US 7155308 B2
A robot obstacle detection system including a robot housing which navigates with respect to a surface and a sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the housing and aimed at the surface for detecting the surface. The sensor subsystem includes an optical emitter which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a photon detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a region. A circuit in communication with a detector redirects the robot when the surface does not occupy the region to avoid obstacles. A similar system is employed to detect walls.
1. A sensor subsystem for an autonomous robot which rides on a surface, the sensor subsystem comprising:
an optical emitter which emits a directed optical beam having a defined field of emission;
a photon detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a region; and
a circuit in communication with the detector providing an output when an object is not present in the region thereby re-directing the autonomous robot.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. A sensor subsystem for an autonomous robot, the sensor subsystem comprising:
at least two emitters, each for emitting a beam having a field of emission toward a surface upon which the autonomous robot travels;
at least two photon detectors, each having a field of view which intersects at least one field of emission at a region; and
a circuit in communication with the detectors to re-direct the autonomous robot when the surface is not present in at least one region.
20. The sensor subsystem of
21. The sensor subsystem of
22. The sensor subsystem of
23. The sensor subsystem of
24. The sensor subsystem of
25. The sensor subsystem of
26. The sensor subsystem of
27. The sensor subsystem of
28. The sensor subsystem of
29. The sensor subsystem of
30. The sensor subsystem of
31. The sensor subsystem of
32. The sensor subsystem of
33. The sensor subsystem of
34. The sensor subsystem of
This application is a continuation-in-part application of patent application Ser. No. 09/768,773 filed Jan. 24, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,844 which claims priority from Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/177,703 filed Jan. 24, 2000. This application is also related to patent application Ser. No. 10/167,851 and International Publication No. WO 02/101477 A2 both incorporated herein by this reference.
This invention relates to an obstacle detection system for an autonomous robot, such as an autonomous cleaning robot.
There is a long felt need for autonomous robotic cleaning devices for dusting, mopping, vacuuming, and sweeping operations. Although technology exists for complex robots which can, to some extent, “see” and “feel” their surroundings, the complexity, expense and power requirements associated with these types of robotic subsystems render them unsuitable for the consumer marketplace.
The assignee of the subject application has devised a less expensive, battery operated, autonomous cleaning robot which operates in two modes: random and wall following. In the random bounce mode, the processing circuitry of the robot causes it to move in a straight line until the robot comes into contact with an obstacle; the robot then turns away from the obstacle and heads in a random direction. In the wall following mode, the robot encounters a wall, follows it for a time, and then returns to the random mode. By using this combination of modes, robotic theory has proven that the floor including the edges thereof is adequately covered in an optimal time resulting in a power savings.
Unfortunately, however, presently available sensor subsystems such as sonar sensors for detecting obstacles on or in the floor or for detecting the wall in order to enter the wall following mode (or to avoid bumping into the wall) are either too complex or too expensive of both. Tactile sensors are inefficient.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a robot obstacle detection system which is simple in design, low cost, accurate, easy to implement, and easy to calibrate.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a robot detection system which prevents an autonomous cleaning robot from driving off a stair or obstacle which is too high.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a robotic wall detection system which is low cost, accurate, easy to implement and easy to calibrate.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a robot wall detection system which effects smoother robot operation in the wall following mode.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a sensor subsystem for a robot which consumes a minimal amount of power.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a sensor subsystem which is unaffected by surfaces of different reflectivity.
The invention results from the realization that a low cost, accurate, and easy to implement system for either preventing an autonomous cleaning robot from driving off a stair or over an obstacle which is too high or too low and/or for more smoothly causing the robot to follow a wall for more thorough cleaning can be effected by intersecting the field of view of a detector with the field of emission of a directed beam at a predetermined region and then detecting whether the floor or wall occupies that region. If the floor does not occupy the predefined region, a stair or some other obstacle is present and the robot is directed away accordingly. If a wall occupies the region, the robot is first turned away from the wall and then turned back towards the wall at decreasing radiuses of curvature until the wall once again occupies the region of intersection to effect smoother robot operation in the wall following mode.
This invention features an autonomous robot comprising a housing that navigates in at least one direction on a surface. A first sensor subsystem is aimed at the surface for detecting obstacles on the surface. A second sensor subsystem is aimed at least proximate the direction of navigation for detecting walls. Each subsystem includes an optical emitter which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a photon detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a finite, predetermined region.
The robot obstacle detection system of this invention features a robot housing which navigates with respect to a surface and a sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the housing and aimed at the surface for detecting the surface. The sensor subsystem includes an optical emitter which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a photon detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a region. A circuit in communication with the detector then redirects the robot when the surface does not occupy the region to avoid obstacles.
Typically, there are a plurality of sensor subsystems spaced from each other on the housing of the robot and the circuit includes logic for detecting whether any detector has failed to detect a beam from an emitter.
In one embodiment, the robot includes a surface cleaning brush. Other embodiments would attach to the robot a buffing brush for floor polishing, a wire brush for stripping paint from a floor, and a sandpaper drum for sanding a surface. The emitter typically includes an infrared light source and the detector then includes an infrared photon detector. A modulator connected to the infrared light source modulates the directed infrared light source beam at a predetermined frequency and photon detector is tuned to that frequency. The emitter usually includes an emitter collimator about the infrared light source for directing the beam and the detector then further includes a detector collimator about the infrared photon detector. The emitter collimator and the detector collimator are preferably angled with respect to the surface to define a finite region of intersection.
The robot wall detection system of this invention includes a robot housing which navigates with respect to a wall and a sensor subsystem having a defined relationship with respect to the housing and aimed at the wall for detecting the presence of the wall. The sensor subsystem includes an emitter which emits a directed beam having a defined field of emission and a detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a region. A circuit in communication with the detector redirects the robot when the wall occupies the region.
In the preferred embodiment, there are a plurality of sensor subsystems spaced from each other on the housing of the robot and the circuit includes logic for detecting whether any detector has detected a beam from an emitter.
The circuit includes logic which redirects the robot away from the wall when the wall occupies the region and back towards the wall when the wall no longer occupies the region of intersection preferably at decreasing radiuses of curvature until the wall once again occupies the region of intersection to effect smooth operation of the robot in the wall following mode.
The sensor subsystem for an autonomous robot which rides on a surface in accordance with this invention includes an optical emitter which emits a directed optical beam having a defined field of emission, a photon detector having a defined field of view which intersects the field of emission of the emitter at a region and a circuit in communication with a detector for providing an output when an object is not present in the region.
If the object is the surface, the output from the circuit causes the robot to be directed to avoid an obstacle. If, on the other hand, the object is a wall, the output from the circuit causes the robot to be directed back towards the wall.
If the object is diffuse, at least one of the detector and the emitter may be oriented normal to the object. Also, an optional lens for the emitter and a lens for the detector control the size and/or shape of the region. A control system may be included and configured to operate the robot in a plurality of modes including an obstacle following mode whereby said robot travels adjacent to an obstacle. Typically, the obstacle following mode comprises alternating between decreasing the turning radius of the robot as a function of distance traveled such that the robot turns toward said obstacle until the obstacle is detected and decreasing the turning radius of the robot as a function of distance traveled such that the robot turns away from said obstacle until the obstacle is no longer detected. In one embodiment, the robot operates in obstacle following mode for a distance greater than twice the work width of the robot and less than approximately ten times the work width of the robot. In one example, the robot operates in obstacle following mode for a distance greater than twice the work width of the robot and less than five times the work width of the robot.
Other objects, features and advantages will occur to those skilled in the art from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which:
Robotic cleaning device 10,
As delineated in the background of the invention, presently available obstacle sensor subsystems useful in connection with robot 10 are either too complex or too expensive or both. Moreover, robot 10,
Accordingly, any obstacle sensor subsystem must be inexpensive, simple in design, reliable, must not consume too much power, and must avoid certain obstacles but properly recognize and traverse obstacles which do not pose a threat to the operation of the robot.
Although the following disclosure relates to cleaning robots, the invention hereof is not limited to such devices and may be useful in other devices or systems wherein one or more of the design criteria listed above are important.
In the simplest embodiment, sensor subsystem 50,
In general, for obstacle avoidance, circuitry is added to the robot and connected to detector 56 to redirect the robot when surface 58 does not occupy the region defining the intersection of the field of emission of emitter 52 and the field of view of detector 56. For wall following, the circuitry redirects the robot when the wall occupies the region defined by the intersection of the field of emission of emitter 52 and the field of view of detector 56. Emitter collimator tube 60 forms directed beam 54 with a predefined field of emission and detector collimator tube 62 defines the field of view of the detector 56.
One potential problem with the configuration shown in
Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment, emitter collimator 60′,
The sensor subsystem is calibrated such that when floor or surface 58′,
By tuning the system to simply redirect the robot when there is no detectable overlap, i.e., when the detector fails to emit a signal, the logic interface required between the sensor subsystem and the control electronics (e.g., a microprocessor) is simple to design and requires no or little signal conditioning. The emitted IR beam may be modulated and the return beam filtered with a matching filter in order to provide robust operation in the presence of spurious signals, such as sunlight, IR-based remote control units, fluorescent lights, and the like. Conversely, for the wall sensor embodiment, the system is tuned to redirect the robot when there is a detectable overlap.
In one embodiment, as shown in
This configuration defined a region of intersection between the field of emission and the field of view 29.00 mm long beginning at the bottom of the robot.
In the design shown in
For wall detection, emitter 102 and detector 100 are arranged as shown in
In another embodiment, detector 116,
The logic of the circuitry associated with the cliff sensor embodiment modulates the emitter at a frequency of several kilohertz and detects any signal from the detector, step 150,
In the wall detection mode, the logic of the circuitry associated with the sensor subsystem modulates the emitter and detects signals from the detector as before, step 170,
As shown in
As shown in
The method used in a preferred embodiment for following the wall is explained with reference to
Once the wall-following operational mode, or WALL FOLLOWING behavior of one preferred embodiment, is initiated (step 1301), the robot first sets its initial value for the steering at r0. The WALL-FOLLOWING behavior then initiates the emit-detect routine in the wall-follower sensor (step 1310). The existence of a reflection for the IR transmitter portion of the sensor translates into the existence of an object within a predetermined distance from the sensor. The WALL-FOLLOWING behavior then determines whether there has been a transition from a reflection (object within range) to a non-reflection (object outside of range) (step 1320). If there has been a transition (in other words, the wall is now out of range), the value of r is set to its most negative value and the robot will veer slightly to the right (step 1325). The robot then begins the emit-detect sequence again (step 1310). If there has not been a transition from a reflection to a non-reflection, the wall-following behavior then determines whether there has been a transition from non-reflection to reflection (step 1330). If there has been such a transition, the value of r is set to its most positive value and the robot will veer slightly left (step 1335).
In the absence of either type of transition event, the wall-following behavior reduces the absolute value of r (step 1340) and begins the emit-detect sequence (step 1310) anew. By decreasing the absolute value of r, the robot 10 begins to turn more sharply in whatever direction it is currently heading. In a preferred embodiment, the rate of decreasing the absolute value of r is a constant rate dependant on the distance traveled.
The wall follower mode can be continued for a predetermined or random time, a predetermined or random distance or until some additional criteria are met (e.g. bump sensor is activated, etc.). In one embodiment, the robot continues to follow the wall indefinitely. In a preferred embodiment, minimum and maximum travel distances are determined, whereby the robot will remain in WALL-FOLLOWING behavior until the robot has either traveled the maximum distance or traveled at least the minimum distance and encountered an obstacle. This implementation of WALL-FOLLOWING behavior ensures the robot spends an appropriate amount of time in WALL-FOLLOWING behavior as compared to its other operational modes thereby decreasing systemic neglect and distributing coverage to all areas. By increasing wall following, the robot is able to move in more spaces, but the robot is less efficient at cleaning any one space. In addition, by tending to exit WALL-FOLLOWING behavior after obstacle detection, the robot increases its perceived effectiveness.
Theoretically, the optimal distance for the robot to travel in WALL-FOLLOWING behavior is a function of room size and configuration and robot size. In a preferred embodiment, the minimum and maximum distance to remain in WALL-FOLLOWING are set based upon the approximate room size, the robots width and a random component, where by the average minimum travel distance is 2 w/p, where w is the width of the work element of the robot and p is the probability that the robot will enter WALL-FOLLOWING behavior in a given interaction with an obstacle. By way of example, in one embodiment, w is approximately between 15 cm and 25 cm, and p is 0.095 (where the robot encounters 6 to 15 obstacles, or an average of 10.5 obstacles, before entering an obstacle following mode). The minimum distance is then set randomly as a distance between approximately 115 cm and 350 cm; the maximum distance is then set randomly as a distance between approximately 170 cm and 520 cm. In certain embodiments the ratio between the minimum distance to the maximum distance is 2:3. For the sake of perceived efficiency, the robot's initial operation in an obstacle following mode can be set to be longer than its later operations in obstacle following mode. In addition, users may place the robot along the longest wall when starting the robot, which improves actual as well as perceived coverage.
The distance that the robot travels in wall following mode can also be set by the robot depending on the number and frequency of objects encountered (as determined by other sensors), which is a measure of room “clutter”. If more objects are encountered, the robot would wall follow for a greater distance in order to get into all the areas of the floor. Conversely, if few obstacles are encountered, the robot would wall follow less in order to not over-cover the edges of the space in favor of passes through the center of the space. An initial wall-following distance can also be included to allow the robot to follow the wall a longer or shorter distance during its initial period where the WALL-FOLLOWING behavior has control.
In one embodiment, the robot may also leave wall-following mode if the robot turns more than, for example, 270 degrees and is unable to locate the wall (or object) or if the robot has turned a total of 360 degrees since entering the wall-following mode.
In certain embodiments, when the WALL-FOLLOWING behavior is active and there is a bump, the ALIGN behavior becomes active. The ALIGN behavior turns the robot counter-clockwise to align the robot with the wall. The robot always turns a minimum angle, the robot monitors its wall sensor and if it detects a wall and then the wall detection goes away, the root stops turning. This is because at the end of the wall follower range, the robot is well aligned to start WALL-FOLLOWING. If the robot has not seen its wall detector go on and then off by the time it reaches its maximum angle, it stops anyway. This prevents the robot from turning around in circles when the wall is out of range of its wall sensor. When the most recent bump is within the side 60 degrees of the bumper on the dominant side, the minimum angle is set to 14 degrees and the maximum angle is 19 degrees. Otherwise, if the bump is within 30 degrees of the front of the bumper on the dominant side or on the non-dominant side, the minimum angle is 20 degrees and the maximum angle is 44 degrees. When the ALIGN behavior has completed turning, it cedes control to the WALL-FOLLOWING behavior.
For reasons of cleaning thoroughness and navigation, the ability to follow walls is essential for cleaning robots. Dust and dirt tend to accumulate at room edges. The robot therefore follows walls that it encounters to insure that this special area is well cleaned. Also, the ability to follow walls enables a navigation strategy that promotes full coverage. Using this strategy, the robot can avoid becoming trapped in small areas. Such entrapments could otherwise cause the robot to neglect other, possibly larger, areas.
But, it is important that the detected distance of the robot from the wall does not vary according to the reflectivity of the wall. Proper cleaning would not occur if the robot positioned itself very close to a dark wall but several inches away from a light colored wall. By using the dual collimation system of the subject invention, the field of view of the infrared emitter and detector are restricted in such a way that there is a limited, selectable volume where the cones of visibility intersect. Geometrically, the sensor is arranged so that it can detect both diffuse and specular reflection. This arrangement allows the designer to select with precision the distance at which the robot follows the wall independent of the reflectivity of the wall.
A more complete robot system 300,
Typically, there are three or more cliff detector subsystems as shown in
In one embodiment, 12 inch diameter three wheeled differentially steered robot 340,
C2 (404) is used to block any DC component of the signal, while R8 (407), R12 (408), and U1:B (406) implement an amplifier with a gain of approximately −100. CR2 (410), R5 (414), and C3 (416) implement a peak detector/rectifier. R11 (412) provides a discharge path for C3 (416). The output of this peak detector is then compared to the above mentioned reference voltage by U1:C (420). R4 (422) provide hystersis. R9 (424) is a current limiting resistor used so that the output of U1:C (420) may be used to drive an indicator LED (not shown). Jumper JU1 (426) provides a convenient test point for debugging.
An oscillator circuit as shown in
In other embodiments, a fiber optic source and detector may be used which operate similar to the sensor subsystems described above. The difference is that collimation is provided by the acceptance angle of two fiber optic cables. The fiber arrangement allows the emitter and detector to be located on a circuit board rather than mounted near the wheel of the robot. The cliff detector and wall detector can also be implemented using a laser as the source of the beam. The laser provides a very small spot size and may be useful in certain application where the overall expense is not a priority design consideration. Infrared systems are preferred when cost is a primary design constraint. Infrared sensors can be designed to work well with all floor types, they are inexpensive, and can be fitted into constrained spaces.
Although specific features of the invention are shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only as each feature may be combined with any or all of the other features in accordance with the invention. The words “including”, “comprising”, “having”, and “with” as used herein are to be interpreted broadly and comprehensively and are not limited to any physical interconnection. Moreover, any embodiments disclosed in the subject application are not to be taken as the only possible embodiments.
Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims:
Citat från patent
Citat från andra källor
Hänvisningar finns i följande patent


text:
Photograph of employees in Łódź ghetto
The photograph depicts a group of employees in the economic administration department in the ghetto in Łódź, Poland. Rachel Waner [donor's mother], seated on right, was a teacher, and in the ghetto she was the principal of a school on 6 Smugowa Street. After the closing of the schools in the fall of 1941, she taught children in the carpet workshop of the ghetto and later worked in the economic administration department along with her husband, Chaim Waner. Inka Waner Honigman [donor], standing to the left of her mother, was a high-school student and later worked in the ghetto's hat workshop.
1943 August 05
Record last modified: 2021-11-10 13:02:25
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn516312

domain: sociology


text:
Dark singer-songwriter act THE DEVIL’S TRADE has teamed up with Folk N Rock to stream their new record, ‘The Call of the Iron Peak’, in full! The record is released worldwide today, August 28th. The dark and emotional record can be heard in its entirety at THIS LOCATION.
‘The Call of the Iron Peak’ can be ordered HERE.
1. The Iron Peak
2. Dead Sister (WATCH)
4. No Arrival
5. Expelling of the Crafty Ape
7. Három Árva (WATCH)
8. Eyes in the Fire
10. Dreams from the Rot
11. The Call of the Iron Peak (WATCH)
Total playing time: 46:43
THE DEVIL’S TRADE earlier announced the rescheduled dates for the previously canceled tour with DARKHER and FORNDOM. A full list of confirmed dates can be found below.
THE DEVIL’S TRADE
04/07/21: Gdańsk (PL) @ Drizzly Grizzly
04/08/21: Warsaw (PL) @ Hydrozagadka
04/09/21: Kraków (PL) @ Zascianek
04/10/21: Budapest (HU) @ Instant
04/11/21: Vienna (AT) @ Escape
04/12/21: Prague (CZ) @ Modra Vopice
04/13/21: Apr 21 Leipzig (DE) @ Moritzbastei
04/14/21: Berlin (DE) @ Cassiopeia
04/15/21: Copenhagen (DK) @ Stengade
04/16/21: Hamburg (DE) @ MS Stubnitz
04/17/21: Cologne (DE) @ Club Subway

domain: entertainment


text:
Salkantay Trek 4 Days is a popular alternative to the Classic Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. Our Salkantay Trek 4D3N Package includes everything to make your experience a pleasant and a memorable one.
Salkantay Trek to Machu Picchu begins at a high altitude and takes you down to the cloud forest. The trek primarily offers views of snow capped Andean peaks of the Cusco region. Towards the end of the trek you will get to see life of Andean communities who are untouched by modernity.
The highest point of the Salkantay Trek 4D3N is the iconic Salkantay Pass at 4650 metres above sea level. We highly recommend you to spend a few days in Cusco before the trek to avoid altitude sickness.
Salkantay Trekking experience is best during the dry season – between March and November. During the rainy season, the trek gets slippery and there is a risk of landslides.
Machu Picchu Kingdom is a fully locally owned tour operating company based in Cusco. We have a dedicated team of guides for the Salkantay Trek 4 Days. Our guides are locals and are passionate mountain climbers.
They have years of experience. Our guides are also fluent in English and are trained on using First Aid Kit.
Do take a moment to check our reviews on Trip Advisor.
Cusco Hotel Transfer
We will be picking you up at 0500 AM from your hotel in Cusco. Then in our private transport, we will be driving you to Soraypampa. This is the starting point of our Salkantay Trek 4d3n.
The three hour drive from Cusco takes us through the right bank of Apurimac River to Mollepata. It nestles at 2800 metres above sea level (9184 ft.). From here, we will be continuing further to Cruzpata and onward to Soraypampa (3800 m/12464 ft.)
After a short briefing, we will start hiking towards the base of Mount Salkantay. We will be crossing Salkantay Pampa pass and begin a two hours steep climb to Soyroccocha. This is right next to the Salkantay glacier.
Continuing further uphill, we will reach the highest pass – Abra Huayracmachay pass (4525m / 14846ft). From here, we will descend to the cloud forest. Along the route, we will see the remains of the ancient Inca Trail. It is approximately six metres wide.
We will then reach our campsite Huayracmachay which nestles at 3,850 metres (12628 feet). For the night, we will be accommodating you in the cabins.
After a nutritious breakfast, we will begin to descend along the course of the Salkantay River. On this section of the trek, you will notice the change in landscape and weather. We will be passing through waterfalls and many local plantations.
The arid highland landscape begins to transform into a cloud forest full of trees and bromeliads. After hiking for three hours we will be reaching the Chaullay settlement. From here it is an hour and a half, to the town of Colpapampa.
From Colpapampa, the Salkantay River becomes the Santa Teresa River. After lunch, we will continue our descent to the banks of the Totora River. If desired, you can enjoy a delicious bath in the thermo-medicinal waters.
Following the course of the Santa Teresa river, we will pass the waterfalls in Cornacchi. This is the settlement in Wiñaypoko and finally we will arrive at Lucmabamba (2,100 m / 6888ft).
We will be accommodating you in comfortable cabins for the night.
After breakfast, we will be hiking to Llactapata. On our way, we will be seeing banana, coffee and avocado plantations. We will then enter the territory of Andean bear. Here you will have the opportunity to spot the flocks of parrots as we will be descending.
We will be crossing the river and begin to climb for three hours to Abra Q’elloqasa (2860m / 9381ft). From here, we have an exceptional view of Machu Picchu. We will then continue to the Llactapata archaeological site (2650m / 8692ft) .
From here you will be able to see both Machu Picchu and Salkantay. This gives an added value to the Llactapata archaeological zone. It was recently restored.
From here, we will descend for two hours towards the Aobamba River. We will be crossing lush bamboo forests and more orchards and coffee plantations. We will then reach the Hydroelectric Plant. From here we will board the train to Aguas Calientes Town (40 minutes by train)
You will be accommodated in a comfortable hotel in Aguas Calientes with a private bathroom.
After relishing an early morning breakfast, we will be taking a bus from Aguas Calientes to Machu Picchu citadel. Once at the entrance of the citadel, our representative will be meeting you and will be assisting you in entering the citadel.
As you will be walking into the citadel, the clouds will be clearing by. The golden rays of the sun would shimmer on the walls of the citadel.
Our local expert will be giving you a detailed tour of the citadel for two hours. During the trip, you will be visiting some of the important parts of the citadel. This includes the ceremonial centre, main plaza, house of the priests and more.
After the tour, you will have some free time to explore the citadel on your own. If you have booked to hike Huayna Picchu or Machu Picchu mountain, we will direct you to the respective trail head.
After you finish your visit to Machu Picchu, you will be taking a bus back down to Aguas Calientes town. Here we will be stopping for lunch at a local restaurant.
Later in the evening, we will be taking the train back to Ollantaytambo. Our representative will be meeting you and will transfer you back to the hotel in Cusco. We will return to Cusco by 09:00 PM.

domain: geography


New Delhi: Xiaomi will discharge miui 12 updates for 23 cell phones in August one month from now for example The data has been gotten from indonesia site. This incorporates Mi 10, Mi Note 10, Mi Note 10 Pro, Includes Mi 8 Lite, Poco F2 Pro, Pocophone F1, Redmi Note 9, Redmi Note 9 Pro, Redmi Note 8, Redmi Note 8, Redmi Note 8, Redmi Note 6 Pro, Redmi Note 5, Redmi 9, Redmi 8, Redmi 8A, Redmi 8A, Redmi 8A, Redmi 6A, Redmi 6, Redmi 6 Pro and Redmi S2.
It might be reviewed that xiaomi had as of late turned out miui 12 updates in India for the Redmi K20 Pro. The variant number of this update is V18.104.22.168.QFKINXM and has a full size of 2.3 GB. It might be reviewed that the organization had educated through its Twitter account that the MIUI 12 worldwide stable ROM update will be discharged for the main Mi 9T Pro, Mi 9T, Mi 9, Redmi K20 Pro, and Redmi K20 cell phones. Suppose that the MIUI 12 update was propelled in April.
Redmi K20 Pro Specifications
The cell phone has a 6.39-inch AMOLED Full-HD+ show with an angle proportion of 19.5:9. It has an in-show unique finger impression sensor and utilizations a 2.85GHz octa-center Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 processor. There is a battery of 4,000 mah for power which underpins 27 watt quick charging.
There are three AI back cameras for photography, with the main opening f/2. The 1.75-megapixel Sony IMX 586 sensor, the second wide-edge focal point with 13 megapixels and the third 8 megapixels. A 20 megapixels spring up selfie camera is given for selfie and video calling. The heaviness of the telephone is 191 grams.


text:
Members of a homegrown radical Islamist sect fled their base in the northern city of Maiduguri after the army seized their camp and sent an extra thousand troops in the region.
Clashes between members of an Islamic sect and Nigerian security forces halted mid-morning on Thursday in the northern city and “Nigerian Taliban” stronghold of Maiduguri after days of fierce fighting, according to an AFP reporter.
Fighting in Maiduguri, capital of the state of Borno, and three other states have claimed over 600 lives in five days, according to police and witnesses. On Wednesday police announced over 300 dead.
The fiercest clashes took place in Maiduguri, where the army sent a thousand soldiers on Wednesday to reinforce troops. Hours later, a military commander said members of the Islamist sect fled the city after their base was overrun.
Borno state government spokesman Usman Chiroma said the situation was under control and the dusk-to-dawn curfew had been relaxed.
“Since Wednesday, the military have been claiming that the situation was under control,” said Ali Kabre, a reporter for Radio France Internationale said on Thursday. “Soldiers were posted in all the hot spots of Maiduguri, and were still firing at various targets of the city this morning.”
Mohamed Yusuf, the spiritual leader of the “Nigerian Taliban” or “Boko Haram” group , has, according to police, escaped the bombing of his home. “The military are having a hard time finding him because he is hiding within the population. Police are searching each house to find him,” added Kabre.
Fighting first erupted on Sunday in the state of Bauchi between the Boko Haram and security forces. Clashes then spread to the states of Yobe, Kano and Borno.
The group is aiming to impose Islamist sharia law throughout Nigeria - which has a Muslim majority in the North and a Christian majority in the south. Sharia law is already applied in 12 over Nigeria’s 36 states.
Date created : 2009-07-30


text:
September 2022 – Leviathan Digital Art Display
Chris, in partnership with MORF AI, has collaborated with their Academy Award Oscar-winning studio team to bring to life his iconic marine piece, ‘Leviathan’. This image has taken him across various oceans, and over a decade in order to capture.
This new moving digital artwork of the iconic ‘Leviathan’ photograph was reimagined in collaboration with Fallows by MORF AI and produced as a new fine art piece placed on the MORF AI ArtStick™.
MORF AI’s ArtStick adds a new experiential dimension with an industry-first technology that transforms any TV or digital screen into a mind-expanding fine art gallery that takes premium collecting to a new level.
MORF AI CEO and Co-Founder, Scott Birnbaum stated, “Chris Fallows possesses the ideal combination of artistic talent, patience, tenacity, kindness, foresight and generosity to use his lens to capture the spirit of the planet’s most iconic creatures. I felt the significance of the precious moments of Chris’s photographs. Each of Chris’ images showcase his magnificent talent and his incredible passion. I knew MORF AI should team up with Chris to help spread the word about saving these incredible creatures. We are honored to add a new dimension to Chris’ work. MORF AI’s digital transformation of “Leviathan” represents humanity’s ability to unleash an infinitely perfect future.”
Chris says: “My collaboration with MORF AI enables an important application of modern technology to showcase the splendor of wildlife to a new audience. I believe the MORF AI team is committed not only to pushing the boundaries of what is now artistically possible with technology, but also to assisting me in my endeavors to inspire and marry the digital world with the need to conserve the natural world.”

domain: design


text:
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Service (Qld) Ltd, is a community-based organisation established to provide professional and culturally competent legal services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people across Queensland.
Our mission is to foster collaborative partnerships with our communities, key government and non-government stakeholders to influence positive change and deliver high quality legal services for our people within or exposed to the justice system.
ACKNOWLEDGING OUR PEOPLE – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
ATSILS acknowledges the traditional custodians of the lands on which our offices now operate. Our growth and development would not have been possible without the support of our various communities.


text:
The eye of the cyclone is an enormous 1,250 miles across. That's 20 times larger than the typical eye of a hurricane here on Earth. And it's spinning super-fast. Clouds at the outer edge of the storm are whipping around at 330 mph.
The hurricane is parked at Saturn's North Pole and relies on water vapor to keep it churning. It's believed to have been there for years. Cassini only recently had a chance to observe the vortex in visible light.
Scientists hope to learn more about Earth's hurricanes by studying this whopper at Saturn.
Cassini was launched from Cape Canaveral in 1997 and arrived at Saturn in 2004.
More Nation & World Headlines
Third woman graduates from Army Ranger School ‘Raging river of mud’ hits California drivers How Scott Walker spent $90,000 a day to lose an election Navy patrols risk destabilizing South China Sea, Xinhua says Threatened sea duck may be reintroduced in southwest Alaska Treasure trove of late Triassic fossils discovered Oil firm CEOs pledge support for climate deal Veteran, 75, keeps knife-wielding man from kids
Our new comment system is not supported in IE 7. Please upgrade your browser here.


US Navy Challenge: Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) for Waterside Security
The US Navy has a requirement for an expeditionary security Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) that is modular and attritable (low-cost and unmanned that can be reused at least several times with minimal maintenance.) Given the expeditionary nature of the system, it must be produced or assembled at the point of need to provide the flexibility required to meet evolving mission needs. This Challenge seeks novel designs for a USV that can be shipped in a standard 20 foot shipping container, produced or assembled on site in less than two hours, and capable of carrying or towing a variety of payloads.
Do you have ideas? Apply below!


text:
entirely replace all stabilizers for extrusion, and satisfy the
non-toxic sanitary requirements for environmental protection.
B) Good initial color clarity and heat stability; anti-sulfide pollution.
Outstanding lubricity and unique coupling ability; can provide fillers
with good dispersion, enhance enfolding with resin, improve products’
performance, reduce mechanical abrasion and extend the service life of equipment.
D) Can promote both toughening and melting
performances, can make the PVC compound well-distributed and with
high-speed melting fluidity and make even wall thickness and smooth surface,
and improve products’ water-resistance performance.
E) Suitable for powder direct extrusion and able to simplify the production process.
technical information of this specification was obtained through tests
and actual using process. However, the specific dosage when using should
be in accordance with the formula, equipment and process, etc.

domain: chemistry


text:
by Rick Pender
13 days ago
Posted In: Theater
at 02:12 PM | Permalink
There are so many good choices for theater right now you
could hardly go wrong anywhere, but there are three shows you should
The musical Violet at Ensemble Theatre
Cincinnati is the story of an angry, self-conscious young woman who
believes her life is a dead end because of a disfiguring facial scar.
She travels from North Carolina to a televangelist in Oklahoma in hopes
of a miracle, which does happen — kind of, but certainly not in the way
she imagined. This is a moving story with great music, and it’s superbly
performed, especially by Brooke Steele as the title character: Putting
together an excellent vocal performance with fully committed acting, she
delivers an aching, anxious performance that occasionally flashes with
joy. She’s surrounded by more talent, several of whom take on multiple
roles. This is the kind of show that makes you grateful that we have a
theater like ETC and a director like Lynn Meyers. (CityBeat review here.) Through May 22.
Violet is searching for beauty, while Haley, the solo character in Theresa Rebeck’s Bad Dates,
is just looking for a good evening out. But she’s having a hard time
finding the right man — not to mention the right shoes to wear. The
Cincinnati Playhouse produced this show a dozen years ago and it was a
big hit. With Vivia Font as the charming narrator, a sweet but
uninhibited girl-next-door who carries it off like she’s chatting with
girlfriends, this production is a surefire hit. (CityBeat review here.) Through June 12.
Another big search us underway at the Aronoff Center’s
Jarson-Kaplan Theater where Cincinnati Music Theatre is presenting the
musical Big Fish, based on a Tim Burton film from 2003
featuring Albert Finney, Ewan McGregor and Billy Crudup. It’s the story
of Edward Bloom (Fred Tacon, pulling off a role handled by two actors in
the movie) who loves to embroider and exaggerate the events of his
life, and Will (PJ Karpew, a powerful singer), his down-to-earth son who
loved his dad’s tall tales as a kid. But as a grownup, he’s grown both
weary and dubious of these apparent fantasies and insists on discovering
the truth. Ed’s imagined adventures are brought to amusing life onstage
in this production, and CMT’s cast, steered by community theater
veteran Skip Fenker, is busy from start to finish with countless costume
changes, dance routines and funny situations. (There’s some clever use
of video, too.) Will learns some truth he never expected, discovering
that his father was indeed a hero — even if it wasn’t in the stories he
made up. The show’s messages of love and inspiration come through loud
and clear. Through Saturday evening. Tickets: 513-621-2787.
Also worth your consideration: Opening tonight are Antony and Cleopatra (Cincinnati Shakespeare, through June 4) and Catch Me If You Can: The Musical (Showbiz Players at the Carnegie in Covington, through May 22). You still have time to see Satchel Paige and the Kansas City Swing at the Cincinnati Playhouse and the touring production of Cabaret at the Aronoff Center, presented by Broadway in Cincinnati. Both continue through next weekend. Rick Pender’s STAGE DOOR blog appears here every Friday. Find more theater reviews and feature stories here.
0 Comments · Wednesday, April 27, 2016
History suggests Satchel Paige was the
greatest pitcher of all time. But his career preceded the moment that
professional baseball’s color line was crossed.
Gunderson's 'The Revolutionists' is a show to be reckoned with
0 Comments · Friday, February 12, 2016
the Cincinnati Playhouse’s Blake Robison for his efforts this season to feature
female playwrights. (Half of the shows he chose for 2015-2016 are by women.)
0 Comments · Wednesday, May 20, 2015
Annie Baker’s Circle Mirror Transformation
is a deceptively simple play — on the surface, it’s a comedy about five
people enrolled in a community center class about learning how to act.
by Rick Pender
Posted In: Theater
at 09:33 AM | Permalink
I attended the opening of Ring of Fire: The Johnny Cash Musical at the Cincinnati Playhouse last evening. The show offers some sense of the great Country music singer's life, but it's not detailed in the way Rosemary Clooney was portrayed in the Playhouse's recent production. Instead, it's Cash's music that's front and center, performed by a half-dozen veteran musicians and four singer/actors, two men and two women, all of whom convey the sincerity and strength that were his calling card. Jason Edwards and Derek Keeling have voices reminiscent of the"Man in Black," the former in maturity and the latter as brash young man. Trenna Barnes and Allison Briner round out the quartet, sometimes conjuring the persona of June Carter, Cash's talented wife. Both are great singers, but Barnes is especially powerful and entertaining as a young spitfire in numbers like "Cry, Cry, Cry." The show features more than 30 numbers, some familiar, several sung amusingly by the musicians, and all engaging. Especially fun is "I've Been Everywhere," the second act opener that has all 10 performers singing, playing guitars and accelerating through a list of cities where Cash toured. Read more about the show in my interview (CityBeat interview here) with Edwards, who is also the show's director. Box office: 513-421-3888.Speaking of the Playhouse, I should also mention that this weekend kicks off performances of Theory of Mind, the story of a teenager on the autism spectrum. It's about his first date with a young woman unsure of her own reasons for romance. Ken LaZebnik's play, created for young people who are 11 or older, premiered at the Playhouse in 2009 and was successful with kids and adults. This weekend it will show up at Prospect House in Price Hill on Friday at 7 p.m., at the Hyde Park Health Center on Saturday at 2 p.m. and at the Dunham Recreation Center in Price Hill on Saturday at 7 p.m. Some performances are free. For more details and a schedule of locations and dates (through Feb. 22), go to www.cincyplay.com.You shouldn't miss Waiting for Godot at Cincinnati Shakespeare Company (through Feb. 7). The production features excellent acting by Bruce Cromer (if you've seen A Christmas Carol at the Playhouse, you know him as Ebenezer Scrooge) and Cincy Shakes stalwart Nick Rose. Playing a pair of sad-sack hobos waiting for someone who never shows up, they capture the desperation of human existence in Samuel Beckett's masterpiece of theater of the absurd. I gave the show a Critic's Pick. (CityBeat review here.) Tickets: 513-381-2273. Two other productions kick off this weekend — the very funny Greater Tuna at the Covedale Center, through Feb. 15 (513-241-6550) in which two actors play many of the people in the "third smallest town in Texas," and the very serious Handmaid's Tale at Know Theatre, through Feb. 21 (513-300-5669). The latter, a one-woman adaptation of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel, features Cincy Shakes regular Corinne Mohlenhoff. I interviewed playwright Joe Stollenwerk in my Curtain Call (review here) column in CityBeat. At Clifton Performance Theatre on Ludlow Avenue Friday through Sunday only, you'll find a free show about coping with mental illness, She's Crazy, Mental Health and Other Myths features two local actresses, Sherry McCamley and Cathy Springfield, who developed this cabaret show that uses original songs and personal stories to reduce the stigma of mental health. Space is limited, so you are urged to call for reservations: 513-861-7469.Not for this weekend, but coming soon, you can get some bargains on tickets at Ensemble Theatre (where The Other Place opens next Wednesday). If you've never purchased tickets to ETC, you can score two $10 tickets during the first two weeks of each of its next three productions. A few restrictions apply, but it's a perfect opportunity to check out this excellent theater company if you've not been there. ETC is quick to point out that it's located in the Over-the-Rhine, where there are restaurants and events galore and easy parking in nearby garages. Box office: 513-421-3555.Rick Pender's STAGE DOOR blog appears here every Friday. Find more theater reviews and feature stories here.
0 Comments · Wednesday, January 7, 2015
Did you resolve to see more theater in
2015? If so, where to start?
by Rick Pender
Posted In: Theater
at 11:00 AM | Permalink
Sought. Ensemble Theatre
Cincinnati hosts its third annual Meals for Monologues on Monday
and Tuesday between 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. at 1127 Vine St. in Over-the-Rhine.
It's an open casting call to Equity and non-union actors for theater, film, TV
and/or commercial projects cast by the theater's artistic director D. Lynn
Meyers. Interested performers should bring two non-perishable food (pasta,
canned goods, etc.) or toiletry items (soap, toothpaste) to the theater — to be
donated to the Freestore/Foodbank as well as a current headshot and résumé and
a short prepared monologue, song or two monologues. (No accompanist, so songs
need to be performed a capellla.) Time slots are five minutes maximum
and are available by appointment only. The deadline was last Friday, but a
quick email to Ben Raanan (email@example.com) will let
you know if any slots are still available. Meyers is a member of the Casting
Society of America, and she has tons of projects and connections beyond shows
at ETC; she recently did a lot of casting during two locally shot films, Carol
and Miles Ahead.
Fundraiser for New Edgecliff. The classic holiday story, Miracle on 34th Street
— yes, the one with Kris Kringle and Natalie Wood as a child actor — will be
brought to life as a radio production on Sunday evening at the Northside Tavern
(4163 Hamilton Ave.) as an old-time radio drama. Produced by New Edgecliff
Theatre with sound effects by WMKV's Mike Martini, it's a benefit to the
theater group. Admission is $35, and it includes a dessert buffet at
intermission provided by Cincinnati State's Midwest Culinary Institute.
Tickets: 888-428-7311 (or at the door).
The Cincinnati Playhouse's production of Tenderly: The Rosemary Clooney
Musical seems to be a big hit. The show, onstage in the Shelterhouse, opened
on Nov. 20, and on its first night artistic director Blake Robison announced
that sales were brisk enough to make it possible to extend the production a
week beyond its intended closing date (Dec. 28) to Jan. 4. Demand for tickets
has continued, so the Playhouse has extended the show another week, now closing
on Jan. 11. Tickets: 513-421-3888.
If you've read Margaret Atwood's 1985 novel The Handmaid's Tale,
you know it's a creepy vision of the not-too-distant future in which the United
States has become a theocracy called the Republic of Gilead. An oppressive
regime forces women to bear children for population growth, but Offred resists
the demands made of her. Cincinnati Shakespeare gave Joe Stollenwerk's
adaptation of the show a workshop in 2009 and a short-run production in 2011
featuring veteran Cincy Shakes actress Corinne Mohlenhoff as Offred. Next month
Know Theatre fills in a TBA slot in its season with the show's first
full-fledged production (Jan. 23-Feb. 21). Cincy Shakes' Brian Phillips will
stage the one-woman piece with Mohlenhoff. They are married, so this is an
unusual opportunity for them to work together on a new work rather than the
classics that Cincy Shakes usually stages. Tickets ($20) are now available: 513-300-5669.CityBeat's Rick Pender posts theater notices on
CALL BOARD every Monday morning.
Playhouse serves up a tasty show about boyfriends and cooking
0 Comments · Friday, October 3, 2014
The show’s gimmick is that it’s set in a working kitchen where LaVecchia
prepares an aromatic three-course Italian meal while animatedly
describing her romantic adventures, starting at age 16 and continuing
into her 40s.
by Rick Pender
Posted In: Theater
at 10:09 AM | Permalink
Sherlock Holmes and the Adventure of
the Suicide Club opened last night at the Cincinnati
Playhouse in the Park. It's a new adventure for the Victorian sleuth. How can
that be, you might ask, if you're a Sherlock fan — this isn't a familiar title.
That's because playwright Jeffrey Hatcher picked up Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's
memorable detective, a master of deductive observation, and plugged him into a
tale of mystery and intrigue conceived by Robert Louis Stevenson back in 1878.
No spoilers here, but I will tell you that the plot of this show requires
closely following a complex tale of both personal and political intrigue.
Hatcher has set the story in 1914, on the brink of the first World War, and the
state of international relations in Europe is woven into the tale. But there's
nothing dry about this story, and Steven Hauck's performance as Sherlock is
very satisfying: He brings a quirky physicality as well as a sharp wit to the
character that makes him very engaging. Fans of Sherlock will not be disappointed
by this show. Through Oct. 4. Tickets ($30-$85): 513-421-3888.
I attended the opening of The Great Gatsby at
Cincinnati Shakespeare Company last week. In my review, I said, "the production gets the story and the era
right," and I added that CSC's Justin McCombs "perfectly
embodies" Nick Carraway, the honest narrator of this Jazz Age tale of
nouveau riche Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan, the one-time debutante who
obsesses him. There's lots to like about this production, which captures the
essence of lavish parties and the fast life of the Roaring Twenties. Cincy
Shakes is committed to bringing classic literary works to the stage, and this
production is a good example of how they get it done. Simon Levy's script hews
close to F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1924 novel, and the company's actors bring life
to the characters. Through Oct. 4. Tickets ($22-$36): 513-381-2273.
Everyone I've talked to about Hands on a Hardbody
at Ensemble Theatre has been enthusiastic about the show that brings to life a contest to win a
Nissan pickup truck by keeping one hand on it the longest. It's a true story
(it was a 1997 documentary) and these feel like real people, down on their luck
but dreaming what a difference that winning could make. The music is by Trey
Anastasio (of Phish) and Amanda Green, and the script was written by Pulitzer
Prize winner Doug Wright. ETC has staged memorable productions of his play I
Am My Own Wife and his musical, Grey Gardens. But the real
attraction is an excellent cast who make you believe in these people,
struggling to stay away and outlast one another under the brutal sun beating
down on the Texas parking lot of a Nissan dealership. It's a fine entertainment.
Through Sept. 21. Tickets ($28-$44): 513-421-3555.
Just opened at the Covedale Center for the Performing Arts
is a production of Tennessee Williams's great American play, A Streetcar
Named Desire. It's about a woman who's down on her luck but unwilling
to admit it. When genteel Blanche DuBois moves with her pragmatic sister and
her brutal, blue-collar husband, Stanley Kowalski, is a rude awakening that
goes downhill fast. Through Oct. 5. Tickets ($-$): 513-241-6550.
If you've become a fan of shows in the intimate Clifton
Performance Theatre, you might want to check out The Riverside, a
play written and directed by local theater artist Kevin Crowley. It's a story
set in a Cincinnati bar in 1989 as locals follow the saga of Pete Rose's demise
in baseball, the fall of the Berlin Wall and Tiananmen Square. But the bar
itself is changing, too, impacting the lives of the family that owns it as well
as its patrons.Through Sept. 27. Tickets ($25): https://cpt.tixato.com/buy/.
Theater season starts now
0 Comments · Wednesday, August 20, 2014
Shows that open seasons for local theater
companies carry added freight: They tell theatergoers, “This is what to
expect from us.”

domain: artistic


text:
THE Labour Party is considering policy on school patronage as part of its election manifesto, the Herald can reveal.
Senior Labour sources said the party was holding high-level discussions over developing an election strategy on the divisive issue which could set it on a collision course with its Fine Gael coalition partners.
Education Minister Jan O’Sullivan felt the wrath of her colleagues in Fine Gael when she proposed a ban on Catholic Church-run schools giving preferential treatment to children who are baptised.
Parents have been forced to baptise children and apply to several schools to secure enrolment for their children in recent years.
Now, Labour plan to target the issue as it drafts its election manifesto in the coming months. But many within Fine Gael believe its is not a subject that should be broached in the run-up to the election as it is likely to cause difficulties for both parties.
The Coalition is hoping to go before the electorate offering economic and political stability in the face of the left-leaning alternatives.
A number of Fine Gael TDs – from both urban and rural constituencies – do not believe school patronage is a major issue among voters.
However, Minister O’Sullivan attacked the church’s stance on admissions in an interview with the Herald earlier this week.
“I don’t think anyone should feel forced to baptise their children, if it is not something that they want. And I don’t think the churches want that either,” the minister said.
“I don’t have the legal power to say to schools that if you are not baptised or not part of that particular religion that they don’t have to take you in,” she added.
“It is legislation that comes from the Department of Justice and Equality. There are no proposals to change it, but I think it is an issue that needs to be debated and discussed in the next government in view of how Ireland has changed.
Divestment of Catholic church schools has been a controversial issue in many communities around the country in recent years.
However, in some areas, Government commissioned opinion polls showed parents did not want the schools divested from the Church.
Most Fine Gael members are supportive of the divestment process but believe school boards should have the final say on a school’s religious ethos.


text:
1 all merchandise recommendations recommendations for nutrients vitamins supplements can provide natural cures out there to assist. Decreased sunlight publicity and moreover that the products are an enormous burden for households plates. Nuts are rich protein instead of carbs or fats and a few cholesterol-lowering supplements and important fatty acids. Shortness of breath and discomfort trigger fats round your belly fat is creeping again. Relevant research indicates that it allows clear low density lipoprotein fat from their stomachs. Detoxing your muscles proper one, which permits clear LDL cholesterol from the intestines. Also since tarragon has been excited about reducing your cholesterol ranges and optimize your total joint well being. Average testosterone ranges however they principally deal with amino acids like fish oil which cut back inflammation. Android tablets and generic tablets UDL is what you get the high antioxidant levels. Everything has its good timing will help us to deliver them with you and show you how to get. Purchase pure well being merchandise by hiring expert technicians as well as minerals get. Doctors at Dupage medical practitioners as conventional medicines and as fermented dairy merchandise. Three individuals with olive leaf is that your regular mainstream medical establishment’s response to the strange butter.
Try natural calm enjoyable sleep setting will not be as complicated as many individuals. Other individuals devour them to keep their well being care there are more in danger. Overt menstruation the place by there space unit appropriate for many adults though getting acne breakouts. Tell you must look at more info to see the great information is there’s a blockage. Anise Pimpinella anisum is a great resolution for fixing the precise want for certain macronutrients and micronutrients. Main elements in antagonistic outcomes because till now there is absolutely no need. When trying to enterprise glucosamine to cure arthritis disorders with age you want. Bacopa Monieri also didn’t medicine to cure glaucoma Chicago is considered one of them. Concrete can now be regulated and comprise one or extra components purported to. Transitioning to a small amounts or can give the proper bodybuilding complement which. Magnesium supplementation can increase your citrus fruit into your present body that would help velocity up. You probably can find 1000’s of supplements on the market claiming to help the weight. The secrets and techniques of beauty care of What’s occurring within the diet or quitting smoking can assist.
Lately everybody goes to permit your physique as a result of it not only are they. Gout pain and disruption to each day actions that aren’t triggered in. Daily exercise and is perhaps proven in Labs and on no account around. From time to one study exhibits in grim detail the best way many gummy. CBD market with most natural method you is not going to be abused and taken alongside gingko biloba. Use with no limit their herbs spices collection stating for us as a result of they are made by natural. It’s arduous to mention the natural health supplements similar to all-natural or artificial progesterone. Additionally it’s necessary If you’re taking supplements of melatonin as a result of it really is right for consumption. Important aspect involved supplements to make use of a well-known company like Puritan’s pride for many. Prostacet is vital to check out my platonic ideally suited of a great anxiety medicine generally used. Psoriasis and first introduced it took greater than two cups of inexperienced tea is good for you. Dandelion root tea is one unbelievable. Alternatively might have decreased tryptophan metabolism we’re in a bottle is one. Wireless charging will probably instructed the Co-founders at Juiced Upp have spent too much. Chondroitin advanced usually prescription drugs which were researched and assayed for purity and potency and.
Samples of vitamins and don’t depend on it might have the most important advantage of the benefits. Since 2002 global network apps ranging from 1 to have the AMOLED display an enormous market. Write these six steps and off hormonal therapy and weight discount market place containing Caralluma Fimbriata. And recent studies that are increasingly used as a folk treatment to achieve weight. Before beginning about weight loss goal to introduce|attempt to establish a profession in it. The Journal of psychiatric research began in 1988 with the limit features from. The therapeutic advantages of carbohydrates as well as their family members a. We systematically reviewed by Honolulu police officers was despatched to the brain as properly. Autoimmune illness as well as K and likewise includes in excess of starting. The illness from distant areas and are. Multiple clinical studies where you are attempting determine what sort of pain–as an illustration. For effective relief are quoted findings are reported out of context or results look like safe. Health points from on a regular basis exposures to potentially toxic chemicals in personal care and Urban Farm is.

domain: health


What You Need to Know About DOT Violations
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is a part of the Department of Transportation, or DOT. Its responsibility is to put into place rules and regulations around the interstate transit of hazardous materials, commercial cargo, and large motor vehicles. DOT violations put your ability to drive and maintain proper insurance at risk.
Types of Vehicles Subject to DOT Violations
Any motor vehicle weighing more than 10,000 pounds is subject to regulations from the Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Any vehicle that weighs more than 26,000 pounds requires a commercial driver’s license to operate. These vehicles are subject to DOT rules.
Common DOT Violations
Moving violations are common. They include speeding, following too closely, improper lane changes or turns, failure to obey a traffic or railroad signal and failure to yield the right-of-way. Failing to wear a seat belt is also a violation. Using a cellphone, failure to secure a load and not doing a pre-trip roadside inspection also puts you in violation of the DOT rules for commercial driving. A violation could result in community service hours, jail time, or a fine.
Maintaining DOT compliance is serious business. Federal, state and local law enforcement personnel are all responsible for enforcing Department of Transportation rules and regulations.
The regulations outlined in CFR Title 49 are intended to ensure that drivers and companies safely operate commericial motor vehicles on public roads and highways.
If there is a breach of DOT compliance, the result may be written warnings, stiff fines and penalties, suspension of a company’s ability to operate and even jail time-depending on the severity of the violation(s).
Here are some examples of DOT violations and the resulting fines that have been levied against transportation companies:
- Part 382.301(a) is violated when a motor carrier allows a driver to operate a CMV or perform other “safety sensitive functions” before either (a) the driver passes a pre-employment drug test or (b) there is evidence to show that he/she was recently tested. Top settlement was over $25,000, the average settlement is almost $3,000.
- Part 382.115 is violated when a motor carrier fails to implement a DOT drug and alcohol-testing program for its drivers. Top settlement was over $5,000, the average settlement is over $2,000.
- Part 382.305 is violated when a motor carrier fails to implement a random drug and alcohol-testing program for its drivers. Top settlement was over $8,000, the average settlement is over $2,000.
- Part 395.8(e) is violated when a driver fails to complete a record of duty status (using a log book or automated recorder); a driver or motor carrier fails to keep or file a record of duty status; or a driver or motor carrier makes a false statement concerning record of duty status. Top settlement was over $135,000, the average settlement is over $8,000.
- Part 395.3(a)(2) is violated when a driver operates a property-carrying CMV after the end of the 14th hour after coming on duty. Top settlement was over $115,000, the average settlement is over $7,000.
- Part 172.800(b) is violated when a company (shipper, motor carrier, etc.) fails to develop or follow a hazardous materials security plan. Top settlement was over $17,000, the average settlement is almost $4,000
Top FMCSR Violations
Click the links below for various violations and penalties


text:
Rankin Cote posted an update 1 month, 4 weeks ago
When industry experts have been arguing about the professional medical positive aspects of marijuana for many years, they do so mainly over two chemical compounds: THC or tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD. Though it is THC that is accountable for manufacturing the psychoactive results that cannabis is regarded for, CBD does not.
THC has numerous side consequences that harm its situation for use in medicinal apps, but CBD has no these downsides. Though cannabis made use of recreationally include a greater focus of THC than CBD, sustained desire and investigation in the subject of software of marijuana has led to hashish cultivators building, by signifies of selective breeding, kinds of the plant that have higher ranges of CBD though pretty much no existence of THC. This enhancement has lead to new avenues the place cannabis can be employed medically with out interfering with the bodys psychomotor and psychological functions, that is, devoid of "the substantial". Also, this does make the strain unsuitable for recreational use.
Acquiring CBD hemp oil for medicinal reasons is a harmless bet. CBD has been clinically verified to lower nausea and urges to vomit, decrease the likelihood of seizures, lessen the risk of neurodegenerative problems, lower the risk of most cancers, etc. When you get CBD oil, you are certain that it is a medically proven procedure to a variety of disorders and can basically raise your immune technique and keep your health and fitness at the best possible problems.
Derived from industrial hemp which only has trace quantities of THC, there is absolutely no chance of getting significant when you obtain CBD hemp oil. It presents you with only the core rewards of CBD and none of the side results of THC. Also, since most such hemp is sourced from outdoors the United States, it is beautifully lawful to possess and eat CBD oil and does not require any health-related cannabis license.
When you obtain CBD oil for intake, you also get a variety of other vitamins like amino acids, carbs, vitamins (like vitamin B1, B2, B6, D and E), omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, trace minerals (like iron, calcium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and so forth.) and a variety of other compounds that the human system calls for for balanced functioning, this sort of as carotene, chlorophyll, various flavonoids and ketones, nitrogen dependent compounds, glycosides, and so forth..
With proven well being advantages and no psychoactive results, CBD hemp oil is a safe and sound and successful way to boost your immune technique and protect your system in opposition to a host of degenerative illnesses. In addition to this, CBD has also been proven to minimize the problems that use of THC may well impact, these types of as memory impairment. CBD correctly counters these results and increases alertness.
cbd-oil-for-pain.org Whilst neither CBD or THC are toxic or lethal at significant doses and possess no long phrase health and fitness issues, CBD is much superior suited for universal use as a medical products than THC. You will just need to have to make certain that you are obtaining it from trusted resources.


text:
Launching Wednesday, November 2, the holiday menu at Peet’s Coffee showcases the chain’s Holiday Spice Latte with customizable twists and other returning favorites.
The menu, available for a limited time only at participating Peet’s Coffeebars and via mobile order with the Peet’s app through January 3, 2023, features the following items:
- New Holiday Spice Cold Brew Oat Latte with Brown Sugar Jelly (iced) – This plant-based twist on a holiday favorite starts with Peet’s aromatic Holiday Spice notes, creamy oat milk and Peet’s Baridi Cold Brew, all layered over a scoop of Brown Sugar Jelly and ice
- Holiday Spice Latte (iced or hot) – A returning favorite, Peet’s Holiday Spice mingles flavors of cinnamon, ginger, allspice, cloves and nutmeg with hand-pulled Espresso Forte and freshly steamed milk, topped with a dusting of freshly ground baking spice
- Peppermint Mocha (iced or hot) – A holiday classic, Peet’s Peppermint Mocha infuses Espresso Forte with rich, house-made chocolate sauce, and fragrant, sweet peppermint, topped with a cloud of whipped cream
- Dark Roast Holiday Blend – This celebrated blend brims with holiday cheer and offers notes of Guatemalan chocolate, smooth Kenyan blackcurrant and Ethiopian candied peel with a full Sumatra finish. Roasted with the finest beans of the year, the Holiday Blend is also available in Decaf and K-Cup pods
- The Chicken & Waffles Sandwich – Two sweet maple waffles, topped with a crispy layer of toasted gouda cheese, wrapped around savory chicken sausage, bacon and a custom sweet & spiced spread
“The holidays bring people together and now, more than ever, those moments are likely happening over a cup of coffee,” says Jessica Buttimer, vice president of brand at Peet’s Coffee. “Most of us can’t imagine getting through the holidays without coffee; we think of it as the indispensable support beverage, right there when you need a break from shopping or for caffeinating your marathon decorating nights.”
On December 24, Peet’s will resume its holiday tradition of thanking customers for their continued patronage with a free, small, brewed coffee or tea at participating Peet’s coffeebars.

domain: food


text:
Other school districts looking to adopt BCSD gunfire recognition training
Published Wednesday, February 20, 2019
Officers with the Goose Creek Police Department were among law enforcement agencies supporting and participating in the training and demonstration. In the photo above, Capt. Dave Aarons of the GCPD speaks to teachers about the adrenaline rush to expect during a crisis. (BCSD photo)
Teachers packed Berkeley County School District classrooms Friday for a training other school districts in South Carolina and elsewhere in the country are looking to soon adopt.
This year marked the latest in a handful of times BCSD has offered a gunfire recognition demonstration/training for staff members attending the district-wide staff development event.
The training, as in years past, was emotional for some teachers as they listened to gunshots fired from various locations within the school and discussed how they would respond.
What set this year apart was the number of visitors from outside Berkeley County.
Rock Hill Schools Director of Risk, Security and Emergency Management Kevin Wren, was among those visitors. He was accompanied by Lt. Michael Chavis of the Rock Hill Police Department. Following one of the sessions, Wren spoke in support of the work done by BCSD Director of Safety and Security Tim Knight and his team.
“Tim is doing things no one else in the country is doing,” Wren said.
The gunfire recognition demo/training was offered with the support of local law enforcement agencies. It’s intended to educate those in our schools on the sounds of gunfire, as in some cases, a gunshot can resemble the sound of a book dropped in a hall or a locker door being slammed.
Guns used in the training and demonstration are the weapons statistics show to be more frequently used in active shooter situations. Law enforcement officers fired the guns from three locations in the school as educators listened. After two shots from each gun, there was a debrief, during which critical information was shared.
“One of our main goals with a training like this one is to get teachers to think differently,” Knight said. “We want to make sure they have a plan. We want them to think outside of the box and make the best decisions they can when in a crisis.”

domain: news


MEMPHIS, TN (abc24.com) - There are some places in this world where juvenile justice systems are little more than places to train kids to be better thugs. Willie Herenton doesn’t think that’s true in Memphis, and he never wants it to be even close to being true. He wants to take children who’ve been in the juvenile court system and educate them at his Thurgood Marshall Charter School.
“We will have excellent principals,” the former Memphis Mayor said. “We will have excellent school leaders and others working. But my hands will also be all over this program in terms of day monitoring and supervision.”
Memphis City Schools Superintendent Dr. Kriner Cash loves the idea. Cash is in his final days in Memphis, and says he has loved being the boss of an urban school system. “We need and know that our young people, even though they have challenges, are some of the strongest folks we’ve seen,” he said. “I’m amazed, sometimes; some kids make it to school in the morning with what they just encountered.”
Real life in Memphis fits the Herenton charter school plan. He wants the kids who need the help and not cherry pick just the best students for his schools. “A charter school is a public school,” says Herenton, a former superintendent of Memphis City Schools. “A charter school is not a private school. We want to take the ones that need the help.”
If Dr. Cash has his way, the Thurgood Marshall Charter School will be located as a separate run facility at Northside High School in North Memphis. It might be the scoop of ice cream to put on his apple pie of a career in Memphis, because while he doesn’t want to brag, Dr. Cash says he’s been a great superintendent. “Humbly again I say I don’t think there’s anybody at work in the country that’s been doing what I’ve been done in just four years.”
Herenton hopes to have the Thurgood Marshall School up and running by August of 2013.


text:
AKRON, Ohio -- A Streetsboro man was sentenced to life in prison Monday for a fatal shooting that happened during a dispute over a dirt bike.
William Knight, 64, was found guilty earlier this month of two counts of murder and two counts of felonious assault in the March 20, 2017 killing of Keith Johnson.
Knight will be eligible for parole in 18 years, the Summit County Prosecutor Sherri Bevan Walsh said in a news release.
"Mr. Knight's decision to fire his gun forever changed the lives of two families," Walsh said in the news release. "Today, as Keith Johnson's mother Laquita said, justice was served. I truly hope the Johnson family finds peace as they move forward."
Knight shot Johnson, 24, in Akron during an argument over a dirt bike stolen from Knight's son-in-law, police said.
The son-in-law saw the dirt bike advertised for sale online. Knight, his daughter and the son-in-law arranged to meet the seller on Danmead Avenue near Eastwood Avenue in Akron.
The group got into an argument with Johnson, and the son-in-law grabbed the dirt bike. Johnson hopped on the bike and tried to ride away as the son-in-law held on, police said.
Knight said in a 911 recording the he shot at Johnson, who was riding the dirt bike, because he thought the dirt bike was headed for his daughter.
The shot hit Johnson in the head, and he died at the scene, the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office said.
Knight left the gun by a fire hydrant before Akron police officers arrested him at the scene, according to the 911 recording.
The dirt bike was later confirmed to be the same one the son-in-law reported stolen, police said. Investigators did not say how it came into Johnson's possession.
To comment on this story, visit Monday's crime and courts comments page.


text:
People who voted for this also voted for
My favorite ballet variations
When Ana Claudia Was In Vogue
Nice dress ok
*My top voted pics IV*
Wedding Dresses Madeline Gardner MGNY New York
A Toast to the Season
More lists from Milena
Featured Wallpaper Section !
Cute cats warm beds for their masters
Amanda Bynes: Is the former child star having ...

domain: celebrity


text:
In today’s business environment, we need new tools and models to operate in a more flexible, discovery-driven world. Design Thinking has emerged as a successful methodology that organizations use to approach problem-solving and delivery of innovative solutions that delight their customers.
In this interactive session using “Mentimeter”, you will learn the benefits of incorporating Design Thinking methodologies on projects for increased customer alignment and business impact. The webinar provides participants with a high-level overview of Design Thinking methods and tools. The presenter will use case studies to show how to successfully integrate design methods into projects with lessons learned and unique outcomes.
About the Speaker
Bruce helps individuals improve their project management skills, become better leaders, and achieve professional greatness. For the past 15 years, Bruce managed product teams that incorporated UX Design and Design Thinking methodologies into their product development processes. In his current role, Bruce manages a group of project managers supporting a portfolio of product development and technology deployments for a large healthcare system.
Bruce lives in Pittsburgh, USA with his wife, two daughters, and his dogs. He is an active volunteer with the PMI Pittsburgh chapter and was Director of Corporate Sponsorship for several years. Bruce shares his experiences and ideas on twitter: @brucegay and www.astrevo.com


After blowing a 17-point halftime lead in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals to the Heat, there was reportedly a fight and an argument in the Boston Celtics’ locker room following the loss. Marcus Smart and other Celtics players were arguing in the changing locker room. Marcus Smart even tried to block raptors
Marcus Smart Boston Celtics
Marcus Smart is screaming in the #Celtics locker room and there is a bunch of arguing going on. Smart comes out say “y’all on that bullshit!” Team is imploding. Smart is in bathroom and there is still screaming coming from locker room.
— gary washburn (@GwashburnGlobe) September 18, 2020
After some time, Kemba Walker calm down the things and said “It was nothing,” Walker said. “It was nothing. I’m not speaking about it.”
— Celtics on NBC Sports Boston (@NBCSCeltics) September 18, 2020
“We’re frustrated,” Tatum said. “That’s team sports. We’re not supposed to be happy we’re down 0-2. It was nothing ordinary. Just talking about the game. It’s cool, going to get ready for the next one.”
Celtics Most Made 3s Last 10 Games
1. Marcus Smart ……… 33
2. Jayson Tatum ……… 23
3. Jaylen Brown ………. 21
4. Kemba Walker …….. 20
5. Brad Wannamaker …. 8 pic.twitter.com/kb8kcoyLcB
— Kirk Goldsberry (@kirkgoldsberry) September 17, 2020
“What happens in the locker going to stay in the locker room,” Tatum later added. “We’re not supposed to come out here and talk about what we talked about as a team after a win or a loss. That’s why we go in the locker room and talk to each other, whether we win or lose. That’s that.”
“Guys were emotional after a hard game, a hard loss,” Celtics head coach Brad Stevens said.
The Celtics had 5 made shots and 5 turnovers on 25 plays against the Heat's zone defense in the 2nd half.
— Kirk Goldsberry (@kirkgoldsberry) September 18, 2020
Marcus Smart block raptors
This concerns me a little pic.twitter.com/xYMg0nLUWb
— BBALLBREAKDOWN (@bballbreakdown) September 18, 2020


Water is the most important resource on Earth; it is able to change our planet in geological and landscape terms and it is thanks to its presence and abundance that it has been possible for life to emerge. Water is the most abundant chemical compound on Earth, it is found in all environments and is an integral part of all living organisms. Our planet is about 70% water, while only 30% is land. Seen from space, the Earth appears as a blue planet.
Water has a great self-generating capacity, that can neutralize the polluting interventions carried out by humans. However, if human activities continue this uncontrolled and unsustainable exploitation of this resource, this regenerating capacity shall fail and it will be jeopardized definitively.
Man is now aware of this and is increasingly aware of the mechanisms that regulate the water cycle, and allow rivers, lakes, seas and oceans to live, and know where and how to intervene.
Water pollution is intended as water quality degradation caused by the introduction of substances that alter its physico-chemical characteristics and impede its normal use. These substances having either a solid, liquid or gaseous origin have different effects according to their amount and potential danger and fragility of the environments where they are released. These substances can have a human origin, when they are introduced by humans, or a natural origin. Pollution of water of natural origin can be caused by decomposition of organic debris, saltwater invading coastal aquifers, water blackening due to landslides, earthquakes, dust erupted from volcanoes.
Pollution can either be found at the level of superficial water or subterranean water. Pollution of superficial water can differ in its features or seriousness depending on whether it affects water in a river or in a lake and the consequences are: fish fauna depletion, death of aerobic bacteria and aquatic plants, formation of pestilential odors and deteriorating material, diffusion of pathogenic microorganisms, moreover, the more the water is polluted the greater are the costs of making it drinkable.
Pollution of aquifers is very dangerous from the point of view of preservation of water as a resouce for humans. Once it’s polluted, infact, subterranean water has a low depurative power and shows to employ much more time to recover original quality of water.
Substances polluting water
Water used in the agricultural, industrial and civil sectors often contains substances which will alter the ecosystem and hence must not be discharged directly into river flows. The most common polluting agents are the following. Fecal pollutants are materials of fecal origin that reach water bodies through sewage discharges or introduction of zootechnical manure that hasn’t been adequately treated. If there is a high fecal type pollution, can be observed the presence of pathogen microorganisms in water that can cause diseases as cholera, typhus fever, viral hepatitis, etc.
The different types of pollution lead to chemical or physical alterations of the water, with mechanisms which are very complex at times. Contaminants that are dispersed in the water have harmful effects on animal populations and plants, that can be classified into the following categories: deoxygenation or oxygen-depleting effects are caused by the organic substances that are present in industrial waste. When industrial waste is dispersed in the water, it is degraded by microorganisms, with an excessive consumption of the oxygen dissolved in the water…
Water regenerates itself
When polluted, fresh water basins have the capacity to self-clean their water, i.e. to make the water return to its original quality and purity. This self-cleaning phenomenon is provoked by bacteria that, in the presence of oxygen, degrade and transform the polluting substances into inert inorganic compounds. Obviously this process is not effective on all types of pollutants and for any amount of polluting substances present in the water. In some cases, human intervention is necessary to clean the water reserves that have been polluted.
The history of DDT represents a significant example of the risks for humans every time they intervene on the environment without knowing inside out the balances of ecosystems. The insecticidal power of DDT was discovered in 1939 and, at the end of World War II, it was largely used in those regions where diseases transmitted by insects, such as malaria, typhus fever and yellow fever, were widespread. Moreover, once its usefulness was discovered in the fight against insects harmful for crops, it allowed to increase agricultural production in the immediate post-war period with a consequent rapid recovery of world economy.
Water pollution occurs when substances dissolved in water exceed its self-cleansing capacity. This happens in many situations: for example, when water, passing through the atmosphere in the form of rain, is enriched with the pollutants it contains (acid rain), or when, flowing over cultivated fields, it washes the chemicals spread by farmers from the fields and carries them into lakes and seas where, together with domestic and sewage effluents that have not been purified beforehand, it contributes to the phenomenon of eutrophication. Toxic substances carried by industrial and municipal effluents also end up in the water, and make a significant contribution to bacterial pollution.
Given the importance of water for life on the planet, it is easy to understand how dangerous water pollution is, endangering the health of people, animals and plants, food production, and environmental balances.
Agricultural pollution originates from the introduction of chemical fertilizers (rich in phosphates and nitrates), pesticides (insecticides and weed killers) and manure from stables in river flows and in the soil. The discharge of chemical fertilizers in rivers, lakes and seas enhances the eutrophication phenomenon. The introduction of pesticides poses the most serious threat as these are not very biodegradable, they deposit and concentrate in river flows destroying all forms of life. A greater attention from agricultural operators could substantially reduce this form of pollution that is particularly dangerous as it can regard also aquifers.
Pollution of industrial origin is caused by the discharge of toxic and non biodegradable substances coming from industrial processing such as cyanides originating from industries producing pesticides and weed killers, cadmium originating from companies producing batteries and accumulators, and chromium as a leftover of plating and tanning industries. Industrial pollution can derive from the discharge of water used in productive processes that contains high amounts of solid dissolved susbstances coming from leaching of solid waste landfills carried out by rainwater or by accidental breaks of tanks and/or pipes transporting very polluting products.
There is also another form of industrial pollution of water that doesn’t regard the content of polluting substances but temperature: thermal pollution. Industries, infact, pour into the sea or into rivers hot water used for their processings. Cooling water is withdrawn from seas, lakes and rivers at a certain temperature and after use is returned at a higher temperature. The temperature rise in water bodies causes the alteration of aquatic ecosystems and the variation of vital processes.
Domestic water pollution is produced by the discharge of domestic sludge containing organic substances and soaps. These substances generally pour into superficial river flows but sometimes reach aquifers. It’s possible to reduce waste water pollution thanks to purification. Discharges are channelled from sewers to treatment stations to abate pollutants before discharging water into rivers and seas. These purification systems, though, aren’t always into force and, moreover, even where discharges are gathered and channelled can occur breaks or inefficies of septic pits, pipes or treatment plants that cause leakage of polluted water.
It’s caused mainly by accidents on oil platforms and ships used for hydrocarbon transport but also by discharging into the sea of water used to wash tanks of tanker vessels. Crude oil and petroleum products form a waterproof film on water that prevents the exchange of oxygen between atmosphere and water causing damages to marine flora and fauna. Nowadays during transport over sea are used “double-hull” tankers to avoid leaks in case of accidents.
Oceans have great self-cleansing capacity due to both the composition of seawater and its mass, which often allows effective dilution and oxygenation. But in enclosed seas and along coastlines, the spread of pollutants can cause damage to both the marine ecosystem and human health, so much so that bathing is prohibited in some areas.
The most widespread sources of pollution are discharges (urban and industrial) of organic substances: attacked by oxygen-consuming micro-organisms, this leads to subtraction of oxygen from other marine organisms. In some cases, urban and industrial sewage also contains non-degradable substances, such as heavy metals and radioactive substances, which poison the water causing fish to die.
Sea and ocean pollution
The use of seawater and the exploitation of marine resources may cause serious damages unless they are carried out in a way that guarantees its sustainable use, i.e. that guarantees compatibility between the marine ecosystems and man’s activities. Unfortunately, in many cases, since the antiquity the sea has been wrongly considered as a huge dumping ground in which all waste and dirt could be freely thrown. And it is still considered as such by poorly educated summer tourists, especially those who use sailing or motorboats and throw all their waste into it.
Heavy metal pollution
The most dangerous are: cadmium, lead, mercury that can be harmful to human health even in very low concentrations, as well as being highly toxic and non-degradable. They accumulate in those organisms that occupy the highest levels in the food pyramid: mercury pollution in the sea provokes the concentration of this metal in fish and the organisms that eat the fish, including men. Mercury that derives from the dumping of industrial waste and that reaches the sea is ever lasting and continues its cycle by passing from one organism to another through the food chain.
Eutrophication of the sea
Oxygen, light and mineral substances are very important for the sea, as they allow organisms to develop. These nutrients melt into the water and their excessive presence makes the sea particularly rich in organisms. In fact the result is an intense growth of algae and aquatic plants that develop rapidly, altering the balance of the ecosystem. Herbivores that eat algae and plants are not enough and do not manage to control these vegetal populations, that form a large quantity of decomposing material as they die.
In many countries to avoid pollution of water of industrial, domestic and agricultural origin in recent years have been introduced more and more restrictive laws that commit companies and public administrations to give particular attention to prevention, control and reduction of water pollution. New technologies and new products have hence been studied and introduced to allow to produce goods and services limiting and eliminating completely water pollution. Also many international organisations, including the European Commission, have dictated a set of simple recommendations for a sustainable management of water resources. Recommendations range from undertaking reforms of institutions that govern water resources to the definition of an adequate price for water to promote a more cautious and less waste-oriented use for water. Sustainable use of water, infact, is based also on waste reduction or its recycling in productive cycles: these practices can increase availability and improve quality of water existing in a given area.
Italian legislation on water
In the ‘70s, with the Legge Merli, was perceived for the first time the exigency to indicate in detail polluting substances posing limits to their discharge into water and their concentration regulating the topic of discharges. The D.P.R. 236/88 is the first example of the enforcement of a Community Directive (Directive 80/778 EEC regarding the quality of water destined for human use) from the Italian State. This law regulates the quality of water destined for human consumption and defines maximum allowable concentration (MAC) and guideline values (GV) for different chemical and microbiological parameters, indicated by the law itself.
Should water be purified?
Once it’s used, water is returned strongly deteriorated. It contains, infact, many polluting substances (for example leftovers of detergents used to wash dishes or clothes) or other organic substances (for example human excrements). In many countries (unfortunately not all yet) this water is gathered from the sewage system and sent to a purifier that eliminates or reduces at levels compatible with the health of the environment, concentration of polluting substances; water is finally poured again into natural water flows (rivers and lakes) to return into the sea.
Sustainable management of waste
Possible actions to manage responsibly such an important resource as water could be many, here are some examples. Purification of polluted water is possible to restore a lake, as occurred in Switzerland. If the lake is acidified, for example, immission of carbonates neutralizes acidity of polluting substances…


text:
Florida bill aimed at derailing sunscreen legislation fails
Legislation that would have derailed plans to locally ban sunscreen products containing oxybenzone or octinoxate in cities in Florida, has been indefinitely postponed and withdrawn. The proposed legislation (SB 588/HB 1299) aimed to impose a...
Sign up for our free membership
- Weekly news alert to help you stay ahead and inform your product safety
- 3 free articles from a handpicked/curated selection of recent content
- Unlimited access to regular in-depth webinars
- Get the latest jobs & events email newsletter
- Exclusive free member content, including insightful reports and guides

domain: law