text: To hike to the observation tower at the top of Mt. Late spring is a good time of year to take that out-of-the-way, 'back route' you've been considering. More Info. In 2020 Mount Kineo still has opportunities for hikers, with several hiking trails leading up the mountain to the 60 foot fire tower, with a panoramic view of Moosehead Lake and the surrounding mountains. All that remains today of the great resort is the scenic nine-hole golf course, and a smattering of old buildings — several of the Kineo cottages remain as private residences. The Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands, for whom I work, has management responsibility for the 800 acres of public lands at Kineo. 391 were here. Historic Preservation Commission. Kineo Mountain via Seven Bridges Trail - Colorado | AllTrails The mountains in the Moosehead Pinnacle Pursuit offer panoramic views from each corner of the Moosehead Lake region. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. This is the official fan page for the Mount Kineo Golf Course! The shuttle runs from Memorial Day weekend to Columbus Day weekend. Pool. Mount Kineo, with 700-foot cliffs rising straight up from Moosehead Lake, is an unforgettable setting that has lured people for centuries.Native Americans once traveled great distances to Mt. ft. single-family home is a 3 bed, 1.0 bath property. It is home to peregrine falcons and a variety of rare plants. On the southern slope of Elephant Mountain, just 15 minutes from downtown Greenville, lies... Maine’s shining gem, Katahdin, is and will always be one of Maine’s proudest sights. I walked in searching for water, and exited thinking about the guns, ammo, Keen shoes, bathing suits, tents and shot glasses I could have purchased. Kineo's 800-foot cliffs. It is during this era Henry David Thoreau wrote about his trip up the lake by steamship mid-September 1853. It included a breakwater cottage and long wharf. This building was renovated and opened in 1912 as one of the largest of all inland-water hotels in the country. Mount Kineo is a prominent geological feature located on a 1,150-acre (470 ha) peninsula that extends from the easterly shore of Moosehead Lake in the northern forest of Maine. Behind the clubhouse is a small golf course, a dock, and several service structures. A. This was a location known well to the Native Americans who traveled great distances to Kineo for the hard rock with flint-like qualities that was used for tools and arrowheads. A peninsula jutting out into Moosehead, Kineo was first discovered around 11,000 years ago by Paleo-Indians. Price: $ 131 / night. View of Mount Kineo Object Name: Negative, Glass-plate Date: 1930 circa Description: This is an aerial photograph of Kineo Peninsula, Maine. From the outside, the store looked like any other Maine grocer. A half century ago, aye, even no more than forty years aoo, the American people had no outdoor sports recognized by refined and cultivated people as becoming and proper. Mount Kineo may be a little difficult to get to, but the dramatic views of Moosehead Lake from the tower at the summit are well worth it. Mount Kineo is an 800 foot mountain of rhyolite that rises dramatically from the deepest portion of Moosehead Lake. In 2020, Browse topics related to the bicentennial. Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth. This challenge offers... Maine Wilderness Adventures offers women, youth groups and families the opportunity to experience a Maine wilderness adventure in a safe and... Waterfall tours and 1/2 or full day hikes. By 1914, the hotel and annex had 431 employees. Visitors can board a Katahdin Cruise in Greenville to explore this lake and pass directly under Mt. This historic lodge was constructed in 1912 on Kineo, adjacent to Mount Kineo State Park in the middle of spectacular Moosehead Lake in Central Maine. Kineo, Maine.” American Naturalist. Parker, Everett L. Kineo: Moosehead Sentinel from Native Americans to Hotel Grandeur. Spring 2004. p. 10. Willoughby, Charles Clark, 1857-1943. The S.S. Kineo was a wooden cargo ship launched at the Standifer Wood Shipyard in 1918 during World War I. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. Kineo. Kineo is a sight to behold. It was a handsome, half-a-canoe and a practical deal. Moosehead Communications. Articles about Maine history, government, ecology, economy, recreation, towns, natural features, famous people, sports, with maps, photos, and videos. This Covid-safe outdoor retreat will create safe and inspired space for community... North Country Rivers - Self-guided Hiking, Moosehead Lake Region Chamber of Commerce. Observing the quiet and dramatic landscape from its abundant porches, the Breakwater is a structure that has witnessed the hey-day and fall of one of Maine’s great summer resorts, the Mount Kineo House. Moosehead Communications. On the eastern shore of Moosehead Lake, Mount Kineo State Park is only accessible by water. Following the purchase of the hotel by the Maine Central Railroad in 1911, the Hiram Ricker Hotel Company was engaged to operate the hotel. --Photographs; Lakes--Maine; Moosehead Lake (Me.) The trail offers a number of activity options and is best used from May until February. The well-maintained trails provide stunning views and serve as the perfect picnic setting. A pineapple corer. SUPERHOST Entire cabin 4.92 (39) Lucky Duck Lodge. Sandy Pond Home Freedom, Maine Acres: 10 Waterfront Home Price: $379,900. In 1900, 80 rooms were added, there were golf rooms, card rooms, parlors, a playroom for children, a music room, a drawing room, and a library. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. General Maine History Photographs . Rights assessment remains the responsibility of the researcher. The 800-acre surrounding property is on Moosehead Lake and is managed by the Maine Bureau of Parks and Lands. New menus were printed daily featuring treats such as Penobscot River Salmon and water from Kineo Spring. *Maine. Guided or self-guided, we have something for all ages at Maine’s... Equinox Guiding Service is comprised of experienced, passionate climbers who are professionally trained guides. SUPERHOST Entire cottage 4.95 (38) THE PINK LADY. Mount Kineo has gentle slopes to the northwest and steep southeast faces shaped by a mile-thick ice sheet that moved across the region from northwest to southeast. "Those seeking cold, hard statistics on Maine communities won't be disappointed." Quick Search. Kineo and back to the docks via the Bridle Trail and Indian Trails takes approximately 2 – 2.5 hours. Kineo as seen from Moosehead Lake Maine. Wednesday, March 7, 2012. Estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller's handling time, origin ZIP Code, destination ZIP Code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab.Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Secondly, this is an island hike. Required fields are marked *. Mt. Box 10 Collection: Native American collection Object Type: Physical Object Rebuilt in 1870 and opened in 1871, the second Mt. Timeline Attributes. Explore similar videos at Adobe Stock National Register source files have changed! An image of the Mt. Montressor, a British Officer, writing in a diary entry of July 1,1761 refers to the moose or deer mountain on what he called lake Orignal (Canadian French for moose). When you step off the docks on Kineo you are at the trailhead for the Mt. Mount Kineo made sense, but nothing about 'tee box' or 'club house' screamed adventure to me. If you plan ahead you get to take the ferry over to the island which in itself is fun. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Entire cabin 4.87 (23) Cabin 3 - Mickey Finn. A flat neck of land extends southward from the mountain, on which the Mount Kineo Resort was developed beginning in the 1880s. Set against the backdrop of the 763 foot high Mount Kineo, the south facing clubhouse stares down twenty miles of water toward the town of Greenville; the east and west shores are about a mile apart. Mount Kineo is a hike just as appropriate for grandma as it is for the grandkids. Sold for. The following information can be found on the Mt. Kineo (elevation 1,789 feet). 2020 Kineo Shuttle Schedule The Kineo Shuttle 207-534-9012 2020 Schedule May 23, 2020 through October 12, 2020 Months of May and June From the Rockwood Public Landing to Kineo: 9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm, and 3:00pm From Kineo to Rockwood: 10:45am, 12:45pm, 2:45pm with a final trip back at 4:45pm Months of July and August From the […] What is the worst purchase you’ve ever made? Last weekend, while on our way to Mount Kineo, we passed through the town of Abbot. Free parking on premises. In the end, I got it. Kineo, Maine ME Postcards from collection of 2 Million Vintage Post Cards that date back from 1893 to the modern photo chrome era of the late 1970s. The nine-hole golf course is still enjoyed, and a revival of walking — or hiking — keeps the trails to the summit of Mt. The shuttle runs from Memorial Day weekend to Columbus Day weekend. In 1911, the dining room was enlarged and an annex was added to be used year round. We run a shuttle service for all of you who would like to come play golf and hike the mountain. Mt. Official shirts, hoodies, mugs, pint glasses & other merchandise exclusively from HISTORY - Shop now! By the 1930s, the era of summer residency at the grand hotel had all but disappeared, partly due to the changing appetite of newly emerging modern travel and partly due to the ensuing wartime economy. I'm used to high swells and rough seas, so I was surprised to find myself gripping the seat as our small pontoon ferry made its way across from the Rockwood boat launch to Mount Kineo. The park offers year-round activities including two boat launches and a beach that's accessible, but not overly crowed. Main menu. Price: $ 120 / night. Kitchen. The Dormitory, built in 1909, still stands near the golf course, and the old Oak Lodge, briefly renamed the Kineo House Inn, has been refurbished. Maine’s highest mountain peaks at nearly a mile (5,267... A rail trail is an old, unused railway that has been converted into a multi-use path. Mt. Stock Footage of Amazing aerial lone climber scaling ice cascade Maineline, Mount Kineo 4K. Known for providing peaceful and private camping on lakefront sites, Lily Bay is a great place to stay. This postcard is of the "New" Mt. Western Shore. Mount Kineo. Kineo Hotel (Greenville, Me.) It’s Worth the Trip: Mount Kineo provides a dramatic sight with plenty of history. Kineo State Park hiking trails. The once famous and massive wooden hotel and its auxiliary buildings, which thrived from the 1880s through the 1930s, has been all but eliminated from its prominent point on Moosehead Lake. 2020 Kineo Shuttle Schedule The Kineo Shuttle 207-534-9012 2020 Schedule May 23, 2020 through October 12, 2020 Months of May and June From the Rockwood Public Landing to Kineo: 9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm, and 3:00pm From Kineo to Rockwood: 10:45am, 12:45pm, 2:45pm with a final trip back at 4:45pm Months of July and August From the Rockwood Public Landing to Kineo: On the hour, every … Private ownership came in 1840 when the state sold Kineo to John Bradbury for $350. There's also a 1-mile trail that runs along the shore of Moosehead Lake. Durward J. Ferland, Jr. KINEO: Splendor and Silence. Postcard series number: 6641 1902-1903. It was a hybrid shop - a curious Maine mix between a generic grocery store, L.L. In 1868, a fire destroyed the house but it was rebuilt and opened in 1871. All that remains today of the great resort is the scenic nine-hole golf course, and a smattering of old buildings — several of the Kineo cottages remain as private residences. It reads, in part, "Mount Kineo House/O. With the golf course's spectacular location on Moosehead Lake, and Mt. The one that doesn't make any practical sense to reach your destination, but may make every bit of sense if you're trying to make your entire trip (not just the backcountry portion) one of exploration. This is the official fan page for the Mount Kineo Golf Course! 1062 Mount Kineo from Pebble Beach, Moosehead Lake, Me (NYPL b12647398-62908) USGS TOPO Map New Hampshire NH Mount Kineo 20120508 TM Inverted Restoration. It's a rare and accessible outdoor destination that embodies much of what Maine has to offer - beautiful views of our lakes and mountains, year-round activities, hiking, paddling, lush trails, and a striking history. YellowMaps Mount Kineo NH topo map, 1:24000 Scale, 7.5 X 7.5 Minute, Historical, 1973, Updated 1975, 26.8 x 22 in - Polypropylene: Amazon.ca: Sports & Outdoors 1912, with weeks itinerary including 18 hole golf . Other great vacation rentals in Mount Kineo. The trail is primarily used for hiking, walking, nature trips, and birding and is best used from April until September. The rooms were heated by steam, hot and cold running water, lighted by both gas and electricity, and two elevators serviced all five floors. Clearly, I had a lot to learn about Mount Kineo. From the little boat ride across to Mount Kineo until the ride back, this was a fun experience.


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A few days ago, We all went to the Great Barrier Reef in Australia which is the biggest living organism on earth. The Great Barrier Reef is so large that it is visible from space! We took a boat with a company called ‘Quicksilver’ to a huge pontoon to an outer reef called the Agincourt Reef at the edge of the reef shelf where I was about to go on a tour underwater around the earth’s largest reef system.
We boarded a catamaran which would take us to the floating pontoon. My dad and I rented an underwater camera to enable us to take photographs of the reef. A lady gave us a piece of paper that showed the day’s timetable. There were two choices and I wanted to try scuba diving, but the age limit was twelve or over, so I decided to go on a snorkelling tour with my dad around the reef.
A few minutes later, the boat suddenly stopped in the middle of the ocean! I was really worried that maybe the motors had stopped working, but there was an announcement that said that there was a mother whale and her child just outside the boat! I hurried out and there I saw a huge humpback whale with her calf. Another announcement said that it was likely that we saw a whale because from May to November it is whale season in Australia. It also said that female humpbacks are bigger than the males (females are 45-50 metres long and males are 40-48 metres). After a while, the child wanted to play and was breaching and doing backflips in the water! When the calf got tired it swam away from the boat following its mother. We slowly moved on and left them both alone.
A crewmember named Sam told us a bit about the Great Barrier Reef before we arrived. Sam said that six out of seven species of water turtles are found in the reef. The six species are:
– Green turtle
– Loggerhead turtle
– Hawksbill turtle
– Flatback turtle
– Olive ridley turtle
– Leatherback turtle
The seventh turtle is called the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle, but they are found in the Atlantic waters from Mexico to Florida. I also found out that sea turtles are able to hold their breath underwater for 4-7 hours! Sam also said about the different types of corals there were at the Great Barrier Reef. He told us that the Great Barrier Reef stretches over 2,600 kilometres. He first told us about Staghorn coral. Staghorn coral is shaped exactly like a deer’s antler and that is why it is called Staghorn. These types of coral are very good builders and can grow 10-20cm per year. Staghorn coral is very fragile and gets easily broken if there are storms. This is good because otherwise they grow so fast they would overgrow the Great Barrier Reef. Here is a picture I took of Staghorn coral:
Sam also told us that most of the coral in the Great Barrier Reef is endangered. when we came back to our villa, I wanted to find out what was the main thing that caused corals to be an endangered species. One of the main thing that was reducing more than 50% of the Great Barrier Reefs coral is the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. These starfish are very vicious and feed on coral polyps. A single Crown-of-Thorns Starfish can devour eight square metres of coral per year. A female Starfish can lay up to 65 million eggs every spawning season which isn’t good at all. During a Crown-of-Thorns Starfish outbreak, 1000 adults can invade a single hectare of reef. An invasion can destroy 97% of a reefs coral population. Luckily these days, marine biologists are able to kill the Crown-of-Thorns starfish by injecting them with a long needle.
After 2 hours on the Catamaran style boat, we finally arrived at the pontoon next to Agincourt Reef. A pontoon is like a floating platform above the water. As I stepped out of the boat, I could see lots of people scuba diving, snorkelling or just swimming in the huge Ocean. I was so exited and couldn’t wait to see al the different fish, coral, crabs, turtles, more whales or even sharks! My dad and I had our lunch and went over to our snorkelling group. Erica, who was a marine biologist was going to be our teacher for the tour. After Erica told us the safety rules, we got into our gear (a pair of flippers which we put on our feet to help us go faster in the water and a snorkel tube and an all-in-one wetsuit so we wouldn’t get stung by jellyfish), and walked onto a raised floating metal platform that was attached to the pontoon but still in the water. There were benches on the metal platform so that we could adjust our gear before the snorkelling tour and it was very easy to get in and out of the water with flippers on. Erica sprayed the insides of our snorkel mask with a special spray that would prevent our masks from fogging up. Finally, my dad, Erica and I all jumped into the Pacific Ocean, I was in the Great Barrier Reef!
When I looked underwater, I could see so many different coloured fish and coral! It was so much better than I could have imagined. The water was very fresh, but I wasn’t that cold as I had my wetsuit on. The wetsuits also enabled us to swim in the water without getting stung by jellyfish. The bottom was very shallow, but the crew told us not to walk on the coral as it is very fragile and it is an endangered living organisms.
We followed Erica to a spot were there was an enormous open giant clam! She said she was going to dive down to the bottom and told us to see what happens. Erica took a deep breath and dived down to the shallow bottom of the reef. She put her hand inside the giant clam and all of the sudden it closed very quickly! Luckily, Erica escaped just in time and swam up to the surface. Here is a picture of the clam:
As we swam on, I spotted a tiny orange, white and black fish, It was Nemo (a clown fish)! I dived down to the bottom of the reef and took a picture with the underwater camera. It was as small as my little finger, but it had very bright colours and that is what caught my eye. There are 28 – 30 recognized species of clownfish and clownfish can live up to 10 years in the wild but on average 6 – 8 years. Females lay around 1000 eggs all in one go and the male clownfish will guard the them.
Finally I am going to tell you a bit about what corals eat and feed on. Corals use a variety of methods to eat their food. Most of their nutrients come from the zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae are several yellow-green algae that inhabit other organisms such as marine invertebrates. Like plants, zooxanthellae use the sun to make food for themselves and the coral. This is why it is important for corals to live in shallow waters as they can get lots of light from the sun. Corals also eat plankton which are tiny animals or plants which float around in the water. Some corals can also ingest very small fish. To catch these animals, the corals use their tentacles to paralyse their prey with its stinging cells called nematocysts. They can also feed on tiny plants or from the zooxanthellae that live inside their cells.
After that it was time to go back and I was really sad that we had to go so soon. We slowly swam back to the pontoon and took off our gear and wetsuits. We boarded onto the fast boat and went back home. The Agincourt reef which is located on the outer most tip of the continental shelf is about sixty five kilometres from Port Douglas but it seemed much quicker on the way back as on the way we were going against the waves but on the way back we were going with the waves.
I really enjoyed myself today and it was probably the best day of my life so far! Unfortunately, my dad and I didn’t see any turtles today, but hopefully we will see lots more along our journey. Today was also the first time I saw a real whale up close and it is now my favourite animal! It was a great experience learning about all the different types of fish and corals.
From Apollinaire 🐙🐋🐠

domain: geography


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Education and Political Subjectivities in Neoliberal Times and Places : Emergences of Norms and
About this item
This book explores and identifies the conditions needed for the emergence of political subjectivities in international educational contexts, where neoliberal policies and practices are repeated, performed and transformed. Chapters address key theoretical discussions surrounding the different, and sometimes contradicting, norms in neoliberalism and their relationship to education, economy and politics. The innovative approach considers diverse educational and political initiatives in the wake of new public management practices, postcolonial perspectives on neoliberal education, and educational practices and critical possibilities.

domain: library


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HKABA WA April Networking Lunch
AboutOur HKABA WA Chapter Networking Lunch is coming up. Join us for a delightful networking lunch at the renowned Hong Kong Tea Cafe!
Indulge in authentic Hong Kong delicacies and savor the signature milk tea while connecting with fellow professionals from the Hong Kong and Australia Business Association (HKABA). It's the perfect opportunity to expand your network and share insights over a delicious meal.
Don't miss out on this unique networking experience! Reserve your spot today by registering at the link below. We look forward to seeing you there!
Member Price: $40
Non- Member Price: $55
DateWednesday 10 April 2024 12:00 PM - 2:30 PM (UTC+08)
Hong Kong Tea Cafe
4/800 Albany Hwy , East Victoria Park WA 6101

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FDA to take action against contractor who served lizard
Mumbai – Food and Drugs Administration investigated Chembur’s Social Justice Department’s hostel’s kitchen and mess. FDA found out that the department is violating the norms and rules. FDA is planning to take action against the contractor as has asked to make changes in the kitchen.
On 12th February, the lizard was found in the food. Police and Social Justice Department is investigating about the same. “We will serve the notice to the contractor and within in 15 days, he will have to take steps. If he fails to make changes in the kitchen then we will take severe action against the same,” said Suresh Annapure, deputy commissioner, FDA. Meanwhile, the department will be ousting the contractor.
On Sunday Saint Eknath Government’s hostel students are suffering due to the bad quality food. They have to eat outside and they are not able to afford. “We did not get breakfast also. We can’t afford to eat outside food,” said Gorakh Ubale, student.


The EMT-RCC Retractable Corrosion Coupon System comes with a clamp-style installation and removal tool that makes it possible to take the system apart online for pipelines that are designed to work at pressures below 10 MPa. This system can operate at pressures up to 1500 psi (10.3 MPa) and temperatures as high as 500°F/260°C. During operation, the implantation depth of the corrosion coupon probe can be adjusted to accommodate the pipeline’s diameter and wall thickness. The standard system is available in various lengths—24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 inches—making it suitable for pipes of different diameters. At its extremity, the system can hold an insulated strip-type corrosion coupon. The corrosion coupon system comprises a probe rod, a ball valve, a corrosion coupon, and an adjustable safety clamp kit. It is recommended to use the safety closure when the pipeline pressure drops below 1500 psi and the temperature falls below 500 °F.
- Safety Clamp Assembly: This component ensures that the system is securely fastened to the pipeline. It’s designed to handle the high pressure and temperature conditions that the system operates under.
- Lock Nut: The lock nut plays a crucial role in securing the system and preventing it from loosening due to vibration or pressure changes in the pipeline.
- Sealing Nut: The sealing nut works in conjunction with the lock nut to create a secure and tight seal, preventing any leakage from the pipeline.
- Connection Pipe: This is the section of the system that physically connects the corrosion coupon to the pipeline. It is designed to withstand the same pressure and temperature conditions as the pipeline itself.
- Full Bore Ball Valve: This valve controls the flow of the pipeline medium. It can completely stop or allow full flow, which is crucial for system maintenance and operation.
- Welded Base: The welded base is the foundation of the coupon system, providing a solid and sturdy platform for the other components.
- Coupon Mounting Rod: This rod holds the corrosion coupon in place and is adjustable to accommodate different pipeline diameters and wall thicknesses.
- Corrosion Coupon: The corrosion coupon is the part of the system that monitors the rate of corrosion within the pipeline. It is typically made from the same material as the pipe.
- Adjustment Nut: The adjustment nut allows for the precise positioning of the corrosion coupon within the pipeline. This is crucial for obtaining accurate corrosion data.
- Upper Safety Clamp: This clamp secures the upper part of the system and works in conjunction with the lower safety clamp to ensure the system is firmly attached to the pipeline.
- Locking Nut: The locking nut provides an additional layer of security to the system, ensuring that the adjustments made to the coupon position remain fixed during operation.
- Lower Safety Clamp: This clamp secures the lower part of the system, working in tandem with the upper safety clamp to provide a tight and secure attachment to the pipeline.
Reinstallation of EMT-RCC Retractable Corrosion Coupons
After the corrosion coupon replacement is completed or reinstalled after the inspection work, proceed with the reinstallation of the coupon device.
(1) Confirm whether the adjustment rod is in place.
Measure and adjust the distance between the two safety clamps (important); it should meet L2 = 515~525mm. If it does not meet this criterion, adjustments should be made to this range. (Note: Keep the lower safety clamp stationary during the adjustment process; only adjust the upper safety clamp during the adjustment process.)
(2) Replace the sealing material.
Clear the residual sealing material at the branch pipe threads and the sealing nut, and wrap the new sealing material at the branch pipe threads.
(3) Install the coupon device.
Align the coupon device with the branch pipe threads, hand-tighten until it doesn’t move, then use a wrench to tighten the sealing nut.
(4) Open the valve.
After opening the valve, check whether there is any leakage at the branch pipe connection and other threaded connections. If there is leakage, close the valve, then deal with the leaking seal (replace the sealing material or replace parts, maintain, and reinstall). If there is still leakage, repeat this step until there is no leakage.
(5) Adjust the upper safety clamp to its initial installation position.
Adjust the lower adjustment nut of the upper safety clamp to the lowest position, and promptly adjust this nut when it affects the adjustment of the upper adjustment nut.
Adjust the distance between the upper safety clamp and the surface of the welded base to the initial installation record distance L, see step (4) of the initial installation.
When adjusting the nuts, a single person can operate alternately to tighten the two nuts; or two people can simultaneously tighten the two nuts, trying to keep the upper safety clamp perpendicular to the coupon support rod to avoid excessive tilt.
(6) Lock the Coupon Support Rod.
After the upper safety clamp is adjusted in place, check the direction of the coupon support rod, and turn the coupon support rod so that the indicator surface points in the direction of the pipeline medium flow. Tighten the upper and lower adjustment nuts of the upper safety clamp, and check and tighten the lock nut of the lower safety clamp. Installation is complete.
With this, the reinstallation process ends.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: What is a Retractable Corrosion Coupon?
A1: A Retractable Corrosion Coupon is a revolutionary device used for real-time, continuous monitoring of corrosion in industrial settings. It is designed to operate under extreme conditions and can be adjusted to accommodate various pipeline diameters and wall thicknesses.
Q2: What materials are used in the construction of Retractable Corrosion Coupons?
A2: Retractable Corrosion Coupons are constructed from 316 stainless steel, known for its superior corrosion resistance and durability. Other materials can meet customer needs.
Q3: How can the Retractable Corrosion Coupon System withstand high pressure and temperature conditions?
A3: The system is designed to operate at pressures up to 1,500 psi (10.3 MPa) and temperatures up to 500 °F (260 °C). Its robust construction and use of high-quality materials enable it to withstand these extreme conditions.
Q4: What are the standard lengths of the Retractable Corrosion Coupon System?
A4: The system is available in standard lengths of 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 inches to accommodate pipelines of varying diameters.
Q5: What standards do the Retractable Corrosion Coupons meet?
A5: Retractable Corrosion Coupons meet the stringent requirements of NACE MR0175 and MR0103, ensuring their quality and dependability in various industrial environments.
The EMT-RCC Retractable Corrosion Coupon System is an innovative solution for real-time and continuous corrosion monitoring in industrial settings. Designed to withstand pressures up to 1,500 psi (10.3 MPa) and temperatures up to 500 °F (260 °C), this system offers superior performance in harsh operational conditions. It comes with the flexibility to adjust the implantation depth of the corrosion coupon probe based on the pipeline’s diameter and wall thickness.
With standard lengths ranging from 24 to 48 inches, the system can accommodate a variety of pipeline diameters. Furthermore, the safety clamp assembly ensures safe operation and maintenance, making it an optimal choice for industries looking for reliable and efficient corrosion monitoring tools.
The reinstallation process of the EMT-RCC Retractable Corrosion Coupon is streamlined and well-structured, ensuring minimal downtime and maximum operational efficiency. Built with high-quality materials like 316 stainless steel and complying with stringent NACE standards, this system is designed for longevity and reliability.
In conclusion, the EMT-RCC Retractable Corrosion Coupon System is a revolutionary solution that brings together durability, flexibility, and efficiency, offering an unparalleled corrosion monitoring experience for various industrial applications.


Overall, tanks from the United States of America have good maneuverability, soft stats, firepower, accuracy, and the best rate of fire. Often they have the highest damage per minute and they are exceptionally versatile. Their downside is the lack of sufficient side and rear hull armor and they are prone to crew loss.
American light tanks pack a bit more of a punch than their counterparts, but they do lack a bit in speed.
American medium tanks are perfect for variable strategies as they are able to both move quickly and deliver the firepower when needed. Their decent accuracy on the move and gun depression make them rather comfortable to play. They excel in dog-fighting.
American heavy tanks have moderately armored frontal hulls, but very weak side and rear armor, with nearly-impenetrable front turret armor.
American tank destroyers have varied playing styles. The line starts out with a typical tank destroyer playing style with a great choice of guns, then leads to two tank destroyer lines; one with turrets and one mostly without turrets. Higher tier tank destroyers on the non-turreted line tend to be very well armed and armored, but they are extremely slow, so tread carefully. On the other hand, higher tier turreted tank destroyers tend to be very well armed but poorly armored, with the exception of the T28 Prototype and T110E4. They are much more mobile compared to the non-turreted line. For these tank destroyers, acting as support is advised.
American self propelled guns have good speed, but low acceleration. Their accuracy and firepower land somewhere between the Soviet and German artillery. They have some of the largest horizontal gun arcs, most noticeable in the M37, which allows them to cover large parts of the battlefield without moving the hull. This advantage is usually balanced off with a relative long aim time. They are generally considered to be excellent vehicles. At T7-8, the American artillery comes into their own, boasting extremely powerful 203 and 240mm guns with very large splash radius. However, their reload time approaches 30-45 seconds, their dispersion during traversing is very bad, their aim time is very long, and their accuracy can be as bad as .6. They traverse their hulls quite quickly and have decent acceleration and top speed for something with such a massive gun.


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Everything You Need to Know About Nootropics
If you're new to Nootropics then you probably have some questions, and that's completely normal. Here we answer some key questions around why people are taking Nootropics, how they work, and the difference between Nootropics and smart drugs.
Why are people taking Nootropics?
Every day the modern environment demands more and more of our time, energy, and attention. People are using Nootropics to free up extra mental resources for themselves - to keep going for longer, suffer less in stressful situations, and get the competitive edge when it counts
Who are Nootropics for?
Nootropics are for anyone who wants to get more out of their day, who has a lot to achieve or knows what they want but can’t get over the hurdles of brain fog and procrastination. There’s also a growing interest from users who are more interested in the prevention of cognitive decline (supporting the brain is supporting the brain, so the same things that enhance cognitive function also slow or prevent cognitive decline).
Entrepreneurs, executives, and creatives take Nootropics because they know what they want to create in the world, and they need all the extra mental resources they can get to bring their vision to life. Protection and support for the brain are added benefits for young creators and younger generations who are particularly health conscious.
Where did Nootropics come from?
Some natural Nootropics have been used for thousands of years as medicines and supplements to diet. Newer synthetic Nootropics are still being created and developed by chemists and pharmaceutical companies.
How do Nootropics work?
There are three key areas that Nootropics effect in the brain:
Let’s look at each in detail.
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers in our brains. When our brains are firing, these neurotransmitters bind with their relevant receptors to relay a message. Feelings of fatigue, irritability, brain fog, and lack of alertness or concentration (usually felt as procrastination) all stem from insufficient neurotransmitters in the brain. Nootropics help to top up the levels of neurotransmitters, as well as to control their re-uptake by making receptors in the brain more sensitive, so you feel less depleted and more alert.
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to our brains, and these substances are used to fuel brain activity. More blood flow means more fuel for the brain to use and a feeling of more energy for you. When your brain has the fuel it needs to keep working optimally, you’re more driven and motivated. An added benefit to increased blood flow is toxins and waste can be cleared more quickly, leaving you feeling fresh, alert, and healthy.
Neuroplasticity is your brain’s ability to grow new neurons and adapt to changing circumstances. Until recently scientists believed the brain was fixed by the time we reach adulthood, but this has now been proven not to be the case. Eleanor Maguire from University College London and colleagues studied London taxi drivers using MRI scans, and in 2006 they published their findings - in the subjects, with years of navigating London and plotting complex routes in their heads, the hippocampus had grown. The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for spatial awareness. This is how Nootropics support learning and memory - they help your brain to grow and adapt using the extra resources available.
What are the benefits of Nootropics?
Nootropics work by giving your brain more of what it needs to thrive. In your life you’ll feel this as:
Less brain fog and fatigue
More energy and focus
Increased concentration and reduced desire to procrastinate
Better performance under stress - physical and mental
The ability to go harder for longer
Are Nootropics smart drugs?
Smart drugs are man-made pharmaceuticals and Nootropics, in general, are natural or less potent than modern synthetics. That being said a man-made substance can still be classed as a Nootropic, and in 1972 when Dr. Corneliu Giurgea created the term Nootropic he did so to classify piracetam, which he had just developed.
To be classed as a Nootropic a substance must:
Enhance learning and memory
Help the brain function under disruptive conditions
Protect the brain from chemical and physical damage
Increase efficacy of neuronal firing control mechanisms
Have few or no side effects and be non-toxic
The grey area for smart drugs is side effects - we just don’t know what some of them will do with long term use. Whereas we do know for natural Nootropics where we have thousands of years of use and experience to back up the results.
When pharmaceutical companies develop a drug it’s usually to address an illness or disease, and for that reason side effects are balanced with the positive potential outcome of curing the disease. For healthy people it's much better to stick to substances with low risk and little or no side effects like Nootropics.
To find out more about the differences between Nootropics and smart drugs read Nootropics vs. Smart Drugs. What's the difference?
Are Nootropics banned?
In the UK the psychoactive substances act covers synthetic smart drugs and related legal highs as of May 2016. The legality of smart drugs varies in the rest of the world. Natural Nootropics aren’t covered by such bans and laws, and are sold freely as health supplements, remedies, and alternative medicines in health stores and online.
What situations will Nootropics be helpful in?
Expecting a stressful situation? Nootropics will help to beat the stress. Planning a long session of work or studying, where concentration and focus are key? Nootropics will keep you going for longer. Need a competitive edge, physically or mentally? Nootropics will give you the extra resources you need to win. Or maybe you’re just having an average Tuesday with nothing special going on? Nootropics will give you a mood boost and a positive outlook.
That just about covers the initial questions we had when we first started learning about Nootropics. If you want to know more then take a look around in the Project Better Academy for more of the science behind Nootropics.

domain: medical


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Article: article from journal or magazin.
Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer
Last modification date

domain: health


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Discover the natural ports of Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour in this boat tour that will create memories for a lifetime!
Vizit Comino's famous Blue Lagoon, and enjoy an amazing tour as you are guided through sights of a lifetime.
Vizit Gozo and Comino's famous Blue Lagoon, and enjoy an amazing tour as you are guided through sights of a lifetime.
Visit the Island of Gozo, the sister island of Malta and see breathtaking places in Gozo.
Bring your camera and enjoy the city while sightseeing in the comforts of a tour bus. Malta is an island with over 7000 years of history that is saturated with places of interest.
Discover the historical area known as the three cities Vittoriosa, Cospicua, & Senglea in this unique tour!
Discover the south of the island with a visit to the Blue Grotto and the other grottoes in this extended half day tour that will create memories for a lifetime!
Explore one of Malta's few unspoilt villages in the south of the island. Together with our guide you will be led to a Maltese Pjazza along winding narrow streets where progress did not leave its mark.
The Village Festa tour takes you deep in the Maltese culture. Experience colourful streets, brass bands and spectacular fireworks! It is an important part of Maltese culture and is a religious celebration.

domain: entertainment


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Good pizza! Light crust, good sauce! Worth it if ur local for sure!
hvpizzaking4/20/20, 6:57 p.m.
Flakey undercarriage, marginal crisp, shitty cheese, and the sauce was really bad.
hudsonvalleypizzaking10/18/18, 5:11 p.m.
Gross sloppy pizza .. Sauce was trash and very oily . Not recommended!
116 views•2 likes


text:
Long for This World includes twenty-six new poems from this master of the sonnet and other traditional forms, along with selections from his six previous collections. This book exemplifies the comic sense, the synthesis of technical skill and strong emotion, and the sensory immediacy that have become Ronald Wallace’s hallmarks.
Wallace, Ronald. Long For This World. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003. Print.

domain: literature


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- One of 6,409 examples produced for the model year
- Features styling by Frank Hershey and Harley Earl
- Refinished in Metallic Silver over a gray dual cord/broadcloth interior with green carpets and trim
- Powered by a 331 cu. in. overhead-valve V-8 engine and HydraMatic automatic transmission
- Presently indicates fewer than 34,000 actual miles
Cadillac's distinctive catalog was big news in 1949. Foremost of those much-acclaimed developments was the release of a
new overhead-valve V-8 engine. The marque's engineering prowess now combined with their popular, streamlined styling--the perfect prelude to the all-out space age styling of the fifties.
This was unquestionably the dominant American automobile of the late 1940s, and its 331-cubic-inc, 160-horsepower high-compression overhead-valve V-8 established industry standards that would prevail for decades. The styling, executed by Frank Hershey and Harley Earl, implemented design cues like tailfins and “jewel” grills which quickly became de rigeur features across the industry for the next 15 years.
The distinctive Club Coupe fastback design was often referred to as a “Sedanette.” It represented an aerodynamically efficient body with graceful, fluid, and subtle lines that was married to the singularly responsive new powerplant, making the 1949 Cadillac a true road-going machine. Driving became the kind of exhilarating experience that one did not normally associate with a large automobile. They were considered to be a fine blend of typical Cadillac luxury and everyday motoring practicalities. Each was distinguished by the coachwork expected of Fisher at that time; the handsome interiors were designed and styled by Fleetwood.
According to an accompanying copy of its factory build record, this handsome 1949 Sedanette was completed by the factory on 13 June and subsequently shipped to its ordering dealer. The microfiche scan is not perfectly legible, though nearly $550 in optional accessories are clearly noted. The car presents today wearing many desirable pieces of optional equipment including the Hydramatic automatic transmission, dash clock, backup lights, license plate frames, push-button radio, heater, front and rear bumper guards, and driver’s side mirror. Furthermore, the chrome hubcaps and wide whitewall tires befit a factory-correct aesthetic, which is certainly improved by the presence of rear fender skirts.
Though this Sedanette was originally provided in a Black exterior over a dual gray cord and broadcloth interior, the exterior has been refinished in the period-correct shade of Metallic Silver. The interior has been refitted with green carpets and trim, though the cloth is believed to that originally provided by the factory. This supremely presentable 1949 Series 61 Club Coupe shows just under 34,000 actual miles at the time of cataloguing. It is accompanied by a copy of its factory build record, 1949 Cadillac literature, jack, chock, and spare tire.

domain: design


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Quist, Helen. Scrapbook of Gustavus Memories, 1934-1974. GACA Collection 469. 1 Scrapbook.
The Helen Quist scrapbook of Gustavus memories contains newspaper clippings and memorabilia from her time at Gustavus Adolphus College, 1934-38. Memorabilia includes correspondence, programs, sport schedules, invitations, song lyrics, and campus regulations. The majority of the collection spans her college years, but it also includes photographs from later in her life.


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Urquhart Castle is situated on Strone Point on the west shores of Loch Ness, a mile east of the village of Drumnadrochit. You can visit by car or bus, but we arrived by boat in the manner that visitors would always have arrived in the past. There is a small landing jetty and scheduled boats from Jacobite cruises bring visitors during the day. Urquhart was one of Scotland’s biggest castles and despite being ruined there is still a lot of the castle left to examine. The informative signs make it easy to imagine how things would have appeared centuries ago.
This is a place with a lot of history, much of it violent. The current ruins date from the 13th to 16th centuries, though there was an early settlement in the same location. The castle changed hands between the English and Scots several times following its capture by Edward I in 1296 until the end of the Wars of Scottish Independence in 1357. In the 15th and 16th century it was raided frequently by the MacDonalds, the Lords of the Isles.
The buildings were laid out next to the Loch, with a 30 metre ditch and drawbridge protecting the western flank. The tower is a later 16th century addition which gives great views up and down the Glen and the Loch from the top. Even given the thick walls it must have been a very cold place to live. Areas of the castle that have been identified include the gatehouse, chapel, kitchen, great hall and constable’s lodging. To the west of the castle is a reconstruction of a trebuchet and inside the visitors’ centre there are several stone balls that have been found in the vicinity. These would have been used as ammunition for the trebuchet to attack the castle.
There is also a contemporary visitors’ centre with a cafe that sells a hot chocolate that works wonders against the Scottish ‘springtime’ weather. Here you can watch a short film that explains the history of the castle and several other finds from the castle, including a water ewer with a musket shot hole and samples of horn cups and metalwork.
To prevent the castle becoming a Jacobite stronghold Urquhart was ‘damnified’ by Royalist troops in 1692. This involved blowing up the gate house and important walls so that the castle was uninhabitable. The owner of the castle was allocated £2000 in compensation by Parliament but this was never paid. Urquhart castle is one of Scotland’s most visited castles and is a must-see if you are anywhere near Loch Ness.

domain: travel


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Please resist any urge you might feel to eat the specimens in the hydroponic garden. Most men lack the patience to observe and document plant growth.”
A member of the Institute's BioScience division, Doctor Karlin heads the genetic modification efforts, creating better crops for the Institute to use. His current focus is the Warwick Homestead project, where he oversees the testing of new strains of plants to use.
Interactions with the player character
|This character starts quests.|
- Building a Better Crop: Isaac asks the player to deliver a packet of seeds to a synth at the Warwick Homestead.
Drops on death
Isaac Karlin appears only in Fallout 4.

domain: agronomy


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MLS® ID: ML81774846
13445 W Park AVE
BOULDER CREEK, California, 95006 $1,100,000
Picture yourself in a one-of-a-kind oasis offering the best of both worlds: tons of privacy and natural beauty as well as close proximity to the center of town. Originally built in 1941, this stunning creekside house has been completely renovated to include modern amenities and updated appliances. Set in the heart of the Santa Cruz Mountains, the gated property sits on a well-established neighborhood. This large home offers a perfect setting for a multi-generational family. Has 3 master bedrooms with en suites baths on each floor. The lush, sunny exterior is breathtaking, with the forest as your backdrop, you can host a BBQ, lounge on the expansive decks, or stroll down the trail and take in a relaxing experience from the meditation platform. This property appeals to busy family lifestyles as well as commuters -- its only minutes away from Santa Cruz beaches, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, Silicon Valley, and other urban attractions.


Lisa and Paul Hessey have spent a year fighting social workers after hospital doctors raised concerns over their son Zak’s “failure to thrive”.
Officials said the Hesseys were not feeding Zak, two-and-a-half, and took him away after they had brought him for a hospital assessment.
The couple suspected Zak was autistic but claim they were repeatedly ignored.
Now specialists have confirmed he does have a developmental disorder and last week, a judge dismissed a family court case brought by social services.
But the couple say they have been “dragged through mud”.
Mrs Hessey, 28, of Bolsover, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, said: “It has been a nightmare. We wanted to clear our names because we didn’t do anything wrong. When we took Zak to hospital we never thought this would happen. The doctors refused to listen to us, they were determined to take him.”
Mr Hessey, 48, said: “It has taken us a whole year to get him proper help and we have been through hell for no reason. The authorities seem to think they are God.”
In May last year, the couple – who have four other children – took Zak to their GP over his fussy eating and slow weight gain.
The doctor and health visitor suggested Zak could be suffering from autism and referred him to Chesterfield Royal Hospital where doctors thought he was “delayed and showing autistic tendencies” and sent him home, ordering health workers to make contact.
But no help came and on June 6, Zak became very ill. At hospital, doctors suggested Zak go on a dairy-free diet. Later, they recommended crisps and chocolate but his parents objected to him gorging on snacks.
On July 10, they took Zak for a feeding assessment but did not realise that once they gave him to medics, it would be the last time he would be with them for four months until November 17.
Earlier this year, an independent assessment confirmed Zak was autistic and is now eating with help and advice from the Autistic Society.
Derbyshire County Council said workers act in what they believe are the child’s interests.
Chesterfield Royal Hospital said: “We will always take action if we are concerned.”


Fredvic, specialists in air conditioning, ventilation and heating
We install systems at an industrial and comfort level in air conditioning, ventilation and heating in order to guarantee the highest energy performance and provide the maximum sustainability of all the equipment.
We are leaders in air conditioning, ventilation and heating solutions for commercial facilities in hypermarkets, supermarkets, municipal markets, geriatric centres, cultural centres, offices, etc.
Thanks to our engineering team, we respond to all phases of the project (conceptual layout); choosing in each case the necessary and ad hoc HVAC resources for each installation.
We apply a sustainable policy in such a way that allows us to provide the installation with the necessary resources, favouring an ecological and efficient system. Our multidisciplinary team works so that each installation is excellent in quality, performance and long-term durability.
We work for very different sectors that require a quality HVAC. We provide solutions for retail sectors, food distribution centres, industrial warehouses, cultural and sports centres, etc.
At FREDVIC we are leaders in high technological content installations, to provide solutions in refrigeration, air conditioning, clean rooms and processes.
Fredvic has an internal staff made up of the best professionals in each sector, which allows us to offer our own completely personalized engineering. The different departments that make up our human resources guarantee the highest quality both in the design and in the assembly and maintenance of these systems, always maximizing energy efficiency and using the very latest technology.


Friday, October 17, 2008 8:00 PM
Peter Norton Symphony Space
Broadway at 95th St.
This exhilarating program featuring 17 musicians, singers, and dancers is under the direction of the incomparable trombonist/composer William Cepeda. A member of Puerto Rico’s legendary Cepeda family, he has worked with a veritable “who’s who” in the jazz and Latin music worlds, including Dizzy Gillespie and Eddie Palmieri. The program ranges from the traditional to the contemporary, encompassing the dynamic African-derived bomba and plena – the island’s two most distinctive folkloric traditions– and innovative “Afrorican jazz,” which melds jazz harmonies with popular Caribbean rhythms.
Official Website: http://www.worldmusicinstitute.org/event.php?id=772
Added by Fumio on September 3, 2008


CICA experts discuss sustainable connectivity
The Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with the support of the CICA Secretariat, held an experts meeting on 29 February 2024 to discuss the concept paper for the establishment of the council on sustainable connectivity within the organization.
During the fruitful discussions, the participants had a useful exchange of views on connectivity, and progress was made on the text of the document. The work on the concept paper will continue at the next experts meeting in May.
The initiative to establish the council on sustainable connectivity was proposed by President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev at the Sixth CICA Summit in October 2022. Institutionalizing dialogue in this area has become one of the priorities of the Kazakh Chairmanship in CICA for 2022-2024.
Public Relations Officer
Phone number: +7 (777) 036-26-58


text:
A gorge is a steep-sided canyon, a passage, a gullet. To gorge is to stuff with food, to devour greedily. Gorge is a poetry generator, a never-ending tract spewing verse approximations, poetic paroxysms on food, consumption, decadence and desire.
The source code for Gorge is a hack of Montfort’s elegant poetry generator Taroko Gorge.
Critical writing that references this work:


Live Air Date: Thursday, July 17, 2014
Electronic Lab Notebooks (ELNs) are far more than a simple replacement for paper notebooks. As a component of a lab’s information infrastructure ELNs help researchers capture and manage data, streamline information management, protect intellectual property, and foster collaboration within and between labs. In our live webinar discussion, join our panel of industry experts as we explore how changes in IT instrumentation affect how researchers and labs operate and interact with data.
As an attendee you will learn more about:
- The benefits and limitations of ELN technologies
- Advantages of generic and application-specific ELNs in your lab
- How to integrate your ELN with existing systems and how to deal with the threat of obsolescence


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NEW DELHI: After 25 years, Sajjan Kumar is facing the heat of the anti-Sikh riots. The CBI on Monday opposed the anticipatory bail of the former parliamentarian, who is accused in two Delhi riot cases, saying he may influence witnesses.
Arguing that the case was sensitive in nature and people's emotions were attached to it, CBI said, "although no complaint was registered against Sajjan and other accused in the case, the fact is that the witnesses are scared and did not feel safe."
The court also dismissed similar pleas of six co-accused — Peru, Mahender Yadav, Brahma Nand Gupta, Balwant Khokhar, Krishan Khokhar and Ved Prakash. CBI had chargesheeted 13, including Sajjan Kumar, on January 13, for allegedly making provocative speeches leading to the killing of 12 persons.
It had filed the chargesheets in the court after concluding its investigation into the cases registered on the recommendation of Nanavati Commission in 2005.
CBI special prosecutor Y K Saxena who vehemently opposed the bail application on the ground that witnesses were apprehensive.
"Witnesses have been apprehensive. They have specifically stated the role of Sajjan Kumar in the riots, murder and arson," Mr Saxena submitted during the arguments.
On behalf of Sajjan Kumar, who is among those accused of instigating people to kill Sikhs in the capital after Indira Gandhi's assassination, senior advocate I U Khan said the case had been dragging on for years but the petitioner had never tried to influence any witness or tampered with evidence. "No complaint of any misconduct with the case property or of threatening is ever registered against Sajjan," Mr Khan said.
The CBI counsel said the offence was of a grave nature and granting bail at this juncture could hamper investigation. The CBI has to go to Amritsar to record the statement of a witness, it said. However, Mr Khan said custodial interrogation was not required in the case and Sajjan Kumar was not absconding.
The CBI had filed two chargesheets in two riot cases against Sajjan Kumar and others last month.

domain: news


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The Berenstain Bears He Bear, She Bear
Board book – August 17, 1999
Brother Bear and Sister Bear speculate on all the things they could grow up to be.
Young girls and boys can be anything they want to be--regardless of gender--in this empowering and fun Berenstain Bears board book!
We'll jump and dig and build and fly
There's nothing that we cannot try.
We can do all these things, you see,
Whether we are he or she!
With sturdy pages for little hands and inspiring, simple text, this board book is the perfect gift for toddlers everywhere!


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There are times when the most extraordinary things fall right onto my lap. I’ve been struggling to find a decent map of 17th century Paris — a detailed map that shows the names of the street.
I recently purchased an e-book collection (Paris: An Electronic Tour of the Old City by Robert W. Berger) that promised to have maps. Although the collection is fantastic, with visuals of Paris I’m thrilled to have in hand as well as a number of other documents, the maps were too general for my use, and I couldn’t zoom in on them.
Mon Dieu! For here was the map I’d been searching for. It was made in 1739, but that’s close enough. I can zoom in to my heart’s content, and the streets are all labeled.
Another document in the collection provides a map of 1684. It’s more general, but it helps give some idea of the changes.
One of the documents — one of several on this site — is a digital copy of a book describing Paris in 1684. I can turn the pages, enlarge the type.


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Despite the importance of electronic health record interoperability to improving the state of overall care delivered in the U.S., several hurdles remain to get to seamless patient data exchange between providers, according to a new Government Accountability Office report.
Two issues hindering interoperability, according to some interviewed for the report, are the lack of incentives for providers to share data currently and the requirements for the Meaningful Use incentive program.
Eight of 18 nonfederal initiative representatives interviewed said that the Meaningful Use programs increased adoption of EHRs, but five suggested pausing or stopping the program.
One-hundred sixteen members of Congress this week signed a letter addressed to Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell and Office of Management and Budget Director Shaun Donovan urging a delay for Stage 3 of the Meaningful Use program. Donovan and Burwell also received letters earlier this month about delaying the next stage from the American Medical Association and 41 medical societies.
Sen. Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.) has also called for a delay of Stage 3.
Meanwhile, "representatives from 10 of the initiatives noted that efforts to meet the programs' requirements divert resources and attention from other efforts to enable interoperability," the report's authors said. "For example, some initiative representatives explained that the EHR programs' criteria require EHR vendors to incorporate messaging capabilities into EHR systems, but this capability generally does not enable interoperability at this time."
Additionally, representatives from 10 of the initiatives called the criteria to certify EHR systems within the Meaningful Use programs insufficient to achieve interoperability; three recommended adjusting such critiera to focus on testing for the ability to interoperate.
Initiatives interviewed included the Argonaut Project, the CommonWell Health Alliance and the eHealth Initiative.
The report also outlined five key challenges to EHR interoperability, which the responding initiatives are working to remedy, including:
- Insufficient health data standards
- The differing privacy rules across state lines
- Matching patients with their health records
- Costs associated with interoperability
- Lack of agreements between providers to share health data
To learn more:
- read the GAO report (.pdf)


Recently a teaser was leaked which suggested that Huawei is going to launch a new product on March 9 and according to many people, the new product is going to be the much-awaited flagship device from Huawei, P9.
Huawei P9 has been in the news for quite some time for the dual cameras it comes with and new images have leaked which confirms the design.
As it is evident from the images Huawei P9 comes fully clad in metal somewhat and sports a design somewhat similar to Huawei Mate 8. On the top of the back panel there are dual rear cameras which has been the talk of the town lately. In addition, to that Huawei P9 comes equipped with temperature based flash and laser autofocus.
Just below the camera is the fingerprint sensor and on the bottom of the smartphone rests the USB Type-C port and the headphone jack.
Recently National Quality Certification Center approved five Huawei smartphones and it is believed that there will be various models for Huawei P9 including Huawei P9 Max, Huawei P9 Plus and a cheaper version Huawei P9 Lite.
As for the specifications, Huawei P9 is purported to feature a 5.2-inch 1080p display and will be powered by 2.5GHz Kirin 955 chipset. It will feature 12MP dual cameras, USB Type-C port and will be fueled by 2900mAh battery.
Huawei P9 is purported to carry a price tag of 2888 Yuan ($438) but as of now there is no confirmation from Huawei regarding any of this. So wait for March 9.


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It’s been another big year for the synthetic biology industry with over $900 million raised from either venture capital or the public markets. This is an incredible number considering that the whole industry raised $800 million in the whole of 2015. Already in the first six months of 2016, the industry raised more than whole of 2015.
Leading the pack was the initial public offering by Intellia Therapeutics, which is a gene editing company and spun out of UCSF, which raised $108 million when it IPO’d in May. Ginkgo Bioworks raised an astonishing $100 million at the beginning of the year to fund their expansion and building of their Bioworks 2 foundry in Boston. Editas Medicine, another gene editing company that spun out of MIT, also IPO’d at the beginning of the year raising $94.4 million.Synthetic DNA company, Twist Bioscience, continues its dramatic rise with raising $61 million for the scale-up and commercial operation of its silicon chip-based high throughput low-cost gene synthesis platform. The consumer sector is well-represented by successive funding rounds from Bolt Threads which raised $50 million for engineered silk fabrics and Modern Meadow which raised $40 million for its leather replacement product. Ecovative announced a small funding round for the engineered wood products with a follow up announcement expected later in the year.Engineered cell therapies are a hot new area with Wendell Lim’s Cell Design Labs raising $34.4 million, a spin-out from UCSF; and Synlogic, a spin-out from Jim Collins and Tim Lu’s lab at MIT that is engineering E. coli for drug delivery into the gut. Caribou Biosciences, a third gene-editing company, raised $30 million in a Series B funding, and Calysta announced their $30 million round for Series C funding to advance its gas fermentation platform. Amyris, which has continued to show increase in revenue this year, closed a $20 million private placement in February. Pivot Bio, a seed-coating company, which has been in stealth mode for a number of years came on to the scene with its $16 million Series A. In addition, hardware companies such as UK-based Sphere Fluidics and Elemental Machines also were represented as well as software companies such as the UK-based Desktop Genetics and the California-based outsourcing platform Science Exchange.Many of these companies will be speaking at SynBioBeta SF 2016 on the 4th and 5th of October. If you’re interested in learning more about the field, I encourage you to join us there.For those of you wondering how we define the data, these all comes from our synthetic biology company database which you can sign up for at our membership portal. If you are wondering how we classify the companies, the definition of synthetic biology that we use is broadly ‘making biology easier to engineer’.


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CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
█ BRIAN HOYLE
CDC is an acronym for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The center, which is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is one of the predominant public health institutions in the United States and in the world. The CDC serves United States national security by monitoring the incidence of infectious disease in the U.S. (and around the world), and through the development and implementation of disease control procedures. As part of this mandate, the CDC is one of the few facilities in North America that houses a biological laboratory capable of handling very infectious and lethally-dangerous microorganisms such as the Ebola virus and Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax.
The CDC is the pre-eminent institution in the United States dedicated to the prevention of disease, and is a global leader in public health. In addition to the Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has facilities in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and in eight other locations in the continental United States. The U.S. locations are Anchorage (Alaska), Cincinnati (Ohio), Fort Collins (Colorado), Morgantown (West Virginia), Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Spokane (Washington), and Washington D.C.
Approximately 8,500 people work at the CDC in 170 occupations pertaining to public health research, administration, monitoring, and education. CDC personnel are also seconded to other international health agencies such as the World Health Organization and to state and local health agencies in response to disease outbreaks.
The CDC is organized into 11 national centers that are concerned with health care and disease prevention. The national centers study:
- Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities,
- Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
- Environmental Health (that includes the Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention),
- Health Statistics
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease), and TB (Tuberculosis) Prevention,
- Infectious Diseases,
- Injury Prevention and Control,
- Immunization Program,
- Occupational Safety and Health,
- Epidemiology Program, and,
- Public Health Practice Program.
At the beginning of 2003, the CDC enters its 57th year of existence. The institution was established on July 1, 1946 in Atlanta. At that time the acronym CDC stood for Communicable Disease Center. The CDC replaced another center known as the Malaria Control in War Areas. The former institution had been established as part of the Public Health Service to rid the southern United States of malaria during the years of World War II. As well, the center had assumed the responsibility for keeping the region free of murine typus fever. The establishment of the Communicable Disease Center continued these functions while expanding to include all diseases that could be transmitted from person to person.
The institute's founding director was Dr. Joseph M. Mountin. In its early days, the center was small and research and surveillance programs were still geared towards insect-transmitted diseases such as malaria. After an aggressive campaign of expansion by Mountin, however, which was intended to entrench CDC's position and value to the country, the center became the national agency for epidemiology (the study of the origin and spread of diseases).
The Korean War in the 1950s solidified the center's value as an epidemiological resource. The Epidemiological Intelligence Service (EIS) was created during that time, with the mandate to protect U.S. citizens from diseases that originated in other regions of the world. The EIS remains an important part of today's CDC, especially because of the recognition, in the 1950s, that biological warfare was an emerging threat to national security.
Two other events in the 1950s besides the Korean conflict increased the national importance of the CDC, and served to ensure that the funding of the center continued. First, a national campaign to inoculate children with the recently approved Salk polio vaccine led to a spate of poliomyelitis cases. A Polio Surveillance Unit was established at CDC. The unit quickly determined that a contaminated batch of the vaccine has been the problem. Their findings allowed the contaminated units of vaccine to be withdrawn from use, and the inoculation program continued with confidence. In retrospect, the continuation of the vaccination campaign has been invaluable, since it was pivotal in the eradication of polio, and since it instilled the confidence in vaccines in general that helped ensure the
success of other vaccination campaigns. These outcomes also solidified the CDC's reputation as a disease-monitoring center of excellence. The other event was a large influenza outbreak in the U.S. Once again, a surveillance campaign on the type of virus that was involved and its pattern of spread helped future efforts to develop effective vaccines and inoculation programs.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the CDC grew through the assumption of responsibility for programs that had been previously handled by other government departments and agencies. Examples include the centers of venereal disease, tuberculosis, and immunization.
Beginning in the 1960s, CDC assumed an increasingly important role in the public awareness of infectious diseases. One important example occurred in 1961 when the institution took over the publication of the Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report (MMWR). The MMWR publishes information on the number of deaths and cases of infectious disease from every state in the country each week. The availability of such detailed information has allowed the progression of some emerging diseases such as AIDS to be charted.
By the late 1960s, the CDC had become much more than a center for the study and action against communicable diseases. These activities had moved CDC far beyond its original mandate as a communicable disease center. In recognition of the center's changed role, its name was changed in 1970 to the Center for Disease Control. Further expansion led to a slight name change in 1981, to the Centers for Disease Control. Finally, as further expansion took the CDC into disease prevention, in 1992 the organization became the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Even so, for the sake of continuity the acronym CDC has been retained.
These and other efforts have contributed to national security through the preservation of public health. In more recent times, accomplishments of significance have included participation in the development of a smallpox vaccine and inoculation program, and the identification of the agents of several diseases including Legionnaire's disease, toxic shock syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
In 1978, biosafety level 4 containment laboratory was opened in the CDC Atlanta headquarters. Then as now, this is one of only a handful of level 4 labs in North America. Other similar facilities are present in San Antonio, Texas, at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, Maryland, and in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is only at these facilities that highly infectious and lethal viruses and bacteria can be safely studied and treatments devised. At CDC, for example, the Special Pathogens Branch studies the Ebola, Marburg, and Hantaviruses.
In the present day, CDC provides a great deal of information concerning naturally occurring infectious diseases and, particularly since in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S., information on bioterrorist threats such as anthrax. The research and disease surveillance expertise at CDC is being harnessed, along with other national laboratories and intelligence gathering organizations, to strengthen the United States from bioterrorist attacks.
█ FURTHER READING:
Epidemiology Program Office, CDC. "CDC's 50th Anniversary: History of CDC." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report no. 45 (1996): 525–30.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "About CDC." November 2, 2002. <http://www.cdc.gov/aboutcdc.htm> (28 December 2002).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "CDC Timeline." <http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/timeprnt.htm> (28 December 2002).
NNSA (United States National Nuclear Security Administration)
Public Health Service (PHS), United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency, under the United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), whose vision is to promote healthy people in a healthy world through prevention. CDC's mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. The agency addresses a broad range of preventable health problems, from infectious disease to chronic diseases and risk factors to negative environmental effects on health. Most of CDC's seven thousand employees live and work in Atlanta, Georgia, the agency headquarters. CDC employees are also stationed in state and local health departments in all fifty states and in about twenty countries worldwide. CDC has facilities in Alaska, California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Washington, and West Virginia.
CDC has three primary functions: to actively protect the health and safety of the nation; to provide credible information so that the general public, health care providers, and leaders in government can make well-informed health decisions; and to promote better health in all stages of life through strong partnerships.
CDC has always demonstrated a strong commitment to protecting health and safety. In 1942, malaria in the southeast United States was more common, so it made sense to establish the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas in Atlanta. Dr. Joseph Mountin, a leader of the Public Health Service, wanted to create a national organization to keep more than six hundred bases and essential war-industrial establishments in the southern United States malaria-free. At the end of World War II, Mountin created the Communicable Disease Center from these initial malaria-control efforts. The agency's purpose was to gather physicians, entomologists, and engineers in the battle against a wide range of infectious health risks.
Over the past fifty-three years, CDC's name has changed along with the evolution of its focus. The agency has maintained its commitment to the prevention and control of infectious disease, while building its efforts to address the leading health threats of the nation, including environmental hazards like lead poisoning, chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease, occupational illnesses, and injuries at home, on the road, and on the playground. CDC has worked to reduce the spread of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) since its recognition in 1981. CDC has instituted important changes in treating and controlling the spread of this disease, including ensuring that the nation's blood supply is safe and reducing the risk of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transmission in health care settings.
Along with actively protecting health and safety, CDC provides credible health information to various decision makers, including individuals making personal health decisions and policy leaders making decisions affecting larger populations. Working with state and local partners, CDC collects and analyzes data to monitor health threats, detect disease outbreaks, and identify risk factors and causes of diseases and injuries. CDC also conducts research to identify what works in disease and injury control and prevention.
CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), for example, is the nation's most comprehensive study of the health and nutritional status of Americans. Each year, approximately five thousand randomly selected residents in twelve to fifteen counties across the country have the opportunity to participate in the survey. NHANES is a unique resource for health information in the United States. Without it, decision makers would not have adequate data on health conditions and issues, such as obesity, environmental (secondhand) tobacco smoke, and lead poisoning.
CDC also provides information to the public via comprehensive public health communication programs on such issues as diabetes, skin and colorectal cancer, HIV, and hepatitis C. International travelers turn to CDC to obtain timely updates on disease outbreaks in foreign countries and a list of suggested immunization. The agency also publishes guidelines, such as its Community Prevention Guidelines, to identify evidence-based practices for disease control and prevention.
CDC's third function is to promote better health in all stages of life through strong partnerships. The agency has forged relationships with other federal, state, and local health agencies, not for-profit organizations, and members of private industry who have an interest in reducing the burdens of disease, injury, and disability. CDC's strongest traditional partnerships have been with state and local health departments. Through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, for example, CDC is providing funds and technical assistance to fifty states, five U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and fifteen American Indian/Alaska Native organizations. This program exemplifies how the combination of public health expertise in screening and detection, quality assurance, professional and public education, and coalition building can address critical gaps in health care needs. The program delivers critical breast and cervical cancer screening services to underserved women, including older women, women with low incomes, and women of racial and ethnic minority groups.
CDC has evolved from an agency focused on fighting infectious diseases to one that addresses a variety of health issues on both national and international fronts. In the future, it may need to address additional health issues—such as responding to bioterrorism, using genetic information to improve health, reducing violence in society, and closing the gap in health disparities among racial and ethnic groups.
Jeffrey P. Koplan
(see also: Communicable Disease Control; Noncommunicable Disease Control )
Etheridge, E. W. (1992). Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency primarily focused on protecting public health and safety. The CDC was founded in 1946 and is organized under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The agency's headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Various programs of the CDC are directed toward disease prevention, controlling the spread of disease, promotion of good health practices, and public education to improve health. More recently, preparedness for health threats and bioterrorism have become key activities of the CDC. Forensic scientists are involved in almost all departments of the DCD, from identifying the cause of death during a disease outbreak, to supplying data and testimony at legal proceedings about injury trends and environmental or other health hazards.
The annual budget for operations within the CDC is just under $8 billion, including approximately $5 billion for primary CDC activities, and an additional $3 billion for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), childhood vaccines , and terrorism programs. Two broad areas of spending are in health promotion and prevention of disease, and in preparedness for health threats and terrorism.
The CDC employs more than 8,500 people within the United States, approximately 65% of whom are located in the Atlanta area with less than 20% at the primary headquarters. More than 100 employees of the CDC are stationed overseas in 45 different countries at any given time.
There are seven different National Centers within the CDC including:
- The National Crenter on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities provides national leadership for preventing birth defects and developmental disabilities and for improving the health and wellness of people with disabilities.
- The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion works toward prevention of premature death and disability from chronic diseases and promotion of healthy lifestyles.
- The National Center for Environmental Health focuses in the prevention and control of disease and death resulting from environmental agents.
- The National Center for Health Statistics is a key national resource that provides statistical information to guide actions and policies to improve health.
- The National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention engages in prevention and control of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis.
- The National Center for Infectious Diseases is primarily concerned with the prevention of illness, disability, and death caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and other organisms) in the United States and around the world.
- The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control works to prevent death and disability from injuries that are not work-related, including both acts of violence and unintentional causes.
The CDC also operates a National Immunization Program (NIP), providing leadership for planning, organizing, and implementation of immunization activities across the country. Primary activities within the NIP include consultations, training, statistical support, promotion, education, health monitoring, and technical services to assist health departments with immunization related services.
The Epidemiology Program Office at the CDC operates to strengthen the public health system through health monitoring, and provides national and international support for such public health efforts through scientific communications, consultation in epidemiology and statistics, and by training experts in disease surveillance, epidemiology, applied public health, and prevention effectiveness.
The Public Health Practice Program Office at the CDC attends primarily to four elements of public health practice: the public health workforce, organizational effectiveness, the scientific capacity of public health laboratories, and the systems that manage public health information and knowledge.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is an institute within the CDC that serves as the primary government-sponsored agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injuries and illnesses. Occupational injuries number in the millions each year in the United States, and thousands of deaths due to occupational injuries occur each year, with an annual cost of $40 billion. Additionally, work-related diseases result in nearly 50,000 deaths each year. NIOSH, and its sister organization in the Labor Department, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), were created by the U.S. Congress in 1970. While OSHA plays a more regulatory role in monitoring and enforcing safety standards, NIOSH provides research, training, education, and information directed toward the improvement of occupational safety and identification of potential hazards.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is an adjunct CDC agency focused on critical health assessment work related to toxic waste sites, and improving the health consequences of related exposures. ATSDR serves the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and disease related to toxic substances.
The CDC has identified a number of challenges and future programs will be developed to meet these challenges. This includes enhancing the extent to which science is applied to improving health, prevention of violence and unintentional injury, health and safety needs of a changing workforce, utilization of new technologies to provide credible health information, protection against the threats of bioterrorism and newly emerging infectious diseases, elimination of racial and ethnic health disparities, fostering safe and healthy environments, and promoting good health globally.
see also Bioterrorism; Epidemiology; Toxicology.
Centers for Disease Control
Centers for Disease Control
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one of the primary public health institutions in the world. CDC is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with facilities at 9 other sites in the United States. The centers are the focus of the United States government efforts to develop and implement prevention and control strategies for diseases, including those of microbiological origin.
The CDC is home to 11 national centers that address various aspects of health care and disease prevention. Examples of the centers include the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, National Immunization Program, and the National Center for HIV , STD, and TB Prevention.
CDC was originally the acronym for The Communicable Disease Center. This center was a redesignation of an existing facility known as the Malaria Control in War Areas. The malaria control effort had been mandated to eradicatemalaria from the southern United States during World War II. The Communicable Disease Center began operations in Atlanta on July 1, 1946, under the direction of Dr. Joseph M. Mountin.
Initially, the center was very small and was staffed mainly by engineers and entomologists (scientists who study insects). But under Mountin's direction, an expansion program was begun with the intent of making the center the predominant United States center of epidemiology . By 1950 the center had opened a disease surveillance unit that remains a cornerstone of CDC's operations today. Indeed, during the Korean War, the Epidemiological Intelligence Service was created, to protect the United States from the immigration of disease causing microorganisms .
Two events in the 1950s brought the CDC to national prominence and assured the ongoing funding of the center. The first event was the outbreak of poliomyelitis in children who had received an inoculation with the recently approved Salk polio vaccine . A Polio Surveillance Unit that was established at CDC confirmed the cause of the cases to be due to a contaminated batch of the vaccine. With CDC's help, the problem was solved and the national polio vaccination program recommenced. The other event was a massive outbreak of influenzae. Data collected by CDC helped pave the way for the development of influenza vaccines and inoculation programs.
In the 1950s and 1960s, CDC became the center for venereal disease, tuberculosis , and immunization programs. The centers also played a pivotal role in the eradication of smallpox , through the development of a vaccine and an inoculation instrument. Other accomplishments include the identification of Legionnaire's disease and toxic shock syndrome in the 1970s and 1980s, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in 1993, and, beginning in 1981, a lead role in the research and treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
In 1961, CDC took over the task of publishing Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Then as now, the MMWR is a definitive weekly synopsis of data on deaths and selected diseases from every state in the United States. A noteworthy publication in MMWR was the first report in a 1981 issue of the disease that would come to be known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
Another advance took place in 1978, with the opening of a containment facility that could be used to study the most lethal viruses known to exist (e.g., Ebola). Only a few such facilities exist in the world. Without such high containment facilities, hemorrhagic viruses could not be studied, and development of vaccines would be impossible.
Ultimately, CDC moved far beyond its original mandate as a communicable disease center. To reflect this change, the name of the organization was changed in 1970 to the Center for Disease Control. In 1981, the name was again changed to the Centers for Disease Control. The subsequent initiation of programs designed to target chronic diseases, breast and cervical cancers and lifestyle issues (e.g., smoking) extended CDC's mandate beyond disease control. Thus, in 1992, the organization became the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the acronym CDC was retained).
Today, CDC is a world renowned center of excellence for public health research, disease detection, and dissemination of information on a variety of diseases and health issues.
See also AIDS, recent advances in research and treatment; Bacteria and bacterial infection; History of public health; Public health, current issues
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the Atlanta, Georgia-based agency of the Public Health Service that has led efforts to prevent diseases such as malaria , polio, smallpox, tuberculosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ). As the nation's prevention agency, the CDC's responsibilities have expanded, and it now addresses contemporary threats to health such as injury, environmental and occupational hazards, behavioral risks, and chronic diseases.
Divisions within the CDC use surveillance, epidemiologic and laboratory studies, and community interventions to investigate and prevent public health threats.
The Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion designs programs to reduce death and disability from chronic diseases—cardiovascular, kidney, liver and lung diseases, and cancer and diabetes.
The Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control assists public health officials at the scene of natural or artificial disasters such as volcano eruptions, forest fires, hazardous chemical spills , and nuclear accidents. Scientists study the effects of chemicals and pesticides, reactor accidents, and health threats from radon , among others. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health helps identify chemical and physical hazards that lead to occupational diseases.
Preventing and controlling infectious diseases has been a goal of the CDC since its inception in 1946. The Center for Infectious Diseases investigates outbreaks of infectious disease locally and internationally. The Center for Prevention Services provides financial and technical assistance to control and prevent diseases. Disease detectives in the Epidemiology Program Office investigate outbreaks around the world.
Prevention of tobacco use is a critical health issue for CDC because cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in this country. The Office on Smoking and Health conducts research on the effects of smoking, develops health promotion and education campaigns, and helps health departments with smoking education programs.
CDC researchers have improved technology for lead poisoning screening, particularly in children. CDC evidence on environmental lead pollution was a key in gasoline lead content reduction requirements. The CDC also coordinated and directed health studies of Love Canal , New York, residents in the 1980s. The director of the CDC administers the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , the public health agency created to protect the public from exposure to toxic substances in the environment . In 1990, CDC became responsible for energy-related epidemiologic research for the U.S. Department of Energy nuclear facilities. This includes studies of people who have been exposed to radiation from materials emitted to the air and water from plant operations.
The CDC today carries out an ever-widening agenda with studies on adolescent health, dental disease prevention, the epidemiology of violence, and categorizing and tracking birth abnormalities and infant mortality .
[Linda Rehkopf ]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Inquiries/MASO, Mailstop F07, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA USA 30333 Toll Free: (800) 311-3435, , http://www.cdc.gov
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC), located in Atlanta, Georgia, is the largest federal agency outside the Washington, D.C., area, with more than eighty-five hundred employees and a budget of $4.3 billion for nonbioterrorism-related activities and another $2.3 billion for its emergency and bioterrorism programs (2002). Part of the U.S. Public Health Service, the CDC was created in 1946 as successor to the World War II organization Malaria Control in War Areas. Originally called the Communicable Disease Center, it soon outgrew its narrow focus, and its name was changed in 1970 to Center (later Centers) for Disease Control. The words "and Prevention" were added in 1993, but the acronym CDC was preserved.
During the Cold War, the CDC created the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) to guard against biological warfare, but quickly broadened its scope. The "disease detectives," as EIS officers came to be known, found the cause for the outbreak of many diseases, including Legionnaires' disease in 1976 and toxic shock syndrome in the late 1970s. In 1981, the CDC recognized that a half dozen cases of a mysterious illness among young homosexual men was the beginning of an epidemic, subsequently called AIDS. The CDC also played a leading role in the elimination of smallpox in the world (1965–1977), a triumph based on the concept of surveillance, which was perfected at the CDC and became the basis of public health practice around the world. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the CDC led the nation's immunization crusades against polio, measles, rubella, and influenza, and made major contributions to the knowledge of family planning and birth defects. Critics have faulted the CDC for its continuance of a study of untreated syphilis at Tuskegee, Alabama (1957–1972), and for a massive immunization effort against swine influenza in 1976, an epidemic that never materialized.
The CDC assumed an expanded role in maintaining national security after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and the subsequent discovery of deadly anthrax spores in the U.S. mail system. Responding to fears of biological, chemical, or radiological attacks, the CDC initiated new preparedness and response programs, such as advanced surveillance, educational sessions for local public health officials, and the creation of a national pharmaceutical stockpile to inoculate the public against bioterrorist attacks.
Etheridge, Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
Elizabeth W.Etheridge/a. r.
• canister decontamination cell (or chamber)
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• (USA) Center(s) for Disease Control
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