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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically the storage of South African plum fruit involved cold storage at single low temperatures (-O.5°C). The ever present problem of internal breakdown, however, led to the development of the dual temperature storage regime (a type of intermittent warming) which was found to restrict the level of internal breakdown. However, this temperature regime led to the development of or unmasking of gel breakdown (GB). During season one it was proposed that 'Songold' and 'Angeleno' plums could be stored at a single high temperature (7.5°C) during the shipping period (18 days) in combination with controlled atmospheres (CA). This was compared to the commercially used dual temperature regime (10 days at -O.5°C and eight days at 7.5°C). During season two the temperature regimes were adjusted to mirror the storage of the fruit from the date of harvest until the fruit is purchased. During the shipping period the dual temperature regime and the single high temperature regime were still compared. It was hypothesised that the fruit could be stored at the higher temperature in combination with CA during shipping, and this would allow the ripening of the fruit to be retarded, retaining good quality without exposure to the low, chilling inducing temperatures associated with the dual temperature regime. The storage of both plum cultivars at the single high temperature in combination with CA had a positive influence on delaying the ripening of the fruit. Most noticeable was the delay of fruit softening and the restriction of colour and GB development of the 'Songold' plums. Most importantly, these results were achieved without the fruit being exposed to the low, injurious temperatures associated with the dual temperature regime. It was, however, concluded that due to the suppressed climacteric trait of these plums more benefit could be gained from the higher temperature storage in combination with CA on climacteric plums which display stronger ripening patterns. In contrast to the plum industry, the use of CA in the storage of avocado fruit has risen to about 95% of the exported fruit. CA storage of avocados has shown positive results in retaining fruit firmness, restricting disorder development and extending the shelf life. Recently, research with l-methylcyclopropene (l-MCP) storage of avocados has been found to be as successful as CA storage and there is a belief that it will be the answer to storage for the avocado industry once registered for commercial use. During the first experiment, 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' avocados were treated with CO2 shocks (C02 levels which greatly exceed the initial intercellular concentrations of CO2 are known as CO2 shock treatments). These shock treatments were done over a series of three time periods and four CO2 concentrations for the 'Fuerte' avocados and two time periods and two concentrations for the 'Hass' avocados. Results were disappointing, as the fruit treated with CO2 were not able to retain their quality. For the second experiment, 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' avocados were treated with either CA or I-MCP, or CA and I-MCP in combination. Previous research had identified a positive synergistic effect when CA and I-MCP were combined, due to the fact that the treatments act at different points in the ethylene production process. Both the CA and I-MCP treatments, whether alone or in combination, had positive results in retaining firmness and extending the shelf life of the fruit. The treatments were also able to retain the quality of the 'Fuerte' avocados in terms of internal and, external physiological disorders. 'Hass' avocados, however, are known to be of excellent internal quality and none of the treatments had a greater percentage of sound fruit than the fruit which were stored in air. The extended ripening gained by treatment with I-MCP outweighed any increased loss due to fruit quality and in terms of the ease of application makes it superior to CA storage. However, before large-scale commercial application of I-MCP begins, much still needs to be learned about its use on avocados. Relative humidity (RH) control, forms an integral part of the storage of many fruit and vegetables. However, the difficulty in controlling and measuring RH has resulted in it being largely ignored. Research has shown that storage of fruit and vegetables at RH levels close to 95% has been able to restrict ripening and chilling injury development by decreasing the water stress on the fresh commodities during storage. During the final experiment, 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' avocados were placed at the commercial storage temperature and a chilling temperature. At each temperature, the fruit were either stored under a high or a low RH. Results were inconclusive, as the higher RH showed no signs of restricting chilling injury or any other disorders in the fruit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die verlede is pruime in Suid Afrika opgeberg volgens 'n enkeltemperatuur-regime (-0.5°C). Interne verval (IV) van die pruime was 'n probleem en het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van die dubbeltemperatuur-opberging regime wat IV verhoed het. Dit het egter gelei tot die ontwikkeling of ontmaskering vanjelverval (IV). Vir seisoen een is voorgestel dat die opberging van 'Songold' en 'Angeleno' pruime gedurende die verskepingstyd (18 dae), teen 'n hoë enkeltemperatuur van 7.5°C gekombineerd met beheerde atmosfeer (BA) geskied. Dit is vergelyk met die kommersiële dubbeltemperatuur-opberging regime (10 dae by -0.5°C en agt dae by 7.5°C). Vir seisoen twee is die temperatuur regime aangepas om die opberging van die vrug vanaf die oesdatum totdat dit deur die verbruiker gekoop word, na te boots. Tydens die verskepingstyd is die dubbeltemperatuur-opberging regime steeds vergelyk met die enkeltemperatuur opberging. Die gestelde hipotese is dat die vrugte gedurende verskeping by hoë enkeltemperatuur gekombineerd met BA opgeberg kon word. Sodoende word rypwording vertraag en die kwaliteit van die vrug behou sonder dat die vrugte blootgestel word aan temperature wat koueskade sal veroorsaak. By beide kultivars het 'n hoë enkeltemperatuur, gekombineer met BA opberging, die rypwording van die vrugte vertraag. Mees opmerklik was die vertraging van die sagwording van altwee kultivars asook die vertraging van kleur ontwikkeling en JV van die 'Songold' pruime. Wat van belang is, is dat die resultate bereik is sonder dat die vrugte blootgestel was aan die lae temperature wat koueskade veroorsaak. Die onderdrukte klimakterium wat met 'Songold' en 'Angeleno' pruime verkry is toon dat pruim kultivars met sterker rypwordingspatrone meer sal baat deur opberging by hoë temperature saam met BA. In teenstelling met die pruim bedryf, word omtrent 95% van die avokado vrugte wat deur Suid Afrika uitgevoer word onder BA verskeep. BA opberging toon vir baie jare al dat dit 'n positiewe invloed op die vertraging van sagwording, die behoud van gehalte en die verlenging van die raklewe van avokados het. Onlangse navorsing het aangetoon dat I-metielsiklopropeen (I-MCP) 'n produk is wat BA opberging se plek kan inneem. Daar word geglo dit is die antwoord vir avokado opberging in Suid Afrika. Vir die eerste eksperiment het 'Fuerte' en 'Hass' avokados 'n CO2 skok behandeling ontvang (C02 vlakke wat die interne sellulêre konsentrasie van C02 oorskrei). Die skok behandelings was oor drie tydperke en vier konsentrasie vlakke gedoen vir die 'Fuerte' avokados en oor twee tydperke en twee konsentrasies vir die 'Hass' avokados. Die resultate was teleurstellend omdat die vrugte wat met die C02 behandel is nie hul gehalte kon behou nie. Gedurende die tweede eksperiment, was 'Fuerte' en 'Hass' avokados met BA of I-MCP, alleen of in kombinasie behandel. Navorsing het bewys dat daar 'n dubbelle effek is as BA en I-MCP saam gebruik word, omdat hulle etileen produksie deur verskillende maniere beheer word. Beide die BA en I-MCP behandelings, alleen of in kombinasie, het 'n positiewe effek uitgeoefen op die vrug deurdat dit fermheid behou en die raklewe verleng het. Die behandelinge het ook die kwaliteit van die 'Fuerte' avokados behou. 'Hass' is 'n avokado wat alreeds 'n baie goeie interne kwaliteit het. Vir dié rede het die vrugte wat net in lug opgeberg was die beste interne kwaliteit gehad. Maar die verlengde raklewe agv. die I-MCP behandeling is van groter belang as die kwaliteit wat verloor is. Dit, saam met die feit dat die toepassing van I-MCP behandeling baie makliker is as BA, maak dit die beter opsie. Voordat I-MCP kommersiël geregistreer is moet daar egter nog baie geleer word oor die produk sodat dit so effektief as moontlik gebruik kan word vir die opberging van avokados. Die beheer van relatiewe humiditeit (RH) word beskou as 'n groot veranderlike in die opberging van vrugte en groente. RH word egter meestal geïgnoreer in opberging omdat die beheer en meet daarvan moeilik is. Navorsing het al getoon dat indien die RH vlakke, gedurende opberging, nabyaan 95% gehou word, kan koueskade verlaag word deur die water dampdruk tekorte op die vars produkte te verlaag. Vir die finale eksperiment was 'Fuerte' en 'Hass' avokados opgeberg teen die kommersiële temperatuur sowel as 'n laer temperatuur. By beide temperature was die RH gewysig om laag of hoog te wees. Resultate was egter teleurstellend omdat die hoër RH nie koue skade of ander fisiologiese skade vertraag het nie.
Enhancement of 'Hass' avocado shelf life using ultra-low temperature shipping or 1-MCP treatment and cold chain management.Kok, Richard Dean. January 2011 (has links)
Avocados are becoming an increasingly important crop in South Africa, where the main producing areas include Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. The South African avocado industry faces considerable challenges including increasing competition exporting avocados, particularly to the European market. The processes involved to export avocados has markedly improved over the past two decades, however there is always room for improvement and it is necessary to remain competitive on a global scale. Issues such as fruit being partially soft on arrival, quality defects and cold chain management breakdown are still present. It is necessary to investigate new aspects of cold storage such as extending the storage period and understanding the physiological aspects involved. To improvement such issues, an investigation was conducted on ultra-low temperature shipping (1°C) as well as the use of 1-MCP; the implementation of deliberate cold chain breaks to achieve a better understanding as to the quality influences involved; an extended storage period of 56 days to assess the quality issues and benefits involved; as well as investigating the physiological aspects involved with all above treatments on 'Hass' avocados. An initial study saw early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. Storage at 1°C was comparable with 1-MCP treatment for both fruit softening in storage and extending the ripening period. Storage at 5.5°C resulted in partial in-transit ripening, if 1-MCP was not used. Early-season fruit incurred the most external chilling injury but overall levels were minimal and not concerning. Mid-season fruit were the most sound in terms of quality. It is suggested that 1°C can be used as a viable economic alternative to 1-MCP for long distance shipping of 'Hass' up to 28 days. The cold chain break trial included a 24 hour delay before cold storage, a deliberate 8 hour break at day 14 of cold storage where fruit were removed from cold storage and a control of 28 days cold storage where no break was involved. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. It was found that cold chain breaks do influence the amount of water loss, fruit softening and days taken to ripen. Storage at 1°C did not entirely negate the effects of cold chain breaks compared with 5.5°C, but did result in fruit which were harder at the end of storage and took longer to ripen. The use of 1-MCP also had advantageous effects with respect to significantly lengthening the ripening period, even when a cold chain break occurred, compared with fruit not treated with 1-MCP. As results of the study differed in some respects to those of previous studies, it is recommended that further work be conducted to determine what fruit or pre-harvest factors affect the fruit physiological changes which take place when cold chain breaks occur. Having the option to make use of an extended storage period would be of benefit to the industry if delays occur and fruit have to be maintained under cold storage. Extended storage of South African avocados, especially at the end of the season would also allow for the option of strategically holding back fruit from the export market in order to extend the supply period. It would not only benefit export options, but would also be highly beneficial to local pre-packers, as it would reduce the need to import fruit from the Northern hemisphere production areas during the South African off-season. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 56 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. The combination of 1°C with the use of 1-MCP resulted in a good shelf life as well as maintenance of internal quality and integrity. External chilling injury is of concern for early-season fruit, however, mid- and late-season fruit did not incur extensive damage. It is, therefore, advised that fruit placed in extended storage are marketed through the 'Ready ripe' program to mask any chilling injury on the 'Hass' fruit. Avocados are renown as a "healthy food" due to their nutritional value as well as containing relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. The fruit also contain high amounts of C7 sugars which can act as antioxidants. Additionally, C7 sugars and other antioxidants play important roles in fruit quality. Therefore, it is important to understand how varying storage conditions and treatments affect the levels of these physiological parameters. Treatments of cold chain break/delay included a deliberate 8 hour break at day 14 of cold storage where fruit were removed from cold storage, a 24 hour delay before cold storage and a control of 28 days where no break was involved. A 56 day extended storage period was also used. Early-, mid- and late-season 'Hass' avocados were stored at 1°C or 5.5°C for 28 days. Additional treatments included fruit treated and not treated with 1-MCP as well as waxed and unwaxed fruit. The use of 1-MCP maintained higher levels of antioxidants, ascorbic acid and C7 sugars for both the 28 day and the 56 day storage periods. The 24 hour delay had a tendency to increase consumption of anti-oxidant and sugar reserves. The use of 1°C resulted in antioxidant and ascorbic acid levels decreasing while maintaining higher sugar levels. Overall, high stress imposed on fruit decreased reserves resulting in poor quality fruit. The use of 1°C and 1-MCP treatments maintained fruit quality. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
Van Rooyen, Zelda.
The susceptibility of the 'Pinkerton' avocado cultivar to mesocarp discolouration, after storage, has seriously threatened its export from South Africa. This disorder has proven to be complex, requiring a better understanding of the fruit's physiology. The purposes of this study were to identify the role of pre- and postharvest factors, or their interactions, in the development of the problem. This was done by obtaining fruit from several production areas of varying mesocarp discolouration histories (referred to as "high", "medium" or "Iow risk" areas) during the 2000 and 2001 seasons. Fruit were stored at 8, 5.5 and 2°C for 30 days, as well as ambient (20°C). Evaluations of fruit quality were made before and after storage, as well as after softening. Once removed from storage the weight loss (during storage) was determined, and fruit firmness and carbon dioxide (C02) production rates monitored daily. It was found that temperatures below the recommended shipping temperature of 5.5°C, i.e. 2°C, produced the best internal fruit quality. This was supported by the membrane integrity studies that showed less membrane stability at the warmer storage temperature of 8°C. Furthermore, remained hard during storage and subsequently had an extended shelf life. Fruit origin was also found to play a major role in browning potential, with discolouration being consistently more severe in fruit from "high risk" areas and increasing in severity as the season progressed. The rate of CO2 production was found to follow a similar trend, with rates increasing as the season progressed, and also being slightly higher in fruit from "high risk" areas. The higher CO2 production rates were thought to be related to a decrease in membrane integrity as the season progressed. While storage temperature was not found to have a significant effect on the rate of CO2 production after storage, it did affect the time taken to reach the maximum rate, with fruit stored at 2°C taking longer. Biochemical analyses to determine the concentration of total phenolics and the activity of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) also showed that the potential for browning was initiated by preharvest conditions. While no significant differences were found between growers with regards to total phenol concentrations, the PPO activity was found to be higher in fruit from poor quality areas, and subsequently browning potential was expected to be higher in these fruit. It was, however, found that the potential for browning could be reduced by storing fruit at 2°C, as this decreased the total phenolics concentration. This evidence further emphasized the idea that storage at 2°C could be highly advantageous. Fruit mineral analysis showed that certain key elements played a significant role in the severity of mesocarp discolouration, with excessive fruit nitrogen and decreasing copper and manganese concentrations appearing to play major roles. The high fruit nitrogen concentrations were suspected to reflect fruit grown on very vigorous trees, resulting in shoots competing with fruit for available reserves. It is suggested that 'Pinkerton' of a quality acceptable to the market, can be produced by manipulating source:sink relationships, particularly through decreasing the availability of nitrogen, followed by low temperature (24° C) shipping. Future work should concentrate on manipulation of source:sink relationships, to take account of both climatic conditions and leaf to fruit ratios. The evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for predicting mesocarp discolouration potential in 'Pinkerton' proved to be unsuccessful in this study and future studies may require modifications to the current technique. It is suspected that differences in chlorophyll content, for example, between fruit from different origins, will have to be taken into account when interpreting results. The success of using 2°C storage to improve the internal quality on 'Pinkerton' fruit prompted further studies, during 2004, to ensure that the development of external chilling injury would not decrease the marketability of the cultivar. Low temperature conditioning treatments, prior to storage, proved to be highly successful in reducing the development of external chilling injury, thus further improving fruit quality as a whole. Preconditioning treatments consisted of fruit that were kept at either 10°C, 15°C or 20°C for 1 or 2 days before being placed into storage for 30 days at 2°C or 5.5°C. All preconditioning treatments were compared to fruit that were placed directly into storage. The effect of fruit packaging on moisture loss (as determined by weight loss) and chilling injury was also investigated using unwaxed fruit, commercially waxed and unwaxed fruit individually sealed in micro-perforated polypropylene bags with an anti-mist coating on the inside (polybags). Holding 'Pinkerton' fruit, regardless of packaging treatment, at 10°C for 2 days prior to storage at 2°C or 5.5°C significantly decreased the severity of external chilling injury. The use of polybags during preconditioning and storage showed potential in further reducing the development of external chilling injury, although the higher incidence of fungal infections in these fruit needs to be addressed. The determination of proline concentrations in fruit exocarp tissue after storage was helpful in determining the level of stress experienced by fruit that were subjected to different packaging and preconditioning treatments. In this study waxed fruit subjected to 1 d preconditioning at 10°C, 15°C or 20°C or placed directly into storage at 2°C showed very high proline concentrations and also displayed more severe external chilling injury, despite unwaxed fruit losing more weight during these treatments. The role of moisture loss thus needs further investigation. The thickness and method of wax application was thought to play an important role in the higher external chilling injury ratings in this study as waxed fruit often developed chilling injury symptoms around the lenticels and it was suspected that either the lenticels were damaged by the brushes used to apply the wax or that the lenticels became clogged thus resulting in reduced gaseous exchange. Nevertheless, the success of low temperature conditioning in reducing external chilling injury, while maintaining sound internal quality, may enable storage temperatures to be dropped even further, thus enabling South Africa to export avocados to countries that require a cold disinfestation period prior to entry to eliminate quarantine pests (e.g. fruit fly). / Thesis (Ph.D.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
Blakey, Robert John.
Avocados are an important horticultural crop in South Africa, especially in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. The distance to traditional export markets, phytosanitary restrictions to lucrative markets such as China, the USA and Japan and increased competition in the European market have challenged the South African avocado industry. The industry has responded with improved logistics and shipping, a co-ordinated market access program and a global system to co-ordinate exports of avocados to the European market. To remain competitive on the global market, further improvements and innovations are required to improve the efficiency of postharvest operations. These improvements and innovations should be guided by a greater understanding of postharvest physiology. Avocados are a relatively new export crop, so there is still much to be learnt about avocado postharvest physiology and the optimisation of postharvest management. In this regard, reduced temperature storage (1°C) and modified humidity packaging (MHP) were investigated for their effect on fruit physiology and quality, the effect of a water- and ABA-infusion on ripening was examined and the effect of a cold chain break on fruit physiology and quality determined; near-infrared spectroscopy was also examined for its potential for its use in the avocado industry. As an initial study, the relationships between individual sugars, protein and oil were studied to understand the changes in avocado fruit during ripening. It was found that mannoheptulose and perseitol were the predominant sugars at harvest, but declined to very low levels during the first 10 days postharvest. The concentrations of glucose and fructose increased, while sucrose declined slightly during ripening. The concentration of protein increased sigmoidally during ripening, reflecting the increase in the ripening enzymes, particularly cellulase and polygalacturonase. The oil content fluctuated slightly during ripening. It is suggested that mannoheptulose and perseitol are important carbon and energy sources during ripening. Glucose concentration was also found to increase earlier in fast ripening fruit compared to slow ripening fruit, which is related to increased cellulase activity and may be related to the ABA functioning. Thereafter, storage and ripening trials in two consecutive seasons showed that 1°C storage and the use of MHP for 28 days reduced mass loss, water loss, ethylene production, respiration, softening and heptose consumption, without appreciably affecting fungal rots, physiological disorders or external chilling injury, compared to fruit stored at 5.5°C and regular atmosphere respectively. Also, the storage of fruit in MHP delayed the rise in the activity of cellulase during ripening, compared to fruit not stored in MHP, but there was no significant difference in the peak activity of cellulase, polygalacturonase or pectin methylesterase. In a separate experiment, fruit ripening was significantly affected by the infusion of ABA in an aqueous solution. Water slightly reduced the variation in ripening while ABA reduced the time to ripening and the variation; it is suggested that water stress and ABA are intrinsically involved in the ripening processes and may act as a ripening trigger. The water concentration in fruit was measured non-destructively using reflectance NIR; this model was used to determine the maturity of fruit and the loss of water during cold storage. In the cold chain break experiment, it was found that although fruit recovered after a cold chain break, in terms of ethylene production and respiration, there was a loss in quality because of severe shrivelling as a result of increased water loss. Fruit that were stored at 1°C were generally of a better quality at ripeness, if the cold chain was broken, compared to fruit stored at 5.5°C. In a follow-up experiment, it was found that significant changes occurred in avocado physiology over a 6h period. The respiration rate of fruit significantly increased after 4h at room temperature and mannoheptulose declined by 32% in control fruit and by 16% in ethephon-treated fruit after 6h. This demonstrates the potential for quality loss in a short amount of time. Furthermore, a model of avocado ripening is proposed, outlining the role of water, ABA, ethylene, respiration, ripening enzymes and individual sugars. This study has contributed to the understanding of avocado postharvest physiology and should aid in better management of avocados for improved fruit quality and consumer satisfaction. / Thesis (Ph.D.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
The South African avocado industry is export-orientated with forty percent of total production sold overseas. The avocado fruit is a highly perishable product with a relatively high rate of respiration which results in the quick deterioration of fruit quality. Good phytosanitary procedures are a necessity in ensuring good product quality. Due to the threat of pests and diseases becoming resistant to the conventional chemicals currently used to control them, there has been a great need to diversify from their usage. Silicon (Si), being the second most abundant element (28%) in the earth’s crust after oxygen, is a major constituent of many soils and has been associated with disease resistance in plants for a long time. It has been used in a number of crop species to provide resistance against pathogenic agents. In some horticultural crops Si has been found to offer protection against fungal infections by strengthening cell walls, thus making it more difficult for the fungi to penetrate and colonize the plant. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of postharvest silicon application on the quality of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit. The specific objectives included investigating the effect of silicon on the ripening pattern as well as the metabolic physiology of the avocado fruit. Avocado fruit were obtained from two locations in the KZN Midlands (Everdon Estate in Howick and Cooling Estate in Wartburg). Fruit were treated with different forms of Si (potassium silicate (KSil), calcium silicate (CaSil), sodium silicate (NaSil) and Nontox-silica® (NTS)) at concentrations ranging from 160 ppm to 2940 ppm. After dipping for 30 minutes in the silicon treatments, the fruit were stored at -0.5°C, 1°C, 5°C or at room temperature (25°C). Energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) analysis was then conducted on the exocarp and mesocarp tissues to determine the extent of silicon infiltration within each treatment. Firmness measurements, ethylene evolution and CO2 production were recorded as fruit approached ripening. The CO2 production of fruit that were stored at room temperature was analysed daily until they had fully ripened, while fruit from cold storage were removed weekly to measure respiration. Mesocarp tissue from each fruit was extracted using a cork borer and subsequently freeze-dried and stored for physiological analysis. The freeze-dried mesocarp tissue was then finely ground and later analysed for sugar content, total anti-oxidant capacity (TAOC), total phenolic (TP) content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity using their respective assays. Statistical analyses were carried out using GenStat® version 11 ANOVA. Treatment and storage temperature means were separated using least significant differences (LSD) at 5% (P = 0.05). The experimental design in this study was a split-plot design with the main effect being storage temperature and the sub-effect being treatments. Each replication was represented by a single fruit. EDAX analysis revealed that Si passed through the exocarp into the mesocarp tissue in fruit treated with high concentrations of silicon, i.e., KSil 2940 ppm. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in temperature means with regards to firmness. Fruit treated with KSil and NTS only and stored at 5°C were firmer than fruit stored at other temperatures. Fruits treated with Si in the form of KSil 2940 produced the least amount of CO2, while non-treated fruits (Air) had the highest respiration rate. Fruit stored at room temperature (25°C) produced significantly higher amounts of CO2 and peaked much earlier than fruit stored at other temperatures. Ethylene results showed that there were differences (P < 0.05) between temperature means with the highest net ethylene being produced by fruit stored at 25°C. There were also significant differences amongst treatment means (P < 0.001), with fruits treated with KSil 2940 ppm producing the least ethylene. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in temperature means with regards to the total phenolic concentration with fruits stored at 1°C having the highest TP concentration (26.4 mg L-1 gallic acid). Fruit treated with KSil 2940 ppm had the highest total phenolic concentration whilst the control fruit (Air and Water) had the lowest. There were also differences (P < 0.05) in storage temperature means with respect to the total antioxidant capacity. Fruit stored at -0.5°C had the highest TAOC (52.53 μmol FeSO4.7H2O g-1 DW). There were no significant differences in TAOC (P > 0.05) with regards to treatment means although fruit treated with KSil 2940 ppm and stored at -0.5°C showed the highest TAOC of 57.58 μmol FeSO4.7H2O g-1 DW. With regards to the concentration of major sugars in avocado, mannoheptulose and perseitol (mg g-1), no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in temperature means. However, fruit stored at -0.5°C had the highest concentration of these C7 sugars compared with fruit stored at other temperatures. There were significant differences in treatment means (P < 0.001) showing that fruit treated with KSil 2940 ppm had the highest concentration of both mannoheptulose (18.92 mg g-1) and perseitol (15.93 mg g-1) in the mesocarp tissue. Biochemical analyses showed differences (P < 0.05) in storage temperature means with respect to PAL enzymatic activity. Fruit stored at 5°C had the highest PAL activity (18.61 mmol cinnamic acid g-1 DW h-1) in the mesocarp tissue compared with fruit stored at other temperatures. There were significant differences in treatment means (P < 0.001) with regard to PAL activity. Fruit treated with KSil 2940 ppm had the highest PAL activity (23.34 mmol cinnamic acid g-1 DW h-1). This research has demonstrated the beneficial effects, particularly applications of 2940 ppm Si in the form of KSil. This treatment successfully suppressed the respiration rate of avocado fruit. Biochemical analyses of total antioxidants, total phenolics and PAL activity in the mesocarp tissue have shown the usefulness of Si in improving the fruit’s metabolic processes. The C7 sugars (D-mannoheptulose and perseitol) also seem to be more prevalent in avocado fruit treated with Si (particularly KSil 2940 ppm) than in non-treated fruit. This suggests that an application of Si to avocado fruit can aid in the retention of vital antioxidants (C7 sugars). / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
Ultra-low temperature shipping and cold chain management of 'fuerte' avocados (Persea americana Mill.) grown in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands.Lutge, Andre. 15 November 2013 (has links)
‘Fuerte’ makes up 25% of the avocados exported from South Africa to European markets and requires shipping periods of up to 28 days and a correctly managed cold chain. A temperature of 5.5°C and expensive CA and 1-MCP treatments are currently used to delay ripening over this lengthy cold chain; however, fruit still appear on the European market showing signs of softening and physiological disorders. Increased competition on the global market and the disadvantage of a particularly long distance to the European market has challenged the South African export industry. These challenges have necessitated improved road and sea transport logistics, co-ordination with producing countries which supply fruit to European markets over similar periods as South Africa, and research into ultra-low temperature storage to possibly enable future access to new lucrative markets in the USA, China and Japan. It is also known that there are various ‘weak links’ in this cold chain and that cold chain breaks are detrimental to fruit quality, but further research into the negative effects of these cold chain breaks at ultra-low temperatures was needed. Thus, the objective of the study was to determine the potential for shipping ‘Fuerte’ avocados at temperatures of 2°C as well as determining the effects of cold chain breaks on fruit quality, throughout the growing season and possibly for an extended period of 56 days. ‘Fuerte’ avocados were harvested at three different maturity stages reflecting early-, mid- and late-season fruit, with moisture contents of 74%, 68% and 63%, respectively. Fruit were stored at 2°C or 5.5°C, treated with 1-MCP and waxed. Additionally cold chain breaks (24 hour delay and break at 14 days) were implemented. Fruit softening, mass loss, days-to-ripening, external and internal quality as well as antioxidant levels and total sugar levels were determined. The first aim was to determine whether a lower than currently used storage temperature could be a successful alternative to 1-MCP use. A storage temperature of 2°C provided good internal quality as well as reduced mass loss and fruit softening, which is related to the slightly reduced use of C7 sugars at 2°C compared with 5.5°C. Although the overall occurrence of external chilling injury was relatively low, 2°C storage caused a notably higher occurrence of external chilling injury than 5.5°C storage, particularly early in the season, but extended the days-to-ripening. Unfortunately, no correlation between the anti-oxidants in the exocarp and external damage was found. Waxing significantly reduced the external damage on fruit stored at 2°C, so much so, that the treatment combinations of ‘2°C, no 1-MCP, waxed’ showed no external chilling injury throughout the season. Further, waxing fruit at 2°C could eliminate the need for 1-MCP, delivering a product of the required shelf-life and quality. Best results were achieved for mid-season fruit stored at 2°C. Late-season fruit would potentially be the most profitable to store at this low temperature, however, body rots (anthracnose and stem-end rot) were more common in the late-season. Storage at 2°C can therefore maintain the internal quality over a storage period of 28 days and be a potential alternative to 1-MCP use as the season progresses. The effect of cold chain breaks on fruit quality was then investigated and showed that both a delay and a break in the cold chain increased mass loss and fruit softening, reduced days-to-ripening and increased external chilling injury, especially early in the season. Water loss was the main contributor to the decreased fruit quality which resulted from the delay in cooling, increasing external damage significantly, particularly early in the season. The break at 14 days had a marked effect on physiological activity of fruit during storage, seen mainly in the increased metabolic activity, resulting in increased fruit softening and water loss during storage and a decrease in C7 sugars and thus shelf-life, particularly for fruit stored at 5.5°C. Importantly, 1-MCP use and storage at 2°C reduced the effects of cold chain breaks with respect to fruit softening, however, lowering the storage temperature had a greater negating effect than 1-MCP and could be a successful alternative to the use of 1-MCP. The internal quality throughout the experiment was very good, with few internal disorders and no significant treatment effects on internal quality and C7 sugar concentrations. Overall, a break in the cold chain, before and during cold storage, resulted in a marked reduction in fruit quality. The storage temperature of 5.5°C should not be used for a 56 day storage period as it resulted in significant fruit softening during storage, even when 1-MCP was used, and resulted in significantly more external chilling injury in the mid- and late-season than at 2°C. Storage of 1-MCP treated, waxed fruit at 2°C, resulted in the best shelf-life and fruit quality, particularly mid-season fruit which had negligible external chilling injury and 100% sound fruit. Early-season fruit suffered significant external chilling injury at 2°C and late-season fruit had the highest body-rots and internal disorders at this storage temperature. Although mid-season fruit could be successfully stored at 2°C for 56 days, the use of a 56 day storage period is not recommended as a practical storage period, due to the high risk of external damage, particularly if maturity levels are not optimum and trees and fruit are not of the highest quality. Overall this thesis has shown that 1-MCP treatment can play an important role early in the season when fruit are susceptible to external damage, however, storage at 2°C results in good quality fruit and, when used in conjunction with waxing, appears to be a viable alternative to the use of 1-MCP, particularly later in the season. Further, the negative effects of cold chain breaks on fruit quality have been demonstrated and, importantly, the storage temperature of 2°C negates the fruit softening effects of these breaks, even if 1-MCP is not used. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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I have seen many displays of stuffed animals but never have I seen a tableau like this one. Just as you enter the store and look up you see - leaping out of a wall and seemingly suspended in midair - a mountain lion clawing a deer.
05 November 2010
Astonishing realism ~ wild kingdom
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Very unusual indeed.ReplyDelete

domain: artistic


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Added Mar 24, 2010
My entry for the Apron Remake Challenge! lengthened the original two tone pattern for the bottom, raised it to an empire waist and added a weaved top. Wanted it to be a cute, dress like apron. My mom is the one in the pic wearing it. lol
Two Blue Cottons from joann
Go far afield in this collection of bib dresses, waistcoats, and wool jackets in textured fall fabri
Sewing & Techniques
Check out this jean alteration technique and find out how you can learn more!
Fashion & Trends
Three takes on how to wear a menswear essential.
Member Project of the Week
A gorgeous confection with a surprise peach chiffon layer.
Meet the colorful designer behind our upcoming fashion design course.
You must allow our "request for permission" request to login to Burdastyle with Facebook.


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The Polish consulates in Ukraine will resume issuing work visas from May 4, according to the Polish government website.
The Polish consulates in Ukraine temporarily stopped working on March 16.
“We inform that from May 4, consular offices in Ukraine resume issuing visas. In the initial period, we will issue visas for agricultural and horticultural work, as well as for international transportation. In this regard, on April 30, applicants who have relevant documents on agricultural and horticultural work, as well as international transportation, can register for applying for a visa in the electronic registration system e-konsulat,” the statement reads.
According to the Money.pl publication, the employment mechanism in Poland during quarantine was agreed upon by the diplomatic missions of the countries.
“It was possible to develop a mechanism that allows workers from Ukraine in an absolutely safe way to get a job in Poland. In this matter, consular services of Poland in Ukraine, as well as several ministries, reached an agreement,” the statement reads.
This step is a response to the repeated calls of Polish employers and workers from Ukraine. Since both parties requested the possibility of employment of Ukrainian citizens for seasonal work.

domain: law


NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- While I accept that I could be the man hurling rocks on a Billy Joel album cover, I often wonder if Henry Blodget -- a man whose success motivates me daily -- thinks through some of the theses he fires off at the wall.Last June at Business Insider, Blodget argued that the television business was "starting to collapse." A few days later, I wrote a retort, which was pretty much ignored (do I need any more motivation?). In Rumors of Television's Death Are Premature (I probably just needed a better title), I took Blodget to task on two primary counts: 1. He used the decline of the newspaper to predict the death of television, particularly things like networks and cable subscriptions, at the hands of cord-cutting and new ways of viewing. 2. He ignores the reality that the same companies who control the present dominant model also control the content that fuels most consumption. (Newspapers never controlled content; they merely disseminated it to the masses. They failed to see shifting consumption patterns, thus they died. Old guard media sees the pattern, they have responded to it and effectively own it). To nutshell it, Blodget makes a great argument if your goal is merely to get people to agree with you. It's a bit like George Bush asking if you hate freedom; few people want to stand up and defend rotten media conglomerates against tortured souls who pay $100 a month for 100 channels, but only watch four of them. But, as usual, it's not that simple. It's not the dichotomy Blodget makes it out to be. And it's not about this battle Blodget hallucinates of "networks" and "cable operators" vs. Netflix ( NFLX), Apple's ( AAPL) iTunes and a handful of still-standing "uber-networks" such as NBCUniversal (owned by Comcast ( CMCSA)) and Time Warner ( TWX). Where to begin? First, with the obvious: You can't bring up Comcast and Time Warner -- two excellent companies -- without mentioning Disney ( DIS) and News Corp ( NWSA). Between these four major players, other large and small content providers they're likely to gobble up and the delivery systems, you have the old guard media.
I don't know what a TV is anymore. It's kind of an anachronistic term.The old guard knew the score and dictated the rules of engagement two years ago. Don't let Reed Hastings or Henry Blodget fool you. They know the score and dictate the rules of the game today. While Blodget might be correct that we'll watch less and less television on an actual television set, he's wrong about the death of cable and satellite subscriptions. They're more valuable than he gives them credit for, primarily because you cannot view the most premium content -- live sports, originals from networks such as HBO and first-run stuff the first time it runs or shortly thereafter -- without a subscription. The old guard knows this and, while "television" might die as a word meaning one specific thing, the companies who have always been in the television business will continue thrive for decades, if not forever. Blodget got it wrong beyond the theoretical-empirical territory I prefer to wade in. Consider some thoughts Richard Tullo, an analyst at Albert Fried, released via an informative and entertaining email note Thursday. Tullo uses data to debunk Blodget's claims about cord-cutting. He also shoots down the notion that Netflix created "binge viewing." That's just another mix of PR spin, a figment of Reed Hastings' imagination. Tidbits, lightly edited, straight from Tullo's email:
- Last year great minds in research such as Henry Blodget declared TV was dead. They even talked about the death of cable TV on CNBC so it must be true right? Nine million cable TV unsubscribes failed to manifest and 9% to 21% of all Americans they said would cut the cord are still connected. In fact according to SNL Kagen, the industry added 46,000 subs beating Henry Blodget's claims by more than 9 million. While 46,000 is hardly a big number as compared to the 100 million US homes getting MSO service, it's not as significant as 9 million. We think the media transition from TV to IP will more closely resemble the path of Terrestrial Radio which continued to grow for nearly six decades following the introduction of TV's in the late 1940s. As TV Everywhere is not really everywhere; VOD (Video-On-Demand) is turning out to be the silent revolution in our view. According to Rentrak's Bruce Goerlich, there are 53 million VOD-enabled households watching 8.5 hours of programing per month; 78% of which is free content. Moreover, according to Mr. Goerlich most VOD is T+4 (day of original airing plus four) viewing (meaning delayed and binge watching in our view). Thus NFLX has hardly done anything new or revolutionary as about 40% of all cable subs are watching VOD the same way as subscribers watch NFLX.


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The letter comes after Lamb, who leads the Science and Technology Committee, wrote to senior ministers and Huawei executives to raise concerns about the Chinese firm.
A hot potato: China is able to pump out mass quantities of low-priced tech products, but cellular networking equipment produced by Chinese companies is on the brink of a total ban from the United States according to administration insiders.
Huawei's office building at its research and development centre at Dongguan in south China's Guangdong province.
'Modern communications networks are complex systems that keep evolving in new and innovative ways. In it, Ryan Ding, president of Huawei's carrier business group said the process of adapting its software and engineering processes to meet the UK's requirements was "like replacing components on a high-speed train in motion".
It is a complicated process and will take at least three to five years to see tangible results. The two Chinese mobile giants have been accused by the USA government of posing national security risks.
Apple releases update to prevent FaceTime spying
Apple plans to contribute to Thompson's college fund in addition to paying a bounty to him and his family for reporting the bug. The FaceTime fix is included in the latest version of Apple's iOS 12 system, which became available to install on Thursday.
The report from the United Kingdom government's National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) was published in July a year ago, finding two low-priority national security findings and two advisory issues in its annual evaluation of the Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC). It states that Chinese organisations are obliged to "support, cooperate with, and collaborate in, national intelligence work". We would not do this in any country. "Were Huawei ever to engage in malicious behaviour, it would not go unnoticed - and it would certainly destroy our business", continues Ding. For us, it is a matter of security or nothing; there is no third option. We choose to ensure security.
The new legislation was a last-minute addition by the government to a wide-ranging corporate law and would have required telecom operators to seek formal approval for the use of certain kinds of equipment considered to be particularly sensitive for spying or sabotage risks.
An executive order banning US networks from using Huawei and ZTE equipment has been rumored for several months now.
The Prince's Trust recently announced it would no longer accept donations from the firm, after Mr Williamson and MI6 chief Alex Younger publicly expressed their concerns over the company.
The US Justice Department has charged Huawei with conspiring to violate US sanctions on Iran and with stealing robotic technology from T-Mobile.
Investments previous year from the SoftBank Vision Fund and Honda Motor Co. pushed Cruise's valuation to $14.6 billion. The funding round was led by venture capital firm Sequoia, whose partner Carl Eschenbach will join Aurora's board.
In it, Whitaker told the panel that he is willing to testify tomorrow, as long as the committee doesn't issue the subpoena . The hearing comes as the Senate is close to confirming President Trump's nominee for attorney general, William Barr.
Furthermore, Elton Brand has made it clear that the Sixers are in win-now mode, trying to make a run this season. The top pick is a top-20 protected first-round pick from the Thunder and a second-round pick via Cleveland.
Rooney was the embodiment of Sam Allardyce's stodgy Everton era; a slow-paced player for a side who needs more dynamism than that. And the midfielder feels United's good form can be the catalyst to a return to the top of the league.
During his roughly 3½-minute news conference Wednesday, Durant said that "I didn't feel like talking the last couple days". But Durant's stigma as being a sensitive player was just reassured with this latest outburst.
Television channel Globo reported that youth players were among the dead, although it did not cite its sources. Flamengo are one of Brazil's biggest and most popular clubs, playing their home matches in Rio de Janeiro.
She had some very efficient seasons earlier in her career, and a return to that form next season would be a boon for the Lynx. If she doesn't, that's three lost starters from the latest championship years.
American Jordan Spieth has not won a tournament since 2017 but the three-time major champion is feeling good. Five-time major champion Mickelson started his round with a birdie on the par-four first hole.
Global temperatures in 2018 were the fourth warmest since records began in 1880, U.S. government scientists have confirmed. The warming trends were strongest in the Arctic region, which saw continued loss of sea ice in 2018.
Johnson, selected No. 8 by the Pistons in the 2015 draft, has produced mixed results through parts of four seasons. The person spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because the deal has not been announced.
Gasol has played his entire career with the Grizzlies since entering the National Basketball Association in 2008. However, those discussions were for a enormous move involving Kyle Lowry , Jonas Valanciunas , and Mike Conley .
Equine Flu Shock For UK Racing
After British race meetings were cancelled with an outbreak of equine flu, trainer Richard Fahey says it was the right decision. The BHA said in a statement the identification of the virus in vaccinated horses presented a "cause for significant concern".
Phillies and Marlins complete Realmuto trade
Klentak said he first inquired about Realmuto last summer and again early in the offseason. Phillies general manager Matt Klentak had high praise for Realmuto after the acquisition.
BTS will attend the Grammys to present an award
News of BTS' scheduled appearance quickly went viral, with the hashtag #BTSxGrammys trending on Twitter on Monday evening. The 2019 Grammys will broadcast live from the Staples Center in Los Angeles on CBS on February 10, 2019, at 8 p.m.
LG G8 ThinQ to come with ToF selfie camera
Due to this speed this technology is often used for face recognition and other biometric authentication techniques. The most interesting feature that we know about so far seems to be a challenge to Apple's Face ID.

domain: news


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|Cushman, Robert - Bob|
Submitted to: Theriogenology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/15/2000
Publication Date: 4/15/2001
Citation: Cushman, R.A., Desouza, J.C., Hedgpeth, V.S., Britt, J.H. 2001. Effect of long-term treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin and estradiol on hormone concentrations and ovulatory response of superovulated cattle. Theriogenology. 55(7):1533-1547.
Interpretive Summary: Because previous work with cattle with increased ovulation rate due to either gonadotropin treatment or selection for increased ovulation rate (MARC Twinners) demonstrated that an increased number of growing microscopic follicles was associated with increased ovulation rate, the objective was to assess the effect of treatment with growth hormone or estradiol on superovulatory response in cattle. Non-lactating Holstein and Jersey cows (Trial 1), and Angus cows and heifers (Trial 2) received two ear implants of estradiol and biweekly injections of growth hormone for 75 days. Cows were stimulated with gonadotropins for 4 days beginning 2 days after removal of estradiol implants. Ovaries were collected to determine the number of CL at 1 to 2 wk after treatment. In Trial 2 only, cattle were inseminated at estrus and embryos were collected 6 to 8 d later. In Trial 1, number of CL was increased by the combination of estradiol and growth hormone. In Trial 2, estradiol increased the number of CL, and growth hormone increased the number of total ova and transferable embryos. We conclude that long-term treatment estradiol and growth hormone may interact to enhance follicular development and ovulatory response to gonadotropins.
Technical Abstract: The objective was to assess effects of long-term treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and estradiol-17beta (E2) on the number of follicles that ovulated in response to FSH. Non-lactating Holstein and Jersey cows (Trial 1, n = 27) and Angus cows and heifers (Trial 2, n = 35) received two ear implants of E2 and biweekly injections of bST in a 2 x 2 arrangement of treatments. Estradiol implants were removed 74.6 +/ 1.1 d after insertion and 18.1 +/ 0.9 d after the last biweekly injection of bST. Cows were stimulated with FSH-P beginning 2 d after removal of E2 implants, and PGF2alpha (PGF) was given on the third day of FSH treatment. Ovaries were collected to determine the number of CL at 1 to 2 wk after treatment with PGF. In Trial 2 only, cattle were inseminated at estrus and embryos were collected 6 to 8 d later. Implants or E2 increased (P < 0.01) serum E2 8-fold initially and E2 was still elevated 5-fold at removal of implants. Injections of bST increased (P < 0.01) serum growth hormone (GH) 15-fold and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) 3-fold. In Trial 1, number of CL was increased by the combination of bST + E2 (P < 0.01). In Trial 2, E2 increased the number of CL (P < 0.05), and bST increased the number of total ova and transferable embryos (P < 0.01). We conclude that long-term treatment with bST and E2 may interact to enhance follicular development and ovulatory response to FSH.

domain: medical


Although it's been a long time coming — approximately seven years since the last generation's introduction — the 2014 Tundra is not the major redesign many expected. Even Toyota is calling this a "minor" change, emphasizing that the 2014 Tundra has a new exterior look with many interior improvements specifically designed to resonate more strongly with loyal Toyota customers than to conquer new buyers.
Some may question, and rightfully so, why Toyota is simply offering what is essentially a midmodel refresh when all the other full-size half-ton players have a much more aggressive strategy when attacking this recovering — and growing — segment. So let's provide some context.
When Toyota first announced its intentions in 2003 to build a full-size truck plant in San Antonio, the original cost estimates were less than $1 billion — a hefty investment to be sure, although maybe not a bad price for a state-of-the-art production facility with supplier production plants on site. At the time, the full-size pickup truck market was well above 2 million units per year.
Not long after Toyota started construction of the new facility, estimates climbed to $1.4 billion as changes were made. By the time the plant was finished 2006 and both full-size Tundras and midsize Tacomas were rolling off the line (in 2010–it's the only plant in the world that makes both large and small pickups), the total investment costs for the Texas plant were just over $2 billion — more than double what Japanese leadership agreed to at the beginning of the process.
Then the economy fell off a cliff, and Tundra sales were cut by more than half in just two years.
That kind of financial punch to the stomach for a conservative corporation like Toyota leaves an impression with executives who typically have long memories. By the time the Tundra was ready for its third-generation updates, it was difficult for the U.S. engineering and design team to get the money necessary for a full revamp of the pickup, especially at a time when the U.S. economy was showing just small regional gains in growth.
From our point of view, this is the most logical explanation why the 2014 Tundra didn't get any chassis, powertrain or other advanced performance enhancements; the U.S. team was given a limited pile of cash to work with and upgrades had to be prioritized. Clearly, the loudest voices (we'll assume from customers) complained about how the second-gen Tundra looked, inside and out.
Before we dive into the changes on the third-gen Tundra, we want to make clear there are no powertrain changes (it still offers three DOHC engines: a 4.0-liter V-6, a 4.6-liter V-8 and a 5.7-liter V-8), no wheelbase or bed length changes (still three each) and no cab configuration changes (still regular, double cab and CrewMax). Toyota tells us that each of these areas will see changes in the future, but these 2014 updates focus on three key areas: exterior, interior and a small amount of suspension tuning.
The most obvious changes to the new Tundra were primarily motivated by customer clinics, which described the second-generation Tundra as too round and dull ("bubbly"), looking a bit bloated. That made the solution pretty simple: sharpen up the front and rear lines with tight angles to make it more aggressive looking. The result is a taller and wider front grille for each of the five trim packages (SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum and 1794 Edition), each with their own muscular and blocked look.
The taller headlights are now a simpler and cleaner-looking single bulb design; the front grille has been reshaped with trapezoidal cuts at the bottom corners (like the Ram?); and the bigger inner grille slots have a chiseled, billetlike look that changes slightly between the five trims. Additionally, both the front and rear bumpers have a new three-piece design (two outers and a beefier center section) that will also allow for more trim-level distinction, as well as making it easier to repair.
The Southern California design team also gave the side of the truck a more substantial look with the help of side-cut fender flares incorporated into the quarter-panel stamped steel. Around back, there are new taillights and a newly designed tailgate that includes an integrated spoiler and a branding-iron-like Tundra name stamped into the lower-right face. Interestingly, in order to squeeze out every possible extra tenth of a mile per gallon (without significant weight reduction), Toyota engineers have incorporated several "vortex generators" into the side mirrors and on the taillights in an attempt to smooth out turbulent air as it moves around the truck at speed. These little plastic fins are supposed to create low-pressures zones at the side of the truck; this added pressure, in addition to reducing wind friction, is also supposed to smooth and stabilize the ride and handling of the truck. Maybe that's not such a big deal when running near maximum payload, but when driving a pickup empty — which most of us do the majority of the time) — we appreciate the attention to this small detail.
There are no changes to any of the three bed choices (8-foot, 6.5-foot or 5.5-foot) in the form of added storage, bed access or tie-down technology. The same drop-in bedliners and cargo rail systems are still an option across all lineups.
Inside the cabin is where the new Tundra offers more significant changes. The entire gauge cluster and center stack has been redesigned and configured, and it's a huge improvement. Gone are the barrel-type gauge readouts in favor of the more conventional (among pickups) open-face dials that offer large engine rpm and speedometer readouts, with smaller crankcase, engine coolant, fuel and battery status gauges at each corner. Additionally, all 2014 Tundras offer a center LCD information screen (between the two main gauges) that allows drivers to scroll through other safety, engine and fuel economy data via a steering-wheel button.
The new layout is much simpler to use and easier to see, and it provides more information than ever before, a vast improvement over the second-gen layouts.
Regarding the new center stack, gone is the "split-use" strategy that made it difficult for the driver to reach the climate and radio controls. The entire grouping of dash controls has now been moved almost 3 inches closer to the driver, allowing a more comfortable reach, and the knob labels and the number of buttons have been simplified as well.
The interior designers did a great job of creating little cutouts in the dash and center console, providing tons of small niches and slots to hold phones, wallets, maps, keys or anything else small in size. In addition, the doors now offer a multitiered storage area strategy. The center console is about 10 percent larger.
SR — Tundra's designated Work Truck Package — and SR5 models will offer a 40/20/40 bench or bucket seats, with CrewMax cabs (available for SR5 and standard for Limited, Platinum and 1794 Edition) offered with redesigned front bucket seats. A big change for CrewMax buyers will be the loss of sliding adjustable rear seats; instead the cab will offer seatbacks mounted to the cab wall at a good angle, allowing the seat bottoms to flip up (similar to all the crew-cab competitors in the segment), allowing for more storage capacity. In fact, where the old seatbacks had to flip forward to lie flat, this new setup lowers the load-in height through the rear doors by more than 11 inches. Oddly, the CrewMax floor height has a big bump under the seats that is not present in the double-cab model, limiting a flatter floor by a small amount. We expect that to be addressed when the chassis and frame get its next update.
With most of the changes to the new Tundra in the cosmetic sphere, you'd think the truck would drive exactly like the 2013 model, but it does not. Thankfully, Toyota engineers took the opportunity to make some front and rear spring rate tweaks, as well as some small steering tuning changes. Both offer solid results.
During our time driving different versions of the 2014 truck over several Pennsylvania highway and broken-pavement routes, we were struck with the noticeable stability improvements and tighter handling. We didn't have a chance to drive any of the trucks with a payload, so we can't comment about how this truck copes with heavier loads. According to the chief engineer, there was a lot of work done in how the rear leaf springs respond to road irregularities, specifically during rebound duties. After taking a harsh hit, the springs seem to do a much better job smoothing the road feel and keeping the empty rear end under control. That makes for a more comfortable ride with less of the rear bounce or shudder we've felt in the past with various Tundras.
We also appreciated that Tundra engineers have reworked the front coil spring rates, as well as the speed and flow of the steering box. The results are not life-changing but the quicker response feel and better on-center hold (constant wheel corrections are no longer needed when driving down smooth, straight roads) makes the driving feel a touch more relaxing. Again, it's a small thing but we hugely appreciate that Toyota tried to do something here.
We did get to tow with four different 5.7-liter V-8 Tundras (SR5, Limited, Platinum and 1794 Edition), each with a well-loaded trailer. The trailer weights (we were told) sat between 7,500 and 9,000 pounds, and each pickup had the appropriate weight-distributing hitch. Although no mechanical changes have been made and no max payload, towing or gross vehicle weight rating numbers have changed from 2013 to 2014, we have to say the 2014 Tundras seemed to mysteriously feel more confident and easier to maneuver (could be in the updated steering but we're pretty sure the vortex generators were a nonissue).
Tundra still uses those ugly slide-out (and small) squared-off towing mirrors, but we liked the more confident feeling we had behind the wheel. We couldn't put a finger on whether that's because of the new interior, small steering changes or the fact we've always liked the power and sound of the Toyota 5.7-liter V-8. According to the Toyota engineers, they've touched nothing related to the towing strategy of the 2014 pickup.
We also got the chance to drive a few Toyota Racing Development versions of the new Tundra through a rather muddy off-road course. The trail included several deep-water crossings, off-angle log traversing, steep and slippery hill climbs, and a tight, deeply rutted two-track through a densely wooded area. The 2014 Tundra does have a new transfer case from BorgWarner (similar to the Ford F-150's), which gives it a slight gearing advantage with a 2.64:1 low-range ratio when compared to the previous Japanese transfer case.
(Since BorgWarner is a U.S. company, this will help the Tundra improve its U.S. content percentage. Toyota calculates this new truck to have 75 percent U.S.-sourced content.)
Along with the new transfer case, Toyota has located a new four-wheel-drive dial within easy right-hand reach of the driver, so switching from 2WD to 4WD High range can now be done in excess of 60 mph (not something easily done with the previous chain-drive T-case).
We found the TRD Off-Road Package (an option for both SR5 and Limited models) to handle the nasty terrain with great skill and composure. We can't say the new exterior or interior designs allowed for any increase in visibility, but we did find it much easier to electronically slip into both 4WD Low and High range. Our favorite feature in the TRD package is the brand-new, exclusively designed Michelin all-terrain tires. We're told these are the only off-road tires Michelin makes, and it won't sell them to anyone except Toyota for use on the 18-inch TRD-packaged Tundras. That's a huge shame, because these tires offer a great on-road feel and have little of the on-road noise typically associated with off-road tires, especially since they have aggressive side lugs. Our guess is this tire will make it to other performance-oriented four-wheel-drive vehicles in Toyota's lineup as well.
We didn't mention the San Antonio plant fiasco in order to give Toyota an excuse for pulling up so short on this third-generation Tundra, but we think it's an important fact to keep in mind. It makes a decision like the one GM made to invest in the 2014 Silverado even more impressive. There had to have been dozens, if not hundreds, of places along the decision-making process where money could have been taken away or reduced. But GM didn't hold back on the Silverado revise.
We know there are more things to be done with the Tundra. What's encouraging is that Toyota knows that, too.
Our bottom line about the 2014 Tundra: It deserves a closer look, despite its shortcomings. We hope we've shed enough light on this new truck to make you want to give it a closer look. Although it doesn't offer as much as we would have liked, the details and small changes make us optimistic about what will happen for Tundra down the road. Look for more details about pricing in the next few weeks, as well as more on- and off-road performance when we get a truck to test.
For a closer look at the new trim packages of the 2014 Tundra, go to our Facebook page.
Toyota Tundra 1794 Edition Interior
2014 Toyota Tundra (and Tacoma) Chief Engineer Mike Sweers
2014 Toyota Tundra SR5 TRD Double Cab
Redesigned 2014 Tundra center-stack with next-gen Entune
CrewMax rear seats flip up like competitors in segment
New front grille with 3-piece bumper on SR5 Tundra


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6 states threaten to investigate NFL over treatment of female employees
The attorneys general of six states threatened to investigate the National Football League's treatment of female employees in a letter sent Tuesday to Commissioner Roger Goodell, saying they have "grave concerns about the recent allegations" against the league.
Why it matters: The accusations against the NFL stem from a February report published by the New York Times in which more than 30 women described their experience working at the NFL.
- The women in the report described a corporate culture that demoralized some female employees and left some feeling sidelined, despite a 2014 promise from Goodell to increase support for women in the league after a video emerged showing former running back Ray Rice physically abusing his fiancée.
What they're saying: The attorneys general of New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Oregon and Washington told Goodell they are "deeply committed to enforcing federal, state, and local anti-discrimination laws that protect workers and further equality of opportunity for employees throughout our states."
- "We all watched in horror in 2014 when the video of Ray Rice striking, knocking out and spitting on his fiancée was made public. In the aftermath, you promised to take gender violence seriously and improve the institutional culture for women at the NFL," they added. "These recent allegations suggest that you have not."
- "All of this is entirely unacceptable and potentially unlawful," they warned. "Our offices will use the full weight of our authority to investigate and prosecute allegations of harassment, discrimination, or retaliation by employers throughout our states, including at the National Football League."
The big picture: The league was sued in February for racial discrimination in its hiring practices by former Miami Dolphins head coach Brian Flores, and the league has for decades been criticized for its lack of Black coaches.


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Remember all life's precious moments with our unique engraved leather journal.
The perfect place for a sweet girl to write down her thoughts, dreams, prayers, or doodles.
Love message engraved on the leather cover will remind her of your thoughtfulness and make it a perfect gift for any special occasion.
"To my Wife
God gave me you for the ups and downs. God gave me you for the days of doubt. For when I think I've lost my way. There are no words here left to say, it's true God gave me you. I'm truly grateful for having you by my side. I loved you then, I love you still, always have, always will.
Love, your Husband"
Cover material: leather
Size: 4 x 6.8 inches
Inner pages: 192
The durable strap keeps the diary closed
The paper itself can be refilled with simple installation

domain: literature


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Benefits Of Gambling At An Online Casino
The growth of the internet and the ever-increasing number of internet users has been a blessing to many industries as they have a chance to develop. Companies have benefitted from the internet considering that it is a tool for them to grow without any geographical limitations. Consumers have also benefitted from the use of the internet considering that the internet gives them the opportunity to compare quality of products, services providers and also the costs from the comfort of home. The growth of the internet has also helped the betting industry.
In the past, when one wanted to enjoy casino games, they would have to wait until they visit the major cities where land-based casinos had been established. One would thus be forced to wait until they have a vacation to travel to such towns for a chance to play their favorite casino games and also earn a fortune. The situation has changed in recent times, considering that one no longer has to leave their house when they need to play their favorite casino games. There are countless online casinos that have emerged in modern times, and this has brought your favorite casino games at your fingertips. Here are some of the benefits of deciding to play games at an online casino Singapore.
One of the best reasons why you should opt for the online casinos is the fact that they offer you an easy way to play games. The online betting sites are not reserved for an experienced gamblers, but even a beginner has a chance to play the games available at the online casino for a chance to make a fortune. In most online casinos, one gets the chance to read tips and instructions that make the betting process easier for them.
The convenience that online casinos offer is also one of the leading reasons why one needs to consider betting online. If you register with an online casino such as Maxim99; you will have a chance to play the casino games or place your bets at any given time. Whether you are relaxing at the office taking a quick break from the day’s activities, or you are relaxed at the bed in the evening before you sleep, you can always use your smartphone to bet at the online casinos.
When you choose to bet an online casino; you will have a wider variety of games to choose from when compared to gambling at a land-based casino. The number of games offered at a land-based casino is usually dependent on the floor-area available at the facility. On the other hand, an online casino will have no limitation concerning the number of games or the type of bets that they can offer, and this means that every individual who chooses to play casino games online will have a chance to choose depending on their interests or preferences.

domain: hobby


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IND vs SA 2022: All-rounder Washington Sundar replaces Deepak Chahar for the last 2 ODI Internationals against South Africa because Deepak Chahar experienced stiffness in his back during the third and final T20I against South Africa and has been ruled out of the ODI series after having missed the first match in Lucknow.
The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) made the announcement on Saturday (October 8). BCCI also announced that Chahar will report to the National Cricket Academy in Bengaluru and will be monitored by the medical team there.
Meanwhile, Chahar is part of the standby list of the Indian squad for the 2022 T20 World Cup, and the Indian team management hopes that he will be fit for the marquee event in time.
Washington Sundar, who has featured in four ODIs so far, played the last of those against West Indies in Ahmedabad in February this year.
After losing the first match of the 3-match ODI series, India left for Ranchi to play the second ODI. The third match of the series will be played in New Delhi.
In the 1st ODI, South Africa set India a target of 250 in a match reduced to 40 overs per side. Sanju Samson played a great inning of 86 runs off 63 balls to chase the target. Despite half-centuries from Sanju Samson and Shreyas Iyer, India failed to chase down the target and South Africa took a 1-0 lead in the series.
India squad for South Africa ODIs: Shikhar Dhawan (Captain), Shreyas Iyer (vice-captain), Ruturaj Gaikwad, Shubman Gill, Rajat Patidar, Rahul Tripathi, Ishan Kishan (wicket-keeper), Sanju Samson (wicket-keeper), Kuldeep Yadav, Ravi Bishnoi, Shahbaz Ahmed, Shardul Thakur, Mukesh Kumar, Avesh Khan, Mohd. Siraj, Washington Sundar.


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New Vietnamese web dramas come to YouTube
New web series produced by Vietnamese on YouTube are introducing international and domestic audiences to locally produced comedies and dramas.
|Singer and actress Minh Hang’s first film production, the six-episode web drama Kẻ Săn Tin (News Hunter) about a reporter's career, has attracted millions of views on YouTube. — Photo courtesy of the producer|
Singer and actress Minh Hang has had great success with her first production, the recent web drama Kẻ Săn Tin (News Hunter).
The six-episode series portrays the life of a female reporter who faces danger during her career and daily life. It is broadcast every Friday at 8pm on the YouTube channel Minh Hang Official.
The first two episodes have earned more than five million views.
“I spent half a year writing the script and casting. My film reflects hot topics of today's society with thrilling action scenes in hopes of bringing audiences a unique production,” said the 34-year-old actress, who invested nearly VND6 billion (US$89,500) in the series.
Hang was also in charge of directing and the leading role. “I wanted to control my work to ensure that it was perfect.”
She invited new face Lam Ba Chau and young actress Kha Ngan to play the main roles in her film.
Pop star Dong Nhi and famous comic actors Tran Thanh and Minh Du have helped to attract young audiences.
Kẻ Đưa Tin has been praised by the media and the public, receiving thousands of positive comments on its YouTube channel.
YouTube viewer Hieu Tran commented: “It’s the best web drama I’ve ever seen. Actors, acting, and sound and light effects are good.”
Born in 1987 in HCM City, Hang began her professional career in both music and film when she was at school.
She performed as the lead singer in girl bands Pha Le, Tiamo and J8687.
In 2007, her role in the 60-part TV series Gọi Giấc Mơ Về (Dream Comes Back), a production by veteran director Xuan Cuong, became a hit.
She won the HTV Awards for Favourite TV Actress presented by HCM City Television in 2008. More than 10,000 people chose her for the prize.
“I love singing. But I wanted to challenge myself in acting,” said Hang.
She became a bright movie star after acting in director Nguyen Quang Dung’s musical comedies Giải Cứu Thần Chết (Rescuing the Death) in 2009 and Những Nụ Hôn Rực Rờ (Vivid Kisses) in 2010.
She was invited to play leading roles in the 2009 TV series Ngôi Nhà Hạnh Phúc, a remake of hit South Korean series Full House featuring Song Hye-kyo and pop star Rain, and the 2014 TV series Vừa Đi Vừa Khóc (Walking, Crying).
Hang played a leading role in movies like Sắc Đẹp Ngàn Cân, a Vietnamese version of the Korean movie 200 Pound Beauty, and won a Mai Vàng Awards for favourite actress in 2017.
She is appearing in Dinh Ha Uyen Thu’s romantic comedy Thoát Ế (How Not To Be Single), which is expected to be released in cinemas later this year.
In another YouTube offering, People’s Artist and theatre director Hong Van will release the second part of her favourite web drama Đại Kê Chạy Đi (Run Run, Đại Kê) about family and love.
Directed by Hoang Tuan Cuong, the six-episode show had more than 200,000 views for its two first trailers.
“The second part of Đại Kê Chạy Đi continues to revolve around the daily life of the sick mother, a chicken seller, and her adopted son named Đại Kê,” said Van, 54, owner of Phu Nhuan drama theatre.
Van said she planned to make the film next year, but with huge support from audiences, she was determined to finish the sequel in two months after the first part ended.
The second part continues the appearance of comic actor Tuan Dung as the son and veteran actor Hoang Son.
The film will see two new faces, comic actor Huynh Lap and actress Thanh Thuy, who will play Dung and Van’s rivals.
“I believe the film will continue to bring joy and fun and send meaningful messages to audiences,” she said.
The first part of Đại Kê Chạy Đi that was released on YouTube on April 2 earned more than 25 million views for six episodes.
The film helped increase the number of subscribers to Van’s YouTube channel, Hong Van Entertainment, to 593,000 from 300,000.
The second part of Đại Kê Chạy Đi is planned to be broadcast every Friday at 8pm on YouTube, beginning today. VNS
Idol Tỷ Phú (Millionaires), a new web drama featuring urban youth, has been released on the POPS Drama channel and POPs entertainment platform.
Vietnamese artists in recent years have been investing in web dramas which have attracted tens of millions of views on YouTube.


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This week has been an important week for Resident Evil horror fans and the worldwide gaming community as now developer Capcom has given a clearer picture of what the fan is. can be expected from Resident Evil 8. During the demo, the game studio announced the release date of Resident Evil 8, which falls on May 7, 2021, and includes PS4 and Xbox One as its platform alongside. PC, PS5 and Xbox Series X / S.
Luckily for the fans, they won’t have to wait too long to uncover the mystery behind Resident Evil 8 as right now, the first demo of Resident Evil 8 is now available to all gamers. all around the world. Provided that gamers must own a PS5 system to try this demo. Accordingly, PS5 owners can now access the PlayStation Store and download the demo of Resident Evil 8 under the name “Maiden” completely free of charge. This is not the complete game part of the game, nor does the character Ethan Winters appear. Instead, this will give the gaming community a taste of what to expect from the full experience without actually spoiling anything.
According to producer Pete Fabiano in the Resident Evil Showcase, the main character in the demo is called “Maiden” and, therefore, the demo is a standalone version of the game. In fact, the demo doesn’t have any combat or new containment system detailed in the intro Village’s gameplay trailer, and it’s unclear if Tall Vampire Lady will show up. But gamers can expect to see Resident Evil 8’s stunning new graphics as well as participate in escape challenges “instead of the war that gamers can expect throughout the game.
According to Fabiano, the Resident Evil Village Maiden demo is a trailer that gives gamers their first glimpse into Capcom’s blockbuster. “We hope players get a real sense of the visuals and sounds as they take the Maiden on their way out of the castle.”, he explained. As noted above, the PSN and PlayStation Store are currently having issues, with some users having trouble accessing them. That could be due to the number of people flocking to the Resident Evil 8 demo download platform. If gamers have trouble accessing PSN on their own PS5, gamers can download the demo from the PlayStation web version. Store.


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Colorado Man Pleads Guilty to Heroin Trafficking Charge in New Mexico
For Immediate Release
U.S. Attorney's Office, District of New Mexico
Defendant Prosecuted as Part of HOPE Initiative which Seeks to Reduce the Number of Opioid-Related Deaths in New Mexico.
ALBUQUERQUE – Martin Pelayo, 39, of Colorado Springs, Colo., pleaded guilty this morning in federal court to a heroin trafficking charge under a plea agreement with the U.S. Attorney’s Office.
Pelayo was arrested on Sept. 29, 2014, at the Greyhound Bus Station in Albuquerque, N.M., after a consensual search of his baggage by DEA agents revealed that he was carrying more than a kilogram of heroin concealed in a sleeping bag. Pelayo subsequently was indicted on Oct. 21, 2014, and charged with possession of heroin with intent to distribute.
During today’s proceedings, Pelayo pled guilty to a felony information charging him with possession of heroin with intent to distribute. In his plea agreement, Pelayo admitted that on Sept. 26, 2014, he was traveling on a Greyhound Bus from Los Angeles, Calif., to Charlotte, N.C. During a stop in Albuquerque, Pelayo had a conversation with a law enforcement officer during which he permitted the officer to search his luggage. The search revealed two bundles of heroin which were concealed within Pelayo’s sleeping bag. Pelayo admitted that he was planning to deliver the heroin to another person in exchange for money.
At sentencing, Pelayo faces a maximum statutory penalty of 20 years in federal prison. Pelayo was remanded into federal custody after entering his guilty plea. He will remain detained pending his sentencing hearing which has yet to be scheduled.
This case was investigated by the Interdiction Unit of the DEA’s Albuquerque office which focuses on disrupting the flow of narcotics, weapons, and the proceeds of illegal activities as they are smuggled into or through New Mexico in passenger buses, passenger trains, commercial vehicles and automobiles. Assistant U.S. Attorney Jacob Wishard is prosecuting the case.
This case is being prosecuted pursuant to the New Mexico Heroin and Opioid Prevention and Education (HOPE) Initiative. The HOPE Initiative is a collaboration between the U.S. Attorney’s Office and the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center that is partnering with the Bernalillo County Opioid Accountability Initiative with the overriding goal of reducing the number of opioid-related deaths in the District of New Mexico. The HOPE Initiative comprised of five components: (1) prevention and education; (2) treatment; (3) law enforcement; (4) reentry; and (5) strategic planning. The law enforcement component of the HOPE Initiative is led by the Organized Crime Section of the U.S. Attorney’s Office and the DEA in conjunction with their federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement partners. Targeting members of major heroin trafficking organizations for investigation and prosecution is a priority of the HOPE Initiative.
Updated February 5, 2015


This is an archive of a past election.|
See http://www.smartvoter.org/ca/or/ for current information.
|Orange County, CA||November 2, 2004 Election|
Sal Tinajero, A Teacher for School Board
By Sal TinajeroCandidate for Board Member; Santa Ana Unified School District
This information is provided by the candidate
My experience as a teacher for eight years and my service on the school board for the last four years has been enriched by young students who have learned that a community that embraces its education and democracy, benefits and thrives. Each year, students in my classroom have excelled beyond many expectations and that is why I was honored to be recognized as 1999 Middle School Teacher of The year and the PTA's Annual Very Special Teacher Award in June of 2004.
In the last four years our students test schores have continued to improve. Measure C dollars are now being put to work and have resulted in the modernization and expansion of four schools and currently ten more schools are being modernized.
Before I was elected, the Santa Ana School Board lacked the voice of a teacher. I ask you to help me to continue to fulfill that role. I am the only member on the board that is a teacher and who has a child enrolled in our public school system. As a teacher and a parent of a first grade student I want to continue to be an advocate for a quality education in our community and add your voice- the voice of parents, the voice of the community.
|| Feedback to Candidate
|| This Contest
November 2004 Home (Ballot Lookup) || About Smart Voter


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Winter Springs, FL (Soldiers Creek MTB trail)
I did this trail today, I found it awesome. First time on a single track so I carried the bike across most of the drops (and I fell on the teeter) but it was awesome!
Posting here to see if there are any other local MTBers on this area. I've been a road cyclist for around a year.... I never imagined the single track was going to be so much fun. Hopping to do the trail again soon, after I re-true the front wheel (darn teeter).
|All times are GMT -6. The time now is 05:41 AM.|

domain: geography


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Behavioral health providers that accept commercial health insurance or have private pay models are among those newly eligible to apply for the latest phase of federal provider relief funding. Previously, the Provider Relief Fund was only opened to those that bill federal payers.
The Provider Relief Fund was created as a result of the CARES Act to help certain health care providers offset COVID-19-related losses and costs. It typically allows them to receive 2% worth of their annual revenue from patient care in federal relief.
When the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) first announced expanded eligibility for behavioral health providers last week, there was initially some confusion about which providers were included on that list. But now, the provider relief portal has made things clear.
It says behavioral health providers who billed a health insurance company as of March 31, 2020 are now eligible to apply, as are behavioral organizations that don’t accept insurance but have billed patients for health care-related services as of March 31, 2020. Both were previously ineligible.
Additionally, organizations that began providing services in 2020 may now apply. So can providers who bill Medicare and Medicaid but have not yet applied for funding.
Finally, behavioral providers who have already received their full 2% Provider Relief Fund payments but need additional aid due to financial losses and changes in operating expenses caused by the coronavirus can apply for additional relief. However, there’s still some uncertainty on the details of those bonus payments, according to Chuck Ingoglia, president and CEO of the National Council for Behavioral Health.
“So far, what we have seen on that is … a little unclear,” Ingoglia told Behavioral Health Business. “Will they only make supplemental payments after they have verified that everybody else has got their 2% or will that be happening concurrently? And there’s no indication of what size that supplemental payment will be.”
Still, Ingoglia expects to see clarification on that soon. Overall, he called all the expanded eligibility for behavioral providers a step in the right direction.
This round of provider relief funding includes $20 billion. Providers began applying for the funds on October 5 and can continue to do so through Nov. 6.


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Legends of Oz World was a free to play virtual world browser adventure game based on Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return.
Servers running around the film's release, it was likely taken down because of the movie being a commercial failure along with a need to maintain the game.
Serving as a prequel to the film, the virtual world picks up right after Dorothy returns to a Kansas devastated by a tornado. Players must team-up with Dorothy and Toto to save Oz by reuniting with the timeless characters Tin Man, Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow. Throughout their journey, players will explore new lands that will appear in the film, including China Country, Candy County, and the Talking Tree Forest. Legends of Oz World features multiplayer games, 30 story quests and more than 1,000 collectible items.
At one point a payable membership option was available to recieve special items.
Players can take control of their own customized characters, as well as Toto, who is the player's permanent sidekick. Different players will have a different version of Toto, but within the storyline, all are considered to be Dorothy's Toto.
|Console, handheld and Computer Games||The Wizard of Oz (1993) • Oz No Mahoutsukai: Another World-Rung Rung (2000) • Emerald City Confidential (2009) • Fiction Fixers: The Curse of Oz (2010) • Color-Changing Tingle's Balloon Trip of Love (2009) • The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2009) • Towers of Oz (2012) • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2014) • Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)|
|Browser and mobile games||Infinite Oz (2007) • Road to Emerald (2010) • The Wizard of Oz (2010) • Oz Run (2012) • Temple Run: Oz (2013) • Legends of Oz World (2013) • Flying Monkeys of Oz (2013) • Good Witch Run (2013) • Wicked: The Game (2014) • Oz+ Shall We Date? • OZ Chrono Chronicle (2016) • Oz: Broken Kingdom (2016)|
|Educational games||The Wizard of Oz (1985) • Oz: The Magical Adventure (2000) • Rugrats: MunchinLand (2002) • Oz Challenge (2016)|
|Other games||The Sword of Etheria (2005) • Crusaders of the Lost Idols (2015) • OZombie (????)|

domain: game


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Latest cancer treatment Stories
Scientists have recently found a pair of proteins that cause the death of early egg cells in the ovaries. Blocking these proteins means cells survive the effects of radiotherapy
Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute have simultaneously mapped two of the most important types of protein-modification in cells, revealing their extensive cooperation during an essential cellular process.
The Mesothelioma Victims Center says, "We offer a diagnosed victim of mesothelioma, or their family members the names of the best mesothelioma attorneys, or mesothelioma trial law firms in
There are significant gaps in the information women receive about their future fertility following cancer diagnosis.
- To befool; deceive; balk; jilt.
- An illusion; a trick; a cheat.
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