christian teachers. In response, Christianity retained the form of pagan education but transformed its content; for example the elder Apollinarius rewrote the Old Testament in verse while his son modeled the gospels after the Platonic dialogues. On the other hand, Gregory of Nazianzus demanded that Christians should have access to some of the rhetorical and philosophical works by virtue of the fact that the Greek language was common to all.
It was in this contentious atmosphere that Basil wrote his treatise defending the value of pagan literature for elementary education. Like the Alexandrians, he argues that this literature is a valuable propaedeutic for those who seek to acquire a deeper understanding of the scriptures. He is especially interested in highlighting the ethical features of pagan works, believing that they are just as useful as the Old Testament for inculcating virtue. This argument had the result of appropriating Greek literature for Christianity and ensuring that it would be preserved and handed down to future generations.
The popularity of Basil’s text can be seen in its reception in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Europe. Not only was it adopted as a foundational tool for education by enlightened humanists of the twelfth century, but after it was translated into Latin and Italian it became a favorite of the Florentine elite during the later Renaissance. Similarly, Basil’s work was translated into German during the Reformation era, during which time humanistically inclined writers such as Erasmus and Calvin made use of the text. Klein concludes that “Ad Adolescentes” played a pivotal role in persuading Western Europe to return to the literature of classical antiquity and, more practically, by making it acceptable to print and lecture on these ancient texts.
With the publication of Roma versa per aevum, the editors have done a commendable job of gathering together a diverse selection of essays written by an influential voice in ancient studies. This sort of book would naturally not be recommended for use in an undergraduate setting, but it is highly recommended for the specialist of late antiquity who seeks to own a representative collection of Klein’s work in one volume. While the above abstracts cannot adequately convey, of course, all of the nuances and sophistication contained in these articles, a brief perusal of the forty-page Stellenregister is enough for one to appreciate Klein’s thorough and wide-ranging scholarship (from Homer to Gregory of Tours and beyond). In addition to his mastery of the ancient (and early medieval) sources, Klein’s argumentation is consistently meticulous, incisive, and persuasive. Especially refreshing is his ability to infuse new life into issues that have often been burdened by ideological and theological biases (e.g. the murder of Hypatia and slavery in the early church). Perhaps this is occasionally done in the extreme; for instance, his distinction between political and religious motivations in the essays on Hypatia and Julian might seem a bit too tidy for some. Klein himself even appears to be willing to give more consideration to the religious dimension of Julian’s legislation in his later article on Basil’s “Ad Adolescentes”. This is only a minor quibble, however, in what is an excellent collection of articles investigating the political, social, and religious climate of late antiquity.


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Around 200 soldiers from 6 Regiment RLC celebrated the milestone in BFG’s history with a farewell parade at the former military airfield in front of Commander BFG, Brig Ian Bell, and a host of invited guests.
It was the last major event at the once bustling barracks, which has been under British Armed Forces control for 71 years and is due to be handed back to the German authorities this autumn.
The logistics unit, which has been stationed at the sprawling estate on Marienfelder Strasse since 1993, was presented with the prestigious Fahnenband (ribbon of honour) by a German army officer – the highest honour that can be bestowed by the Federal Government of Germany on a NATO force.
Dozens of children, accompanied by adults, arrived at Bob’s Den in Catterick Barracks to see a matinee screening of computer animation Zootopia, while in the evening, thriller Eye in the Sky entertained the grown-ups.
The new facility – further evidence of the Army’s firm base concept – is used by volunteer groups during the week, but every Sunday the Cinelink film club takes over the former band room near the NAAFI Express shop. And it is run completely by volunteers.
Author Sir Anthony Seldon will lead a team of four and hopes that the Via Sacra Walk will become a permanent event. They are also encouraging the public to do a leg with them, joining famous people such as actors Elizabeth Hurley and Dominic West.
Inspired by a letter from a soldier in the First World War, Sir Anthony Seldon will lead the walk across the Western Front, as it was in 1916, from Switzerland to the English Channel – a total of 450 miles – a frontline that once occupied the attention of the world.
The walk will coincide with the 100th anniversary of the battles of the Somme and Verdun and is in homage to soldier Alexandar Douglas Gillespie and to the millions of soldiers who lost their lives between 1914 and 1918.

domain: history


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ARBOURETUM, DAVID KARSTEN DANIELS Dave Heumann is the brain behind Arbouretum's rustic and eloquent lyrics and somber strum that places the group among the indie-country underground's most engaging sleepers. As such, his songs are weary, reflective and full of literary symbolism. Singer/songwriter Daniels opens the show. $7. 9 p.m. Drunken Unicorn. www.thedrunkenunicorn.net. -- CR
ANTHONY HAMILTON, LYFE JENNINGS Who says soul music has gone pop? Hamilton and Jennings are two successful artists rarely covered in the mainstream media. Hamilton is one of the finest soul singers of the decade, so talented that even Southern Comfort, a just-released collection of demos and early tracks, sounds great. Comedian Mike Brooks opens. $50-$65. 8 p.m. Atlanta Civic Center. 404-523-6275. www.atlantaciviccenter.com. -- MR
MY SIAMESE SELF, CAN CAN, ANNA NICHOLEMINER'S DAUGHTER Atlanta-based feminist poetry collective Cliterati is presenting this event, officially called "Pretty In Punk." The bill spotlights three scorching punk acts anchored by the always incendiary, generally badass in every way trio My Siamese Self. Can Can features the still reigning Make-Out King of Atlanta and former Love Drunks leader Patrick A, and a welcome return from ex-Motolitas guitarist Mary Collins. Completing the lineup is my choice for best band name since the Kathleen Turner Overdrive, Anna Nicholeminer's Daughter, a new outfit with the hard-hitting vocals and savage bass attack of Jen Caldwell. $7. 9 p.m. The Earl, 404-522-3950. www.badearl.com. -- LVS
ATLANTA SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA Energetic Norwegian-born conductor Arild Remmereit makes his ASO debut, opening the program with incidental music for Henrick Ibsen's play "Peer Gynt" composed by fellow Norwegian Edvard Grieg. Then ASO concertmaster Cecylia Arzewski is featured soloist for W.A. Mozart's "Violin Concerto No. 5, K. 219." An audience favorite, the "Polovotsian Dances" from the opera Prince Igor by Russian chemist/composer Alexander Borodin, closes the show. $28-$65. Thurs.-Sat., 8 p.m. Symphony Hall, Woodruff Arts Center. 404-733-5000. www.atlantasymphony.org. -- MG
BILLY JOE SHAVER, LARRY JON WILSON Lord have mercy, Texas songwriter extraordinaire Billy Joe's done got himself in trouble again, this time poppin' a cap in a drunk with a knife. If he's out of jail in time for this gig, he may already have a song about the incident, and it will be a good one. Wilson could carry the gig on his own if Shaver doesn't make it. Yeah, he's that good. $20-$25. 8 p.m. Eddie's Attic. 404-377-4976. www.eddiesattic.com. -- JK
Bands/performers/venues wishing to be included in Sound Menu's noted-acts boxes may send recordings, press material and schedules two weeks in advance to Creative Loafing c/o Rodney Carmichael, 384 Northyards Blvd., Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30313, or e-mail information to: firstname.lastname@example.org. To be included in the listings only, e-mail venue and band schedules by Friday at noon (for the issue that comes out the following Thursday) to email@example.com.
3 people apparently love handing over an extra 40% in fees for nothing in return…
Dang. I thought they would name some actual headliners.
Forgot to mention that Iggy did a stellar show @ the Agora in the spring…
Their fees were onerous, to say the least. $16 per ticket for "convenience," and it's…
That poster is for the Iggy Pop show on March 11 1983 @ 688 club…

domain: entertainment


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Ad film maker turned director V K Prakash is a happy man these days. His flicks Gulumal and Three Kings were both B O successes and his latest film Beautiful managed to make a good hundred days at the theatres. The director also has plenty of projects in the offering, the immediate ones being Trivandrum Lodge with the Beautiful team and another one with Megastar Mammootty.
The latest news is that V K P, who has been directing movies for the last decade, will don the greasepaint for the first time. Yes, V K P’s debut as an actor with Deepesh’s latest film titled Pithaavinum Puthranum Parishuddhatmaavinum.
Deepesh was critically acclaimed for his debut film Nakharam which hit screens last year.


An cutaway view of Venetian life in the 18th century: a palazzo, the garments and their museum.
[The Museum of Palazzo Mocenigo / Research Center on the History of Fabrics and Dress] With contributions by multiple authors, the first part of the guide retraces the history of Palazzo Mocenigo at San Stae in Venice, the Museum and the Research Center on the History of Fabrics and Dress, accompanied by a plan of the museum.
The second part, on fashions in Venice in the 1700s, includes a catalogue of garments grouped by type.
The volume also contains an interesting section on the restoration of the exhibits, and one on the mannequins that have been specially created for the exhibition. There is also a useful glossary of technical terminology.


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Expectation hurts? A dynamic model of the exogenous and endogenous role of eWOM and its effect on post-purchase responses
Supervisor: Guda van Noort
Building on the Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT), this study aims to: (1) investigate electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) as an exogenous variable by comprehensively examining the effects of eWOM dimensions (valence, volume and quality) on post-purchase responses as well as the underlying cognitive mechanisms; (2) investigate eWOM as an endogenous variable predicted by exposure to previous eWOM; and (3) build a dynamic model to explain the temporal evolution of eWOM dimensions. A mixed-method approach, combining an experimental design and a large-scale automated content analysis, was adopted to examine the hypothesized model.
Sub-hypotheses of H1 propose the relationships between eWOM dimensions and purchase responses, where eWOM valence and quality are supposed to have a positive effect while eWOM volume has a negative effect. Sub-hypotheses of H2 presume the relationships between eWOM dimensions and expectation, where eWOM valence and volume have a positive effect on expectation, while eWOM quality has a negative effect on expectation. Sub-hypotheses of H3 propose the relationship between eWOM dimensions and confirmation, where eWOM valence and volume have a negative effect on confirmation, while eWOM quality has a positive effect on confirmation. Sub-hypotheses of H4 expect chronological evolution of eWOM dimensions.
Study 1: Experiment
Study 1 applied experimentation to test the sub-hypotheses of H1, H2 and H3, where we investigated the effects of eWOM valence, volume and quality on post-purchase responses as well as the underlying cognitive mechanisms. We found that: (1) eWOM quality is the strongest predictor of consumers’ post-purchase satisfaction, attitude and repurchase intention, which can be explained by confirmation; (2) the positive effect of eWOM valence on post-purchase responses is counteracted with its negative effect on confirmation; and (3) the effect of eWOM volume on post-purchase responses is not supported.
Study 2: Automatic content analysis
Study 2 applied automatic content analysis to test the sub-hypotheses of H4, where we inspected the chronological evolution of eWOM dimensions in a large-scale data set of restaurant reviews and revealed that: (1) eWOM valence becomes more balanced over time, such that eWOM valences tends to decline when it starts high, while increase when it starts low; (2) eWOM volume encounters a steady increase until it reaches a peak and starts to decrease; and (3) eWOM quality tends to decline over time.
This study calls attention to three under-investigated perspectives of eWOM research. First, among the limited amount of studies focusing on consumer responses in the post-purchase stage, few have simultaneously inspected the impacts of all the three dimensions of eWOM. Meanwhile, mixed findings are present in literatures. Study 1 demonstrated that different eWOM dimensions have different cognitive patterns of impact on post-purchase affective, attitudinal and behavioral consequences. Second, this study applies the ECT model to eWOM effects, which helps to extend the current knowledge on the cognitive processes in the effect of eWOM on post-purchase responses, as well as explaining the mixed findings in the literature. Coherent with the ECT, the findings confirm the effects of expectation and confirmation on post-purchase responses where confirmation plays a more dominant role in the explanatory power. Third, most research on eWOM effects have treated eWOM as an input, while the dynamic nature of eWOM as an output generating from post-purchase responses are largely neglected. Therefore, it becomes critical to investigate how eWOM dimensions evolve chronologically.
This study aims to shed light on the underexplored topic of customer retention through illuminating the relationship between eWOM and post-purchase responses. This study provides marketing practitioners and vendors with a comprehensive model of eWOM effects on post-purchase responses and their evolution over time, which helps to draw two useful tactics at an enterprise level. First, we propose that a product or service with higher early ratings should focus more on maintaining their product or service quality to meet consumers’ expectation, while a product or service with lower early ratings should motivate consumers to post online reviews by reminding them with emails or messages in order to reduce bias reviews. Second, for the long term, marketers should set strategies to encourage online reviews with higher quality, such as setting a minimum word count to improve the length of reviews, providing customers with review templates to improve the objectivity level of online reviews, etc.

domain: literature


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The Holiday period has kicked off in full swing! The Bay of Plenty has been putting on a show for all our guests the past few weeks with this stunning weather, calm seas and plentiful array of marine life!
Over past few weeks the Common Dolphins have been entertaining our guests with their surfing skills, jumping ability and sometimes mating displays!
We’ve had some amazing encounters with pods of dolphins, sometimes we’ve even had pods with up to 300 dolphins!
Not only that, our fantastic whale month of November has continued and we’ve been blessed to experience the Brydes Whale again recently!
And to top that off an early Christmas present to all our crew and guests, we had 8 Orca grace us with their presence recently. What an absolutely incredible experience that was!
The Orca are the largest member of the Dolphin family, and can weight up to 3,600kgs!
Orcas are highly social animals and usually travel in pods of 5-30. They are found in most oceans around the world but are most common in the Arctic and Antarctic waters.
They are toothed whales and will feed on birds, turtles, sharks, fish, seals and squid.
Orca found in New Zealand are quite unique to the rest of the worlds populations as they feed on stingrays and will often be seen inside the Harbour chasing stings rays into shore!
December has been a great month for viewing and swimming with dolphins and it shall continue through into the New Year!
What better way to end 2016, or go into 2017 then with an experience to never forget!
Come join us!

domain: travel


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My name is Frederique.
I was born in winter.
I grew up in a very small town up in the north. I had a childhood full of fantasy, and played in the woods that surrounded our house for days on end. I believed every tree was a spirit, and that the woods would talk to each other, but they talked in a language unknown to mankind. I played at a little wooden church, close to home. The church was built by Vikings, according to old folk tales. Folk tales and fairy tales were not just stories that were made up, there had to be more wisdom to them. Ever since I have had a fascination for what lies beneath and beyond, especially if it seems forgotten. I'm enchanted by spirituality, paganism, occultism, rituals and shamanism. I feel most connected when I'm on a journey to the most distant, and forgotten places, locked in between the most majestic mountains. There, where the power of nature is still tangible and you can still sense her magic.
I'm a visual storyteller.
I photograph, film, write and design concepts.

domain: artistic


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Guys, these are probably one of the tastiest banana breads I’ve ever made. They’re fluffy inside, with a hint of warming chai spices and a sweet banana flavour.
Banana bread is probably one of the easiest baking ventures you can undertake, so if you’re no baking maven, this recipe is for you. Ever find yourself looking at your bananas quickly and surely become spottier and spottier with each passing hour? You’re then confronted with two feasible choices – freeze ’em, or bake ’em. This time, I chose the latter and am oh-so-happy I did.
These mini banana bread are:
Sweet and chocolate-y in just the right amount
Perfect as a snack or sweet treat
On their own or part of a bowl – add your yoghurt of choice and some nut butter!
Made with the chocolate vegan protein from MISSFITS Nutrition for that plant protein boost
Join our newsletter, subscribe to Sprinkle of Green
Hi, I'm Teffy, a qualified Nutritionist and avid foodie. This blog is all about inspiring a balanced life through delicious and wholesome foods, with not a diet in sight. Healthy eating shouldn't be hard and stressful, it should be easy and fun - Working with my clients they are constantly amazed that yes, food can taste great AND be good for you!

domain: food


Main / Business / Mars rick ross
Mars rick ross download
7 Aug - 3 min - Uploaded by TheOfficialGTM Lyrics: (Intro) Girl Girl (Verse) Come, baby Come and get all my loving Breathe it in with me Let. Mars Lyrics: Girl / Girl / Verse: Jay Sean / Come, baby / Come and get on my level / Breathe it in with me / Let it get to your head then get Featuring Rick Ross. Buy Mars [feat. Rick Ross]: Read 7 Digital Music Reviews - chicacheeks.com
Released: 19 March ; "Mars" Released: 9 July Neon is the fourth studio album by British R&B singer Jay Sean. The album was released on 30 July by Cash Money Records and distributed by Republic Records. The album features guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Ace Hood and Rick Ross . Recording and production - Singles - Reception - Track listing. 21 May Stream Jay Sean - Mars (Main) feat Rick Ross by YMCMB-Official from desktop or your mobile device. Mars - Jay Sean feat. Rick Ross. Girl (Maybach Music) Girl Come, baby. Come and get on my level. Breathe it in with me. Let it get to your head then get to mine.
Girl. (Maybach Music). (Maybach Music, Maybach Music, Maybach Music). Oh girl. See All Lyrics. Features of This Song. modern r&b stylings. electronica. 24 Aug - 3 min Stream Jay Sean Feat. Rick Ross 'Mars' Video, the latest video from Jay Sean, which. Mars (Jay Sean feat. RICK ROSS IN AUSTRALIAN CHARTS. Singles. Title, Entry, Peak, weeks. Purple Lamborghini (Skrillex & Rick Ross), 21/08/, 39, 2 .


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Handmade Origami Star Garland
Handmade origami star garland ready to hang from your mantlepiece, shelf or across the fireplace – they look great paired with a string of fairy lights to add that cosy feel this winter or use as a sustainable alternative to tinsel.
Handmade from old books and hung on twine, these look great all year round and add a
little something special to your home
Each garland is approx. 160cms long with 10 stars (each star is approx. 13cms at the
widest point), price includes delivery.
If you love this garland why not treat yourself to my Christmas Bundle, complete with garland, a pack of stitched tree cards and an embroidery hoop - a great way to start the festive season!!

domain: design


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July 22nd will mark a momentous occasion, one where many of our childhood memories can be relived in a new shell! Turtles in Time: Reshelled will be released on the Xbox 360, with both online and offline 4-player co-op! Ubisoft promised a remake of the original Turtles in Time, as well as "extras" to keep things fresh.
Speaking of extras, IGN got a hands on demonstration which included a mode called "survival mode", which suggests relentless hordes of enemies to keep us busy! We look forward to other surprises yet to be revealed in this highly anticipated remake.
Unfortunately, the Playstation Network users will have to wait until an unannounced "later this year" date, we'll be sure to keep you posted.
Thanks to Tino for the tip!

domain: news


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Aker Kvaerner to Provide Drilling Equipment to Frontier Drilling
Aker Kvaerner has been awarded a contract by Frontier Drilling USA Inc for delivery of a drilling equipment to the Frontier Peregrine II drillship. The total contract value for Aker Kvaerner is approximately US $17 million.
"We are happy to be awarded this contract with Frontier. Together with other recent contracts, this award again confirms Aker Kvaerner MH's position in the drilling equipment supply market," says Roald Amundsen, President of Aker Kvaerner MH.
The equipment package will be delivered in 2007.
- Kvaerner Sees Rising Revenues, Better Margins in 4Q (Feb 14)
- Reliance Fires Up Gas Production from India's KG-D6 Block (Apr 02)
- Sonardyne Snags Life-of-Field Contract for Petrobras' Cascade, Chinook (Feb 18)
Company: Frontier Drilling ASA more info
- Noble Expands, Enhances Global Fleet with Frontier Acquisition (Jun 28)
- Shell Continues Evacuations from Western Gulf of Mexico Operations (Jun 28)
- Noble Nourishing Relationship With Shell (Jun 28)


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General description: Wank
Unfortunately, "Wank" does not yet have a general description. Your valuable travel experience is needed. Help other guests by providing objective and detailed information.
Size of the rooms, general cleanliness, good knowledge of foreign languages, size of the bathroom, friendly staff
good knowledge of foreign languages, friendly staff, Leisure opportunities in the area, cleanliness in restaurant, room cleanliness


Michael Reedstaff biosend email
A $1 million lawsuit was filed against the St. Johns County School Board Monday because a student who sexually harassed another on campus was not transferred.
According to the lawsuit, the harassment occurred in a bathroom at Sebastian Middle School on April 30, 1999. Richard Rumrell, the victim's attorney, said the assailant was convicted of felony lewd and lascivious assault and sentenced to 12 months probation. The State Attorney's Office could not be reached to corroborate the charge.
The parents of the victim, whose identity is being withheld by The Record, wanted their child's assailant to be transferred to another school. But the School Board decided the appropriate action would be to make sure the two children were separated.
''We acted with the best information we had at the time, and we decided the removal of the child was not warranted,'' said Mark Lewis, principal of Sebastian Middle School. ''We understand their concern, but we have to be fair to all parties involved.''
Tracy Upchurch, the School Board's attorney, declined to comment.
''We haven't seen the lawsuit, but we take all of these matters very seriously,'' Upchurch said.
But he did say that million dollar cases such as this are not filed against the School Board often.
The victim's mother said her son, who was 12 at the time of the incident, deteriorated mentally afterwards.
She said he was subjected to further taunting by the assailant because they were in the same school.
''He's very depressed,'' she said. ''He's living in a fantasy world because he can't put all the pieces back together as to what's happened to him.''
This lawsuit comes within weeks of the state Legislature looking at a bill introduced by state Rep. Dick Kravitz, R-Orange Park, that could prevent future civil action in cases like this.
Among other things, House Bill 267 would prohibit a victim and assailant from attending the same school after a court finds the assailant guilty of certain crimes like sexual offenses.
''We don't want the victim to be victimized again,'' Kravitz said.
Kravitz introduced the legislation after a battery case involving two students in Orange Park.
The defendants in the local case are Lewis, the School Board and board members Judith Ham, Judy Krug, Tommy Allen and Richard Burton.
Superintendent Hugh Balboni would not comment about the action the board would take. He said he had not seen the official complaint. However, he said he ''disagreed with the allegations.''
''Most of the allegations have not been substantiated,'' Balboni said. ''The truth will be determined through the judicial process.''
The family is asking for $1 million because they want to send their son to a special program run by Tulane University in Louisiana that would cost $15,000 a month.
''We feel we have no choice at this point but to file our lawsuit,'' said attorney J. Stephen Alexander, who is also representing the family.
The mother said her son remained a student at Sebastian Middle School until Oct. 13, 1999, when her son and his assailant were accidentally put in the same room together for an hour. Her son has been in private schools or Baptist Medical Center in Jacksonville ever since he left the St. Johns County public school system, she said.
The plaintiffs in the lawsuit also include the siblings of the victim. Rumrell said the victim did things to his siblings after the incident that caused him to be sent to Baptist Medical Center via the Baker Act to address his mental problems.
Rumrell said he hopes the School Board will direct their insurance company to pay for the victim's treatment as part of a settlement.
The mother said her first priority is to get treatment for her son. But she also wants the School Board to be held responsible for the protection of its students.
She said the School Board didn't realize the impact her son's assailant had on the family.
''I was angry,'' she said when asked how she felt when she first heard about the incident. ''Angry that I could send my child to public school and have this happen. I felt his pain.''
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DescriptionGreat for historical projects, this Martha Washington costume includes a blue dress with attached white shall, and a cap. Add a colonial style wig and you'll be prepared for any upcoming historical plays or presentations.
- Dress with attached shawl


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Holy grail vintage Versace jeans couture embroidered mini dress. Such a beautiful piece, stretch fitted body, embroidered medusa up front in sparkly stitching. Circa early 90s- some faint marks/ blemishes present on body of the dress- please see images and consider wear before purchasing.
Best fit size XS, petite frame - very short. Fabric has lots of stretch. Please consider measurements to better determine size.
Approximate measurements taken laying flat, in inches
Pit to pit 13”


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In a Verzuzbattle celebrating the legacy of 1990s R&B, the ladies of Xscape and SWV went head-to-head. Keeping that momentum, the women are going to Bravo again in hopes to reunite again in preparation for a show that promises to reignite their music careers.
The Mona Scott-Young/Monami production, which was tentatively titled, was described via Deadline as a high-stakes limited series that will reveal how much is at stake for LaTocha Scott-Bivens, Tamika Scott, Kandi Burruss, Tameka Tiny Harris, Cheryl Coko Gamble, Tamara Taj Johnson-George, and LeAnne Lelee Lyons as they navigate varying stages of their lives.
On Saturday, May 7, Xscape reunited onstage at the Mary J. Bliges Strength Of A Woman Festival and Summit. Each ensemble wearing different colored vibrant, monochromatic ensembles sang through their timeless songs, Who Can I Run To, Just Kickin It, and My Little Secret in full effect. During their set, they brought their mothers onstage to honor them with special plaques, bouquets of flowers, and a intimate rendition of Understanding.
The multi-part reality series was successful on Thursday (May 12) and is expected to premiere this Winter. Additional details have yet to be revealed.


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CAN HOMEOPATHY HELP WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS?
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the pancreas.
The symptoms are very much like the symptoms of other conditions like: IBS or colitis. This is because the digestive organs are all, well, there, more or less in the same spot. Therefore, unless tests and scans are done, it is difficult to tell which organ is at the origin of the problem.
From the homeopathic point of view, the symptoms and the sensation is what we are really looking at, which, in a way, makes things simpler.
-pain in the upper abdomen
-bloating of the stomach
The root causes of pancreatitis are still unknown, according to conventional western medicine.
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda and other ancient form of natural medicine know that stress, anger or grief are usually related to digestive issues in general. In TCM, for example, the liver is the seat of the emotions and suppressed anger or stress for a sunstained period of time, can affect liver function. In turn, an unhealthy diet full of fatty foods and alcohol, can overburden the liver, making digestion sluggish and affect the mood and even brain function.
THE HOMEOPATHIC APPROACH
As usual, homeopathy treats the individual, not the condition. Patients with digestive issues, usually come to see me after extensive medical tests and scans, however, these are often inconclusive and the patient is left in doubt as to the exact diagnosis. Like I said previously, the pancreas may not be the only affected organ and the symptoms can be confused with other conditions.
One symptom that is always present, however, is long term suppression of emotional issues. It is interesting to hear during the consultation, how the symptoms started shortly after a traumatic event, like a divorce or after starting a very stressful job for example.
One of the principles of homeopathy is that dis-ease is never random, there is always a reason for symptoms to manifest in a particular way at a particular time. This is why it is always useful to ask the patient questions in order to create a “timeline”: to see important landmarks, like bereavement, marriage, divorce, new job, losing a job and so on.
A lady in her early forties came to see me, because of chronic pain in her upper abdomen, nausea and bloatedness. She was quite slim, was very careful with her diet, yet, whatever food she tried she felt this nausea. It was so bad that she gradually lost her appetite, her social life suffered, she became depressed. Her doctors could not decide what exactly was wrong: they mentioned inflammation of the pancreas as a possibility and referred her to a nutritionist, but no diet worked.
During the first consultation, she explained how her stomach was always delicate, even as a child, however, she never had any major issues until she found out about her ex-husband affairs.
She was obviously heartbroken and upset, however, she tried to keep the marriage together for the sake of her children, who were quite young then.
Unfortunately, the state of the marriage did not improve and divorce was the only option. She did not regret the divorce, she was trying to move on with her life, however, she still had to co-parent her children with her ex-husband and that was a major source of frustration, as they did not see eye to eye on many issues.
Once again, for the sake of her children, she did her best to present a calm front, even though she really suffered inside and broke down in tears a few times during our consultation.
THE HOMEOPATHIC SOLUTION
The physical symptoms were clearly an indication that her digestive system was badly affected and the suppressed emotional turmoil she had lived through for so many years was possibly the root cause of that.
For that reason, I gave her the remedy Ignatia Amara, which is a very well known homeopathic remedy that helps with grief and generally physical symptoms from receiving bad news.
It is not a coincidence that Ignatia Amara has also an affinity with the digestive system. The typical picture of Ignatia presented to students of homeopathy is that of a teenager who suffers a great disappointment in love: the depression/anger can also manifest in loss of appetite (Ignatia is one remedy successfully given for some cases of anorexia) or the opposite: excessive comfort eating. Stomach pain, nausea when receiving bad news are also common symptoms covered by this remedy.
This lady had obviously been disappointed in her marriage; worse: betrayed and she had to stuff her emotions inside in order to keep a steady home life for her children.
The remedy started to improve her mood at first: at the follow up session she looked much brighter, there were no tears this time and she was looking forward to meeting someone for a date. Two months after starting taking Ignatia, her appetite improved, she could finally enjoy eating out again. I did not need to see her a third time, as she happily announced that her digestion issues were now under control and she felt happy! I simply advised her to stop taking the remedy and that was the last time I saw her!
It is important to understand that, in homeopathy, you stop taking the remedy once you feel better or the symptoms are completely gone. It is what I call “quit while you are winning”. Compare that with conventional western medicine that tells you to take this or that drug for the rest of your life, when you have a chronic issue.
To book your Free 20 minute Assessment Session with me, click here

domain: health


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The holiday season can mean good feelings for some of us but for others it can be a challenging time.
Some people deal with seasonal depression from the cold, dark winter days. Some people have financial stress from increased heating bills. Some people feel more depressed and others have increased anxiety.
The pandemic has also intensified stressors for some people. There can be feelings of isolation while navigating differing opinions among friends and neighbors.
Everyone’s situation is different and so are their needs, says Ashley Kawashima, Behavioral Health Clinician with Petersburg Mental Health Services. She along with PMHS Office Manager, Becky Turland, spoke with KFSK’s Angela Denning about the holiday season. Kawashima says there are some creative ways people are coping this year.
A 24-hour hotline for people needing to talk is 1-800-suicide or 1-800-273-talk. That’s 1-800-784-2433 or 1-800-273-8255. You can also live chat online.
For people who feel better when they are giving, there is a Tournament of Giving going on hosted by PMHS and the after school program Kinderskog. It’s a donation collection program with drop boxes at Kinderskog, the school district, Anchor Properties, and at the PMHS office. They are accepting gently used clothing as well as non-perishable foods.
Long Term Care is also collecting all kinds of photographs from community members to share with their residents. Another gift is just waving at residents at Mountain View Manor.
In late January, Petersburg will hold its fourth annual Project Connect where local service providers and resources can connect with people who are struggling. More information on those details will be coming out in January.

domain: psychology


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Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) and NTPC ltd are planning to set up a Joint Venture Company for Renewable Energy business. The two Maharatnas entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 21 May 2020 in Delhi to formalize this arrangement. The MoU will enable both companies to achieve their targets in Renewable Energy business.
The MOU was signed by ONGC Director (Finance) and In-charge Business Development and Joint Ventures Mr. Subhash Kumar and Director (Commercial) NTPC, Mr. A K Gupta. ONGC CMD Mr. Shashi Shanker and NTPC CMD Mr. Gurdeep Singh (on Virtual conferencing) along with the Directors of two public enterprises witnessed the occasion.


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Canada’s Port of Prince Rupert reported loaded container volume soared 33.1 percent in July on Thursday, an unusually strong expansion that came as most North American ports are showing lacklust
Or, for unlimited access to timely news and analysis:
Not registered with JOC.com? Create an account now. Once signed up, read FIVE articles every thirty days for free.

domain: economics


text:
Dog Picture Books For Kids
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Free Shipping over R400 anywhere in SA!
Ensure your dog gets rest in style and comfort in this padded grey cord oval sleeper with a soft, luxury plush inner!
Stylish and modern for today's home.
Notify me when this product is available:
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Join the Le Pawtique Pet Pamper Club!
Join our Pet Pamper club and learn how to spoil your pet with us. We'll also send you info on sales, special events and the latest pet news.

domain: pet


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Quite the exciting Farmer's Wife week for me, since I shared my first tutorial as a Guest Blogger!
As you can see, we had three blocks this week - number 1, Addie (I made two, since it was 'my' tutorial block), number 57, Margaret and number 62, Milly.
Every possible piece of information you would need to know about my Addie blocks is in my tutorial post, so I'll leave you to click through and read it if you would like to.
Margaret and Milly were released together, as they share a very similar block-construction, whether you choose to sew them with the Marti Michell templates and conversion charts, or by a more traditional HST method. I used Marti's templates, as I had a little fussy-cutting to do for each of the blocks. I finally had the perfect block for my long-stashed 'Margaret' fabric!
And I don't have any 'Milly' fabric, but I DO have 'Amelia', thanks to Sarah Jane's gorgeous Out to Sea range.
If you'd like to learn a few tips and tricks for sewing Addie, Margaret and Milly, click through to read the tutorial posts by Angie and Kirsty. And remember that each Sunday, Angie hosts a linky-party on her blog, so you can take a little time to click through and see all the gorgeous blocks everyone has been making this week:
Addie - Angie
We've now sewn 15 blocks out of 99! - I wonder how many more we will sew by the end of the year. Hope you have a lovely weekend, whatever it is you are doing. I'm really hoping to get to Finders' Keepers at some stage over the weekend, so I can make a big dent in my Christmas shopping. xoxo cat

domain: hobby


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|Publication number||US20100026307 A1|
|Application number||US 12/185,286|
|Publication date||Feb 4, 2010|
|Priority date||Aug 4, 2008|
|Also published as||US8072224|
|Publication number||12185286, 185286, US 2010/0026307 A1, US 2010/026307 A1, US 20100026307 A1, US 20100026307A1, US 2010026307 A1, US 2010026307A1, US-A1-20100026307, US-A1-2010026307, US2010/0026307A1, US2010/026307A1, US20100026307 A1, US20100026307A1, US2010026307 A1, US2010026307A1|
|Inventors||Jared Michael Farnsworth|
|Original Assignee||Jared Michael Farnsworth|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Classifications (9), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Embodiments of the present invention are generally directed to methods of predicting the future performance of electrochemical devices, and are specifically directed to predicting the future performance of fuel cell stacks and individual fuel cells therein in order to ascertain fuel cell degradation and/or the need for replacement of a fuel cell stack or individual fuel cells.
As a background, current fuel cells, fuel cell stacks, battery cells, and battery pack monitoring methods analyze individual cells or overall stack/pack performance for real time performance characteristics, but do not give an indication of future performance. Accordingly, improved real time methods of detecting future performance of fuel cells, which would determine when fuel cells should be replaced, are desirable.
In accordance with one embodiment, a method of analyzing future performance for a fuel cell stack is provided. The method comprises: a) generating a first polarization curve by experimentally measuring the voltage of a fuel cell stack across a current range at a first interval, b) dividing the current range into a plurality of discrete current ranges, c) obtaining an average voltage value for each discrete current range, d) fitting all average voltage values onto a first average polarization curve, e) conducting steps a) through d) at a second interval to produce a second average polarization curve, f) comparing the first average polarization curve to the second polarization curve to measure the drop in voltage from the first interval to the second interval, wherein the voltage drop corresponds to an amount of degradation of the fuel cell stack, and g) utilizing the measured drop in voltage between the first and second polarization curves to predict the polarization of the fuel cells at future time intervals.
According to another embodiment, a method of analyzing future performance for individual fuel cells in a fuel cell stack is provided. The method comprises: a) generating a first polarization curve by experimentally measuring the voltage of each individual cell in a fuel cell stack across a current range at a first interval, b) dividing the current range into a plurality of discrete current ranges, c) obtaining an average voltage value for each discrete current range, d) e) selecting a current value, f) obtaining the voltage value for each individual fuel cell at that selected current value, g) conducting steps a) through f) at a second interval to produce a second set of voltage values for each individual fuel cell at that selected current value, h) comparing the first individual fuel cell voltages to the second individual fuel cell voltages to measure the drop in voltage from the first interval to the second interval, wherein the voltage drop corresponds to an amount of fuel cell degradation, and i) utilizing the measured drop in voltage between the first and second individual fuel cell voltages to predict the polarization of the individual fuel cells at future time intervals.
According to yet another embodiment, fuel cell performance may be predicted for both the fuel stack and individual fuel cells using a combination of the above embodiments.
These and additional objects and advantages provided by the embodiments of the present invention will be more fully understood in view of the following detailed description, in conjunction with the drawings.
The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present invention can be best understood when read in conjunction with the drawings enclosed herewith. The drawing sheets include:
The embodiments set forth in the drawings are illustrative in nature and not intended to be limiting of the invention defined by the claims. Moreover, individual features of the drawings and the invention will be more fully apparent and understood in view of the detailed description.
Referring generally to the flow chart of
After the first polarization curve is obtained, the present method selects discrete current ranges 10 as shown in
Referring to FIG. ID, the first polarization curve 30 and the second polarization curve 40 is plotted on the same graph. As shown in the embodiment of
When determining when a fuel cell and/or a fuel cell stack needs to be maintained, replaced, etc, the present model may set a predefined threshold value that defines an acceptable degree of voltage produced or an acceptable voltage drop. If a voltage of a fuel cell or fuel cell stack is predicted to meet or exceed the predefined threshold, the model will instruct the user when and what should be maintained, replaced, etc In one exemplary embodiment, a technician may download the average polarization curve data at first and second time intervals, and then analyze the data (e.g., by running a macro). If any cell is predicted to fall below standards before the next maintenance period, thereby causing performance issues, the technician may then decide to perform maintenance, replace the cell, etc before the next maintenance period.
In addition to predicting the future performance of the fuel cell stack, the present model may also predict the future performance of each fuel cell in the fuel cell stack as shown in
In a further embodiment, the model may locate individual fuel cells having a drop in voltage between the first and second intervals that is greater than an acceptable threshold value. Corrosion within the fuel cell stack may impact some individual fuel cells more than others, thus pinpointing fuel cells which are degrading at a more rapid rate is desirable. Replacing one cell inside a fuel cell stack is generally more economical than replacing the entire stack.
As shown in the flow chart of
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention are identified herein as preferred or particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present invention is not necessarily limited to these preferred aspects of the invention.
|Cooperative Classification||H01M8/04559, G01N27/4163, H01M8/04992, Y02E60/50|
|European Classification||G01N27/416D, H01M8/04H4K2D, H01M8/04H8|
|Oct 2, 2008||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AME
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FARNSWORTH, JARED MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:021622/0514
Effective date: 20080821
|Jan 18, 2012||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION, JAPAN
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Any graphic card which supports hp 09e8h cpu Tags: CPUs Graphics Cards Support Hewlett Packard Last response: October 9, 2010 1:09 PM in CPUs Share anil2009gupta October 9, 2010 7:40:03 AM any brand graphic card which can support hp o9e8h model cpu More about : graphic card supports 09e8h cpu rolli59 a c 574 à CPUs a c 887 U Graphics card October 9, 2010 1:09:11 PM That number does not turn up any specific products results on HP´s website! More information is needed. Can't find your answer ? Ask ! Publish Related resources: Forum09e8h ForumWhich graphic card will be suitable for hp dc7600 ultra slim desktop ForumHow do i know which graphic card supports my mother board ForumWhich Graphics Card Supports 6 Monitors? ForumPriorize Graphic Card or CPU : HP G62-140ES or Pavilion dv6-2120es? ForumThis motherboard supports which graphics card . help!!! ForumNeed a cheap graphics card that supports pixel shading 3.0! ForumGame requesting "graphics card which supports shader model 3 " ForumHP Slimline S5-1358 Support Sapphire 7750 Graphic Card ForumHP Slimline S5-1358 Support Sapphire 7750 Graphic Card ForumHelp: Which graphic card to choose for an HP pre-configured desktop ForumWhich graphic card is supported for my motherboard?? ForumHP P6130F - Graphic Card & Power Supply inquiry ForumBest Graphics Card for HP XW4600 MW Black OPS 2 ForumWhich is better faster ghz or larger graphic card ForumLooking for sound card suggestion ForumWhich operating systems support Intel i7 Processor Forum[Solved] PCI Express 2.0 x16 video card usage ForumQuality audio (bitstream/gaming) ... audio or video card? ForumBest graphic card for Starcraft 2 More resources Read discussions in other CPUs categories AMD Intel Intel i5 Intel i7 Phenom Cooling Performance !


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With Moisture locking, Strengthening & Nourishing
ProVitamin B5 + Biotin + Botanical Extracts
Restores, Strengthens & Conditions
Paraben-Free. Sulfate-Free. pH Balanced.
This ultra hydrating, strengthening shampoo and Conditioner set is enriched with ProVitamin B5 and Biotin, both powerful ingredients that strengthen and nourish fragile, dry or thirsty hair. Infused with seven botanical extracts to soothe and condition the hair and scalp. With regular use, hair will look and feel thicker, healthier and more luxurious. Safe for extensions, colored and chemically-treated hair.
Apply Ultra Hydrating Shampoo on wet hair, lather and massage into scalp. Rinse. Follow with Ultra Hydrating Conditioner.
Biotin - Biotin is a B-complex vitamin that helps with hair health
Calendula Officinalis (Marigold) Flower Extract - Hair and scalp conditioning
Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract: A plant antioxidant with hair and skin soothing and moisture binding properties
Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract - Powerful antioxidant that helps condition scalp and hair while providing some UV
Panthenol - Form of Vitamin B5 that penetrates through the cuticle of the hair and acts as a powerful humectant that helps hair
Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice - Saturated with essential vitamins and minerals that help heal scalp, add sheen, luster and shine while fighting frizz and restoring hair back to proper health
Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract - Scalp conditioning and soothing
Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract & Oil: Wonderful skin antioxidant that helps stimulate circulation and promotes a more even skin tone. Also has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties

domain: chemistry


On this edition of #YODM, Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore discuss Kobe Bryant's retirement announcement, recap the highlights from the NFL weekend, Kevin Owens calls out Brock Lesnar and Stone Cold has some advice for Cesaro.
Enjoy this special edition of Your Opinion Doesn't Matter: Best of the First 80 episodes. This show includes: The Most Unlikely WWE Champions in History, Rotten Tomatoes Game covering the first decade of the 2000's, Favorite WWE Divas of All Time, Wrestling Jeopardy, Rotten Tomatoes Game Horror Films and Rotten Tomatoes in Space.
Brad Gilmore and Matt Topolski discuss Mick Foley's condemning comments regarding the recent WWE product, they discussed the problem with part-time NFL officials and is it Fantasy Sports or Gambling?
In this edition of #YODM Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore discuss a WWE Survivor Series preview and the breaking news regarding Bret Hart's Sports Illustrated article in which he discusses Triple H, bad booking, Seth Rollins injuring workers and more!
Brad Gilmore and Matt Topolski discuss Reality of Wrestling, the end of Ronda Rousey's reign as a UFC champion and the Houston Texans get a huge win on Monday Night Football.
On this edition of #YODM, Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore discuss the latest social justice warrior crusade, the Undertaker appears on the Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon and did WWE turn down the crowd noise in Manchester for RAW on Monday Night?
Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore provide a WWE Raw recap and have a spirited debate regarding the booking of Seth Rollins as WWE Champion. #YODM
Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore discuss the new Starbucks Holiday Cup, Donald Trump's record SNL ratings and a Monday Night RAW preview. #YODM
Friday Show of #YODM with Brad Gilmore and Matt Topolski with an extended update on Seth Rollins, the future of the WWE Title, Survivor Series and the similarities to 1998 Survivor Series: Deadly Game, and CM Punk tweets jabs at WWE and Samoa Joe regarding Wrestlemania. Str
Matt Topolski and Brad Gilmore tackle political correctness, a six year old boy getting suspended from school for shooting an imaginary bow & arrow, and the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance and the outrage surrounding it being voted down in Houston.
Brad Gilmore and Matt Topolski cover Monday Night Raw. Time Magazine released their list of the top 155 potential actors to replace Daniel Craig as Bond, and the hosts give their potential WWE Hall of Fame nominees for the 2016 class. Matt Topolski introduces his own YODM Jobber Hall of Fame.
Brad Gilmore and Matt Topolski return for a super sized edition of YODM covering the Royal's World Series win, the situation between Texans' GM Rick Smith and Bill O'Brien, the future of Ryan Mallett in the NFL, the end of Grantland after Bill Simmons moves on from ESPN and Daniel Craig's comments regarding playing James Bond again.


text: So there's this girl, I want to marry her. I'm just getting into my twenties and my mother tells me people change a lot in their twenties which is why many young marriages don't work out. How have you changed during your twenties? For better? For worse? Thanks.

domain: sociology


As activists of the Indian National Congress (INC) intensified their protests against the Enforcement Directorate's (ED) act of questioning Sonia Gandhi in connection with the National Herald case, a video surfaced today that purportedly showed cops pulling Youth Congress leader Srinivas BV's hair. In a video he shared on social media, Srinivas was heard complaining.
Once he was out of the police van, Srinivas told reporters, "I was hit." But was he manhandled?
Earlier, of course, the video showed some security personnel pushing Srinivas BV into the van. "Aap log kyun maar rahe? (Why are you hitting me?)" the Youth Congress president asked, But an RAF cop replied, "Koi nahin maar raha aapko (Nobody is hitting you)."
Police then took Srinivas away from the protest site in the van where he was seen occupying a seat. The Youth Congress leader still tweeted, "In independent India, if Congress workers cannot even come outside their party headquarters, then what's the point of democracy? Why is the dictator so afraid?"
The INC is holding a nationwide 'satyagraha' to protest against party interim president Sonia Gandhi's questioning in the National Herald case of money laundering.
Delhi Police detained Sonia Gandhi's son and former INC head Rahul Gandhi and several other party MPs after they gathered at Vijay Chowk in the capital to march towards the Rashtrapati Bhavan to draw the president's attention to the alleged misuse of central agencies by the union government.
"India is a police state, Modi is a king," Rahul Gandhi alleged. Before being detained he said, "All (Congress) MPs came here. They talked about inflation and unemployment. They (Police) are not allowing us to sit here. Discussions are not allowed inside (the Parliament) and here they are arresting us."
The cops detained the INC MPs at the Kingsway Police camp, which they had initially not divulged.
Reporters who talked to Delhi Police personnel at Vijay Chowk said no activist was manhandled. They said pressing the head of a detainee into a police van gently was a part of their standard operating procedure, but that was not the official statement of the force. Delhi Police said later, "We are trying to identify the staff. Disciplinary action would be initiated against the staff after identification."


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Classroom facts don’t often come into play in Tools of Destruction. The game takes place in a decidedly fictional setting, and the events of the game lean more towards being cartoony than anything else. Players are given access to a minimap during the course of the game, which will prove extremely useful in finding the various hidden areas and items strewn through the game.
Creativity & Imagination
By the Gamer:
Tools of Destruction is for the most part a fairly linear game. There are a number of hidden areas and items for players to discover, and players are free to revisit completed stages to explore with new abilities. Real opportunities for player creativity, though, come from combat. The number of weapons and items players have access to can eventually exceed two dozen, and that each weapon has its own level and optional enhancements only broadens the number of options available. The weapons are so varied that each player will have his own set of favorites, and players can even choose how to upgrade each weapon individually. Each weapon works in a different way, and choosing between different weapons also means choosing between different play styles. So, while Tools of Destruction is linear in the progression of its plot, the simple number of weapons and items available to the player ensures that each player will have a unique experience.
By the Developer:
Insomniac Games has been developing Ratchet games for some time now, and Tools of Destruction marks the series’ leap from the PS2 to the PS3 and it shows! Tools of Destruction is one of the best-looking titles around, featuring both the quality and style of many big-budget computer-generated movies. It also takes the storyline of the game to unusual heights, expanding on the usual "save the galaxy" theme by focusing also on Ratchet’s history. The story eventually begins to revolve around the history of the Lombax race, of which Ratchet seems to be the lone survivor, and it becomes clear before long that protagonist Percival Tachyon harbors some kind of grudge against Ratchet.
In the end, Tools of Destruction is more of the same, but that’s not a bad thing, and the new weapons, gameplay twists and storyline keep the game feeling fresh and make it a competent entry to the series.
Tools of Destruction features light use of business skills. Players buy weapons, items and armor using the in-game currency of bolts. Players also collect a second resource called raritanium. It can be brought to various vendors and spent on upgrading weapons. Each small enhancement to each weapon costs a certain amount of raritanium, and the more powerful a weapon is the more expensive each enhancement is, making the decision between improving your current weapons and saving up to enhance more powerful weapons one that challenges the player frequently.
People skills are not a factor in Tools of Destruction. There is no multiplayer, and the main game is linear and features a small number of dialogues over which the player has no control.
For the most part, problems in Tools of Destruction stem from combat. Various weapons are effective in different situations, and some enemies can’t be harmed at all by certain weapons, meaning that skilled players will switch weapons depending on the situation at hand.
Traveling throughout levels is another probably frequently presented. The are several platforming segments strewn through many levels, and occasionally levels will require players to solve some more unique puzzles. A few, for example, give players access to an item that creates gigantic blocks of gel which they can use to bounce to higher areas. There are also several levels that have players control a solo Clank. These levels tend to be short but interesting, as Clank enlists the help of small ghost-like creatures to help him cross gaps, fight off enemies or repair machines. These sections help spice things up, and frequent gameplay variations will keep players interested at all times.
Tools of Destruction is not a simulation game.
Tools of Destruction was well-received at its release, with review scores averaging just under 90%. It is generally considered one of the best Playstation 3 games released in 2007.
Controls & Options
The game features several humorous unlockable options, including the option to play as other characters than Ratchet or the option to give enemies gigantic heads. It also features standard audio/visual options.
Tools of Destruction received an E10+ from the ESRB with descriptors for Alcohol Reference, Animated Blood,Crude Humor, Fantasy Violence andLanguage.


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Acharya New Poster: Chiranjeevi unveils new poster on Ram Charan's birthday
Last Saturday, the makers of Acharya released the first look poster of the film. Ram Charan’s father and actor Chiranjeevi, who will share the screen with his son in Acharya, shared the poster on social media. The film is slated for theatrical release on May 13. .
Last Saturday, the makers of Acharya released the first look poster of the film. Ram Charan’s father and actor Chiranjeevi, who will share the screen with his son in Acharya, shared the poster on social media. The film is slated for theatrical release on May 13.
The poster shows Ram Charan and Chiranjeevi walking side-by-side. Ram will be playing a full-length role as Chiranjeevi’s on-screen son for the first time in this much-awaited film. Prior to Acharya, Chiranjeevi did a cameo in Ram Charan’s 2015 Telugu movie Bruce Lee: The Fighter.
The Koratala Siva directorial is bankrolled by Ram Charan under the banner of Konidela Production Company, along with Niranjan Reddy who will be producing it under the banner of Matinee Entertainment. Kajal Aggarwal will be seen as the female lead in Acharya.
The movie will also star other actors such as Pooja Hegde, Sonu Sood, Jisshu Sengupta, Saurav Lokesh, Kishore, Tanikella Bharani and Ajay in important roles. Actor Regina Cassandra will appear for a cameo role in a song in Acharya.
The production for Acharya initially began in January 2020 but the filming was halted in March due to the coronavirus pandemic. The production later resumed in November 2020. The film was predominantly shot in Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad.
Earlier on Friday, the makers of the big-budget period film RRR, released a new poster unveiling Ram Charan’s look in the movie, ahead of his birthday. Ram Charan will be seen as Alluri Sitarama Raju in RRR. Sharing the poster on Twitter, RRR director SS Rajamouli wrote, “The man of bravery, honour and integrity. Presenting my #AlluriSitaRamaraju to you all... #RRR #RRRMovie .”
The man of bravery, honour and integrity. Presenting my #AlluriSitaRamaraju to you all... 🔥 #RRR #RRRMovie @tarak9999 @AlwaysRamCharan @ajaydevgn @aliaa08 @oliviamorris891 @RRRMovie @DVVMovies pic.twitter.com/uEFLFp8bDX— rajamouli ss (@ssrajamouli) March 26, 2021
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Vivek Agnihotri plans to make sequel to his film-'Kashmir Files'
30 November 2022
Aditi Prabhudeva got married to Yashas Patla
29 November 2022
Gold Movie Review : All that glitters is not gold!
03 December 2022


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London’s Deputy Mayor has called on households in the capital to take advantage of schemes being operated across the capital and recycle their Christmas Trees. Richard Barnes, London’s second most senior politician, was in Trafalgar Square this morning to help recycle London’s most iconic Christmas Tree and was joined by young people from the theatre company, Chickenshed.
All 33 London boroughs are now offering Christmas tree recycling services with many offering a home collection service. Around half of the capital’s councils are opening special drop off points to collect Christmas trees.
Mr Barnes said said he was “delighted to be joined by members of Chickenshed to remind Londoners of all the services that the boroughs provide for the recycling of our Christmas trees.”
“We can all make our new year’s resolution for 2009 to be as green as possible by making sure we recycle all of our festive rubbish”
Mary Ward, Artistic Director, Chickenshed said the organisation “is committed to recycling its waste, reducing its environmental footprint and coming up with innovative ways to encourage all staff and membership to think about greener ways to live.”
For details of recycling services available in your borough visit www.recycleforlondon.com


Tohatsu Coil Spring
Spiral for Conveyor
Example of materials, we are using stainless steel, silicon chrome steel, piano wire, and hard drawn steel wire. We hold a wealth of linear round cross-section material, corner cross section material. By using spring wire, durability is increased for wear.
It is possible to make a lengthy spiral with one wire, so it can be gain stable strength without a join. We are able to meet your requests through our custom order system for these products.
We look forward to assisting you. Feel free to contact us by filling the form below.
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text:
If you—or a family member or friend—are having thoughts about suicide, resources are available to help. Please contact the Suicide Prevention Hotline at 800-273-TALK or 800-273-8255.
Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States, according to the National Institute on Mental Health. It is a serious mood disorder that causes severe symptoms that can affect the way an individual feels, thinks and handles daily activities such as sleeping, eating or working. To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least two weeks.
Depression—even the most severe cases of depression—can be treated. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it is—and licensed professional counselors can help.
The American Counseling Association assembled the resources below to serve as background material in helping clients dealing with depression.
PRACTICE BRIEFS AND OTHER RESOURCES
The ACA Center for Counseling Practice, Policy and Research offers Practice Briefs for ACA members. Practice Briefs, written by scholars in the counseling profession, are research-based summaries of best practices, evidence-based practices and research-based approaches covering a wide variety of client-presenting issues and counseling topics. Each Practice Brief is several pages in length, includes references and has been peer-reviewed by two co-editors before being accepted for publication. The Practice Briefs, which are available to ACA members only, include:
DSM-5 Depressive, Anxiety, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Speakers: Stephanie F. Dailey EdD, Casey A. Barrio Minton PhD, Shannon Karl PhD, Carman S. Gill PhD
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth: Family Acceptance and Emotional Development
Speakers: Julie Basulto
Youth at Risk
, 7th edition
Edited by David Capuzzi and Douglas R. Gross
In the latest edition of this best-selling text, distinguished counselors David Capuzzi and Douglas Gross, along with 24 experts in the field, provide a prevention-intervention paradigm to address contemporary issues facing today's youth. Written from a systemic perspective, this book offers guidance in helping teens who are struggling with the complex challenges that can be brought on by peers, family members and difficult social environments.
Part 1 presents information on at-risk population identification, causal factors of problematic behaviors and promotion of resiliency in youth. Part 2 examines the development of at-risk behaviors relating to dysfunctional family dynamics, low self-esteem, depression, mood disorders, and stress and trauma. Part 3 explores the behaviors most often identified as placing youth at risk, such as eating disorders, suicidal preoccupation, teen sexuality, gang membership, school violence, substance abuse, homelessness, school dropout and bullying, as well as the unique strengths of, and stressors faced by, multiracial and LGBTQ youth. Case studies illustrate prevention efforts from individual, family, school and community perspectives. Text sidebars create greater reader self-awareness and enhance the understanding of the concepts, skills and applications of the chapter material.
Mastering the Art of Solution-Focused Counseling
, Second Edition
By Jeffrey T. Guterman
The most current trends in solution-focused counseling are explored in the latest edition of this updated and expanded text. Dr. Guterman provides a comprehensive and straightforward discussion of solution-focused theory and describes how the model can be used throughout the therapeutic process. Clinical techniques and detailed case studies illustrate counseling with clients experiencing a range of problems, including depression, substance abuse, grief, morbid jealousy and trichotillomania. New chapters and sections in this edition address anxiety, eating disorders, migraine headache, psychosis, spiritual and religious problems, self-injurious behavior and suicide. Additional features include excerpts of dialogue from actual counseling sessions, sample forms and supplementary materials and troubleshooting tips for getting unstuck in difficult cases. The final chapter, titled "The Future of Solution-Focused Counseling," considers new directions for the model and developments in research, clinical settings and technology.

domain: medical


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Rizzo Posted April 4, 2020 Share Posted April 4, 2020 Site URL: https://benrizzo.com Hello, I have just relaunched my website to show my artwork! Please take a look and let me know what you think. I have a few more ideas up in the air like adding a tab for art education and private lessons, and also links to art products. Cheers, Ben Link to comment
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By Chris Agabi
Morgan Stanley Capital International, (a provider of benchmark indexes and multi-portfolio analysis tools) announced the reclassification of MSCI Nigeria indexes from Frontier Markets to Standalone Market Status.
This means MSCI will delete each Nigerian security from the MSCI Frontier Markets Indexes at a price that is effectively zero. This comes after FTSE Russell reclassified Nigeria’s equity country classification to unclassified from frontier markets on September 8, 2023.
The implication for Nigeria is that whoever brings in his money is on his own due to persistent fx liquidity issues and difficulty in repatriating investments. This is in spite the CBN’s assurances that foreign investors will be able to repatriate their funds after investing in Nigeria.
The MSCI Nigeria Index is designed to measure the performance of the large and mid cap segments of the Nigerian market.


Jardim da Alameda do Senhor da Pedra
A large space with a garden, a lawn, dunes and a soccerl and basketball field with a synthetic floor. It has a playground with coloured wooden equipments. It also has a small amphitheatre and four fountains with waterspouts.
Alameda do Senhor da Pedra
- Easy external parking
- Tables & benches, Bar/snack-bar, Playground, Restaurant, Sports practice enabled
Gardens near Jardim da Alameda do Senhor da Pedra
Jardim da Biblioteca Pública Municipal de Vila Nova de Gaia
Although it is close to the city centre, this garden offers some relaxing moments.
Jardim da Casa da Família Barbot
Surrounding a manor of the beginning of the 20th century (art nouveau style), the garden of the Barbot Family's House features influences from the 19th century…
Jardim da Rua das Flores
A lovely garden, lwith lawns and trees, earth paths and a porch with benches.
Jardim da Rua do Capitão Leitão
A large garden with lawns, trees and a modern style fountain, a playground and an open air amphitheatre.


Byrd Returns to Rooster's Wife in Aberdeen
The Rooster's Wife brings national touring singer songwriter Jonathan Byrd back to Aberdeen Sunday, Jan. 17, for an evening of acoustic music.
The music starts at 7 p.m. with the doors opening at 6 p.m. for this evening of soup and a song. The admission of $12 includes music, soup from the Aberdeen Cafe; and fresh bread from the Bakehouse.
Poplar Knight Spot is located one block east of U.S. 1 on Knight Street in downtown Aberdeen
Folk legend Tom Paxton discovered Jonathan Byrd's music and sent him a quick e-mail, saying, "What a treat to hear someone so deeply rooted in tradition, yet growing in his own beautiful way."
For his third album, Byrd approached his friends, the critically acclaimed world-music duo Dromedary, often featured on National Public Radio's All Things Considered.
"The Sea and The Sky" is the result, a vast, poetic suite of music that weds world sounds to deeply rooted folk balladry.
A native of Chapel Hill, Byrd grew up singing in the Southern Baptist church, where his father preached and his mother played piano. After four years in the Navy, he returned to Chapel Hill to play in rock bands in that legendary underground music scene.
A friend of Byrd's invited him to an old-time fiddle festival in the mountains of southwest Virginia, where his writing began to change. Assimilating the sounds of Southern traditional music, Byrd wrote new songs in an ancient style.
One of those first songs was "Velma," a murder ballad based on the true story of Velma Barfield, the last woman to be executed in North Carolina (in 1984) and the murderer of Byrd's own grandfather. (This was the track that prompted Tom Paxton to respond so eloquently to Byrd's music.)
As Byrd grows into a contemporary artist of increasing influence, his traditional roots are always evident in his simple, poetic storytelling and classic flatpick guitar style.
The latest release," the Law and the Lonesome," combines excellent poetry with the best in outlaw country tunes.
The Rooster's Wife is a private nonprofit association organized to celebrate the performing arts in Aberdeen. Various levels of sponsorship are available.
Visit www.theroosterswife.org or call (910) 944-7502 for more information.
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Crystallized Gold. Round Mountain Mine, Round Mountain. Round Mountain Mining District.Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
Round Mountain Mine, Round Mountain
Round Mountain Mining District
Toquima Range, Nye Co.
This specimen of Round Mountain Gold features a large leaf with twinned crystals along the surface, and weighs 72 grams. The spinel-law twinned octahedral crystals continuously overlap resulting in a unique texture that resembles lizard skin. This specimen is extremely vibrant with a very appealing true gold color. The crystallized Gold comes with a custom beveled acrylic display mount.
Overall Measurements: 3.52 x 1.40 x 0.59 inches (8.93 x 3.55 x 1.50 cm), weighs 72 grams
[Scale: 1 inch, with mark at 1 cm]
Estimate: $30,000 - $50,000.
Buyer's Premium per Lot:
25% on the first $300,000 (minimum $49), plus 20% of any amount between $300,000 and $3,000,000, plus 12.5% of any amount over $3,000,000 per lot.