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|University of Perpetual Help System JONELTA|
|Binan • GMA • Manila • Pangasinan • Isabela • Roxas City • UPH-DJGTMU|
February 23, 2021 | 4:13 pm
by: Ms. Jeanette Ana Orocay-Mallari | SHS Area Chair, Social Sciences
Mr. Andre Garcia, a Senior High School student leader from the University of Perpetual Help System will be awarded as the Exemplary Youth Leader of the Year in the 4th Asia Pacific Luminare Awards that will be held on March 31, 2021, at the Grand Ballroom of Okada Manila. Mr. Garcia, the National Deputy President of National Organization Kabataan sa Kartilya ng Katipunan and the president of the campus’ very own Hiraya Organization, upholds his virtue of empowering the youth through his passion for public service. He was exposed to the idea of public service at a young age and has dedicated himself to serve since then. His mentor and former adviser, nominated him for the said prestigious award-giving body to serve as an appreciation for his outstanding leadership skills. Garcia, despite the challenges brought by the pandemic, has succeeded in showcasing his talent when it comes to leading and has even remained as one of the excellent academic performing students of UPHSL-Biñan under the Humanities and Social Sciences strand. An advocate of peace, unity, and integrity. Mr. Andre Garcia is truly a role model when it comes to student leadership.
The Perpetualite Community is very proud of you!
UPH Compound, National Highway, Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna
Corporate Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Basic Education: email@example.com
Senior High School: firstname.lastname@example.org; email@example.com
College Registrar: firstname.lastname@example.org
Weekdays: 8am to 5pm
Saturday: 8am to 5pm


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The Luck of the Irish
When Hannah and her sister Nissa invite a long time friend of the family’s to a memorial picnic for their grandmother, they learn that the deed to the house their family has called home for decades is being mysteriously “reclaimed.” The news forces Hannah into a tailspin as she wrestles with her relationship with the town she’s called home. Interlaced with Hannah’s struggles are glimpses of the past when the deal that procured their home came to fruition.
Production and Development History
Commissioned: South Coast Repertory.

domain: library


AXS TV and Fight Network (FN) are slated to air a minimum of 35 of Combate Americas’ hard-hitting live MMA events in 2020
AXS TV/Fight Network partnered with Combate Americas
12 de noviembre de 2019
AXS TV and Fight Network, subsidiaries of Anthem Sports & Entertainment Inc., signed a partnership with the world’s premier Hispanic Mixed Martial Arts sports franchise, Combate Americas, to become the exclusive English-language broadcaster of Combate Americas MMA events in the US and Canada.
AXS TV and Fight Network (FN) are slated to air a minimum of 35 of Combate Americas’ hard-hitting live MMA events in 2020, which will also be aired internationally on Fight Network’s international feeds.
“Combate Americas is continuing to make history and disrupt the greatest sport in the world with our brand of Mucha Más Acción. This historic deal with AXS TV and its new ownership group will allow us to add Spanish flavor to every home in the US and Canada in 2020,” commented Campbell McLaren, CEO Combate Americas.
“Combate Americas has an impressive championship pedigree, powered by MMA visionary Campbell McLaren,” stated Ed Nordholm, CCO of Anthem. “We believe that Combate Americas is an outstanding promotion to carry AXS TV’s rich legacy in mixed martial arts. This landmark agreement marks a continuation of our commitment to showcasing the best athletes from all across the world, and is the perfect complement to our sports content.”
Along with the live events, AXS TV and Fight Network will air specially curated Best of Combate Americas programs and will develop and co-produce episodes of FN Studios’ popular, Diary, Retrospective and After The Fight series based on the talented Combate Americas roster.


Silk Touch Performance Sport Polo
Cross over from your standard polo to this moisture-wicking performance style with its subtle horizontal rib texture and exceptional drape. Sport-inspired raglan sleeves allow easy movement.
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- The 100% cationic polyester double knit works as hard as you do and provides you with comfortable wear all day–the ultimate piece for your casual or work wardrobe.
- A self-fabric Johnny collar provides for a timeless, uniform look that frames the face.
- To top off the professional look, the set-in, open-cuff sleeves assure you’ll look put-together at the office or on the course.
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- For that flattering, feminine cut, gently contoured side seams provide a perfect silhouette.
- The tagless label on this Port Authority® shirt is hassle-free!


text: The spectral properties of light changes the direction and intensity of metabolic processes in the plant, which allows it to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The influence of the spectral properties of light on plant physiology is still not fully understood, and a significant part of the research is devoted to the short-term effects of processing with monochromatic light in growth chambers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the spectral modifications of additional LED lighting in greenhouse production can alter the characteristics of ornamental plants after growing, which is susceptible to chilling injuries. We grew snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus nanum L.) cv. Flora Shower White, tagetes (Tagetes patula L.) cv. Karmen, and multi-flowered petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) cv. Mambo blue in greenhouse conditions, using two different additional methods of irradiation with LEDs: 100 % red (l = 600 nm) (RL variant) and 100 % blue (l = 400 nm) (BL variant), followed by modeling the effect on the seedling of short-term cooling. The plants studied in the experiment are often used in urban landscaping and are exposed to low positive and zero temperatures, especially in the first days after transplanting into open ground. Morphological indicators and levels of hormonal regulators (salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA)) and water-soluble sugars, as well as changes in the selective permeability of cell membranes, were determined at the end of the exposure period. Light treatment showed a noticeable effect on the resistance of seedlings to cooling. Short-term exposure to low temperatures caused a violation of the semipermeability of cell membranes in all experimental variants, but it was minimal in plants under exposure to spectral light: the electrolyte yield decreased by 50 % in comparison with the control in petunias, up to 37 % in snapdragon and up to 37 % in tagetes eighteen %. In the test variants, after cooling, the yield of potassium ions and the content of salicylic acid decreased – by 9 and 14 % (RL) and 21, respectively, by 37 % (BL), and the content of water-soluble monosugars increased. After cooling, tagetes quickly restored turgor in the RL variant, but in the control and when using BL this process was slowed down, there was damage on the leaf edges. Plants of snapdragons and petunias under illumination (RL and BL) quickly recovered, they maintained a habitus close to the original, and budding began. In control plants, restoration proceeded more slowly; their decorative qualities were low. When transplanted into the open ground (at night temperatures of 2–5 °C), the survival rate of ornamental plants after exposure was 80–100 % versus 60–70 % in the control. Additional illumination with narrow-spectrum light when growing seedlings of ornamental plants can reduce the death of plants from spring frosts.

domain: agronomy


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Break the “nice guy” or “sweet girl” stereotype. Most guys and girls who find themselves in the “friend zone” are usually susceptible to many of the characteristics of the “nice guy” or “sweet girl” stereotype. This means pretty much someone who wants to avoid making other people uncomfortable at any cost, but does so usually at their own expense by not communicating their own needs. Where you’re romantically attracted to someone, but you don’t want to “pressure” them into a relationship, or “ruin” the friendship by expressing your interest or making a move, you’ll end up holding back in a variety of ways. The trouble is, when you make other people’s feelings more important than your own (instead of finding that happy balance), you’re unconsciously communicating to people that your own feelings don’t matter. This may make it seem like you have low self-worth, which is the opposite of confidence.
- While some people are attracted to ever agreeable mates, the person who assigned you to the “friend zone” probably is not. If nothing else, inaction tells the other person that you’re simply not interested (chances are, even if they never felt attracted to you, they wondered about your intentions).
Stop being needy. One of the reasons you might be interested in this person more than they’re into you is because you are giving off signals that you really want to be in a relationship! You might be coming off as a little desperate, which is quite the attraction killer. You might be rushing things emotionally and maybe physically.You might also be placing this person on a pedestal, because you’re so caught up in the idea of the relationship, that you’re quick to assume this person is “perfect”.
- Examine your own neediness. In one word, relax. There will always be many more encounters besides this one, so stop treating it like the last one you’ll ever have. Also, don’t force yourself to reveal your hopes for intimacy, let your actions display your confidence. Your demeanor should speak for itself.
Think about the difference between a friendship and a romantic relationship. If you think a romantic relationship should just be a great friendship with physical intimacy thrown into the mix, then it’s understandable to look for common ground first, and wait for the physical attraction to kick in sooner or later. But not everyone sees relationships this way. Some people expect a “boyfriend” or “girlfriend” to play a particular role in their lives in order for physical attraction to emerge. The person who you want to be more than friends with probably makes a bigger distinction between “friend” and “romantic partner” than you do. Realize that many people (both male and female) expect to be courted in some way. And many psychological issues play out in the relationship arena that don’t ever arise in friendships. Some people, for example, look for a romantic partner who can play more of a parental role than a friend would.
- Figure out what the person you’re pining for wants in a boyfriend or girlfriend. Then decide whether you want to be that for them.
- Note that some people are attracted to toxic relationships. If your love interests keeps getting involved with people who treat them badly, despite your advice, you might just have to accept that they’re working through some issues. You could spend your entire life waiting for them to “see the light” or you could move on and find someone who actually (through their actions, not their words) wants a healthy relationship.
Break the touch barrier. For many people, a big distinction between “friendship” and “relationship” is the way they touch. There are platonic ways to touch someone, and romantic ways, and the boundary is different for different people. But if you’re terrified of touching someone the wrong way, to the extent that you hesitate and never touch them first, your intentions may be good but your “touch paralysis” isn’t helping you at all in the romantic department. Take a few little “touch risks”. Reach for their hands, hair, shoulders, ankles, and back. Don’t just always wait for them to do it first. If they don’t like it, they’ll definitely let you know. But touching someone communicates to them that you find them attractive, and also that you’re reasonably confident. Both of these things can make someone feel more attracted to you.
- There are more tips in How to Touch a Girl and How to Hint for a Kiss from a Guy.
- Note that some people are very affectionate with their friends; the person you’re interested in might be all about cuddling with you, and think nothing more of it than friendliness, while you feel like you’re getting mixed signals. At some point the person you are interested in needs to give out or give in.
Realize that you’re “tying up” your feelings by staying friends with someone who isn’t romantically interested in you. In the instance where you’ve already followed the previous steps and you’ve left your pushover habits behind, you’ve stepped up to role that he or she is looking for in a relationship, and you’ve crossed the touch barrier, but this person still wants to be “just friends”, you’ll need to make some hard decisions. Maybe they’re simply not attracted to you, for reasons you’ll never know. But you still have feelings for them. Is it wise to continue spending time with them?
- Consider that it’ll be difficult to develop feelings for someone else if your feelings for this person are fueled every time you hang out. You’ll struggle with feelings of jealousy and frustration when that person dates. Consider that even if you do manage to develop feelings for someone else, your heart might always be torn and confused, and it’ll be hard to give your new flame your undivided affection.
- Sometimes, the best thing to do is to take the friendship down to the level of acquaintance. The person might feel offended, perhaps it will seem as if you don’t value them as just a friend, but remember (and explain to them if necessary) that you can’t control how you feel, just like they can’t control how they feel, and you need to make room in your life and heart for someone who feels about you the way you feel about them.

domain: psychology


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Wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs are a fantastic way to take your creations to new levels. These unique， eye-catching gifts are not only practical but also serve as a great reminder of memorable trips and experiences. Whether you are a small business owner or an independent artist， incorporating wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs into your inventory will undoubtedly enhance your product offering and attract more customers.
One of the key advantages of wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs is that they provide a wide canvas for showcasing your creativity. The large surface area of an umbrella offers ample space to display intricate designs， beautiful illustrations， or captivating photographs. This provides you with an excellent opportunity to bring your artistic talents to the forefront and create something truly remarkable. Whether you choose to incorporate local landscapes， landmarks， or unique cultural elements， the possibilities are endless.
Additionally， wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs are practical and useful， making them a highly sought-after gift for travelers. Practicality is a key consideration for many tourists when selecting a souvenir as they want something that will not only remind them of their trip but also serve a purpose in their everyday lives. Umbrellas are a year-round necessity， providing protection from rain or sun， and are always in high demand. By offering wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs， you are catering to this demand and ensuring that your creations add value to your customers' lives beyond just a keepsake.
Furthermore， wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs have the potential to attract a diverse range of customers. Unlike other traditional souvenirs， umbrellas are versatile and appeal to a wide audience. They can be customized to suit various interests， whether it's beach themes， city skylines， wildlife， or art-inspired designs. This broad appeal opens up opportunities for your creations to reach a larger market， including tourists， locals， collectors， and individuals who simply appreciate well-designed and functional items.
When sourcing wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs， it's important to consider the quality and durability of the product. Opt for umbrellas made from high-quality materials that can withstand the test of time. Additionally， ensure that the printing or customization process used maintains the integrity of the design， ensuring that it remains vibrant and vivid even after multiple uses.
In conclusion， incorporating wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs into your inventory is a smart move that will elevate your creations to new levels. These unique gifts provide a large canvas for showcasing your artistic talents， attract a diverse range of customers， and offer practicality and functionality. By offering wholesale umbrella tourist souvenirs， you are not only providing customers with a meaningful keepsake but also ensuring that your creations are appreciated and used daily. Embrace the opportunity to take your creations to new heights by including these distinctive souvenirs in your product lineup.

domain: artistic


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Wear this dress featuring a fit-and-flare design to parties to see it move with you as you walk or dance
Plus Size Cara Dress
- Women’s short-sleeved dress
- Features a fit-and-flare design with a scoop neckline
- Material is textured
- Care instructions: hand wash, hang to dry
- Product materials: 95% polyester, 5% spandex
Five basic pieces—and not a single floral in sight. That's all you need to create a season's worth of fresh spring outfits for day and night wear.

domain: design


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Standard march brown tie. Speckled partridge fibres for tail and legs. Hare's mask, for the body. Hen pheasant, for the wing, and yellow embroidery thread for the rib. Another of my favorites. Very buggy! #trout#wetfly
Thank you Bill. As usual, you are spot on with your observations. The wing is awfully skinny. I wish I could say I intended it that way, but that would be lying. I just liked the finished look as well, and thought I would share with my friends here.
On FlyFlasher.com you can find 33,992 flies from all over the world. Flash your own fly patterns, upload your current work or search for inspiration. The flies are tagged, so you easily can search for them.


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BRADNER: Some lawmakers question whether Becker's 'Anthem' bill is off key
Published 1/14/2012 at 9:12 p.m. 3 comments
O! say can you seriously?
Right-to-work issue brings crowd out to meet with legislators
Updated 1/15/2012 at 8:56 a.m. 92 comments
The much talked about "right-to work" legislation making its way through the Indiana General Assembly also dominated a "Meet Your Legislator" session Saturday morning at Evansville's Central Library.
Sen. Tomes offers bill allowing Lord's Prayer in school
Published 1/13/2012 at 2:01 p.m. 118 comments
An Indiana state senator has proposed a measure that would allow public schools to require students say the Lord’s Prayer every day.
LETTER: Tomes unchanged
Published 1/10/2012 at 3:00 a.m. 19 comments
As a conservative who does not think much of the Democrat or Republican parties, I find the right to work bill troubling and Jacqueline Jordan's comment about time turning Sen. Jim Tomes interesting
LETTER: CEOs miss the point
Published 1/5/2012 at 3:00 a.m. 23 comments
I have read with great interest the many articles written about right to work, but the one from CEO Robert Koch tops them all
LETTER: Has time turned Tomes?
Published 1/5/2012 at 3:00 a.m. 13 comments
During his first legislative session, Tomes was interviewed (Courier & Press Jan. 9, "Lawmakers,") on various issues including the possibility of a statewide smoking ban
Published 9/28/2011 at 3:00 a.m. 2 comments
Readers comment on issues of the day.
Legislator who wrote gun law furious over zoo incident
Published 9/24/2011 at 3:26 p.m. 240 comments
INDIANAPOLIS — The state legislator who wrote Indiana's new gun law and carried it through the General Assembly this spring says situations like the one that occurred recently at Evansville's Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden were never what he ...
Indiana legislators show reluctance to change teen driving laws
Published 8/8/2011 at 5:47 p.m. 1 comment
It took a two-hour meeting for state lawmakers to conclude that they probably aren't ready to change Indiana's driving ages again.
New law adds cell phone to no-call list
Published 5/4/2011 at 6:17 p.m. 2 comments
Indiana Attorney General Greg Zoeller and Evansville-area legislators were at the Civic Center on Wednesday to talk about a law protecting cell phone users from telemarketers and other new consumer-protection legislation passed by the General Assembly.
BRIAN HOWEY: Indiana's legislature acting more like a city council
Published 4/24/2011 at 12:00 a.m. 4 comments
Most Hoosiers living in cities and towns believe their mayors and council members create local ordinances. But the 2011 Indiana General Assembly has been on a rampage against "home rule."
Time running out at Statehouse
Published 4/23/2011 at 9:43 p.m. 1 comment
The end of this year's legislative session is so close that lawmakers will soon measure what's left in hours, rather than days.
Indiana Senate approves school voucher plan
Updated 4/21/2011 at 10:46 a.m. 22 comments
The state Senate approved a private school voucher program Thursday on a 28-22 vote.
Bill restores cuts directed at Planned Parenthood
Published 4/19/2011 at 8:52 p.m. 28 comments
Medicaid patients could no longer receive health care at Planned Parenthood's Evansville clinic under a measure approved by the state Senate on Wednesday.
State senate sends teacher bargaining bill to Daniels
Published 4/19/2011 at 8:37 p.m. 4 comments
Hoosiers could carry handguns more places without permits under a measure that has received final legislative approval and is headed to Gov. Mitch Daniels' desk.

domain: news


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Women with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are only half as likely to receive screening mammograms as women without such diagnoses, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis published online in Psychiatric Services.
“Women with schizophrenia appear to receive breast cancer diagnoses at later stages of the disease compared with the general population,” researchers explained. “To study this disparity, this report reviewed and quantified the differences in rates of mammography screening for women with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders compared with the general population.”
The meta-analysis included 11 studies that spanned more than 470,000 women in the United States, Canada, England, and Denmark. More than 25,000 of the women in the studies had schizophrenia or psychosis.
Compared with women without the diagnoses, the likelihood of women with schizophrenia or psychosis having received mammography screening was about half, the meta-analysis revealed.
Researchers theorized cancer screening may take a backseat to psychiatric and metabolic concerns in women with serious mental illness, according to coverage of the study. They called for new strategies to better promote mammography screening in the population.
“Lower screening rates could explain why women with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses are found to have more advanced breast cancer at time of diagnosis,” a Psychiatric News Alert quoted from the study. “Given the high prevalence of breast cancer and the promising prognosis of breast cancer if detected early, mammography screening is a key first step in improving diagnosis and treatment for people living with schizophrenia.”

domain: medical


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HPV DNA Virus is a reasonable supplication in light of the fact that it is of concern when evaluating HPV Controversy, HPV Controversy, and HPV Cure 2015.
Someone can strengthen immunity and therefore usually establish resistance to an HPV infection in literally a matter of a few months, sooner than it might set up any kind of compelling cervical injury. (Short Review of Book)
Possibly have you ever before been down with a common cold virus? Likely did you eliminate it? Certainly you did! You won't heal a cold directly, but your immune system normally develops resistance to a particular cold virus within several days. That is called cured by your very own immune system!
HPV How Do You Get It
Adults have actually currently had a lot of the cold viruses. Adults have actually developed resistance to the ones they have had. So there are not so many cold infections existing for parents to acquire. That is why adults only get a couple of colds per year whereas youngsters get a dozen colds per year.
Assuming someone does nothing it could take a couple of years to develop immunity to HPV. If a person follows the writer's recommendations, it requires just a few months to generate immunity to human papilloma virus. The longer someone is infected with human papilloma virus, the more likely it can create damage. So it is preferred to generate resistance and remove HPV as soon as feasible.
HPV In Spanish
What is HPV DNA Virus?
The majority of individuals become confused and assume they have actually not developed immunity to HPV simply since they get infected again by another strain of the over 100 HPV infections. Yet one could avoid future direct exposure and new HPV infections.
- HPV CIN2.
- HPV Can Cause.
- HPV Cancer.
- HPV Care.
- HPV Causes.
- HPV Causes Cancer.
HPV DNA Virus
The insightful author shares exactly how she normally reversed the signs of HPV as well as entirely recovered her very own body of the HPV virus problem by reinforcing her resistance.
Someone could reinforce the immune system and consequently quite simply create immunity to an HPV virus in literally as short of time as a few months, sooner than it can begin any type of major damage. (Short Review of Book)
HPV How Is It Transmitted
Here is the bottom line, this writing is about recovery from HPV, yet it is not only regarding HPV virus. It has to do with living the very best life we might live. It has to do with identifying HPV virus as a remarkable chance to take responsibility for our own health and wellness. When observed in this fashion, someone could be happy for human papilloma virus. Yes, grateful! And keeping that thankfulness and also every little thing else shared in this publication, one could, and a person will certainly, recover the body! She understands this works due to the fact that it benefited her - it altered her life and also her health.
"Thank you for once more for making the effort to share all your study, as well as way of life change for getting rid of human papilloma virus. Your favorable expectation altered my perspective to myself, and the infection.
HPV In Mouth Treatment
Might this be a concern: HPV DNA Virus?
You may enhance the body's immune system and consequently generally establish immunity to an HPV infection in basically just a couple of months, sooner than it could cause any compelling injury. (See Book Sneak Preview)
- HPV And Cancer Symptoms is a frequently identified question considering that it is of concern when pondering HPV And Cervical Cancer Risk, HPV And Cervical Cancer Risk, and HPV And Colposcopy.
- HPV And Essential Oils is a normally identified item of concern since it pertains to HPV And Normal Pap Smear, HPV And Pap Smear Guidelines, and HPV And Warts.
- HPV And Warts is a commonly mentioned concern thanks to the reason that it is applicable to HPV And Women, HPV Antiviral, and HPV Antiviral Supplements.
- HPV Antiviral Treatment is a frequently mentioned care on the grounds that it is crucial when evaluating HPV Antiviral Treatment, HPV Antiviral Treatment, and HPV Ayurveda.
- HPV Biopsy Female is a normal concern due to the concern that it is applicable to HPV Biopsy Female, HPV Biopsy Painful, and HPV Biopsy Procedure.
- HPV Biopsy Procedure is an habitual questioning clearly because it pertains to HPV Biopsy Results, HPV Blood Test, and HPV Book.
HPV Grades is a universal proposal because it has significance to HPV Healing, HPV Healing Naturally About, and HPV Healing Process.
HPV Human Papillomavirus Treatment - HPV Human Papillomavirus Treatment
"This easy-read book provides valid encouragement to ladies identified with human papilloma virus. I am so grateful I reviewed it numerous months back, because I valued her frankness and also agree entirely that human papilloma virus is an infection, not an ethical judgment. Latest medical tests reveal my high grade dysplasia has actually disappeared."
"Thanks once again for creating this publication, I am so appreciative of it since without this publication as well as your words of encouragement I might be totally lost. Thanks!" (Short Review of Book)
Somebody could strengthen the immune system and quite simply create resistance to an HPV virus in basically as short of time as a couple of months, before it could create any serious infection. (Book Review)
HPV Immune System - HPV Immunization
No doubt you will most likely cave in to another cold, because there exist over 300 different runny nose viruses. But you will certainly never acquire the very same runny nose virus that you had previously because you have actually created resistance to that cold virus.
Adults have in the past had a great deal of the runny nose viruses. Grownups have actually developed resistance to the ones they have suffered from. So there are not as many runny nose infections around for adults to acquire. That is why grownups just get infected with a couple of runny noses annually whereas youngsters acquire a dozen colds per year.
HPV In The UK
Why is this a problem: HPV DNA Virus?
Someone could reinforce the immune system and therefore generally establish immunity to an HPV virus in only as short of time as a couple of months, prior to the time that it could generate any compelling injury. (Selected Chapters of Book)
- HPV Causes Cancer.
- HPV Cells.
- HPV Cells In Pap Smear.
- HPV Clearance.
- HPV Clinical Trials Cure.
- HPV Cn1.
Many individuals get puzzled and think they have actually not developed resistance to HPV virus simply due to the fact that they get contaminated once again by a different type of the more than 100 HPV viruses. However someone might avoid future direct exposure and new HPV virus problems.
HPV In Girls - HPV In Guys
The insightful writer shares just how she simply reversed the signs and symptoms of HPV and also absolutely recovered her very own body of the human papilloma virus problem by enhancing her resistance.
HPV Bumps In Women - HPV But Normal Pap Smear
Somebody can strengthen the immune system and normally establish immunity to an HPV infection in literally as short of time as a couple of months, before it can set up any kind of significant cervical injury. (Sneak Peak Book Review)
Here is the deal, this publication has to do with recovery from HPV, but it is not just about human papilloma virus. It is about living the best life we could live. It has to do with identifying HPV virus as an amazing chance to take responsibility for our own health and wellness. When seen in this fashion, an individual can be grateful for human papilloma virus. Yes, grateful! And keeping that gratitude and also everything else shared in this publication, somebody could, and an individual will certainly, recover the body! The writer understands this works due to the fact that it benefited her - it transformed her life and her health.
"I am so grateful I bought this book. After being diagnosed 2 years back, my last pap read normal."
HPV In Men Home Treatment - HPV In Men Home Treatment
It is so true that your book can assist any lady, including my friend with female cancer."
HPV In Woman
Why need you be concerned with HPV DNA Virus?
One could reinforce the body's immune system and consequently typically establish resistance to an HPV virus in basically just a couple of months, before it can establish any major infection. (Selected Chapters of Book)
- HPV Cn1.
- HPV Colposcopy Side Effects.
- HPV Commercial.
By any chance have you a while ago had a cold? Perchance did you get rid of the virus? Obviously you got over it! You can't treat a common cold directly, nevertheless your body normally establishes resistance to a certain cold virus within a couple of days. We call that healed by your very own immune response!
And of course you will possibly get infected by one more cold virus, because there are over 300 various cold infections. But you will never ever acquire the very same cold infection that you had before since you have established resistance to that cold virus.
Adults have already had a lot of the runny nose viruses. Adults have actually developed resistance to the colds they have actually suffered from. So there are not so many runny nose viruses around for grownups to acquire. That is why parents only succumb to a couple of runny noses annually whereas youngsters usually get 10-12 runny noses per year.
Assuming somebody does nothing it could take a few years to create resistance to HPV. If somebody takes the writer's advice, it requires just a couple of months to establish resistance to HPV. The longer a person is infected with HPV, the longer it could cause damage. Therefore it is preferred to create immunity so as to do away with HPV as quickly as possible.
HPV In Mouth - HPV In Mouth
Simply this writing sheds light on HPV problems, one of the most typical STD infections in the US, infecting over 20 million men and women. HPV causes cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer cells, genital warts, plantar excrescences, miscarriages, infertility as well as penile cancer.
HPV In Woman
Why should you contemplate HPV DNA Virus?
The insightful expositor explains exactly how she carefully turned around the signs and symptoms of human papilloma virus as well as completely recovered her very own body of the HPV virus issue by reinforcing her body's immune response.
- HPV Effects In Women is a basic analysis due to the concern that it is of interest when evaluating HPV FAQ, HPV Female, and HPV First Symptoms.
- HPV Foods To Avoid is a usually mentioned entreaty clearly because it is related to HPV Foods To Avoid, HPV Foods To Avoid, and HPV Found In Pap Smear.
- HPV Full Form is a usually identified analysis due to the point that it is of interest when evaluating HPV Full Form, HPV Goes Away, and HPV Grade 2.
HPV DNA Virus


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Imo NUJ slams clampdown on Owerri newspaper vendors by security op-s
The Imo State chapter of the Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ) has condemned the recent clampdown on newspaper vendors in Owerri, the state capital by security operatives.
Imo NUJ made the remarks in a press release titled “Clampdown on newspaper vendors in Owerri by security operatives” made available to ElombahNews.
The press release co-signed by the Caretaker chairman, Comrade Precious Nwadike, and the Caretaker Secretary, Comrade Austin Okoro, reads:
“It has come to our notice that the security operatives early this morning stormed the Rotibi Street, Owerri where vendors usually assemble to receive and distribute newspapers, and arrested scores of vendors and distributors.
Before now, we had also learnt that the New Telegraph Newspaper Sales Representative was arrested at Banana Junction, Orlu by security operatives.
Till date, all efforts made to locate him have proved abortive as sources at relevant security agencies in Imo have denied knowledge of such arrest.
This latest onslaught on the pen profession and its ancillary arms seem to be a very loud confirmation of the much talked about fast drift of the nation away from democracy to tyranny, chaos and oppression.
We consider this development highly worrisome and call on the security agents to be more circumspect in their dealings with the people.
We suppose we are still under a democratic dispensation and our profession is protected by Section 22 of the 1999 Constitution and other extant laws of the land.
The media remains a bastion of democracy and should for no reason be gagged.
We therefore call on the security agents to release the vendors or come up with explanation of the offence they committed beyond selling newspapers at their various newspaper stands.
Where any serious offence(s) known to the laws of Nigeria is/are established against them, we urge that they be charged to the court for open trial than holding them beyond the time stipulated by the law.
We believe Nigeria’s constitution guarantees them to engage in their means of livelihood for which they are being held. Anything contrary to this demands explanation.
Now is time to work towards peace in all fronts than doing things that fuel anarchy.”

domain: law


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BECKLEY, W.Va. — Lawmakers and education leaders alike said Saturday that Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin’s veto of a bill that would allow accrued minutes to grow into instructional days is “a slap in the face.”
Delegate George “Boogie” Ambler, R-Greenbrier, said HB 4171 was “the one thing teachers saw as something that the legislature was doing to help with education.”
Ambler said the bill, which also set hard and fast dates for school to begin and end — no earlier than Aug. 10 and no later than June 10 — allowed for teachers to have summer jobs and for parents to plan for family vacations. The bill eliminated the 180-day instructional day mandate, as well.
“With proper planning, a county school system should be able to achieve 180 separate days of instruction without encroaching on summer vacation to a great degree,” Tomblin’s veto message said. “To be college and career ready, West Virginia’s students need to be in the classroom receiving instruction and learning for at least 180 separate days a year — even if this means making up lost time due to weather or emergencies.”
Ambler, who teaches 11th- and 12th-grade American government, civics and economics at Greenbrier East High School, said fewer than 5 percent of the state’s students go to school all 180 days…


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Melwood Airport Bnb offers self-catering accommodation in Kempton Park, 13 miles from Johannesburg. Free private parking is available on site.
Rooms are equipped with a TV. Certain units have a seating area where you can relax. You will find a kettle in the room. Rooms are fitted with a private bathroom equipped with a bath.
Pretoria is 26.1 miles from Melwood Airport Bnb, while Midrand is 10.6 miles from the property. O.R. Tambo International Airport is 0.6 miles away.

domain: travel


text:
Chittenden County wins $1M grant to fight homelessness
The federal government awarded the Chittenden County Homeless Alliance $1,143,175 to aid in ending homelessness, the coalition said on Friday in a statement.
Most of the money will go towards rental subsidies, said Marcy Esbjerg, who directs the community, housing and opportunity programs for Burlington's Community and Economic Development Office. The grants will allow Burlington Housing Authority to offer subsidized rent in permanent supportive housing for chronically homeless.
Around $65,000 will go to the Homeless Management Information Center, a statewide program in its second year. If a homeless person gives their consent, their information is shared across providers, said Esbjerg, meaning more continuous care as the person travels between city, state and nonprofit services.
The data tracking also allows providers to take a big picture look at the system to ensure resources are being used effectively, she added.
Other recipients include STEPS to End Domestic Violence, which will use the money for a rapid rehousing program, and the Howard Center, as well as the city of Burlington, which will receive $30,000.
The grants are part of nearly $2 billion handed out across the country by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Vermont received $4,478,212 in total, according to a list put out by the federal agency on Tuesday.
This story was first published online on Dec. 23, 2016. Contact Jess Aloe at 802-660-1874 or email@example.com. Follow her on Twitter at www.twitter.com/jess_aloe


BOSTON — Republican Gov. Charlie Baker says there's still a long way to go before his party's presidential nomination is secured and he expects the race to tighten as the field narrows.
Baker, a moderate Republican, has been highly critical of Donald Trump but hasn't endorsed or indicated his support for another GOP candidate since his first choice, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, dropped out after a poor showing in the New Hampshire primary.
Massachusetts is among 11 states choosing Republican delegates on Tuesday.
Baker says he wasn't worried that a victory by Trump in Massachusetts would reflect on his own efforts to make the state's relatively small Republican Party more inclusive.
He says voters often use different criteria when choosing candidates for national office.


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Livestock, medicinal plants and rangeland viability in Jordan’s Badia: through the lens of traditional and local knowledge
Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice volume 2, Article number: 4 (2012)
This study investigates the traditional and local knowledge of Bedouin (Badu) communities in the Badia region of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with regard to livestock production, medicinal plant use and rangeland management, and examines how such knowledge has changed over time. Badu customs and practices from the last 50 years are compared with current realities in order to get a clear picture of how modernization, social change and environmental factors have negatively affected the land, the people, livestock and plant biodiversity in the Badia. The findings indicate that the rangeland environment has become severely degraded, herd sizes have decreased, plant species are in danger, and traditional Bedouin lifestyles have changed radically, due to unrelenting pressure on the land, water scarcity, manufactured livestock feed, government intervention, artificial borders, and the abandonment of natural water harvesting and hima practices.
In an attempt to better understand and document local knowledge about livestock, rangeland management and medicinal plant use in the Badia region of Jordan, the Royal Botanic Garden (RBG) conducted a study on the accumulated wisdom of older generations of Jordanian Badu.
Despite the harsh environment of the Jordan Badia, the fragile ecosystem has until recently provided local people with precious services, such as desert plants of high medicinal value. The Badia has also traditionally made two vital contributions to the life and economy of the entire Kingdom, namely forage and water sources.
The Badia rangelands used to generate a significant portion of domestically produced forage for the range livestock industry, providing sufficient natural forage for around 800,000 sheep for a whole year (Badia Research and Development Centre BRDC, Meteorological Department Data ). However, given the current degraded condition of the rangelands, that figure now appears overly optimistic. Already in 1991, estimated forage yields in the Badia had declined to less than 10 % of the rangeland’s potential as compared to earlier estimates of 70 to 80 % (FAO ).
The rangelands also serve as watersheds that receive rainfall, yield surface water, and replenish the groundwater throughout the region to the east and south of the western Jordan highlands. In fact, they are an essential part of Jordan’s national water conservation strategy. Unfortunately, however, overexploitation of the land, and other negative factors in recent decades, has had a serious impact on the Badia and its people.
One way of helping the Badu and the Jordanian government understand the current problems and chart a practical course for the future, is to study and document traditional knowledge (TK) in Jordan's Badia. Valuable and practical knowledge from the past may provide insights that can lead to solutions. This is especially important now, as the recent generations are abandoning and forgetting the old ways of their forefathers. Preserving the wisdom accrued over centuries of practice can serve as the foundation for promoting crucial health and economic components, conserving biodiversity, and preserving the Badu culture and inheritance.
‘Badia’ is an Arabic word commonly used to describe the arid to semi-arid regions of the Middle East where the average rainfall is less than 200 mm annually (Bailey et al. ; Al Tabini et al. 2008; Al Tabini 2001). Badia constitutes a large proportion of the countries in the region: around 80 % of Jordan, 75 % of Iraq, 90 % of Saudi Arabia and 55 % of Syria (Alwelaie ; Sankari ). The badia consists of two major areas, the steppe and the desert, which have been classified according to their rainfall and vegetation cover. The steppe is the main area that can provide good vegetation for animal grazing, and usually receives an average annual rainfall between 100 mm and 200 mm, whereas the desert receives less than 100 mm of rain annually and has limited grazing resources.
In Jordan, the badia is divided into three areas: northern Badia, southern Badia and middle Badia (Figure 1). Historically, the area’s inhabitants, known as the Badu or Bedouin, lived in a nomadic fashion, but those who remain are now only semi-nomadic at most.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan currently stands at a crossroad in arid land management. The traditional pastoralism of the Bedouin has essentially broken down (Al-Sirhan ; Campbell and Roe ), but has not been replaced by an effective management system. During the 1800 s, the Ottoman Turks began a policy of ‘sedentarisation’ of the region’s nomads, encouraging them to settle in villages. With the creation of the modern states of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia from 1923 to 1948, the countries’ leaders sought to protect the sovereignty of their borders in part by limiting movements of the Bedouins and asking them to declare their loyalty to whichever state was their principal residence. Nevertheless, nomads regularly migrated in and out of Jordan across the Syrian, Iraqi and Saudi Arabian borders into the 1980s.
The study began in April 2010 with a research team of three experts in particular and complementary fields. A rangeland specialist, an expert in social economy and a veterinarian were chosen, to provide expertise on socioeconomic and veterinary issues and offer insights into animal diseases and changes in diseases affecting livestock over time.
The research team designed a questionnaire comprising interview questions that were dual-natured, intended to access and measure data both qualitatively and quantitatively over the last 50 years. The main questions were as follows:
What animal species and numbers were raised in the past and currently?
What medicinal plants have been used in the past and currently, for the treatment of both humans and animals?
What were grazing regimes like in the past and what are they in the present day?
Which plants do the Badu consider to be endangered or extinct?
What are the differences in animal diseases from past to present?
The questions were designed to determine a number of broader implications. Recording the number of livestock over the years, based on the recollections of the Badu, can indicate potential correlations between herd sizes and rangeland deterioration in Jordan. Studies have indicated that the increase in the number of animals in the Badia leads to overgrazing and deterioration of the rangelands (Abu-Zanat et al. ; Al-Tabini ). By tapping into local knowledge, these questions can help researchers understand the changes that have arisen in raising livestock over the last 50 years. Additional questions aimed to understand the extent to which herders relied on grazing in the badia, and how grazing regimes correlate to land degradation and the deterioration of natural resources in the badia. Many Badu have experienced changes in grazing systems in their lifetime, and the researchers were keen to see if the reasons for these changes could provide greater insight into the current state of Jordan’s environment. Generally speaking, the study was able to address participants from the entire badia region, randomly selected as the researchers visited the area.
The questionnaire was tested on five separate occasions to determine efficacy before use. Ultimately, the questionnaire consisted of two types of questions. Questions requiring a Yes or No answer provided quantitative data, while open-ended questions allowed for individual analysis. During each questionnaire interview, one member of the research team asked the questions and led the discussion while another took notes. The questionnaire was designed to encourage informal discussion and not restrict the responses that could be provided.
In addition to individual interviews, three focus groups were conducted as part of the fieldwork. An originally unplanned component to the research, these sessions proved to be very insightful. A few times during visits to Badu homes, groups of men were found sitting and chatting together. The research team then joined them and the questionnaire aspect of the research quickly turned into an informal focus group. This proved to be an excellent method for gaining new information. In general, these groups contained three or four participants, always male.a
All of the 90 participants in the study, 70 men and 20 women, were Badu people who raise livestock or have raised livestock in the past. The participants came from three living styles: nomadic (11 %), semi-nomadic (27 %), and fully settled (62 %). The focus was on older generations, as the holders of traditional knowledge, with almost all of the participants being over 50, and the majority being over 60 years of age. Most participants were chosen at random, but about 10 % were specifically selected based on the recommendation of others for their expertise. Occasionally, the research team was directed to one person in particular because of his or her noted knowledge on the topic. At times, women would respond to questions as well. Some men would ask their wives to respond to the questionnaire, particularly when it came to medicinal plants. By observation, we found the women tended to give more detailed information on medicinal herbs and their use in treating people, while the men were more focused on animal diseases and other issues related to herding and rangeland use.
While completing the questionnaire, the participants were encouraged to respond freely. In the event that they strayed from the topic at hand, the researchers would attempt to bring them back to the point. When a participant mentioned something new or unusual, the information was brought up in later sessions with other interviewees. This was done in an effort to confirm or reject the knowledge in question, in order to ensure credibility.
During the fieldwork, the researchers visited villages in and around the badia at large. At times, the researchers would stay overnight to take further notes.
Upon completion of all questionnaires, the quantitative components were coded. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and showed clear findings such as change over time. Qualitative data came primarily through the focus groups, open-ended questions on the questionnaires, and observations. To process the qualitative findings, general themes and categories were identified in addition to broader patterns. Furthermore, the findings were interpreted holistically to glean the knowledge and wisdom cultivated by the older generations.b
Results and Discussion
Fifty years ago, the people of the badia region of Jordan were in large part nomadic, living in tents (bayt ash-sha’r) and moving from place to place with their herds. Today, however, the majority of Badu are either semi-nomadic, staying in villages in winter but moving to grazing areas with their herds in spring and summer, or sedentary, living year-round in villages and keeping small herds. In addition to the change from nomadic to semi-nomadic and settled status, our demographic research recorded current grazing locations, education levels, age, and family size. All of the participants reside within Jordan, 71 % in the northern Badia and 29 % in the middle and southern Badia. The mean family size for this random sample population was 8.45 persons. By contrast, according to the Department of Statistics (DOS) census of 2007, the family size for the Badu was 5.6 persons, while the average for the country as a whole was 5.3 persons (Department of Statistics ). The larger family size in our sample is due to the fact that we often counted several generations living in the same household, while the DOS figures are based on individual family units. The 2007 census found 379,734 Badu, spread throughout 83.3 % of Jordan. This is the first real demographic data for the Badu, since the government was earlier unable to make an accurate count due to their mobility, especially when they migrated outside of the country (Department of Statistics ).
When using local knowledge as a tool for research, especially in the case of past grazing habits, it is vital to interview individuals with experience in the field. The majority of those interviewed were elderly. Eighty-five percent of the participants were either illiterate or had completed only primary school, as schooling in the past was difficult due to constant migration.c Fifty-four percent of the participants were between 50 and 70 years old, and 39 % were over 70.
Livestock grazing locations, past and present
Fifty years ago, nomadic Badu raised their livestock with no regard to artificial political borders, venturing into Jordan, Syria, and Saudi Arabia, as well as locations around the Iraqi border. They migrated with their livestock to nearby lands in order to let the forage and resources in their original local areas regenerate without the interference of their sheep, using a hima-like system. All participants raised livestock in Jordan in the last 50 years, with 74 % traveling to the east of Jordan (Al Hamad region) for grazing purposes, and 55 % also entering Syria and 30 % entering Saudi Arabia due to droughts in Jordan. According to the study participants, living a nomadic life and raising livestock across what are today’s international boundaries was also very beneficial to the land, which was able to naturally replenish itself while the livestock grazed in other locations. (Abu Jaber et al. ; Al-Oun )
With all of the Badu now residing permanently in Jordan, 71 % raise their livestock in the northern Badia region, with 56 % in the northeastern Badia and 15 % in the northwestern Badia. Modern-day political borders no longer allow the Badu to cross over into other countries and, as a result, Jordan’s limited rangeland resources now rarely have a chance to regenerate. The change to a non-migratory grazing regime has put stress on the land where the Badu now keep their livestock year-round.
Livestock demographics, past and present
According to our findings, 50 years ago the mean size of a sheep herd in the badia was 155 head whereas the current mean is significantly lower at just 109 head. We had expected to find that today’s herd sizes would be much bigger now than 50 years ago, especially since sheep flocks in the badia were as large as 250 head prior to 1996 (Campbell and Roe ).
The current small flock sizes in Jordan’s badia are a consequence of several historical and social factors. To understand what happened and why herders now have so few sheep, it is important to examine how Jordan’s natural forage and rangeland resources became depleted, and what role government feed subsidies played in that process.
In the past, when the nomadic Badu moved from one area to another, the natural resources of the land sufficed to feed the flocks. However, as the Badu began to settle and stay in specific areas, due to border restrictions, sheep grazed constantly in the same places, immediately destroying new plant growth, until the land remained bare and became no longer able to sustain livestock (Al-Sirhan ; Huss ; Moore and Bhadresa ).
As a result, the government began selling manufactured livestock feed to the Badu. At first, the trucked-in feed was affordable for the Badu. But when prices rose, the Jordanian government introduced a subsidy on livestock feed in the 1980s. Unfortunately, the subsidy only exacerbated rangeland deterioration, as the availability of cheap feed encouraged the flock owners to keep large numbers of sheep (Hatough et al. ; Al-Eisawi and Hatough ; Hatough-Bouran and Disi [1991, 1995]), whose presence continued to prevent rangeland plant regeneration.
In 1996, however, the Jordanian government abruptly stopped the subsidy on livestock feed, causing the price of manufactured feed to jump from approximately USD 85 to USD 130 per ton, and eventually to the current price of around USD 250. It suddenly became far more expensive to feed sheep. Since livestock owners were by then almost totally dependent on manufactured feed – the badia rangeland being so severely depleted and unable to supply much forage – they were forced to sell off some of their sheep in order to afford to feed the rest. From that point on, sheep flocks began decreasing significantly in size. With no other alternative, whenever more feed was needed, herders generally had to sell even more animals to pay for their purchases.
Flock sizes today are far lower than prior to 1996, as more and more sheep herders have had to sell off most, if not all, of their flock in order to sustain a small portion of their animals and provide a livelihood for their families. In 1996 Rowe found that the average production cost/sheep/year was 48.49 Jordanian dinars (JOD) (USD 68).The profit margin dropped from 13.5 JOD (USD 19.07) per head to 1.62 JOD (USD 2.29) per head, an 88 % decline in income (Oakley ). In the face of this crushing economic blow, many families abandoned their livestock altogether (Al-Oun ; Rowe [1998a]a, Rowe [1998b]). Because livestock husbandry is a family business, family incomes declined and many young people, who normally would have been employed in the family business, were forced to look elsewhere for work. This had debilitating effects on family social structures, as well as family income. Recently, however, Abuamoud et al. () found, in a case study on local herders conducted by the Royal Botanic Garden, that the cost per head had risen to 60 JOD (USD 80) and the herders were making no profit, but in fact had a net loss per head of 15 JOD (USD 22). These figures make it very clear that the Badu are suffering and losing their main income source.
Goats in the badia are also declining. According to the interviewees, the decrease in the number of goats per family, from 14 more than 50 years ago to a current mean of seven, is a result of both household consumption and the same economic and environmental reasons that are causing decreases in sheep numbers.
Our study found that camel populations are also decreasing. Raising camels has always formed a significant part of customs and culture in the badia, as the possession of camels is a sign of wealth and a symbol of Bedouin heritage, as well as a traditional and vital method of mobility and transportation. Fifty years ago, participants possessed an average of 14 camels per family. Nowadays, however, participants average less than one camel per family. The change from a purely nomadic to a semi-nomadic or settled lifestyle in the badia negates the need for camels as a means of transportation. Furthermore, modernity, in terms of social change and mobility, has changed the ways in which the Bedouin people see the necessity for camels. The current reliance on motor vehicles is also a major reason for the significant decrease in the Badu’s use and possession of camels. This result is in line with data from the Department of Statistics (DOS). In 2007, the total number of camels in the badia was 6,848 and the number of Badu families was 67,810. Dividing the number of camels by the number of families gives a mean of 0.1 camels per family (Department of Statistics ).
Animal feeding: From rangeland to concentrated feed
Fifty years ago, the badia region contained diverse types of land and fields that provided excellent forage for animal grazing all year round. Back then, 99 % of the participants’ animals grazed on the rangeland, or open pasture. The participants explained that in the past, there was more rainfall (see also Hiernaux ) and they grazed their livestock in completely natural conditions. Barley feed was completely unknown to them.
Starting in the late 1960s to early 1970s, concentrated feeds consisting of barley and wheat bran, imported in large part from Syria, became popular, as noted above. The Badu were beginning to accumulate more livestock and thus bought more feed. After a relatively short period of time, however, the great increase in livestock numbers put tremendous pressure on the limited amount of natural forage available. A severe degradation of the rangeland began in the mid-1980s, as discussed below, and caused concentrated feed to increase in price and in demand. At the same time, the herders began demanding higher subsidies to compensate for the almost complete disappearance of natural rangeland areas (IFAD ).
In response, the government set a fixed price for feed, to help the Badu feed their livestock and protect them from further cost increases. The decision to introduce a set price unfortunately was detrimental to the rangeland, as it allowed the Badu to maintain flocks much larger than the rangeland could tolerate in terms of grazing capacity.
When the Jordanian government decided to change its policy and stop the feed subsidy in 1996, in order to meet World Bank requirements for economic reform, it was a severe financial blow for the herders. Flock sizes were cut back considerably, but the herders still remained dependent on trucked-in feed, as the rangeland has never been able to recover from the constant presence of sheep.
By 2011, only 1 % of the study participants were still using the rangeland for grazing, but only for three months of the year. During the remaining 9 months, they provided feed to their herds. The other 99 %, who used to depend solely on the range to feed their flocks 50 years ago, currently maintain their livestock with concentrated feeds throughout the entire year, even though their sheep are physically present on the range. The presence of the sheep prevents the regeneration of the rangeland, because anything that begins to grow is immediately eaten, and the earth remains barren.
Water sources used for livestock
With any endeavour to raise grazing animals comes the issue of water. This is especially true in the badia where rainfall is minimal and water resources are scarce. In the past, the Badu relied solely on natural forms of water harvesting whether through ponds found throughout the wadis (river beds) or man-made dams. The Badu knew where and how to dig for natural water and created traditional wells based on their observations of soil and valley formations. Substantial water sources also existed in the northern highlands bordering Syria. However, the overuse of water harvesting and the building of dams in southern Syria have resulted in a significant decrease in the flooding of waterways in the northern Jordanian highlands, which is essential for the replenishment of Jordan’s water resources (Brooks ; Abu-Sharar and Battikhi ; Beaumont ; Scott et al. ; Mohsen ).
Nowadays, unlike in the past, natural dams in the badia can take up to five years to fill, depending on the amount of water captured during the rainy season. Therefore, the Badu can no longer rely on the northern waterways as a source of water for their livestock.
Due to droughts and the uncertainties of the desert environment, the government of Jordan has dug many wells to provide water for livestock and people in the badia. Although 100 % of the participants in our study used natural water harvesting 50 years ago, today 73 % use only government wells. Twenty-six percent now use water harvesting as well as government wells, and only 1 % still rely solely on water harvesting.
Although government wells are free and constitute a vital water resource for the Badu, commuting to the wells is difficult and economically draining. In order to sustain their livestock, the Badu have to fill up a tanker truck with water at the closest well on a daily basis, sometimes driving a round trip of up to 60 km.
Grazing management and sustainability
When the border closures cut off the Bedouin from their traditional mobility patterns, a major shift in lifestyle began. Although the Badu once lived independently and more or less in tune with the land, they unwittingly began to edge toward an unsustainable and dependent lifestyle. The borders became barriers that undermined the hima-like system that had been in place until then. Traditional grazing destinations could no longer be reached, and herds were confined to a limited area that nobody was managing. Herds grazed anywhere and entire areas soon became overgrazed. Droughts exacerbated the situation and the land was unable to recover. The Badu would normally have been concerned by such degradation of the environment. However, since the government was supplying cheap barley feed for their herds, they stopped thinking ahead. The easy feed solution lulled the Badu into a false sense of security. In the meantime, they also became more settled and began to have other income sources. For some, herding was no longer their main focus of activity,
Another aspect of the Badu lifestyle that deteriorated is related to the livestock grazing period. Fifty years ago, the average grazing time was 7.65 hours per day. In contemporary times, grazing time has been reduced to an average of just 25 minutes per day as there is very little natural fodder at the locations on the range where the herds live year-round. The sheep immediately eat any young plants that begin to grow. This significant decrease in grazing time directly correlates with many environmental factors in the badia.
Reasons for this change in livestock grazing vary, but all relate to drought, the depletion of plant forage and the degradation of the land. An overwhelming 98 % of participants believe that droughts are a major cause for the dramatic decrease in the average daily grazing time (IFAD ). In the Jordanian badia region, the average rainfall is less than 200 mm per year, with some drier regions receiving less than 50 mm of rainfall annually (Bailey et al. ; Al-Tabini et al. ; Al-Tabini ).
There is a perception among the Badu that desertification has been caused, or at least exacerbated, by low rainfall, and is perhaps associated with global warming. Although the data do not reveal any long-term drying trends, there has been a more or less steady decline in rainfall since 1989 (Figure 2). Every year since 1992, except for a moderately good year in 1995, the rainfall has been below average. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), in approving funding to support the National Programme for Rangeland Rehabilitation and Development, referred to this as the ‘worst drought in decades’ (IFAD ). There is, however, no evidence for climate change effects in Jordan. This contrasts with other nearby regions, for example, the Sahel of North Africa, where desertification has been associated with both increasing livestock numbers and decreasing rainfall (Hiernaux ).
Another notable reason for the decrease in the daily average grazing time, mentioned by 89 % of the study participants, is the prohibition of transboundary grazing, as we have already noted. When asked about how grazing was managed in the past to ensure sustainable rangeland regeneration, 90 % answered that they grazed across borders and boundaries. This practice was a natural (hima-like) protection and graze management system where herders moved from place to place based on a collective understanding of where not to graze each year. Today, however, such a system no longer exists, according to the participants in the study.
Unfortunately also, 26 % of the participating herders who do not rely on the rangeland for grazing, but whose sheep are nonetheless physically present on the range, admit that they allow the practice of early grazing. Their sheep immediately destroy all plants as soon as they start to grow. Such early grazing interrupts the natural life cycle of plants and the plants are soon no longer able to replenish and reproduce.
In the past, due to a plentitude of rangeland and plant diversity, both the quality and quantity of milk was significantly better than present day, according to the Badu interviewees. Despite this, it was considered by the Badu to be shameful to sell milk produced by their animals, leading them to use it only for household consumption and for sharing with neighbours and guests.
Today, the Badu sell the milk produced by their flocks in order to pay for livestock feed. This is very much an indicator and result of social change. Due to the need to pay for feed, traditional customs are disappearing and what the Badu previously saw as shameful is now a financial necessity.
When asked about their milk yield, all participants agreed that sheep are producing less milk these days due to insufficient land and foliage available for grazing, or a lack of plant diversity, or some combination of both. The participants stated that without plant diversity in the diet of sheep, milk quality goes down, and the dependency on concentrated feed containing only barley and wheat bran results in poor quality milk. Since sheep have evolved to eat grass, barley and wheat are unnatural foods that lead to a decrease in milk quality and production, and a decline in the overall health of the animals (Campbell and Roe ).
Animal nutrition and health concerns
Table 1 shows various nutritional and medical problems that the participants have seen in their livestock over the past 50 years. Sixty-nine percent of respondents stated that their animals suffered from health problems at some point in the 50-year period. The most frequent health issues were pox and mastitis, both at 57.5 %, and external parasites at 39 %. Other health problems reported by respondents included bloating and foot and mouth disease (FMD), both at 29 %.d Currently, the Badu are seeing many diseases that were not common or did not exist in the past. Examples are enterotoxaemia, wool and hair loss, respiratory infection and diarrhea.
With regard to treatment, the participants responded that a limited number of plant species were used in the past. Eleven percent of participants used Artemisia judaica L (Ibeithran, in Arabic) to treat animal health conditions, and Artemisia herba-alba (Shieh) and Achillea fragrantissima (Gaisoom) were also mentioned, both at less than 5 %. In most cases, the animals either healed naturally or died without any treatment, taking into consideration that animal diseases in the past were significantly less frequent than now, as the animals were generally in better health due to increased mobility and a diet that included a wide range of fresh plants. Today, the animals are presenting different types of ailments than in the past. These ailments are generally treated with new chemical-based, rather than plant-based, medicines, either because pharmaceuticals are known to cure the ailments quickly, or because the Badu have not seen these ailments before and therefore do not know what plants to treat them with.
Endangered plant species
Table 2 lists the main plant species of the badia considered to be endangered by the study participants. Several of these species flourished in the past but can no longer be found in the region, and many more are thought to be endangered. A large percentage of participants responded that Artemisia herba-alba (Shieh) (71 %), Achillea fragrantissima (Gaisoom) (74 %), and Salsola vermiculata (Rotha) (76 %) could be found in the past and are no longer available, or have not been seen in recent times, and are thus considered to be endangered.
All of these plants are very important for the Badu and their livestock. The majority are palatable for people and animals and some are even used for medicinal purposes, making them vital resources. The strong assumption that these plants are endangered is a negative effect on the lives and health of the Badu people and their livestock. To determine local knowledge about the plant species, the participants were asked how they use the plants in their area. Forty-three percent of respondents said Salsola vermiculata (Rotha) is a palatable plant, 42 % said Achillea fragrantissima (Gaisoom) is both a medicinal and palatable plant, and 51 % said Artemisia herba-alba (Shieh) is both a medicinal and palatable plant.
Plants used for human health
Table 3 provides more information on plants used to treat people in the badia. An overwhelming 90 % of respondents reported using Artemisia herba-alba (Shieh) for health problems including gastrointestinal trouble (64 %), respiratory health (6 %), general pain (1 %), and wounds and other injuries (1 %). In scientific research, it has been mentioned that A. herba-alba (Shieh) is used as a hypoglycaemic, and an antioxidant (Iriadam et al. ).
When asked about how plants are prepared for medicinal purposes, 70 % of respondents said that for gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, they boil A. herba-alba (Shieh) in water and then drink. A large percentage (85 %) of respondents also stated they have used Achillea fragrantissima (Gaisoom) for gastrointestinal (63 %), respiratory problems (5 %), and general pain (1 %).
Artemisia judaica L (Ibeithran) is also used for gastrointestinal trouble by 42.5 % of respondents, by boiling in water and drinking. In scientific research, it has been mentioned that A. judaica L (Ibeithran) is used as an antioxidant, a molluscicidal and an anthelmintic (Liu et al. ; Abdelgaleil et al. ).
Another medicinal plant used for treating gastrointestinal problems is Achillea santolina L. (Gaisoom). Sixty-nine percent of respondents reported that they boiled this plant and drank the tea. Twenty-six percent of participants also used wild Thymus bovei (Zaatar barrie) for treating gastrointestinal and respiratory problems.
Environmental and societal changes in Jordan in the last 50 years have had dramatic and detrimental effects on the rangeland, plant biodiversity, livestock and people of the badia. The free movement of Badu herders has been restricted by the closing of international borders and the expansion of built-up areas. Sheep flocks now mostly stay within specific rangeland areas year-round, and their constant presence is stressful on the environment. The sheep often eat the new shoots of young plants, hampering the regrowth of vegetation on the range. The loss of the nomadic lifestyle also marks the end of most hima practices that used to allow time for rangeland areas to regenerate, when flocks were away in other locations.
The rangeland vegetation problem is further aggravated by a lack of water in the badia caused by recent droughts, less water flow from the north, and fewer people practicing natural water harvesting methods.
Large flock sizes in the 1980s, coupled with decreasing availability of forage on the range, prompted government intervention in the form of subsidized feed, which kept flock sizes artificially high. The unrelenting pressure of large numbers of sheep on the range further degraded the range.
When the government feed subsidy was suddenly withdrawn in 1996, production costs soared for livestock owners, prompting a cycle of selling off sheep to pay for feed purchases. In some cases, whole flocks have been decimated, leaving the former owners without a source of livelihood and dependent on government aid.
With today’s rangeland now being largely insufficient to sustain current levels of sheep flocks, the 99 % of the study participants who are now totally dependent on manufactured feed are facing severe economic hardship. In addition to spending large sums on feed, they also have to shoulder the cost of daily trips to government wells to supply water for their flocks.
The many changes in Jordan’s badia over the last 50 years have led to an unsustainable situation for the Bedouin communities and the environment.
The authors make the following recommendations to assist the Badu and their livestock industry:
Urgent and immediate attention should be given to the Jordanian badia, to save the rangelands and biodiversity, preserve the pastoral lifestyle, and allow the Badu to live with dignity.
Programmes should be introduced to spread new, simple technologies that could help the Badu increase their revenues from their flocks. These could include early fattening techniques, sheep estrogen cycle synchronization, and ram isolation.
A detailed study should be conducted to investigate and evaluate the economic situation of the Badu as a result of all the recent changes in the badia and the livestock industry.
Socioeconomic studies should be conducted with regard to any proposed changes in policies or decisions related to livestock and the ecosystem in the badia.
A participatory approach should be encouraged, to actively involve the Badu in decision-making concerning the badia.
A detailed study should investigate the badia’s medicinal plants and their uses.
Awareness should be raised among the Badu, and especially the younger generation, about the importance of preserving traditional knowledge on medicinal plants, protecting the plants, and potentially profiting from them.
aFocus groups (group interviews) were employed for their combination of the advantages of in-depth interviews and observation (Tashakkori and Teddlie 2009). They had the capacity to reveal participants’ attitudes and experiences, interactions among group members, shared knowledge and contrasting views. Extended focus groups were used during field trips where a greater emphasis was needed on observation and elicitation of knowledge in the context of the natural environment.
bParticipant observation served to document the practices of local experts and interactions between them and their environment in the most natural context. The methods used, in the order followed, allowed us to progress toward an emic understanding of Local Knowledge.
c55% were illiterate, while 30% had received primary education.
dIt should be noted that the Ministry of Agriculture has a system called Koushan (under Law 42, Articles 14-17) that requires herders to show proof of vaccination against FMD, brucellosis, pox and Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in order to buy feeds at the subsidized government-regulated price. In addition to the vaccination information, the Koushan booklet certifies the number and type of livestock owned by the holder, and feed quotas are calculated accordingly.
Dr. Raed Al-Tabini holds a PhD in Rangeland Management and Community Development
from the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. He is a former Deputy President of the Badia Research and Development Center in Jordan. Dr. Al-Tabini has managed development projects in the Middle East and North Africa on community-based rangeland rehabilitation, management of scarce water resources, and sustainable livelihoods in agro-pastoral communities. He also collaborated in the set-up of the Badia Center for Ecological Educational. Dr. Al-Tabini is currently a researcher at the Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan, and the Academic Director of World Learning/SIT Study Abroad programmes in Jordan He has published 25 academic papers and reports in international journals and at international conferences.
Khalid Al-Khalidi has extensive experience in socioeconomics. He was the project coordinator for community-based rangeland rehabilitation at the Badia Research and Development Centre before joining the Royal Botanic Garden in the same capacity in 2008. Al-Khalidi has published several papers and attended international conferences.
Mustafa Al-Shudiefat has a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery, and experience in the field of the animal health and community development. He works at the Jordan Badia Research and Development Centre as a head of the local community development department and does research for the Royal Botanic Garden.
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We would like to express our gratitude to Her Royal Highness Princess Basma bint Ali, founder of the Royal Botanic Garden (RBG) of Jordan, for her encouragement and continued support and the Association Française de Développement and Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial for funding the project. We also wish to thank RBG Executive Director Tariq Abutaleb, RBG Research Manager Dr. Oraib Nawash and all the participants in the study. Thanks also to Habiba Dingwall, Sarah Hayes and Barbara Gausewitz for their unforgettable support in editing and reading the paper.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This work is done for research purposes and there are no outside interests or incentives that conflict with the study.
RT provided the main features of the rangeland, grazing and feeding components as well as the design and conduct of the study. KK provided the parts concerning socioeconomic changes, and medicinal plant use and identification. He also contributed to the overall analysis and data gathering and entry. MS provided the parts concerning animal health issues and contributed to the overall analysis and data gathering and entry. The authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Al-Tabini, R., Al-Khalidi, K. & Al-Shudiefat, M. Livestock, medicinal plants and rangeland viability in Jordan’s Badia: through the lens of traditional and local knowledge. Pastoralism 2, 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-2-4

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