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The predictive value of T-tau and AB1-42 levels in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) has no reliable biomarker to assist in the selection of patients who could benefit from ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt insertion. The neurodegenerative markers T-tau and Aβ1-42 have been found to successfully differentiate between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and INPH and therefore are candidate biomarkers for prognosis and shunt response in INPH. The aim of this study was to test the predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) T-tau and Aβ1-42 for shunt responsiveness. In particular, we pay attention to the subset of INPH patients with raised T-tau, who are often expected to be poor surgical candidates.
Single-centre retrospective analysis of probable INPH patients with CSF samples collected from 2006 to 2016. Index test: CSF levels of T-tau and Aβ1-42. Reference standard: postoperative outcome. ROC analysis assessed the predictive value.
A total of 144 CSF samples from INPH patients were analysed. Lumbar T-tau was a good predictor of post-operative mobility (AUROC 0.80). The majority of patients with a co-existing neurodegenerative disease responded well, including those with high T-tau levels.
INPH patients tended to exhibit low levels of CSF T-tau, and this can be a good predictor outcome. However levels are highly variable between individuals. Raised T-tau and being shunt-responsive are not mutually exclusive, and such patients ought not necessarily be excluded from having a VP shunt. A combined panel of markers may be a more specific method for aiding selection of patients for VP shunt insertion. This is the most comprehensive presentation of CSF samples from INPH patients to date, thus providing further reference values to the current literature.
KeywordsAB1-42 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) Neurodegenerative markers T-tau
Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a condition that predominantly affects the elderly population, has a prevalence of 0.02%–5.9% and affects an estimated 2 million people within Europe [6, 10]. INPH presents with a triad of cognitive deficits, impaired mobility and incontinence. The mainstay of treatment is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion via a ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt [1, 3]. Selection of patients for VP shunt insertion remains a challenge since the triad of symptoms in INPH is common in the elderly population. The surgery for a VP shunt is not without risk and a proportion of those with INPH do not benefit [16, 18]. Whilst prognostic tests are becoming more accurate, INPH still has no reliable biomarker to assist in the selection of patients for a VP shunt or for the monitoring of shunt function [7, 9, 15, 16, 18].
Tau and Aβ1-42 are well defined as CSF biomarkers that aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and are potential prognostic markers in INPH [4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Tau is a protein that promotes microtubule assembly and stability and is found in neuronal axons . Aβ1-42 is a product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that rapidly aggregates to form the main component of diffuse plaques . The high CSF total-tau (T-tau) concentration is thought to reflect neuroaxonal degeneration/injury and low CSF Aβ1-42 correlates with senile plaque pathology [4, 8].
T-tau and Aβ1-42 levels have been found to successfully differentiate between AD and INPH [11, 12]. Patients with INPH consistently appear to have low CSF levels of T-tau and Aβ1-42 [8, 11, 12, 13, 14]. A small subset of patients with INPH have raised T-tau levels on their initial lumbar samples, explained possibly by co-existing neurodegenerative disorder or a more progressive form of INPH . It has been suggested that this subset of patients would be poor surgical candidates; however there is a paucity of literature describing outcomes in this group .
Over the last 10 years at this single centre, patients with probable INPH have had CSF samples analysed for total protein, T-tau and Aβ1-42 levels to investigate for co-existing neurodegenerative disease. Here we present the results of this large CSF sample cohort from INPH patients, including those with initial raised T-tau on their lumbar samples. We present the predictive values for lumbar and ventricular CSF T-tau and Aβ1-42 values for shunt responsiveness.
Materials and method
Single-centre retrospective analysis of probable INPH patients with CSF samples collected during August 2006 to January 2016. This study was reported in accordance with the STARD guidelines . Clinical outcome (referenced standard), CSF samples analysis for T-tau and Aβ1-42 (index test) and radiological assessments were performed and recorded prospectively. The analysis of the data was performed retrospectively.
Eligible patients required a diagnosis of probable INPH from a single centre. Only those with samples taken prior to VP shunt insertion (initial diagnostic LP or LD) or during insertion if a VP shunt were included into the predictive analysis. Formal consent for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample analysis and use of results for research (including publication) was obtained.
Three forms of evidence, based upon the international criteria for the diagnosis of probable INPH, were used to aid selection of patients for VP shunt insertion : (1) patients over 40 years of age with a clinical insidious history of the typical triad of cognitive decline, mobility impairment and urinary incontinence, (2) characteristic brain imaging (MR images or CT) showing an un-obstructive ventriculomegaly and (3) positive clinical response in either mobility or cognition or a reduction in episodes of urinary incontinence after extended lumbar drainage (ELD) or lumbar puncture (LP). Patients were deemed to have a diagnosis of co-existing neurodegenerative disease if they had objective evidence (clinical, radiological and biochemical) and formal diagnosis made independently by a consultant neurologist.
Index test: CSF analysis
CSF was sampled for T-tau and Aβ1-42 during any of the following interventions: LP, ELD or infusion study, VP shunt, VP shunt revision or reservoir tap test. Samples taken during the ELD protocol were taken at the time of drain or catheter insertion and not after a period of extended drainage. CSF samples were collected under sterile conditions into 10-ml Sartstedt polypropylene tubes. CSF sample collection and storage methods were all in accordance with the consensus guidelines for CSF biobanking . Samples were sent for biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) analysis to measure concentrations of T-tau (INNOTEST hTAU ELISA, Fujirebio, Ghent), Aβ-42 [INNOTEST β-amyloid (1–42), Fujirebio, Ghent] and total protein. A technician, blinded to the clinical results, prospectively recorded levels of T-tau and Aβ-42. Longitudinal stability in the measurements was ascertained using an elaborate programme of internal quality control (QC) samples. The laboratory also takes part in the Alzheimer’s Association external QC programme for CSF biomarkers . Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 12 and 15% for Aβ1-42, respectively, and 3 and 12%, respectively, for T-tau.
Reference standard: clinical outcome
The clinical outcome groups ‘shunt responsive’ or ‘shunt unresponsive’ provided the reference standard. Outcome measures were recorded prospectively and analysed retrospectively. Three main outcome objective measures were analysed: (1) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale R (WAIS-R) neuropsychology report (any improvement observed in verbal IQ, performance IQ or full scale IQ), (2) timed 10-m walking test (a minimum of 5% improvement in either time in seconds or number of steps, or both) and (3) bladder control (with improvement being the reduction of episodes of incontinence per day of 1 or less). Assessments were done by personnel blinded to the index test result. For outcome analysis, an ‘improvement’ reflected better outcome in at least one of the three objective measures, in addition to reported subjective improvement. A deterioration in any one of these clinical elements resulted in an overall outcome of ‘no improvement’. All outcome data were processed on an anonymous database.
Sample means and variation: Samples were grouped into primary CSF collection (i.e. taken prior to the shunt) and secondary (i.e. taken to test the functioning of a shunt or as part of a revision surgery). Mean levels of T-tau and Aβ-42 were reported with standard deviation. Mean levels were compared between the various sample collection groups (lumbar vs. primary ventricular vs. secondary ventricular) using analysis of variance (ANOVA with a Geisser-Greenhouse’s epsilon correction). Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of age on T-tau and Aβ-42 levels.
Exploratory analysis: ROC analysis was used to assess predictive values for overall shunt responsiveness, mobility, cognition and urinary continence. Area under the ROC (AUROC) levels were implied to suggest the predictive valve of a test as the following: 0.80–0.90 = good, 0.70–0.79 = fair, 0.60–0.69 = poor and 0.50–0.59 = no differentiation. Optimal cut-off values derived from ROC analysis are presented with 95% confidence intervals.
Pre-specified analysis: Contingency tables presenting the negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV), sensitivity and specificity of T-tau and AB1-42 were then determined using the following published cut-off values for INPH: T-tau protein levels < 425.7 ng/l ± 244.3, Aβ-42 > 500 ng/l and a ratio of T-tau to Aβ-42 of <1 . This was repeated using the ROC calculated optimal cut-off values. All values were expressed as percentages with ‘exact’ Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals with Fisher’s exact test results. All statistical tests were performed in GraphPad Prism v6.0.
August 2006 to January 2016, a total of 144 CSF samples were analysed from 79 probable INPH patients: 31 females:48 males (31 F:48 M) of mean age 75.3 (R 55–94). Mean follow-up was 959 ± 657 days (mean ± SD). Figure 1 outlines the study profile.
Overall (n = 65)
Shunt responsive (n = 46) 70%
Non-responsive (n = 19) 30%
Mean age (years)
Frontal-temporal lobe dementia
Cerebral infarct or haemorrhage
Other neurological disease a
Coronary/peripheral vascular disease
T-tau levels and Aβ-42 ratio levels correlated with increasing age on linear regression analysis. When the results from the three patients under the age of 60 were excluded from the analysis, this correlation was no longer significant (p = 0.09, R2 = 0.04). The three patients under the age of 60 were included in the full analysis.
The mean duration of the symptoms of INPH prior to CSF analysis was 290.5 ± 491.1 days. The mean time to VP shunt insertion after LP or LD was 226.9 ± 218.7 days. The mean time from VP shunt insertion to reservoir tap test was 739.1 ± 325.5 days.
Fourteen patients had a post-operative neurodegenerative diagnosis (5 Parkinson’s disease, 5 AD, 3 Lewy-body dementia and 1 frontal-temporal lobe dementia). The presence of a neurodegenerative diagnosis did not significantly affect outcome (Table 1). Eleven of 14 patients with a neurodegenerative diagnosis were still shunt responsive.
Mean levels per site
Mean levels of T-tau and Aβ-42 in 144 CSF samples taken from various sites (ng/l)
Primary (before VP shunt insertion) (n = 101)
Secondary (after VP shunt insertion) (n = 43)
Lumbar (n = 30)
Ventricular (n = 71)
Lumbar (n = 2)
Ventricular (n = 41)
Sample ± SD
LP (n = 7)
LD (n = 23)
EVD (n = 1)
VP (n = 70)
Infusion (n = 2)
Tap test (n = 17)
VP revision (n = 24)
303 ± 245
275 ± 205
600 ± 429
541 ± 110
373 ± 290
620 ± 664
INPH + NDa
462 ± 446
282 ± 170
601 ± 455
655 ± 755
319 ± 343
223 ± 138
228 ± 159
522 ± 110
372 ± 289
538 ± 261
675 ± 524
534 ± 206
460 ± 280
532 ± 354
571 ± 300
576 ± 286
INPH + NDa
909 ± 849
710 ± 137
597 ± 455
425 ± 170
413 ± 216
675 ± 524
525 ± 203
472 ± 532
464 ± 295
565 ± 285
ROC analysis of T-tau and Aβ-42 and shunt response
AUROC for lumbar CSF levels of T-tau was 0.6, for T-tau/Aβ-42 0.62, respectively, with Aβ-42 being 0.5. The AUROC for ventricular CSF levels of T-tau, Aβ-42 and T-tau/Aβ-42 were 0.70, 0.51 and 0.64, respectively.
Predictive values for T-tau and Aβ-42 and shunt response
Contingency table primary lumbar CSF (LD or LP) (n = 30)
[ROC - cut-off]
<425 [196.5] ng/l
Sensitivity 81% [86%]
Specificity 33% [33%]
PPV 74% [56%]
NPV 43% [43%]
Fisher’s exact test p = 0.64 [p = 0.38, 95% CI 34–77% sensitivity and 95% CI 29–96% specificity]
Contingency table for primary ventricular CSF (VP shunt insertion) (n = 57)
[ROC - cut-off]
<425 [<525] ng/l
Sensitivity 81% [81%]
Specificity 52% [60%]
PPV 68% [78%]
NPV 68% [63%]
Fisher’s exact test p = 0.02 [p = 0.02, 95% CI 59–86% sensitivity and 95% CI 34–79% specificity]
One patient developed an infection as a result of a clinically indicated reservoir tap test. This patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics. There were no mortalities associated with CSF sampling.
Mean T-tau and Aβ1-42 levels in the CSF of patients with probable INPH
We have performed a singe-centre analysis of T-tau and Aβ1-42 levels in the CSF of patients with probable INPH. This is one of the most comprehensive presentations of CSF samples from INPH patients to date, thus providing further reference values to the current literature . The mean lumbar CSF levels of T-tau in INPH were found to be lower than levels expected in normal controls, a finding observed in several studies [8, 11, 13]. We also confirmed previous findings of a rostro-caudal gradient with significantly lower levels of T-tau in lumbar CSF than in ventricular CSF . Regardless of the sampling method, the range for both markers was wide, particularly T-tau, and therefore the authors recommend caution when interpreting their levels in the context of prognosis for individual patients.
The predictive value of Aβ1-42 and T-tau for shunt response in INPH
Ventricular Aβ1-42 and T-tau have previously been demonstrated to be potentially clinically useful biomarkers for prognosis in INPH . The AUROC values for ventricular T-tau (general post-shunt outcome) and lumbar T-tau (mobility outcome) were 0.70 and 0.80. This result concurs with the findings by Kang et al. in which low levels of tau correlated with gait dysfunction . Kang et al. also found that lower levels of Aβ1-42 correlated with poor cognitive outcome in INPH; however our results did not mirror this, possibly due to low numbers within this sub-group .
The observation that lumbar samples have a better predictive value than ventricular samples is interesting. One possible explanation may relate to the hypothesis that tau has reduced clearance in INPH, hence lower levels in CSF . Therefore lumbar CSF T-tau levels may be even lower, owing to the greater distance from metabolically active tissue, thus exaggerating the predictive value.
Patients with raised T-tau CSF can still benefit from shunt insertion
Current literature emphasises differentiating INPH and AD; however there are patients with NPH and neurodegenerative disease co-existing [8, 12, 14]. Patients with clinical signs of INPH may not be referred for neurosurgical assessment, if co-existing neurodegenerative disease is present, as it is assumed to render surgical intervention ineffective . Our results show that assumption is not necessarily correct. We found that the majority of those who had neurodegenerative disease coexisting with INPH were still shunt responsive, despite this group having, on average, raised T-tau on lumbar CSF samples. We conclude raised levels of T-tau and being shunt-responsive are not mutually exclusive, and patients with raised T-tau ought not to be excluded from having a VP shunt on this criterion alone.
To control for the heterogeneity of our data, we analyse some of the samples in subgroups. As a result, the sub-group analysis of lumbar CSF samples (reviewing gait, cognition and continence) had reduced statistical power. The authors of this article are currently studying whether the individual CSF biomarker levels predict actual improvements (i.e. will 10% lower T-tau reflect a 20% improvement in walking speed). To get more meaningful results, greater numbers are required and therefore this is an ongoing element of this research.
Further research into discovery of biomarkers, or even a panel of markers, in INPH remains warranted. Since this study commenced there have been advances in biomarker discovery and there are now numerous potential biomarkers to be studied in INPH . One example of an effective combination of markers includes Aβ1-42, neurofilament light protein (NF-L) and phosphorylated-tau (p-Tau), a promising panel to distinguish iNPH . Furthermore, there are very few studies measuring levels of marker levels over time with CSF drainage. This group is currently studying how shunt insertion changes the CSF biomarker profile in an individual. Such research may further elucidate the pathophysiology of INPH as well as assist in identifying shunt malfunctions.
Raised levels of T-tau and being shunt-responsive are not mutually exclusive. This is highly relevant, since many units would have presumed such patients (i.e. those with Alzheimer’s disease and INPH) to be poor surgical candidates. In general, INPH exhibits low levels of CSF T-tau, and levels can be good predictors of outcome. However, we discourage diagnosis and outcome prediction based on T-tau levels alone, as its CSF levels are highly variable between individuals. It is likely that a combined panel of markers, including T-tau, will be a more specific method for aiding selection of patients for VP shunt insertion.
We thank Mr. Andrew Tarnaris for his early research on this topic, which enabled this retrospective study.
Disclosure: Portions of this work were presented in abstract form at the Hydrocephalus 2016 International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders Conference, Cartagena, Colombia, October 2016. L.D. Watkins has received honoraria from and served on advisory boards for Medtronic, Codman and B. Braun.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflicts of Interest
Mr. Watkins has received honoraria from and served on advisory boards for Medtronic, Codman and B. Braun.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
For this type of study formal consent is not required.
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Increasingly frustrated by Speaker Paul Ryan’s close relationship with the National Rifle Association (NRA), states and cities are banning the so-called “bump stock” recoil devices that gunman Stephen Paddock used to fire on a crowd of concert-goers gathered on the Las Vegas Strip, killing at least 59 people and injuring more than 500.
Officials say 12 of Paddock’s semi-automatic rifles were modified with ‘bump stocks, manufactured by the company, Slide Fire. This controversial add-on essentially converts a semi-automatic weapon into a fully automatic one, according to CBS News. Numerous videos online, including those from Slide Fire, demonstrate the mechanics, CBS says.
Ryan Says Nay to Ban
Speaker Paul Ryan said he would refuse to take up bump stock legislation in the House. “The smartest, quickest fix” would be Federal government regulation,” Ryan said, according to the Washington Examiner. But there’s a catch.
The Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, (ATF) declared that bump stocks were legal under President Obama twice, in 2010 and 2012. Ryan questioned why President Obama made bump stocks legal in the first place.
According to Politifact, “Adam Winkler, a law professor at University of California, Los Angeles, who specializes in guns, said it was appropriate to characterize the move as an approval of its sale under the Obama Administration.
“Not because they liked it, but because the law did not permit them to prohibit it,” Winkler told Politifact.
“Obama issued a number of executive orders promoting tougher gun control, which the Trump administration has been rolling back, including a measure that previously prevented people with mental illness from buying guns,” Politifact reports.
States Take the Lead
Annoyed by Congressional inaction, at least 15 states and a number of local jurisdictions are taking up bump stock proposals of their own.
In February, Massachusetts, already home to strict gun control laws, was the latest state to ban bump stock possession. It was voted on last November 1st, exactly one month after Stephen Paddock committed the most deadly shooting in U.S. history. The ban became fully effective this month, after bump stock owners were given ample time to surrender their accessory stocks.
Trigger cranks, a similar device, are included under the provision.
“As of today, if you privately own a bump stock or trigger crank in Massachusetts, you’re subject to criminal prosecution and could be [given a sentence of] up to life in prison,” Representative David Linsky, a Democrat, told 25 Boston.
Las Vegas Law Blocks Ban
New Jersey and Connecticut, as well as a number of cities, including Denver and Columbia, S.C., have already enacted laws prohibiting the sale and possession of bump stocks.
Nevada has one of the nation’s most lax gun control laws in the nation, and is prohibited from banning guns. According to the Las Vegas Review-Journal, the Nevada Legislature passed a law in 2015 placing control over firearms, accessories and ammunition in the “exclusive domain of the Legislature,” and renders any local law “to the contrary null and void.”
“I can’t believe my hands are tied by a legislature that’s going to meet every other year,” Las Vegas City Councilman Bob Coffin, a Democrat, told the Review-Journal. “This tramples on local government’s requirement to provide for the safety of citizens.”
Arizona Man Charged with Making Armor-Piercing Bullets Found in Paddock’s Room
In a related development, Douglas Haig, an Arizona man who says he sold tracer ammunition to Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock in October, was arrested on “a charge of conspiring to manufacture and sell another type of ammunition — armor-piercing bullets — in violation of Federal law,” according to reporting by CNN on February 3.
“A criminal complaint alleges two unfired .308-caliber (7.62mm) rounds found in gunman Stephen Paddock’s hotel room had Haig’s fingerprints on them as well as tool marks from his workshop.
“The bullets in the cartridges were armor-piercing, with an incendiary capsule in the nose,” the complaint says.
“The FBI on October 19 searched Haig’s Mesa home and seized ammunition the agency says is armor-piercing, the complaint says. Haig did not have a license to manufacture armor-piercing ammunition,” CNN reports.
Clinton’s Legislation Needs Updating
“Technology has transformed nearly every industry since that time, and firearms are not immune from those advancements.
“That’s why it’s important that our laws keep pace with new devices that circumvent current statutes and regulations,” the Post concludes.
National Firearms Act of 1934
According to Wikipedia, “The National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA) defines a number of categories of regulated firearms. These weapons are collectively known as NFA firearms and include the following:
This includes any firearm which can fire more than 1 cartridge per trigger pull. Both continuous fully automatic fire and “burst fire” (e.g., firearms with a 3-round burst feature) are considered machine gun features.
The weapon’s receiver is by itself considered to be a regulated firearm. A non-machinegun that may be converted to fire more than one shot per trigger pull by ordinary mechanical skills is determined to be “readily convertible”, and classed as a machine gun, such as a KG-9 pistol (pre-ban ones are “grandfathered”).
Short-barreled rifles (SBRs)
This category includes any firearm with a buttstock and either a rifled barrel less than 16″ long or an overall length under 26″. The overall length is measured with any folding or collapsing stocks in the extended position. The category also includes firearms which came from the factory with a buttstock that was later removed by a third party.
Short barreled shotguns (SBSs)
This category is defined similarly to SBRs, but with either a smoothbore barrel less than 18″ long or a minimum overall length under 26″.
This includes any portable device designed to muffle or disguise the report of a portable firearm. This category does not include non-portable devices, such as sound traps used by gunsmiths in their shops which are large and usually bolted to the floor.
There are two broad classes of destructive devices:
- Devices such as grenades, bombs, explosive missiles, poison gas weapons, etc.
- Any firearm with a bore over 0.50 inch except for shotguns or shotgun shells which have been found to be generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. (Many firearms with bores over 0.50″ inch, such as 10-gauge or 12-gauge shotguns, are exempted from the law because they have been determined to have a “legitimate sporting use”.)
Any other weapon (AOW)
Firearms meeting the definition of “any other weapon” or AOW are weapons or devices capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can be discharged through the energy of an explosive.
Many AOWs are disguised devices such as pens, cigarette lighters, knives, cane guns and umbrella guns.
The time is now for strong firearm regulations, whether by the states or Federal government. The United States has experienced enough deaths at Sandy Hook, Columbine and Las Vegas, among others. We must do more to prevent more people, including children, from being massacred in the future.


text:
Drax Group Plc owns and operates coal-fired power station. It operates through its subsidiary Drax Power Ltd. It operates business...
Northland Power Inc. (Northland) produces electricity from clean natural gas and biomass, and from renewable energy sources such as wind...
Terna Energy SA
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Athens , GH 11526
SIC Code: 4911

domain: economics


text:
Promises, Promises (Genesis 12:1-4: 21:1-7)
Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him. —Genesis 21:2
When people say with a sigh, “Promises, promises,” it’s often when they’ve been disappointed by someone who failed to keep a commitment. The more it happens, the greater the sadness and the deeper the sigh.
Have you ever felt that God doesn’t keep His promises? It’s an attitude that can subtly develop over time.
After God promised Abraham, “I will make you a great nation” (Gen. 12:2), 25 years elapsed before the birth of his son Isaac (21:5). During that period, Abraham questioned God about his lack of a child (15:2), and he even resorted to fathering a son through his wife’s handmaiden (16:15).
Yet, through the ups and downs, God kept reminding Abraham of His promise to give him a child, while urging him to walk faithfully with Him and believe (17:1-2).
When we claim one of God’s promises in the Bible, whether it is for peace of mind, courage, or provision of our needs, we place ourselves in His hands and on His schedule. As we wait, it may at times seem as if the Lord has forgotten us. But trust embraces the reality that when we stand on a promise of God, He remains faithful. The assurance is in our hearts, and the timing is in His hands. —David McCasland
Standing on the promises that cannot fail,
When the howling storms of doubt and fear assail,
By the living Word of God I shall prevail,
Standing on the promises of God. —Carter
All of God’s promises are backed by His wisdom, love, and power.
Source : Our Daily Bread – www.odb.org.

domain: literature


text:
Agency Cost of Debt and Lending Market Competition: Is there a Relationship?
AbstractWe address the question of how lending market competition, measured by the bargaining power of banks, affects the agency costs of debt finance. It is shown that intensified lending market competition will lead to lower lending rates and investment return distributions which are shifted towards lower, but less risky returns. Consequently, it follows that increased lending market competition will reduce the agency cost of debt financing. Hence, our analysis does not lend support to the commonly held view that there would be a trade-off between more intensive lending market competition and higher agency costs of debt finance.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by CESifo Group Munich in its series CESifo Working Paper Series with number 274.
Date of creation: 2000
Date of revision:
Bank competition; agency cost of debt;
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"Managerial Compensation and the Agency Costs of Debt Finance,"
Cahiers de recherche
8827, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
- Brander, J.A. & Poitevin, M., 1988. "Managerial Compensation And The Agency Costs Of Debt Finance," Cahiers de recherche 8827, Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative, CIREQ.
- Stiglitz, Joseph E & Weiss, Andrew, 1981. "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 71(3), pages 393-410, June.
- de Meza, David & Webb, David, 1999. "Wealth, Enterprise and Credit Policy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 109(455), pages 153-63, April.
- Horn, Henrik & Lang, Harald & Lundgren, Stefan, 1994.
"Competition, long run contracts and internal inefficiencies in firms,"
European Economic Review,
Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 213-233, February.
- Horn, H. & Lang, H. & Lundgren, S., 1991. "Competition, Long Run Contracts and Internal Inefficiencies in Firms," Papers 506, Stockholm - International Economic Studies.
- Gehrig, Thomas, 1998.
"Screening, cross-border banking, and the allocation of credit,"
Research in Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 52(4), pages 387-407, December.
- Gehrig, Thomas, 1998. "Screening, Cross-Border Banking and the Allocation of Credit," CEPR Discussion Papers 1973, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Koskela, Erkki & Stenbacka, Rune, 2000. "Is there a tradeoff between bank competition and financial fragility?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(12), pages 1853-1873, December.
- Michael H. Riordan, 1992. "Competition and Bank Performance: A Theoretical Perspective," Papers 0026, Boston University - Industry Studies Programme.
- Schmidt, Klaus M., 1997. "Managerial Incentives and Product Market Competition," Munich Reprints in Economics 19772, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
- Nash, John, 1950. "The Bargaining Problem," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 18(2), pages 155-162, April.
- David Scharfstein, 1988. "Product-Market Competition and Managerial Slack," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 19(1), pages 147-155, Spring.
- Petersen, Mitchell A & Rajan, Raghuram G, 1995.
"The Effect of Credit Market Competition on Lending Relationships,"
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
MIT Press, vol. 110(2), pages 407-43, May.
- Mitchell A. Petersen & Raghuram G. Rajan, 1994. "The Effect of Credit Market Competition on Lending Relationships," NBER Working Papers 4921, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Broecker, Thorsten, 1990. "Credit-Worthiness Tests and Interbank Competition," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 58(2), pages 429-52, March.
- Haskel, Jonathan & Sanchis, Amparo, 1995.
"Privatisation and X-Inefficiency: A Bargaining Approach,"
Journal of Industrial Economics,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(3), pages 301-21, September.
- Haskel, Jonathan & Sanchis, Amparo, 1995. "Privatization and X-Inefficiency: A Bargaining Approach," CEPR Discussion Papers 1192, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Dell'Ariccia, Giovanni, 2001. "Asymmetric information and the structure of the banking industry," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(10), pages 1957-1980, December.
- Bester,Helmut Hellwig,Martin, 1987. "Moral hazard and equilibrium credit rationing: An overview of the issues," Discussion Paper Serie A 125, University of Bonn, Germany.
- J. Miguel Villas-Boas & Udo Schmidt-Mohr, 1999. "Oligopoly with Asymmetric Information: Differentiation in Credit Markets," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 30(3), pages 375-396, Autumn.
- Thakor, Anjan V., 2000. "Relationship Banking," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 3-5, January.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Julio Saavedra).
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


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"More does need to be done to enable adoptive families to get the right amount of support and advice, especially post-adoption.
We will look carefully at these proposals when the Government brings forward legislation.
Adoption is incredibly rewarding and we want to see more parents come forward.
But the Government must ensure it also provides sufficient support for foster families and children in residential care too.
More top news
69-year-old Roy Hodgson has been out of work since resigning in the wake of England's humiliating Euro 2016 elimination
Tata Steel has committed to the future of jobs and production at Port Talbot and other steelworks in the UK, steel unions have said.
Largely dry across the UK through this evening

domain: sociology


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Liverpool’s positive start to the season continued on Wednesday night as the Reds went a step closer to securing the first piece of silverware of the season. Jürgen Klopp’s side beat Bournemouth 2-1 to book its place in the Carabao Cup quarter-finals.
Darwin Núñez proved to be the match-winner as his sublime second-half goal sent the Reds through. Cody Gakpo’s opener had earlier been canceled out by Justin Kluivert’s goal for the host.
Not only did a much-changed Liverpool have to overcome a Premier League opponent, but it also had to battle the elements on a stormy night. It proved to be quite the test for Caoimhín Kelleher as he deputized for Alisson.
But the Reds managed to come through it, and with Manchester City, Tottenham, Arsenal and Manchester United already out of the competition, Klopp has every right to fancy his chances of picking up some early silverware this season. Here are the latest Liverpool.com stories that you can't afford to miss, including an honest admission from former Chelsea captain John Terry on Mohamed Salah's time at Stamford Bridge.
Jarell Quansah outstanding in Liverpool win
Darwin Núñez might well get the headlines after his sublime winner for Liverpool against Bournemouth, but Jarell Quansah certainly deserves a lot of praise for his performance. The young defender was outstanding as the Reds booked their place in the Carabao Cup quarter-finals.
It certainly wasn’t a night for the football purists in truly horrendous conditions on the south coast, but Liverpool managed to come through it, with some players furthering their own cause ahead of the return to Premier League action at the weekend. James Findlater has your player ratings, winners and losers from the 2-1 win for you here.
John Terry makes Mohamed Salah admission
It’s fair to say Chelsea doesn’t have a great reputation for transfers at the moment. Todd Boehly’s reign at Stamford Bridge has seen obscene amounts of money being thrown around, only for the Blues to slide down the Premier League table.
But questionable transfers aren’t a new occurrence for Chelsea. The club has made its fair share of blunders over the years, and chief among them has to be the decision to let Mohamed Salah go, considering the success he’s enjoyed at Liverpool. Now, former Chelsea captain John Terry has expressed his regrets over the way he treated Salah and Kevin De Bruyne during their time in London.
"It's my one disappointment as captain because I think I adapted over time, when those guys were there I was probably very strong, and very disciplined on the group," he said on the Obi One podcast. You can read more from Terry here.

domain: news


Kimmy Pham may carry clues as to why Hepatitis B causes more virulent liver cancer among some Asian American ethnicities than in others.
Pham, a Vietnamese American, is part of a health disparities study spearheaded by Christopher Bowlus, professor and acting chief of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at UC Davis Health System. The study seeks to find potential biological reasons why Hmong with hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher liver cancer mortality rates and present at younger ages with late-stage disease than other Asian Americans with HBV.
Pham, 22, contracted HBV at birth and is symptom-free. Her mother contracted HBV in Vietnam before immigrating to the United States. Over 10 percent of the population in Vietnam is chronically infected with the virus.
Pham, a student at San Francisco State University, says it is “really cool” to be part of Bowlus’ study.
“They found a cure for Hepatitis C, and now they may find a cure for Hepatitis B,” she says, adding that HBV is somewhat more “unknown and mysterious.”
Using molecular and genomic diagnostics, as well as biostatistics, Bowlus and his colleagues are looking at the immune responses to HBV, as well as genetic differences in the hepatitis B virus in Hmong, Vietnamese and Chinese-Americans, hoping to understand why Hmong get liver cancer at younger ages and at more advanced stages than their Chinese and Vietnamese counterparts.
Bowlus says that discovering a biological reason for a possibly more virulent HBV strain will allow researchers to target therapies and prevention strategies.
“To me, this is an example of a project that expands from the community to the bedside to the bench,” Bowlus says.
The average liver cancer survival rate is six to 12 months among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans, but it is only about one month among Hmong Americans.
Bowlus’ study is funded by the National Cancer Institute and is one of seven newly funded health equities projects highlighted by the Association of American Medical Colleges institutions. Ultimately, Bowlus wants to enroll 50 Asian Americans from each ethnic group, for a total of 150. The subjects must be infected with HBV and not be on any treatment.
Researchers will collect blood from people infected with HBV, but have not developed cancer. They will then sequence and analyze the genome in the virus and the genes of immune cells to see if the Hmong have a specific virus strain or a response to the virus that may be associated with the worst outcome.
“We’re looking at the specific immune responses or gene expression in the blood cells of those infected with Hepatitis B,” says Bowlus. “We’re looking to see if there are specific immune responses in Hmong, to see if they have a lower immune response.”
Bowlus is using state-of-the-art sequencing technology. In the past, doctors and researchers sometimes have had difficulty drawing blood samples from the Hmong because blood is considered a nearly sacred life force. Elders in the community would have to provide consent before treatment. Bowlus says many older Hmong are still reluctant to seek medical treatment and testing, but treatment is becoming more accepted in the community.
“There is much less suspicion now, and more are seeking Western care,” he says. “The times are changing also in terms of access to care in their communities.”
Bowlus adds that in order to effectively study the disease among different ethnic groups researchers must have a relationship with the communities affected.
“They have to want to participate,” he says.
Pham certainly wants to participate. She says it gives her great pride to be part of a research project that is “trying to make a change.”
Bowlus also believes the project can reap great benefits to the communities studied.
“It’s a nice example of the whole spectrum of research, clinical care and community engagement,” he says.


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9 strategies for handling anxiety and stress
Handling Panic And Anxiety
Stress will come in several various forms, nonetheless it will impact everyone else in some form at some true part of their everyday lives. Many cases of anxiety are normal and element of every day life, huge amounts of stress might have effects for the mind and body, a number of which could also be life-threatening if perhaps not managed appropriately.
If you should be coping with high quantities of anxiety, perhaps you are searching for a method of administration to fight these negative emotions and any connected anxiety. And discover a means of handling anxiety and stress, it is crucial to very first determine the reason behind your anxiety therefore the ways that it really is changing yourself. By pinpointing just exactly what causes your stress and anxiety, you can start a way to a successful plan of action which will greatly enhance your standard of living.
What Exactly Is Stress?
Stress serves as a a response that is physical that your human body releases a complex mixture of chemical compounds and hormones being a protection against just what it interprets become an assault. In this “fight or journey” mode, chemical compounds Such as adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine are released to organize the human anatomy to take action that is physical. Read more

domain: psychology


Your Email Has Been Sent.
November 07, 2013
Honda attempts a second chance for a first impression.
Don't let the looks fool you; this Cayman is as new as it gets.
To go forward, the newest RAV4 takes a step back.
Acura takes aim at the BMW 5 Series.
Ford jumps back into the minivan game, but with a twist
Nissan teases its next-gen crossover with the Hi-Cross Concept.
Chevy promises much-needed updates to the Traverse family hauler.
2013 Lexus ES 350 and ES 300h Hybrid Unveiled at New York Auto Show
Chevrolet gets ready to reboot the Impala.
The Buick LaCrosse gets a very effective mid-cycle update, keeping up with the Jonses


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Titli – Multipurpose Responsive Muse Template (Corporate)
Titli is a clean Responsive Muse template suitable for Business, Corporate, Finance, Portfolio, Consulting services. You can customize it very easy to fit your needs.We tried to build an simple site providing everything required for a business website.
- Easy to edit
- Fully Responsive
- Wow Animations
- Muse, HTML, CSS files
- Typekit Font
- Easy customizable
- Contact Form
- Simple Documentation
All images are just used for preview purposes only and not included in the final purchase file.
Theme Author: Muse-Guru
Creation Date: 2017-12-26T00:19:32+11:00
Last Update: 2018-02-22T15:15:14+11:00

domain: design


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According to Jose Felix Diaz of MARCA, Real Madrid no longer hide the fact that signing Kylian Mbappe this summer is impossible. The Merengues believed until very recently that things would fall into place, but it now appears out of reach.
The PSG star prefers to see out his contract with the French side purely for monetary gain. Moreover, he does not want to miss out on the lucrative signing bonus he will receive from Real Madrid next season if he joins as a free agent.
From the club’s perspective, there is no plan B. Florentino Perez does not have any names to look out for as an alternative for the coming campaign, putting Carlo Ancelotti in a difficult situation.
After all, the French prodigy’s arrival at the Santiago Bernabeu was taken for granted at the club offices. Such was the conviction in him that Real Madrid aborted talks with other potential transfer targets, including Harry Kane.
Under normal circumstances, such overt news about the youngster’s move this summer falling apart would coerce the club to reactivate the paused negotiations.
However, that is unlikely now because Los Blancos continue to prioritise Mbappe for next summer, and see another big-money signing as a futile operation.
The one to face the brunt of it will be the manager. Ancelotti has not seen any of the promises he was made materialise. With no solid signings in the forward department, the 2023/24 season will be a tedious one for the Italian.
His only hope, it appears, is the bleak chance of a loan signing going through. Reports suggest that Los Blancos could look to loan Dusan Vlahovic for a season from Juventus, but it is safe to say that the Old Lady will be reluctant to send their best player on loan.
Real Madrid defender taken off with an injury against Las Palmas
There just does not appear to be any respite from injuries for Real Madrid.
Just when it appeared that they were close to having their full squad – barring the two long-term absentees – the Merengues have been struck down by fresh injuries this week.
Arda Guler, who was on the cusp of being named in the squad for the Las Palmas clash, injured himself in training on Tuesday.
And now, during the game against Las Palmas at the Santiago Bernabeu, Real Madrid have lost key defender David Alaba to an injury.
Close to the 40th-minute mark, Alaba went down on the ground clutching his leg and appeared to be in quite a bit of discomfort.
Soon enough, the medical staff arrived to take a look at the Austrian and seconds later he was off the pitch and straight towards the tunnel.
Lucas Vazquez came on to replace the injured Alaba, with Nacho Fernandez moving into the centre-back position alongside Antonio Rudiger.
Alaba’s injury leaves Carlo Ancelotti with just two fit centre-backs in Rudiger and Nacho, which is set to be a matter of great concern.
The hope will be that Alaba’s condition is nothing serious and that he is able to mount a quick recovery.

domain: sports


9 years experience0 projects worked120CHF/hrNon-certified freelancer
Hi there, I am an experience digital project manager. I have been working on creating effective digital solutions since past 9 years. My skills and experience enable me to tackle any problem holistically with knowledge of technology backed by my ability to grasp the domain knowledge quickly.
7 years experience0 projects worked120CHF/hrNon-certified freelancer
I am passionate about the creative world and thrive on challenges ! My attention to detail, as well as my positive and enthusiastic approach are key to developing and delivering projects with the highest levels of creativity and finish. In the past 7 years, I have worked on healthcare, administration, education, private and public housing projects.


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Outline of the Great East Japan Earthquake
An earthquake occurred at 2:46 P.M. on March 11, 2011, off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. It measured 9.0 Mw on the moment magnitude scale and was the largest recorded earthquake in known Japanese history. Extremely tall tsunami waves were observed along with this earthquake. Ogatsu-cho in Ishinomaki City had the highest level of tsunami flooding at 34.94 m and Omoe in Miyako City had the highest tsunami run-up at 38.38 m. This earthquake brought about enormous damages including 19,418 casualties, 2592 missing persons, and 121,809 completely destroyed buildings. It was decided to call this disaster arising from the earthquake the “Great East Japan Earthquake” at the Cabinet Meeting on April 1, 2011.
KeywordsGreat East Japan Earthquake Tsunami State of damage
- Haraguchi T, Iwamatsu A (2011a) Detailed maps of the impacts of the 2011 Japan Tsunami Vol. 1: Aomori, Iwate and Miyagi prefectures. Koko-Shoin Publishers, Tokyo, in Japanese with English abstractGoogle Scholar
- Haraguchi T, Iwamatsu A (2011b) Detailed maps of the impacts of the 2011 Japan Tsunami Vol. 2: Fukushima, Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures. Koko-Shoin Publishers, Tokyo, in Japanese with English abstractGoogle Scholar
- Japan Meteorological Agency (2012a) Monthly report on earthquakes and volcanoes in Japan December 2012: 177–187 (in Japanese)Google Scholar
- Japan Meteorological Agency (2012b) Report on The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Technical Report of the Japan Meteorological Agency. 133:479pp. (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar

domain: geography


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$200m plus for trio in Bell settlement
Veteran businessmen Danny Hill, Brian Coppin and Wayne Bowen are set to pocket $200 million-plus from banks and liquidators settling their two decade legal battle over the stripping of Alan Bond's Bell Group.
Once litigation funders get their cut of the estimated $2 billion payout from Bell's former bankers, a punt by the businessmen 22 years ago will make them the biggest creditors.
Their joint venture company WA Glendinning Pty Ltd is a $200 million creditor after buying a debt owed by Bell to its former publishing arm, which then owned The West Australian .
It is understood WA Glendinning bought the debt for a token sum around the time bank- appointed receivers sold the publishing arm into the December, 1991, float of WA Newspaper Holdings. The debt sale is understood to have given WA Newspapers and its float investors the benefit of substantial tax losses to offset against post-recession profits.
The debt was understood to have been considered worthless at the time because the banks had stripped all the proceeds of asset sales out of Bell companies on the strength of questionable corporate mortgages.
The banks pulled more than $280 million out of Bell after appointing receivers in April, 1991. The banks swooped just 15 months after gaining sweeping mortgages at a time Bell was believed to be in financial trouble.
The mortgages became the focus of a successful legal action led by Bell liquidator Tony Woodings, who gained judgments against the banks in the Supreme Court and WA Court of Appeal of $2.7 billion-plus.
The banks appealed to the High Court on about $2 billion of that judgment but the case was put on hold three weeks ago to allow the parties to settle.
The settlement, confirmed last week, must be approved by the WA Supreme Court, as well as by courts in London and Curacao. Another major creditor is former Bell associate Australian Consolidated Investments, potentially owed more than $40 million. Under the settlement, the banks will not claim for their debt of $260 million.
Mr Coppin declined to comment on WA Glendinning's looming windfall. Mr Hill's Australian business chief Stephen Spiers, a WA Glendinning director, also declined to discuss the debt or the settlement process.
"We're unsure of the situation because we don't know the details," Mr Spiers said. "I won't be counting on anything at this point - it is just a guess.
"It pays to be patient. There is value in being patient."
He refused to discuss details of the ownership of WA Glendinning or what it paid for the debt. Official records show the Hill trust company Expectation is 50 per cent shareholder, a Coppin company owns 37.5 per cent and a company linked to Mr Bowen owns 12.5 per cent.
The State Government-controlled Insurance Commission of WA, which originally held $150 million in Bell junk bonds, could get up to half the settlement from the banks thanks to its role as major funding creditor. The Australian Taxation Office, with debts that could have exceeded $100 million, also helped bankroll the case.
Bell's Netherland Antilles-based financing arm Bell Group NV, which owes bondholders more than $300 million, was a major funder of the litigation through a syndicate led by Dutch trader Louis Reijtenbach.
But the so-called Belgian dentists stopped funding in about 1999 when it appeared the banks would fight every step of the way. However the Belgians had a powerful role because of the size of the original debt and their early funding role.
Players close to the settlement were tight-lipped this week but one said any deal would have to satisfy Mr Reijtenbach and his associates.
Mr Woodings will go to the WA Supreme Court before December to get approval to make a priority distribution to funding creditors. He is obliged to ask they get two-thirds of the final settlement figure, but the court has complete discretion on the orders it makes under company law.
In a circular sent to creditors last week, Mr Woodings strongly hinted that he had gained consensus among those who had funded his $200 million-plus legal campaign.
Mr Woodings said he would be using schemes of arrangement to distribute proceeds in view of "the general agreement of creditors, in particular the indemnifying creditors".
He said schemes could deal with intercompany debts and the claims of the relatively small number of external creditors.
This would result in time and cost savings, while giving external creditors payouts the same as, or similar to, what they would have gained if more complicated winding up or reinstatement processes were used.
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domain: law


text:
Primary enforcement of seat belt law makes legal and safety sense
Published: Tuesday, November 18, 2003 at 3:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, November 18, 2003 at 12:00 a.m.
State lawmakers preparing for the start of the next legislative session should pay attention to a study released this week on the effectiveness of seat belt law enforcement.
The study conducted by a consulting firm for the Air Bag and Seat Belt Safety Campaign compared states with primary and secondary enforcement of seat belt laws.
States with primary enforcement allow police officers to stop motorists for failing to obey the seat belt law. States, like South Carolina, with secondary enforcement do not allow the police to stop motorists for violating the law. A driver can only be cited for breaking the seat belt law if the police stop him for some other reason, like speeding.
The exception in South Carolina is for children. A driver can be stopped if an officer sees someone 17 or younger not wearing a seat belt.
It should be no surprise to anyone that seat belt usage is higher in states with primary enforcement. In fact, the study indicates that seat belt use is 15 percentage points higher.
But that statistic represents more than compliance with the law or some vaguely desirable social good. It translates into saved lives.
The study estimates that 1,400 people will die in the next year who would have lived if there had been a primary enforcement law in place to push them to buckle up.
Why is that? Because wearing a seat belt cuts your risk of dying in an accident by about half, depending on the vehicle in which you're traveling and where you sit.
So why doesn't South Carolina have a primary enforcement law?
It's certainly come before the General Assembly often enough. Each year, a bill that would establish primary enforcement makes its way through the legislative process, but it always stalls somewhere along the line. This year, it failed to make it through the Senate.
Too many lawmakers have a misguided ideological objection to the seat belt law. They think it violates the individual's right to not wear a seat belt and run a higher risk of getting killed.
But mandating safety on the roads, as well as holding down the costs of auto insurance, are valid purposes of state government. The seat belt law does not infringe on any activity or belief. There is no reason not to embrace primary enforcement.
And the current compromise is just silly. We have a law, but we placate those who don't like the law by prohibiting the police from enforcing it. Does that make sense to anyone?
When lawmakers go back to Columbia in a month and a half, they should restore sense to the law and increase safety on the highways by passing primary enforcement.
This story appeared in print on page A10
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Giveon Brings The Good Energy in New Song ‘For Tonight’
Written by Jay Holz on September 24, 2021
Giveon is quickly becoming a household name in the R&B world and rightfully so. Today he drops another smooth track titled “For Tonight”.
He recently dropped a new EP titled When It’s All Said and Done… Take Time and he also just announced a new tour for it. The “Timeless Tour” will kick off in November and have him on the road through December. See the dates and locations here. The tour also sold out already, which is quite impressive.
Listen to “For Tonight” below and keep an eye out for Giveon – he’s just getting started.

domain: celebrity


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If there is one writer who towers over the late 20th century Evangelical landscape, it is without doubt C.S. Lewis. Most of us grew up reading his Chronicles of Narnia, science fiction trilogy, and The Screwtape Letters, and many more of us have benefited from his non-fiction writings. Mere Christianity, The Problem of Pain, The Four Loves, The Abolition of Man, and The Weight of Glory are all deservedly considered classics. (For what it’s worth, my favorite of his books is God in the Dock…)
But who was C.S. Lewis? What events and ideas shaped him? What was his life like? If you’re like me, his autobiographical work Surprised by Joy leaves you feeling like some important events and facts have been left out. Not least because most of it focuses on his childhood and time in school and then skips ahead to his conversion. To be sure his point in writing was an exploration of his discovery of joy (hence the title), but those of us who appreciate his writing certainly want to know more.
This is where Harry Lee Poe’s new book is very useful. In Becoming C.S. Lewis: A Biography of Young Jack Lewis (1898-1918) we see the formative years of the man who was formative for so many of us. As the first part of what I think will be a three-part biography series, we get a deep dive into Lewis’s childhood and young adulthood. We see his relationship to his parents and brother, his rare friendships, his educational experiences, and, perhaps above all, his relationship with stories. Lewis was raised on the solid food of imagination, and Poe’s book lays that all out for us in detail.
I think this is important. What follows here is my own view and not that of a C.S. Lewis scholar (or even of someone who is well informed about the history of 20th century theology), but it does seem that the recent explosion of Biblical theology is directly related to a generation raised on Lewis. Biblical theology of course predates Lewis. Geerhardus Vos and Gerhard von Rad were doing their work in the early part of the 20th century when Lewis was still just a child. And yet, given how much stories shape his childhood and eventually help to form his mature writings, it only makes sense that those of us who were raised on Lewis want to explore the narrative of the Bible. This is not to undercut systematic theology, it is just to perhaps partially explain why theology has gone the direction it has in the last thirty years or so. Lewis has told us that stories are essential to human life, so we have tried to understand the Bible as a story. In doing so, both Lewis and we have found that the Bible is in fact a true story–the true story. And all of us are the richer for this approach.
Which means this book is all sort of useful. It also happens to be well-written, and absolutely is worth your time.

domain: library


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Do you wish you could garden, but don’t have the time, space, or money to do it at home? Come join us at the Calhan Accessible Community Garden! FREE MEMBERSHIP!
To promote and stabilize positive human growth through respect, responsibility, trust, caring, and community. Collaborative partnerships are pursued to provide education and promote self-suﬃciency.
We serve as a “hub” for services and resources that sustain a strong, vibrant, healthy community on the rural plains. We serve the residents of: Calhan, Peyton, Ramah, Simla, Falcon, Matheson, Ellicott, Rush, Yoder, Edison, Hanover, Elbert, Elizabeth, and Kiowa.
Dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for older adults by providing county-wide leadership, direct services as needed, information and referral, networking, advocacy and collaboration for adult protection.


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Winter is a time for cooking and baking.
I love the warm scents of spices and baking and roasting goodness.
This was my Thanksgiving Apple Pie.
This was one of my best apple pies ever,
baked with a combination of Cortland and MacIntosh apples for a nearby orchard
and spiced just right.
I always add cinnamon, nutmeg and mace to my apple pies.
This year I found and added a teaspoon of this delicious blend of
Yuletide Cheer Spice from King Arthur Flour.
I looked for the product link and it is sold out for the season.
I think the cardamom, orange peel and coriander
lifted my pie to another level. Yum!
I buy my vanilla extract and some specialty flour from King Arthur
and added this in my cart when I had a coupon code.
Another baking yum was these wonderful popovers
served with whipped cream cheese and jam.
Mmmmmmm ... so good!
All you really need is a muffin tin and basic ingredients.
This is a good Popover Recipe @ Sugar Dish Me
I sometimes make them savory with grated cheese and herb seasoning like rasemary.
My Favorite Freebie Finds of the Week are:
There is a
where you can see all the inspiring stitches in progress.
I would love to stitch along, but I am working on an old Christmas Cross Stitch project
when I have time to sit and stitch.
My second Favorite Freebie Find is this
All Information and Free PDF files may be found in the link below:
I have the perfect fabric in my stash.
I am juts not sure I am going to have time to sew this one.
Sew Many Quilts ~ Sew Little Time
~ ~ ~
I am very much enjoying all the recipes and quilts in the
Time, also, to go enjoy today's goodies and also stop by my friends
Have a Happy Thursday!

domain: food


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A Chicago man was arrested on Wednesday for his long-distance role in the August 2014 murder of Chicago-area woman Sheila von Wiese-Mack, who was killed in Bali by her daughter's boyfriend and stuffed into a suitcase, prosecutors said.
Robert Bibbs, 24, is charged with conspiracy in the murder because he advised the killer in hope of sharing in an inheritance, according to charges brought by federal prosecutors.
Bibbs is scheduled to appear on Wednesday afternoon in federal court in Chicago, before U.S. Magistrate Judge Maria Valdez.
Bibbs' cousin, Tommy Schaefer, and Schaefer's girlfriend, Heather Mack, were convicted in April in Indonesia for their roles in the murder.
Schaefer was sentenced to 18 years in prison for premeditated murder. Mack, who has had a baby girl in prison, is serving 10 years for being an accessory to murder.
Mack and her mother, who had a troubled relationship, had traveled together to Bali last year and were staying at a luxury hotel. Schaefer joined them, surprising von Wiese-Mack, who did not know he was coming to Indonesia.
Within hours of Schaefer's arrival, von Wiese-Mack was bludgeoned to death, and Schaefer and Mack stuffed the body in a suitcase and placed it in a taxi cab. They then fled the hotel, when staff refused to give them their passports, which von-Wiese-Mack had left in a hotel safe.
"Bibbs knew of the plot to kill (von Wiese-Mack) before Schaefer and Mack carried it out, advised them on how to kill the victim, and counseled Schaefer on how to evade detection by law enforcement," federal prosecutors said in a statement.
Bali police, assisted by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, conducted a four-month investigation into the killing, including a re-enactment with the defendants at the five-star St Regis Bali Resort where the body was found with bruises on her arms and broken fingers.
Mack has fought in Chicago courts to get funds from her $1.56 million trust fund, left to her by her mother, to pay for her defense and her appeal in Indonesia.
(Reporting by Fiona Ortiz; Editing by Sandra Maler)


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New York’s left-wing Democrats have cautiously eyed Kathy Hochul for months, watching and waiting to see how the state’s new governor — a moderate from Buffalo — dealt with fraught policy disputes over the economy, housing and the coronavirus pandemic.
On Tuesday, one of New York’s progressive pillars, the Working Families Party, finally rendered a verdict: It endorsed Jumaane D. Williams, New York City’s public advocate, in his long-shot primary challenge against Ms. Hochul.
The decision was not unexpected. Mr. Williams has been a longtime ally of the Working Families Party, which is backed by an influential coalition of activists and labor unions. In recent years, it has helped push Democrats to the left and topple moderate incumbents in Washington, D.C.; New York City; and Albany, N.Y.
But the endorsement offered early insight into how the left plans to approach Ms. Hochul, who has been far more open to collaborating than her predecessor, former Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo — particularly at a moment when there are signs that party leaders may be retreating to more moderate positions in the face of rising gun violence and a flagging economic recovery.
Instead of endorsing Ms. Hochul and trying to lobby from the inside or denouncing her in a scorched-earth campaign, party activists appear to be betting that an empowered challenger on her left flank will help prevent the governor from drifting further to the center on issues like climate, affordable housing and taxes as New York emerges from a devastating pandemic.
“This is a serious crossroads moment in New York,” said Sochie Nnaemeka, the director of the New York Working Families Party, praising Mr. Williams as “the best choice to ensure that New York can actually be a place that working people could make ends meet.”
Ms. Nnaemeka said she was concerned that without a robust voice from the left, Democratic leaders were being swayed by other candidates — centrists in their own party like Representative Tom Suozzi and Republicans like Representative Lee Zeldin — who have sought to stir up public outrage over Ms. Hochul’s handling of the virus, the economy and public safety.
It is unclear how far the fresh push from progressives can get Mr. Williams, 45, a well-respected activist and former city councilman who first became public advocate in 2019. He came within a few points of defeating Ms. Hochul in 2018, when both ran for lieutenant governor, and the Working Families Party backed Cynthia Nixon over Mr. Cuomo.
But much has changed in the intervening years. Since Mr. Cuomo resigned in scandal in August, Ms. Hochul has become the dominant player in New York state politics. She has amassed $21 million in campaign cash and won the endorsements of key labor groups that were once a part of the Working Families Party, as well as left-leaning lawmakers.
At the same time, progressives have struggled in a series of high-profile races, losing the mayoralties of New York City and Buffalo to avowed centrists.
In the race for governor, they have been relatively slow to coalesce in opposition to Ms. Hochul, who has inspired good will by resetting relationships with left-leaning lawmakers and advocacy groups. She officially competed for the Working Families Party nomination, four years after Mr. Cuomo declared open warfare against the party.
Progressives had also been banking on Letitia James, the state’s left-leaning attorney general, to be their standard-bearer. Instead, Ms. James abruptly cut her campaign short in December, just six weeks after entering the race.
The most recent public opinion poll released by Siena College in mid-January showed Ms. Hochul leading Mr. Williams 46 percent to 11 percent among Democrats, with just 6 percent backing Mr. Suozzi.
A Guide to the New York Governor’s Race
A crowded field. Some of New York’s best-known political figures are running in the 2022 election to be governor of the state. Here are the key people to watch in the race:
Kathy Hochul. Ms. Hochul, the incumbent governor and a centrist Democrat, has been revving up an aggressive fund-raising apparatus and securing key endorsements, seeking to build an advantage.
Jumaane Williams. Mr. Williams, New York City’s public advocate, is the clearest left-leaning candidate in the race. In 2018, he electrified many progressive voters during his run for lieutenant governor.
Tom Suozzi. Mr. Suozzi, a Democratic congressman from Long Island who has positioned himself as a centrist, entered the race by taking direct aim at Gov. Kathy Hochul’s support among moderate suburban voters.
The Republicans. Lee Zeldin, a Republican congressman and avid supporter of former President Donald Trump, announced in April that he was entering the race. Andrew Giuliani, the son of Rudolph Giuliani, and Rob Astorino, a former Westchester County executive, have also launched long-shot bids.
Bruce N. Gyory, a veteran Democratic political strategist, said Tuesday’s endorsement would most likely help Mr. Williams consolidate support among left-leaning voters. But he predicted it would do little to expand Mr. Williams’s coalition to the extent that is needed to win a primary.
“This is likely to be too little too late, unless Jumaane can build bridges beyond his ideological base while consolidating the full range of the Black vote,” Mr. Gyory said.
For their part, progressives are betting Ms. Hochul’s post-swearing-in honeymoon is starting to fade, as the governor begins to develop a record on potentially contentious issues. In recent weeks, for example, she has let a statewide eviction moratorium lapse and pledged not to raise taxes on the rich — two positions that infuriated the left.
Several Working Families Party affiliates rolled out endorsements of Mr. Williams in advance of Tuesday. Our Revolution, the national advocacy group aligned with Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, backed him on Monday.
The help is well timed. Mr. Williams’s campaign has limped along in recent weeks: He caught Covid-19 during the winter outbreak and all but grounded his campaign, which raised just $222,000 in the last six months of 2021.
In an interview on Tuesday, Mr. Williams acknowledged that some of his allies were concerned that the campaign had yet to gain widespread traction and that he faced an “uphill battle.”
While complimentary about some of the changes Ms. Hochul has made in Albany, Mr. Williams accused her of using “a Republican playbook” by promising not to raise taxes on the rich. He also criticized her practice of accepting large donations from special interests and said he believed her budget blueprint was not ambitious enough.
“I listened to the State of the State address, and I thought it was decent enough,” Mr. Williams said. “But it could have been done before the pandemic. We need a bold, big New Deal-style vision for New York. That really concerns me.”


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CORONA — Once the Sharks had the momentum it was over.
Nathaniel Castillo threw for three touchdowns and ran for another as Santiago pulled away from Riverside King for a 42-14 victory in its Big VIII League opener on Friday night.
“We didn’t play great to start the game but we got the momentum and we made a point of finishing it,” Santiago coach Scott Morrison said.
Castillo tossed two touchdowns in the final 2 minutes of the second quarter and opened third quarter with another passing score for Santiago (5-1 overall, 1-0 Big VIII), which plays Norco next week.
“The end of the second quarter was really a momentum-shifter,” Castillo said. “Now we just have to keep working, keep grinding.”
Darnay Smith ran for two scores in the win, the Sharks’ fourth consecutive.
“We’re doing the right things right now, but it hasn’t always looked this good,” Morrison said.
King (2-4, 0-1) took an early lead when Ty McCullouch punched it in from the 3 after Santiago fumbled on the game’s opening drive.
Smith tied the game with a 1-yard dive later in the first quarter and the Sharks’ defense went to work, stopping King at every turn.
“The defense was great. They really held down the fort for us and kept giving us the ball back and we were able to capitalize,” Castillo said.
With time ticking on the first half, a good punt return from Jack Wolfe set up Santiago at midfield. A quick completion from Castillo to Smith moved the chains before the Sharks junior QB heaved it up the right sideline for Noah Atwood to haul in for a 21-yard touchdown and a 14-7 lead.
An interception and 42-yard return by Kobe Barajas on King’s ensuing gave the Santiago the ball at the 8 before Castillo fired it in for another score and a 21-7 lead less than 50 seconds from halftime.
Santiago attempted and recovered an onside kick to start the third quarter, and Castillo lofted a 26-yard touchdown pass to Jackson Kurtz on the first play from scrimmage for a 28-7 lead.
A bad snap on fourth down by King gave Santiago the ball back on the 6, and Castillo scored on the keeper three plays later for a 35-7 lead.
“There were some key swings,” King coach Pat McCarthy said. “We had some chances but in the second half they dominated.”
Smith scored his second with a 5-yard run late in the third quarter for a 42-7 lead and the fourth quarter was played with a running clock.
The Wolves got a late 14-yard touchdown pass from Austin Start to Trey Anderson to finish the scoring.


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For a list of current events, exhibitions and workshops, please click on 'What's On' in the menu above
COUNT ARTHUR STRONG
After many years of being courted by top London publishers, Count Arthur Strong has, at last, decided to put pen to paper and produced his first volume of his sensational diaries of his he’s written, “Through It All I’ve Always Laughed”. Join him on his, ‘Book Launch Tour’, as he reads selected highlights out loud for all to hear. But as if that wasn’t enough he’ll also be turning the hands of Old Father Time’s clock back on itself, to recreate some of those wonderful old moments from his long and distinguished career you all know and love so much.. Reserve your copy now at the introductory never to be repeated repeated price of £7.99. "For sale typewriter - £6.50 ono. No time wasters please!" * * * * * “If there’s one must see on the fringe each year, it has to be Count Arthur Strong” The Independent “Aspiring character comics would do well to come worship at the altar of Count Arthur Strong” The Guardian “A genuinely agonizing, hilarious, intricately woven and bizarre creation” The Scotsman “Pure comic genius” The Telegraph Visit the Count's website!


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It took a new sex crime for police to learn that a Shattuck-St. Mary's School teacher might have molested male students at the Faribault boarding school more than a decade ago.
One of those alleged male victims waited until he was facing 10 years in prison for his own crime to make accusations against former drama teacher Lynn Seibel. Eight months later, Seibel is in a Minnesota jail facing 14 felony counts of criminal sexual conduct and three related counts.
The former student, now in his late 20s, in November asked a Minnesota judge for a lighter sentence for having a 16-year-old girl send him sexually explicit photos of herself. Given the former student's past history of abuse, prosecutors and the judge agreed that he should not serve time in jail and instead should have a chance to have his record wiped clean if he met the terms of his probation.
The story of how police worked with that man to build a case against Seibel demonstrates the power of the criminal justice system in breaking through the silence that shrouds many sexual abuse cases.
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The former student, whom MPR News is not identifying because he is an alleged victim of sexual abuse, accused Seibel of inappropriately touching him while the two were alone. He also accused Seibel of leading group masturbation sessions in another student's dorm room. He led Faribault police detectives to five other male former students who raised similar allegations between 1999 and 2003.
• Charges filed against Lynn Seibel: Read the complaint
• Seibel was previously accused of misconduct
• Police, school differ on whether abuse was reported
• Faribault residents react to allegations
• School profile: News reverberates far beyond elite campus
• 2nd Shattuck teacher charged with assault
• Second charged teacher subbed in St. Paul
• Former teachers say school knew of abuse by Seibel
• Timeline of the Shattuck-St. Mary's case
The criminal complaint hints that there might be more victims: "You could just get the roster of the dorm when I was there and everyone was involved in this," one of the victims told detectives. But the phones have quieted at the Faribault Police Department, police said.
Shattuck-St. Mary's is a private Episcopal school with about 400 middle and high school students. Given the school's national reputation as a hockey powerhouse, as well as a general reluctance among victims of sexual abuse to talk about their past, the six victims listed in court documents might be the only ones who come forward. And for those six, the process for some has involved finally realizing that they were victims of sexual abuse, investigators said.
"Some of the victims just felt this was normal and didn't realize it wasn't — until they weren't in that school anymore, until they became adults, until they talked to other students about their high school experiences and what they used to do and started to figure out that there were just some lines that were crossed that probably shouldn't have been crossed," said Faribault Police Detective Brandon Gliem, who interviewed several of the alleged victims.
The school has said administrators were unaware of the specific allegations against Seibel until he was charged in October. Seibel left the school in 2003, after being confronted about child pornography found on his computer according to the criminal complaint filed against him.
VICTIM BECOMES PERPETRATOR
The alleged victim in the Shattuck-St. Mary's case who was the first to come forward is not alone among offenders who discuss their past as part of legal proceedings.
In this case, the man was being interviewed as part of an investigation that happens before sentencing. Those investigations, as well as conversations with defense attorneys, often unearth possible explanations for the individual's behavior, including whether they've been crime victims themselves, said John Stuart, the state's chief public defender.
"Everybody has a story," he said, "which is important for us to understand, because then maybe we can keep the next person from having that experience."
Studies have shown a higher rate of childhood sexual abuse among sex offenders than the general population, a reality that has led many offenders to seek therapy for their own suffering while serving out sentences for harming someone else.
A person's abuse history can help explain behaviors ranging from violence to substance abuse, said Mic Hunter, a Twin Cities psychologist and family therapist who works with the national advocacy organization Male Survivor.
"The more we're able to talk about this and the more people can get help, we're going to be preventing crimes — not just child sexual abuse, but other crimes as well," he said. "If we were able to reduce child sexual abuse, we'd be affecting positively every problem we have in society."
Victims of child sex abuse often wait years before revealing they were abused, as was the case in most of the clergy abuse incidents and the scandal involving former Penn State coach Jerry Sandusky. Sexual abuse victims and experts who work with them say coming forward often coincides with struggles the victims face in adulthood, as well as a realization that they're not alone.
"Everybody kind of comes to their own place in their own healing process and has to find a time when it feels safe for them to share their story," said Cindy McElhinney, program director at Darkness to Light, a national organization working to reduce the incidence of childhood sexual abuse.
While one alleged victim in the Shattuck-St. Mary's case came forward while dealing with his own struggles in June 2012, the others gave statements to police knowing they weren't the only ones making allegations. None of the men has come out publicly to tell his story, but court documents show another high-profile sexual abuse case was on their minds.
Faribault police received the first report about the alleged abuse at Shattuck-St. Mary's just three days after Jerry Sandusky's trial began. When police interviewed that first victim a couple of weeks later, he told investigators that things had changed regarding "sexual predators" and that he believes Seibel would be in jail if the abuse had happened today.
Two of the other victims told investigators in the weeks and months that followed that the Sandusky case reminded them of their abuse.
Media coverage of the Seibel case prompted a male victim of another alleged incident at Shattuck-St. Mary's during the 1980s to come forward. Charges against his teacher, Joseph Machlitt, were filed in November.
But media coverage isn't the only trigger. Some victims, after years of contemplating what happened to them, come to realize that what they experienced as a child was abuse, said William Seabloom, a certified sex therapist who has worked with sex offenders and victims for more than 30 years.
"They change their position to being a victim, where they didn't feel [they were] a victim at the time. That can create all kinds of future problems for them," he said.
Gliem, the Faribault police detective, said he believes Seibel took advantage of his position to persuade the victims that his behavior was appropriate.
"Mr. Seibel himself is a drama teacher, a very educated man, very charismatic, very forward thinking, and the children at that school were at the mercy of his charismatic and convincing attitude," he said.
If no one else comes forward in the case, it might be because their needs have already been met, said Pat Marker, who became an advocate for victims of sexual abuse at St. John's Preparatory School in Collegeville after coming forward in 1989 about abuse he suffered there. "For a lot of people, all they need to do is just have their story validated," Marker said. "But those people who then come forward and validate the stories of others by making their stories public, those are important pieces to getting the help and the healing."
Marker said the reluctance among some victims to come forward isn't surprising given Shattuck-St. Mary's reputation. In the case of St. John's, many victims didn't want to bring shame to their parents, who paid thousands of dollars to send them there, he said. Boarding school tuition at Shattuck-St. Mary's is about $40,000 a year.
"If the school is well-known, that's to the advantage of the perpetrator. Nobody wants to be the person to tarnish that school's reputation," Marker said.
(MPR reporters Elizabeth Baier and Madeleine Baran contributed to this report.)


Commitment doesn't seem to be a word in DaVon Hamilton's vocabulary.
Hamilton was committed to the Ohio Bobcats when he flipped to Pitt over the summer. Now, after committing to the Panthers, Hamilton is on the move yet again as the defensive lineman is ditching Pitt for Kentucky.
So why the change of heart? Because Kentucky's great, after all. Not just great, but great. Great, I said. (Great)
"Great area, great place, great team, great program, great university," Hamilton told Wiltfong.
I don't begrudge kids changing their minds - not at all, actually. And it'd be pretty stupid to have sour grapes after losing a kid that had committed elsewhere first. Lastly, it's better for a kid to leave before signing with a program than transferring out after he's come on board.
But choosing three different schools all within the course of a year before even reaching college is just, well, weird. Thing is, he might not even be done moving around (see below).
Hamilton leaving Pitt hurts for a few reasons. First, Pitt doesn't have enough playmakers on the defensive line and he could have helped out there. And in terms of the defense as a whole, he was one of the few recruits on that side of the ball this year. His absence leaves the Panthers with only four true defensive recruits for the 2015 class and, considering that unit has struggled far more than the offense has, losing any defensive player hurts.
One school that has been potentially interested in Hamilton is Ohio State. He visited there last week, so you know, he may be still shopping himself around. As he's from Ohio, it will be interesting to see if an offer from the Buckeyes gets him to change his mind yet again.
Be sure to join Cardiac Hill's Facebook page and follow us on Twitter @PittPantherBlog for our regular updates on Pitt athletics. Follow the author and founder/editor @AnsonWhaley.


Bryan-College Station Mobility Initiative
To get ahead of the congestion curve that is closing in on Bryan/College Station, area leaders came together in 2006 to develop a regional concept for transportation operations in the Brazos Valley.
The need is great, as traffic congestion in Bryan/College Station is increasing dramatically due to the tremendous population growth experienced in the last 30 years, as well as the more than one million visitors coming to special events on the Texas A&M campus each year.
Leaders, staff and transportation stakeholders at the cities of Bryan and College Station; the Bryan/College Station Metropolitan Planning Organization; Brazos County; the local district of the Texas Department of Transportation; Texas A&M University; and the Texas Transportation Institute formed a working group that established priorities to move the mobility initiative forward. Congressman Chet Edwards recognized and agreed with this need for more effective transportation planning and coordination in Bryan/College Station. As a result, he took the lead in securing designated funding of $1 million to implement the B/CS Mobility Initiative (BCSMI).
We at BCSMPO are very proud of our role in the BCSMI and the wealth of information available to MPO members and the members of the Public at large:
For up to date News on road closures and construction, or for real-time traffic information we encourage you to visit


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