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This week I visit Eric Aleman, owner of the storied King of Kings Barber Shop in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. I’ve been going to him for a couple years and it’s always an odyssey which begins on my scalp and ends in my heart.
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He’s not only a really solid barber, he’s also a talented lyricist, hip-hop artist/ whatever you want to call it. He’s a founding member of BLKLYST. Who you can check out playing at Littlefield’s or here on youtube.
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text:
#acoustic, female vocalists, singer-songwriter, alternative, indie folk
ConcertWith.Me is a resale marketplace. Ticket prices may be above or below face value.
Oh no! There aren’t any events
About Kimberly Freeman
Austin Texas singer-songwriter Kimberly Freeman was born in Columbus, Ohio on June 2, 1981 to Linda and Rees Freeman. She started playing guitar in 2004 and started rock and roll group, "Ghetto Princess" in 2005. Freeman moved the group to Austin and renamed it, "One-Eyed Doll" in 2007 with the release of the band's debut album, "Hole". Freeman's full-length discography includes the following:
Ghetto Princess 2005 (Ghetto Princess)
Fat with an, "F" 2005 (Kimberly Freeman)

domain: artistic


text:
95% of the ocean is unexplored. The vastness is incredible. There are animals that travel thousands of miles alone in nothingness. The journey is unimaginable. The ocean is space on earth. A beautiful mystery recreated in aquariums. 97% of Earth is ocean. The truth is, we take it for granted. It’s crumbling around us. But that’s not what we see. We see what they want us to see; controlled beauty.
No Limits Published April 14, 2014

domain: geography


text:
US 6377341 B1
An apparatus and method for on-column analysis in flash chromatography. The detection scheme utilizes refractive index changes as analytes move through an illuminated region of a chromatography column. The column packing material is a diffuse scattering medium when the refractive index of the solvent is significantly different than that of the packing material. The magnitude of the signal depends on the degree to which the refractive index mismatch is changed as an analyte passes through the illuminated region. This detection scheme provides a simple, inexpensive means for monitoring the end of a flash chromatography column to determine the exit time of the species of interest, thus greatly reducing the post-column analysis time. Additionally, the detector is movable along the length of the column, offering the potential to monitor separations as they occur.
1. An apparatus for detecting analytes in a chromatography column, the column containing a stationary solid chromatography packing material and a liquid eluent, the apparatus comprising:
a light source positioned adjacent to the column; and
a light detector positioned adjacent to the column, wherein the detector is substantially coplanar with and spaced apart radially from the light source, wherein the detector is responsive to changes in the intensity of light emanating from the source and scattered by the packing material in the column and measures radiation intensity variations due to differences between the refractive index of the packing material/liquid eluent and the analyte;
wherein the measured signal is inversely related to the refractive index difference.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
at least one additional light source positioned adjacent to the column; and
at least one additional light detector corresponding to each additional light source and positioned adjacent to the column and spaced apart radially from the additional light source, wherein each detector is responsive to changes in the intensity of light emanating from the corresponding additional light source and scattered by the packing material in the column.
16. The apparatus of
at least one additional light detector positioned adjacent to the column and spaced apart radially from the light source and the light detector in a substantially planar arrangement.
17. An apparatus for detecting analytes in a chromatography column containing a stationary solid chromatography packing material and a liquid eluent, the apparatus comprising:
a light source positioned adjacent to the column; and
means for detecting variations in light scattered by the packing material/liquid eluent/analyte as the fluid solution passes through the column, the means for detecting being positioned less than 180 degrees from the light source relative to the column.
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
20. The apparatus of
21. The apparatus of
22. The apparatus of
23. A method for detecting the presence of an analyte in a chromatography column containing a stationary solid particulate chromatography packing material, the method comprising:
measuring the variations in the intensity of light scattered by the packing material/eluent/analyte combination that is inversely related to the difference in packing material/eluent and analyte refractive index.
24. The method of
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. The method of
moving the source and detector longitudinally along the column to monitor progress of the eluent inside the column.
28. The method of
measuring the variations in the intensity of light scattered by the packing material at a plurality of locations adjacent to the column.
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
monitoring variations in the intensity of the scattered light over a time interval.
32. The method of
33. The method of
34. The method of
35. A system for column chromatography, comprising:
a chromatography column, the column containing a stationary solid chromatography packing material and a liquid eluent;
a substantially monochromatic light source positioned adjacent to the column; and
a light detector positioned adjacent to the column, wherein the detector is substantially coplanar with and spaced apart radially with the light source at an angle less than 180 degrees relative to the column, wherein the detector is responsive to changes in the intensity of light emanating from the source and scattered by the packing material in the column.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related generally to detectors for use in liquid chromatography, and more particularly to an on-column detector utilizing variations in intensity of scattered light in the column arising from variations in the eluent refractive index as the eluent passes through the column.
2. Description of Related Art
Flash and gravity-fed chromatography are simple, commonly used preparative techniques for the separation of liquids, such as might be found in chemical reaction mixtures. A hollow column is packed with a solid particulate material, and a liquid eluent containing two or more components is caused to flow through the column. Gravity and/or compressed air may be used to enhance the flow rate. As the solution flows through the column, the components are differentially adsorbed onto and released from the particle surfaces, resulting in separation of the components from each other. Different volume fractions of the eluent can be collected after they exit the column, with each volume fraction enriched in one or more components and depleted in the other components relative to the eluent that enters the column.
The particulate packing material is selected to have different binding affinities for the solvent and the different dissolved species. Common packing materials include particles of silica gel or alumina. A typical particle size for silica gel is 60-200 mesh, or 75-250 μm diameter.
Frequently, glass columns are used for flash chromatography. The glass column containing the packing material allows for visualization of colored compounds as they are eluted from the column. However, because most separations involve non-colored compounds, products are typically isolated by collecting numerous fractions after the eluent exits the column and analyzing the fractions. Post-column analysis usually involves tedious evaluation of often more than a dozen fractions by thin layer chromatography.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column to provide the operator with the information necessary to collect only eluent fractions that contain compounds of interest.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an easily portable apparatus for monitoring a chromatography column.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column wherein the apparatus and method are useful with a wide range of compounds, including compounds that are substantially non-absorbing over the range of visible wavelengths.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column that are useful over a wide range of separation conditions. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column that are useful over a wide range of column sizes.
It is yet a furher object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column that is inexpensive to construct.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for monitoring a chromatography column that is simple to use.
To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention broadly described herein, one embodiment of this invention comprises an apparatus for detecting liquids in a chromatography column which contains a stationary solid chromatography packing material and a liquid eluent. The apparatus comprises a light source positioned adjacent to the column and a light detector positioned adjacent to the column. The detector is substantially coplanar with and spaced apart radially from the light source, and the detector is responsive to changes in the intensity of light emanating from the source and scattered by the packing material in the column. The changes in light intensity may be caused by changes in the refractive index of the liquid eluent. The source and detector may be positioned at substantially the same height on the column and spaced apart radially at an angle between about 0 and about 180 degrees, preferably between about 90 and about 180 degrees. The light emanating from the source is substantially monochromatic, and the detector is capable of detecting light at the wavelength produced by the source. Preferably, the light source is a laser, and the detector is a photodiode. The apparatus is suitable for use with forms of liquid chromatograpy where the packing material scatters light. The apparatus is particularly suitable for use in monitoring flash chromatography and gravity-fed chromatograpy. Multiple detectors may be used with a single light source, spaced apart radially from each other. Also, one or more additional combinations of a light source and a detector may be positioned along the column.
Another embodiment of the present invention comprises an apparatus for detecting fluids in a chromatography column which contains a stationary solid chromatography packing material and a liquid eluent. The apparatus comprises a light source positioned adjacent to the column and a means for detecting variations in light scattered by the packing material as the fluid solution passes through the column. The amount of light scattered depends upon the difference between the refractive index of an eluent and the packing material. Preferably, the means for detecting light variations is a photodiode detector. The apparatus may also comprise means for collecting and storing data relating to the detected variations in light, such as an analog-to-digital converter and a microprocessor or a computer. In addition, some light variations may be due to light absorption by the eluent.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention comprises a method for detecting the presence of a liquid eluent in a chromatography column containing a stationary solid particulate chromatography packing material. The method comprises measuring the variations in the intensity of light scattered by the packing material. The variations in light intensity may be caused by variations in the refractive index of the eluent. The variations in light intensity may be measured using a light source and a detector positioned adjacent to the column, and the light source and the detector are spaced apart radially from each other, and the source and the detector may be moved longitudinally along the column to monitor progress of the eluent inside the column. Measurements may be made at a plurality of locations adjacent to the column, possibly using multiple light sources and detectors spaced along the column, with each detector spaced apart radially from a light source. The method may comprise the additional step of monitoring variations in the intensity of the scattered light over a time interval. The light should be substantially monochromatic and, preferably, the liquid, the column, and the packing material are substantially transparent to light at the wavelength produced by the source. Also preferably, the light has a wavelength in the visible range.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where:
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a detector system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a digital photograph of an instrument in accordance with the present invention mounted onto a glass column packed with silica particles and filled with water;
FIG. 2B is a digital photograph of the same instrument and column shown in FIG. 1a, but the solvent is chloroform;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the signal intensity as a function of time for the instrument shown in FIG. 1 as the solvent changes from ethyl acetate to methanol;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the signal intensity vs time for 120 mg of NiCl2·6H2O(%T =3%) eluted with water for two source/detector positions on the column;
FIG. 5 is a graph of signal intensity as a function of the difference in refractive index between the packing material and the solvent surrounding the packing material in a column for seven solvents and source/detector geometries of 90 and 180 degrees;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the signal intensity as a function of the angle between the source and detector for ethyl acetate (filled circles), acetonitrile (open circles), and water (open squares); and
FIG. 7 is a graph containing sample chromatograms for ethyl acetoacetate eluted with ethyl acetate, wherein the various curves correspond to different quantities of ethyl acetoacetate added to the top of the column.
On-column detection for preparative chromatography offers several advantages over conventional post-column detection methods, including the potential for automation of fraction collection. Multiple point on-column detection has been used to study column efficiency, capacity factors, and boundary profiles, as described in Broyles, B. S.; Shalliker, R. A.; Cherrak, D. E.; Guiochon, G. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 822, 173-187; Shalliker, R. A.; Broyles, B. S.; Guiochon, G. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 826, 1-13; Rowlen, K. L.; Duell, K. A.; Avery, J. P.; Birks, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 575-579; Rowlen, K. L.; Duell, K. A.; Avery, J. P.; Birks, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 2624-2630; Brumbaugh, E. E.; Ackers, G. K. J. Biol. Chem. 1968, 243, 6315-6324; Jones, M. M.; Harvey, G. A.; Ackers, G. K. Biophys. Chem. 1976, 5, 327-337; and Grothusen, J. R.; Zimmerman, J. K. Biophys. Chem. 1984, 20, 299-304, all of which are incorporated herein by refererence in their entirety.
In accordance with the present invention, a refractive index instrument can be mounted directly on a chromatography column at various positions along the column to monitor a chromatographic separation. The system in accordance with the present invention is simple to use and inexpensive. It can be used with a wide range of solvents and analytes, limited only by the conditions that the packing material and the solvent must be sufficiently transparent that light can be transmitted through the column, and that each analyte must have a different refractive index from the solvent.
The present invention relies on the observation that the packing materials used in liquid column chromatography frequently are particles of silica gel or alumina which are large enough to scatter visible light efficiently; a typical particle size for silica gel is 60-200 mesh, or 75-250 μm diameter. The magnitude and direction of light scattering by the particles in the column depend upon the refractive indices of the particles and the surrounding solution, as well as roughness features of the surfaces of the particles, as described in Hapke, B. Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that the extent of light scattering through a packed column can be monitored to detect analytes. The magnitude of the signal is related to the degree to which the refractive index of the solvent, in combination with any dissolved analyte that may be present, matches that of the packing material. For example, if the refractive index of the solvent is significantly different than that of the particles, the light beam is diffusely scattered by the surfaces of the packing material particles. Conversely, if the refractive index of the solvent exactly matches the refractive index of the particles, non-absorbing particles appear to be transparent to a non-absorbed light beam traveling directly through the column. Because the signal is dependent primarily on the solvent's refractive index, a detector based on this approach can be used to detect most organic molecules and many dissolved inorganic species.
A schematic drawing of one embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. The apparatus 10 comprises a light source 12 and a light detector 14. Source 12 and detector 14 are positioned adjacent to a chromatography column 16. Light source 12 and detector 14 are each connected to a light-weight power supply 18 and 20, respectively, via power cables 22 and 24, respectively, and detector 14 is also connected to an analog-to-digital converter 26 via data cable 28. Alternatively, a single power supply could be used to provide power for both the source 12 and the detector 14. Light source 12 should provide substantially monochromatic light which is, preferably, collimated and directed toward the column 16. The power and data cables 22, 24, and 28 may be sufficiently long to allow the source and detector to be separated physically from the power supplies and the analog-to-digital converter as required by the particular site where the instrument is used. For example, the column 16, light source 12, and detector 14 may be placed inside a fume hood, with the power supplies and the ananlog-to-digital converter in a more accessible location outside the fume hood. The analog-to-digital converter serves as an interface to a data collection and recording device 30, such as a personal computer or a simple microprocessor/display device. Any other suitable means of data collection and recording known in the art may be used. The apparatus may also include appropriate circuitry, as is known in the art, to stabilize the light source and the detector and to amplify the signal produced by the detector.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are digital images of an apparatus 100 including the features shown in FIG. 1. The apparatus 100 comprises two compartments 110 and 112 housing a diode laser light source and a photodiode detector, respectively. As shown in FIG. 2, the compartments 110 and 112 are made from anodized aluminum and are identical in size; however, they could be made from any suitable material, and they could have different sizes. It should be noted that the compartments are not essential features of the invention. They function to protect the light source and detector and to prevent stray light from reaching the detector. The compartments 110 and 112 are mounted to a short (10 cm) 2.5 cm diameter glass column 114 equipped with a stopcock 116. Although column 114 is a representative flash column, other size columns could be used. However, the column should be made of a material that is transparent to the wavelength of light used. Alternatively, the column could be provided with transparent windows at desired locations. The column 114, as shown in FIG. 2, is packed with silica gel 118 (60-200 mesh, Mallinckrodt, Paris, Ky.) supported on a plug of glass wool 120 at the stopcock 116. Compressed air may be used to force solvent through the column.
Compartment 110 has dimensions of 2.8 cm×2.2 cm×5.6 cm. Wall 122, adjacent to column 114, has a 0.2 cm diameter aperture 124, allowing the entire beam output by the laser to be transmitted to the column 114. Other aperture sizes could be used, depending on the cross section of the beam. The laser of the instrument shown in FIG. 2 has maximum emission at 660 nm and maximum power of 5 mW (Model #M6605 from NVG, Inc., Hazlehurst, Ga.) with a 3.3 V (±5%) power supply. A 660 nm laser source was chosen because it is inexpensive and light weight, and the wavelength is not likely to be absorbed by most organic molecules. However, any wavelength that is not strongly absorbed by either the column or the packing material could be used. Light having a wavelength in the visible range is preferred, because glass columns and many solvents and analytes do not absorb light significantly in the visible range. Many solvents and analytes absorb in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, as does glass, which is commonly used for columns.
A 0.06 cm diameter aperture 126 in the wall 128 of the detector compartment 112 adjacent to the column 114 minimizes background light at the photodiode. A cut-off filter (not shown) may be used between the detector compartment and column to reduce background light. For example, the filter used in the instrument of FIG. 2 allows less than 0.1% transmission at 200-600 nm and 82.8% transmission at 660 nm. Preferably, the detector should detect light having wavelengths in the visible range to facilitate detection of a large number of analytes. A suitable photodiode detector, used in the instrument of FIG. 2, is manufactured by Hamamatsu, part number S1226-8BK. This photodiode has a 5 V±5% reverse bias and detects light from 320 to 1000 nm, with the peak sensitivity to light at approximately 660 nm. Other types of detectors, known in the art, could be used. The detector should be sensitive to light of the wavelength produced by the source.
The laser and detector compartments 110 and 112 are mounted onto the glass column 114 with metal clips 130 and 132, which can be made at the appropriate size for the column utilized or which can be made in a manner that allows the size to be changed easily. The clips 130 and 132 permit the laser and detector compartments 110 and 112 to be rotated around the column 114. The light source and detector can thus be positioned at any desired angle relative to each other, limited only by the sizes of the compartments, and both compartments may be moved up and down the length of the column. It should be noted that the light source and detector may be mounted directly onto a column by any other suitable means, or they may be positioned adjacent to the column. To maximize the amount of light detected through the aperture 126, compartments 112 and 114 should be positioned at approximately the same height on the column 114, as illustrated.
The laser is connected to a light-weight power supply, not shown, by power cable 134, and detector is connected to a light-weight power supply and to an analog-to-digital converter via power/data cable 136. The analog-to-digital converter serves as an interface to a personal computer, used for data collection. A suitable commercially available analog-to-digital converter is the Blue Earth Micro 485, available from Blue Earth Research, Mankato, Minn. Any other suitable means of data collection known in the art may be used, such as a simple microprocessor/display.
In the following discussion, np refers to the refractive index of a particulate packing material, ns refers to the refractive index of a solvent, and na refers to the refractive index of an analyte. The refractive index of various materials at 589.32 nm (sodium D line) is denoted nD. The values of all refractive indices presented in the following discussion are nD, taken from Lide, D. R., Editor CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1992.
The following discussion refers to a number of chemicals. Ethyl acetoacetate (99+%) was obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.), and salicylic acid (Reagent Grade) was obtained from Matheson, Coleman, & Bell. Technical grade nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, N.J.). All other chemicals were ACS certified and obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), with the exception of distilled water.
In the solvent based studies described below, a solvent was flushed through the packed column until a constant baseline was obtained, at which point the solvent was considered to be equilibrated with the column. An acceptable baseline exhibited a drift of≦1% over a 5 minute period and noise of≦±3 mV. When studying the instrument response to eluting analytes, the column was first equilibrated with the indicated solvent, followed by elution of the analyte by the solvent. Unless otherwise stated, the detection unit was positioned approximately 6 cm from the top of the column. This position was arbitrarily chosen; the detector unit may be positioned at any point along the length of the column. Although not always true for flash chromatography, it was noted that for the amounts of analyte loaded onto the column in this study, the peaks were generally Gaussian in shape. Therefore, peak areas and heights were obtained from Gaussian fits to the data using GRAMS/32 (ver. 4.01, Galactic Industries Corporation).
When the apparatus 100 is turned on, light from the source in compartment 110 passes through the aperture 124 and the packing material 118 in column 114 and is detected by the detector in compartment 112. The quantity of light scattered depends upon the difference between the refractive indices of the packing material and the solvent in the column. Therefore, the quantity of light detected is also a function of the difference between the refractive indices. Silica gel has a refractive index (np) of about 1.55. In FIG. 2A, the solvent is water (ns=1.333), which leads to diffuse scattering of the beam. In FIG. 2B, the solvent is chloroform (ns=1.446), which leads to forward scattering; in fact, only a small portion of light scattered at the glass interface can be seen on the right side of the column. The solvent may include one or more dissolved analytes which are passing through the column, so the refractive index of the solvent and the detected light intensity may vary as a fumction of quantity of the analyte or analytes present.
If desired, the photodiode response can be calibrated by attenuating the beam to varying degrees through solutions of an absorbing dye, such as green food coloring, placed in a glass cuvette. The detector signal in mV can be measured as a function of the percent transmission (% T) for each solution. The amount of light reaching the detector can be estimated from the % T of the solution, the laser spot size (assuming uniform intensity), the amount of light lost at the glass cuvette surfaces (4% per surface), and the detector aperture size.
To quantify the amount of light that actually passed through the center of the column 114 and not around the glass edges, a 5.0 mL volume of an optically thick dye (green food coloring) was eluted through the column with water. The undiluted dye had a transmittance of 0.013% T at 660 nm. The signal obtained with the dye moving through the detection zone was 9 mV. The dark noise was measured to be 7±1 mV; therefore only 2 mV can be attributed to light reaching the detector. The signal was plotted as a function of mW of light reaching the detector to provide a calibration curve for the detector. Based on the calibration curve, it was estimated that 2 mV corresponds to 0.4% of light reaching the detector without passing through the column for a typical 0.5 V signal. Because the observed signals, such as those in FIGS. 3-7, are generally in the range of tenths of a volt to several volts, it is unlikely that the signal is affected significantly by light scattering around the glass edges rather than through the column bed.
The amount of light exiting the column at any angle from the source direction is dependent on the refractive index of both the packing material and the solvent or solution between the light source and the detector, so the magnitude of the baseline signal depends on the solvent used. As an example, the change in signal when the solvent was switched from ethyl acetate to methanol is shown in FIG. 3, with the source and detector positioned 180 degrees apart from each other, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The detector signal is defined as the baseline voltage achieved once the column is equilibrated with solvent. The detector signal decreases by ˜300 mV as methanol displaces ethyl acetate in the column. This behavior can be rationalized by considering that the refractive index of ethyl acetate (ns=1.370) more closely matches that of the silica (np˜1.55) than the refractive index of methanol (ns=1.326) does.
The 180 degree source/detector geometry can also be used to detect absorbance of an analyte. Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O) was chosen as a model absorbing analyte. A 0.25 M solution in water had an absorption of 0.4552 at 660 nm. Absorbance measurements were made with an HP model 8452A Diode Array Spectrometer (Hewlett-Packard, Wilmington, Del.). 120 mg of NiCl2·6H2O(% T≈3%) was eluted in a column with water. The chromatographic peaks detected in the column are shown in FIG. 4. In this case, the signal reaching the detector decreased due to absorption of the light beam, indicated by the inverted peaks. The inverted peak on the left was monitored with the source and detector positioned 2 cm from the top of the column and the inverted peak on the right with the source and detector positioned at 6 cm from the top.
The magnitude of the baseline signal also depends on the source/detector geometry. To determine the excitation/detection geometry that resulted in the largest change in signal for a given mismatch in refractive index, the magnitude of the signal was measured with the detector at 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and at 10 degree intervals between 90 and 180 degrees. Various solvents were flushed through the column.
The signal was monitored with the detector and laser positioned in a 90 degree geometry and a 180 degree geometry for nine different solvents. FIG. 5 shows the measured trend in signal as a function of the difference in nD for the silica and solvent for both the 90 degree (open circles) and 180 degree (filled circles) geometries. The seven data points, from left-to-right, correspond to the following solvents: hexanes, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, water and methanol. Two additional solvents, chloroform and ethyl acetoacetate matched the packing material's refractive index well enough to saturate the detector. As the refractive index of the solvent approached that of the silica, the signal for the 90 degree geometry decreased slightly while the signal for the 180 degree geometry increased dramatically. Thus, the 180 degree geometry was found to be more sensitive to changes in the solvent refractive index.
The data in FIG. 5 suggest two specific scattering regimes: one in which the refractive index mismatch is large and the particles are a diffusely scattering, or Lambert surface, (Hapke, B. Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1993, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and another in which the refractive index mismatch is small and light is scattered primarily in the forward direction. These extreme cases are demonstrated in FIG. 3; the solvent in (A) is water (ns=1.333) and the solvent in (B) is chloroform (ns=1.446). One would predict an intermediate case in which the light is scattered nearly isotropically.
Further evidence for the transition between two distinct scattering conditions, diffuse and forward, was obtained by probing the angular dependence of the scattering signal. By systematically varying the angle between the source and detector (between 90 and 180 degrees), the angular dependence of scattering was mapped out for three solvents, water, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate. As observed in FIG. 6, for the larger refractive index mismatch between the solvent and packing material (water as solvent, ns=1.333, open squares) the detector signal is largest in the 90 degree geometry and decreases as the detector is positioned in the forward scattering direction. At an intermediate mismatch in refractive index (acetonitrile, ns=1.342, open circles) the signal is reasonably constant at all angles, suggesting isotropic scattering (at least in the forward hemisphere). With a better match between the solvent (ethyl acetate, ns=1.370, filled circles) and packing material, the signal increases as the detector is moved from the 90 degree geometry to the 180 degree geometry, suggesting primarily forward scattering. The range for 2 measurements represents the variation due to repositioning the detector and laser compartments on the column. The average relative error associated with removal of the instrument and repacking the column is much higher (on the order of 20%). Such large error is associated with variables such as repacking the column, readjusting the source and detector, and variability in the laser power.
As indicated in both FIGS. 5 and 6, the cross-over refractive index for the two scattering conditions appears to be ˜1.34. For this particular system, 1.34 is the solvent refractive index for which light is scattered equally at both 90 degrees and 180 degrees from the source.
To better understand the observed trends in signal as a function of solvent/analyte refractive index, studies were conducted to develop an empirical model that qualitatively describes the observed trends.
The peak height was measured as a function of analyte mass for a non-absorbing analyte, ethyl acetoacetate, to determine the concentration response. The detector response was monitored at the same position on the column and therefore in the same volume. (Rowlen, K. L.; Duell, K. A.; Avery, J. P.; Birks, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 575-579.) FIG. 7 shows the transient peaks as the ethyl acetoacetate was eluted with ethyl acetate and passed through the detection zone; each has been shifted to an arbitrary time for the signal maximum. The various curves correspond to different quantities of ethyl acetoacetate added to the top of the column; from largest peak to smallest, the quantities of ethyl acetoacetate were 510.5 mg, 408.4 mg, 204.2 mg, and 102.1 mg, respectively. The source and detector were in a 180 degree geometry as shown in FIG. 2. As expected for flash chromatography, the peaks are broad.
It should be noted that for the anticipated application of the detector system of the present invention—monitoring near the end of the column in order to predict the exit time of a compound—it is important to have a qualitative understanding of the minimum amount of analyte detectable. However, quantitatative measurements of the analyte mass are not generally needed. As discussed in detail later, the sensitivity, or change in signal as a function of change in analyte concentration, is dependent on the refractive index of all three components, the packing material, the solvent, and the analyte, and may therefore be specified for only a particular system.
The lowest detected amounts for representative combinations of solvents and analytes are summarized in Table I. The limit of detection is approximately 20 mg for the specific non-absorbing compounds investigated with the particular instrument illustrated in FIG. 2 and described above, (5 mW source, 2.5 cm dia. silica-packed column). It is anticipated that tens of milligrams is a representative number, because the solvents listed in Table I are conunonly used for flash chromatography, and the analytes are representative. As summarized in Table I, the calibration curves are reasonably linear but do exhibit a slight degree of curvature.
It should be noted that, for applications such as flash chromatography, the sensitivity of the detector system may not be a critical issue because samples are often greater than milligram quantities. Once the system is set up with a light source having a suitable intensity, suitable aperture sizes, a suitable detector, and, if desired, suitable filters for a particular type and size of column and particular solvents and analytes used, the system does not need to be calibrated for each use to obtain qualitative results.
The limit of detection can be significantly improved over that indicated in Table I by optimizing the detector sensitivity. For the estimated light flux regime used in these studies, the photodiode had a response of ˜0.7 V per μW of laser power reaching the detector. For comparison, the detector exhibited a response of ˜4 V/μW at higher light fluxes.
The influence of several additional parameters on the results was considered. These parameters include the monitoring of materials at a wavelength other than the wavelength for which refractive indices (nD) are reported in the literature, as well as temperature and pressure effects on refractive index.
The reported refractive indices (nD) are strictly valid only at 589.32 nm. However, the refractive indices at the wavelength of interest here (660 nm) should be very similar to nD. For example, the refractive indices for water and chloroform at 660 nm differ from those at 589 nm by less than 0.5%. See Schiebener, P.; Straub, J.; Levelt Sengers, J. M. H.; Gallagher, J. S. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1990, 19, 677-715; and Valkai, S.; Liszi, J.; Szalai, I. J. Chem. Thernodyn. 1998, 30, 825-832, which are incorporated herein by reference.
Thermal fluctuations leading to fluctuations in the refractive index are well known to pose the primary limit to sensitive detection in standard refractive index detectors. The general rule is that the refractive index of an organic liquid changes by 4×10−4 units per degree. See, for example, Braithwaite, A.; Smith, F. J. Chromatographic Methods, 5th ed.; Blackie Academic and Professional: Glasgow, 1996; Chapter 6, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Because the instrument presented here in accordance with the present invention was designed for relatively high quantities of analyte (mg), normal laboratory temperature fluctuations were tolerable, and no temperature control was necessary. If the present invention were used in settings where the temperature differed significantly from ambient laboratory temperature, the refractive index variations attributable to temperature fluctuations should be minimal during a separation procedure conducted, if the separation is equilibrated to a given temperature.
Flash chromatography typically utilizes compressed air to speed up the flow of solvent through the column. While there are fluctuations in the pressure applied to the column during the course of a separation, the magnitude of the these pressure fluctuations results in negligible changes in refractive index of the solvent; the coefficient for refractive index changes is 4×10−5 per atmosphere. See, for example, Braithwaite, A.; Smith, F. J. Chromatographic Methods, 5th ed.; Blackie Academic and Professional: Glasgow, 1996; Chapter 6. However, the packing density of the stationary phase is more susceptible to changing pressure. Poorly packed columns, as determined by visual inspection, were sensitive to a change in pressure. For example, when the pressure was alternated between atmospheric and a pressure sufficient to forcefully disjoin a lid from the column, the signal permanently changed by as much as 11 mV. For a visually well packed column, the signal spiked up to 11 mV when the air flow was first applied, but returned to the baseline signal of ±3 mV within about 1 second. Compared to the 11 mV spike associated with an abrupt pressure change, the signal observed for an analyte near the limit of detection would have a similar change in the magnitude of the signal, but the peak would last for at least 30 seconds. Therefore, pressure changes are not likely to yield false positive peak detection.
The detector system may be positioned at any point along the length of the column, as indicated by the data in FIG. 4, and used to monitor the progress of a separation as one or more analytes pass the source and detector. In addition, the progress of the separation may be monitored by periodically repositioning the detection unit or by using multiple units spaced along the column. As expected due to broadening of an analyte band as it travels along the column, the peak width is narrower near the top of the column than near the bottom.
An apparatus according to the present invention, such as the apparatus shown in FIG. 2, is easily portable and can be constructed inexpensively from commercially available components. This type of apparatus can be used for monitoring chromatography columns of a wide range of sizes, with appropriate light source intensities and detector sensitivities. It can be used to monitor separations of a wide variety of liquids over a wide range of separation conditions. Also in accordance with the present invention, the system can be used to identify a liquid eluent having a predetermined composition by monitoring the signal until a detector response is observed that corresponds to the expected response for a liquid having the refractive index of the predetermined composition and passing through the illuminated region of the column.
The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and process shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to falling within the scope of the invention.

domain: chemistry


FREETOWN, Sierra Leone, June 15, 2012/African Press Organization (APO)/ -- I am deeply concerned about the detention by the Libyan government of four ICC staff while on mission in Libya. Intimidation of staff members of the institutions of the international criminal justice system while on official duty strikes at the heart of that system. The success of the Special Court for Sierra Leone owes much to the co-operation of the international community in respecting the Court's mandate, and accommodating the necessary privileges of the Court's personnel and the lawyers who practice before it.
The privileges and immunities of the detained ICC staff are essential to the performance of their mandated functions, as ordered by the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber on 27 April 2012, consistent with UN Security Council Resolution 1970. They must be permitted to exercise these functions without fear, harassment or intimidation.
I therefore join the Presidents of the ICC and the ICTY in calling for the immediate release of the ICC staff members.


text:
Michelle is an Australian designer and creative director working at the nexus of design, art and performance. With a background in contemporary dance, Michelle is interested in participatory design. As creative and visual director for the Unconscious Collective, she designs site specific and spatially unique installations and environments that evolve through audience interaction.
She has worked with MPavilion, NGV, Dark Mofo, MONA, State of Design (Melbourne), and Monash Gallery of Art. She is also one half of interdisciplinary design collaboration Brustman+Boyde, and Tasmanian editor for Garland Magazine.


text:
Punish offenders, not Catholic Church
What is the goal of extending the sex abuse window?
Is it to punish the Catholic Church? Perhaps to leave it in bankruptcy?
I agree with punishing offenders. But extending this window does not hit the nail on the head.
Let’s look at the story in a different light: Say that the offenders were top-ranking Girl Scout leaders. Changes were made, counseling, compensation, heads rolled.
But there are still older cases. Should we pursue them — demand more compensation from the Girl Scouts Organization? But whose money is it? Remember all those Girl Scout cookies.
Likewise, with the Catholic Church. Reforms have been made to avoid future problems, heads have rolled.
The church and its bishops recognize the responsibility, indeed the Christian obligation to help those who suffer.
But is bankrupting the church punishing the offenders — the individuals who committed the atrocious crimes?
Consider: the money comes not “from” but “through” the dioceses. The money is the sacrificial donations of many families and individuals.
Grace Y. Szwarc

domain: sociology


text:
Addressing media after the 7th India-US Economic and Financial Partnership meeting here, US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said both the countries are working together to promote growth and improve economic security.
NHAI plans to award 6,000 kilometres of roads in the current fiscal.
Public debt accounted for 89.5 per cent of total outstanding liabilities at the end of December 2018 with internal debt accounting for 83.3 per cent share.
Amid slow demand, reduction in debt was a positive news.
As per India’s NCRB, the no. of farmers committing suicide has actually been falling in recent years; fewer such deaths were recorded in 2016 compared to the past 16 years.
The appellate tribunal also rejected the claims of engineering and construction major L&T, an operational creditor of Bhushan Steel Ltd, opposing Tata Steel's resolution plan seeking a higher priority in debt resettlement.
Once completed, this could be one of the largest refinancing programme by a corporate this year to drastically cut down borrowing costs.
According to definitive agreements signed by the two European steel companies on Saturday, Tata Steel Europe will transfer Euro2.5 billion of its debt to the JV while thyssenkrupp will transfer ¤4 billion, which includes Euro 400 million of debt and the remaining unfunded pension liabilities.
The public issue will open on June 27 and closes July 20 with an option of early closure.
"It will be very interesting to see the outcome of the resolution exercise and what would be the real intent of the promoters in this case. It went through a legal turmoil, and everyone is keen to see whether it comes around or goes for liquidation," said Mamta Binani, a resolution professional and past president of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India.
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Maharasthra and Karnataka government have announced loan waiver this year.
34 new vehicles were purchased by the government for the officials of various boards and corporations while there are total 42 vehicles.
Steel Minister Birender Singh said in Lok Sabha that efforts are on by banks and Reserve Bank of India to restructure the loans given to the steel industry so that the loans could be recovered.
Amtek Auto, which had defaulted on bond payments last year, had earlier said that it is considering various options to cut its debt via sale of its non-core business and stake sale in overseas assets.
This sale will almost completely eliminate Faurecia’s debt. The Group will thus be able to accelerate investment in value added technologies for sustainable mobility and the cockpit of the future.
The LaPlace facility in Louisiana along with a rolling mill in Harriman (Tennessee) manufactures steel billets, flats, channels, angles and beams. The Vinton facility, located in El Paso in Texas produces rebar and grinding media.
The government is considering selling off Scooters India, four years aftera shelving a similar plan for the state-run manufacturer of Vikram three-wheelers.
The global commodities markets, including the aluminium industry, are going through a challenging phase as Chinese consumption slows down.
Amtek, which is on a drive to cut debt, has appointed Morgan Stanley to organise the sale of the maker of driveline components formerly known as Neumayer Tekfor.
This is a short-term issue that we are solving: John Flintham, Vice Chairman and Global CEO, Amtek Auto
The company is looking to sell-off some non-core businesses in India and abroad which would help to generate around $1 billion, informed John Flintham.

domain: news


text:
We grow our own food in a suburban village in the North East of England. Follow us as we keep up the battle to be self-sufficient.
Sunday, 16 November 2014
I had a number of apples that would not last much longer. So, a couple of days ago, I made them into chutney. 9 jars to be precise. This has left us with a large quantity of cores, peel and bashed apples to use up so tomorrow, I'll be using them to make spiced apple jelly.

domain: agronomy


text:
Learn about the popular animation library Greensock (GSAP) in these episodes.
Create Playful, Interactive Animations
Can we make our animations react to user input? We can! Cassie Evans will teach us how to use Greensock to create fun, interactive animations!
Animating a Smashburger SVG Using GSAP
In this solo stream, Jason tries to remember how GSAP works to animate a smashburger SVG.
Whimsical SVG Animations Using GSAP
One of the best ways to learn is to build things that make you smile. In this episode, Jhey Tompkins will teach us to build a playful SVG animation using Greensock.
Interactive SVG Animations Using Greensock
Animated SVGs add a touch of interactive whimsy and polish to our websites. In this episode, Cassie Evans will teach us how to use Greensock to create fun, engaging experiences!
Make Animations Feel Pro
When it comes to animation, there are a few tips & tricks that take them from “neat” to “HOLY WOW” animation master Sarah Drasner teaches us how to take our animations to the next level!


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Will you be having difficulty keeping up with the education loan money? Are you currently sick of investing an excessive amount of from inside the notice charges every week? If this sounds like how you feel, don’t get worried, you’re not by yourself. In the united states, the common pupil commonly graduate that have $33,000 from student loan loans. Even though you would land a high spending job proper aside of college or university, a critical percentage of your own month-to-month money will become heading to your financing debt.
If you’re struggling with your own student loan debt, call us to ascertain just how all of our competent class away from lawyers can help you obtain credit card debt relief. Call (877) 969-7482 now!
What forms of Education loan Circumstances Are you willing to Manage?
- Government College loans: Federal financing try directly managed. We are able to review the important points of one’s circumstances to choose the ideal technique for solving the debt.
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Can also be Bankruptcy Clear Education loan Debts?
It may be it is possible to to find a limited otherwise complete launch government otherwise individual education loan expenses due to bankruptcy proceeding, however it can be extremely difficult to do therefore. So you can be eligible for a student loans launch, you will need to show unnecessary adversity. What exactly comprises excessive adversity differs from courtroom to courtroom. The responsibility away from facts lays to you to possess exhibiting you can not feasibly pay back your own financing.
- You’ve got a handicap otherwise scientific point which is remaining you away from performing.
- You’re on a predetermined income without any probability of good paycheck increase.
- You’ve got family members relevant conditions that try keeping you against getting a full time income.
To try and release the student loans via bankruptcy, you should start by submitting an official problem toward bankruptcy court in which you will have to reveal that fees would bring about and excessive difficulty for your requirements.
Must i Eliminate My Student loan Personal debt?
Cutting education loan financial obligation is different than simply discharging other types regarding loans, that is the reason you have a skilled attorneys assess the information on their situation. We are able to make it easier to reduce your college student obligations financing payments additional away from case of bankruptcy. You have possibilities to you personally.
If you are the new prey off unfair strategies by the financial eg breach from offer or swindle, these defenses in order to payment are increased on the creditor’s Facts out of Claim of course you allow it to be do you really are obligated to pay absolutely nothing toward your debt.
Appearing Undue Difficulty
When you can prove that you have experienced “excessive adversity,” you are capable get student education loans forgiven. Make certain you prepare your situation that have extensive documents in order to assist perform a powerful argument for undue adversity.
Some papers that you’ll require to include to prove you is not able to look after a low standard of living:
- Tax statements
- Scientific details and you may costs when you yourself have a disability or medical updates
- Lender comments
- Credit card comments
Functions directly that have legal counsel to simply help ensure that you is actually able to get ready a strong circumstances with enough files.
Consult with The Student loan Attorney
At the Kostopoulos Case of bankruptcy Laws, the audience is dedicated to permitting website subscribers from inside the Oakland obtain relief from its pupil personal debt points. If you’re sick of providing phone calls away from loan companies, you ought to immediately consult with our very own lawyer to talk about the information of your own instance. We have the skills and you may experience that you need to make certain that your legal rights and you may welfare are fully safe. Call us today to talk about all your valuable options.

domain: law


I don’t see any particular reason to think this business of illicit snooping into Barack Obama’s passport records was some kind of administration plot. On the contrary, the fact that we’re hearing about it and the perpetrators are being punished suggests it weren’t. The administration dirty tricks plot, if there is one, would presumably involve its penchant for illegal electronic surveillance. Turning the spyglass on your political rivals has been the traditional use of oversight-free surveillance power in the United States and now that it’s back it wouldn’t exactly be shocking if we were to find out that the abuse is back, too.
And yet, nobody seems to want to talk about this aspect of the surveillance issue. It would, I think, be unserious to suggest that the Bush administration might abuse power in this way. To be sure, every administration for the period of four or five decades leading up to the Church Commission engaged in those kind of abuses to one degree or another but that doesn’t make it any less outrageous to accuse Bush of harboring those kind of ambitions.


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Def Leppard headlines the show at 7 p.m. April 18 at Van Andel Arena.
Tickets are $35-$125 and go on sale at 10 a.m. Saturday at the arena and DeVos Place box offices and at Ticketmaster.com.
Of course, there are a couple of pre-sales. Def Leppard fan club members can begin buying tickets today.
The Internet pre-sale begins at 10 a.m. Friday.
Go to the Ticketmaster Web site and follow the directions. But you will need a password.
Check back here Thursday, and I'll have the password for you.
By the way, the same Def Leppard/REO Speedwagon/Styx bill makes a stop at 7:30 p.m. April 19 at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit. Those tickets are $35-$75 and also go on sale at 10 a.m. Saturday through Ticketmaster and OlympiaEntertainment.com.
E-mail John Gonzalez: email@example.com

domain: entertainment


text:
Design proposal for the open competition for MOPAS (Museum Of Photographic Arts Seoul) - a collaboration between Nordic — Office of Architecture, Sang-Ji Architects, Abstract Drawing Centre and Lichtvision.
The concept is a blurred building conceived as a medium for light, ever changing in appearance as light conditions changes through the day, an institution which is not defined by shape but rather by how it interacts with light, both natural and artificial.
Being the last building in a row of formally expressive architecture, there is an opportunity to avoid distinct form, and rather create a “filter” between the existing buildings which responds to and compliments these through the shifting light conditions. The filter is made up of a forest of gently reflective columns, reflecting the surroundings and adopting the colours of light and as these change through the seasons and time of day and night.
The building is a rational stack of volumes, containing spaces for various exhibition halls and the operational program. The stack is slightly shifted according to the program, creating exterior space with the opportunity of introducing controlled daylight into the exhibition areas at selected points. The building is wrapped in prismatic glass to enhance the blurring of the volume in interaction with the exterior forest of columns.
Dark to Light
The main circulation element is at the centre of the building, a spiral staircase with a light funnel in the middle. This creates a journey through the museum going from dark to light as one proceeds through the levels. At the lowest level, where the intensity of natural light is most modest, still images are on display. As the intensity of light increases going up the building, the media evolves through motion pictures to digital and experimental content towards the top.
The exhibition halls are flexible column free “blank boxes” that can be adopted to a wide array of curatorial concepts. With the main vertical circulation in the middle, it is possible to operate the halls as one large continuous exhibition or as independent events. Each hall can easily be subdivided into smaller spaces or be combined.
The operational part of the museum is a rational stack towards the north. This contains deliveries, storage, set up areas, back of house program and circulation. At the top level, the exhibition area merges with the educational area, creating a stage for experimentation and interaction.
Lighting Design Concept
The lighting is an integral part of the architectural concept. Exterior light is used to activate the building at night, changing the appearance of the building in rhythm with the museum program. We have three main elements which singularly or in combination with each other alters the appearance and perception of the building from the subtle to the dramatic:
- Vertical lighting integrated into a dense yet permeable forest of columns enhances the illusion of a screen. The light reflects off the shiny non-lit columns and mirror-like ceiling, blurring the boundaries between inside and outside and hiding the building behind it. The column light is programmable and can alter in intensity and complexity.
- Once you enter the forest of columns, a 3D-LED-cube appears and invites to an immersive experience of light and perception, a play of focal point, depth of field, out of -focus & in-focus. The 3D-cube can be programmed with cinematic content, creating a focal point and attraction on its own.
- A LED media façade is integrated behind the u-glass facade. It is embedded into the fabric, context and content of the museum. Denser and with more pixels to show imagery at the south-east side of level 3 above the entrance, then dispersing slowly to either side for pixelated content, a glow of colour and slow movement. We envisage this element to reflect the content and exhibits of the museum. It is also a platform for artists to show their latest work. The façade can display elements of the local weather; clouds on a rainy night or storm when the wind is blowing.
The exterior lighting has the highest intensity on the southern façade, fading off towards the residential area to the north. The central feature is the exterior light funnel in the middle of the main circular staircase. At daytime this creates a gradual transition of light intensity as one moves up the building. At night, it is lit from the outside by a grid of LED lights, providing the possibility of both subtle lighting effects and artistic content as part of exhibitions. The interior lighting for the public spaces and exhibitions is simple, practical and visually reduced with a focus on flexibility for curatorial interventions.
Branding guidelines were developed by Abstract Drawing Center (a.d.c) based on the architectural concept.

domain: design


Last year saw new seatmakers bursting onto the scene, but this year was about refinements and development of the products they unveiled in 2016 — in partnership with industry stalwarts thirsty for innovation. Molon Labe, the startup seatmaker of the Side-Slip Seat, is one, and CEO Hank Scott tells Runway Girl Network what’s new and improved.
“Since we last saw you,” Scott says, the Side-Slip Seat has “passed product testing, and we made a couple of small changes to the design based on customer feedback from [the AIX Asia expo in Singapore]. The main one is we shortened the pan just about three quarters of an inch, which just made a little bit nicer accessibility when you go to really low pitches. And we worked on the reliability of the locking mechanism. We just wanted it to be a little bit smoother — it’s as smooth as butter. You’ve just got to be reliable as hell.”
Also now on offer: at-seat AC power, attached at an angle underneath the seat beam but with a tell-tale glowing light.
But with the Side-Slip Seat now on offer to airlines keen to make turnarounds faster, the next challenge is the Staggered Seat for longhaul or premium narrowbody operators, which Molon Labe started talking to RGN about in February.
The Staggered Seat enables airlines to minimise the discomfort of increasingly laterally dense seating rows by shifting alternate passengers downwards and backwards away from their neighbour, taking the all-important shoulder, elbow and hip touchpoints out of alignment with the next passenger, and increasing seat width of those staggered seats at the same time.
A side-benefit, and the reason why the seat had pride of place at the Panasonic Avionics stand, is that an 18” inflight entertainment screen can be installed on the seat that staggers, which will be the centre of a triple-set.
“We’re getting a lot of traction on that. A lot of interest from the larger airlines and the legacy guys,” Scott says. “The design philosophy there is we got together with Panasonic Avionics and BMW Designworks and said, alright, let’s see what they say.”
“We were surprised that we got the 18 inch monitor in. It was like, digitally it works, but it just no one can get their head around how it’s going to work, and it did. And so, the beauty of that is that on the long haul, like these legacy carriers, they are looking at getting in early on the design iterations,” Scott explains.
Compared with the Side-Slip seat, Scott notes, “it’s the same subframe, same substructure, so it’s going to pass testing. The extra weight up here,” Scott says, pointing to the inflight entertainment screen, “will require a bit more analysis. NIAR [National Institute of Aviation Research] will do that for us. But the beauty is the growth of this basic frame. There’s no real changes.”
Notably, there’s no exclusivity on the seat on the design partnership side, Scott says. But “as far as regional exclusivity, if an airline had the appropriate amount of interest and they wanted to pay, we’re not going to milk people for it — I just want your business. But we would offer it. And we have for the short haul seat before. It’s not a perfect business model, but when you’re small, you can play that game.”
The trick for this small seatmaker will be to see if sufficient airlines want to play.


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Organic Unrefined hemp seed oil is a wonderful deep green color, offering a warm green grass-like scent. Hemp oil has quickly become one of my holy grail oils as it is completely non-comedogenic so you don't have to worry about our beard products breaking you out underneath that scruff! Hemp seed oil is renowned for its oil balancing capabilities, making it a wonderful oil for both dry and oily skin alike. Not to mention its amazing antioxidant properties as well as vitamins A and E.
This Hemp Beard Oil was designed to work with your beard and skin to help add amazing benefits that will keep your face happy and your beard healthy. This gentleman's beard oil adds shine without leaving an oily feeling behind.
This Hemp Beard Balm was designed to help style and shape your beard, all while still adding the amazing benefits of the organic hemp oil.
This Hemp Beard Conditioner is still a balm type product and will offer some hold but the best part is it contains a wonderful conditioning agent that will help soften and tame unruly beards. It's designed to give you a hemp beard wash, it is a leave-in product, but can make the washing process easier as it doesn't leave a lot of wax build-up!
Ingredient: Moisturize and Promote Growth
Musk Growth Cannabis Ointment
Moisturize and Promote Growth

domain: health


text:
Film Fatale: Lights, Camera, Madness!
Rita Ray, your mother and world famous film star, has disappeared! Find her before it's too late in Film Fatale: Lights, Camera, Madness! Travel to the island of former film director M.W. Vernon, and explore your mother's last known whereabouts. Beware the various traps that await you on the amazing movie sets, search for clues in incredible locations, and find Rita Ray in Film Fatale: Lights, Camera, Madness!
System RequirementsOS: Windows XP/Vista/Win7/8
CPU: 1.0 GHz
RAM: 1024 MB
Direct X: 9.0
Disk Space: 356 MB
ReviewsDiscuss this game, share tips and tricks,
read reviews and post your own opinion,
plus keep up to date on all the latest
site news in our games community.


The mayor of Kansas City struggled to vote in the Missouri presidential primary after a poll worker mistakenly transposed his first and last names while searching for him in the voter rolls.
Mayor Quinton Lucas, a Democrat, made a video about the importance of voting before he headed into his normal polling location, Mount Pleasant Baptist Church. But he said a worker couldn’t find his name in the system. He later learned that the worker had entered his name into the system as “Lucas Quinton.”
The mayor returned Tuesday afternoon and successfully voted, but only after publicly airing his frustration in a manner that in turn frustrated the state’s top election official, Republican Secretary of State Jay Ashcroft.
“If he had wanted to vote, he could have voted” on his first attempt, Ashcroft said. “They tried to make it possible for him to vote.”
When a longtime poll worker had trouble finding Lucas’ name, she suggested Lucas could talk with a supervisor at a nearby table, but the mayor declined to do so, Ashcroft said. The poll worker then offered Lucas a chance to cast a provisional ballot, but Lucas declined.
Lucas called Ashcroft’s response “the dumbest advice I’ve probably ever heard.”
“A lot of other people who can’t get off work would have come, would have done their experience for 20 minutes like I did and said, ‘To hell with it,'” Lucas said. “And I think frankly the secretary of state should be more concerned about that than scoring somewhat bizarre political points that don’t make sense.”
Kansas City Elections Director Shawn Kieffer, a Republican, said the supervisor on site could have resolved the situation relatively quickly, but Lucas left the polling site Tuesday morning within a matter of minutes.
Lucas said his voting troubles highlighted concerns about the election system.
“I think frankly this is a sign that we need to do much better,” Lucas said in a phone interview with The Associated Press in between when initially showed up to vote and when he later returned to do so.
“I think the biggest threat to America’s elections is not letting people vote, and I think we saw a little of that challenge today,” Lucas said.
Lucas said he initially thought the problem was that he was using his utility bill for identification instead of his driver’s license, which has expired. He said most people wouldn’t have had the pull to figure out what happened.
“A regular person would just say, ‘I guess I’m not on the voter rolls,'” he said.
Ashcroft said the mayor received no special treatment and that poll workers followed proper procedures in trying to resolve the situation.
“I’m irritated that he is throwing a poll worker under the bus,” Ashcroft said. “I’m irritated that he is acting like they don’t care about all voters, and I’m irritated that there may be — especially in the minority community — voters that look at this and say, `Well gee, if the mayor wasn’t allowed to vote, they’re not going to let me vote,’ and then they won’t participate.”
Kieffer described the situation with Lucas as an “anomaly,” noting he hadn’t heard of any other issues.


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This is a 2 bedroom apartment nicely furnished and comfortable. It consist of two bedroom, bathroom, large and fully equipped kitchen, sitting room and a massive balcony.You will have access to everywhere apart from the second bedroom,which sometimes can be used. The location is 3 minutes to the supermarket,6 minutes to the center, restaurants and the beach.Bus stop is just outside the apartment. Perfect for couples,or friends. Please note that this room do not have aircon but has a fan.
Besplatan parking u sklopu smještaja
Prostor za rad na prijenosnom računalu
Nije dostupno: Detektor dima
Nije dostupno: Detektor ugljikovog monoksida

domain: travel


text:
I thawed a couple of chicken breasts the other day, intending to pound them flat and fry them after seeing a photo somewhere. They were huge. Pan filling huge. I cut them in half after cooking and we ate two meals out of them – this one with a simple salad and cheesy cauliflower.
The broccoli was getting old so I steamed the last of it and added a scoop of potato salad. The chicken was floured, dredged in egg, and then a flour/bread crumb mix.

domain: food


text:
You may have all seen the latest announcement of the World Health Organization that says bacon, sausage and other processed meats cause cancer. This is not a new, academics have been talking about this for years.
What struck me is the announcement from the North American Meat Institute where Betsy Booren, Ph.D., NAMI Vice President of Scientific Affairs says that: “Followers of the Mediterranean diet eat double the recommended amount of processed meats”.
Sorry to say this, but she must not understand what the Mediterranean diet is, it is NOT Mediterranean Cuisine. As I have mentioned before, the Mediterranean diet is a specific diet and does not include the whole Mediterranean region. For example the diet in Northern Italy differs greatly from that of Southern Italy. In fact the original Mediterranean Diet Pyramid as developed by Harvard researchers and the W.H.O. was based only on the diet of Southern Italy and Greece. Northern Italy has a very “northern” type of diet with plenty of meat that cannot be considered a Mediterranean diet. The same goes for some parts of Spain. And for France we know that in Northern France there is a lot of meat and butter as opposed to Southern France where they use more olive oil. Read this post to see more about regional differences.
Again, I must mention that in the traditional Mediterranean diet, people ate meat once a week. Yes there were small amounts of naturally preserved meats such as prosciutto in Italy or the Cretan apaki a meat made from lean pork cured naturally that was consumed occasionally and in very small amounts like a meze.
These meats were made when local butchers slaughtered the animals before Christmas and in January and February. With the leftovers they would preserve the meats making these cured meats or sausages. But they were consumed rarely and they weren’t considered real food, just as a seasoning of sorts. In fact my father ate sausage for the first time when he was in his 20’s (he is in his 70’s now) and that was in the army, he had never seen other processed meats until he moved to US.
Also I should remind that in the prototype of the Mediterranean diet which is basically the Cretan diet, people fasted from animal products for 200 days a year, so in practical terms it was impossible to be eating all this meat, let alone processed meats.
Perhaps Dr. Booren is talking about what the current Mediterraneans are eating, which is basically a lot more meat, a lot more saturated fat and lot more processed foods and not a Mediterranean diet. As a result, we have higher rates of heart disease as well as other chronic diseases compared to the 60’s. Living in Greece and experiencing this firsthand I can say that Greeks have an infatuation with luncheon meats, they eat them almost everyday in sandwiches. Pariza which is a bologna-like cylinder shaped product is promoted to kids as a healthy and tasty snack (this one was even voted product of the year!). Companies are adding a drop of olive oil in their processed meats and touting them as “Mediterranean” and healthy. The marketing of these products is astounding.
No, these products are not healthy and even more so with the use of preservatives that were not used in the traditional Mediterranean preserved meats.
I find it unfortunate and misleading that the Meat industry is using the Mediterranean diet as an argument for their products based on false information.


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Occupy Your Friday!
Oh goodness, lots going on this Friday! A list of some of the day’s happenings:
- It’s Bank Action Day! This week’s bank action will be occurring at Chase Bank at 4700 SE Woodstock Blvd. The action will start at Noon and end at 4pm to give people a chance to make it to the EPIC Housing Justice Rally. Learn more here.
- PDX Bike Swarm will be gearing up early for the Rally. At 2:30pm ride your bike down to Holladay Park as Bike Swarm prepares a ride in solidarity for housing justice before the Rally begins at Terry Schrunk Plaza.
- At 4:30pm the Rally for Housing Justice will begin at Terry Schrunk with speakers, followed by a linking of arms around City Hall at 5:30pm.


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Cambodia Weather in July
Although July is considered as one of the wettest months of the year in Cambodia, rain often comes in short and sharp downpours and doesn’t last all day long. Tourists can still expect plenty of hot weather in summer mode during this month. July is especially suitable for tourists who want to avoid the high season crowds because almost tourist attractions are much quieter at this time of the year. Keep reading to discover more about Cambodia weather in July and other essential information.
1. Cambodia Climate in July.
Coming to July, the wet southwest monsoon is established and in full swing. Thanks to rains, days in Cambodia are more comfortable with average temperatures around 27°C. In Phnom Penh, temperatures range from 25°C at night to 33°C in daytime, with around 170 mm of precipitation expected over the course of the month. Siem Reap experiences the similar situation with almost a 60% chance of rain each day. Temperatures here reach highs of 32°C and lows of 27°C as observed in recent years. Over the course of this month, destinations in coastal southern part of Cambodia like Sihanoukville get the minimum temperature of 24°C and maximum temperature around 31°C. The average amount of rainfall is 146 mm but sun can be occasionally seen during this month with average 174 hours of sunlight.
When the month end draws near, monsoon rains will gradually increase. However, several dry days are still expected throughout this wet month. In a positive way, the downpours in this country don’t last the entire day. They come with plenty of warning so you can have enough time to find the shelter before the precipitation hammers from the sky for about one hour. Then the skies are once again blue immediately and the sun is shining. After a couple of raining months, the countryside is much more lush and green.
2. Important notes when visiting Cambodia in July.
During July, rains can be seen throughout the country. Tourists can face more or less rain depending on their exact destination. Generally, downpours will not last all day long. Tourists can start the day trip in the morning with bright and dry conditions. In the afternoon, rainfall typically comes in the form of heavy and intense showers to clear the humidity. Impressive lightning and thunder storms can break out infrequently, which provides some spectacular views for those who have never experienced them before, especially while standing at the famous Angkor Complex.
If you don’t consider rainfall as a nuisance, you will find Cambodia is a picturesque destination to travel in July. This month experiences a significant decrease in the number of tourists. This makes major landmarks like Angkor Complex in Siem Reap, Royal Palace in Phnom Penh much less crowded. Therefore, it’s one of the quietest times to explore both the city and temples. In addition, almost hotels and resorts offer attractive packages or discount programs to attract tourists during this low season. Budget travelers can’t deny that July is one of the ideal time to visit Cambodia.
After many days of precipitation, the countryside turns into lush and green shade and water levels in the lakes increase. However, the travel to rural north-east regions, such as Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri, is rather difficult due to flooding.
If you look for beach relaxation at the end of your Cambodia holiday, just skip the beaches of the south Cambodia during July due to the heavy downpours and hop over to the neighboring Vietnam to soak in the sunshine. Beaches in central Vietnam are at their prime at that time and this extension can be easily added to your travel plan.
3. What to pack?
– Clothing: although your visit falls in the early wet season, please keep in mind that Cambodia is still a tropical country with hot climate. So you should pack clothing including cotton t-shirt, linen pants or dry-fit. Light rain jacket is a must in your suitcase.
– Footwear: bring appropriate footwear for the wet season like weather-resistant walking shoes and/or waterproof sandals.
– Waterproof backpacks or bags: these items are necessary to keep your important belongings safe and dry while travelling in rainy season.
– Hairdryer: it’s a good idea to bring a small hairdryer along with you. It’s not just for drying your hair, but very useful for quick drying a wet piece of clothing in urgent cases.
– Insect repellent spray: tropical Cambodia in wet season has good conditions for mosquitoes and other insects. So protect yourself against these pesky bites by packing a good insect repellent spray and protective clothing.


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Obesity is a problem we see very frequently in feline patients. Obesity is not a disease in and of itself, but it can often lead to various diseases. Cats gaining weight are invariably ingesting more calories than they are burning. Chronically overweight feline patients become predisposed to developing diabetes and arthritis. Overweight cats who stop eating for even short periods may start to “digest” their liver’s fat. This is a serious condition called hepatic lipidosis. In the following article, we will review obesity in cats and discuss strategies to keep those extra pounds off your feline friend.
Obesity in cats is almost always caused by an imbalance between physical activity and food/caloric intake, meaning your cat eats more calories than he or she can burn. An unhealthy diet high in calories; giving your cat lots of treats or “human” food, as well as a lack of exercise, may all contribute to weight gain. While hypothyroid disease may sometimes contribute to weight gain in a dog, this condition is very uncommon in feline populations.
Your Veterinarian will be able to determine your cat’s nutritional disease once she is brought in for a physical exam. The BCS (Body Conditions Score), is on an objective set of standards used to help determine if your pet is the appropriate weight. An ideal BCS score of 5 (out of 9) means that you can visualize your cat’s waist behind their ribs. You can easily feel your cat’s ribs with only a small amount of fat covering them, and that there is a very small “pat pad” on their underside.
This contrasts with cats who are higher on the BCS scale who score a 6,7,8, or 9 (out of 9). These cats will have excess amounts of fat covering their ribs, with higher-scored patients having the most amount of fat. These cats may also have an observable waist, excess fat on their faces and limbs, and a large fat pad noted on their bellies that hangs down.
Fortunately for overweight cats, there are treatments convenient to help shed those excess pounds. Increasing your cat’s activity using a laser pen, a favorite toy, or even going for a walk on a leash can all help to burn those excess calories. Additionally, feeding your cat at set times, rather than free feeding, will help reduce caloric intake. Lower calorie prescription foods are also available to help reduce weight, and eliminating excess treats and “table scraps” can also help.
Health Risks for Overweight Cats
If you suspect that your cat is overweight, a consultation with our veterinary team can help. By providing an accurate starting weight, conducting a thorough Physical Examination, and discussing more strategies to help get your pet fit, and shed those extra pounds.

domain: biology


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10+ Easy How Long Do Late Payment Stay On Credit. When do late payments fall off your credit report? Late or missed payments stay on your credit report for up to seven years. The late payments may stay on your credit reports for up to 7 years. If you make a payment after 30 days, and after your creditor has already updated the three major credit bureaus, experian, equifax, and transunion, the late payment.
When a payment is late, it can be considered delinquent,. After 30 days, the issuer reports it as late to the. Payments that are 30 days or more late:
Payments that are 30 days or more late:
Additional fees on late payments. After 30 days, the issuer reports it as late to the. Write a letter and ask for a removal.
Accounts Closed In Good Standing Remain On Your Credit Report For 10 Years, While Accounts Not In Good Standing Remain For 7 Years.
So, if you missed a payment in february 2022 but paid it a month later, the.

domain: economics


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American diaries--Women authors
Found in 16 Collections and/or Records:
Papers, 1920s-1941, of Coral Patridge of New York, New York. Includes a travel diary of a trip she took by train from New York to New Mexico in the 1920s. Also includes 29 photographic prints, 9 of which feature New York City; some of the photographs also have descriptive information on the back. There is also an address book, a postcard sent from Germany, and a card with the history of the name "Patridge."
Diary, 1792-1793, of Sarah Anderson Jones kept in Mecklenburg County, Virginia which contains religious writings but also references to the schism in the Methodist Church between the followers of James O'Kelly and Francis Asbury.
Sarah Jones diary, 1792-1793 in Swem Library’s microforms area, 1 reel, call number BX8236 .J66
Papers of Cloe Tyler Whittle Greene. Mostly diaries, 1855-1924, before and after her marriage to John Newport Greene. Also includes printed cards, photographs, verse, newspapers, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and prints of colonial and Civil War figures. Topics covered by the diaries include secession, Civil War, Reconstruction, travel, life in Norfolk, Virginia and marriage.

domain: library


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Driveclub, a word that caused a surge of excitement from the moment it was announced at the PlayStation 4 Event back in February 2013. Driveclub promised to be a lot of things in the racing genre, revolutionary next gen title, never seen before and the ultimate name given was: Forza Killer.
To keep Driveclub in our sight and mind, Sony and Evolution Studios released a lot of breath taking pre-release content for this game. It looked gorgeous and promising, we started to believe that Driveclub will create revolution.
But things started going down hill with the announcement of delay in the games launch. As always the official reason cited was “need more polishing.” Not only once, but Driveclub was delayed twice. Silence followed these announcements. But the pieces of content that later started arriving were astonishing, making gamers trust the developers again and justifying the delay.
Finally came the day of launch and boom again, Driveclub was hit by a huge server issue, creating deep disappointment among the fans. The free PlayStation Plus Edition was also missing. Among the chaos, I always had a ray of hope for Driveclub, and now the bumpy server issues are partially out of our way (not completely though still lot of work needs as confirmed by Sony Boss Shuhei Yoshida). Day by day Driveclub seems to become more and more stable.
So lets take a look at High & Low Points In DriveClub and whether or not it deserves your hard earned $60:
What Does Driveclub have that other racing games don’t
The very first aspect of Driveclub that will pop in your minds are the graphics, as compared to other racing games, Driveclub is a visual treat. Unlike MotorStorm, Driveclub is built for on road racing than off-road racing. The unique aspect of this game is you can create clubs of up to 6 players and complete various challenges together. Each player plays a key role in the club’s success. Winning will reward players with FAME, which is the main currency of Driveclub.
Driveclub Graphics (Cars and Environment)
As mentioned earlier, this game is a visual treat. Driveclub runs at 1080p and 30 frames-per-second, which stabilises the speedy graphics to a great extent. All the locations are inspired by real places in various regions across the globe.
Driveclub features lush tropical environments and the most amazing part is the racing at night. You will get to see some high end graphics here with gorgeous lighting effects.
One of the main features of any racing game is its Vehicles, Dirveclub will satisfy you a great deal in this area. I was impressed with the way these cars look. But whenever I collided with another car or object, I was treated with the visual of a vintage video games. The collisions are not next gen.
Sound effects related to races feel realistic. Sound of the vehicles are almost equal to the real counter partners. The most peculiar sound is the exhaust notes, if you are a car freak you will enjoy this part the most. Screeching tires and rumbling engines does not seem artificial. Sadly, if you compare the Driveclub sound effects with Gran Turismo, you will notice that Driveclub notes are not as detailed as the other game.
While in the middle of a race there will be a challenge popping up from fellow players. The levelling up is also slow but straightforward. You will get access to locked cars as you progress in this game.
Winning is not easy, there are aggressive AI drivers who will try to beat you professionally. As a favour, they do try to keep up if you are left behind but no compromises in winning a race. Driveclub races can be won with practice, patience and the determination to start again if lost.
Driveclub penalizes a player if he is too aggressive and relentless. Taking away some of the most crucial seconds of your lap. At the moment, the multiplayer part of Driveclub is running pretty well, but the races did not impress me much, specially when I was penalized for a collision that was not my fault resulting in me losing it. Be a bad boy and do all you can to win.
The disappointing part…
The most disappointing part is the collection of cars, you will find only 50 cars in this game, which is way too less compared to some of the major games available right now. The customizations in Driveclub, are rare to none. There are no tuning or customization options in this game.
While I was almost satisfied with the ‘technical’ sounds, soundtrack was a huge blow. Right from the very first track, the soundtrack decided to lower my strips. For a speedy fast paced game like Driveclub, soundtrack lacks the power and beats that are usually expected. You will not find fancy artists to chose the music from, its mostly just Amen Break.
After two delay announcements and a very rocky launch, Driveclub finally arrived. Visually this game is of next gen standards but overall, with no customaizastion, a small car list and below average sound track, Driveclub could not impress me for the value of money.
Why Evolution Studios decided to keep us waiting for so long, if they had an average game to offer, is known to them alone. Buy this if you really have to else skip it and wait for The Crew.

domain: game


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Milky beauty Tamannaah was last seen in Telugu in the Tamil movie 'Kanne Kalaimaane' featuring Udhayanidhi Stalin. Her 'Naa Nuvve' movie featured her thunder thigh shows and extreme hot skimpy outfit erotic salsa acts had failed big time.
However now the actress is having a number of movies lined up, and now, the buzz is that the beauty has been approached to play yesteryear actress Jayaprada in an upcoming Biopic in Kollywood.
Reportedly Tamannaah began shooting for her role from today, and Tamannaah also has many movies in her kitty like That is Mahalakshmi, the Queen remake, Untitled Vishal movie, Hindi movie Khamosh, and few more projects.
Kajal SHAME HINDU GODS by wearing Low Hip Saree and going Sexy in GOD COSTUME Kajal Aggarwal who is flying high with repeated hits and blockbusters has now started her next phase of career. She recently started shooting for her new project which is under Shankar's direction. Yep, it is none other than Indian 2.
- Tamanna's Double Jackpot!
- Shruti Haasan angry with fans for capturing photos in inappropriate places
- Hansika aiming to get back BIGGER
- 40 Monstrous HOT COLLECTION PHOTOS of Indian Cricket Player's Elder Sister
- A leading actress Sex Tape Leaked while another case was investigated - PHOTO INSIDE
- Petition in Telangana High Court To Ban Bigg Boss
- Keerthy Suresh 'DATING' Him
- Shriya's Sizzling Hot Photoshoot proves she still got the Sex Appeal even after Marriage - Hot Pics Inside
- "Why I acted Shameless in Such a Hot Bedroom Scene?" - Beautiful Actress Opens up
- Priya Anand opens on Topless Scene
- Keerthy Suresh's First Lip Kiss on-screen!
- Raashi grabs Sid
- Pawan Kalyan to do remake of Ajith's 'Nerkonda Paarvai'
- Nikki Galrani shocked as they have shown her in a bad way on the big screen
- Shalini Pandey happy with the Success of Gorilla


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Minecraft olympics ip
Minecraft Olympics Ip at Software Informer
This 2010 Winter Olympics screensaver shows scenes from Vancouver 2010.
2010 Winter Olympics screensaver shows ... latest Winter Olympic Games took
Letter Olympics it's a home learning software that covers letter b and d.
You must hit the skull so that you launch it into the air as far as possible.
Tribal Olympics 2 is an interesting skill game about hitting the skull.
More Minecraft Olympics Ip
Minecraft Olympics Ip in introduction
Allows you to change your copy of Minecraft to a different version.
Customize the music blocks used in the popular game Minecraft.
Another good game from Telltale that puts the world of Minecraft to good use.
PRIMASOFT PC, INC.
Is a powerful application that organizes and manages the Olympics/athlete data.
The player can train freely and compete in both full or mini.
Minecraft is a game about breaking and placing blocks.
Additional titles, containing minecraft olympics ip
Minecraft Backup Assistant helps you to backup the saves of Minecraft.
Minecraft Portable is a wrapper application for the Minecraft Launcher.
MC Titan - Gamenode o.s.
MC Titan Minecraft is a custom MineCraft server packed with different mods.
Minecraft - Transformers is a mod specially designed for the Minecraft game.
The Minecraft Modinstaller allows you to install over 280 Minecraft Mods.
Minecraft Map Converter is a free Minecraft map converter tool.
This is a 16x16 Minecraft texture pack that stays true to the default textures.
ModLoader is a Minecraft Mod Installer and Manager.
Can do many things like map backups and lots more minecraft.jar backups.
R. G. GamersZona

domain: hobby


We consider the system of equations arising from finite difference discretization of a three-dimensional convection-diffusion model problem. This system is typically nonsymmetric. The GMRES method with the Strang block-circulant preconditioner is proposed for solving this linear system. We show that our preconditioners are invertible and study the spectra of the preconditioned matrices. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the effectiveness of our methods.
- Circulant preconditioner
- Convection-diffusion equations
- Finite difference discretization
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Computational Mathematics
- Applied Mathematics