Understanding How the Body Affects Accuracy, and How to Improve Your Shooting Foundation
Marksmanship is like building a house. A really nice house. For this analogy, we will group the gun fundamentals (trigger, sight alignment, sight picture, etc.) together and call them the roof.
Now, you’ve been practicing the gun fundamentals a lot. You’ve dialed it all in and really feel like you’ve got a really good grasp on them. In other words, you’ve made a really nice roof for your hypothetical house. Maybe one of those clay tile ones with the gabled ends and weather vane. Super nice.
Only problem is, you’ve spent so much time making this really nice roof that you neglected to work on the building under that roof. Your stance. Now, your super nice roof is sitting up there on a really shaky, stick-built, ramshackle barn. How long do you think that roof will stay up there? And how nice does the roof look sitting on the dilapidated barn?
Don’t neglect the building under the roof. Develop a solid shooting stance.
What is a Shooting Stance?
In short, a “shooting stance” is merely a fancy way of saying “arranging your body in a way that makes for accurate shots”. Like most things firearms, there seem to be a thousand different ways to do something, and you often find people who swear that a particular way is the only way. Well, when it comes to shooting stances, I will try to expand your understanding.
Before we hit that road, let’s cover the components of a good stance.
A good shooting stance provides the shooter with balance, support, maneuverability and the ability to manage recoil. And much like the other components to good marksmanship, your stance needs to be repeatable and practiced, i.e. consistency. Changing your stance every time you go to shoot will wreak havoc on accurate shooting.
A solid shooting stance can be anatomically divided into two parts at the waist: upper and lower body. Imagine a tank. The main gun of the tank is mounted to the turret which can turn 360-degrees. This turret is mounted to the body of the tank which is responsible for supporting the weight of the turret and all necessary movement.
The turret of the tank can move independent of the tank body, regardless of what direction the tank body is moving. As long as the tank body is solidly on the ground, the turret can accomplish its task.
A shooting stance is much like that tank. The lower body is responsible for movement, flexibility, and supporting the upper body. The upper body is the turret, and it can turn to address targets regardless of where the lower body may be facing (obviously humans have a physiological limitation that tanks do not, but the point stands).
The shooting platform formed by the upper body is remarkably effective with a wide degree of movement, provided that the movement does not detract from the upper body. You can have a very solid upper body platform, and that still won’t help you get accurate shots at a sprint.
Let’s look at it this way. I establish my shooting stance for a target directly in front of me. After engaging that target, a second target presents itself 45-degrees to my left. Because my upper body platform is solid, I do not necessarily need to move my feet to address the new target. I can simply turn at the waist and present my upper body turret to the target.
The more experience you get with pistol shooting, the wider degree of movement you will be able to effectively shoot with. Experienced marksmen are able to take the movement a step further and lean out from behind a solid object to fire at targets. The takeaway point here is that accuracy can be achieved in a huge range of situations as long as the upper body platform is stable and solid.
Now that I’ve mentioned ‘solid platform’ a variety of times, how about I actually tell you what goes into it.
Components of a good stance starting at the ground:
- Feet – your feet should be firmly planted, about shoulder width apart. Foot placement is up to the shooter and their comfort, and I will get more into different foot placement options further down. Regardless of foot placement, the shooter should be leaning slightly into their gun, with their weight on the balls of their feet.
- Knees – Knees should be slightly bent, not locked.
- Hips – Hips should be oriented towards the target.
- Abdomen – The shooter should be standing up straight, not hunched over and not leaning backward unnaturally.
- Shoulders and arms – The shoulders will be slightly rounded forward, arms extended. Arm positioning will depend on the shooter’s comfort. I will get more into arm positioning further down.
- Head – the head should remain relatively upright, and the gun should be brought in line with the shooter’s eye. The shooter should avoid hunching their head behind the gun, as this can cause the shooter to look through the top of their field of vision. While not inherently wrong, this fatigues the eyes quickly and can introduce a certain amount of visual distortion.
While we’re in this aisle, I’ll touch on where the gun should be in relation to your body.
Natural Point of Aim
A key component to any shooting platform is understanding Natural Point of Aim. Natural Point of Aim is a fancy way of saying: where your body naturally wants to point your pistol.
Clear as mud, eh?
The best way to explain natural point of aim is to have you test it. Before we do that, unload your firearm and visually and physically inspect that the weapon is unloaded. Then select a safe direction to do the following test.
Assume a good standing position. Bring the weapon up and aim it downrange, as if you are about to engage a target. Align the sights at a fixed point in the distance, as if you are prepared to fire at that item. Remember this item. Now, close your eyes.
Take several deep breaths and allow yourself to relax into your shooting stance. Don’t drop the gun; keep it aimed in but let a little of the tension out of your muscles. Now, open your eyes.
Did the sights move off the distant object? More than likely, they did. Where your sights are now aimed is your natural point of aim. Close your eyes again and repeat the test using where your sights are now as the new reference point. Did the sights move?
Anatomically speaking, your body will have a position where it is most comfortable and natural while aiming your pistol.
Alternately, try this test. Assume a good shooting stance and close your eyes. With your eyes closed, aim your pistol downrange as if you are about to engage a target in front of you. When you open your eyes, your pistol will be at your natural point of aim.
See, anytime a shooter is presented with a target, the instinct is to draw your pistol and aim it at the target. I know, I sound completely crazy now. Trust me. Now, if we aren’t examining our natural point of aim, we can actually be fighting ourselves to stay on target.
For instance, you may have assumed a shooting stance for a target directly in front of you, but didn’t realize your shoulders were slightly off-square to the target. You draw, and by using the target as the reference point, you make tiny sacrifices and force your shooting position to make a correction for the shoulders. Will the gun get on target? Of course. Will you have the best accuracy? Nope.
Or, you assume that shooting stance but lean far forward at the waist. At this angle, your natural point of aim is somewhere in the ground. Not factoring that in, you bring the arms up to get the sights on target. The platform is not anatomically natural and therefore, accuracy will suffer.
“But wait! You said I can turn and shoot!”
Yes. While your entire body has a natural point of aim, your upper body independently does too. I am of the opinion that you should practice your marksmanship for a variety of scenarios. Unless you intend on only shooting targets directly in front of you, you should place a majority of your practice into ensuring the upper body’s natural point of aim is solid. Like we’ve discussed, the turret works independently of the body; present the turret’s natural point of aim to the target, and you will be accurate.
OK, we’ve beaten this natural point of aim bit down. How does it fit into the picture?
Let’s talk upper body platform. The shoulders, arms, and head all want the pistol in a particular position. That position is nearly straight out from the chest. Let’s test it.
Assume a good standing stance. Take your time getting a good two-handed grip on your pistol. Once you feel your grip is acceptable, bring the pistol up to where the back of the grip is precisely in front of your breastbone. P
While maintaining the grip and keeping the head upright, push the pistol straight out in front of you until the arms lock and the sights are in line with the eyes. This is where the body wants the pistol to be.
Carefully take note of where the pistol is in relation to your chest and head. Take note of how the pistol feels in relation to the ground, neither dipping into the dirt nor shooting into the sky.
While we’re at it, grip is a fundamental piece of the marksmanship equation and plays a major role in accuracy. Pop over to this article to find out how to properly grip your pistol.
I’m sure you’re starting to get the feeling that there might be something to this stance idea.
Stance Means Shooting Foundation
A good shooting stance is the foundation for your marksmanship. The fundamentals of marksmanship are all part of a greater formula that needs all its pieces to function properly. For instance, you can be a master at sight alignment and sight picture, and that won’t help you at all if you try to shoot with one leg in the air (totally overblown hypothetical but why not).
Aside from making sure we don’t fall on our faces at the range, a good shooting stance provides the foundation for repeated shots.
I would imagine that no one goes to the range to fire only one bullet at a time before putting the gun down and surveying your target. Surely we all like to engage in firing at least two bullets in short succession. Just me? Oh well.
When the pistol is fired it produces recoil. The recoil is absorbed through the hands, arms, shoulders, and abdomen. While the body is absorbing that recoil, the sights are no longer on target. The process of the pistol rising with recoil, transferring the energy to the body, before settling back on target, is called follow through.
A good shooting stance will allow you, as the shooter, to have good follow through. This means you aren’t restricted to firing one bullet at a time without having to completely re-adjust yourself. Ever seen the internet videos of someone firing a shotgun when they aren’t prepared? Those videos are examples of poor shooting stances not providing support for effective follow through. One shot and they’re done.
As for the stance itself, the most important parts are skeletal support and muscular tension.
The skeleton holds us all up right? Otherwise, we would all be floppy bags of tissue. The musculature attaches to the skeleton and makes it move. Anatomy 101. These two aspects work together, with key respects, to form the shooting stance.
Let’s get into it.
How long can you stand on your tiptoes? How stable are you? Unless you are a world-class ballerina, probably “not very long” on either question. An important aspect to your stance is allowing the skeleton to do its job as often as you can. Bone is rigid and does not fatigue. So, the feet need to be firmly on the ground to allow the skeleton to take the weight of the body (though as previously mentioned, you should be slightly leaned forward).
Additionally, the arms need to be straight out (except for the Weaver stance which we will cover below). Straight arms transfer the recoil of the pistol to the bones. How well do you think you would shoot if the arms were only partially extended? In that instance, the muscles in the arms would be absorbing the recoil, leading to rapid fatigue and poor follow through.
Muscular tension is the other half of the equation. In the hands, the muscles provide the grip that allows the bones to support the pistol. The muscles in the shoulder lock the shoulder joint in place to better transfer recoil to the lower body, and the muscles in the legs provide balance and shock absorption through slightly bent knees.
Though it may seem otherwise, I am not simply telling you how the body works. Forcing the body to alter any of these processes will shift responsibility to a body part that isn’t the most efficient at performing that task.
As I said, you could stand on your tiptoes. A standing shooting stance is exactly that, right? On your tiptoes is still technically standing. The problem is, the muscles in the foot and lower leg will have to maintain that unnatural position, leading to rapid fatigue and poor balance.
There are 27 bones in each human hand, and those bones can definitely support a pistol. But how accurate will the shots be if the muscles in the hands don’t provide the ‘grip’?
Good shooting mechanics is a complimentary dance between muscles and bones. Knowing how to use each system to its comparative strength will go a long way towards effective shooting.
Most Common Shooting Stances
Let’s talk about the most common shooting stances. There are likely dozens in use, but for the purposes of this article we will discuss:
- Center Axis Relock (not traditionally a stance but worth a mention for a specific reason)
What is the Isosceles Stance?
The Isosceles stance draws its name from the triangle formed by the chest and arms. A shooter’s arms will be pushed straight out from the chest, forming the equal legs of a triangle.
The shooters body will be square to the target, and the shooters feet will be slightly wider than shoulder width apart. Traditionally, the feet will be directly next to each other, however, having the strong foot a half-step back is certainly acceptable.
To complete this stance, the shooter will slightly bend their knees and lean slightly forward.
The advantages of this stance are exceptional mobility and recoil management. As I mentioned earlier, the turret (upper body) can rotate on the base (lower body) and allow the shooter to engage targets without moving their feet. The Isosceles stance, by virtue of the fact that it is a symmetrical stance, allows the shooter to have equal movement to the left and right.
The major disadvantage to the Isosceles stance comes into play if you are in a defensive gun situation and are not wearing body armor. By standing square to the target, you give the bad guy maximum ‘frontage’ at which to shoot; you present the biggest target this way.
That said, if Isosceles is the stance you are comfortable and accurate with, then put this thought away. If that day ever arrives, the best possible option is always to get rounds on target accurately.
What is the Weaver Stance?
The Weaver stance is a shooting stance variation that imposes a “push-pull” force on the pistol to create opposing forces to control recoil.
The stance is named after its pioneer, Jack Weaver. It is focused more on limiting that ‘frontage’ I alluded to earlier. Jack Weaver was an LA County Sheriff in the 1950s and developed this stance as a means of protecting deputies during gunfights. Back then, no one wore body armor so limiting exposure was the name of the game.
This stance involves ‘blading’ the body away from the target and thus limiting the ‘frontage’ exposed to the bad guy. The lower body portion of this stance closely resembles a boxers stance.
The strong leg will be back and the support leg forward. The shooter’s knees should be slightly bent and their weight forward onto the support leg. The abdomen, chest and shoulders will be turned at an angle to the left or right of the target (depending on dominant hand), limiting the shooters exposure.
The strong arm will be mostly extended, with just a slight bend in the elbow. The support arm (weak hand if you will) will have a distinct bend in the elbow, and the elbow will be pointed almost directly at the ground.
A key distinction with the Weaver stance is the shooter will apply a “push-pull” type of grip with the hands. When firing, the strong hand will be “pushing” the pistol forward while the support hand will be “pulling” it back. The idea is to create an equal balance of force that locks the gun in place.
The major advantage of the Weaver stance is a clear uptick in balance. There is a reason I mentioned it resembling a boxer’s stance. The Weaver allows a shooter to absorb a shock (like someone pushing them) as well as transition to movement quickly. Also, as I previously mentioned, the bladed Weaver means lower profile facing the bad guy.
For disadvantages, the shooter is severely hampered in turning to address a target on the weak side. Because of the bladed stance, the shooter has to move that much further to address a target on the support side of the blade, costing time.
Ironically, because the Weaver was developed for non-armored shooters, it harbors a disadvantage for shooters who are wearing body armor. By blading the body, the armored shooter is presenting their side towards the target. To keep mobility high, manufacturers limit the amount of armor found on the sides of bulletproof vests. So, by presenting this lightly armored side to the threat, the armored shooter is actually somewhat defeating their own armor by using this stance.
What is the Chapman Stance?
The Chapman stance can also be referred to as the “modified Weaver stance”. The Chapman stance is the same as the Weaver stance with the exception of arm placement.
In the Chapman, the strong arm will be locked straight out in front of the shooter. With this arm locked, the shooter can lean their head down and form a ‘cheek weld’ with the upper arm. The support arm will form the same bent-elbow approach as the Weaver and the ‘push-pull’ grip method will apply.
The advantage of the Chapman is the cheek weld aspect of the locked strong arm will provide the same shooter experience every time. The Weaver stance calls for two bent arms and that can mean slight variations in stance every time the shooter presents their firearm. By locking one arm, these variations are severely reduced as the arm does not get longer or shorter by itself.
The locked arm also aids in recoil management, as the recoil is transferred directly to the bones of the arm. Traditional Weaver transfers the recoil to two bent arms, which means the muscles transfer the recoil to the shoulders. As we discussed above, there are anatomical differences between having muscle do the work vs bone.
The disadvantages of the Chapman are the same as the Weaver. The bladed stance means support side targets are more difficult to address without major movement.
Also, the cheek weld aspect of the Chapman is very difficult for cross-eye dominant shooters.
What is cross-eye dominance and why does it matter? Good news! That topic is covered in depth in our Sight Picture article!
Center Axis Relock
Now, I’m going to cover Center Axis Relock because it is extremely evident in the very popular Hollywood blockbuster and sequel, John Wick and John Wick 2.
First, Center Axis Relock was developed by law enforcement trainer Paul Castle (who unfortunately passed away in 2011). Castle’s main desire was to develop a stance that would allow a law enforcement officer to accurately engage a bad guy in a very short distance firefights.
The Center Axis Relock stance is very similar to the Weaver stance, as far as lower body is concerned. The support leg is forward and the strong leg back, knees are bent and the weight is forward.
Upper body, however, is completely different. The pistol is held in a two handed grip close to the body. Both arms are bent and the pistol is held in line with the shooter’s eyes. To achieve the proper sight alignment, the weapon is canted inward.
The two-handed grip is also unique. The strong hand will grip the pistol in a normal fashion, high on the back-strap, fingers around the grip. The support hand will be brought more forward, thumb pointed up and against the frame of the gun, fingers wrapped around the strong hand fingers.
Keep in mind, Center Axis Relock was pioneered specifically for surprise gunfights inside of a few yards. It is a specific stance for a specific purpose. This will not be the stance for target shooting on a Sunday morning, or for defensive shooting at 10 yards. This might be the stance for defending yourself while sitting in a car though.
I covered this specifically because Keanu Reeves spends a few hours killing what seems to be a million bad people using this stance, and most people assume it’s Hollywood magic. In actuality, Keanu Reeves spent many hours training 3-gun shooting competitions, so the shooting scenes would look as realistic as possible. You can even watch videos of him training online; the guy is good and his weapons handling technique is real.
Can I Make My Own Stance/Which Stance is the Best?
Early on I mentioned that I was going to try to break the mold with shooting stances. After having spent countless hours behind a gun, I can fairly confidently state, “yes, you can make your own stance.” And therein lies the key to which shooting stance is the “best”.
The best shooting stance, or your own stance, is the one that correctly fits the situation while encompassing the necessary fundamentals of a good stance (all those things I mentioned above). As long as your stance allows for good support and good recoil management, the sky’s the limit.
That said, I’m fairly certain the three aforementioned stances will cover a majority of the variations you could come up with. I am pointing this out based on my own usage.
I personally shoot Isosceles a majority of the time, however my personal preference is to keep my strong foot a half-step back. Additionally, I roll my shoulders further forward than most people and like to get more behind the gun with my head. All personal preferences.
One-Handed Shooting Stance
So how will our stance change if we want to shoot one-handed? Let’s check it out.
As far as I’m concerned, all shooters should practice shooting one-handed. First, it’s a great way to identify flaws in your marksmanship fundamentals, second, it’s fun. More importantly, though, we won’t always have both hands available to use our firearm.
You may need to defend yourself while holding onto a loved one or even, god forbid, a baby. You could find yourself fending off an attacker with an injured hand. There are many different situations where one hand is all you have.
For one handed shooting we really only have two options: straight arm or canted off.
Before we hit this, a word of caution. Practice one handed shooting stationary with a very slow draw, or no draw at all. Attempting to do rapid one handed shooting draws without practice can easily lead to muscle confusion and you may inadvertently shoot your own support hand. PRACTICE SLOWLY.
This stance is exactly as it sounds. The shooter will square up to the target and the shooting hand (remember, it can be either and you should train with both), presents the firearm with a straight arm. The unused arm should be clutched to the chest (because it’s either injured, full, or you will use it to defend yourself).
At the shooter’s option, the weapon can either be straight up and down, or slightly canted to the inside. Both are acceptable. Keep in mind, recoil will generally want to drive the muzzle of the gun up. If the weapon is canted towards the inside, that is now the direction the muzzle will want to climb. Be careful.
To shoot canted off, the gun will be aimed at the target with a straight arm. The shooter’s body however, will be facing left or right (depending on the hand currently holding the gun). To explain it another way, it’s as if the shooter squares up to their target, before making a right or left turn. The shooter draws and aims downrange, which is effectively to their left or right. P
I find this method highly impractical, however it is an acceptable one-handed method.
Transitioning from a Standing Position to a Kneeling Position
While we’re on this topic, lets cover transitions quickly. Sometimes, a shooter is engaging a target from a standing position and they need to move to a kneeling position. This process is simple, but takes some practice.
First, which knee goes on the ground?
Barring a medical condition which prohibits bending one knee, the strong side knee is the one that goes on the ground. This transfers the strong side support directly through the knee and into the ground. Also, if there ever came a time when you needed to shoot from behind a piece of cover (something that is bulletproof), then having the strong side knee down minimizes the amount of your body that will show. P
When actually making the transition, make sure your pistol stays pointed downrange. Occasionally, I see shooters who get so engrossed in kneeling that they will lower their pistol to actually kneel down. What they don’t realize they are doing is the barrel of their gun ends up pointed at themselves or someone else. MUZZLE AWARENESS.
Standing is simply the reverse of kneeling. Again, keep your muzzle pointed downrange.
Stance While Shooting and Moving
Shooting and moving is a lot of fun, but make sure you’ve spent a lot of time training in a stationary position before adding movement. If you want to take your shooting on the move, the only modification you will make to your chosen position (aside from actually moving your legs) is a slightly deeper bend to your knees. To move, you will walk like you are holding a cup of water with water up to the very brim. The bent knees are there to cushion your steps and prevent your muzzle from bouncing.
Walk like you don’t want that water to spill.
Stance While Using Cover
Going all the way back to my tank analogy, shooting from behind cover means using the turret. Cover is something that protects you from incoming gunfire, and therefore, shooting from behind cover means you want to expose as little of yourself as possible.
With your shooting stance of choice, simply lean out from behind cover to engage your target. The key is keeping the upper body turret as intact as possible to preserve the shooting platform. Remember the turret works despite what the body is doing, so leaning out will still preserve accuracy.
Now, keep in mind, using cover may require you to modify your shooting stance. Attempting to use a Weaver, for instance, with cover that only permits leaning out on the support side will make the cover impractical. The situation may dictate switching stances, or switching the gun to your support hand and mirroring the stance as if you regularly shot with the support hand.
Common Stance Mistakes
Now that we’ve covered how to properly use a shooting stance, how about some common mistakes?
All too often you see the shooter at the range leaning backwards with their weight on their heels. What happens when they shoot? They have no balance and the gun pushes them back.
The proper shooting stance always involves leaning forward, with the weight on the balls of your feet. When the gun fires, the recoil will transfer back into your body. You have to be balanced in a manner to absorb that recoil without falling backwards or shifting.
Think of football players. When the offensive and defensive lines square up, they are both nearly squatting down, with all their weight forward on the outstretched hand. These players are anticipating the recoil created by the opposing player hitting them. Guns, while much smaller, also generate recoil. If the shooter is leaning back, then there is no weight to absorb that force.
Similar to leaning back, shooters who stand with locked knees have no ‘bounce’ in their stance. Locked knees transfers the kinetic energy straight to the ground, with no ‘spring’ to absorb it.
I can handle this lesson with a short analogy. Imagine jumping off a short object and landing with locked knees. I rest my case.
Constantly Changing Your Stance
This common mistake may not be as obvious. Like every other aspect of marksmanship, a shooting stance is part of the repeated equation. While practicing, it’s normal to try out different aspects of a stance, but once you become comfortable with a particular stance, avoid making small adjustments every single shot. To put this a different way, make conscious efforts to maintain the stance the same way every time.
Not paying close attention to your stance is how your feet end up in different spots shot to shot, or the shoulders are back, then forward. The elbows locked, then slightly unlocked.
All these aspects affect the placement of your bullets. Dialing in your marksmanship is partly a matter of eliminating as many of these variables as possible. By keeping your stance the same you can eliminate a majority of those variables and promote better accuracy.
The ‘Tactical Turtle’
I know you are imagining a ninja turtle tricked out in SWAT gear right now… But that’s not what the tactical turtle refers to.
The Tactical Turtle is a fun moniker referring to shooters who hunch their shoulders and try and get their head between them. True to form, they look just like a turtle. So what’s the problem with the turtle? Two main reasons: your eyes and mobility.
If the shooter hunches their shoulders and drops their head, they will have to strain their eyes upward to properly align the sights, which is not optimal. Let’s illustrate this with an example.
Keep your head straight up, and focus on a target directly in front of you at eye level. Maintain focus on this target while lowering your chin. Your vision should begin to lose clarity and focus, along with your eyes starting to fatigue. If your shooting stance places your head in a position where the eyes lose clarity, you need to reevaluate your stance.
The mobility aspect of the tactical turtle will be much easier to explain. Raise your arms directly in front of you, as you would for an isosceles shooting stance. Lower your head down between your upraised arms. Now try to look at a target 45 degrees to the left or right.
A good shooting stance should not limit your ability to turn your head and maintain situational awareness.
The ‘Tactical Lean’
Earlier in the article we discussed a slight lean forward, with the shooter’s weight predominantly on the balls of the feet. Notice how I said a slight lean forward?
Occasionally, shooters will take this forward lean to an extreme. Perhaps they feel it helps their recoil management. Unfortunately, an exaggerated lean makes the shooter less stable.
Remember from above, a good shooting stance should help you shoot, move and remain balanced. Not only will leaning too far forward detrimentally affect your balance, but humans cannot walk with an exaggerated forward lean. So, in order to move, the shooter has to stand more upright before moving. Why not stay upright from the start?
Get Out There and Practice
As always, marksmanship is a learned skill. That learning takes practice; a lot of it. Applying the essential techniques described in this article will help you dial in your shots and improve the other fundamentals of marksmanship (like sight alignment, sight picture, trigger squeeze, etc.).
All too often I see shooters trying to perfect their sight alignment, and completely neglecting their stance. They may be able to get the sights aligned, but their shots will still lack accuracy because they do not have a solid platform.
Give your shooting the solid foundation it needs. Move and shoot. Have fun!
The further you fall down the rabbit hole of marksmanship, the more you realize you have yet to learn. Head over to our Pistol Forums and ask questions of our experts!


Nice story in The Statesman about the vibrant community that continues to grow downtown – not just in terms of nightlife, but also new economy jobs and associated residents: Austin’s Tech Scene Heats Up Downtown.
It’s worth pointing out however that all this has not “just happened” by itself.
It has been 15+ years in the making with great purpose by the likes of the Downtown Austin Alliance (DAA), the Downtown Austin Neighborhood Association (DANA), Mayors Kirk Watson, Will Wynn, Lee Leffingwell and their City Councils, the Downtown Austin Plan, and many more driving forces.
Except for weekday lunchtime and weekend nights on East 6th, it was a veritable ghost town when my team first opened an expanded Wild About Music down here in 1995, then started living here in 1999.
There’s still a ton of work to be done around issues of homelessness and vagrancy (two different matters), affordability (having only $50/ft rents and million dollar condos is not sustainable), traffic (a car-free zone?), and that IH-35 east-west barrier.
Dave Sullivan, longtime Austin civic leader during this big growth period, also just told me: “When I joined the City Planning Commission in 1994, software development was a prohibited use Downtown. I remember voting to change that in the late 90s. Seems incredible.”
Incredible indeed, Dave.
And a worthy update: After this story published I received a note from a longtime steward of Downtown Austin’s evolution, Michael Knox, of the City’s Economic Development Department. He filled in another 10 years of preparation that went into the creation of today’s Downtown before my timeline even picks up. Mike says:
“I started working on downtown in 1988, when it was part of AustinPlan’s Sector 1. Of course AustinPlan, the comprehensive plan update to replace Austin Tomorrow, was never adopted.
“In 1989 we (Jose Martinez and I) started working with the Downtown Commission, actively promoting a thing called R/UDAT. The 1990 R/UDAT application we co-wrote was accepted, and in 1991 we got the R/UDAT team visit and report, followed in 1992 by “A Call to Action: R/UDAT Implementation” that, in 1993 gave birth to the Downtown Austin Alliance and the Austin Downton PID. These efforts involved hundreds of dedicated Austinites.
“Downtown initiatives were kicked up a notch in 1997 when Kirk Watson became Mayor, and Assistant City Manager Jim Smith (now Aviation Director) and I put together Kirk’s first six downtown initiatives, including the Waller Creek tunnel, Downtown Design Guidelines and the Poleyard and AMLI developments.”
So there you go…another of Downtown Austin’s many unsung heroes. We thank you, Michael Knox.


According to Newsday.com, Remy Ma's wedding plans are up in the air. But a judge has made definite plans for the Grammy-nominated rapper: eight years in prison for shooting a woman outside a Manhattan nightclub. The state Supreme Court sentence was handed Tuesday to the 26-year-old rapper, whose real name is Remy Smith, for assault, weapon possession and attempted coercion.
The defendant, who could have faced up to 25 years in prison, was teary-eyed as she heard the sentence. She says the shooting last summer was an accident; an appeal is planned.
After the sentencing, a man identified by court officers as Remy Ma's fiance, fellow rapper Papoose, began screaming in a hallway outside the courtroom. "All you want is money!" he said, apparently referring to the victim.
"Lock me up! Lock me up!" he then shouted to court officers, who instead escorted him to an elevator and out of the courthouse.
The victim, Makeda Barnes Joseph, was in the courtroom for the sentencing. She did not appear to be in the hallway when the outburst occurred.
Correction officials say they called off the couple's weekend wedding at the Rikers Island jail after Papoose showed up with a handcuff key.
Remy Ma's lawyer, Ivan Fisher, denies that the key could be used to unlock handcuffs. Papoose is not charged.
Fisher says the two still plan to wed _ perhaps after the bride-to-be's transfer to an upstate prison.


text:
Here in Northampton County, agriculture has been a dominant part of daily life from the beginning of European settlement. The earliest settlers arrived in the county in the first decades of the 17th century, shortly after William Penn arrived in Philadelphia. As these first colonists cleared the forests, they planted corn and wheat in their newly cleared fields, and then built crude log homes to protect their families.
Today, according to a 2001 statistic, 52.8% of land in the Lehigh Valley area is still used for agriculture or is vacant land. Our area’s farmers still grow the same basic crops that have sustained agriculture in Northampton County for nearly three centuries – corn, barley, wheat, soybeans, and a variety of vegetables for an ever-increasing metropolitan market. Beef and dairy cattle, and thousands of hogs, chickens and turkeys are readily seen on a drive through the county’s back roads.
But, our county’s precious farmland is rapidly disappearing as developers are purchasing individual farms and converting them into housing developments. However, thanks to grass roots organizations that recognize the importance of agriculture to our local and regional economy, agriculture and agribusiness in the county are getting a great deal of attention.
It’s no secret that the area’s distinctive countryside is changing. As city-dwellers from New Jersey, New York and the greater Philadelphia region discover the easy commute from Northampton County, our open land and scenic farmsteads are rapidly disappearing; to be quickly replaced with fields and hillsides dotted with houses and town homes. In far too many cases, Northampton County’s farmers have discovered that making a living off the land is difficult or impossible. Therefore, when large sums of money are offered for their land, they usually sell to developers who are then building residential and industrial structures.
School Board members, zoning and planning boards, planning commissioners and other local township and county officials are actively working together to address the disappearance of our county’s farmland. Our county’s farmers are certainly concerned about this new “rural-residential sprawl,” where new residents move into a formerly all-rural part of the county and then complain about slow-moving farm equipment on the roads, and the smell of manure.
To help educate families that find themselves living along-side traditional agriculture, the Northampton Cooperative Extension Association, along with the farmers of Northampton County, have started an Open Gate Farm Tour. Families attending these tours will learn how to till the soil, plant seeds, and raise farm animals. Local produce and fall decorations will be sold at many of the tour sites.
Penn State Cooperative Extension and the Lehigh Valley Horse Council have also established a network to link up hay growers and horse owners; the primary consumers in Northampton County of hay and oats. This network enables local growers to sell directly to local consumers, instead of importing hay from other parts of Pennsylvania, and from New York and Canada.
All of these programs are aimed at improving the relationships between our county’s farmers and the families that live adjacent to their farms.
Source: Penn State Cooperative Extension and Outreach, Pennsylvania State University

domain: agronomy


text:
Grenade Carb Killa Dark Chocolate Mint is a high protein low carb bar with 214 calories, 22g protein, 0.6g of active carbs and 8g of fat.
Grenade Carb Killa White Chocolate Cookie is a high protein low carb bar with 215 calories, 22g protein, 2g of impact carbs and 8g of fat.
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Quest Cookies & Cream is a protein bar with 21g of protein and only 3g net carbs. This bar is good but not extraordinary.
Pure Organic Chocolate Brownie is a plant-based 48g bar with 190 calories and 6 grams of protein.
less than 1 minute Low carb isn’t the same as healthy, neither is gluten-free. Low carb, no gluten bars can be highly processed, having nothing to do with wholesome nutrition. Where do you find awesome wholesome protein bars? Those that have natural ingredients instead of being loaded with sugar, soy and sugar alcohols, ready to satisfy mind and body? I’ve tried dozens of bars and spent thousands (I kid you not) in the last few years to give you my no-nonsense, awesome wholesome delicious Continue→
OhYeah Low Carb is a low carb high protein bar with 22g protein and only 1g sugar. It’s exclusive to Europe but has a twin brother named OhYeah ONE, which is the same, and is available to USA/world.

domain: food


text:
Northwoods Villas New Homes in Woodcreek Farms Northwoods Villas, Elgin SC – Columbia, SC New Homes https://echouses.idxbroker.com/idx/details/listing/b105/470932/309-Chip-In-Lane-Elgin-SC-29045?widgetReferer=true
Wonderful lake front living on Lake Windermere. Quality built by Executive Construction Homes,4 bedrooms/4.5 baths,up& downstairs great rooms, both with fireplaces(gas),volume ceilings ,all appliances provided with 3 year/warranty from Samsung .Covered back porch.Stunning views READ MORE>>
Three new homes are coming soon for Fall move in in the desired area of Blythewood, SC in the neighborhood of Crescent Lake! Located near shopping, highly rated schools and Longcreek, this neighborhood awaits new homeowners!
Four distinct seasons with long, colorful springs and autumns, hot summers and the occasional excitement of a bit of snow in the forecast during winter’s brief stay – that’s the weather in Columbia.
The American Dream, for many, includes being able to own a home of one’s own. With the economy improving in many areas of the country, that dream can finally become a reality.
Coming Soon! New Construction Lakefront in the Desirable Award Winning Lake Carolina neighborhood of Harborside.
High End Custom Home to be built by Master Builder, Executive Construction Homes.
Designed specifically for this lot, this spacious home incorporates style & design to showcase the builder’s talents.
Lakefront home boasts beautiful architectural details including coffered ceilings, tray ceilings and cathedral ceilings and extensive moulding.
Windows across the back of the house and a covered rear porch take full advantage of the gorgeous view.
Designed for the possibility of a separate apartment & 2nd kitchen, if desired (Can be income producing). Or simply perfect for extended living space.
Expansive space, large rooms and a fabulous floor plan with so many possibilities await you!
There is even a space for a wine cellar.
Three new homes are under construction in Woodcreek Farms and will be ready this Summer.

domain: geography


|Publication number||US7778065 B2|
|Application number||US 12/039,990|
|Publication date||Aug 17, 2010|
|Priority date||Feb 29, 2008|
|Also published as||US20090219749|
|Publication number||039990, 12039990, US 7778065 B2, US 7778065B2, US-B2-7778065, US7778065 B2, US7778065B2|
|Inventors||Mark C. H. Lamorey, Thomas M. Maffitt|
|Original Assignee||International Business Machines Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (13), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates generally to integrated circuit memory devices and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for implementing concurrent multiple level sensing operation for programmable resistive memory devices.
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) integrated circuit arrays have been existence for several years, with their dramatic increase in storage capacity having been achieved through advances in semiconductor fabrication technology and circuit design technology. The considerable advances in these two technologies have also resulted in higher and higher levels of integration that permit dramatic reductions in memory array size and cost, as well as increased process yield.
A DRAM memory cell typically includes, as basic components, an access transistor (switch) and a capacitor for storing a binary data bit in the form of a charge. Typically, a first voltage is stored on the capacitor to represent a logic HIGH or binary “1” value (e.g., VDD), while a second voltage on the storage capacitor represents a logic LOW or binary “0” value (e.g., ground). A basic drawback of a DRAM device is that the charge on the capacitor eventually leaks away and therefore provisions must be made to “refresh” the capacitor charge, otherwise the data bit stored by the memory cell is lost.
The memory cell of a conventional Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), on the other hand, includes, as basic components, an access transistor or transistors and a memory element in the form of two or more integrated circuit devices interconnected to function as a bistable latch. An example of such a bistable latch is a pair of cross-coupled inverters. Bistable latches do not need to be “refreshed,” as in the case of DRAM memory cells, and will reliably store a data bit indefinitely so long as they continue to receive supply voltage. However, such a memory cell requires a larger number of transistors and therefore amount of silicon real estate than a simple DRAM cell, and draws more power than a DRAM cell. Like a DRAM array, an SRAM array is also a form of volatile memory in that the data is lost once power is removed.
Accordingly, efforts continue to identify other types of memory elements that are capable of storing data states, that do not require extensive refreshing, and that are non-volatile in nature. Recent studies have focused on resistive materials that can be programmed to exhibit either high or low stable ohmic states. A programmable resistance element of such material could be programmed (set) to a high resistive state to store, for example, a binary “1” data bit or programmed to a low resistive state to store a binary “0” data bit. The stored data bit could then be retrieved by detecting the magnitude of a readout voltage supplying a current switched through the resistive memory element by an access device, thus indicating the stable resistance state it had previously been programmed to.
Phase Change Random Access Memory (“PCRAM” also referred to as “PRAM”) is an emerging non-volatile memory technology which stores data using phase change materials (such as Ge—Sb—Te (GST) alloys) having a programmable electrical resistance that changes with temperature. Other compositions such as GeSb4, (including substitution/addition of other elements) are also possible for the phase change materials. Individual phase change elements (PCE) are thus used as the storage cells of a memory device. The state of an individual PCE is programmed through a heating and cooling process which is electrically controlled by passing a current through the PCE (or a discrete heating element in proximity to the PCE) and the resulting ohmic heating that occurs. Depending upon the specific applied temperature and duration of heating applied to the PCE element, the structure is either “set” to a lower resistance crystalline state or “reset” to an amorphous, higher resistance state. With existing PCE materials, a PCE element may be programmed from the crystalline state to the amorphous state and vice versa on the order of about 107 cycles.
The changing of the phase of a PCE typically requires a high temperature (e.g., above 200 to 900° C. depending on material properties), as can be obtained by Joule heating from current flowing through the phase change material or discrete resistor. When the phase change material is heated above its melting temperature to thereafter be quickly cooled, the phase change material becomes amorphous to store a data bit of “1.” Alternatively, when the phase change material is heated above its crystallization temperature and maintained at that temperature for a predetermined time before cooling, the phase change material becomes crystalline to store a data bit of “0.”
Data is read from a given PCRAM cell by selecting a bit line and a word line for that cell, passing a current through that PCRAM cell, and thereafter distinguishing a “1” from “0” based upon the voltage generated from the variable resistance of the phase change material of the PCRAM cell. In addition to single-bit memory cells based on resistance values, resistive memory such as PCRAM can accommodate a higher density by storing multiple bits of data therein. More specifically, multi-bit storage in a PCRAM cell may be achieved by programming the PCM to have intermediate resistance values or states. For example, if a PCRAM cell is programmed to one of three different resistance levels, 1.5 bits of data per cell may be stored. Further, if the PCRAM cell is programmed to one of four different resistance levels, then two bits of data per cell can be stored, and so on. Thus, in principle, it is possible to store three or more states by controlling the amount of crystalline material coexisting with amorphous material so as to set the PCRAM cell to an intermediate resistance value.
However, with respect to sensing the state of a multi-bit memory element and decoding the same into a binary result is a challenge. For example, the various resistive memory technologies have temperature and noise dependencies that can shift the resistive state of a logical ‘1’ under certain write/read conditions very close to the resistive state of a logical ‘0’ under different conditions. This problem is further compounded whenever such resistive technologies try to store more than one bit in a cell (e.g., 2 bits per 1 cell, defined by four resistive states). Existing techniques for sensing multiple states utilize multiple sensing iterations, and adjust to noise and temperature variations through compensation. Accordingly, it would be desirable to be able to implement an improved sensing technique for such multi-bit resistive memory devices.
The foregoing discussed drawbacks and deficiencies of the prior art are overcome or alleviated, in an exemplary embodiment, by an apparatus for sensing the data state of a multiple level, programmable resistive memory device, including an active clamping device connected to a data leg that is selectively coupled a programmable resistive memory element, the active clamping device configured to clamp a fixed voltage, at a first node of the data leg, across the programmable resistive memory element, thereby establishing a fixed current sinking capability thereof; and a plurality of differential amplifiers, each of the plurality of differential amplifiers configured to compare a first voltage input, taken at a second node of the data leg, with a second voltage input; wherein the second voltage input for each differential amplifier comprises different reference voltages with respect to one another so as to enable each differential amplifier to detect a different resistance threshold, thereby determining a specific resistance state of the programmable resistive memory element.
In another embodiment, a method of sensing the data state of a multiple level, programmable resistive memory device includes clamping, with an active clamping device, a fixed voltage at a first node of a data leg that is selectively coupled to a programmable resistive memory element, the active clamping device thereby establishing a fixed current sinking capability of the programmable resistive memory element; and comparing, with a plurality of differential amplifiers a first voltage input, taken at a second node of the data leg, with a second voltage input; wherein the second voltage input for each differential amplifier comprises different reference voltages with respect to one another so as to enable each differential amplifier to detect a different resistance threshold, thereby determining a specific resistance state of the programmable resistive memory element.
Referring to the exemplary drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several Figures:
Disclosed herein is a method and associated apparatus for implementing an improved sensing technique for multi-bit programmable resistive memory devices. Although the exemplary embodiments described herein are presented in the context of PCRAM devices, it will readily be appreciated that the principles are equally applicable to other types of resistive memory devices including, but not limited to: flash memory, magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), and nanotube devices. Briefly stated, a sense amplifier (SA) circuit is configured to simultaneously or concurrently read all possible states of a multi-bit storage element, such as a PCM element (e.g., having a variable resistance from about 1 kΩ to about 10 MΩ) that is selectively coupled between a bit line (BL) node and ground.
The voltage at a node in a data leg of the sense amplifier circuit is clamped, and thus a known current is applied through the PCM element coupled to the data leg. The output of a plurality of individual differential sense amplifiers, which are each coupled to both the data leg sets to a specific state depending on whether a first input voltage of the sense amplifier (coupled to the data leg) is greater or less than a second input voltage of the sense amplifier. In at least one embodiment, the second voltage is a clamped voltage in an associated reference leg. The current in the data leg is optionally mirrored to each of the plurality reference legs at various levels of gain (e.g., 1×, 10×, 100×). In other embodiments, the second voltage may be a specific reference voltage provided by a voltage divider. Moreover, while in the exemplary embodiments discussed herein, there are three sense amplifiers used so as to detect four discrete resistance states for the memory element, it will be appreciated that a different number of reference legs and sense amplifiers can also be used. For example, to increase the resolution and memory density, a larger number of reference legs and sense amplifiers are used.
Referring initially to
As further shown in
As is the case with the reference legs, the data leg 104 of the circuit 100 includes a clamping device having a source follower N0 with op amp 110 feedback to clamp the voltage at node “SA” in the data leg, as determined by the input voltage signal SA_VBLCLAMP. A bit switch 112 is used for selectively coupling the data leg 104 to a PCM element 114 at the clamped voltage, and an NFET N10 is controlled by a wordline (WL) signal for selectively coupling the PCM element 114 to ground to allow data current to flow therethrough. The voltage clamping in the data leg 104 provides at least two advantages. First, the PCM element 114 may be in advertently written if the applied read voltage is too high. Thus, the voltage at node SA is clamped at a low enough value such that the state of the cell will remain undisturbed as it is read. Second, the sensing is much more accurate and precise where the read voltage across the PCM element 114 is fixed. A fixed voltage across the PCM element 114 further allows for accurately mirroring the data leg current to the reference leg in this embodiment.
In operation, each differential sense amplifier is set to detect three different resistance thresholds, with sense amplifier 102-1 detecting PCE resistance in the lowest range, sense amplifier 102-2 detecting PCE resistance in a mid resistance range, and sense amplifier 102-3 detecting PCE resistance in the highest range. In the exemplary embodiment depicted, the resistance ranges are separated by about an order of magnitude from one another. Depending upon actual resistance state of the PCM element 114, one of the following thermometric combinations will result: none of the sense amplifier outputs will be high (a first resistance state), only sense amplifier 102-1 output will be high (a second resistance state), both sense amplifier 102-1 and 102-2 outputs will be high (a third resistance state), or each of the sense amplifier outputs 102-1, 102-2 and 102-3 will be high (a fourth resistance state). As described hereinafter, processing logic may be used in conjunction with the outputs of each of the differential sense amplifiers 102-1, 102-2 and 102-3 in order to decode three outputs into a (for example) four-bit signal, the active one of which would represent the specific resistance state of the PCM element.
Referring now to
The voltage divider network 202 may be configured with as many outputs as there are differential amplifiers (e.g., 3), with each output providing a unique reference voltage input. The specific divider output values are designed to provide an input reference voltage at which each differential amplifier will toggle for a desired resistance value. In an exemplary embodiment, the reference voltages may be determined by circuit simulation as the voltage set at node SALOAD by the active NFET clamp N0 and PFET load P0 devices are nonlinear with respect to the resistance load at the SA node.
The data leg precharge current is set to, for example, SA_VBLCLAMP/(2×largest measurable resistance of the PCM element 114). For example 0.4 V/(2×1 MΩ)=0.2 μA. This sets the SALOAD node initial voltage above the reference voltage for the highest resistor value to be measured. When the precharge period ends and the PCM element 114 is connected to the SA node via the bit switch 112, the voltage at SALOAD will fall, crossing the reference value for a given differential amplifier and triggering its output.
With respect to the embodiment of
Referring next to
Moreover, the resistance value at which each differential amplifier operates may be adjusted since each reference is based on the external V/I input (as opposed to the embodiment of
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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|US6191989||Mar 7, 2000||Feb 20, 2001||International Business Machines Corporation||Current sensing amplifier|
|US6501697||Oct 11, 2001||Dec 31, 2002||Hewlett-Packard Company||High density memory sense amplifier|
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|US20080192555||Feb 9, 2007||Aug 14, 2008||Atmel Corporation||Single ended sense amplifier for very low voltage applications|
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|3||T. W. Andre et al..; "A 4-Mb 0.18μm 1T1MTJ Toggle MRAM with Balanced Three Input Sensing Scheme and Locally Mirrored Unidirectional Write Drivers;" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, No. 1, Jan. 2005; pp. 301-309.|
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|US8605517||Jan 9, 2012||Dec 10, 2013||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Variable resistance memory devices using read mirror currents|
|US8711628||May 8, 2013||Apr 29, 2014||Micron Technology, Inc.||Use of emerging non-volatile memory elements with flash memory|
|US9058871||Sep 13, 2012||Jun 16, 2015||SK Hynix Inc.||Resistive random access memory(ReRAM) device|
|US20090268509 *||Mar 24, 2009||Oct 29, 2009||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Nonvolatile semiconductor memory device|
|US20100315874 *||Jun 15, 2009||Dec 16, 2010||Ramin Ghodsi||Use of emerging non-volatile memory elements with flash memory|
|US20110128774 *||Jun 2, 2011||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Nonvolatile semiconductor memory device|
|US20110141813 *||Jun 16, 2011||Ramin Ghodsi||Use of emerging non-volatile memory elements with flash memory|
|U.S. Classification||365/148, 365/210.1, 365/207|
|Cooperative Classification||G11C13/004, G11C13/0061, G11C13/00, G11C11/56, G11C2013/0054|
|European Classification||G11C13/00R25R, G11C13/00R25T, G11C13/00, G11C11/56|
|Feb 29, 2008||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LAMOREY, MARK C.H.;MAFFITT, THOMAS M.;REEL/FRAME:020581/0010
Effective date: 20080221
|Mar 28, 2014||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Aug 17, 2014||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Oct 7, 2014||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20140817
|Sep 3, 2015||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. 2 LLC, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:036550/0001
Effective date: 20150629
|Oct 5, 2015||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: GLOBALFOUNDRIES INC., CAYMAN ISLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. 2 LLC;GLOBALFOUNDRIES U.S. INC.;REEL/FRAME:036779/0001
Effective date: 20150910


Never mind that police statistics for juvenile crimes such as graffiti don't back the city's argument. Never mind that other neighborhoods could better use the concentrated police activity. And most of all, never mind that the regulars at the rec center--a mixed bag of well-buffed colors and creeds--don't want to see any more wear and tear on their beloved facility.
"I've given this a lot of thought over the last few months," says DeGroot, who'd still like to see the police station at University and I-25 used as the southern center. "What works in one neighborhood might not work in another."
Martinez couldn't agree more. "When you have a patch of dandelions," she says, "you don't go across the street and spray a patch of good grass.


text:
So far, so good.
I hoped I enraptured their attention spans as I played my cello with precision. To their credit, they certainly had more patience than the average listener of top 40 drivel; they were certainly unlike those classless bullies who derogated me at every turn for my musical tastes.
I played some tetrachords in this moment of my piece as I really felt like I was getting into the intensity of this part of the piece.
Then one note slipped as I thrashed my Strings with my bow.
I mentally shook my head.
I didn’t need to throw in some Karl Orff or even Tyondai Braxton in this symphonic movement.

domain: artistic


text:
Animal inventory database software that combines animal tracking, usage requests, and animal allocation into one program through a web-based user interface.
- Streamlines colony management by using one program instead of separate programs for tracking, allocation, and usage requests.
- Built on open source software to allow easy customization to the specific needs of each institution.
The allocation of research animals is a time consuming process for research centers as animal status, upcoming research projects, and researcher requests are often maintained in separate paper or electronic files such as Word documents, Access databases, and Excel spreadsheets. This fracturing of data frequently requires that research animal allocation be performed by manual data entry and selection. Currently no single program exists to allow a research center to track and manage animals, field usage requests from researchers, and assist in allocation of animals to requested projects. Combining these processes decreases time spent inputting data, and improves animal record accuracy as all information is only entered into one program.
The animal management system is currently designed to manage a non-human primate research colony. The system allows for historical exposure tracking, project allocation, and pending animal use requests to be performed all in the same program through a web-based user interface. By combining these tasks (tracking, allocation, requests), the software program can speed up allocation by suggesting animals based on researcher’s requests and animal availability. Animal status in the database can be updated in real-time, eliminating repetitive data entry into multiple programs and files, ensuring the most accurate data are always available. The software package is written in the PHP programming language, using the Drupal content management system, and a MySQL database. These are open source program packages, making customization and site specific tailoring of the system an easy process. The system is also designed to integrate with any legacy or internal systems in order to allow for real-time data synchronization with systems already in use.
Software developed and in use at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University

domain: biology


text:
Explore Gallery of Contemporary Iron Leaves Wall Decor By Winston Porter
Showing Photo About Xoxo Tin Wall Décor
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domain: design


Introduced at the 1976 Paris Salon, the Ferrari 512BB replaced the 365 GT4/BB. The BB stands for Belinetta Boxer, meaning a horizontally opposed engine. The 512 indicates a 5 litre, 12 cylinder power plant capable of 360bhp and a top speed estimated at 188mph. The later 1979 model with the addition of fuel injection achieved 475bhp at 7200rpm.
Check out the beautifully styled front view of a blue 512 for more information.
|CAR ART||Gardner||ARDC||206 GT Dino||CAR.850||Schumacher|
|Blue 512BB||250 GTO||Horse||Senna||Red 512BB|


European range, low voltage, 110v, 15A and powercon, 13A , . AC power plugs and sockets are devices that allow electrically operated equipment to be. Sometimes plugs can be mis-inserte for example connecting the line wire to earth. Some appliances require earthing, but universal sockets often . A power cord or cord set assembly provides the user with a method of powering.
It is important that they are quick and easy to use.
Within the range there are products that reduce . The circuit must have RCD. Trailer Parts Superstore sells truck and tractor trailer electrical hook-up cable assemblies, sockets and connectors including Coiled cables , ISO cables , ISO . Learn how to expertly change out a 13-amp double socket with advice from. A wide range of products, simple but technologically advance to meet any need of use.
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Favorite Mini & Petite Treats and Cookbook Giveaway
Mini food just tastes better. I think because it’s cuter and little pieces and portions just go down so easily.
I probably end up eating more when something is mini or bite-size because I tell myself it’s small. Oh well.
15 of my Favorite Mini Treats and Desserts Include:
1. Raw Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Balls (vegan, GF) – Consistently one of the top 3 most popular recipes on my site since 2009
3. Pretzel Peanut Caramel Peanut Butter Cookie Dough Truffles (no-bake, with vegan & GF options)
4. Old-Fashioned Butter Mints (no-bake, gluten-free)
7. Seven Minute Microwave Caramels (no-bake, gluten-free)
8. Healthy Fudgy Brownie Bites (no-bake, vegan, GF, grain-free/Paleo, soy-free, no added sugar or salt)
9. Coconut and Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Bites (vegan, GF)
10. Baked Eggnog Vanilla Donuts with Eggnog Rum Glaze (use regular milk in place of the eggnog this time of year)
11. No-Bake Oatmeal Raisin Carrot Cake Bites (vegan, GF)
13. Nutella Brownie Truffle Bites (no-bake with vegan and GF options)
Mini treats are fun to create at home and if you’d like to win two cookbooks to help you get inspired, this is your chance.
Mini Pies: Adorable and Delicious Recipes for Your Favorite Treats by Morgan Greenseth and Christy Beaver, who own the Mini Empire Bakery in Seattle ,where they supply restaurants and cafes with cupcake-size pies.
Tiny Handheld Treats, Giant Mouth-watering Flavors
The flaky crust and delectable filling of traditional pie in the ultimate grab-and-go, fun-sized desserts—mini pies! Do you love the taste of pie but prefer the cute size of a cupcake? Then toss the pie pan, grab your muffin tin and open this book. With delicious recipes, easy-to-follow instructions and stunning color photographs, Mini Pies provides everything you need to bake these adorable miniature desserts with professional results.
Featuring gourmet recipes for a range of fruit, custard, nut and savory delights, Mini Pies serves up hold in-your-hand, single-serving versions of all your favorites, as well as the authors’ all-new creations, including:
• Key Lime
• Lemon Meringue
• Chocolate Cream
• Bourbon Pecan
• Honey and Pine Nut
• Dilled Spinach Quiche
• Onion, Olive and Thyme Tart
Whether you are baking a single batch to have around the house for your family or making a collection of different mini pies to offer guests at your next party, this book is packed with tips, tricks and techniques for creating crowd-pleasing mini pies. The authors guide you step-by-step through making the perfect crust, plus graham cracker, vegan, shortbread and gluten-free variations.
Petite Treats: Adorably Delicious Versions of All Your Favorites from Scones, Donuts, and Cupcakes to Brownies, Cakes, and Pies by Morgan Greenseth and Christy Beaver
Adorably Delicious – The collection of recipes in this one-of-a-kind book shows how to bake perfectly sized handheld delights—ideal for a sweet snack, teatime treat or dainty dessert. For hip bakers looking to dazzle guests, nothing will impress more than when whipping up miniature versions of classic bites like:
• Banana-Blueberry Muffins
• Glazed Pumpkin Scones
• Lemon Zest Coffee Cakes
• Chocolate Stout Cupcakes
• Blackberry-Lime Pies
• Boston Cream Whoopie Pies
• Jelly Donuts
• Black Forest Cakes
Full of mouthwatering baked goods, Petite Treats is packed with sweets that are as irresistible to the eye as they are to the palate. Thanks to these tiny portion sizes, you can enjoy all your favorite treats while keeping indulgence in check. With gorgeous full-color photos and easy-to-follow step-by-step instructions, Petite Treats proves that good things really do come in small packages.
Using Rafflecopter, enter to win the Giveaway by completing the first three tasks and any optional ways you’d like to enter. Make sure to leave a blog comment below in response to the first question and follow the prompts for additional entries. Sometimes the widget is a bit slow to load, so please be patient.
Be sure to enter the Peanut Butter Comfort and KitchenAid Handheld Blender Giveaway for your chance to win my cookbook and a KitchenAid blender!


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The moment we are alone a tendency is to hop on to our smartphone. This is to kill the boredom and avail the best of fun and entertainment. In every phone, there is a default MP 3 player, but we are searching for much more. 9apps Apk download do help our mobile phones to be converted to a portable entertainment player.
It is possible to listen and download songs, flipping through books and e magazines opening up endless possibilities. For this reason, most of the mobile development companies go on to formulate entertainment apps. Let us now figure out more about the top 5 entertainment apps
On your TV or mobile phones, you can watch a series of web based series and movies. From anywhere and at any time, this app provides a breath-taking experience.
How it works
- You would need to avail a membership from Netflix application developers, and for a cost every month they are going to allow you to watch unlimited movies or shows.
- With the help of this application you can watch various TV series or shows at your own comfort.
- By taking help of the mobile application development team, this app uploads new episodes, and when you browse, thousands of titles can be obtained from the search box.
- For the popular movies or shows you can even give out ratings.
- From the set top boxes or even blue ray players you can watch all the shows.
By default all mobile phones have YouTube as a default app. This app offers the best in terms of entertainment and even the popular and trending videos. If you are in love with channels it is possible to subscribe and share it with your friends and even watch any device. It is possible to create your own play lists, upload videos and even give yourself comments and shares.
- With the help of home tab, you can browse.
- By subscribing to a feed, you can avail the latest of your favourite channels.
- If you have watched or liked the videos you can set up an account tab.
- If you are of the opinion that the content is good, it is possible to like and even comment on the videos.
- It is also possible to upload and edit your own songs and videos.
Of late this appears to be one of the popular apps.
Features and how it works
- With the help of this app, you can locate music.
- On the YouTube app, you can enjoy Karaoke.
- To add previous songs options of playlists is provided.
- In case, you are in offline mode, you can stay connected with the features of this app via an offline mode.
- It is possible to share your favourite songs on the various social media platforms.
To conclude in the entertainment space, these are some of the popular apps. A lot of more apps are in the pipeline expected to roll out the best in terms of entertainment.

domain: entertainment


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Introduction: Hall Effect USB Joystick
This instructables show how to use a industrial Hall Effect joystick to make a high presision USB joystick.
There are another related instructables Tiny USB Joystick that can provide low cost solution ;>
Step 1: Why Hall Effect Sensors?
Normal USB joystick use 2 potentiometers as sensors on X-axis and Y-axis.
There are a few limitations on potentiometer:
- not sensitive enough on minor movement (minor resistance change)
- physical contact in the sensor is easy worn out (short lifetime)
- the worn out in partial area make the axis movement return nonlinear value (return incorrect value)
In contrast, Hall effect sensor is contactless in sensor part, so not easy worn out and give a lifelong precise value.
Step 2: Preparation
Arduino Pro Micro
This a special version of Arduino that can emulate as a USB HID joystick.
Hall effect joystick
Hall effect joystick have many variant. In order to compatible with Arduino, it should be powered by 5V and output 2-axis analog values in the range within 0-5V.
A Tiny breadboard for easier connection, four 20 mm M3 screws and three 20 mm width Velcro strips for assembly.
Step 3: 3D Printed Parts
Download and print the case parts at thingiverse:
Step 4: Connection
Plug the Arduino Pro Micro on the tiny breadboard and the connect the Hall Effect joystick.
Here are the connection summary:
Hall Effect Joystick -> Arduino Pro Micro 5V -> Vcc GND -> GND X -> A1 (19) Y -> A0 (18)
Step 5: Program
- Download and install Arduino IDE if not yet: https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software
- Download USBJoyStick source code: https://github.com/moononournation/USBJoyStick
- Connect Hall Effect USB Joystick to computer
- Open USBJoyStick.ino in Arduino IDE
- Select Tools menu -> Board -> Arduino Leonardo
- Press Upload button
- Check connected device become a USB HID Joystick (for Windows you can check at Device Manager or Control Panel -> Printers & scanners)
Step 6: Assembly
- Stick the tiny breadboard inside the case
- Put the joystick in
- Assembly the case parts
- Screw up


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Whither Anticoagulation in PAH? Conflicting Evidence REVEALed
Despite availability of a burgeoning array of therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including agents targeting the prostaglandin, endothelin, and nitric oxide pathways, long- term outcome remains of concern. Providers therefore seek to leverage every possible advantage in the battle to prolong the lives of these compelling patients. Historically that effort has included the use of warfarin, based upon the pathophysiologic concepts of the potential role of in situ thrombosis and/or superimposed thromboemboli in disease progression, and buttressed by early nonrandomized analyses of factors impacting patient outcome. Warfarin anticoagulation has been such a dogmatic component of the approach to PAH that the precarious evidence base upon which it rests may be underappreciated. In this issue of Circulation, an analysis from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Disease Management in PAH (REVEAL) appears to have further eroded the rather wobbly legs of that base1. The REVEAL registry is the largest PAH registry ever developed, and has been mined for an astonishing array of useful analyses including changing demographics of PAH, temporal trends of treatment and outcome, and development of prognostic tools. This registry owes its success to a highly motivated, collaborative team, dedicated and sophisticated statistical support, and proper funding. However, registry based forays into analysis of the impact of specific treatment on outcome is of course fraught with well-known hazards. Statistical methods can to some extent correct for known confounders such as disease severity, but other confounders may be unknown or difficult to take into account (e.g., disease trajectory; patient compliance). Yet in the persisting absence of randomized trials of anticoagulation in PAH, registry based analyses remain the best available source of information in this regard.
- Received October 22, 2015.
- Accepted October 23, 2015.

domain: literature


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Deepika is beautiful, says Ranbir
Deepika Padukone and Ranbir Kapoor might not be a couple anymore but somewhere in their heart, they carry a soft corner for each other. The couple always thinks and speaks goody things about one another. When Deepika was asked whom she see as the next superstar of Bollywood, she did not waste a minute to reply that it’s Ranbir Kapoor, “Ranbir! He is a great actor and professional. He is a good looker too and has what it takes to make a star.”
Ranbir Kapoor is also not behind to compliment his ex-flame. In Deepika’s praise, he said, “It’s very sweet of her to say such things about me. Deepika is beautiful. She herself is a talented actress and has done well for herself.”
Whether their flowery comments for one another is just a compliment or it’s a beginning of a new love story is yet to be confirmed. But it would not be wrong to say, ‘Love is in the air’.

domain: celebrity


Synergy Catalyst manufactures oxidation catalyst for combustion turbine and reciprocating engine applications.
RK Griffith is an authorized sales representative of Synergy in the New England and New York areas:
Eastern New York state
Northern New Jersey
CO Oxidation Catalyst


text:
Waiting for answer This question has not been answered yet. You can hire a professional tutor to get the answer.
Compose a 750 words essay on The Verge by Susan Glaspell. Needs to be plagiarism free!THE VERGE The Verge By Susan Glaspell The Verge is a play written by Susan Glaspell that is based mainly uponthe t
Compose a 750 words essay on The Verge by Susan Glaspell. Needs to be plagiarism free!
THE VERGE The Verge By Susan Glaspell The Verge is a play written by Susan Glaspell that is based mainly uponthe theme of feminism and the perception with regard to female behavior in the Victorian times. It is a play which revolves around the life of a woman Claire Archer who is very different from the other women of those times. The play highlights the fact that the following of the norms of society that were set for women in the Victorian times was extremely essential. It indicates that women who tried to deviate from those norms placed themselves in a difficult and complex position. This was because they could not adapt to the conservative society, nor could they present themselves with freedom that they needed. Claire was trapped in a similar situation where she did not have any escape and out of her depression, she eventually got mentally ill. Claire is presented as a woman who needs freedom of thought and does not like being bound by the norms of the society. She is married to Harry Archer who is her husband and is highly concerned regarding the way in which Claire behaves. Elizabeth is the daughter of Harry and Claire. The play highlights the activities of Claire that she has set up a greenhouse for herself outside her house where she is assisted by Anthony who takes care of all the plants that they have set up. She experiments continuously with the plants for the production of new plant species. This act clearly depicts her want for the creation of new ways and things. It highlights her want for acquiring freedom and the development of a new society where she is not bound to follow regulations and boundaries set around her. The plants are the only things that mainly interest her. Claire does not participate in the household activities and her love and interest for the greenhouse is greater than that for her house. This shows how strong her deviation is from the other women of the Victorian era. She actually moves the heaters from the house towards the greenhouse so that her plants to not get damaged due to the cold weather. This depicts her desire for the survival of the plants beyond the comfort of the people in the house. She really likes discussing about her plants and her conversations with Anthony prove that. This is seen when even at breakfast she starts her discussion regarding the plants with Anthony. Claire does not like seeing her daughter and wants to stay away from her as much as possible. Despite of Elizabeth’s several attempts to communicate with her, Claire never responds in a warm way. This again portrays the fact that Claire considers Elizabeth as a hindrance towards her freedom. She does not want to fall into the role of the other women of the Victorian era who were supposed to be satisfied and happy by looking after the house, taking care of their children and their husband. The family and their houses were considered to be their boundary and they were not supposed to think beyond that. But Claire denied all these Victorian norms by not abiding by them. Her sister Adelaide looked after Elizabeth and she was a woman who perfectly defined all the roles of Victorian women. She tried to persuade Claire to do the same. She tells Claire that she is content with her life and happy because she performs all her duties. She claims in the play that, "I go about in the world—free, busy, happy. Among people. I have no time to think of myself." This shows her desire to satisfy others over her own content. But Claire is different from her sister and she seeks happiness in her own ways. Richard Demming and Tom Edgeworthy are the friends of Claire and her husband. Claire has an affair with Richard who is a creative artist. This again presents with Claire’s indifference with abiding by the norms of the society and having an affair despite of being married which was considered to be a very evil act in those times. She then also expresses her love for Tom. Tom slightly understands Claire’s issues though he is also unaware of what she really wants. He thinks that her inability to achieve what she wants is the reason behind her experiments with plants. In the end, Tom tries to convince Claire to come with him to India. Claire feels betrayed as she believed that he was the only one who knew what she was going through and that he realized that she wanted to be free and not follow a man. She kills Tom and turns mad. Claire was a lady who was trapped in a society that was not meant for her. She wanted freedom and independence and wanted her own happiness. She did not want to be content only by making others happy. She attempted to keep herself happy with her experiments but she finally could not find a way out and she turned mad.


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RAIL passengers in our region will agree with the comment that they are being taken for a ride after The Star revealed today the scope of profits being soaked from the railways while many feel there is not enough to be seen in the way of investment in new trains.
The rolling stock is owned by companies who are themselves run by financial institutions. And between them and the operating companies, massive sums in profit are being skimmed off money paid by the travelling public.
Meanwhile, despite millions being paid every year to lease trains and carriages, Northern’s routes around South Yorkshire have been graced by no new rolling stock since 1989.
That is disgraceful and leads passengers to be ferried around in ageing carriages while they are expected to pay ever-higher rail fares.
It is time the Government ensured that more of the public’s hard-earned money is diverted to upgrading vehicles in which they are expected to travel.
MPs should not profit from sales
READERS will be delighted to learn that Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg is leading by example and handing over to the taxpayer all profits made on the sale of his Sheffield constituency home.
He bought the house, in Bents Green, when he was elected Hallam MP, in order to have a permanent base here in Sheffield. But lately he has moved into rented accommodation in the Stannington area. This involved the sale of his original home and made a tidy £38,750 profit along the way.
However, he says he will not personally make money from this transaction and is handing the money over to the Treasury... and hopes other MPs will follow his example.
They should do nothing less.
The parliamentary expenses scandal uncovered numerous cases of MPs making large sums of money from transactions involving their second homes.
Doing so simply erodes any respect constituents have for their MP.
Leading the way
SHEFFIELD has long been known and admired for its innovative spirit, leading the way in the world of industry.
And we are delighted that the characteristic lives on in our new technology businesses. This can be seen in Technophobia, an IT firm set up just 16 years ago but which made such a mark in its field that it has been acquired by top UK outsourcing company Capita.
Meanwhile, mobile phone games developer Distinctive Developments has been shortlisted for the prestigious Game of the North Award in this year’s Big Chip digial industries awards.
These are great and encouraging signs that the city’s future is in good hands in the industry of the future.

domain: economics