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The soberness of the descriptions of the urban setting, as well as their number, always minimal, seem to validate one of the rules of detective novel writing that S.S. Van Dine formulated in his "Twenty rules for Writing Detective Stories" (1928). While today it seems rather a set of norms concerning the manner of how not to write a detective novel, this sort of "poetics" of police literature, reflects, to a large extent, Simenon's choice of composition:
STREETS, ALLEYS, DEAD ENDS AND BOULEVARDS:
MAIGRET AND THE PARISIAN SPACE
Marco Modenesitranslated by Stephen Trussel
Place de la République, Place de la Bastille, Avenue Carnot, Rue Riquet, Place Clichy, Rue de Caulaincourt, Rue Lepic, Boulevard de Rochechouart, Rue Sainte-Catherine, Rue Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Place de la Concorde, Avenue Georges V, Rue Royale, Quai de la Gare, Rue du Sentier, Rue Lhomond, Rue Saint-Jacques, Place de l'Etoile, Place des Vosges, Boulevard Saint-Germain, Boulevard Saint-Michel, Quai du Louvre, Rue Poissonnière, Rue Blanche, Rue des Saints-Pères...
Just a small sample of the list of Parisian street names which are scattered throughout over fifty investigations considering novels and short stories of Commissioner Maigret.
Needless to say, as faithful readers are well aware, at the top of the list are the Quai des Orfèvres, where, at number 36, Jules Maigret has his office, and 132 Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, where he and his wife reside.
The setting of so much of the action as to be considered "Simenon's second character, after the commissioner"1, Maigret's Paris, not surprisingly, has often attracted analysts' attention. But they seem to be most frequently satisfied with drawing more or less exhaustive maps of the streets, districts, and arrondissements that the commissioner traverses, even reproducing them at the iconographic level, by slanting the drawing or photograph, to render, by an image, the urban dimension in which Maigret operates.2
Far from wanting to deliver a detailed picture of the urban space haunted by Maigret, nor to offer a complete list of the streets he encounters, the remarks which follow are intended rather as an appreciation and analysis of the roles and functions the Parisian topography exercises in the economy of the narrative, using a set of examples selected from the mare magnuma of the texts of the Maigret cycle. My attention will be therefore focus mainly on the streets, boulevards, alleys and districts which display the geography of Paris within the fabric of the stories, to assess their dynamic impact on the narrative structures of the text.
Open any Maigret novel at random, and the odds are good that your glance will fall on the name of a Paris street:They had to walk as far as the Rue Gay-Lussac before they found a cab. 3In these examples, the narrator indicates the streets that Maigret uses during his movement through the French capital. At other times, the name of the street signals a character's domicile:
He was going along the Rue de Maubeuge, about half an hour ago, when a man came out of the darkness and brandished a large gun under his nose... 4
I went back to Boulevard Saint Germain with the idea of looking in at the Three Ministries.5
Fortunately the Vieux Calvados had just opened. It was the only place in the street where he could take refuge, at the corner of the Rue Henner.6
Maigret thanked him and left. Back on Boulevard Rochechouart, he strolled along at a leisurely pace, as if he were on home ground.7
That meant that in less than three minutes policemen would be on the spot, for the Rue Damrémont is quite close to the Rue Caulaincourt.8
It was not far to the police station of the First Arrondissement, on Rue des Prouvaires.9
Parting company with Superintendent Ascan, he turned into the Rue de la Grande-Truanderie and in the direction of the market.10
Instead, he made his way to the police station on Rue Lambert.11He didn't live far from here, on Rue Caulaincourt. I don't the number, but it's next to a cleaners.12Often, the name of a street or boulevard serves to define the coordinates of the setting of the crime:
Her address is still registered as sixty-seven, Rue Caulaincourt.13
"Where do you live?"
"On the Quai de Jemmapes, just opposite the Saint-Martin Lock.14
Olga-Jeanne-Marie Poissonneau, twenty-nine years of age, born at Saint-Joris-sur-Isère, unemployed, residing at Hôtel Beauséjour, Rue Lepic, Paris XVIIIe.15
Guillaume Serre, residing at 43b Rue de la Ferme16
I live in the Rue d'Enghien just opposite the Petit Parisien17
She lives at number twelve, Rue Mercadet18The incident had inevitably occured in a small hotel at the corner of the Rue de Birague and the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, where a dangerous Polish criminal, who had attacked a number of farms in the north of France, had taken refuge.19And one could multiply such examples endlessly. The narrator, indeed, evokes without relaxation the streets and boulevards of the French capital; he imposes them on the reader, who is thus taken inside this road network, this urban fabric which place names, toponyms, outline from one page to another.
"Your husband died from a bullet wound in the head, at exactly 10:15 p.m., in front of the emergency call-box at the corner of the Rue Caulaincourt.20
I happened to glance outside and I saw another car leaving Rue Fléchier and disappearing down Rue Notre Dame de Lorette.21
In the evocation of places, Simenon also tends to use toponyms in a metonymic, or symbolic way. So the "Quai des Orfèvres" indicates Maigret's office, the seat of the Judicial Police, and the Judicial Police itself. In the same way, the name of a street makes itself the synonym for the place where a crime has been discovered (and often perpetrated), a true spatial core around which the investigation revolves.
We see that Maigret "telephoned the Quai des Orfèvres"22; "the apartment on Avenue Carnot," the setting of Louise Filon's murder in Maigret se trompe [Maigret's Mistake], is, time and again, indicated simply as "Avenue Carnot"23; "the Vieux-Four Passage" stands for the apartment situated in an abandoned house scheduled to be demolished, where the body of Marcel Vivien is discovered (Maigret et l'homme tout seul [Maigret and the Loner]); "Rue Chaptal" is the synonym for the mansion that the young Maigret watches, convinced, with reason, that a murder has been committed there (La première enquête de Maigret [Maigret's First Case]). When the worried commissioner knows that "the Rue de Saussaies" should have been informed24, it is an allusion to the location of the seat of the police agency which is responsible for the zone in which, outside of all legality, he is operating during the "affair in the Rue Richer"25 in Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters [Maigret and the Killers].
As can be noted from even this quick jotting, the evocation of a site is accomplished by the simple mention of its name; "the geography of Paris, when the action is concentrated there, is evoked by the name of its districts or its streets".26
Essentially, the narrator recreates the urban space on the page with rapid and essential strokes, by short descriptions. This is particularly the case when he provides the internal coordinates through which Maigret and his men move. It is through their eyes during their dispersement, their examinations of the places, and while they stand watch, that this spatial dimension is revealed:And whenever he walked along the Avenue de l'Opéra, at a certain point, next door to a gunsmith's, he never failed to sniff at the good smell of coffee being roasted in the window of the Balthazar shop.27
He took the métro, got off at the Place Blanche, went into the vast main room of the brasserie.28
Sleet was falling, and Jussiaume had stepped into a doorway at the corner of Rue Fontaine and the Rue Pigalle. (...)
A figure it looked like a small boy slipped out of the door and glided off down the Rue Pigalle, towards the Rue Blanche, keeping close to the wall. Then two men, one of them with a saxophone case under his arm; they turned in the direction of the Place Clichy.
Almost immediately afterwards another man came out, and set off down the Rue Notre-Dame de Lorette; the collar of his coat was turned up.29
The Chief Superintendent peered at the numbers on the houses. The one he was looking for was a seed and bulb shop. To the left of the shopwindow was a passage leading into a courtyard. A flight of steps jutted out into it, next to which, fixed to the wall, were two enamel plaques that had once been green but by now had faded to an indeterminate gray.30
A detective novel should contain no long descriptive passages, no literary dallying with side-issues, no subtly worked-out character analyses, no "atmospheric" preoccupations. Such matters have no vital place in a record of crime and deduction. They hold up the action and introduce issues irrelevant to the main purpose, which is to state a problem, analyze it, and bring it to a successful conclusion. 31
However, as Jacques Dubois, among others, emphasizes, "the major tendency is for the detective story to be written mostly in realistic speech."32 And Simenon's writing, including his use of urban space, fits prefectly into this realistic matrix setting which characterizes the detective novel in general.
As noted above, the main function of mentioning the names of streets and districts is to evoke the place where the action occurs. Furthermore, the presence of the name of a boulevard or quay, within a sentence or paragraph, tends to give a greater consistency to events, and especially to situate the facts in a concrete space, known to the reader, while satisfying, from a certain point of view, a "profession of truth", as Jean-Nöel Blanc emphasizes: "you see the story as believable, since the name of this place or that hotel is true."33
Indeed the presence of such an element in the text is sufficient to trigger a way of verifying truthfulness, and therefore, the credibility of the narration: "in the realistic text (...)," Klinkenberg remarks, "known details give back the believable whole, the authentic object renders all the space authentic, the captured moment makes all the time real."34
The main, if not the essential function of street names then, as one can easily deduce from remarks made up to this point, is to represent and provide a set of information which increases the illusion of reality, which renders the narrative plausible.
Put another way, these are what Roland Barthes defines as informants, "pure data, immediately signifiant," that have the goal of bringing "a fully formed recognition".35 Their functionality, pursues Barthes, "is therefore weak, but still exists: (...) the informant serves to authenticate the reality of the referent, to root the fiction in the real".36
Simenon chose Paris. Perhaps not so much because "Paris remains the linguistic and imaginary reference of the French-speaking world"37, but rather because, on the one hand, Simenon considers his ideal reader as the holder, for geographical or cultural reasons, of the Parisian reality or the Parisian encyclopedia, and on the other, because the dimensions of a metropolis are more suitable to containing the world of crime than any other.
We find ourselves, in any case, faced with an effort which, at the narrative level, many writers of the realistic school accomplish: the attempt "to eliminate the difference between the text and the pre-text"38; with the goal of intensifying the degree of rapport with the reader, increasing the possibility of the reader's involvement in the story. Paris, in Simenon's projects, should dissolve more comfortably "quel senso di perplesso distacco che subentra [nel lettore] quando una pagina manca di verosimiglianza".39 [that sense of perplexed separation that takes over [in the reader] when a page lacks verisimilitude]
Therefore, descriptive passages of places having no direct function in the narrative action prove to be relatively rare.40 Simenon tends to place these passages in the opening of the novel which rarely begins in medias resb almost to sketch a sort of general setting of the action, or in moments during which the commissioner isn't thinking about the business at hand:
Maigret had taken the bus and was standing on the platform, vaguely watching the early-morning life of Paris, the dustbins in the slanting rain, the workers streaming like ants towards offices and shops.41It is especially in these types of passages that a feature not necessarily specific to this genre appears in the novel: attention to the psychological nuances of the hero. Maigret, for example, unveils, in this manner, his sensitivity as well as the affection that binds him to certain places in Paris, and, though rarer, his antipathy to sections of the city devoid of dynamism and vitality, which the commissioner considers positive features:
A broad embankment, beside which several rows of barges lay idle. An embankment that had a provincial flavour about it, with one-storey houses overlooking the Seine, a few blocks of flats, and bistros into which nobody seemed to go, and courtyards where, surprisingly, hens were scratching about on dunghills.42
It was a few minutes past twelve. It was not much more than half an hour's walk from the Rue d'Enghien to Boulevard Richard-Lenoir. Maigret, in good spirits, enjoyed looking at the people, the tour buses, and the goods displayed in the shopwindows. Two or three buses were parked near the Place de la Bastille, and cameras clicked as the tourists snapped it, to take its place alongside the Arc de Triomphe, the Sacré-Cur, and the Tour Eiffel.43
[T]he Paris streets had such a wonderful atmosphere that [Maigret] had walked home and had been tempted to go a long way round, by Les Halles, to enjoy the smell of the spring fruits and vegetables in the market.44
The little black car drove him to the Place Saint-Sulpice, which for some reason was the Paris square he disliked most. There he always felt as if he were in some place in the provinces. To his eyes, even the shops appeared different from elsewhere, and the passers-by seemed more sluggish and depressed.45What Marc Lits affirms about Simenon's writing in general is therefore valid for these cases: "the presentation of mystery isn't simply a transcription of reality, a precise description of surroundings or customs. When Simenon uses this type of narrative, he leaves the mystery novel for the "psychological novel" or "moral study."46
There exists, all the same, a second aspect of the writing of the urban space. It is an aspect that returns to the realist camp, and which presides in the novels of the Maigret cycle. A textual element not so much concerned with the spatial setting to which it anchors the intrigue, but which affects rather another narrative structure: the character.
It concerns the use of space that partially reveals his vision of the world that Simenon allows to appear in his novels, sometimes presenting it to the reader, but especially to the commissioner.
Jacques Dubois demonstrated that "above all, for Simenon, social classes exist. They are a reassuring given of reality, to which Maigret pays full attention and which he considers eminent signs of sociality. The commissioner is so accustomed to recognizing, to "detecting" them, that he is at sea without them."47
Indeed, Maigret is very attentive to this distinction which, moreover, is often overtly revealed by a character's domicile. According to the commissioner, there exists a necessary correspondence between the district, and therefore the street, where a character lives, and his social status. If, in Maigret et l'homme tout seul [Maigret and the Loner], we are content that "one would hardly expect to find anything on a grand scale in the neighborhood of the central market [Les Halles]"48, in other novels, there is an even greater insistence on the structured compartments which shape society.
"The city for Simenon is divided socially in zones, and this division imposes itself on his characters. The series of Parisian Maigrets is well enough known and sufficiently rich in the full range of agreement between the social level of the protagonists and their urban space"49:
[Maigret] himself turned to Rue Saint-Denis. It was a narrow street, crowded and noisy even at vacation time. For this little community, seaside holidays were a rarity.50The allusion to the domicile of Commissioner Le Bret, young Inspector Maigret's superior, proves to be a clear sign of the social layer to which he belongs, and thus and that he protects:
At the Manhattan too the walls were decorated of photos of boxers and actors. But it wasn't the same clientele as at Rue des Acacias.51
Maxime Le Bret was probably the only superintendent in Paris to keep a carriage and live on the Plain Monceau, in one of the new houses in the Boulevard de Courcelles.52And where the relationship doesn't hold, Maigret doesn't hide his surprise. That is the case, for example, of his shock when he sees, in the Rue Batignolles, the house of Baron, who associated with the extremely distinguished and nearly aristocratic:
It was one of these apartment house where several families lived on each floor, working-class families for the most part, and even at that early hour there were lights in many of them. The contrast was striking between this modest house and the aristocratic airs Baron tried to emulate.53In the same way, regarding the "white cardboard shoe-box"54 which Lucas passed him, and in which was the treasure old photos, a birth certificate, various objects won at carnivals, a china dog, a spun glass elephant and some paper flowers of poor Louise Filon, killed in an apartment in the well-off district of the Avenue Carnot, Maigret's reflections validate our hypothesis:
It would have been quite natural to have unearthed such petty treasures in the Barbès district or around the Boulevard de la Chapelle. Here in an Avenue Carnot flat the cardboard box became almost tragic.55This choice of composition can be read, rightfully, as another demonstration of the desire to suggest an "effect of reality". In making recourse to that which affirms, in its conception of the world, the structure of the society and while reproducing in a mimetic manner the symbolic universe of Maigret, Simenon delivers to the prudent reader (who shares, with the narrator and the author, the Parisian encyclopedia already mentioned) the character's constituent feature: like the streets, to such an urban unit corresponds such a social class.56
Although my reflections to this point only underline how Simenon is, in part and on various levels, "a champion of the effect of real, that is, of the realistic touches which authenticate a situation, a character, a place"57, one can certainly ignore, as Marc Lits notes, "the space in the mystery narrative which answers less, as one could believe, to realistic aesthetics than to theatrical convention"58; where "theatrical convention" is an allusion to the classic rule of the three Aristotelian unitsc.
The relationship with the forms of the classical theater assuredly less narrow than is continually said, with a little too much superficiality, in the domain of the critique of the detective novel was time and again emphasized59, while raising, for example, the simplicity and the homogeneity of the intrigue (which cuts solely to the primary narrative core: the quest for the solution to the affair) as the equivalent of the unit of action.
One cannot, here, offer a theoretical reflection on these aspects of the detective novel. In the setting of this survey, it seems equally important to me to show how the detective novel that sees Maigret as hero, is characterized by a forced and limited space which60 by the bias of urban toponyms circumscribes the action in the way of a place unit.
If one made recourse to a plan of the city of Paris to draw the perimeter inside of which streets mentioned localize the action, it would be obvious that the space corresponds systematically to an appreciably limited number of urban arteries, very close to each other, which cut up a limited and restrained section of space.
It is about a choice of writing directly relevant to the narrative style that Simenon frequents: the mystery novel doesn't foresee actions that imply appreciable displacements inside the spatial dimension. On the contrary, nothing must disturb the very heart of the intrigue: the reconstruction, entirely mental, of the events which led to the murder.
For that, "to avoid a dismemberment or a partition of the space, caused by the actor's displacement when he goes from one place to the other, and to assure the spatial unit of the narration, the author draws or chooses an easy-to-schematize space ".61
It is easy to believe Hendrik Veldman when he affirms that "before beginning the composition of a novel, [Simenon] designs on yellow envelopes the place where the action will unfold: a house, street, crossroads, district, channel, stream, sluice, beach..."62
For this, it would not even be necessary to make recourse to signposts. Indeed, this particular situation concerning the urban space cannot only be deduced by the toponyms in the text, but the commissioner sometimes reveals it himself:
He kept going back to the beginning. Rue des Dames.63The Maigret detective novels possess then, what Roger Caillois considers the distinctive features of the "narrative of deduction": "The detective novel happens in an enclosed universe (...). The units of place and time come back in favor."68
And then hed remembered that Francine, the daughter, whom he had scarcely seen, had been working for the past year in a Prisunic in the Rue Réaumur. The Rue Réaumur is next to Rue de Sentier, on the same métro line.64
It all centered around the same neighborhood: Rue Brey, Hotel Wagram, Pozzo's restaurant, Rue des Acacias, the garage where the automobile had been rented.65
He had done nothing for hours but tramp round a narrow area, bordered by the Étoile, the Place des Ternes, and the Porte Maillot.66
"It's quite near here. The whole business is happening in this district." For Picratt's, in the Rue Pigalle, was scarcely five hundred yards from Arlette's flat, and about the same distance from the Rue Victor-Massé.67
It is obvious, on the other hand, that Simenon possessed lucidly, before his eyes, the geography of Paris, the plan of its streets within every district. But Maigret in his turn, as demonstrated in the last quotes, testifies to an extraordinary familiarity, not only with the city of Paris, but with its topography in particular.
The rapport that has Maigret with the road geography of Paris is undoubtedly the rapport of a ruler. The mastery and the knowledge of the plan of the city which he demonstrates is extraordinary.
If, indeed, we don't forget that "so many years in Criminal Police not to mention those earlier years of pounding the beat and policing the railroad stations"69 assured to Maigret a remarkable direct experience of the city, that is still not enough to explain his mastery of the boulevards, streets, dead ends and avenues which riddle many passages of his investigations.
So that we can observe, as an example, when he arranges his men for a stake-out:
"Write this down: Avenue Trudaine, near the Lycée Rollin. I want the warehouses and the workshops of the firm Louis Mahossier, Painting and Decorating, watched. I haven't the least idea what, if anything, is likely to happen there, but I'd be easier in my mind if I knew that the premises were under surveillance. Next, I want someone posted on Rue de Turbigo to watch the residence of Mahossier..."70Of course, this detailed knowledge of the road network of the capital is within the limits of normality. As well as when Maigret testifies to knowing the subdivisions of the city distinctly with regard to different zones of jurisdictione:
First of all, he had no right to be operating around Maisons-Laffitte, which was outside his jurisdiction. According to regulations, he should have referred the case to Rue des Saussaies, who would have sent men of the Surete, or he'd have had to obtain letters rogatory for the police of Seine-et-Oise, which would have taken hours.71It is in Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters [Inspector Maigret and the Killers], however, that one meets what I would not hesitate to define as one of the disconcerting passages on this subject. The commissioner, who perceived that he was being followed in the night by a gangster who wanted to lure him into an ambush, makes arrangements with Inspector Bonfils, on the phone, to prepare an action to rescue him and to catch the criminal:
I'd rather manage this operation on a deserted street. Rue Grange-Batelière would be the place. It isn't long and it won't be difficult to shut off both ends. You'll send two or three men in uniform to Rue Drouot (...).One would say that Maigret has the plan of the city engraved in his head; the maze of Parisian streets, including the minuscule passages, is printed in the commissioner's memory. If sometimes the commissioner resorts to a map of the city, it is not that he has need of it, but rather his men, for by default the total mastery of the disposition of streets is the exclusive appendage of the commissioner:
Nicolas and Davers are to station themselves on the steps of Passage Jouffroy. I suppose by this time the gates of the passage are closed? (...) As for you, Bonfils, you'll take several uniformed men and cut off Rue du Faubourg Montmartre.72
[Maigret] called the four men into his office, spread out a plan of Montmartre, and explained what they were to do.73Otherwise, this expertise seems to limit itself only to the urban dimension of Paris. Maigret also, once outside of the capital, can easily get lost. And it occurs where the setting of roads of the city is no longer able to help him, where the plan of Paris is no longer in play.
For example, during the search for the gangsters, Maigret had to come out of his jurisdiction and leave Paris; at that moment, the disposition of streets abandons its role as an impeccable aid to the commissioner's movements and becomes a nearly inescapable obstacle:
There followed endless explanations. Maigret lost track of all the crossroads, the turns on the right, and the turns to the left, and had to call in the driver.74Such situations let us sense that the restraint which Maigret normally displays is the result of a privileged rapport that institutes itself between the commissioner and Paris or, more correctly, between the commissioner and the geographical map of the city.
To the support of this hypothesis, I will mention a passage from Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux [Maigret and the Surly Inspector], where the commissioner goes to the vast Emergencies room to see his nephew who was working at the telephone switchboard.
This room is at the other end of the street in relation to the seat of the Judicial Police. "Unknown to most Parisians, although it is the very core of the city"75, it is the room of predilection for Maigret. That which he appreciates there further, is the plan of the city attached to the wall, and which replicates all places where there are devices for emergency calls: "the huge map of Paris that stretched over half a wall."76
The attitude of Maigret facing the plan of the blinking light city table setting betrays a real respect:
Maigret always argued that young detectives should be obliged to spend a year at least in this room so as to learn the geography of crime in the capital, and he himself, when he had time to spare, liked to spend an hour or two there.77"To learn the criminal geography of the capital": that is one of reasons that pushes Maigret toward the Police Emergencies room to pass there gladly an hour or two. This frequentation explains, at least in part, the extraordinary familiarity with the road network of Paris that characterizes Maigret, but it especially illuminates the nature of the tie that unites him to the urban space: for Maigret, this enormous plan attached to the wall of Police Emergencies is the heart of Paris. The vital core of the city is a plan that replicates its streets, its alleys, its dead ends and its boulevards...
In order to propose a hypothesis of interpretation of this feature being a matter for the rapport between Maigret and the road geography of Paris, it is indispensable to introduce a brief general reflection on one of fundamental aspects of the detective novel.
One of strategies that one meets as the basis of the "classic" detective novel is the representation of the effort whose success proves to be very reassuring for the reader what one accomplishes in order to reestablish an order (the one that assures the socially accepted norms) that has been compromised by the criminal act. The malefactor is assured of Justice, which suggests a way of repair that reestablishes and confirms, at the social level, the state of things prior to the crime.
It is especially in the mystery novel that "the material investigation turns into an adventure of the logical and deductive thought that looks less to capture the criminal physically that to understand an inexplicable phenomenon mentally"78.
From the inexplicable to the comprehensible, from confusion to linearity, from chaos to the cosmos.
Said otherwise, "the mystery novel grants the sacred mission to restore the legibility of the world. For the term of the investigation, society will recover its social order and its judicial balance miraculously".79
The actor who operates the conversion which brings chaos back to order, is the police agent or the investigator. This is also valid for commissioner Maigret. In La première enquête de Maigret [Maigret's First Case], the reader learns of a deep requirement that haunts the soul of the young Jules absorbed in a meditation on choices that should operate in his professional life once he has reached adulthood:
To tell the truth, the profession that he had always wanted to practice did not exist. Even when quite young, he had always felt that lots of people in his village were not in their right niche, were treading paths which were not theirs, solely because they were not aware.This same requirement is put forth again on the occasion of another moment of reflection, in Maigret et le corps sans tête [Maigret and the Headless Corpse], this time, it is the psychoanalyst's face and no longer that of the police agent that appears as the realization, although possibly imperfect, of this phantom profession:
And he used to imagine a very intelligent man, above all a very understanding man, doctor and priest at once, as it were, a man who would at first glance understand the destinies of others (...)
People would have come to consult this man, just as they consulted a doctor. In a manner of speaking he would have been a repairer of destinies. Not only because he was intelligent. Maybe he wouldn't have needed to be exceptionally intelligent? But because he was able to live the lives of every sort of man, to put himself inside everybody's mind. (...)
And are not policemen actually repairers of destinies?80
Repairer of destinies, repairer of destinies: this singular expression signals, in an implicit manner, a process that pushes to repair, to try to carry remedy to a pain, while suppressing (within the limits of the possible) its negative effects. A process that has the tendency to reestablish a positive initial state that, for some reason, has been lost.
Had he not in his youth dreamed of an ideal vocation for himself, a vocation which did not exist in real life? He had never told anyone, had never even given it a name, but he knew now what it was he had wanted to be: a guide to the lost.
In fact, curiously enough, in the course of his work as a policeman, he had often been able to help people back onto the right road, from which they had misguidedly strayed. More curiously still, recent years had seen the birth of a new vocation, similar in many respects to the vocation of his dreams: that of the psychoanalyst, whose function it is to bring a man face to face with his true self81.
Through the vagueness of the hesitant reflections of the future commissioner shines the desire to rebuild, to restore the order where, in some manner or other, it has been damaged.
The admiration for that enormous "plan of Paris" in the Police Emergencies room is the admiration for the reproduction of the range of the urban space. To have clearly in his head the centers of the road network of the city, the representation of its geography, is to possess the instrument that delivers, in a rational, neat, legible manner, the urban reality definitely complex and articulated which commissioner Maigret must look after.
It is not therefore astonishing that the rapport between this "repairer" and the urban reality is established by spatial coordinates, like streets and boulevards, because they are very parameters which permit the ordering of the city, while bringing it in a linear manner under Maigret's eyes.
Unable to extend this attitude assuring harmony and safety to all of reality, Maigret controls and guides, by spatial sections, his own city:
It was impossible to search the whole of France. Maigret was pinning his hopes on Montmartre, though he would have found it hard to explain why.82This is perhaps the subtlest manifestation of the intimate demands which preside over the soul of the commissioner Maigret. The "plan of Paris" is necessarily engraved in his memory, both as a model and a means to satisfy the primary processes that make Maigret act: to order and to classify.
It seems to me that what I have shown thus far indicates that the system of Paris streets reveals itself without any significant doubt; not only because it contributes, through the evocation of toponyms, to the intensification of the sense of historic realism, but rather for what it represents to eyes of Maigret.
The names of streets identify metonymically, symbolically, the different affairs in which the commissioner interests himself; the identification of a boulevard or a district immediately communicates the social class to which the one that lives there belongs; the Parisian road network that Maigret keeps in memory permits him to contemplate the model of order toward which all connections that he has with streets of Paris seem to systematically lead, and to exploit them in his favor.
It is by reason of their capacity to satisfy Maigret's processes of order and ordering that the streets of Paris, its boulevards and its squares become the landmarks by which the commissioner coordinates and organizes the reality which surrounds him and which he guards within.
To this point, a last episode, a small passage from Maigret et la Grande Perche [Maigret and the Burglar's Wife], which appears to me exemplary.
Ernestine, who came to the commissioner's office to ask for his help, sends Maigret a note so that he will see her:
Ernestine Micou, alias 'Lofty' (now Jussiaume), who, when you arrested her seventeen years ago in the Rue de la Lune, stripped herself naked to take the mike out of you, requests the favor of an interview with you on a matter of most urgent and important business83The text makes allusion to an anecdote which goes back to beginnings of Maigret's career: he had gone to the Saint-Dennis district, to the room of a girl he was supposed to arrest, accused of theft. Ernestine had then undressed completely, lain down on her bed and, to provoke him, invited the young inspector to take her to jail. Poor Maigret had had to ask for the assistance of two agents from the district. They had wrapped the girl in a blanket and carried away her bodily, under the gaze of her neighbors and to the embarrassment of the young inspector.
Such an episode should not fade away easily from memory. However, Maigret, when reading the note, could only dissipate the fog of the past when a spatial coordinate, the name of a street, came to his aid:
Maigret couldn't recall the names Micou or Jussiaume, or even the nickname Lofty, but he retained a vivid memory of the Rue de la Lune, on a day as hot as this, when the asphalt feels elastic under one's tread and fills Paris with a smell of tar.84
1. M. PIRON, L'univers de Simenon, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1983, p. 15.
2. see also, in this regard, M. LEMOINE, Les lieux de Maigret in AA.VV., Simenon: l'homme, l'univers, la création, Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 1993, pp. 94-109; F. FRANCK, Het Parijs van Simenon, Antwerpen, Uitgeverij Ontwikkeling, 1969; Le Paris de Simenon. Photographies de Daniel Langendries, «Cahiers Simenon», 2, 1988, pp. 65-96. Some studies show slight exceptions: M. DÉCAUDIN, Topographie et imaginaire chez Simenon, «La Licorne», 12, 1986; M. LEMOINE, Quelques particularités toponymiques dans l'oeuvre romanesque de Georges Simenon, «TRACES», 2, 1992, pp. 21-46 (although there's nothing about Parisian space); R. ADRIANNE, L'imaginaire urbain chez Simenon in R. FRICKX, D. GULLENTOPS, Le Paysage urbain dans les Lettres françaises de Belgique, Bruxelles, VUB Press, 1994, pp. 83-90.
3. G. SIMENON, Maigret en meublé, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1990 p. 15. After their first citation, all the novels of the Maigret cycle will be indicated in these notes uniquely by title. [Maigret Takes a Room, Penguin Books, 1965, Ch. 1, p. 13]
4. G. SIMENON, Le revolver de Maigret, Paris, Presses de la Cité 1995, p.81. [Maigret's Revolver, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 4, p. 62]
5. G. SIMENON, Maigret chez le ministre, Paris, Presses de la Cité 1990, p. 79. [Maigret and the Calame Report, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 4, p. 84]
6. G. SIMENON, La première enquête de Maigret, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1990, p. 50. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 3, p. 43]
7. G. SIMENON, Maigret et l'homme tout seul, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1990, p. 82. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 3, p. 68]
8. G. SIMENON, Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1977, pp. 7-50, cit. p. 10. [Maigret and the Surly Inspector, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 1, p. 102-103]
9. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 9. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 5]
10. Ibid., p. 19. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 13]
11. Ibid., p. 49. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 2, p. 38]
12. Ibid., p. 44. [Ibid., Ch. 2, p. 35]
13. Ibid., p. 50. [Ibid., Ch. 2, p. 40]
14. G. SIMENON, Maigret et la Grande Perche, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1995, p. 14. [Maigret and the Burglar's Wife, Penguin Books, 1960, Ch. 1, p. 11]
15. G. SIMENON, On ne tue pas les pauvres types in Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux, cit., pp. 141-185, cit. p. 178. [Death of a Nobody, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 4, p. 209]
16. Maigret et la Grande Perche, p. 54. [Maigret and the Burglar's Wife, Penguin Books, 1960, Ch. 3, p. 41]
17. La première enquête de Maigret, p. 10. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 1, p. 7]
18. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 55. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 2, p. 43]
19. Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux, pp. 10-11. [Maigret and the Surly Inspector, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 1, p. 103]
20. Ibid., p. 20. [Ibid., Ch.1, p. 110.]
21. G. SIMENON, Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1990, p. 20. [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 1, p. 21]
22. G. SIMENON, Maigret se trompe, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1995, p. 21. [Maigret's Mistake, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 1, p. 15]
23. Cfr. Ibid., passim.
24. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 146. [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 7, p. 144]
26. M. PIRON, op. cit.,p. 15.
27. La première enquête de Maigret, p. 13. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 1, p. 10]
28. Ibid., p. 71 [Ibid., p. 63]
29. G. SIMENON, Maigret au Picratt's, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1995, pp. 5-6. [Maigret in Montmartre, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 1, p. 5]
30. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 20. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 14]
31. SS. VAN DINE, Vingt règles pour le crime d'auteur in M. LITS, Pour lire le roman policier, Bruxelles, Deboek/Duculot, 1994, pp. 19-22 (règle n.° 1 6). The original text appeared as a preface to The Great Detective Stories (1927) and in «The American Magazine» en 1928.
32. J. DUBOIS, Le roman policier ou la modernité, Paris, Nathan, 1992, p. 122.
33. J.-N. BLANC, Polarville, Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1991, p. 29.
34. J.-M. KLINKENBERG, Réalites d'un discours sur le réel dans C. GOTHOT-MERSCH, J. DUBOIS, J.-M. KLINKENBERG, D. RACELLE-LATIN, Ch. DELCOURT, Lire Simenon, Paris-Bruxelles, Nathan-Labor, 1980, pp. 117-138, cit. pp. 130-131.
35. R. BARTHES, op. cit.. p. 24.
37. R. ADRIANNE, op. cit., p. 84.
38. J.-M. KLINKENBERG, op. cit., p. 135.
39. L. GRIMALDI, Il giallo e il nero, Milano, Pratiche Editrice, 1996, pp. 24-25.
40. See also the remarks of Jean FABRE dans Enquête sur un enquêteur, Maigret. Un essai de sociocritique, Montpellier, Editions du C.E.R.S., 1981, with regard to the landscape: «a landscape (notably Paris) of which the non-funtional public buildings (except for the Quai des Orfèvres or the Morgue) are never described. Only the street names write the action in minuscule, attaching the capital letters to the monuments to which they are ordinarily attached, making the historical time concrete» (p. 30).
41. Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux, p. 34. [Maigret and the Surly Inspector, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 2, p. 119]
42. On ne tue pas les paueres types, p. 173. [Death of a Nobody, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 3, p. 206]
43. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 153. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 6, p. 132]
44. La première enquête de Maigret, p. 28. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 2, p. 24]
45. Maigret se trompe, pp. 110-111. [Maigret's Mistake, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 5, p. 80]
46. M. LITS, op. cit., p. 99.
47. J. DUBOIS, Politique de Maigret, «T.R.A.C.E.S.», 2, 1990, pp. 7-23, cit. P. 10.
48. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 18. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 12]
49. J.-N. BLANC, op. cit., p. 176.
50. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 20. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 14]
51. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 72. [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 3, p. 71]
52. La première enquête de Maigret, pp. 29-30. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 2, p. 25]
53. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 168 [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 8, p. 169]
54. Maigret se trompe, p. 51. [Maigret's Mistake, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 3, p. 38]
55. Ibid., pp. 51-52. [Ibid., p. 39]
56. From there the narrator arrives at numerous narrative consequences, which go beyond the simple dimension of urban toponymy. The characters who, in some mannner or another, are not at «their» place are not only suspicious as in the case of Lulu in Maigret se trompe but are strongly shown to be probably (without making it an inflexible rule of composition) the instituters of criminal acts: the stripper at «Picratt's», Arlette, is killed by Oscar Bonvoisin, «originally from Auvergne» (Maigret au Picratt's, p. 143), the guilty ones in Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters are, as the title suggests, Americans; Madame Gouin, murderer of her husband's mistress «was just a simple nurse (...) who became the next day Mme Gouin» (Maigret se trompe, p. 172): wife of the famous surgeon, she was not only of humble origin, but her father «was a fisherman in Brittany» (p. 60).
57. J. DUBOIS, Le roman policier ou la modernité, cit., p. 171.
58. M. LITS, op. cit., p. 98.
59. Marc Lits in part, see also E. MANDEL, Delightful Murder. A Social History of the Crime Story, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1984 («What characterizes the classics of the detective story and separates them from their precursors as much as from subsequent writers is the extremely conventionalized and formalized character of their plots. To a large extent this marks a return to Aristotle's famous rules of the drama: unity of time, place and action», p. 25), T. STEELE The Structure of the Detective Story: Classical or Modern?, «Modern Fiction Studies», 4, winter 1981-82, vol. 27, pp.555-570 («The detective story is undeniably Aristotelian in a variety of ways, and whatever the customary attitude towards it, it is unquestionably sustained by literary conventions which have a long history», p. 556).
60. About space in detective stories, see, among others, A. PIETROPAOLI, Ai confini del giallo, Napoli, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1986.
61. H. VELDMAN, La tentation de l'inaccessible, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1981, p. 63.
62. Ibid., p. 67. In support of this anecdote concerning the writing of Simenon's novels, see also G. SIMENON, L'âge du roman, Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 1988, pp. 67 et 79.
63. On ne tue pas les pauvres types, p. 157. [Death of a Nobody, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 2, p. 196]
64. Ibid., pp. 159-160. (emphasis mine.) [Ibid., Ch. 2, p. 197.]
65. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 61. (emphasis mine.) [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 3, p. 59-60]
66. La première enquête de Maigret, pp. 105-106. [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 6, p. 95]
67. Maigret au Picratt's, p. 58. (emphasis mine.) [Maigret in Montmartre, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 3, p. 44]
68. R. CAILLOIS, Approches de l'imaginaire, Paris, Gallimard, 1974, p. 183.
69. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, pp. 23-24. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 1, p. 16]
70. Ibid., p. 130. [Ibid., Ch. 5, p. 113.]
71. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 143. [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 7, p. 144]
72. Ibid., pp. 119-121. [Ibid., Ch. 6, pp. 120-121.]
73. Maigret au Picratt's, p. 150. [Maigret in Montmartre, Penguin Books, 1961, Ch. 7, p. 110]
74. Maigret, Lognon et les gangsters, p. 148. [Inspector Maigret and the Killers, Curtis Books, 1973, Ch. 7, p. 149]
75. Maigret et l'inspecteur malgracieux, p. 8. [Maigret and the Surly Inspector, in Maigret's Christmas, Harvest/HBJ, 1981, Ch. 1, p. 101]
76. Ibid., p. 7. [Ibid., Ch.1, p. 101.]
77. Ibid., p. 9. [Ibid., Ch.1, p. 102.]
78. F. EVRARD, Lire le roman policier, Paris, Dunod, 1996, p. 94.
79. A. BERTRAND, Georges Simenon, Lyon, La manufacture, 1988, p. 19.
80. La première enquête de Maigret, pp. 90-91. (emphasis mine.) [Maigret's First Case, Penguin Books, 1963, Ch. 6, pp. 80-81]
81. G. SIMENON, Maigret et le corps sans téte, Paris, Presses de la Cité, 1978, pp. 62-63. [Maigret and the Headless Corpse, Avon Books, 1975, Ch. 3, p. 53]
82. Maigret et l'homme tout seul, p. 66. [Maigret and the Loner, Harvest/HBJ, 1983, Ch. 3, p. 55]
83. Maigret et la Grande Perche, p. 5. [Maigret and the Burglar's Wife, Penguin Books, 1960, Ch. 1, p. 5]
84. Ibid., pp. 6-7. [Ibid., Ch. 1, p. 6.]
a. mare magnum, Latin: 'great sea'
b. in media res, Latin: 'in the middle of things'
c. in note 59 as "Aristotle's famous rules of the drama: unity of time, place and action"
d. identified in error as [Tremblet], the father, in the original.
e. actually, Maisons-Lafitte is outside of Paris proper, on the Seine, 7 mi. to the NW, in Yvelines dept.

domain: literature


text:
Welcome to The Green Melon, a social enterprise founded by Tara Miran and John Aguirre in Bristol, UK. Our goal is to promote healthy eating, support local farmers, artisans and entrepreneurs to create a greener supply chain.
We were inspired to start The Green Melon after we and our local community organised a fruit and veg box scheme for local residents in St. Paul's during the Covid-19 pandemic. We saw a need locally for access to fresh, healthy food and wanted to make a difference in our community. We're passionate about you and our community, climate change, the health crisis, and reducing waste in the supply chain.
Our vision is to create a subscription service that allows people to shop for ethical everyday essentials at affordable prices. We believe that by offering carefully curated fruits and vegetables, we can provide a sustainable option for customers who are looking for an alternative to big corporate supermarkets. We're also committed to supporting local entrepreneurs, businesses, and farms to expand the range of products we offer, which are made in the local area.
Tara is known locally as someone who contributes to the community as a community organiser, a voice for equality and other social issues. John has worked with fruits and vegetables since 2015, so he knows how to deliver the highest quality, freshest produce to our customers.
Thank you for choosing The Green Melon. We're committed to building a better city with the support of our customers, and we hope that our venture contributes towards this goal.

domain: sociology


text:
In late March, the Hungarian parliament ratified Finland’s NATO membership, which led to joining it as a member a week later. At the time, some Hungarian officials “spent months telling counterparts that they had no objections, and their parliament was simply busy with other business,” as reported by Politico. “Budapest changed its narrative… with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán… arguing the point that some of his legislators had qualms regarding criticism of the state of Hungarian democracy.” While taking longer than perhaps hoped, the Hungarian parliament ultimately voted to ratify it by a margin of 182 to 6 on March 27.
Author: Jared Feldschreiber
One of Finland’s most impressive diplomats in the last two decades has been Jari Vilén, an accomplished envoy who served in the Finnish Parliament and represented the National Coalition Party between 1999 to 2007. In August of that same year, Mr. Vilén was tapped as Finland’s Ambassador in Budapest, and by mid-February 2012, he was assumed as Ambassador to Warsaw, which he began later that fall. In 2014, Mr. Vilén was also appointed EU ambassador to the Council of Europe.
During a wide-ranging discussion as a guest on CEA Talk with István Teplán, Amb. Vilén addressed a litany of geopolitical topics in a most volatile time for the continent. In introducing his friend and colleague, Mr. Teplán reminded listeners that Jari Vilén currently has been serving as Ambassador to the Barents and the Northern Dimension in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Amb. Vilén “is very interested in Central Europe, and a great friend of Hungary,” observed Mr. Teplán, saying that the respected envoy has helped with “the democratization process of [Central European] countries for many years.”
“One of the greatest moments in my life, diplomatically and politically, was on the 16th of April 2003, when I had the privilege and pleasure to sign on behalf of the Finnish government… the enlargement treaty, which included Hungarian membership into the European Union,” reminisced Amb. Vilén. “I still remember that day very vividly. I think that was the beginning of my love story [for] Hungary, but also [with all] Central European countries.”
Finland’s pragmatism led it to vie for NATO membership so early after the Russian invasion of Ukraine since Moscow’s flagrant aggression and invasion of Ukraine broke all norms. This gave Finland little choice but to react and change the geopolitical paradigm, argued Amb. Vilén. “We were able to survive [the Second World War] thanks to our defense forces. I can fairly say that for the first time in Finnish political history, it was the Finnish decision that decided it. [Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022] was unacceptable… All the red lines, which existed, had been crossed.” Amb. Vilén also revealed that within 72 hours of the Russian invasion, “the Finnish citizens decided that the best way to secure our borders [was] to join… NATO… This is the first time [that] the people demanded change… This time, it was [done] not by the political leadership, but by the people’s will — which was then followed by [actions of] the parliament, and its government members.”
Amb. Vilén reiterated the words of outgoing Prime Minister Sanna Marin who said from the outset that “there would be peace if Russia would withdraw their troops and stop the aggression against Ukraine.” Amb Vilén stressed that “this war started because of Russian aggression. [It] started because Russia decided to try to change the borders and limit the freedoms of its next-door neighbor, and at the same time, also advocated it would like to limit the freedom of other member states close to Russia.” Amb. Vilén added that since 1944, Finland always sought to “build its defense capacity to resist Russian aggression. Everything we have done has been built on this assumption – that one day, Russia may be the aggressor.” Its membership in NATO can thus be best seen as an insurance policy, which, if necessary, could invoke Article 5 of collective defense if any member state is attacked.
Amb. Vilén acknowledged that even as an envoy whose career has been devoted to compromise between nations, “now… I do not see the momentum where diplomacy could come and bring peace between Ukraine and Russia. It is fighting that is ongoing. [However, one day] there will be a negotiated solution. All wars have ended with some kind of treaty, and I sincerely hope it will be sooner than later because of all the suffering,” he said. “Russia has not made any gesture [to] withdraw its ambitions of overcoming the Ukrainian government. Ukraine has had no alternative but to try to defend itself… We don’t have any other choice but to support Ukraine in any way we can.” Amb. Vilén also surmised that Russia has already lost the war since it is now seen as a pariah in the world. “It has lost the confidence of its neighbors, and whatever relations it had before.”
Mr. Teplán posed to Amb. Vilén whether Hungary will soon “lose a friend” in Finland as a result “of the clear insolence and mockery that the Hungarian government performed in delaying the agreeing to ratify the joining [of Finland to NATO].” Teplán lamented the “unnecessary attacks on Finland by the [Hungarian] media and remarks by the minister of state [Tamás Menczer and others] who said that ‘the Finns must learn decency and honesty from the Hungarians.”‘
Teplán asked whether these actions could be “repairable.”
“I believe there is a special relationship between Finland and Hungary, and I think there is a profound friendship between our two countries,” asserted Amb. Vilén. “It is also fair to say that Finns [were] also confused. If you talk to the people on the street, they’ll ask, ‘Why didn’t Hungary ratify the treaty in a similar manner and speed as [like] other member states?’ [The ratification process] was still the fastest in NATO’s history. The good part is that we did not feel threatened during the ratification process… We’re very confident with our security. We just wanted to have this additional security.”
The ratification delay can be seen as a “learning process for NATO. There are other elements, which come to [the forefront],” continued Amb. Vilén. “For Hungary, it was [an] internal [matter]. Let’s say [a result of] ‘strained relations’ with the EU… [These problems were] in the past, and we’re looking from NATO what membership means, and for the best possible partnerships… in the future.”
Amb. Vilén stressed that NATO member states should focus more on Arctic Defense, for instance, where Russia also has demonstrated its military might. “We [Finns] are very pragmatic people,” emphasized Amb Vilén. “The good thing is that we are very well informed… We understand internal politics but also foreign politics. The issues can be put in greater perspective, and we are willing to look forward to the new kind of partnership. We hope that the Hungarians will ratify the Swedish membership as soon as possible because NATO needs Sweden as our partner.”
Amb. Vilén concluded that he “would argue that the European Union is more unified than ever before. Who would have been able to imagine – at least President Putin did not imagine this — that the European Union could stay unified, including the Hungarian participation with the ten-sanction package against Russia.” Amb. Vilén also pointed to unified support for weapons packages to Ukraine. “Europe is on the move; it’s on the move because of the war, and it’s on the move because of the changing economic situation… and the EU is [and will] pull through.”
Here, Amb. Vilén likened Hungary to Finland. “It is in the interest of a small member state [like Hungary or Finland] to participate, and it is in our interest to form a strong commission to balance [with] the bigger member states.”
Cover Photo Credit: WikiCommons
Jared Feldschreiber is a freelance reporter and contributor to Central European Affairs Magazine. He is based in Warsaw, Poland, and often chronicles literary figures, filmmakers, and dissidents in nascent democracies. Reckless Abandon, his novella, is available worldwide.
Photo credit: Ilan Sherman

domain: politics


text:
Best Quality Writing and Content.
By Best Author
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¿Qué necesitan los seres vivos? (What Do Living Things Need?) (Spanish Version) (Science Readers: Content and Literacy) (Spanish Edition)
Paint Lab for Kids: 52 Creative Adventures in Painting and Mixed Media for Budding Artists of All Ages (Lab Series)

domain: artistic


text:
By: Dwayne Landers
The leading minds in Western New York’s business community are collaborating to create a brighter economic future for the region.
The 2023 Industry Leaders Forum, organized by the region’s chamber of commerce, the Buffalo Niagara Partnership, is a series of 90-minute in-person meetings that take place throughout the year and are focused on a key economic sector. The forum will offer insights and targeted solutions to today’s business challenges.
“Western New York’s companies are adapting to a changing economy in a post-pandemic world,” said Seth Piccirillo, director of economic development for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership. “The decisions made in the next 12 months will shape the future of individual industries and the economy as a whole. Strong and collaborative leadership has never been more critical to the Buffalo-Niagara region.”
Key market sectors
The Industry Leaders Forum is available only to members of the Buffalo Niagara Partnership. It features members from key sectors such as finance and insurance, healthcare, tech, development and construction, manufacturing, hospitality, energy, telecommunications, transportation and logistics. Small businesses with 25 or fewer employees is considered its own category.
The group will provide an annual meeting in each sector, in which industry-specific data will be analyzed on a regional, national and global level.
The program concludes with a large meeting called the Summit, which will convene companies and leaders from all sectors so they can review annual economic trends and plan for the future.
Additionally, events will offer best practices and insights on key issues such as workforce retention and development and advocacy issues and priorities for each sector. It also offers value as a networking opportunity.
“As a business owner, you want to be at the table where decisions are made, and the Industry Leaders Forum is that table,” Piccirillo said. “This offers so much value to business leaders who want to help make decisions that will shape their region and economy.
An engine for economic development
The Industry Leaders Forum aligns with the overarching goals of the Buffalo Niagara Partnership, giving a voice to the region while driving innovation and thoughtful dialogue.
“The Buffalo Niagara Partnership is the most powerful voice for business in Buffalo-Niagara,” Piccirillo said. “Bringing decision-makers together and advocating for the region has, and always will be, key strengths of the organization.”
The forum will offer insight and understanding of the unique challenges that each sector faces, as well as the value of collaboration to meet them. Strategy will be guided by input from thought leaders and strategic partners, and forum participants will receive a quarterly newsletter and regular updates on decisions that impact the economy.
“Part of what we do as a chamber of commerce is to make sure our advocacy efforts are completely in line with what our companies are facing,” Piccirillo said. “The Industry Leaders Forum is a way to connect and influence others. There’s so much value and power in getting people together who can help make decisions and impact regulations and policies that are important to their business and the economy.”

domain: finance


|Publication number||US4683939 A|
|Application number||US 06/909,774|
|Publication date||Aug 4, 1987|
|Filing date||Sep 19, 1986|
|Priority date||Apr 19, 1984|
|Publication number||06909774, 909774, US 4683939 A, US 4683939A, US-A-4683939, US4683939 A, US4683939A|
|Inventors||Michael R. Levine|
|Original Assignee||Honeywell, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (13), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a division, of application Ser. No. 602,221, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,708, filed 4/19/84.
This invention relates to thermostats for controlling both heating and air conditioning systems for the same enclosed area and, more particularly, to such thermostats including means for preventing rapid oscillation of the controlled temperature during periods of transition between low temperatures which require heating and high temperatures which require air conditioning.
Many residences and commercial buildings in temperate climates have both heating and air conditioning systems. The heating systems are generally used during the winter and the air conditioning during the summer, but frequently during the spring and fall both systems are utilized during different periods of the day. Thermostats previously provided for these dual function systems typically included means for storing a first temperature set point for the heating system which may be manually adjusted to a level of say, 68 degress, and separate means for storing a set point for the cooling system which may be adjusted to a higher temperature, such as 74 degrees. If the two set points are adjusted too close to one another the system may osciallate between heating and cooling modes because the temperature may overshoot the heating set point during the heating mode and undershoot the cooling set point during the cooling mode. This undesirable oscillation may also occur as a result of thermal exchange between adjacent zones in a multi-zone heating system. If the set points are set too widely apart, to minimize the possibility of oscillation, the comfort of the occupants, who would prefer a single constant temperature, is diminished.
These problems are exacerbated when multitemperature programmable thermostats of the type disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,555 are employed since the maximum temperatures that may be programmed during a heating cycle must be limited to avoid unintentional energization of the cooling system and vice-versa.
The present invention is directed toward a thermostat system for controlling both heating and cooling systems for the same area which allows relatively closely spaced heating and cooling set points without danger of oscillation.
A preferred embodiment of the invention, which will subsequently be disclosed in detail, includes a programmable memory for storing a single schedule of desired temperatures over repetitive time cycles such as one week. The thermostat includes a three position switch for placing the thermostat into any one of a heating mode, a cooling mode, or an automatic mode. Whether the stored schedule is used as a heating schedule or a cooling schedule depends upon the position of the mode switch during the programming of the memory. If the mode switch is in automatic or heating mode during programming, the program is viewed as a heating cycle. Otherwise, the program is viewed as a cooling cycle. The thermostat includes a clock that interrogates the memory causing it to output a signal representing the desired temperature at the time of interrogation. This signal is compared to a signal representing the measured temperature within the building to generate an on/off control signal for the furnace.
If the thermostat is programmed, for example, while in the heating mode, the thermostat acts on the stored program as a heating schedule as long as the mode switch remains in the heating position. In this state, the thermostat will generate energizing signals exclusively for furnace to raise the ambient temperature toward the programed temperature. If the switch is moved to the automatic mode, the thermostat will continue to operate to energize the furnace until the ambient temperature exceeds both the temperature stored in the program and a predetermined maximum temperature. When the ambient temperature exceeds this predetermined level, the thermostat will automatically energize the air conditioning unit, along with any associated blower fan, to maintain the temperature at or about the predetermined maximum temperature. If the ambient temperature thereafter falls and remains below the maximum temperature, the thermostat returns to its normal operating state wherein the furnace is energized to maintain the desired temperature. To prevent oscillation of the system between heating and cooling, a time delay is incorporated which prevents the energization of the air conditioner and blower fan if the furnace has been energized within a pre-determined time, e.g., one half hour, and vice-versa.
When the cooling season begins, the unit may be reprogrammed with a cooling cycle by placing the mode switch in the cooling mode and reprogramming the thermostat. When the mode switch is then returned to automatic, the system will follow the programmed cooling cycle unless the ambient temperature drops below the desired cooling temperature and below a predetermined minimum temperature. If this occurs, the furnace will be energized to raise the temperature, subject to the time delay described above.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the energization of the furnace and air conditioner when the thermostat is in the automatic mode is determined relative to the set point value stored for the particular time without regard to predetermined maximum or minimum temperatures. In this embodiment, the ambient temperature is maintained at or about the set point value at all times during the day.
In still another embodiment of the invention, the unit may be programmed with both a full heating time/temperature program and a full cooling time/temperature program. In the heat or cool mode, the appropriate time/temperature program will be operative. In the auto mode, only one of the programs will be operative at any given time and will control either the heating or the cooling in a normal manner. For example, when the unit is using the heating schedule, if the ambient temperature exceeds the cooling set point stored for that period and the furnace has not been energized for a predetermined period of time, the unit will switch over to the cooling schedule. A switch in the reverse direction will occur under complementary conditions.
Other objectives, advantages and applications of this invention will be made apparent by the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention. This description makes reference to accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the operation of the main control routine of the thermostat control of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the automatic heat/cool sequence for the thermostat of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the temperature adjustment sequence of the thermostat of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the auto cool and auto heat modes of a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the auto cool and auto heat modes of a third embodiment of the present invention.
The thermostat of the present invention provides for automatic switching between heating and cooling modes of operation so that a comfortable temperature is maintained inside a building at all times. In a preferred embodiment of the thermostat, a single heating or cooling schedule is programmed into the thermostat using any conventional means. For example, the thermostat may be programmed as described in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,555. Using the programming procedure described in that patent, the primary operating mode of the thermostat is first selected. For example, if the unit is programmed during the winter, the heating mode is the primary mode of operation for the thermostat. The thermostat is placed in the heating mode, for example, by moving a switch.
After the operating mode is selected, desired temperatures are programmed into the thermostat. The operator enters temperature set points for various times during the day. Once the thermostat has been programmed for a repetitive cycle, e.g., one week, it can then be used to heat the house according to the programmed schedule.
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic operation of the thermostat after the programming sequence has been accomplished. The operation of the thermostat may be implemented in hardware or, preferably, by a microprocessor under program control. If the thermostat remains in the operating mode in which it was programmed, e.g., heating mode, it will activate the furnace (or air conditioner) exclusively to maintain the ambient temperature at or about the programmed set point. Thus, if the thermostat remains in heating mode, the air conditioner will not be energized even when the ambient temperature rises above the set point temperature.
Automatic control of the system is effected by placing the thermostat in automatic mode. When the thermostat is placed in automatic mode, the temperature control sequence begins at step 8. The set points stored in the time/temperature program are read out of the memory by a real time clock (not shown) at step 10 to determine whether the temperature has been programmed to change at the present time. If so, a control temperature value is set equal to the programmed temperature at step 11 and the operating mode is set to the mode in which the thermostat was programmed, at step 13. After these values have been set, or if the programmed temperature did not change at step 10, control passes to step 12. At step 12, the actual temperature in the building is compared with the control temperature which was set either in step 11, as described above, or by the auto heat/cool sequence which is described in detail below. If the actual temperature is at the control temperature, the thermostat turns off the furnace and air conditioner at step 14 and returns to the beginning of the program, step 10. If, however, the actual temperature is higher or lower than the desired temperature, the thermostat performs the auto heat/cool sequence described in detail below. When the auto heat/cool sequence has been completed, the thermostat control program returns to step 10 and continues its usual sequence described above.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of the auto heat/cool sequence is illustrated beginning at step 20. At step 22 the system checks whether a sufficient amount of time, preferably a half hour, has elapsed since the heat/cool sequence was last executed. This time delay prevents the thermostat system from rapidly switching between heating and cooing modes when the ambient temperature falls slightly below or rises slightly above the control temperature. If sufficient time has not passed at step 22, control will return to step 10 in FIG. 1. If sufficient time has elapsed since the last execution of the heat/cool sequence, the auto heat/cool sequence continues at step 24. Step 24 checks whether the manual override has been activated by the operator of the thermostat. The manual override may consist, for example, of a switch on the thermostat which may be set to permit manual control of the temperature in the building. If the manual override is on, the auto heat/cool sequence will not be invoked. Instead, the temperature is adjusted, as described below with reference to FIG. 3, and control returns to step 10 in FIG. 1.
If the manual override is not on at step 24, control passes to step 26 where the system checks whether the actual temperature is above an absolute maximum. The purpose of the check in this step is to ensure that the temperature in the building does not rise to a dangerously hot level. This safeguard is not required for proper operation of the system, but is included in the preferred embodiments. In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the absolute maximum is set at 84° F. If the actual temperature is above 84° F., the control passes to step 28 and a cooling mode of operation begins, as will be described below.
If the actual temperature is below the absolute maximum value, control passes to step 30 where the actual temperature is compared to an absolute minimum temperature. As with the absolute maximum temperature, the actual temperature is check against the absolute minimum temperature in order to ensure that the temperature of the building does not become dangerously low. Again, this check is not required for proper operation of the system but is included in the preferred embodiments for safety. In the preferred embodiments, the absolute minimum temperature is set at 54° F. If the actual is below the absolute minimum temperature, control passes to step 32 where the thermostat is forced into a heating mode. If the temperature in the building is above the absolute minimum temperature, control is passed to step 34 where the normal auto heat/cool sequence begins.
At step 34, the system checks whether the system is presently in the cooling mode, i.e., whether the present operating mode, set either in step 13 (FIG. 1) or during the auto heat/cool sequence, is the cooling mode. If the operating mode is the cooling mode, control passes to step 36 where the actual temperature is compared to the control temperature. The control temperature is normally the temperature that was programmed by the operator during the initial programming operation. However, as described below, the control temperature is sometimes a temperature set during the auto/cool sequence. The control temperature is used to control the operation of the furnace and air conditioning unit so that the proper temperature level is achieved.
If the actual temperature is greater than the control temperature, the air conditioner must be activated. Since the system is already in the cooling mode, as determined in step 34, the system merely branches to the adjust temperature routine at step 37, and returns to the main routine. The operation of the temperature adjustment sequence is described below with reference to FIG. 3.
If, however, the actual temperature in the building is less than the control temperature, at step 36, energizing the air conditioning unit will simply lower the actual temperature further. Thus, the system must determine whether to switch from cooling mode to heating mode and begin raising the ambient temperature using the furnace. In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2, the switch from a programmed cooling mode to an automatic heating mode is made only if the ambient temperature is less than or equal to a predetermined minimum temperature. In step 38, then, when the actual temperature is less than the control temperature, the actual temperature is compared to the predetermined minimum temperature which may be set, for example, at 70°. If the actual temperature is above this minimum, the auto heat sequence is not invoked. Instead, the control temperature and operating mode simply remain at their original programmed values in steps 40 and 42, or, if the control temperature and operating mode were changed, are reset back to their original values. Control then passes, through the adjust temperature sequence, back to the main routine.
On the other hand, when the actual temperature is below the predetermined minimum temperature, the system must switch from cooling to heating mode. If the unit was originally programmed in heating mode, step 32, the original programmed values are simply restored for both control temperature and operating in steps 40 and 42. In this manner, the system reverts to heating mode, the programmed mode, and the furnace may be energized in the adjust temperature routine described below.
If the unit was not programmed in the heating mode, the system must automatically switch from cooling to heating modes. One difficulty encountered in making this switch is that, in the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 2, only a single set of temperature values are stored. Consequently, the system cannot simply look-up the proper heating temperature. Instead, it must derive the temperature based on the original temperature programmed by the user. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the heating temperature is derived by dividing the cooling temperatures into two temperature ranges. The first range is called the "occupied" temperature range and comprises cooling temperatures which the user would choose if the building was occupied, for example, cooling temperatures in the range of 62° to 74°. Similarly, the second range of temperature is called the "unoccupied" temperature range and comprises temperatures greater than the occupied temperatures, e.g. 76° and above. Thus, if the thermostat was programmed in the cooling mode for temperatures within the first range, the system assumes that the heating temperature should be set at a relatively warm temperature to maintain the comfort of the occupants. On the other hand, if the thermostat was programmed at a temperature in the second range, the system will control the heating temperature at a lower value to conserve energy.
Thus, in step 44, if the programmed temperature is in the first, occupied temperature range, control passes to step 46 where the control temperature, i.e. the temperature used to control the operation of the furance or air conditioner, is set to 70 degrees. If, however, the programmed temperature is within the second, unoccupied range of values, the control temperature is set at 64 degrees in step 48. After the control temperature has been set, the system is placed in the heating mode at step 50 and the ambient temperature is adjusted, step 52. Control then passes to step 10 in FIG. 1.
A similar sequence of steps is followed when the present operating mode of the system is the heating mode. In that case, at step 34, control passes to step 54 where the actual temperature is compared to the control temperature. As decided above, the control temperature is either the temperature programmed in by the user of the thermostat or it is the temperature selected by the auto heat/cool sequence. If the actual temperature is less than or equal to the control temperature, the furnace is activated at step 37 and the temperature is adjusted toward the control temperature. The operating sequence then continues at step 10 in FIG. 1.
If, however, the actual temperature is greater than the control temperature, step 54, the actual temperature is compared to a predetermined maximum temperature at step 56. As with the predetermined minimum temperature described above, the predetermined maximum temperature allows the system to decide whether it should switch from the present heating mode to a cooling mode. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the switch will occur only when the ambient temperature is at or above the predetermined maximum temperature, 74° in the illustrated embodiment. If the ambient temperature is below 74° in step 56, the system simply resets the control temperature and the operating mode to their original programmed values, in steps 40 and 42, and returns to the main routine, in step 37, via the adjust temperature sequence.
When the temperature in the building is at or above 74° in step 56, the system has determined that the building is too warm and the air conditioning unit should be activated. Therefore, at step 28, if the thermostat was originally programmed in the cooling mode, the system need only restore the original control temperature and operating mode values to their programmed values at steps 40 and 42. The air conditioner is then activated in the adjust temperature routine, described below, and control returns to step 10 in FIG. 1.
If the thermostat was not initially programmed in the cooling mode, step 28, the system will be forced into the automatic cooling mode of operation and will select an oppropriate cooling temperature depending upon whether the programmed temperature is in an occupied temperature range or in an unoccupied temperature range. Thus, if the thermostat was programmed in heating mode at a temperature in an occupied temperature range, e.g. 66° to 78°, the system branches from step 58 to step 60 where the control temperature is set to a relatively cool temperature, e.g. 74°. If, on the other hand, the programmed temperature is in an unoccupied temperature range, e.g. below 66°, the control temperature for air conditioning operation is set at a higher value in step 62. This permits energy savings when the building is unoccupied. After the control temperature has been set to the appropriate temperature in either step 60 or step 62, the system is placed in the cooling mode, step 64, and the air conditioner is activated by the adjust temperature routine at step 52. Control is then returned to the main routine in FIG. 1.
Turning now to FIG. 3, the thermostat, after selecting the appropriate control temperature and operating mode, performs the adjust temperature routine. The routine beings at step 70 by determining whether the system is to operate in heating or cooling mode. If the operating mode is cooling, the actual temperature is compared to the control temperature in step 72. When the actual temperature is above the control temperature, the air conditioner and fan must be activated to lower the ambient temperature, step 74. Once the air conditioner and fan are activated in step 74, or if the actual temperature is not above the control temperature in step 72, control is passed back to the main routine (FIG. 1) at step 76.
When heating mode is selected by the automatic heat/cool sequence, the adjust temperature routine branches from step 70 to step 78. From step 78, the system branches to step 80, to energize the furnace, when the actual temperature is below the control temperature. Control then returns to the main routine (FIG. 1) at step 76.
The thermostat will operate as described above unless the user places the thermostat in the manual override mode or reprograms the thermostat in the cooling mode. If the user reprograms the thermostat, the thermostat will use the new mode of operation as its primary (programmed) mode. If manual override is selected, the temperatures entered by the user will be used and the auto heat/cool sequence will not be performed.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, when the thermostat switches automatically from heating to cooling or vice versa, the control temperature is set to a temperature relative to the programmed temperature rather than at a predetermined fixed value. For example, the system might add 2° to the current programmed heating temperature when choosing a control temperature in auto cool mode. This would be accomplished, as shown in FIG. 4, by replacing steps 58, 60 and 62 with a single step 60a which simply sets the control temperature to the programmed temperature plus 2°. Likewise, when changing from a programmed cooling mode to an automatic heating mode, the control temperature would be set 2° less than the programmed temperature, step 46a, replacing steps 44, 46 and 48.
In this alternative embodiment, the automatically selected control temperature may even be set equal to the programmed temperature. The system would thus maintain the building temperature at the desired temperature throughout the day. The system avoids the problem of rapid oscillation between the heating and cooling modes because time inhibition is built into the system using the time-out check in step 22. Thus, in the thermostat of the present invention, the heating temperature and cooling temperature may be set to the same value without encountering unwanted oscillation of the system between heating and cooling modes.
In a third embodiment of the invention the thermostat may store both a heating schedule and a cooling schedule such that, when the system enters the auto cool or auto heat portion of the sequence, the system derives its control temperature from a cooling or heating schedule which has been preprogrammed by the user. In this manner, the user has complete control over the heating and cooling temperatures in the building. The selection of the control temperature during an auto cool cycle may be accomplished, as shown in FIG. 5, by replacing steps 58, 60 and 62 with a single step 60b which sets the control temperature equal to the preprogrammed cooling temperature set point. A similar replacement, step 46b, is made for steps 44, 46 and 48 in the auto heat cycle.
It can thus be seen that an electronic thermostat is present which provides for automatic heating and cooling of a building while avoiding unwanted oscillation of the temperature control system between heating and cooling modes of operation. It is understood that various modifications to the system described and illustrated above may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of invention expressed in the following claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4200910 *||Jan 30, 1978||Apr 29, 1980||Hall Burness C||Programmable time varying control system and method|
|US4316256 *||Dec 31, 1979||Feb 16, 1982||Microcomm Corporation||Thermostat with automatic heat/air conditioning changeover|
|US4509585 *||Jan 9, 1984||Apr 9, 1985||Energy Control Products, Inc.||Energy management control system|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4829447 *||Jun 22, 1987||May 9, 1989||Parker Electronics, Inc.||Bypass controller and bypass system|
|US4835715 *||Dec 17, 1986||May 30, 1989||Carrier Corporation||Outdoor ambient temperature determination|
|US4843084 *||Feb 12, 1987||Jun 27, 1989||Parker Electronics, Inc.||Thermostat control system|
|US4884214 *||Feb 12, 1987||Nov 28, 1989||Parker Electronics, Inc.||Thermostat|
|US4931948 *||Feb 12, 1987||Jun 5, 1990||Parker Electronics, Inc.||Method and system for controlling a single zone HVAC supplying multiple zones|
|US5129233 *||Nov 26, 1990||Jul 14, 1992||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Automatic operation control system for air conditioner|
|US5452762 *||Jul 13, 1993||Sep 26, 1995||Zillner, Jr.; Anthony H.||Environmental control system using poled diodes to allow additional controlled devices in existing four wire system|
|US7302642||Jun 3, 2003||Nov 27, 2007||Tim Simon, Inc.||Thermostat with touch-screen display|
|US7802618||Jan 19, 2006||Sep 28, 2010||Tim Simon, Inc.||Thermostat operation method and apparatus|
|US20040245352 *||Jun 3, 2003||Dec 9, 2004||Tim Simon, Inc., A Corporation Of The State Of California||Thermostat with touch-screen display|
|US20060186214 *||Jan 19, 2006||Aug 24, 2006||Tim Simon, Inc.||Thermostat operation method and apparatus|
|US20060196953 *||Jan 19, 2006||Sep 7, 2006||Tim Simon, Inc.||Multiple thermostat installation|
|US20130151017 *||Mar 28, 2012||Jun 13, 2013||Larry S. Bias||Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system user interface having separate programming and manual mode screens and method of operation thereof|
|U.S. Classification||165/238, 165/265, 165/270, 165/255|
|Mar 1, 1988||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Dec 20, 1990||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 19, 1994||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 3, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
By Harry Chaykun
Phillylacrosse.com, Posted 5/29/13
Springfield-Delco senior Alex Poplawski said it was a long day. It certainly was a day the Springfield-Delco High players, coaches and fans will remember.
Playing in the state tournament for the first time in two years, and playing without head coach Keith Broome, who was home mourning the passing of his daughter, Beverly, a former Springfield player, the Cougars rallied for a 16-15 PIAA Tournament decision over Central League rival Strath Haven at West Chester East’s Zimmerman Stadium Wednesday night.
Springfield-Delco (20-4) and Radnor, another Central League foe and another of the teams – Harriton and Strath Haven were the others – with which the Cougars shared first place in the 2013 Central standings, will meet in a state quarterfinal game at West Chester East Saturday.
Haven (18-5), which played in the 2012 state final, saw its 2013 season come to an end.
Springfield-Delco assistants Kathleen Geiger, former head coach at Penn Wood, Sandy Carter, ex-Penncrest coach, and Chrissy Poplalwski led the team from the sidelines against Strath Haven. They were joined by a pair of former Springfield assistants, Mike Werley and Mike Carlin, and they had received messages and good wishes throughout the trying day. Strath Haven’s players wore ribbons in their hair showing their support for the Springfield program.
“It’s a tribute to Keith and how much he has meant to Springfield lacrosse,” Geiger said of Broome, who has wonover 300 games since taking over the program in 1996. “I really didn’t want to have to coach this game like this, and I don’t know how I could have faced Keith if we hadn’t won.”
Springfield-Delco built a 10-8 halftime lead, but Strath Haven refused to go away. A goal by Kathryn Restrepo and a pair from Kirsten Wilhelmsen put the Panthers, who finished fifth in the District 1 tournament, up a goal on the district runner-up Cougars with six minutes to play.
Following a Springfield-Delco timeout, senior Alex Poplawski (five goals) and sophomore Emily Santana (four goals, two assists) gave the Cougars the offensive spark they needed. Poplawski converted a free-position with 1:41 to play to tie the score, and Santana scored on a crease roll 38 seconds later with what turned out to be the deciding goal.
“We knew we could score goals, we just had to get out there and do it,” Poplawski said. “Before the game, Mrs. Carter told us that for an hour and a half we should just let everything go and play the game.
“Strath Haven was great. I think we’re all glad we don’t have to play them again.”
Santana and the 2012 Cougars fell one win short of qualifying for the PIAA playoffs, so this game marked her first appearance in a state tourney contest.
“Mr. Broome coached me in basketball (middle school) and now in lacrosse,” Santana said. “We all wanted to do this for him. He means a lot to all of us.
“(At the end), I think they were expecting me to go to my right, but I faked and went left. It was great to see that shot go in.”
Aly Gormley contributed three goals, Kate Ryan added two goals, and Emily Paulus had one goal and three assists for Springfield. Morgan Glassford scored three goals and had three assists and Katie Tillman also scored three goals for Strath Haven.
“We’re happy that we were able to get through this game,” Geiger said. “Most of this season we’ve been facing some sort of adversity, but we’ve had someone to help us get through things. We know we have other challenges ahead, but we’ll deal with them and go on together.”
Springfield-Delco 16, Strath Haven 15
Strath Haven 8 7 – 15
Springfield-Delco 10 6 – 16
Morgan Glassford 3G 3A
Katie Tillman 3G
Kathryn Restrepo 2G
Kirsten Wilhelmsen 2G
Bri Irons 1G 1A
Suzanna Penikis 1G 1A
Katherine Sherry 1G 1A
Kristen Hansen 1G
Lily Kovach 1G
Hallie Yancey 8 saves
Alex Poplawski 5G
Emily Santana 4G 2A
Aly Gormley 3G
Kate Ryan 2G
Emily Paulus 1G 3A
Rachel Charamella 1G
Courtney O’Connell 10 saves

domain: news


text:
By FELIX OLOYEDE
Investors did not respond positively to the news of the Central Bank Governor Godwin Emefiele’s reappointment as the Nigerian equity market extended its bearish trend to the fourth consecutive trading days on Thursday.
President Mohammadu Buhari had nominated Emefiele for a second term of five years on Thursday as his first term runs out in June.
The banking and Consumer goods sectors decline caused the All Share Index (ASI) lost 70.16 absolute points, dipping 0.24 per cent to close at 28,896.25 points.
Market Capitalization lost N26.37 billion, representing a dip of 0.37 per cent to close at N10.86trillion.
The 1.09 per cent appreciation by the Insurance sector and three other sectors remaining flat, could not sway the market upward.
VERITASKAP emerged the top gainer among 8 others, after rising 10 per cent, while JAPAULOIL led 18 other losers, after shedding -10 per cent.
The Nigerian capital market has so far lost -8.06 per cent this year, having declined -15.74 per cent in 2018.


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|This file is copyrighted by Club Penguin, Disney, or other virtual game/company. The individual who uploaded this screenshot or other form of media and first used it in an article, and subsequent persons who place it into articles, assert that this qualifies as fair use of the material under United States copyright law and retrieved it in a legal way.|
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O Boxeador Polaco has ratings and 97 reviews. Erin said: This was recommended on a list of must read books and the review just raved about it and the. In his book, El ángel literario, a meeting held in Madrid with the writer Andrés Trapiello, serves as the backdrop for Eduardo Halfon to narrate the beginnings of . Get this from a library! El boxeador polaco. [Eduardo Halfon].
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None of my books are. I also am always on the lookout for books about Poland.
Explore the Home Gift Guide. I just keep writing.
Follow the Author
Subscribe by RSS or Email. Ghosts He decides to go hunting for the pianist. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. No trivia or quizzes yet. What a joy to finally return to reading for pleasure! Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: Open Preview See a Problem?
Home About Help Search. Yet I feel like crying all the time. Honestly though, the girlfriend’s weird hipster sex drawings was the thing This is a 1st person narrative with the author as protagonist.
O Boxeador Polaco by Eduardo Halfon (1 star ratings)
However, I ended up having a hard time identifying with the main character and found his world weary hyper sophisticated aesthete pose a little wearying. Yes, Jewish as well, and I told him a little about Lodz, Sachsenhausen, Auschwitz, and about the boxer.
I eduardoo the nuance of relationship, the shock of the detail in this small novel. This book is not yet featured on Listopia.
O Boxeador Polaco by Eduardo Halfon (3 star ratings)
Postcards He gets postcards from around the world from the Serbian pianist explaining Gypsy music until he suddenly disappears. But always, without fail, we do. The book was published in Spain inand he died in In the book Halfon says his grandfather always told him that the tattoo was his phone number.
In he received a Guggenheim Fellowship to edurdo on continuing the story of The Polish Boxer, which is the first of his novels to be published in English, by Bellevue Literary Press in the U. Want to Read saving…. An Interview with Eduardo Halfon.
But since Kale is dropped and never again mentioned during the rest of the book, I was wondering why his story was included in the novel. Lists with This Book. O Boxeador Polaco by Eduardo Halfon. Drawn to what lies beyond the range of reason, they all reach for the beautiful and fleeting, whether through humor, music, poetry, or unspoken words.
Published October by Rocco first published January It’s a short and easy read, a riveting and bewildering, yet enjoyable story.
O Boxeador Polaco
Thierry Wasserman rated it liked bozeador May 16, This book would be good for people interested in Latin American literature who enjoy lyrical eduarod. It is funny at times and heartbreaking at others, and I can’t help but roll my eyes at the literati who dissect Mark Twain’s writing while missing the point altogether. It would have been much more i This book was disjointed. Sunsets His grandfather dies and he finds out that maybe everything he thought he knew was a lie.

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