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A taurine-respiring bacterium isolated from the murine gut represents a new genus of the family Desulfovibrionaceae
Strain LT0009 was enriched from mouse cecum and colon using an anoxic, non-reducing, modified Desulfovibrio medium with L-lactate and pyruvate as electron donors (and carbon source) and taurine as the sulfite donor for sulfite respiration. Its isolation was achieved by several transfers in liquid medium, purification by streaking on ferric-iron supplemented agar plates, indicating sulfide production by black FeS formation and picking of black colonies, and by additional purification using dilution-to-extinction in liquid medium. We sequenced and reconstructed the complete LT0009 genome, which has a size of 2.2 Mbp, a G + C content of 43.6%, and is free of contamination as assessed by CheckM34. The genome comprises 2,059 protein-coding genes (Supplementary Data 1), 56 tRNA genes, 4 rRNA operons (with 5 S, 16 S, and 23 S rRNA genes), 4 pseudogenes, and 6 miscellaneous RNA genes.
LT0009 formed a monophyletic, genus-level (>94.5% similarity) lineage with other 16 S rRNA gene sequences from the gut of mice and other hosts. It has <92% 16 S rRNA gene sequence identity to the closest related strains Marseille-P3669 and Mailhella massiliensis Marseille-P3199T that were isolated from human feces (Fig. 1a). Phylogenomic treeing and an AAI of <60% to other described species strongly suggested that LT0009 represents the type strain of a novel genus in the family Desulfovibrionaceae of the phylum Desulfobacterota35 for which we propose the name Taurinivorans muris (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 1, Supplementary Information). The previously described mouse gut MAGs UBA8003 and extra-SRR4116659.59 have >98% ANI and AAI to LT0009 and thus also belong to the species T. muris36,37,38. Furthermore, the mouse gut MAGs extra-SRR4116662.45 and single-China-D-Fe10-120416.2 showed 79% AAI/ANI to strain LT0009 and 84% AAI and 82% ANI to each other, which indicates that each of these two MAGs would likely represent a separate species in the genus Taurinivorans. Notably, the genome of T. muris LT0009 with only 2.2 Mbp in size is considerably smaller and thus potentially more streamlined than those of other free-living bacteria of the Desulfovibrio-Bilophila-Lawsonia-Mailhella-lineage (Fig. 1b). Only the obligate intracellular intestinal pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis has a smaller genome at 1.5-1.7 Mbp39,40.
The Gram staining of T. muris LT0009 was negative. FISH imaging of the LT0009 pure culture with a genus-specific 16 S rRNA-targeted probe TAU1151 showed cells with a conspicuous spiral-shaped morphology and considerably varying lengths (1.7–28 µm) (Fig. 1c, Supplementary Data 2, Supplementary Fig. 2). SEM imaging further indicated that LT0009 cells have multiple polar flagella, suggesting that they are motile (Fig. 1c).
Complete utilization of taurine as electron acceptor in modified Desulfovibrio liquid medium with electron donors lactate and pyruvate in excess resulted in production of nearly quantitative amounts of H2S and excess acetate (Fig. 1d). Strain LT0009 in pure culture did not grow in the absence of 1,4-naphthoquinone and yeast extract, indicating an absolute requirement of menaquinone (vitamin K2) and other essential growth factors, respectively. Both growth rate and final growth yields were increased when taurine was provided at 20 and 40 mmol/l concentration in comparison to 10 mmol/l, while growth was inhibited at concentrations ≥60 mmol/l taurine (Supplementary Fig. 3a). Strain LT0009 grew with a lower growth rate and final growth yield when pyruvate was omitted as additional electron donor (Supplementary Fig. 3b). Strain LT0009 grew equally well at a pH range of 6–8.5 (Supplementary Fig. 3c) and temperatures between 27–32 °C, but with reduced final growth yield at 37 and 42 °C (Supplementary Fig. 3d). No colony formation was observed on agar plates under aerobic conditions, suggesting a strict anaerobic lifestyle of T. muris LT0009.
Sulfur and energy metabolism of T. muris LT0009
Based on a genome-inferred metabolism prediction of strain LT0009 (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Data 3), we tested its growth with substrates that could serve as energy and sulfur sources in the gut. Fermentative growth with only pyruvate or only taurine, i.e., as both electron donor and acceptor, was not observed. In addition to pyruvate and lactate, LT0009 also used formate as electron donor for growth under taurine-respiring conditions, albeit with an extended lag phase and a lower growth yield. For the alternative electron acceptors tested, LT0009 used 3-sulfolactate and thiosulfate in combination with lactate and pyruvate, but did not grow with 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS), isethionate, cysteate, and not with inorganic sulfate or sulfite (Fig. 2b).
The metabolic pathways used for growth by respiration with taurine, sulfolactate, or thiosulfate and with lactate/pyruvate as electron donors were further analyzed by both differential transcriptomics and differential proteomics, as transcription and translation can be uncoupled in bacteria41,42. These analyses and comparative sequence analyses of the key genes/proteins (Supplementary Fig. 4) strongly suggested that taurine is degraded via the Tpa-Ald-Xsc pathway and the produced sulfite respired via the DsrAB-DsrC pathway (Fig. 2c, d). Notably, Tpa, Ald, and Xsc were among the top thirteen most abundant proteins that were detected in strain LT0009 grown with all three electron acceptors (Supplementary Fig. 5). Yet, relative protein abundances of Tpa and Ald but not Xsc were significantly increased in cells grown with taurine compared to cells grown with thiosulfate (Fig. 2d). Pyruvate-dependent taurine transaminase Tpa catalyzes initial conversion of taurine to alanine and sulfoacetaldehyde32. Oxidative deamination of alanine to pyruvate is catalyzed by alanine dehydrogenase Ald (Fig. 2a, c, d). Lack of the sulfoacetaldehyde reductase gene sarD and islAB and inability to grow with isethionate showed that LT0009 does not have the taurine degradation pathway of B. wadsworthia27. Instead, sulfoacetaldehyde is directly desulfonated to acetyl-phosphate and sulfite by thiamine-diphosphate-dependent sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase Xsc30,31,32. The acetyl-phosphate is then converted to acetate and ATP by acetate kinase AckA. Strain LT0009 seems to lack candidate genes for the TauABC taurine transporter43. While homologs of tauABC are encoded in the genome, the individual genes do not form a gene cluster like in Escherichia coli44 and were not expressed during growth on taurine (Supplementary Data 1). Instead, the LT0009 genome encodes three copies of gene sets for tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter45 that are co-encoded in the taurine degradation gene cluster and were expressed during growth with taurine, thus are most likely involved in taurine import, including DctPQM1 (with fused DctQM1) (TAUVO_v1_1026 and 1027) and DctPQM3 (TAUVO_v1_1467-1469) (Fig. 2c, d).
(2 S)-3-sulfolactate is degraded by LT0009 via the SlcC-ComC-SuyAB pathway as shown by differential expression of these enzymes in cells grown with racemic sulfolactate (Fig. 2c, d, Supplementary Data 1). The dehydrogenases (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase SlcC and (R)-sulfolactate oxidoreductase ComC isomerize (2 S)-3-sulfolactate to (2 R)-3-sulfolactate via 3-sulfopyruvate. (2 R)-3-sulfolactate is desulfonated to pyruvate and sulfite by sulfo-lyase SuyAB, which was significantly increased in sulfolactate-grown cells compared to taurine or thiosulfate-grown cells (Fig. 2d). The neighboring gene clusters slcHFG-slcC-comC and hpsN-dctPQM2-suyAB were both significantly upregulated in the transcriptome of sulfolactate-grown cells (Fig. 2d). The DctPQM2 (with fused DctQM2) (TAUVO_v1_1434 and 1435) TRAP transporter and the SlcGFH tripartite tricarboxylate transporters (TTT)45,46 are putative sulfolactate importers. The gene cluster further includes a homolog to hpsN, encoding sulfopropanediol-3-dehydrogenase47. This enzyme converts (R)-DHPS to (R)-sulfolactate during aerobic catabolism of DHPS by diverse bacteria in soils54 and the ocean48. However, LT0009 did not grow with racemic DHPS when tested (Fig. 2b). The hpsN gene was transcribed in LT0009 with taurine, sulfolactate, and thiosulfate treatments, but the HpsN protein was not detected (Supplementary Data 1). LT0009 did not grow with cysteate as an electron acceptor under the conditions we used, although it encodes a homolog of L-cysteate sulfo-lyase CuyA that desulfonates L-cysteate to pyruvate, ammonium, and sulfite49,50 (Fig. 2b). Yet, CuyA can also act as D-cysteine desulfhydrase49. The cuyA gene was transcribed in the presence of taurine, sulfolactate, and thiosulfate. Furthermore, CuyA was significantly higher expressed in LT0009 with taurine (P < 0.001) compared with sulfolactate and thiosulfate (Supplementary Data 1), yet its physiological role in LT0009 remains unclear.
Strain LT0009 respired thiosulfate, such as B. wadsworthia strain RZATAU51, but lacks genes for PhsABC thiosulfate reductase52 and thiosulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio (EC 22.214.171.124)53, which both (i) disproportionate thiosulfate to sulfide and sulfite and (ii) are present in the human B. wadsworthia strains ATCC 49260, 4_1_30, and 3_1_6. LT0009 has a gene for a homolog of rhodanese-like, sulfur-trafficking protein SbdP (TAUVO_v1_1430) (Supplementary Fig. 4g)54. Rhodaneses (EC 126.96.36.199.) can function as thiosulfate sulfur transferase and produce sulfite55. Homologs of SbdP are broadly distributed in members of the Desulfovibrio-Bilophila-Mailhella-Taurinivorans clade and other Desulfovibrionaceae (Supplementary Fig. 4g). The SbdP-homolog in LT0009 (TAUVO_v1_1430) could (i) provide sulfite for reduction and energy conservation by the Dsr sulfite reductase system and (ii) transfer the second sulfur atom from thiosulfate to an unknown acceptor protein/enzyme. A candidate sulfur-accepting protein is encoded by a dsrE-like gene in LT0009 (TAUVO_v1_1364) (Supplementary Fig. 4e). High expression of rhodanese-like sulfur transferases, a DsrE-like protein, and DsrAB sulfite reductase was reported for thiosulfate-respiring Desulfurella amilsii56. However, the functions of the SbdP-sulfur transferase and the DsrE-like protein in the thiosulfate metabolism of LT0009 remain unconfirmed. First, these proteins are not homologous to the highly expressed D. amilsii proteins. Second, comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses were inconclusive, as only the transcription of the dsrE-like gene was upregulated in LT0009 grown with thiosulfate (Fig. 2d, Supplementary Data 1). Additional genes homologous to known sulfur metabolism genes whose functions in LT0009 remain enigmatic include sudAB, which encode sulfide dehydrogenase for reduction of sulfur or polysulfide to H2S57, and dsrEFH, which are involved in sulfur atom transfer in sulfur oxidizers (Supplementary Fig. 4f)58.
LT0009 encodes an incomplete pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction. While homologs of genes for the sulfate transporter SulP59 and adenylyl-sulfate reductase AprAB were present, the absence of genes for sulfate adenylyltransferase Sat and the electron-transferring QmoAB complex (Supplementary Data 3) was consistent with the inability of LT0009 to respire sulfate. Although externally supplied sulfite did not support growth, the DsrAB-DsrC dissimilatory sulfite reductase system was highly expressed in cells grown with taurine, sulfolactate or thiosulfate (Fig. 2a, d, Supplementary Data 1). This suggests that intracellularly produced sulfite is respired to sulfide via the DsrAB-DsrC system, which includes the transfer of electrons from the oxidation of electron donors via the membrane quinone pool and the DsrMKJOP complex (Fig. 2a)60.
Genome reconstruction of LT0009 suggested the potential to utilize lactate, pyruvate, and H2 as electron donors (Supplementary Information). We experimentally confirmed that lactate, pyruvate, and formate are used as electron donors for taurine respiration (Fig. 2b). T. muris and B. wadsworthia use similar electron acceptors and donors, yet differ in the metabolic pathways to use them. Differential relative mRNA and protein abundances of T. muris LT0009 grown on taurine and sulfolactate suggest a differential regulation of the two organosulfonate metabolisms. However, strain LT0009 maintained a high cellular prevalence of its taurine metabolism enzymes Tpa, Ald, and Xsc independent of the used electron acceptor. Given that taurine is a largely host-derived and thus permanently available substrate in the animal gut, a predominantly constitutive expression and/or high stability of taurine-degrading proteins could sustain the fitness of T. muris in the gut ecosystem61.
Distinct distribution patterns of Taurinivorans muris and Bilophila wadsworthia suggest different host preferences
B. wadsworthia was repeatedly reported as a taurine-degrading member of the murine intestine based on molecular surveys24,26,62. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the presence and relative abundance of B. wadsworthia-related and T. muris-related sequences across thousands of 16 S rRNA gene amplicon datasets from the intestinal tract of diverse hosts. T. muris-related 16 S rRNA gene sequences were most often detected in the mouse gut, i.e., in 14.4% of all mouse amplicon datasets, but also present in the datasets from multiple other hosts (shrimp, pig, rat, chicken, fish, cow, humans, termites, and other insects) (Fig. 3a, Supplementary Data 4). In comparison, B. wadsworthia-related sequences are most widespread in the human gut, i.e., in 30.7% of human gut amplicon datasets, but are also prevalent in pig (15.8%), chicken (13.7%), and rat (9.8%) and occasionally detected in other hosts (Fig. 3a). We also identified B. wadsworthia-related sequences in 7.5% of mouse datasets. T. muris– and B. wadsworthia-related sequences co-occurred only in 28 mouse datasets, which could be due to differential adaptation to the murine and human gut of the two organisms and/or their competitive exclusion by competition for taurine. Furthermore, we found that 82% of the B. wadsworthia-positive samples are from mice that were ‘humanized’ by receiving human feces transplants or human strain consortia63,64,65,66, which suggests a much lower prevalence of B. wadsworthia strains that are indigenous in mice. T. muris-related sequences represented >5% of the total community in 2.8% of mouse gut datasets (Fig. 3a). Such very high relative 16 S rRNA gene abundances were more often observed in mice on high-fat diets67,68, but sporadically also in mice on standard chow and other diets (Fig. 3b)69.
Overall, T. muris is considerably more abundant and prevalent in the mouse gut microbiome than B. wadsworthia. Notably, a mouse native B. wadsworthia strain has not yet been isolated. Our phylogenomic analysis of all de-replicated, high-quality Desulfovibrionaceae MAGs from the integrated mouse gut metagenome catalog (iMGMC)70 revealed two MAGs form a well-supported monophyletic group with B. wadsworthia strains (Fig. 1b). Mouse MAG iMGMC-189 has a minimum ANI of 82% and AAI of 79% to B. wadsworthia, which suggests that it represents the population genome of a new, murine Bilophila species. Mouse MAG extra-SRR7761328.52 is more distantly related and has a minimum ANI of 78% and AAI of 65% to B. wadsworthia. Both mouse MAGs encode the taurine degradation pathway (tpa-sarD-islAB) of B. wadsworthia (Supplementary Fig. 1), while the pathway for sulfolactate degradation (slcC-comC-suyAB) is absent in MAG extra-SRR7761328.52. In general, genes for utilization of diverse organosulfonates are widely and patchily distributed in the Desulfovibrio-Bilophila-Mailhella-Taurinivorans clade (Supplementary Fig. 1)71. Other mouse Desulfovibrionaceae that encode the capability for taurine respiration include (i) the Desulfovibrio-affiliated MAGs extra-SRR7533634.94 and iMGMC-585 with the tpa-xsc pathway and (ii) the Mailhella-related MAG extra-SRR7691169.24 with the tpa-sarD-islAB pathway (Supplementary Fig. 1).
Taurine degradation is the main in vivo realized nutritional niche of Taurinivorans muris
We next performed metatranscriptome analysis and re-analyzed published metatranscriptome datasets of gut samples from different mouse models to reveal the metabolic pathways that are most expressed by T. muris in its murine host. In our gnotobiotic model, strain LT0009 or a mock control was added to germ-free mice stably colonized with the synthetic OMM12 community, which does not encode dsrAB-dsrC for sulfite respiration (Fig. 4a). Strain-specific qPCR assays showed that ten OMM12 strains and strain LT0009 colonized the mice (Fig. 4b). Consistent with previous studies, strains A. muris KB18 and B. longum subsp. animalis YL2 were not detected72,73. Colonization of LT0009 did not affect the abundance of other strains, which indicated that LT0009 occupied a free niche in the intestinal tract of this gnotobiotic mouse model. The taurine metabolism (tpa, ald, xsc) and sulfite reduction (dsrAB, dsrC) genes were in the top 5% expression rank of all LT0009 genes (Fig. 4c). In contrast, transcription of the putative thiosulfate transferase gene (sbdP) ranked at 17% and of sulfolactate degradation genes (suyAB, slcC, comC) ranked from 62% to 88% of all LT0009 genes (Fig. 4c). LT0009-colonized mice showed a significant, 15-fold reduction in fecal taurine concentrations (Fig. 4d). T. muris LT0009 thus largely occupied the vacant taurine-nutrient niche in the intestinal tract of OMM12 mice. Metatranscriptome analyses of intestinal samples from conventional laboratory mice on various diets (e.g., high-glucose; high-fat/low-carbohydrate; low-fat/high-carbohydrate) and with different genetic backgrounds (wild-type; plin2) also showed that taurine degradation and sulfite respiration were within the top 5% of expressed LT0009 genes (Supplementary Fig. 6).
Free taurine in the murine intestine largely derives from microbial deconjugation of host-derived taurine-conjugated bile acids74,75. LT0009 does not encode bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes and thus likely depends on other gut microbiota members to liberate taurine from taurine-conjugated bile acids. BSH genes are encoded across diverse bacterial taxa in the human and mouse gut74,76,77. In agreement with previous studies of bile acid transformations in the OMM12 model78,79, we identified BSH genes in seven OMM12 strains (Supplementary Data 5). BSH gene transcription increased in Enterocloster clostridioformis YL32, Enterococcus faecalis KB1, Bacteroides caecimuris I48, and Muribaculum intestinale YL27, and decreased in Limosilactobacillus reuteri I49, but not significantly (Supplementary Data 5 and 6). Bile acid deconjugation by some of these OMM12 strains has been confirmed in vitro79. Specifically, E. faecalis KB1, B. caecimuris I48, M. intestinale YL27, and Bifidobacterium animalis YL2 tested positive for deconjugation of taurine-conjugated deoxycholic acid, while E. clostridioformis YL32 either tested negative or was inhibited by addition of bile acids. The down-regulation of the BSH gene in L. reuteri I49 is consistent with the in vitro deconjugation capacity of this strain for glycine-conjugated deoxycholic acid but not for taurine-conjugated deoxycholic acid79 and the generally lower abundance of glycine-conjugated bile acids in rodents75. We thus hypothesized that taurine degradation by LT0009 could provide a positive feedback mechanism on the expression of BSHs for taurine-conjugated bile acid deconjugation in the OMM12 model. In support of this hypothesis, the abundance of several taurine-conjugated bile acids was significantly reduced in feces of OMM12 mice with LT0009 (Fig. 4d). Additional in vitro growth experiments and mono- and co-colonization experiments with germ-free mice confirmed that T. muris LT0009 can not grow on taurine-conjugated bile acids in pure culture and is strictly dependent on bile acid-deconjugating bacteria for successful colonization of the mouse gut (Supplementary Information, Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8).
Thiosulfate is presumably a constantly present electron acceptor for microbial respiration in the mammalian gut as it is generated by mitochondrial H2S oxidation in the gut epithelium1. Mitochondrial sulfide oxidation mainly takes place apically in the crypts of human colonic tissue at the interface to the gut microbiota80. The amount of thiosulfate supplied into the gut lumen depends on epithelial H2S metabolism1,80. The expression level of the putative SbdP thiosulfate transferase of T. muris ranked relatively high with 15–24% of all LT0009 genes across all gut samples from the various mouse models (Fig. 4c, Supplementary Fig. 6). However, the function of this protein remains unconfirmed as its expression was not differentially upregulated in the thiosulfate-metabolizing T. muris pure culture (Fig. 2a, d, Supplementary Data 1). In vivo, taurine respiration, and potentially thiosulfate respiration, are likely fueled by pyruvate, H2, and lactate as electron donors, as expression of genes for their oxidation ranked at 5–7% (por), 1.5–9.1% (hybAC), and 2.5–31% (lutABC, lutP) of all LT0009 genes across all mouse gut metatranscriptomes, respectively (Fig. 4c, Supplementary Fig. 6).
Together with the highly specialized fundamental physiology of the T. muris pure culture (Fig. 2), these results strongly suggest that taurine is the predominant electron acceptor for energy conservation of T. muris in the murine intestinal tract.
Taurinivorans muris LT0009 slightly increased colonization resistance against S. enterica and increased transcriptional activity of a sulfur metabolism gene-encoding prophage in a gnotobiotic mouse model
The human enteropathogen S. enterica Tm can invade and colonize the intestinal tract by utilizing various substrates for respiratory growth that are available at different infection stages81. The gnotobiotic OMM12 mouse model provides intermediate colonization resistance against S. enterica Tm72 and is widely used as a model system of modifiable strain composition for investigating the causal involvement of cultivated mouse microbiota members in diverse host diseases and phenotypes82. Yet, a bacterial isolate from the mouse gut with proven dissimilatory sulfidogenic capacity was unavailable until now83. T. muris has fundamental physiological features that could, on the one hand, contribute to colonization resistance against S. enterica Tm by direct competition for pyruvate84, lactate85, H286, formate87, and host-derived thiosulfate87,88. On the other hand, T. muris could also promote S. enterica Tm expansion during inflammation by fueling tetrathionate production through enhanced intestinal sulfur metabolism18,89.
Here, we investigated the impact of T. muris LT0009 during the initial niche invasion of S. enterica Tm using an avirulent, non-colitogenic strain90. Compared to OMM12 mice without LT0009, mice colonized with the OMM12 and LT0009 had a slightly reduced load of S. enterica Tm at 48 p.i. that was significant in feces but not in cecum (Fig. 4e). Comparative metatranscriptome analysis did not provide evidence for H2S-mediated inhibition of S. enterica Tm respiration, as shown for other enteropathogens91, or any other mechanism of direct interaction. Six S. enterica Tm genes were differentially expressed, i.e., significantly downregulated, in the presence of strain LT0009 (Fig. 4f, Supplementary Data 6). Three of the six genes are involved in transport and metabolism of galactonate (d-galactonate transporter DgoT, D-galactonate dehydratase DgoD, 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase DgoA), which is produced by some bacteria as an intermediate in D-galactose metabolism and is also present in mammalian tissue and body secretions92. D-galactonate catabolism capability was suggested as a distinguishing genetic feature of intestinal Salmonella strains compared to extraintestinal serovars, with serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, Agona, and Infantis lacking genes for utilizing D-galactonate as a sole carbon source93. The putative D-galactonate transporter DgoT in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis was identified as a virulence determinant in pigs94. The OMM12 strains and LT0009 do not encode the DgoTDAKR galactonate pathway. The significance of galactonate for S. enterica Tm gut colonization and competition remains to be elucidated.
Colonization of T. muris LT0009 in the gnotobiotic mice had variable impact on the differential gene expression pattern of the OMM12 members (Fig. 4f, Supplementary Fig. 9, Supplementary Data 6). While gene expression was not significantly affected in L. reuteri I49, E. clostridioformis YL32 was most affected with 84 differentially expressed genes (55 upregulated and 29 downregulated) (Fig. 4f). Most of the significantly upregulated genes (n = 41) in E. clostridioformis YL32 are clustered in a large genomic region (I5Q83_10075-10390) that encoded various phage gene homologs and was identified as a prophage using PHASTER (Fig. 4g). This prophage, named YL32-pp-2.059, Saumur, is among a set of thirteen previously identified prophages of the OMM12 consortium that represent novel viruses, were induced under various in vitro and/or in vivo conditions, and constitute the temporally stable viral community of OMM12 mice95. We show that colonization of LT0009 in the OMM12 mouse model selectively enhanced the transcriptional activity of the E. clostridioformis YL32 prophage Saumur, which carries a gene (I5Q83_10375) for phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate reductase (CysH) that functions in the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway of many bacteria (Fig. 4g). Various organosulfur auxiliary metabolic genes, particularly cysH, are widespread in environmental and human-associated viromes, which suggests viruses augment sulfur metabolic processes in these environments, including the gut96. Addition of sulfide to a Lactococcus lactis strain culture was shown to increase production of viable particles of its phage P08796, but it is unknown if H2S can activate prophages. We speculated that T. muris LT0009 could impact intestinal sulfur homeostasis not only via its own sulfur metabolism but also by activation of the sulfur metabolism gene-expressing phage Saumur in E. clostridioformis YL32, possibly via H2S. Growth tests with the pure culture of E. clostridioformis YL32 at two physiologically relevant sulfide concentrations demonstrated reduced growth at a high sulfide concentration (Supplementary Information, Supplementary Fig. 10). However, quantification of host and prophage genes did not show activation of the prophage Saumur under the tested condition. How prophage Saumur is activated and if its in vivo activity contributes to protection from S. enterica Tm thus remains subject of further study.
Taurinivorans muris is the dominant sulfidogen in a wild-mouse-microbiota mouse model that provided H2S-mediated protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae
Expansion of sulfidogenic bacteria and the tpa-xsc-dsr pathway in the metagenome fueled by host-derived taurine was previously shown to contribute to protection against the enteropathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter rodentium in different mouse models; with sulfide-mediated inhibition of aerobic respiration by pathogens being proposed as a generic protective mechanism91. Here, we have re-analyzed the 16 S rRNA gene amplicon data and the reads of dsrAB, the sulfite reductase marker genes for sulfide production97, from the metagenome data of this study. We identified T. muris as the dominant deltaproteobacterium (Desulfobacterota) and dsrAB-containing member of the microbiota of wild mice and the wild-mouse-microbiota (wildR) mouse model, but not in the other mouse models (Fig. 5). Given that taurine respiration via the sulfidogenic tpa-xsc-dsr pathway is the main energy niche of T. muris in the mouse gut (Fig. 4c, Supplementary Fig. 6), the enhanced resistance against Klebsiella pneumoniae in the wildR mouse model91 was thus primarily due to the activity of T. muris. Sulfide-mediated protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter rodentium in the other mouse models, i.e., taurine-supplemented and ΔyopM mice, was not provided by T. muris but by other sulfidogens (Fig. 5)91.
Taurinivorans muris LT0009 provides a core function in gnotobiotic mouse models
Dissimilatory sulfur metabolism with the production of H2S is a core metabolic capability of the mammalian gut microbiota that is carried out by specialized bacteria71,98. As in humans and other animals, bacteria of the phylum Desulfobacterota (formerly Deltaproteobacteria), specifically of the Desulfovibrio-Mailhella-Bilophila lineage35, are important sulfidogens in the mouse gut and appear to be more abundant in wild mice compared to untreated laboratory mice99,100. However, the diversity of sulfidogenic microorganisms and their metabolic pathways in the intestinal tract of non-human animals, including mice that represent important experimental models, remain insufficiently understood. A mouse gut-derived Desulfobacterota strain (Desulfovibrio strain MGBC000161) was recently isolated, but not physiologically characterized99. Here, we contribute the sulfidogenic strain LT0009, representing the newly proposed genus Taurinivorans, to the growing collection of publicly available bacterial strains from the mouse83,99. We further describe the fundamental metabolic properties and realized lifestyle of Taurinivorans muris, which relies on taurine as the primary electron acceptor for energy conservation in vivo and can contribute to the protective effect of the commensal mouse gut microbiota against S. enterica and K. pneumoniae (Fig. 6). In addition to direct inhibition of aerobic respiration of pathogens by H2S as shown previously91, indirect, not yet fully resolved resistance mechanisms, which are dependent on the respective pathogen and composition of the resident microbiota, can be at play. Presence of T. muris selectively increased transcription of a phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate reductase (CysH)-encoding prophage in another bacterium and could thereby modulate microbiome functions. T. muris strain LT0009 is currently the only murine Desulfobacterota isolate with a physiologically proven dissimilatory sulfur metabolism and thus significantly extends the experimental options to study the role of sulfidogenic bacteria in gnotobiotic mouse models.
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Kevin PUTS | And Legions Will Rise (2001)
Peter SCULTHORPE | Dream Tracks (1992)
Ludwig van BEETHOVEN | Sonata no.3 in A major for cello and piano, Op.69 (1808)
Robert SCHUMANN | Piano Quartet in E flat Op.47 (1842)
David Griffiths, clarinet; Ian Munro, piano; Dimity Hall, violin; Irina Morozova, viola; and Julian Smiles, cello
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This program is dedicated to dreamers and visionaries: those who take their own path, often at high personal cost.
Kevin Puts’ trio And Legions Will Rise channels “the power in all of us to transcend during times of tragedy and personal crisis”. The violin, clarinet and marimba create colourful effects, often dreamlike and hypnotic.
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The Sonata no.3 op.69 was composed at a time when Beethoven was almost completely deaf, and although an uplifting work, bears the title ‘Inter Lacrimas et Luctum’ (Amid Tears and Sorrow).
Robert Schumann composed his beloved Piano Quartet Op. 47 in 1842, two years after realising his dream of marrying Clara Wieck and one of the happiest times of his life.


Hi, I recently installed NetBeans 10 on my windows 7 PC. A program called DateServer has been written and compiled on NB10. If DateServer is run within the IDE, it operates fine. However if I run DateServer from the command line it throws an error "UnsupportedClassVersionError".
The JRE on my PC is SE 1.8.0_231
NB 10 is compiling with SE 11.0.2+9-LTS
Paraphrasing the error message: DateServer has been compiled with version 55.0, this java runtime only recognizes class file versions up to 52.0
I am hesitant to install the latest JRE on my machine since it may break operation of some legacy programs.
Is it possible to direct NB10 to compile DateServer with SE 1.8.0 ?
Java is not Internet Explorer. You can install as many different versions of Java on a single machine as you want. My current desktop has 9 different Oracle JVMs plus the open-source JVM that came with the latest OS release. You can then associate any JVM with any Java application you wish, and in the case of a product like an IDE, you can generally associate any specific JVM with any specific project within the IDE.
And that's not even counting the regression options on the javac and java commands themselves.
Java's innate backwards compatibility is a point of pride. As I like to recount, once I got a 3am phone call on a Windows app that needed a 1-line change to fix. In order to update the failing app, I had to un-install my current Visual Studio, install a 2-year old version, apply the 2-year old patches and came perilously close to have to install an older copy of Windows plus the service packs for the older version of Windows. This is NOT what I want to be doing before the sun comes up.
Java, on the other hand, was designed with the same longevity that keeps 40-year old COBOL programs running on IBM mainframes. Plus, Java has a deprecation mechanism so that if a feature becomes obsolete, you can still build and run in an emergency and upgrade when there's less panic.
So there's minimal risk here.
Note that the environment variable JAVA_HOME is often of help here. JAVA_HOME is not an official part of Java, but it's the conventional designator for the location of the JRE or JDK to be used to run a specific app. Not all apps employ it. For example, the Eclipse IDE locates the version of Java that Eclipse itself runs under from an internal configuration file. But a lot of other apps, such as Tomcat, Ant and Maven, and so forth do reference JAVA_HOME. Since environment variables are unique to each shell instance, you can have a command window where JAVA_HOME points to Java 11 running Ant and another command window whose JAVA_HOME points to Java 13 running Tomcat. And maybe even a third command window running another Tomcat under Java 11!
Sometimes the only way things ever got fixed is because people became uncomfortable.
R Nordstrom wrote:. . . I am hesitant to install the latest JRE on my machine since it may break operation of some legacy programs.
Which legacy programs? Why do you think they will break?
Well, although this is not really a fault of Java but of the "internal hacks" used to do what it did: modded Minecraft with versions up to 1.12. The reason is the modding framework called "Forge": it uses some, well, some here would call it "dirty hacks" to add modding support to standard Minecraft. "Vanilla" Minecraft itself can run on any Java version from 6 and up (can be 7 or 8, not sure) - but as the announced official modding api was never implemented by the original devs around Notch and Mojang the community had to come up with its own stuff. This led to very dirty code use internal classes in sun and com.sun packages, wich we all know shouldn't be used. So, when try to run a modded minecraft between early beta builds up to 1.12 it fails pretty early with some strange class cast exception noting that the system class loader is no longer a instance/subclass of URLClassLoader.
I know this is a very rare edge case caused by some strange and odd code - but there're some issues broken by newer releases.


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On a day which saw a 1,138.37 points slump in KSE-100 Index, the Pakistan rupee also shed 18 paisa against the US dollar on Tuesday in the interbank trading.
It means the local currency settled at Rs225.12 against the previous day’s value of Rs224.94 while the dollar was traded for Rs231.75 to Rs234.06 in the open market.
Meanwhile, the rupee gained 76 paisa against the pound sterling in interbank trading as the day’s closing quote stood at Rs273.7 when compared with the previous session’s value of Rs274.46.
But the rupee strengthened by 51 paisa against euro which closed at Rs238.83 in interbank exchange rate.
The rupee is under pressure as Pakistan saw a massive decline in foreign direct investment and textile exports during the first five months of the fiscal year 2022-23.
According to details, the foreign direct investment dropped by more than half to $430.1 million in the first five months of FY23 against an amount of $884.9 million recorded for the corresponding period last year.
Similarly, the FDI stood at $81.8 million in November after a 48 percent dip when compared with $158.4 million in the same month in 2022.

domain: news


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All of the Davenport Public Library locations will be closed on Thursday, November 25 for Thanksgiving. Be sure to stop by one of our locations on Black Friday between the hours of 9:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. and checkout some of our hundreds of FREE items with your library card. Don’t forget that you can always find awesome deals at the Friends’ Book Store at our Fairmount and Eastern Avenue Branch libraries. And then there are the ever desirable treats from Cam’s Coffee House. So here’s what you should do: get up and get all of your early morning deals at 3, 4, or 5 a.m. (if you dare) and then take a break from all of the hussle and bussle of Black Friday and checkout some movies, books, or video games for yourself at the library. While you are there, stop by the Friends’ Book Store to buy some gifts for your friends and relatives (shhh…you should grab something for yourself as well). Before you leave, make sure to take a moment to relax and enjoy a magnificent cuppuccino and piece of pie or one of the many other delicious desserts from Cam’s Coffee House (located at the Fairmount and Eastern Avenue Branch libraries).
In the meantime, the employees of the Davenport Public Library would like to wish all of you, your friends, and your families a very safe and happy Thanksgiving weekend, and we would also like to send out a very special THANK YOU for all of your continued patronage!
THANK YOU CITIZENS OF DAVENPORT AND THANK YOU QUAD CITIES!
The library is open 24/7 at www.davenportlibrary.com (even on Thanksgiving).

domain: library


Well, that didn’t take long.
On Wednesday, GOLF.com reported that Phil Mickelson and Butch Harmon had split up after eight years of working together. They had been the most high-profile player/coach duo on Tour—and a highly successful one, netting 12 wins, including two majors, in their time together. By Thursday morning, a report had surfaced about Mickelson’s potential new teacher.
GolfDigest.com first reported through sources that Mickelson and Andrew Getson, an instructor at Greyhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Ariz., have been working together since Mickelson and Harmon separated. The report did not include confirmation of the partnership from either Mickelson or Getson, and it was initially unclear whether Mickelson has coronated Getson as his official swing coach or if they’ve just been working together casually. GOLF.com has indepedently confirmed that Mickelson will be working with Getson as the five-time major champ preps for his 26th year on Tour.
So … who is Andrew Getson?
The 41-year-old from Melbourne, Australia, has worked at Grayhawk since 2009. After a standout record as a teenager, Getson accepted an invitation to attend the Victorian Institute of Sport’s golf program (like other accomplished Aussies such as Geoff Ogilvy and Stuart Appelby.) He turned pro in 1999 at age 25 and played all around the world on several Tours, joining the Nationwide (now the Web.com) Tour in 2006. In his bio on his website, he says Greg Norman is golfing hero and that he likes to eat M&M’s the night before a big round.
He lists playing golf with President Bill Clinton as his biggest thrill in golf.
That part of his bio might soon need updating.


Advances in Model-Based Traffic Vision
Worrall, A.D., Sullivan, G.D. and Baker, K.D. (1992) Advances in Model-Based Traffic Vision. In: 4th British Machine Vision Conference, 21-23 September 1992, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, pp. 559-568.
Full text not archived in this repository.
Model based vision allows use of prior knowledge of the shape and appearance of specific objects to be used in the interpretation of a visual scene; it provides a powerful and natural way to enforce the view consistency constraint. A model based vision system has been developed within ESPRIT VIEWS: P2152 which is able to classify and track moving objects (cars and other vehicles) in complex, cluttered traffic scenes. The fundamental basis of the method has been previously reported. This paper presents recent developments which have extended the scope of the system to include (i) multiple cameras, (ii) variable camera geometry, and (iii) articulated objects. All three enhancements have easily been accommodated within the original model-based approach


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19 Sep Musical Chairs
Woohoo, musical chairs, the game that we loved when we were young and the game that kids will continue to love ! We’ve put a twist on this fun game.
— Let’s hold hands and form a circle. Now, you can stop holding hands. We are 8 and I will put in front of you 7 paper napkins (unfold the napkins and position them).
— Oooooohhhhhhh !
— I will put some music on. When the music starts, you will turn around the circle of napkins. When the music stops, you will have to sit down on a napkin. The child who does not sit on a napkin will have to stay at the centre of the circle.
— Are you ready ?
— Yes !
— So, let’s call for the music : «Music, music, music !» (Encourage the children to dance while they are walking, and stop the music).
—Oh Paul, you are eliminated so you can sit at the centre of the circle and cheer for your friends !
At each new round, remove a napkin and encourage the children to cheer one another. You can ask them to make simple movements like clapping their hands or waving goodbye. When there are too many eliminated children inside the circle, ask them to form a circle around the children who keep on playing.
It obviously works with chairs too !
You’ll just love these articles

domain: artistic


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Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is since October 2018 NCCN’s (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) newest and most recommended biomarker for selecting checkpoint-inhibitor Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Immunotherapy is often regarded as the promising cancer-cure solution and has undergone drastic investigations and improvement in last time. Tumor mutational burden comes as a novel result of the necessity of establishing emerging biomarkers for predicting treatments.
Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer: Why is tumor mutation burden introducing a new scenario for checkpoint-inhibitor treatment when PD-1 also showed revolutionary therapy improvements?
Same as tumor-genesis, tumor treatment prescription is multifactorial including many features which must be taken into consideration when selecting the most convenient therapy since only one biomarker is not enough reliable. It is well known that tumor cells evade and remain undetectable for the host’s immune system.
What is more, they simulate to form part of the host’s organism and inactivate its protection mechanism. Responsible for this are receptors primarily expressed on T-lymphocytes called CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) and PD-1 (programmed death-1). Opposite, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-Ll) is expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and on tumor cells as well as CD80/86 ligands are found on APC. Once these ligands are bound to their respective receptors they down-regulate T-lymphocyte activation pathways and act as inhibitory checkpoint signals.
In 2011 the first checkpoint-inhibitor drug called Ipilimumab and targeting CTLA-4 was approved. Many other drugs blocking PD-1 such as Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab are nowadays available as immunotherapy for lung cancer. However, PD-1, when targeted with inhibitory-checkpoint drugs, emerged to be too unreliable as little correlation was often observed regarding its concentration. Furthermore, there were cases reported in which negative PD-1 patients benefited from Nivolumab.
Most probable reasons refer to transcriptional factors and expression pathways in different stages when analyzing PD-1 concentration in sample cells. On the other hand tumor, the mutational burden is attracting scientific community’s attention
because it appears to be a solider and more promising biomarker. TMB quantifies the number of nonsynonymous mutations carried out by a cancer cell per megabase (1MB=1000000 DNA basepairs) resulting in neoantigens which increasingly elicit an immune response. The high mutational load of the tumoral cell correlates with alterations in its DNA mismatch repair genes promoters like PMS2 (Mismatch repair endonuclease). It is also associated with Microsatellite instability (MSI) resulting from dysregulated DNA repair pathways and mutations in the polymerase ε gene (POLE). Probably to constant smoke exposure it is especially increased in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
The NCNN alludes to one large scale trail (checkmate 026) to conclude that regardless PD-1 concentration, first-line combination therapy with Nivolumab and Ipilimumab register higher-free progression survival than chemotherapy in high TMB-NSCLC patients (42.6% vs. 13.2%). It also refers to Checkmate 227 trial to highlight no longer progression-free survival with Ipilumab than with chemotherapy regardless of high PD-1 expression among enrolled untreated NSCLC patients.
This finding may improve treatment guidelines also avoiding toxic platinum-based chemotherapy since immunotherapy in the first line is currently only prescribed in high PD-1 patients. However many issues concerning practical and theoretical use of TMB yet require to be solved. A lack of homogeneity regarding TMB numeric definition as well as inadequacy in TMB implementation in routine practice, still constitute main unsolved problems.
Next-generation sequencing technique (NGS) is implementing rapidly but is until now not available for routine clinical diagnostics. Furthermore unsatisfactory time-frame obtaining results, as well as poor biopsy availability and different degree-immunogenicity mutations, are also limiting issues.
Although tumor mutation burden is showing great benefit it is yet in an early stage and is too diffuse as to base a clear treatment guideline on it.
Nevertheless harnessing own immune-system, immunotherapy for lung cancer, with enhanced Immunotherapy biomarkers is ushering in cancer cure treatments to a new level. In this respect, the pursuit of promising immunohistochemistry markers in the tumor microenvironment as well as peripheral blood in order to establish an algorithm for prescribing the optimum first-line treatment has just begun.


The used Cisco WS-C4510R-E series provides a common architecture that can scale up to 388 ports. The refurbished Cisco WS-C4510R-E offers high availability in supporting 1+1 redundant supervisor engines with subsecond failover time and full image In Service Software Upgrades (ISSU). The used Cisco WS-C4510R-E uses the same line cards as the widely deployed legacy Catalyst 4000 Series Switches and Classic Catalyst 4500 Series Switches.
- Form Factor = Rack-mountable – 14U
- Dimensions = (WxDxH) 17.3 in x 12.5 in x 24.3 in
- Weight = 54.5 lbs
- Features = Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- Expansion Slots = 10


Tammsaare tee building 89
A.H. Tammsaare tee 89a apartment building is located in an inner quarter of the established Mustamäe housing district. The building has modern geometry and is designed to blend into the existing environment in shape and essence. The building’s dark facade blends into as well as highlights the surrounding green areas. The contrasting light-coloured details with different sized and framed windows add playfulness. Broad views to the yard have been created by opening up the first floor areas as much as possible.


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Are you thinking of hosting a party or getting together with your close ones?
If yes, you can consider choosing a restaurant as the destination!
Most people have trouble searching for a place to host a dinner or lunch party. An event at home just seems outrageous with too much work and too little fun.
If you are interested in enjoying each moment with your loved ones, we highly suggest you go to a Dining Indian Restaurant in Sydney.
You will not have to prepare the whole meal from scratch and enjoy good food like never before.
No matter what the event or get-together is for, make it more exciting and order Indian food online now.
If you are still unsure about this perspective, you can read this blog to learn how this decision would make your event easier and improve your overall experience.
Why Should You Select A Restaurant to Host A Party?
These are some of the common reasons why people opt for Indian restaurants when they organize a function.
- They provide excellent service.
Planning for a formal dinner or a Sunday brunch with your friends? We are here to give you excellent service at all costs. You will get delicious beverages and food items at your table without any worry.
Hosting dinner at home is just too hectic that you would not want to experience. Cooking all the meals from scratch for everyone seems too much for little to no rewards. Avoid spending money on shopping for groceries and cooking for hours with our services.
You can alleviate stress related to food and drinks if you host your event at a restaurant. The restaurant will take care of all the catering and other services; all you have to do is relax and enjoy the scrumptious food. It will also open the perspective of a wide range of food items and beverages while lessening the stress of thinking about the menu.
And the best way to impress your guests is to introduce them to delicious Indian food packed with a unique flavor.
- They are cost-effective.
Another point which can change your mind is the cost. Most of the time, people often think that hosting an event at a restaurant might cost them more than their estimated budget. But that is not the case. It is cost-effective and worth each penny.
If you are thinking of organizing a function at your home, you would have to buy a lot of ingredients for the preparation. And if you are cooking Indian food, you might need too many ingredients to come close to the flavor profile remotely. If you are thinking of hosting an event at an event space, then do not even think it is reasonably affordable.
Your best bet will always be restaurants as they will give hot fresh food at the expected time at a reasonable price.
You need to prepare a lot for a celebration at home. Buying supplies such as tablecloths, cutleries, and dishes are common. Avoid the hassle by just booking a restaurant table in advance and enjoy your party with minimum struggle and work.

domain: food


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Plumas Underburn Cooperative and the Plumas swim team will benefit from a wildfire preparedness fair tomorrow at the Plumas fairgrounds. The Plumas fire safe council invites you to come learn about home hardening, defensible space, and evacuation preparedness this Saturday. Food and beverage vendors... Read More.
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(Opinions held by author, not necessarily by Illinois Review, which continues to uphold the 1st Amendment)
As reported by Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz on March 7, 2021 by Israel 65 News: 2021 on Track to Become Record-Breaking year of Major Earthquakes, Volcanoes.
As to volcanoes: “Europe’s most active volcano, Mount Etna in Sicily, erupted seven times in the past two weeks. A large eruption started at Sangay volcano, Ecuador on Saturday. An earthquake swarm shook Mount Hood, a potentially active stratovolcano near Portland, Oregon for 45 minutes last week, raising concerns that the volcano was beginning to awake.”
“Mount Sinabung in Indonesia’s North Sumatra province began erupting last Tuesday, sending volcanic materials as high as 16,400 feet into the sky with authorities recording 13 times when it released ash clouds.”
“Three weeks ago, Fuego volcano, located 50 kilometers away from the capital city of Guatemala, started to erupt.”
As of yesterday, 43 volcanoes around the world were erupting or showing signs of activity. See here Volcanic Activity Worldwide March 5. 2021.
Mount Sinabung Volcano
In Spectacular Fusion Indonesia's Sinabung Volcano exploded to 40,000 feet in 2010 after centuries of quiet. There have been more eruptions since: Sept 5, 2013 until Jul 15, 2018, and again in May 2019 and June 2020.
The most recent eruption was on Tuesday, March 2, 2021, ranking as one of the largest in years, sent volcanic materials as high as 5,000 meters (16,400 feet – almost 2 miles) into the sky and depositing ash on nearby villages.
Following the March 2nd eruption, activity at the Sinabung volcano in North Sumatra province increased, with authorities recording 13 separate blasts belching debris up to 16,400 feet above Sumatra. Indonesia has 130 volcanoes
Descent into next Grand Solar Minimum
On March 3, 2021, the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) "Darwin" is warning of a thick ash plume rising to 40,000 feet into the stratosphere having a direct cooling effect on the planet as it blocks the sunshine."
"As we continue our descent into this next Grand Solar Minimum the volcano's powerful eruptions may result in dramatic cooling of the planet & almost overnight. The recent global uptick in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions is likely attributed to the drop-off in solar [sun] activity, coronal holes, a waning magnetosphere & the increase in Galactic Cosmic Rays penetrating silica-rich magma."
Both NOAA and NASA appear to agree, if you read between the lines, with NOAA saying we’re entering a ‘full-blown’ Grand Solar Minimum in the late-2020s, and NASA seeing this upcoming solar cycle (25) as “the weakest of the past 200 years”, with the agency correlating previous solar shutdowns to prolonged periods of global cooling here.
What Benjamin Franklin Observed in 1784
An article in Scientific America, How do volcanoes affect world climate?, relates what Benjamin Franklin observed:
"In 1784, Benjamin Franklin made what may have been the first connection between volcanoes and global climate while stationed in Paris as the first diplomatic representative of the United States of America. He observed that during the summer of 1783, the climate was abnormally cold, both in Europe and back in the U.S. The ground froze early, the first snow stayed on the ground without melting, the winter was more severe than usual, and there seemed to be "a constant fog over all Europe, and [a] great part of North America.
What Benjamin Franklin observed was indeed the result of volcanic activity. An enormous eruption of the Laki fissure system (a chain of volcanoes in which the lava erupts through a crack in the ground instead of from a single point) in Iceland caused the disruptions. The Laki eruptions produced about 14 cubic kilometers of basalt (thin, black, fluid lava) during more than eight months of activity. More importantly in terms of global climate, however, the Laki event also produced an ash cloud that may have reached up into the stratosphere. This cloud caused a dense haze across Europe that dimmed the sun, perhaps as far west as Siberia.
In addition to ash, the eruptive cloud consisted primarily of vast quantities of sulfur dioxide (SO 2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen fluoride gases (HF). The gases combined with water in the atmosphere to produce acid rain, destroying crops and killing livestock. The effects, of course, were most severe in Iceland; ultimately, more than 75 percent of Icelands livestock and 25 percent of its human population died from famine or the toxic impact of the Laki eruption clouds.
Consequences were also felt far beyond Iceland. Temperature data from the U.S. indicate that record lows occurred during the winter of 1783-1784." End quote
Enter Bill Gates
Bill Gates is considering a venture to spray dust into the atmosphere to block the sunshine. He is financially backing the development of sun-dimming technology that would potentially reflect sunlight out of Earth's atmosphere.
John Kerry sounds the alarm
As John Kerry, Biden's special presidential envoy for climate, told CBS News' Ben Tracy on February 19, 2021:
"The planet is warming in large part because of greenhouse gas emissions that are pumped into the sky from power plants, cars, planes and industry. It even comes from the way we raise and grow our food. America is the second-largest emitter behind China of greenhouse gases that are warming the planet."
"That warming is believed to make storms stronger, droughts drier and oceans higher. That means certain places on Earth where people currently live will become unlivable. In fact, it is already happening."
“Well, the scientists told us three years ago we had 12 years to avert the worst consequences of climate crisis. We are now three years gone, so we have nine years left."
Green New Deal
"The main goal of the plan is to bring U.S. greenhouse gas emissions down to net-zero and meet 100% of power demand in the country through clean, renewable, and zero-emission energy sources by 2030. The Green New Deal also calls for the creation of millions of jobs to provide a job guarantee to all Americans, along with access to nature, clean air and water, healthy food, a sustainable environment, and community resiliency."
The Green New Deal was the centerpiece of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's (D-NY) campaign when ran and won her U.S. House seat in 2019.
As to cost, it could tally between $51 trillion and $93 trillion over 10 years concludes American Action Forum, which is run by Douglas Holz-Eakins who directed the non -partisan CBO from 2003 to 2005.
Although President Biden disavowed the Green New Deal while campaigning, Biden’s latest climate executive order, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, adheres closely to its framework detailed by Dana Nuccitelli in her article of February 3, 2021, Biden's climate executive orders are a mini-Green New Deal.
“Imagine a deployment of federal investments to curb U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from various sectors including electricity, transportation, and agriculture, with the goal of creating millions of jobs and an eye on correcting environmental injustices in the process.”
"Though smaller in scale, given that executive orders only apply to federal agency actions rather than the nation as a whole, this effort could reasonably be described as a mini-Green New Deal.”
How foolish is man not to go with scientific evidence but to depend instead on political rhetoric meant to control all aspects of our lives.
Should evidence of an approaching cooling period come to fruition, the present call for green energy will prove to be catastrophic.
Wind and solar power are poor substitutes for fossil fuels. Additionally, when the wind doesn't blow and the sun doesn't shine, back-up power is needed to keep the lights on and businesses humming away.
Nuclear power would prove to be a good substitute for wind and solar power. It's green energy, cost effective, safe, and facilities can operate for many years after the original investment. How foolish is man to allow politics to define this nation's energy needs, which will only increase in future years.
May eyes be opened so saner minds can prevail. May the truth prevail before irreparable damage is done.
Have you ever wondered about the idiocy of mandating no wood burning fireplaces when volcano's put out such monumental amount of smoke and ash that travel around the globe?
I urge everyone to watch “Polar Extremes” on PBS.
Over the last 500M years, our Earth has oscillated between (a) Snowball Earth and (b) an Earth without snow on its poles.
Back and forth. Back and forth
Excellent report, Nancy Thorner, thank you! We may also consider the prophecies and prognostications from God’s holy word where The Holy Bible speaks of signs in the heavens, mountains moving, sun & moon turning dark:
Earthquakes and volcanoes make mountains move. [Revelation 6:14, 16:20]Smoke and Ash make sun turn dark.
In the New Testament we read: “Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken:” Matthew 24:29
This is an excellent and accurate summary of recent scientific research pointing to a cooler climate in the future. At this time, it is impossible to predict future global temperatures or weather events, despite claims to the contrary. Thorner wisely avoids making such predictions. Well done!
Don’t worry, folks.
The “Green New Deal” will fix it!


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With all of the activity in building new pipeline, new transmission lines, and . . .
Sandy's damage was far greater than expected it was reported today,
plus Massachusetts gas blast,
And nat gas only pulling back a little bit
and increasing gas shortage throughout world
plus transmission line shortage worldwide
PWR inching into international market, starting with Canada
the stock price having found a bottom at around 25.00 dollars
and margins increasing substantially
with major deals yet to be made, as hinted,
this stock will get to 30 real easily - even as the target prices for three recent buy ratings are at 32.
Plus one recent hold rating.

domain: finance


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Welcome to Pickleman Productions. We make fun, family friendly films that stir the imagination and tickle the funny bone. We use live-action, puppetry, animation and a variety of techniques to engage the viewer’s eye and inspire their mind and soul. And remember, anything starring Pickleman is Kosher for all ages.
Jump into the jar and have a taste!


A U.S. aircraft carrier will be redeployed to waters east of South Korea on Wednesday, South Korea's military said, one day after North Korea launched a ballistic missile over Japan and brought swift condemnation from the United States and its regional allies in response.
Earlier Wednesday, South Korea and the United States fired four tactical surface-to-surface missiles toward the Sea of Japan during a joint drill conducted as part of their response to the North Korean missile launch.
The nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan left the Sea of Japan off the Korean Peninsula after a joint naval drill involving South Korea, the United States and Japan last week, but will return, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said in a statement.
"Such a return by an aircraft carrier is very unusual" and underscores the South Korea-U.S. alliance's "strong willingness to take determined measures against any provocations from North Korea," the statement said.
A South Korean military official said the redeployment was decided during phone talks between Defense Minister Lee Jong Sup and U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin on Tuesday.
One of the ballistic missiles launched early Wednesday as part of the U.S.-South Korean response to the North Korean missile test flew abnormally and fell on a base in the country's northeast, a military official said.
South Korean media reported that the Hyunmoo-2 missile fell within the perimeter of a base in Gangneung, a city on the country's northeastern coast, prompting residents surprised by the sound of an explosion to report the incident.
The four missiles launched by South Korea and the United States were Army Tactical Missile System missiles, the same type of missiles fired in response to North Korea's launch of eight short-range ballistic missiles in June.
The allies fired two ATACMS missiles each this time at mock targets, according to the JCS.
Tuesday's launch was the first North Korean ballistic missile to fly over the Japanese archipelago in five years. It was assessed to have flown 4,600 kilometers, putting the U.S. territory of Guam, where key military bases are located, within range and making it the longest-ever North Korean test missile flight.
A high-ranking official from South Korea's presidential office told reporters on Wednesday that North Korea's recent provocations, including Tuesday's launch, seem to be graduated steps that boost the likelihood of a seventh nuclear test by the North.
South Korea's Yonhap News Agency reported the Defense Ministry briefed parliament on Tuesday that the country is strengthening its attack capabilities to discourage North Korea from attempting to use nuclear weapons.
The ministry also informed lawmakers of its plans to improve the capabilities of a special forces unit tasked with leadership "decapitation operations," according to the report.


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Ga Death Records Search
One of the saddest news that we want to hear is when we know about the death of a loved one. Sad as it may seem, the state of Georgia has allowed its residents to access public records including Georgia death records.
As the name implies, the details about the death of an individual is the focus of a death record. One of the primary information that can be found on the document is the cause of death of the individual along with the date and place it occurred. The deceased personal details such as the name and birth date are also indicated on the document. The names of the immediate family of the person who passed away are indicated on the document.
A death record is one of the primary resources used in genealogy research. The death of an individual is then indicated on the family history record. The death certificate of a deceased individual is necessary when processing government transactions such as insurance claims. In Georgia, it is also of the references used when tracking the population of the state.
In Georgia, it would cost $25 to process the retrieval of a death certificate. The state has kept death records since January 1919. Files prior to the said date have to be obtained from the county where the person died. It takes several days in order to obtain a copy of a death certificate. The document can only be obtained by the immediate family members of the deceased person. One has to provide their personal details such as the name and relationship to the name of the record.
The office of the Vital Records Section in Georgia manages the public records of the state including death certificate. This is the first place to go to in order to file the request. One can also file the request at the office of the county clerk. Mail request can also be sent to the office of the Vital Records Section. The mail order should include the accomplished request for as well as check payment addressed to the office. There are also third party companies that can assist you in obtaining the needed files; however it comes at a higher price. The Internet is now becoming a popular choice of many because of its ease of use.
Online retrieval of a death certificate in the state of Georgia is now possible. Websites that offers such services are connected to private and public databases in order to provide the most accurate results. One can even do a free death search in some websites. The use of the Internet has eliminated the need to travel and it can save you time as well as effort since the request can be done even at home.


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Skobbejak Games is a 2 man (Tiaan Gerber & Alexander Ehlers) indie game development team situated in Johannesburg, South Africa. We are extremely passionate about games and game development, we aspire to make each successive game another genre, while keeping that Skobbejak essence intact. However, this doesn't mean we rush things or get bored with a project, when we make a game we treat it like its our baby. We make sure it gets the elbow grease it deserves before we share details with the public or release something and we always make sure to release a few things afterwards to extend and support the original game.
No images were found in the gallery requested. Upload some media to liven this place up.

domain: entertainment


The choir usually sings in four parts: soprano, alto, tenor and bass:
- Soprano is the highest voice part, and is suitable for women and boys (before their voices break).
- Alto is usually sung by women, but can be sung by male countertenors.
- The tenor part is usually sung by men, but we do have some female tenors in the choir.
- Bass is the lowest part, and is sung by men with lower singing voices.
Here is a way of testing your vocal range and deciding which voice is most comfortable for you. Try singing these scales, starting on the lower note (remember that the low note for tenors/basses is an octave below the low note for sopranos/altos).
You may want to warm up your voice before singing the higher scales. One simple way of doing this is to sing the lower scales a few times before attempting the higher ones.
If you feel comfortable singing the scales from G-major (low version) to D-flat or E-flat major, then you should try singing either alto or bass. If you are happy singing the higher two scales (a high F-major or high G-major), then you can try tenor or soprano.
On the music score these ranges look like the picture below – these are the ranges you are expected to cover easily in the music we sing. If you find that you’ve been singing in the “wrong” section then swap – it’s as easy as that! You’ll find that you can cover the notes more easily in the future.


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We're back with a vengeance. Well, maybe not a vengeance ...but we are back with our biggest show yet!
We kick off episode #14 with a conversation with director Jennifer Lynch.
Followed by reviews of 10 films:
Rich and I review...
~ 2011's 'Mary Horror' from director Ryan Weber
~ 2012's 'Killing Brooke' from director David Zagorski
~ Mill Creek Entertainment's 'Within the Rock' from 1996
and 'Death Warmed Up' from 1984
~ The 1983 slasher 'The Final Terror' starring Darryl Hannah
~ The 1996 Japanese gore-fest 'Naked Blood'
~ Blue Underground's 'The Cannibal Man' from 1973
~ The unreleased 1990 exploitation flick 'Blood Games'
and Jason reviews...
~ 2009's 'The Meat Grinder' from Thailand
and the 80's sci-fi classic?, 'Midnight Movie Massacre'
also we reveal Number 5 of our Top Ten Horror Films of All-Time.
...and music from 'Korpiklaani', 'Twisted Sister', 'Lin Shaye' , 'Siberian Meat Grinder', 'Pagan Babies' and 'The Cramps'
...Contact us: firstname.lastname@example.org
Friday, June 29, 2012
Much of Madness/More of Sin #14


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The nearest airport is the Vincenzo Bellini Airport of Catania-Fontanarossa (IATA: CTA, ICAO: LICC).
It is located about 35 km away from the Santa Tecla Palace Hotel. Regular and charter flights connections are available from/to many destinations.
A shuttle service from/to the airport will be available during the workshop period, upon reservation by e-mail at eventi -at- topclassturismo.com, at the rate of 15 Euro/person.
The nearest railway station is Acireale, which is connected by regional trains to the railway station of Catania, the main one in the area.
Santa Tecla village is located about 4 km from the ancient town of Acireale, to which it belongs administratively, about 22 km from Catania, the main town in the area, about 81 km from Messina and about 240 km from Palermo, the capital town of Sicily.
Santa Tecla is only a few kilometers away from the highway A18 connecting Messina and Catania, the closest exits being Giarre (coming from North) and Acireale (coming from South).

domain: geography


text:
York 2 Seater Sofa
£350.00 – £445.00
The York sofa is a contemporary, plush 2 seater sofa in a chenille style fabric, available in slate grey or mink.
The beautifully symmetrical look and clean lines of the York Sofa bring a contemporary touch to any space. This plush two seater sofa is presented in a chenille style fabric with two loose seat cushions and a capitonne detail over the back and side uprights. The Mink finish is right on trend, bringing both comfort and style into any room.
Online only. Not available in Centres.
- Length: 149cm
- Depth: 83cm
- Height: 74cm
Delivery is normally within 7-14 working days for Mainland UK (Subject to availability and Post Code Area) Some areas of the UK are deemed to be “Remote” and an additional delivery charge may apply, even for Free Delivery items. Please refer to our Terms and Conditions for further information.

domain: design


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A key source of geographic information the Atlas provides a selection of interactive and historical maps and geographical data available for reference or downloading. The site also includes collections available via Elections Canada.
Here you will find one of the greatest historical atlases: Charles O. Paullin and John K. Wright’s Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, first published in 1932. This digital edition reproduces all of the atlas’s nearly 700 maps. Many of these beautiful maps are enhanced here in ways impossible in print, animated to show
change over time or made clickable to view the underlying data—remarkable maps produced eight decades ago with the functionality of the twenty-first century.
The link is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps of the United Kingdom as well as other countries.
Google Maps is a web mapping platform and consumer application offered by Google. It offers satellite imagery, aerial photography, street maps, 360° interactive panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, and route planning for traveling by foot, car, bike, air and public transportation.
MapQuest is your go-to app for live contemporary maps, GPS, voice-guided navigation, real-time traffic updates, and transit planning. No matter where life takes you, MapQuest can guide you along the way.
National Geographic Maps has a mission by creating the world’s best wall maps, outdoor recreation maps, travel maps, atlases, and globes. If you subscribe you can use their digital collection or purchase hand-held maps from their vast collection of cartography. Through their MapMaker you can create your own maps.
The site’s mission is to give old maps a new life in online world via OldMapsOnline search catalog that allows visitors to explore and discover the beauty of historical maps depicting a past geographical place of their interest.
With this site you can create and publish interactive maps; use maps for analysis and presentations; use unlimited markers per map; have 3-level access control for each map: Viewer, Member and Admin; input from: Location (Search), Crowd Source, Google Spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel, CSV, KML, GeoRSS feed or Copy-and Paste.


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You can trust Google to spy on you
Their concern should be yours, too. Who's that looking over your shoulder online? Google.
Japan warns Google that the methods the company chooses to store and use consumer's data likely runs afoul of that country's own privacy laws. The Tokyo Times says the Japanese government is directing Google to "prepare clear explanations of the new rules and be ready to answer promptly user questions".
They're Not the Only Ones
These are only the latest in a string of governments and privacy advocates calling on Google to more clearly explain its position: last month, South Korea says the way Google combines user data to be used across all its services violates the country's laws. Google has also found itself defending its moves to the US Congress.
We expect the EU to be the toughest nut to crack, but this time the pushback is coming from elsewhere. Is this reason to worry? I say yes, because I'm finding issues with Google's new policy that should concern all of us. Here's what you need to know.
Information is shared across Google's network of sites. Google says:
We may use the name you provide for your Google Profile across all of the services we offer that require a Google Account. In addition, we may replace past names associated with your Google Account so that you are represented consistently across all our services. If other users already have your email, or other information that identifies you, we may show them your publicly visible Google Profile information, such as your name and photo.
What this means: This is different in that your information was kept separate across Google services previously. Here's an example: you post as yourself on Google+, but prefer to post under a psuedonym on Blogger. These services acted separately before, but now that Google has linked your user information together, you're forced by default to be associated with an account you deliberately kept separate.
That's bound to piss off quite a few people, especially those who took issue with Google's real names policy for Google+.
All your information belong to us. Google says:
We use the information we collect from all of our services to provide, maintain, protect and improve them, to develop new ones, and to protect Google and our users. We also use this information to offer you tailored content – like giving you more relevant search results and ads.
What this means: Now that the search giant is aggregating all of your personal information, expect the ads to get even more intrusive. Google will now know a lot more about you than it simply could peering into your Gmail inbox. Microsoft's got to have the marketing crew at the ready here. There's a treasure trove of information available, as many of us (myself included) use more than just one Google service.
Google attempts to step back and comfort you by saying it won't tailor information based on "race, religion, sexual orientation or health" but still, that leaves a wide range of topics for them to bait you with.
Google is starting to sound like Facebook. Google says:
After you delete information from our services, we may not immediately delete residual copies from our active servers and may not remove information from our backup systems.
What this means: This is taken out of context, but let me explain. Google does say before this that it aims to protect your information from "accidental or malicious destruction". At the same time it does not specify at all as to when your information is finally deleted. When Facebook got caught doing the same thing, it gave a similar answer -- making it easy for you to reactivate your account and whatnot.
Users should be able to know when their data has been purged from Google. When we want out, we want out. This ownership of our online personal lives has really become a sticking point with a lot of companies. When will they finally learn it is just not appropriate to take the stance that since we've shared this data with you, we're selling the rights to it?
It's just too damn difficult to get around this policy. Google says:
If you don’t think information sharing will improve your experience, you can use our privacy tools to do things like edit or turn off your search history and YouTube history, control the way Google tailors ads to your interests and browse the web "incognito" using Chrome. You can use services like Search, Maps and YouTube if you are not signed in. You can even separate your information into different accounts, since we don’t combine personal information across them. And we’re committed to data liberation, so if you want to take your information elsewhere you can.
What this means: This excerpt came from Google's blog post defending the new policy. What's missing is an opt-out. There is no way to do so. Essentially, like in the Blogger psuedonym situation I listed above, the only way to prevent your identity from being linked here is to create a seperate account.
This is a chore. Yes, Google has made it easy now to switch between accounts, but trust me from somebody who has two Google Apps and one Google account, that's a pain in the ass. Add the fact Google has made the account such a necessary part of the experience in some cases that using services "signed out" degrades the overall experience. These suggestions sound more to me like a cop-out.
Deflect and Defend, But Where's the US?
It's not surprising that Google is doing all it can to defend itself against the criticism. In a blog post Thursday announcing the changes taking effect, the search giant says there is a lot of misunderstanding over the changes.
"The new policy doesn’t change any existing privacy settings or how any personal information is shared outside of Google. We aren’t collecting any new or additional information about users. We won’t be selling your personal data", it stresses. That's kind of doublespeak though, they are collecting additional information in a way.
When you combine information across dozens of services, Google's file on your online persona just got a whole lot bigger. Now its ad platform has a great deal of information to attempt to grab your attention. I know I keep hitting on the advertising portion here, but this is big business for Google, and stands to gain the most here.
Where's the US Government in this? I expected the European Union to take on Google over its changes. The competition and privacy laws across the pond are way stricter. But to see Japan and South Korea join the chorus is surprising. I think there is more than enough to start an honest investigation of Google.
Could this be rolled into an antitrust investigation? I would think so. But why wait for that? In March 2011, Google agreed to 20 years of Federal Trade Commission oversight, regarding Buzz privacy problems. This is much worse. Where's the FTC now?
Again, (beating a dead horse) the company's advertising platform will be valuable to companies looking to get the word out. Targeted advertising works. The company gets a higher-click through, and Google is able to attract a higher fee because of the better success rate.
What other company will be able to provide a platform like this? The answer is nobody.


Nice story on NPR about the expansion of light rail around the country. Pretty much everywhere you look in large urban areas, there’s light rail, construction of light rail, or plans for light rail. Couple of points from the story that are worth mentioning:
In Salt Lake City, Phoenix, San Diego and other cities large and small, light rail is taking off. The trains look more like streetcars than anything else. They’re only one or two cars long, and are electrically powered. The narrow footprint of light rail cars allows them to be put in dense urban areas, on already crowded streets.
Generally speaking, light rail is built with its own right of way, while streetcars are built to share existing road lanes with automobiles. That makes light rail faster and more efficient, but also much more expensive than streetcars. When I was listening to this, it made me wonder if they were really speaking about LRT per se, or about LRT plus streetcars plus commuter rail, all lumped together. They cite Dallas as an example in the story but not Houston, which given that Dallas’ system is much more suburban-commuter oriented and less about taking advantage of density makes me think they’re mixing their apples and oranges a bit. I don’t think it changes the nature of the story, I just thought they should have been a little more careful with their terminology.
The current downturn has meant that there have been fewer sales tax revenues, which are paying for the system, and costs have spiraled upward. And in a new era of cutbacks, it’s not clear if more money from the federal government is coming either.
That subject came up in my interview with Gilbert Garcia and Christof Spieler. Until the basic funding mechanism is reauthorized by Congress, there’s no new money available. Which is tragic on many levels, especially if you believe as I do that the feds should be picking up a much greater share of the costs than they do now. Until we change our default assumptions that make funding highways so much easier, and with so much more money to be had, that’s how it’s going to be.


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When we lament in the face of death and what accompanies it, we follow our Lord Jesus:
About three in the afternoon Jesus cried out in a loud voice, “Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?” (which means “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”).
Psalm 22 from which Jesus prayed on the cross begins with lament, in dark loneliness – the reality of death surrounding one who belongs to God:
1 My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
The psalm moves between two realities of present suffering and the Holy One and lands in a place of trust:
2 My God, I cry out by day, but you do not answer…
3 Yet you are enthroned as the Holy One…
4 In you our ancestors put their trust;
they trusted and you delivered them.
9 Yet you brought me out of the womb;
you made me trust in you…
19 LORD, you are my strength; come quickly to help me.
The promise now fulfilled which ends the psalm fills us with joy –
29 …All who go down to the dust will kneel before him—
those who cannot keep themselves alive.
30 Posterity will serve him;
future generations will be told about the Lord.
31 They will proclaim his righteousness,
declaring to a people yet unborn:
He has done it!
Jesus, thank you that by your death you made it possible for a people yet unborn to know righteousness. Fill us to proclaim in every place you have called us, “He has done it!” In Jesus’ name. Amen.
Let’s worship the Lord in song with “I have a savior” by Cece Winans, featuring Leland (click here).


DESCRIPTION: 10% Elastane, Shell back 100% Polyester. Water/wind resistant, breathable, tough wearing, insulative, hi-tech 4 ways stretch (up - down & left - right).
BRANDING: Taubmans logo embroidered on left hand chest and White Knight logo embroidered on right hand chest. PPG logo embroidered on the centre back collar.
DELIVERY: Available stock dispatched within 1-2 days from receipt of order. Back orders are usually dispatched within 10 working days from receipt of order.
UOM: Garments arrive individually folded and poly bagged.


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The Gentle Axe (Hardcover)
Penguin Press HC, The, 9781594201127, 320pp.
Publication Date: March 22, 2007
Fresh off the case of a deranged student who murdered his landlady, noted police investigator Porfiry Petrovich barely takes a breath before a bizarre and very grisly double murder lands him back on the streets of the tsarist St. Petersburg he knows all too well. The sardonic sleuth follows a trail from the drinking dens of the Haymarket district to an altogether more genteel stratum of society-a hunt that leads him to a conclusion even he will find shocking. In the tradition of such first-rate historical novels such as The Alienist and The Dante Club, The Gentle Axe is atmospheric and tense storytelling from its dramatic opening to its stunning climax.


Lattice Network Coding Over Finite Rings
Lattice network coding is recently proposed as a practical implementation of Nazer-Gastpar's Compute-and-Forward relaying strategy. Previous investigation of lattice network coding is mainly over finite fields. In this paper, the authors extend lattice network coding from finite fields to finite rings. In addition to having its own theoretical interest, this extension provides an alternative viewpoint of Nazer-Gastpar's relaying strategy and this extension expands the design space of lattice network codes. In particular, they show that this extension enables the use of complex Construction D to design lattice network codes, leading to potentially higher encoder rates.


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Methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine side effects
Hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial, exerts disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid effects by interfering with the binding of complement to immune complexes. loss of appetite. said. I now take the methotrexate methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine side effects each Friday, then folic acid all other days. I started taking it last February annd it work with very mild side effects. headaches. The current methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine side effects analysis showed that psychiatric aspects such as depression, anxiety and even suicide ideation, may differ between groups of patients with arthritis according to the drug used, serving as an alert to the importance of considering also this factors in therapeutic decisions Jan 29, 2019 · Trexall (methotrexate) is an antimetabolite drug that is used to treat some cancers, severe skin diseases such as severe psoriasis, and to treat forms of rheumatoid arthritis.Trexall is available in generic form as methotrexate. stomach cramps. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. The more common side effects that can occur with hydroxychloroquine include: headache; dizziness; diarrhea; stomach cramps; vomiting; Mild side effects may go away within. hives. This study is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 23,242 people who take Methotrexate and Plaquenil from Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is updated regularly. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Comparison of Plaquenil and methotrexate is difficult. Both drugs are very well tolerated and have different side effects, but if you have other medical problems, one drug might be better for you and you should discuss this with your rheumatologist Side effects can be serious and may include low blood counts that increase risk of infection. hair loss Like all medications, there is the risk of side effects. Call your doctor immediately or get emergency medical help if you experience any of the following serious side effects: Any vision problems, such as reading difficulties, sensitivity to light, seeing light flashes or streaks, blurred distance vision, or other issues Hearing problems,. minor hair loss and hair thinning. Some people experience no side effects to suddenly stopping taking this medication, but it does have the potential for creating an intense RA flare. Black, tarry stools blood in the urine or stools bloody vomit diarrhea joint pain reddening of the skin sores in the mouth or lips stomach pain swelling of the feet or lower legs Less common. Hydroxychloroquine may cause side effects. Hydroxychloroquine side effects may range from mild to severe, although some side effects may go away with time. It’s currently recommended that all patients on low-dose methotrexate take folic acid (1 mg a day) to help offset potential side effects that come with taking methotrexate. Patients using leflunomide showed less mental health impairment than other groups Methotrexate (Rasuvo, Otrexup) is a self-injectable solution used to treat psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 29 patients were randomly allocated to receive either 15 mg methotrexate/week or 200 mg hydroxychloroquine twice a day for 6 months. Since Arava is known to cause harm to fetuses, women must take special precautions to prevent pregnancy Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine.
Chloroquine phosphate side effects, methotrexate effects hydroxychloroquine side and
Skin rash. On eHealthMe, you can evaluate side effects and drug interactions from 15 million FDA reports Mar 01, 2006 · Hi Everyone, I went to my Rheumatologist last week. Learn about side effects, warnings, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine side effects dosage, and more Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: arm/leg/back pain, fast heartbeat, hair loss/color change, mental/mood changes (e.g., anxiety, depression, hallucinations), ringing in the ears/hearing loss, worsening of skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis).This medication may infrequently cause serious …. Taking hydroxychloroquine long-term or at high doses may cause irreversible damage to the retina of your eye In defense of your ophthalmologist, the eye problems with Plaqueni, although rare are dose related. Sometimes, Arava causes diarrhea and can't be used. Yes, Methotrexate is a "chemo" drug, but it is also widely used in autoimmune disorders to get the disease settled down and under control. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been used to treat. feeling sick (nausea) or indigestion. On eHealthMe, you can evaluate side effects and drug interactions from 15 million FDA reports RARE side effects. However, in some people hydroxychloroquine can cause: skin rashes, especially those made worse by sunlight; feeling sick (nausea) or indigestion; diarrhoea; headaches; bleaching of the hair or mild hair loss; tinnitus (ringing in the ears) visual problems Side Effects: See the full hydroxychloroquine side effects document. The New Zealand Dermatological Society recommends that methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine side effects to decrease the risk of retina damage, no more than 200mg of Plaquenil should be taken a day, and a dose of 400mg per day should be taken no longer than a few weeks Hydroxychloroquine side effects may vary greatly from very mild side effects that go away with time to severe side effects like eye damage, ear damage, or heart problems. Risks: Hydroxychloroquine has few side effects, but nausea and diarrhea may occur when you first start taking the drug. Jul 21, 2011 · The present study was conducted to study the efficacy and toxicity profile of methotrexate chloroquine combination in treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. Acute Pustular Eruptions On Skin. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Although all risk cannot be excluded, it remains a treatment for rheumatic disease during pregnancy. stomach pain. Compare head-to-head ratings, side effects, warnings, dosages, interactions and patient reviews Benefits: Hydroxychloroquine is a relatively safe medicine that is used to treat mild rheumatoid arthritis. Decreased Blood …. The results are personalized to your gender and age (0-99+) In rare cases, hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) can have side effects that affect the eyes, so people who take this medicine should see an ophthalmologist at least once a year This study is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 23,242 people who take Methotrexate and Plaquenil from Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is updated regularly. It is also used for complications of lupus. It is a drug that must be monitored closely by a patient’s physician. Methotrexate can sometimes cause side effects, which may include: feeling sick. Hyponatremia is found among people who take Hydroxychloroquine sulfate, especially for people who are female, 60+ old also take medication Methotrexate, and have Breast cancer. According to the American College of Rheumatology, hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), is a “disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD),” meaning that it helps reduce the pain and swelling that come with arthritis. I would appreciate any. Rheumatoid arthritis Methotrexate. Feb 19, 2020 · Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Less common side effects include skin rashes, hair thinning, and weakness. nausea. Nov 09, 2018 · Common side effects may include: headache, dizziness, ringing in your ears; nausea, vomiting, stomach pain; loss of appetite, weight loss; mood changes, feeling nervous or irritable; skin rash or itching; or. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about. Methotrexate: side effect and effectiveness https://www.ehealthme.com/gdc/plaquenil-vs-methotrexate Oct 02, 2019 · We compare the side effects and drug effectiveness of Plaquenil and Methotrexate. The plaquenil took about 3-4 months to become effective, which is normal according to everything I've read. CONCLUSION: Combined basic therapy of RA with methotrexate and plaquenil was more effective than monotherapy with methotrexate because it produced good effects more frequently and earlier while no response was seen less often Hydroxychloroquine may cause side effects. Increased side effects can include upset stomach, hair loss, tiredness, weakness, and dizziness. The action of hydroxychloroquine is cumulative and may require weeks to months to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ). On eHealthMe, you can evaluate side effects and drug interactions from 16 million FDA reports These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine.

domain: medical


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I'm (a) too clumsy and (b) too much of a wuss to attempt waxing the Lady Garden myself on a regular basis, so I don't begrudge the pros a penny of their prices for the task.
Underarm waxing, however, is a different story. At as much as €20 a pop in some Dublin establishments, my first ever professional underarm wax was also my last. For such small, fairly flat and relatively accessible regions, I decided to take my chances with a home kit, ta! After lots of research and some frustrating trial and error (do those Veet strips work for anyone?!), a Wax-cellence hot wax set was procured from the good people at HQhair and is pressed into action on a very regular basis. You basically heat the wax in a bain marie (or "saucepan full of hot water"), apply directly to the skin, allow to harden a bit, and remove with a flick of the wrist. Easy!
This kit is actually manufactured by top Australian waxing gurus Lycon, who also make the waxes used by salons such as Brazilia. Just like its professional equivalents, Wax-cellence is formulated with aromatherapy ingredients, shrink wraps hair to make easy work of removing even short, coarse or stubborn hair, and there's also a pre- and post-wax cleansing and treatment system to soothe the skin and prevent wax from sticking to it.
Oh, and to make those pennies stretch even further, the accompanying instruction leaflet says that the wax is reusable! Just keep all the used, hairy bits of wax, re-melt them in an old container, and then... simply strain the wax back into its original enamel mug through something like a pair of tights.

domain: hobby