Here, we present a method utilizing two-dimensional gas chromatography and nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GCxGC-NCD) to extensively characterize the different classes of nitrogen-containing compounds in diesel and jet fuels.
Certain nitrogen-containing compounds can contribute to fuel instability during storage. Hence, detection and characterization of these compounds is crucial. There are significant challenges to overcome when measuring trace compounds in a complex matrix such as fuels. Background interferences and matrix effects can create limitations to routine analytical instrumentation, such as GC-MS. In order to facilitate specific and quantitative measurements of trace nitrogen compounds in fuels, a nitrogen-specific detector is ideal. In this method, a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) is used to detect nitrogen compounds in fuels. NCD utilizes a nitrogen-specific reaction that does not involve the hydrocarbon background. Two-dimensional (GCxGC) gas chromatography is a powerful characterization technique as it provides superior separation capabilities to one-dimensional gas chromatography methods. When GCxGC is paired with a NCD, the problematic nitrogen compounds found in fuels can be extensively characterized without background interference. The method presented in this manuscript details the process for measuring different nitrogen-containing compound classes in fuels with little sample preparation. Overall, this GCxGC-NCD method has been shown to be a valuable tool to enhance the understanding of the chemical composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in fuels and their impact on fuel stability. The % RSD for this method is <5% for intraday and <10% for interday analyses; the LOD is 1.7 ppm and the LOQ is 5.5 ppm.
Before use, fuels undergo extensive quality assurance and specification testing by refineries to verify that the fuel they are producing will not fail or cause equipment problems once disseminated. These specification tests include flash point verification, freeze point, storage stability, and many more. The storage stability tests are important as they determine if the fuels have a tendency to undergo degradation during storage, resulting in the formation of gums or particulates. There have been incidences in the past when F-76 diesel fuels have failed during storage even though they passed all specification tests1. These failures resulted in high concentrations of particulate matter in the fuels that could be detrimental to equipment such as fuel pumps. The extensive research investigation that followed this discovery suggested that there is a causal relationship between certain types of nitrogen compounds and the particulate formation2,3,4,5. However, many of the techniques used to measure nitrogen content are strictly qualitative, require extensive sample preparation, and provide little information on the identity of the suspect nitrogen compounds. The method described herein is a two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) method paired with a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) that was developed for the purpose of characterizing and quanitifying trace nitrogen compounds in diesel and jet fuels.
Gas chromatography is used extensively in petroleum analyses and there are over sixty published ASTM petroleum methods associated with the technique. A wide range of detectors are combined with gas chromatography such as mass spectrometry (MS, ASTM D27896, D57697), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, D59868), vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (VUV, D80719), flame ionization detector (FID, D742310), and chemiluminesence detectors (D550411, D780712, D4629-1713). All these methods can provide significant compositional information about a fuel product. Since fuels are complex sample matrices, gas chromatography enhances compositional analysis by separating out sample compounds based on boiling point, polarity, and other interactions with the column.
To further this separation ability, two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) methods can be utilized to provide compositional maps by using sequential columns with orthogonal column chemistries. Separation of compounds occur both by polarity and boiling point, which is a comprehensive means to isolate fuel constituents. Although it is possible to analyze nitrogen-containing compounds with GCxGC-MS, the trace concentration of the nitrogen compounds within the complex sample inhibits identification14. Liquid-liquid phase extractions have been attempted in order to use GC-MS techniques; however, it was found that the extractions are incomplete and exclude important nitrogen compounds15. Additionally, others have used solid phase extraction to enhance the nitrogen signal while reducing the potential for the fuel sample matrix interference16. However, this technique has been found to irreversible retail certain nitrogen species, especially low molecular weight nitrogen-bearing species.
The nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) is a nitrogen-specific detector and has been successfully used for fuel analyses17,18,19. It utilizes a combustion reaction of nitrogen-containing compounds, the formation of nitric oxide (NO), and a reaction with ozone (see Equations 1 & 2)20. This is accomplished in a quartz reaction tube that contains a platinum catalyst and is heated to 900 °C in the presence of oxygen gas.
The photons emitted from this reaction are measured with a photomultiplier tube. This detector has a linear and equimolar response to all nitrogen-containing compounds because all nitrogen-containing compounds are converted to NO. It is also not prone to matrix effects because other compounds in the sample are converted to non-chemiluminescence species (CO2 and H2O) during the conversion step of the reaction (Equation 1). Thus, it is an ideal method for measuring nitrogen compounds in a complex matrix such as fuels.
The equimolar response of this detector is important for nitrogen compound quantitation in fuels because the complex nature of fuels does not allow for calibration of each nitrogen analyte. The selectivity of this detector facilitates the detection of trace nitrogen compounds even with a complex hydrocarbon background.
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CAUTION: Please consult relevant safety data sheets (SDS) of all compounds before use. Appropriate safety practices are recommended. All work should be performed while wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, lab coat, long pants, and closed-toed shoes. All standard and sample preparations should be done in a ventilated hood.
1. Preparation of standards
- Prepare a 5,000 mg/kg (ppm) solution of carbazole (calibration standard, minimum of 98% purity) by placing 0.050 g in a vial and bring the total mass of each solution to 10.000 g with isopropyl alcohol. Cap the vial immediately to prevent loss of isopropyl alcohol. This is the calibration stock solution.
- Prepare a carbazole solution with 100 ppm nitrogen content by diluting 1.194 mL of stock solution to 5 mL with isopropyl alcohol. This is designated as "100 ppm nitrogen carbazole" and is used to create the calibration standards.
NOTE: The concentrations of the calibration standards indicate the concentration of nitrogen in the standard, not the carbazole concentration
- Prepare the following calibration standards by serial dilution:
20 ppm nitrogen carbazole
10 ppm nitrogen carbazole
5 ppm nitrogen carbazole
1 ppm nitrogen carbazole
0.5 ppm nitrogen carbazole
0.025 ppm nitrogen carbazole
- Put 1 mL of the calibration standards into separate GC vials (6 vials total).
- Prepare individual 10 ppm solutions of each standard compounds listed in Table 1 in isopropyl alcohol. Place 1 mL of each standard solution in separate GC vials (10 vials total).
NOTE: The standard compounds listed in Table 1 will be used to classify the unknown nitrogen compounds as 'light nitrogen compounds', 'basic nitrogen compounds', or 'non-basic nitrogen compounds'.
|Standard Compound||Elution Time Classification Group|
|Pyridine||Group 1 – light nitrogen compounds|
|Trimethylamine||Group 1 – light nitrogen compounds|
|Methylaniline||Group 1 – light nitrogen compounds|
|Quinoline||Group 2 – basic nitrogen compounds|
|Diethylaniline||Group 2 – basic nitrogen compounds|
|Methylquinoline||Group 2 – basic nitrogen compounds|
|Indole||Group 2 – basic nitrogen compounds|
|Dimethylindole||Group 2 – basic nitrogen compounds|
|Ethylcarbazole||Group 3 – Non-basic nitrogen compounds|
|Carbazole||Group 3 – Non-basic nitrogen compounds|
Table 1: Nitrogen standards and their elution classification groups.
2. Sample preparation
- For diesel fuels: In a GC vial, add 250 µL of fuel sample and 750 µL of isopropyl alcohol.
- For jet fuels: In a GC vial, add 750 µL of fuel sample and 250 µL of isopropyl alcohol.
NOTE: If the total nitrogen concentration of either diesel or jet fuel falls below the calibration curve (0.025 ppm nitrogen) when diluted as instructed above, do not dilute. If the nitrogen concentration in a specific nitrogen group in either diesel or jet fuel falls above the calibration curve (20 ppm nitrogen), dilute sample further.
3. Instrument setup
- Instrument configuration
- Auto-sampler: Ensure that the autosampler tray and tower are installed with a splitless inlet and wash vials in place.
- Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detector: Ensure that the nitrogen chemiluminescence detector is installed with the appropriate gas lines (i.e., helium and hydrogen). A hydrogen generator can be utilized instead of a tank, if available.
- Duel Loop Thermal Modulator: Ensure that the duel loop thermal modulator is installed and aligned properly so that the column loop will be centered between the cold and hot jet flows during modulation.
- Column installation
- Ensure that the instrument is in maintenance mode (i.e., all burners and gas flows are turned off).
- Insert the 30 m primary column into the GC oven and connect to the splitless inlet.
- Measure and cut 2.75 m of the secondary column. Put a mark on the secondary column at 0.375 m and 1.375 m using a white-out pen.
- Place the secondary column into the Zoex modulator column holder and use the marks as guides for creating a 1 m loop within the holder for modulation.
- Connect the shorter end of the secondary column to the primary column using a micro-union. Check for a successful connection by turning on the gas flow and inserting the open end of the column into a vial of methanol. A successful connection is confirmed by the presence of bubbles.
- Place the column holder into the modulator and adjust the loops as necessary so that the loops line up properly with the cold and hot jets, as pictured in Figure 1.
- Insert the other end of the column into the NCD burner. Then turn on all burners and gas flows to ensure there are no leaks.
- Turn the oven on at the maximum temperature limit for a minimum of 2 h in order to bake-out the columns. Once completed, verify that there are no new leaks. Then, cool the oven.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the GCxGC-NCD instrumentation. This figure has been reprinted from Deese et al. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
- Method parameters
- Using the computer software, set the instrument to the parameters listed in Table 2.
- Set the initial oven temperature to 60 °C with a ramp rate of 5 °C/min to 160 °C, and then change the ramp rate to 4 °C until 300 °C. The total run time is 55 minutes per sample.
- Set the hot jet temperature to be 100 °C higher than the oven temperature at any point in time. Thus: set the initial hot jet temperature to 160 °C with a ramp rate of 5 °C/min to 260 °C, and then change the ramp rate to 4 °C until 400 °C.
- Set the ancillary liquid nitrogen Dewar connected to the GC to stay between 20% and 30% full during the run.
|NCD||Nitrogen Base Temperature||280 °C|
|Nitrogen Burner Temperature||900 °C|
|Hydrogen flow rate||4 mL/min|
|Oxidizer flow rate (O2)||8 mL/min|
|Data collection rate||100 Hz|
|Inlet||Inlet Temperature||300 °C|
|Purge flow to split vent||15 mL/min|
|Septum Purge Flow||3 mL/min|
|Carrier gas flow rate||1.6 mL/min|
|Syringe size||10 µL|
|Injection volume||1 µL|
|Modulator||Modulation time||6000 ms|
|Hot pulse duration||375 ms|
|Flow type||Constant flow|
Table 2: Instrument parameters.
4. Instrument calibration
- Place the GC sample vials containing the prepared carbazole standards and load the previously configured method into the GC software.
- Create a sequence that aliquots the blank (isopropyl alcohol) at the beginning followed by the prepared carbazole standards by increasing concentration.
- Verify that the liquid nitrogen Dewar is between 20-30% full and all instrument parameters are in "ready" mode. Start the sequence.
- Once the calibration standard set analysis is completed, use the GCImage software to load each chromatogram, background correct, and detect each carbazole peak or blob.
NOTE: In GCImage, the detected peaks within the chromatogram are termed as "blobs" by the software.
- In a spreadsheet program, plot the response (blob volume) against the nitrogen concentration (ppm) of each calibration standard to create a calibration curve (see Figure 2). The trend line of the curve should have R2 ≥ 0.99.
Figure 2: Example GCxGC-NCD carbazole calibration curve. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
5. Sample analysis
- Place the GC sample vials in the autosampler tray and load the previously configured method.
- Create a sequence that has a blank (isopropyl alcohol) at the beginning and then every 5 subsequent samples to limit any build-up of fuel within the columns.
- Verify that enough liquid nitrogen is available in the modulator's Dewar and that all instrument parameters are in "ready" mode. Then, start the sequence.
6. Data analysis
- Open the chromatogram in the GCImage software for data analysis and perform a background correction
- Detect blobs using the following filter parameters:
Minimum area = 25
Minimum volume = 0
Minimum peak = 25
NOTE: These parameters are subject to change based on instrument response or sample matrix.
- Use the GCImage template function to create or load a template to group nitrogen compound classes based on the elution times of the known standards (see Table 1).
NOTE: Further explanation of template usage can be found in the representative results and Figure 8.
- Once the compounds have been grouped, export the "blob set table" into a spreadsheet program. Use the sum the volume of all blobs/peaks within each compound class group, and the calibration equation determined in Section 4.4 to calculate the concentration in ppm for the nitrogen compounds in each group.
- If desired, use the following density calculations to correct for differences in the injection volume of sample vs. standards for quantitation:
NOTE: *percent difference between the ng N injected in the sample matrix vs. the standard matrix
- Sum all nitrogen content in each compound class to obtain the total nitrogen content of the sample, if desired. If the total nitrogen content is determined to be above 150 ppm nitrogen or a compound class bin is outside of the calibration range, dilute the sample further for analysis. Compare these results with total nitrogen content as determined by ASTM D462913 for quantification verification.
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The nitrogen-containing compound, carbazole, was used in this method as the calibration standard. Carbazole elutes at approximately 33 min from the primary column and at 2 s from the secondary column. These elution times will vary slightly depending on the exact column length and instrumentation. In order to obtain a proper calibration curve and, subsequently, good quantitation of nitrogen compounds within a sample, the calibration peaks should not be overloaded nor have any nitrogen contaminants. The primary and secondary column chromatograms of the carbazole calibration standard containing 0.025 ppm N are shown in Figure 3. There is not any tailing and the standard response is outside of the noise.
Figure 3: Representative chromatograms of 0.025 ppm N carbazole calibration standard on the primary (left) and secondary (right) columns. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4 is an example of a GCxGC-NCD chromatogram with a carbazole standard and the resulting blob table. As can be seen, there are two detected blobs that are not within the carbazole elution time, and they have been excluded from the blob table. Extraneous peaks or blobs should not be included in the calibration curve.
Figure 4: Representative GCxGC-NCD chromatogram of a carbazole standard diluted with isopropyl alcohol. The extraneous peaks are circled in yellow. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 5 illustrates a typical chromatogram obtained by using this method on a diesel fuel sample and Figure 6 is a typical chromatogram of a jet fuel sample. Typically, jet fuel has fewer nitrogen compounds at lower concentrations than a diesel fuel, which can be clearly seen when comparing the two chromatograms. The peaks or "blobs" in these chromatograms are oval-shaped (little-to-no 'streaking' or too much retention on either column) and are easily distinguished from each other. It is clear that different classes of nitrogen compounds are present in diesel fuel when compared to jet fuel.
Figure 5: Representative GCxGC-NCD chromatogram containing the nitrogen compounds found in a diesel fuel. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 6: Representative GCxGC-NCD chromatogram containing the nitrogen compounds found in a jet fuel. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
In contrast to the previous examples, Figure 7 illustrates two failed sample measurements. The image on the left occurs when the modulation time is incorrect for the oven temperature, consequently resulting to wrap-around in the column. The solution to this type of failure is to either increase the modulation time or increase the temperature of the oven. The chromatogram on the right illustrates a "streaking" effect of the blobs. This occurs when the compounds are retained on the sample for too long and it destroys any compound separation. From experience, this tends to be caused by a build-up of compounds within the column. This problem can be repaired by running multiple blanks and "burning out" the column by increasing the temperature of the oven to 300 °C and allowing it to sit for several hours at that temperature.
Figure 7: Representation of failed chromatograms. Wrap around caused by incorrect modulation time (left) and peak degradation caused by sample retention on the column (right). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Standards (as listed in Table 1) can be utilized to determine the groups associated with each nitrogen compound class. An example of these standard groups can be seen in Figure 8. The retention times of the standards may differ slightly on different instrumentation or different column sets. Hence, it is imperative to run the standards each time an instrument parameter is changed.
Figure 8: An example of the retention times of the standards listed in Table 1. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
A template can be created in GCImage to separate the nitrogen compounds found in fuel by different nitrogen classes. The template should be built from the elution times determined by the standards and then overlaid on each fuel chromatogram. Figure 9 is a representation of a template with the three groups as determined by the standard elution times. Once the template is overlaid, the blob set table will indicate the number of blobs and the total volume within each classified group.
Figure 9: Representative GCxGC-NCD chromatogram with overlaid template and blob set table. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
The response factor from the calibration curve should then be used to calculate the concentration of nitrogen compounds within each nitrogen class. Figure 10 depicts the concentration in ppm for nitrogen compounds detected in each of the three classes for a batch of diesel fuel samples.
Figure 10: Representative results of the nitrogen concentration (ppm) in diesel fuels by group. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Supplementary File 1: The intraday and interday repeatability of total nitrogen concentration by GCxGC-NCD for four fuels. Please click here to view this file (Right click to download).
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The purpose of this method is to provide detailed information on the nitrogen content of diesel and jet fuels without extensive sample preparation such as liquid extractions. This is achieved by pairing a two dimensional GC system (GCxGC) with a nitrogen-specific detector (nitrogen chemiluminescence detector, NCD). The GCxGC provides significant separation of the compounds relative to traditional one-dimensional GC. The NCD provides trace nitrogen compound detection without any background interferences. Other nitrogen-specific detectors that have been used in the past, such as a nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD), are interfered by the fuel's hydrocarbon matrix. In contrast, this method has little-to-no matrix interferences.
This GCxGC method uses a reverse-phase (polar-to-nonpolar) column setup so the compounds in the first dimension are separated by polarity while in the second dimension they are separated by boiling point. The second dimension separation is controlled by a thermal modulator that re-concentrates compounds via cryo-focusing and then separates the compounds further. The secondary column within the modulator must be accurately placed in order to achieve optimal separation. If the column loop is not centered between the hot and cold jet, the peaks will not have the proper shape or elute correctly. Furthermore, helium is used as the carrier gas for this system. Although hydrogen gas could be used as a carrier gas, there is a possibility that it can create active sites, which will interact with the nitrogen compounds. In order to completely eliminate that possibility, helium is highly recommended.
Because of the trace nature of the nitrogen compounds found in these fuels, mass spectrometry characterization is difficult to obtain. The most effective way to identify the nitrogen compound classes with this system is by injecting a variety of known nitrogen-containing compounds and creating a nitrogen class template based on these standards (see Table 1). The elution times of these compounds may vary slightly depending on the instrument used. Thus, it is imperative that the standard set is measured on each instrument and a unique template is created. This template can then be utilized for the fuel samples in order to characterize the classes of nitrogen compounds in a fuel and to provide quantitative information.
The ideal method for quantification of these compounds is to sum the total blob volume within each class, use the calibration equation to calculate the concentration of nitrogen per class, and then sum the class content to obtain the total nitrogen concentration. The repeatability of these measurements for analyses on both the same day and over different days has been found to be < 20% RSD (see Supplementary File 1). The highest limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) has been found to be 1.7 ppm and 5.5 ppm, respectively (see Supplementary File 1).
To the best of our knowledge, the purpose of the method detailed is to provide significant characterization of the classes of nitrogen compounds in diesel and jet fuels. Other nitrogen characterization methods require the use of liquid extractions (which have been found to exclude imperative nitrogen compounds) and detection schemes that have significant matrix interferences. Both jet and diesel samples can be measured by using the same method and instrument configuration, the only difference is the extent of dilution of the samples before measurement. There are current efforts underway to use this GCxGC-NCD method as a way of further characterizing fuels (in addition to the published ASTM methods) in order to determine and predict fuel quality. This characterization project includes increasing the number of nitrogen standards utilized to create a reliable template to enhance the chemical compositional analysis of fuels containing nitrogen compounds, which will further refine the understanding of compounds that are detrimental to fuels in long term storage.
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The authors have nothing to disclose.
Funding support for this work was provided by the Defense Logistics Agency Energy (DLA Energy) and the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR).
This research was performed while an author held an NRC Research Associateship award at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.
|10 µL syringe||Agilent||gold series|
|180 µm x 0.18 µm Secondary Column||Restek||Rxi-1MS||nonpolar phase column, crossbond dimethyl polysiloxane|
|250 µm x 0.25 µm Primary Column||Restek||Rxi-17SilMS||midpolarity phase column|
|Autosampler tray and tower||Agilent||7963A|
|Duel Loop Thermal Modulator||Zoex Corporation||ZX-1|
|GCImage Software, Version 2.6||Zoex Corporation|
|Isopropyl Alcohol||Fisher Scientific||A461-500||Purity 99.9%|
|Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detector||Agilent||8255|
|Trimethylamine||Sigma-Aldrich||243205||anhydrous, ≥ 99%|
- Garner, M. W., Morris, R. E. Laboratory Studies of Good Hope and Other Diesel Fuel Samples. ARTECH Corp. Report No. J8050.93-FR. , (1982).
- Morris, R. E. Fleet Fuel Stability Analyses and Evaluations. ARTECH Corp. Report No. DTNSRDC-SME-CR-01083. , (1983).
- Analysis of F-76 Fuels from the Western Pacific Region Sampled in 2014. Naval Research Laboratory Letter Report 6180/0012A. , (2015).
- Westbrook, S. R. Analysis of F-76 Fuel, Sludge, and Particulate Contamination. Southwest Research Institute Letter Report. Project No. 08.15954.14.001. , (2015).
- Morris, R. E., Loegel, T. N., Cramer, J. A., Leska Myers, K. M., A, I. Examination of Diesel Fuels and Insoluble Gums in Retain Samples from the West Coast-Hawaii Region. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report. No. NRL/MR/6180-15-9647. , (2015).
- ASTM D2789 – 95, Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Low Olefinic Gasoline by Mass Spectometry. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D5769 – 15, Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D5986 – 96, Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D8071 – 19, Standard Test Method for Dermination of Hydrocarbon Group Types and Select Hydrocarbon and Oxygenate Compounds in Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D7423 – 17, Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in C2, C3, C4, and C5 Hydrocarbon Matrices by Gas Chromatography and Flame Ionization Detection. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM5504 – 12, Standard Test Method for Determination of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Chemiluminescence. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D7807 – 12, Standard Test Method for Determination of Boiling Point Range Distribution of Hydrocarbon and Sulfur Components of Petroleum Distillates by Gas Chromatography and Chemiluminescence Detection. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- ASTM D4629-17, Standard Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. www.astm.org (2019).
- Maciel, G. P., et al. Quantification of Nitrogen Compounds in Diesel Fuel Samples by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science. 38 (23), 4071-4077 (2015).
- Deese, R. D., et al. Characterization of Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Their Impact on the Stability of Marginally Stable Diesel Fuels. Energy & Fuels. 33 (7), 6659-6669 (2019).
- Lissitsyna, K., Huertas, S., Quintero, L. C., Polo, L. M. Novel Simple Method for Quanitation of Nitrogen Compounds in Middle Distillates using Solid Phase Extraction and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Fuel. 104, 752-757 (2013).
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- Yan, X. Sulfur and Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection in Gas Chromatographic Analaysis. Journal of Chromatography A. 976 (1), 3-10 (2002).


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Whether you are looking for a quick market-make, a gift for a friend, or just something to make to dress up your desk, this free pattern from EyeLoveKnots is perfect for you! All the pieces work up really quickly with a small amount of yarn, and the design can be fully customized to make a variety of different versions. I highly recommend this pattern to any crocheter!
Viewing posts tagged with: Cactus
This is a free crochet pattern for how to crochet an adorable modern Saguaro Cactus in a little Terracotta pot.
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How to DIY a Fairy Garden with Coleuses and a Water Fountain. This post contains affiliate links for Color Street. If you make a purchase by clicking on them, I make a small commission at no extra cost to you. Thanks for your support! Last month, our theme was “Easter/Spring Front Door Decor”, and I… Read more
This post contains affiliate links for LoveCrochet. If you make a purchase by clicking on them, I make a small commission at no extra cost to you. Thanks for your support! 10/28/18 UPDATE: Originally, this was an exclusive design for Happy Yarn Mail – a monthly crochet kit subscription that ended mid-2018. After Happy Yarn… Read more


text:
|Origin Airport||Lviv Intl.|
|Origin Airport IATA Code||LWO|
|Destination Airport||Larnaca Intl.|
|Destination Airport IATA Code||LCA|
|Origin City Name||Lviv|
|Destination City Name||Larnaca|
|Number Of Flight Options||1|
If you're travelling from Lviv to Larnaca, you'll most likely be taking off from Lviv Airport (LWO-Lviv Intl.) and touching down on the runway at Larnaca Airport (LCA-Larnaca Intl.).What are some of the most popular airlines flying from Lviv to Larnaca?
Hold off on your quest to find a perfect airline. We've done the hard work and found a great range of air carriers advertising flights from Lviv to Larnaca. One pick is Japan Transocean Air, which has 33 flights every month. Alternatively, try SriLankan Airlines. You'll find 33 flights travelling this route every month. Conduct some quick research on the two carriers and if you're lucky, you might just sniff out an epic deal.How many flights are there from Lviv to Larnaca?
Whether you'd rather jet off to Larnaca during the week or you'd prefer to start your trip on the weekend, you're bound to find a time that works for you. Choose from one of 8 flights which operate weekly between Lviv and Larnaca.
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Pinedale Cowboy Roundup Oct. 4
September 22, 2008
The entertainment has been set for the third annual Pinedale Cowboy Roundup (PCR) and you will want to make plans early to attend this year.
In keeping with the tradition of bringing in only the world’s best cowboy performers, the PCR is proud to announce the return of crowd favorites Jerry Hall and Trick Shot and world class cowboy poet Chuck Larsen, along side seasoned cowboy poets and Sublette County Wyoming residents Jesse Smith and Andy Nelson.
New to the gathering this year, but not new to any high-class event, is Western Music Association and Academy of Western Artists Female Vocalist of the Year Juni Fisher.
Mark your calendar for Saturday, October 4, 7:00 pm at the Pinedale High School Auditorium. Proceeds from ticket sales go to two very worthwhile cancer charities, Kickin’ Cancer in Sublette County and the Small Miracles Foundation. Tickets are only $12 and are available at the door as well as the Cowboy Shop and Rock Rabbit in downtown Pinedale.
Contact Sandy Smith at 307-367-6710 for more information or visit www.pinedalecowboyroundup.com.

domain: news


Israel security cabinet’s Erdan suggests widening war aims – we should start considering a goal of toppling Hamas and hitting their leaders
“I once dreamt of becoming a doctor. Today I am homeless. They should watch out for what I could become next,” 17-yr-old Gaza tells Reuters
GAZA/JERUSALEM, July 23 (Reuters) – Israeli forces pounded
multiple sites across the Gaza Strip on Wednesday, including the
enclave’s sole power plant, and said it was meeting stiff
resistance from Hamas Islamists, as diplomats sought to end the
In a blow to Israel’s economy, U.S. and European air
carriers halted flights in and out of Tel Aviv citing security
worries after a militant rocket from Gaza hit a house near the
airport. Israel urged a re-think, saying its airspace was safe.
GAZA/JERUSALEM (Reuters) – Israel pounded targets across the Gaza Strip on Tuesday, saying no ceasefire was near as top U.S. and U.N. diplomats pursued talks on halting fighting that has claimed more than 500 lives.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry held talks in neighboring Egypt, while U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon was due to arrive in Israel later in the day. Both have voiced alarm at mounting civilian casualties.


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It’s been over a month since the shooting in Parkland, Florida and Tom MacArthur has done nothing to protect New Jerseyans from guns. If he did, the NRA would eat him alive because that’s not what they pay him to do.
As I listen to the students in Florida, my mind wonders back to the years I taught in a local high school.
I feel haunted. At services last Saturday at Temple Beth Sholom in Cherry Hill, NJ the names of the dead from Florida’s Stoneman Douglas High School were read.
TWO OPINIONS: Children are more important than the Second Amendment
It’s horrifying to me that I’m writing the following words: I watched videos taken by children in Parkland High School during


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This weekend many Tennessee students are celebrating a milestone.
On Saturday, civil rights icon Reverend Jesse Jackson delivered Tennessee State University's commencement address.
The TSU graduation ceremony took place outside the newly renovated Hale Stadium for the first time in nearly 40 years.
Jackson also spoke at a press conference Friday and shared how we can improve as a country.
“Our challenge is to renew our own commitment and lift America bottom up, not just top down. The American Dream is one big tent, everyone is in and no one is out,” said Rev. Jesse Jackson.


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Technological Innovations Enabling Automatic, Context-Sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessment
Author(s)Intille, Stephen S.
DownloadIntille_Technological Innovations.pdf (717.3Kb)
MetadataShow full item record
Health-related behavior, subjective states, cognitions, and interpersonal experiences are inextricably linked to context. Context includes information about location, time, past activities, interaction with other people and objects, and mental, physiological, and emotional states. Most real-time data collection methodologies require that subjects self-report information about contextual influences, notwithstanding the difficulty they have identifying the contextual factors that are influencing their behavior and subjective states. Often these assessment methodologies ask subjects to report on their activities or thoughts long after the actual events, thereby relying on retrospective recall and introducing memory biases. The “gold standard” alternative to these self-report instruments is direct observation. Direct observation in a laboratory setting, however, artificially constrains behavior. Direct observation is also typically too costly and invasive for long-term, large-sample-size studies of people in their natural environments.
DepartmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture
The science of real-time data capture: self-reports in health research
Oxford University Press
Intille, Stephen S. "Technological innovations enabling automatic, context-sensitive ecological momentary assessment ." (Eds.) Arthur Stone et al. The science of real-time data capture: self-reports in health research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. p. 308-337.
Final published version

domain: psychology


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domain: entertainment


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Domestic mobile operators are cautious about investing in untried mobile WiMAX technology, as the new technology could not guarantee a boost to stagnant revenue growth, company executives said.
The comments came ahead of a public hearing scheduled for today, aiming to solve recent disputes over the government's roadmap to push for participation in developing WiMAX-related devices.
"Chipmaker Intel Corp is aggressively promoting WiMAX technology, but most telecom companies are taking a wait-and-see attitude about mobile WiMAX deployment," said Shih Mu-piao (
The Ministry of Transportation and Communications plans to auction two to four WiMAX licenses for interested wireless telecom service providers next June.
"WiMAX technology has yet to be ready any time soon and no handsets supporting mobile WiMAX connection are available now, though it boasts a speed more than six times faster than the fastest HSDPA technology," Shih said.
HSDPA refers to high-speed downlink packet access and is also known as 3.5 generation (3.5G) mobile technology that offers data transmission at speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G service.
Chunghwa Telecom owns more than one-third of the nation's nearly 20 million mobile subscribers in addition to its dominance in the landline and broadband markets.
Smaller rival Asia Pacific Broad-band Wireless Communications Inc (亞太行動寬頻), the only local firm offering wireless telecom services on CDMA2000 (code division multiple access) technology, also questioned the government's haste to sell the licenses.
"We don't know whether the government aim is to boost its cof-fers by auctioning WiMAX licenses, but it is premature for telecom firms to launch commercial operation of the technology," Asia Pacific Broadband chairman Wang Lin-tai (
"It will be highly risky for telecom operators to make the investment now as pricey handsets and expensive charges will make the service unattractive in the initial phase," he said.
WiMAX subscribers could reach 14 million users around the globe by 2011 after mobile WiMAX devices hit the market late next year at the earliest, research house In-Stat predicted recently.
But "for at least another five years, broadband wireless technology in the form of WiMAX is unlikely to pose a big threat to 3G, as it will take longer to mature," the Arizona-based research firm said in a statement on Nov. 28.
In late June, SK Corp, South Korea's biggest fixed-line operator, spearheaded the commercial operation of WiBro technology, a South Korean WiMAX compatible mobile Internet platform, for computer users to surf the Net using a WiMAX data card in a bid to regain lost ground by offering wireless connection.
In addition to technological problems, local telecom firms are concerned whether heavy investments in WiMAX technology would be new profit drivers in the nation's already saturated telecoms market.
Domestic companies have already invested approximately NT$20 billion (US$617.5 million) each in 3G technology, but none of them have started to make profit from offering the high-speed transmission service during two years of operation, Shih said.
Local telecom companies said that slower-than-expected growth in new 3G subscribers meant that they would post a decline in revenue this year after almost a decade of growth.
The investment in WiMAX would be similar in amount to the 3G technology, he added.
Despite the unfavorable factors mentioned above, Shih and Wang said their companies would bid for a WiMAX license next year.
Far EasTone Telecommunications Co (
Chunghwa Telecom said it would not build WiMAX base stations for full coverage, but instead would focus only on populous urban areas as a complement to its existing 3G services.
Polytronics Technology Corp (聚鼎科技) yesterday announced that it is buying Henkel AG’s thermal clad dielectric material (TCLAD) business division for US$26 million as the Taiwanese firm aims to improve its technology, product portfolio and revenue performance. Polytronics, headquartered in the Hsinchu Science Park (新竹科學園區), is a supplier of protection components and heat dissipation materials. The firm entered the metallic heat-dissipation substrate market in 2007 and developed a unique solventless production process. Its board of directors approved signing an agreement with Henkel to acquire the German chemical firm’s TCLAD division in the US. The purchase includes all assets and business interests, including equipment,
SIZE MATTERS: Medium-sized hotels that do not have the support of parent groups are more vulnerable and are forced to take action, a REPro Knight Frank researcher said About 50 hotels across Taiwan are seeking to exit the market as they succumb to the bleak business outlook amid international travel restrictions imposed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Yomi Hotel (優美飯店) on Minsheng E Road, Sec 1, in Taipei is seeking to transfer ownership with an asking price of NT$950 million (US$32.15 million) and a pledge for a lease contract that guarantees a 3 percent return. The budget hotel, with room rates that start from NT$1,400 per night, maintains normal operations, but has been struggling since March, when the government placed restrictions on inbound and outbound travel. Occupancy rates for hotels in
With the US dollar expected to weaken in the next 12 months due to near-zero interest rates, investors should consider purchasing US corporate bonds, Standard Chartered Bank Taiwan Ltd (渣打台灣銀行) said on Thursday. The bank said that the US Federal Reserve since last month has been buying bonds issued by US companies to curb default rates. The US dollar is forecast to be weaker against the pound, the euro and the yen, as well as the Canadian dollar, the Swedish krona and the Swiss franc, as the greenback lacks high investment returns after the Fed in March slashed the benchmark interest rate
A Bollywood actor’s face tattooed on his arm, Sandeep Bacche’s devotion shocks few in India where stars enjoy semi-divine status, but even there the hallowed silver screen might be losing its shine to streaming services and pandemic fears. “Whenever things get better and theaters begin operations, I will watch three movies a day for sure just as a way to celebrate,” said the Mumbai rickshaw driver, who is recovering from the virus himself. However, others might not join the party. With cinemas shut for months due to a COVID-19 lockdown, and little prospect they will reopen soon, frustrated Bollywood producers have turned to

domain: economics


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You can listen to a podcast review of this film here.
The Bloch-Bauers were a successful cosmopolitan Viennese family whose house formed a salon where one might meet Dr Freud or Arnold Schoenberg. Gustav Klimt painted a portrait of Adele, the celebrated Woman In Gold, but this was confiscated by the Nazis along with many other works of art. After the war the painting hung for decades in the Belvedere Gallery until Adele's niece Maria sued the Austrian government for its return. Dispute instituting a restitution committee, the government was understandably reluctant to give up paintings which had, by then, become synonymous with Austrian culture. The process was thus one that was obdurate and highly contested.
The resulting film is a timid and straightforward account of this legal process, with Helen Mirren playing Maria Altmann and Ryan Reynolds her lawyer. Her performance is weak - a series of physical mannerisms and a German rather than Austrian accent that often falls back into English. As for Ryan Reynolds and Katie Holmes as his wife, they are given precious little to do. There are cheap montages of Reynolds looking earnest as he scans legal documents, and one emotional pay-off that doesn't really work. Everything about Simon Curtis' direction is workmanlike at best.
The only place the film comes alive is in the flashback scenes to pre-war Vienna. Here the production and costume design are fantastic and really bring alive the glittering intellectually vivid period. Anje Traue makes a beautiful Aunt Adele and one longs to linger in her salon. As we move into the period of the Nazi Anschluss of Austria, Tatiana Maslany (Orphan Black) is highly sympathetic as the young newly married Maria, and forms the true heart of the story.
We are given, then, a very uneven film. But for all that, it does at least highlight the deep conflict in contemporary Austrian society about their record during the war. For decades, Austria fashioned a narrative of being the "first victim" of Hitler but the truth is clearly darker and more complex. The screenwriters do at least show some of that conflict, embodied in the character of Daniel Bruehl's journalist Hubertus Czernin, but it's too little explored.
WOMAN IN GOLD played Berlin 2015 and is currently on release in the USA, Israel, Canada, Spain, the UK and Ireland. It opens on April 30th in Greece, on May 28th in the Netherlands, on May 31st in Brazil, in Germany and Croatia on June 4th and in Chile on June 11th.


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Find your garden soil texture quickly with this easy, inexpensive soil-testing kit.
In order to grow healthy plants, flowers, vegetables, or herbs, you need to plant them in the right kind of soil. With that in mind, you need to know the texture of your soil so your plants have a chance of surviving.
We found an easy, inexpensive soil-testing kit by Garden Tutor because we needed to find our own soil texture and we’ll test it out for you in this video. Plus, we’ll show you how to test your soil in five steps using this kit and how easy it is to use any time of year.
If you’re unsure what kind of soil texture you have and don’t have much time, this kit is for you.
What is Soil Texture?
Different types of soil texture will have different amounts of air, water, and nutrients that specific plants thrive in.
Soil texture refers to the amount of sand, silt, or clay particles in your soil and in what proportion. Knowing this can help you keep your plants and flowers healthy because if you accidentally plant them in the wrong soil, they could develop damage, get diseased, or die.
In the video above, you learned how to find your soil texture in 5 easy steps using this soil-testing kit.
Since we have a lot of seeds and flowers to plants this spring, we really needed to find out our soil texture before placing anything in the ground. We suspected that our soil was mostly clay. Good thing we performed the test because we found out that our soil is mostly full of sand (at least in that area of our yard).
We really liked this soil kit because for so many reasons, including:
- It was really easy to use and fast, especially because our time is really limited.
- It required very few supplies.
- It was ready for us in 24 hours.
Unfortunately, this soil texture kit doesn’t test for soil pH, soil nutrition, organic matter, or cation-exchange-capacity, but that doesn’t matter to us because that is not what we needed it for.
This kit would be perfect for busy, beginning gardeners who just need a quick answer or want to learn more about their soil. Also, we think it would be a lot of fun to do with kids!
How to Find Your Soil Texture
Dig a hole 6″ deep and take a sample of dirt. Fill it up to the dirt “fill line.”
Add 1 tsp. of dish soap. Pour it right over the top of the dirt.
Add water. Fill it up to the water “fill line.” Cap the bottle.
Shake the bottle vigorously for 30 seconds.
Set the bottle on a flat surface and let it sit for 12-24 hours.
- Right Plant, Right Place – DIY Garden Minute Ep. 134
- Beginning Gardener Education Bundle
- How to Mulch in 6 Steps
Conclusion for Soil Texture Kit
Again, this is an easy, simple kit for finding out your soil texture so you can place the right plants in the right place.
This soil texture kit by Garden Tutor is perfect for busy, beginning gardeners who just need a quick answer or want to learn more about their soil. Also, we think it would be a lot of fun to do with kids!
Now we want to hear from you!
Why do you want to know your garden soil texture? Let us know by leaving a quick comment below and thanks!
Thanks and see ya in the garden!
~Sean and Allison
Spokengarden.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com

domain: agronomy


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Dr. Bruno Simone obtained his Doctor of Dental Medicine Degree from Boston University in 1999. Then in 2000, he not only completed a certificate of Advanced Graduate Studies in General Dentistry, but was honoured with the Excellence Award from his peers.
Dr. Simone has taken extensive continuing education courses over the past ten years with top clinicians and institutions like the LD Pankey Institute. His professional memberships include both the Ontario and Canadian Dental Associations and the Toronto Crown and Bridge Study Club.
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Please note that we require 48 hours notice if cancelling your appointment or charges may apply.

domain: medical


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This multi-layered history of a horrific famine that took place in late-nineteenth-century China focuses on cultural responses to trauma. The massive drought/famine that killed at least ten million people in north China during the late 1870s remains one of China's most severe disasters and provides a vivid window through which to study the social side of a nation's tragedy. Kathryn Edgerton-Tarpley's original approach explores an array of new source materials, including songs, poems, stele inscriptions, folklore, and oral accounts of the famine from Shanxi Province, its epicenter. She juxtaposes these narratives with central government, treaty-port, and foreign debates over the meaning of the events and shows how the famine, which occurred during a period of deepening national crisis, elicited widely divergent reactions from different levels of Chinese society.
Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth-Century China
Author: Kathryn Edgerton-Tarpley
Publisher: Univ of California Press
A dual-sided history of the Revolutionary War examines the conflict from both the colonial and British sides, documenting the nearly violent political disagreements in Parliament, as well as the American-sympathetic pacifist media criticism of King George III that may have played a major role in the war's outcome. 50,000 first printing.
America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775-1783
Author: Stanley Weintraub
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
In which the Words are Deduced from Their Originals; and Illustrated in Their Different Significations, by Examples from the Best Writers: Together with a History of the Language, and an English Grammar
Author: Samuel Johnson
Category: English language
Publisher: Dorrance Publishing
Author: R. A. Lafferty,Michael Swanwick
Publisher: Wildside Press LLC
Tears from Heaven is a true life story (names of persons and places have been changed though) that is set in a typical African village in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The events span through a period of about twenty years. This book portrays the hydra-headed effects of ignorance in rural African society. Several unscientific practices such as belief in witchcraft being the cause of all evils, communing with the dead, and attributing misfortunes in one’s life to an enemy are evident. These are taken to such extremes that families have been torn apart, marriages broken, and people’s lives threatened. Churches are not left out too. Preachers capitalise on this ignorance and the tendency to attribute things to the supernatural to defraud their unsuspecting members. They deceive their members by claiming to hear from God, while they actually do not, pretending to have solution to all problems and performing rituals in the name of casting out evil spirits, among other things. Tears from Heaven portrays God literally crying in heaven as a result of preachers abusing his name for selfish interests. He (God) also cries seeing the pain people go through and the injustice they suffer from self-inflicted or society-inflicted harm based on false cultural beliefs. Contrary to popular belief, these inhuman practices are still held on to in many places, and reading through this book will expose this can of worms that many thought was hitherto closed or even dead. As the traditional ruler of my community, I am best positioned to tell the story because I have first-hand experience, having spent a greater part of my life with the people. It will make an interesting reading for those interested in African philosophy and culture. More so, it is set in the troubled oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It also points to the fact that there are some things that science has not changed and may unfortunately not be able to change. Tears from Heaven
Author: Dr. Tabowei
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
After Jewel and Eoin have fled from their native Slievmordhu to the kingdom of Narngalis, they encounter many dangerous situations which ultimately leave Eoin in the hands of the deadly unseelie wights. With nowhere else to go Jewel finds refuge amongst the plateau-dwellers at High Darioneth. Teeming with siofra, trows and other eldritch wights their land is under the tight rule of the weathermasters and Storm Lord Avalloc, who have the power to tame and summon the winds . . . When Jewel learns that the legendary Dome of Strang is no longer guarded, she decides to continue her journey to Orielthir to unravel the mystery of the hidden stronghold and with it the truth about her father's legacy. Her discoveries lead her on further quests, accompanied by a handsome young weathermaster who has secretly fallen in love with Jewel. Together they encounter marvels and misfortunes and discover that the key to all their riddles ultimately lies with the extraordinary Well of Tears . . .
Author: Cecilia Dart-Thornton
Publisher: Pan Macmillan
Freak. That's what they call seventeen-year-old Donna Underwood at Ironbridge High School. A horrific fey attack that killed her father when she was just a child left Donna branded with iron tattoos that cover her hands and arms - and magically enhanced strength, that she now does all she can to hide. Now, after ten years of wishing for a normal life, Donna finally accepts her role in the centuries-old war against the darkest outcasts of Faerie - the dark elves. Aided by Xan, a gorgeous half-fey dropout, Donna must save her best friend's life - and that means betraying one of the world's greatest secrets and confronting the very thing that destroyed her family.
Author: Karen Mahoney
Publisher: Random House
Category: Juvenile Fiction
Author: Halima Bashir,Damien Lewis
There were several compelling reasons which prompted me to undertake the work of translating and commenting upon the Vale of Tears by Joseph Hacohen, the sixteenth century physician and historian. First of all, those of us who have been teaching in the area of the Middle Ages have noticed over the past several years a distinct upsurge of interest in the field. Consequently, a number of Medieval Institutes, non-denominational in character and attached to major universitites, have sprung up allover the United States to relate themselves to that age which witnessed - among trying once more other things - the unparalleled struggle between two power complexes, the Church and the State. Scholars will also have to consider the Jewish Middle Ages, interconnected with the Christian Middle Ages, which lasted much longer and far beyond the Renaissance in Europe. Most of them tended to gloss over this aspect of Western Civilization which found the Jew in the juggernaut between these two powers. Students of all faiths, ecumenically oriented and truthful to the point of self-abasement are now ready, without a sense of embarrassment, to discuss this long bleak period in the history of European man, where greed, envy, suspicion and religious fanaticism had triumphed over reason and piety. Yet, beyond all of this, there was another consideration which guided me in doing this tedious and often frustrating work: the knowledge of Hebrew has been on the decline in this country.
Author: Joseph Hacohen,The Anonymous corrector
The Blood, Sweat, and Tears of Pumping Iron
Author: Robert Kennedy
Publisher: Sterling Publishing (NY)
In 1897 London, something not quite human is about to awaken When mechanical genius Emily is kidnapped by rogue automatons, Finley Jayne and her fellow misfits fear the worst. What's left of their archenemy, The Machinist, hungers to be resurrected, and Emily must transplant his consciousness into one of his automatons—or forfeit her friends' lives. With Griffin being mysteriously tormented by the Aether, Finley turns to Jack Dandy, but trusting the master criminal is as dangerous as controlling her dark side. Meanwhile, Sam is searching everywhere for Emily. He would walk into hell for her, but the choice she must make will test them more than they could imagine. To save those she cares about, Emily must confront The Machinist's ultimate creation—an automaton more human than machine. And if she's to have any chance at triumphing, she must summon a strength even she doesn't know she has….
Author: Kady Cross
Category: Juvenile Fiction
"Readers will discover the failures of Kissinger ́s policy of detente in the early 1970s, the mistaken departure from Carter ́s balanced policy toward China and the USSR, and the near-collapse of the embassy due to intelligence failures"-Foreign Service Journal. "Ober ́s book recounts it all, along with the personalities and events of the time now mostly forgotten: dissidents and refuseniks, Victor and Jennifer Louis, Nina and Ed Stevens, U.S.-Soviet summits, microwaves, bugged buildings and typewriters, fires, spy dust and spy mania . . . It ́s all there, the pageant of U.S. Embassy Moscow 1970-90, a place so unlike today ́s walled air-conditioned, high-rise embassy fortress a block away as to beggar the imagination."-Richard Gilbert, AmericanDiplomacy.org "You have wonderfully captured the way things were in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and ́80s. I don ́t know anyone who has done it better."-Donald Connery, former Time-Life correspondent, Moscow. "Together with much wisdom about American diplomacy, this rich memoir provides keen insight into Russian thinking and behavior"-George Feifer, "The Girl from Petrovka".
Author: Robert F. Ober, Jr.
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Category: Biography & Autobiography
Joseph Marie Eugene Sue (1804-1857) was a French novelist. His period of greatest success and popularity coincided with that of Alexandre Dumas, pere, with whom he has been compared.
Author: Eugene Sue
Publisher: Wildside Press LLC
Category: Political Science
At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union unexpectedly found itself in control of a huge swathe of territory in Eastern Europe. Stalin and his secret police set out to convert a dozen radically different countries to a completely new political and moral system: communism. In Iron Curtain, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Anne Applebaum describes how the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe were created and what daily life was like once they were complete. Applebaum describes in devastating detail how political parties, the church, the media, young people's organizations - the institutions of civil society on every level - were quickly eviscerated. She explains how the secret police services were organized, how the media came to be dominated by communists, and how all forms of opposition were undermined and destroyed. Ranging widely across new archival material and many sources unknown in English, she follows the communists' tactics as they bullied, threatened and murdered their way to power. She also chronicles individual lives to show the choices people had to make - to fight, to flee, or to collaborate. Within a remarkably short period after the end of the war, Eastern Europe had been ruthlessly Stalinized. Iron Curtain is a brilliant history of a brutal period and a haunting reminder of how fragile free societies can be. Today the Soviet Bloc is a lost civilization, one whose cruelty, paranoia, bizarre morality, and strange aesthetics Anne Applebaum captures in the pages of this exceptional work of historical and moral reckoning.
The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-56
Author: Anne Applebaum
Publisher: Penguin UK
Sworn to protect England from all enemies, the Wardens of the Realm are ever vigilant. But not all battles are fought on a battlefield…sometimes they are fought in the heart. As chief surgeon for the Wardens, Evelyn Stone fears her own life is on the line when she is kidnapped by a band of pirates—only to discover that the airship captain is Gavin “Mac” MacRae—her former lover. The man whose life she once saved. The man she abandoned. Since Evelyn left, Mac made his mark as both a pirate and a pilot. But his true allegiance isn’t known. So when he asks Evie for help with a wounded woman onboard, he tells Evie that the woman is his wife—even if his feelings for Evie have never waned… As the days pass, however, the unease between Evie and Mac gives way to the old comfort they used to have. Yet, their newly ignited romance is complicated by conflicting loyalties and desires, and a betrayal that may cost them both their love and their lives.
A Novel of the Clockwork Agents
Author: Kate Cross
The Iron Lady, the definitive Margaret Thatcher biography, is available just in time for the movie starring Meryl Streep as one of the most infamous figures in postwar politics. Whether you love her or hate her, Margaret Thatcher's impact on twentieth-century history is undeniable. From her humble, small-town upbringing to her rise to power as the United Kingdom's first female prime minister, to her dramatic fall from grace after more than three decades of service, celebrated biographer John Campbell delves into the story of this fascinating woman's life as no one has before. The result of more than nine years of meticulous research, The Iron Lady is the only balanced, unvarnished portrait of Margaret Thatcher, one of the most vital and controversial political figures of our time.
Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister
Author: John Campbell
Category: Biography & Autobiography

domain: library


Archive for San Francisco
Sophisticated, worldly, witty, passionate, romantic, irreverent and downright bawdy
Discussing her new memoir
With singer and activist Melanie DeMore
Informative and engaging commentary on political news.
A rich multimedia presentation.
In conversation with professor Kate van Orden
Design is changing the game in Silicon Valley
Music engaging people with memory loss and disorientation


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This film is part of Rentals
Island of Lost Souls
A highly controversial adaptation of the H.G. Wells story about a mad scientist creating half human/half animal creatures on his island kingdom.
Horror 1932 70 mins Silent
Director: Erle C. Kenton
Highly controversial in its day (it was once banned in the UK), this adaptation of a H.G. Wells novel has lost none of its power to grip and disturb. A shipwrecked sailor finds himself on a remote island run by the mad scientist Dr Moreau, who, through his bizarre genetic experiments, has created the strange half human/half animal creatures that populate the island. Can our hero escape the same fate?
Science Fiction 2019 98 mins Director: Lorcan Finnegan
Imogen Poots and Jesse Eisenberg play a pair of first-time buyers who get more than they bargained for in this twisted fable about the horrors of suburban living.
Comedy 1986 94 mins Director: Frank Oz
Frank Oz's vivid adaptation of the cult sci-fi musical, with Rick Moranis as a flower-shop assistant battling a 'Mean Green Mother from Outer Space'.
Drama 2018 88 mins Director: Adrian Panek
Children liberated from a Nazi concentration camp have to overcome hunger, thirst and vicious dogs in this chilling postwar thriller.
Horror 1973 88 mins Director: Robin Hardy
Christopher Lee and Edward Woodward star in the folk horror classic about a policemen investigating an island given over to paganism.
Horror 1999 81 mins Director: Eduardo Sanchez
Three student filmmakers attempt to make a documentary about a local urban legend, in this terrifying and groundbreaking pioneer of the ‘found-footage’ genre.
Horror 1980 144 mins Director: Stanley Kubrick
Jack Nicholson revels in his terrifying performance as Jack Torrance, the would-be writer who becomes the minotaur trapped in Kubrick’s supernatural maze.
Drama 2002 102 mins Director: François Ozon
A crime novelist seeks peace but gets a dangerous muse in this twisted bilingual thriller from François Ozon.
Romance 2013 123 mins Director: Jim Jarmusch
Tom Hiddleston and Tilda Swinton star as ageless, blood-drinking lovers in Jim Jarmusch’s clever, funny and sexy vampire tale.
Comedy 2016 88 mins Director: Alice Lowe
Alice Lowe directs and stars in this riotous tale of a pregnant serial killer, hellbent on revenge.
Science Fiction 1967 103 mins Director: Peter Watkins
An exalted pop star holds the country's youth in his thrall, but secretly his popularity is being carefully managed by the state.
Comedy 1986 107 mins Director: Bruce Robinson
Richard E. Grant steals the show in the indomitable cult classic following two washed-up actors as they embark on a booze-filled getaway to the Lake District.
Horror 2017 112 mins Director: Aaron Moorhead
Two brothers who escaped a cult are drawn back in by a mysterious message… Acclaimed directors Justin Benson and Aaron Moorhead (Spring) return with another hybrid piece of raging intensity.
Featuring Bela Lugosi
Horror 1941 70 mins Director: George Waggner
Lon Chaney Jr plays his iconic incarnation, in the classic Universal horror with Claude Rains and Bela Lugosi.
Horror 1958 78 mins Director: Edward D. Wood Jr
Notoriously dubbed one of the worst films ever made, this deranged 50s sci-fi remains a hilarious and extraordinary example of outsider cinema.
Anthology 2020 122 mins Director: Various
The first part of a new and urgent anthology of short films offering a unique snapshot of the UK in 2020.
Anthology 2020 113 mins
Ten more films from The Uncertain Kingdom, a collection of new short films offering a unique portrait of our nation today.
Drama 2019 132 mins Director: Bong Joon Ho
Bong Joon Ho's Oscar®-winning box-office sensation is a darkly comic, twisty rollercoaster ride.
Drama 2019 136 mins Director: Trey Edward Shults
Trey Edward Shults (It Comes at Night) continues to impress with one of the year's most dazzling cinematic achievements, a study of a family's dramatic unravelling and redemption.
Drama 2018 76 mins Director: Scott Graham
Mark Stanley plays the petrol-head who never left town, in this Bruce Springsteen-inspired tale of thwarted dreamers.
Drama 2019 105 mins Director: Jukka-Pekka Valkeapää
In this playful, dark comedy a dominatrix offers a widower an unexpected chance for sexual and psychological release.


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Business of Books
Author: SCHIFFRIN, ANDR
Pub Date: 13/11/2001
Availability: Available for delivery in 48 hours
Price-Match is available in-store for recommended titles in CCCU module handbooks
Part-memoir, part-history, here is an account of the collapsing standards of contemporary publishing that is irascible and often passionate. "The Business of Books" warns of the danger to adventurous, intelligent publishing in the bullring of today's marketplace.


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The former Laurelton Center in Hartley Township sold Tuesday at judicial sale for $1,005,000, according to Union County Finance Director Jeffrey McClintock.
Jay Fulkroad, of McAlisterville, who operates a family construction firm, purchased the sprawling 266-acre complex along Route 45 as well as a separate related parcel just shy of 6 acres for an additional $34,000. He did not return a message seeking comment.
The sale was held in the Union County Courthouse. These were the only two properties available. McClintock said he expects the sale to close and the deed to formally transfer in May or June.
Laurelton Center was the final name of a state-owned mental health institution, which closed in 1998. Its creation as an all-female facility was authorized by the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1913 and in January 1920, it received its first patient. With eye-catching stone buildings and well-groomed grounds cut from lush forestland, the facility has the look of an expensive university.
Bradley Wagner, chair of the Hartley Township Board of Supervisors, said the buyer hasn’t contacted the township regarding the property’s potential future use. An automotive mechanic opened a business in one building in the past decade, Wagner recalled, but he said he was unaware of any other uses in recent years.
“Nobody’s actually really said anything about what they’re planning on doing. I don’t have a problem with anybody buying it. I hope they do something for the community, bring businesses in,” Wagner said.
Laurelton Center was exclusive to females deemed to have mental health issues and didn’t receive its first male patients until 1969. The patient population exceeded 1,000 at its height but dropped below 200 before it closed.
The property had been eyed by several developers for multiple uses in the ensuing years: high-end golf course and resort, religious homeless shelter, residential drug and alcohol treatment facility, action sports and camping complex.
Mountain Valley Inc., headed by Maryland businessman Gary Murphy, bought Laurelton Center from the Commonwealth in 2006 for $1,632,500, according to a deed. It stood mostly dormant thereafter.
McClintock said Mountain Valley owed a combined $297,077.18 in real estate taxes from 2018, 2019 and 2020 to Hartley Township, Union County and Mifflinburg Area School District. A municipal lien totaling $34,215.91 was placed on the property by Hartley Township Municipal Sewer Authority.


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Celebrate your beloved grad with style!
Photo shown is representation of how the flowers CAN be. Each arrangement will be customized per school colors and best quality of available flower colors. Please include the school colors in the special instruction when checking out to place your custom order. If no color is specified, we will send in similar neutral style. Any mylar balloons added to the order can be graduation/congratulations balloons.


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The stock market in Tokyo fell slightly on Thursday. Investors processed, among other things, an unexpected contraction in the Chinese industry.
There was also a reaction to the news that the Japanese former foreign minister Fumio Kishida will become the new party leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
With his election win, Kishida will almost certainly also succeed Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga, who will not stand for election in the parliamentary elections later this year. Kishida, a former banker from Hiroshima, is known as a moderate politician. However, investors are inquisitive about what he will do to boost the corona crisis’s recovery further.
Japan’s main index, the Nikkei 225, lost 0.3 percent at 29,452.66 points. Tech investor SoftBank and chip equipment maker Tokyo Electron, two heavyweights in the index, lost around 3 percent. The railway companies were in demand because of the lifting of the state of emergency that was still in effect in parts of Japan because of the corona pandemic. As a result, East Japan Railway, West Japan Railway and Central Japan Railway rose to nearly 4 percent in hopes that demand for train travel will pick up again.
The Hang Seng index in Hong Kong lost 0.6 percent in the meantime. Evergrande fell 5 percent in Hong Kong. Several bondholders have still not received money from the financially troubled Chinese property developer. The company had to pay more than $45 million in interest by Thursday on a bond that expires in 2024. The company also missed an interest payment last week. However, Evergrande shares shot up on Wednesday after news that the ailing company sold a stake in a Chinese bank.
The stock index in Shanghai gained 0.8 percent despite a disappointing figure for the Chinese industry. Data from the Chinese government showed that activity in the country’s sizeable industry contracted in September. It was the first contraction since February last year. The sector is struggling, among other things, with higher raw material costs and power shortages.
According to market researchers Caixin and Markit, who keep their own data, China’s manufacturing industry did not show any contraction this month, after the contraction in August. By contrast, activity in the services sector returned to growth in September after contracting a month earlier, according to Beijing.


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4 Tips To Protect Your Child’s Eyes When They Play Sports
Whenever your child plays a sport, they’re at a slight risk for injury. In many sports, including football or ice hockey, kids wear helmets to protect their heads and pads to protect the rest of their bodies. However, one of the most vulnerable areas of their bodies is often left unprotected: their eyes. Protecting your child’s eyes is important in any sport they play. Here are four ways you can help your children protect their eyes when they play sports.
- Protective goggles or masks. If your child is playing a sport like football, their helmets may have protective gear built in already. Masks and protective goggles shield your child’s eyes from projectiles- whether it’s a ball or a rock from the field. The right protective eye gear is absolutely essential to keeping your child’s eyes safe.
- For children with glasses, athletic eyewear. Many kids wear prescription glasses to help their eyesight. If your child wears glasses and also plays sports, it may be worth your time to get glasses that are designed for athletic use. These glasses are less likely to break in the middle of a game or practice and are therefore less likely to do damage to your child’s face or eyes.
- Sunglasses or eyewear with UV protection. The sun’s rays can damage your eyes also. Wearing sunglasses with UV protection can help. Use a band around your child’s sunglasses to keep them affixed to their head. If they are already wearing protective eyewear, see if that eyewear is also available with UV protection.
- Team up with your physician. If you have additional questions about eye health and eye protection, team up with your primary care doctor to get the latest information on eye health.


Sterling, IL: Sterling Systems & Controls, Inc. is pleased to announce that it is a leader in the custom engineering and manufacturing of the automatic Micro Ingredient Material Weighing System. These systems can typically include supply bins, feeders, work platforms, automatic or manual bin refilling, raw material bag lift handling equipment, dust collection/control, batched material conveying equipment (pneumatic and mechanical) or transport totes, lot tracking and traceability, barcode scanning, and RFID scanning. Other customized options can also be included. The micro ingredient material weighing system is those which have scale weighments up to around 50lbs (23kg). Larger weighments are known as Minor (50lbs up to 100-150lbs) and Major (> 150lbs). Often a combination of micro, minor and major weighments are included in a customized micro ingredient material weighing system.
Sterling Systems & Controls offers a variety of feeding devices for use in the micro ingredient weighing systems. Typically screw/auger and vibratory type feeders are used. The type used is based upon what the best solution will be for the specific application.
The scale devices used in the micro ingredient material weighing system can be of a variety of designs, including hoppers, platforms, conveyors, etc. The scale type chosen depends on application requirements, e.g. scale resolution, accuracy and batch rate. Transfer of the completed batches to downstream processing, such as a mixer, blender or other process equipment, can be done manually or automatically.
Sterling Systems & Controls automatic micro weighing systems are modular in design, allowing for expansion of the systems as requirements change over time. Systems typically range from 6 to 48 storage/supply bins, with the average being 24 micro ingredient supply bins. It is not unusual to update systems with additional bins after initial system installation. Electrical controls and automation for the material weighing systems can be provided. Sterling Systems & Controls custom designs each system using standard components.
For more information please either use the Quick Contact or RFQ forms provided in this website or call us at 815-625-0852 or email at email@example.com.


Maintenance mechanic sewing
Рок за пријавување:
- Perform highly skilled and complex mechanical repairs on sewing machines.
- Perform the daily duties of a mechanic involved in hands on repairs and maintenance of equipment and tooling.
- Provide a rapid response to breakdowns and repair accordingly, minimizing down time.
- Record daily work in maintenance system.
- Recording data from malfunction of machines.
- Perform related work as required.
- Maintain and instruct others on proper safety procedures.
- Support new installations of equipment.
- Minimum 2 years within a maintenance department.
- Experience in sewing technology, sewing machines.
- Have significant trouble-shooting, fault finding diagnostics and resolution experience.
- Ability to maintain accurate records and reports.
- Ability to work effectively and establish good working relationships with other employees.
- Ability to work under pressure.
- Ability to develop an excellent technical knowledge.
- Knowledge of mechanics and pneumatics.
If you are interested to join our team, please send your CV in English language using the Apply option


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Bio-Crystal™ boosts skin’s natural radiance and clarity.
Bio targeting technology brightens dullness hidden underneath the skin Effectively targets the roots of dark spots and brightens skin dullness
Bio-Crystal™ powerfully anti-oxidizes The anti-oxidant effect of fermented green tea extracts boosts skin’s natural vitality and clarity. For perfect and flawless skin tone without blemishes The product is instantly absorbed and eliminates all signs of blemishes.
Skin Type - All skin types
How to use
Pump once or twice and apply onto the entire face during the essence application stage. Gently massage and pat dry.
Lightly apply an additional layer onto parts with blemishes and pat dry.
Experience Bio-Brightening for naturally clear skin Improvement in color pigmentation after eight weeks of use

domain: health


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Nespresso aims to make every cup of Nespresso coffee, both for at home and for professional customers, carbon neutral by 2022.
The growing shift towards plant-based and lactose- and gluten-free diets is predicted to drive demand for yellow pea protein.
Fruit grower Montague is currently constructing an expansive new fruit processing facility in Narre Warren North in Victoria.
An independent commercial-scale farm trial has found that slower growing broiler chickens are healthier than conventional breeds of birds.
Using an innovative process to remove sugar from milk, Danone has developed a low-sugar yoghurt without artificial flavours, preservatives or colours.
Australia's barley exports increased by 30% but its share of global trade in barley declined over the period 2000–2005 to 2015–2019, according to AEGIC.
Australia's new open access quinoa variety is expected to create domestic and export opportunites.
Dairy Australia has updated the Dairy Passport app to help new workers learn skills and gain industry knowledge.
NIZO and its consortium partners have published a paper on a practical method for enumerating bacterial spores in cocoa powders in order to reduce spoilage.
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is calling for comment on an application to extend the use of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids as a glazing agent for fruit and vegetables.
Cell-based meat start-up Vow recently held a culinary demonstration of its multi-species meat platform.
The F-DVS Pure Appeal culture is designed to help pasta filata makers produce mozzarella-type cheeses with a tailored level of browning for use on pizzas.
Unilever and biotech start-up Algenuity have teamed up to explore the potential microalgae bring in innovating future foods.
As the appetite for plant-based protein grows, the focus on meat analogues and processing technologies is also increasing.


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There is no raw egg in this cookie dough so you can stop worrying and indulge! Who doesn’t love cookie dough! Crepes stuffed with cookie dough? Let’s get on to the recipe!!!
Directions:Whisk all the above together except the water. Add the water last and add it bit by bit until you have a thin consistency. I used the whole cup but you may not need it so go slowly. Spray a crepe pan and heat over medium high. Scoop the batter on using a drop more than a 1/4 cup for each crepe. Tilt the pan to even and thin it out and cook about 2-3 minutes on each side. Remove to a plate. Let cool a bit before spreading on your cookie dough or it will melt. Fold into quarters, dust with cocoa powder, a chocolate drizzle, and some whipped cream! Voila! Breakfast is served!
Cookie dough recipe:
4 tablespoons room temp butter
2 tablespoons white sugar
1/4 cup packed light brown sugar
1/2 teaspoon vanilla
2 tablespoons milk or cream
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1/8 teaspoon salt
mini chocolate chips
Combine all and fold in some mini chips until the amount you like!
Cookie dough adapted from The Cookie Dough Lover’s Cookbook

domain: food


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Two years after Neena Gupta took to social media asking for work, one other senior actress, Nafisa Ali Sodhi, has taken the identical route.
Nafisa, who is thought for her roles in Life In A Metro and Main Saab, wrote on Instagram that she would “like a sublime function to painting in Indian cinema.”
Sharing a surprising black-and-white image, she mentioned that she is searching for an ideal script, and on the similar time talked about that she is not going to be dictated to.
“I’m Nafisa Ali Sodhi and I would love a sublime function to painting in Indian cinema. So searching for an ideal script as a senior actor, I have to work to specific my feelings. I can’t be dictated to. Might God give every of us the energy to comply with our desires,” wrote Nafisa Ali.
“Cease concentrating on younger girls in India. Cease non secular intolerance. Cease dictating to Indians. India is exclusive and we should shield our secular cloth. Cease this divide and rule. Concentrate on a greater world,” added the senior actress.
Nafisa Ali was recognized with Stage Three most cancers in 2018, however she shouldn’t be able to bow down and is able to return to movies.
Nafisa made her debut as a younger actress in Shashi Kapoor’s Junoon in 1979. Since then, she has labored in quite a few Bollywood movies, together with Yamla Pagla Deewana, Life In A Metro and Main Saab. She was final seen on the massive display screen in Sahib, Biwi Aur Gangster 3.
In pics: Celebrities and their battle with sickness
Ileana D’ CrUZ


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Gibraltar today stands as one of the most blockchain and cryptocurrency forward nations in the world. The nation’s visionary outlook to emerging technologies, especially in the areas of regulating blockchain and cryptocurrency, continues to attract many projects in the industry.
Charting a New Course
At a time when several governments across the globe are reluctant or extremely careful in allowing a high level of freedom to innovations around the fast growing cryptocurrency ecosystem, Gibraltar has taken a different approach.
Providing regulatory framework around cryptocurrency is essential to being more welcoming in the region. This revolves around the foresight and actions of the country’s regulatory body, the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (GFSC).
The commission’s outlook towards crypto can be linked to its overall aim, which focuses on protecting consumers and enhancing the reputation of Gibraltar as a quality financial services centre, while promoting good business.
The nation’s lower tax reputation and the extension of such to cryptocurrency-related projects remains one of the attractions for innovators creating a base in Gibraltar. At the same time, these innovators are enhancing the technological development and setting the country on the pedestal of global leadership in emerging technologies.
A Revolutionary Crypto Card
The tap prepaid Mastercard is one of such projects springing up from the geographical base of Gibraltar. The tap prepaid Mastercard is issued by Transact Payments Limited (TPL) pursuant to a licence by Mastercard International. TPL is authorised and regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission as indicated on the tap website.
The tap prepaid Masstercard enables users to spend efficiently from their cryptocurrency assets without any undue complexities. Just like using any other regular card for payment, tap users will be able to pay for goods and services with their card with a simple interface that will allow them to convert these assets into fiat with a tap.
This is a major leap towards the adoption of cryptocurrencies. It removes the protracted barrier of complex transaction processes that require special knowledge about basic cryptocurrency transactions.
Merchants are settled in fiat via the settlement process they already understand, most will not even know about the crypto element of the transaction. In time we believe that crypto assets will be accepted as payment by merchants, however that is not the norm as we begin this journey.
Disclosure: This is a sponsored post


The NYPD is looking for a group of four thieves wanted in at least five robberies of Brooklyn pedestrians since November.
Police say the four suspects -- two men and two women -- stop to ask their victims for directions and then steal whatever they can grab before fleeing.
A gun was used in at least two of the robberies, which happened in the Williamsburg, Bushwick and East New York sections of Brooklyn.
The most recent incident happened last Thursday just after 6 p.m. on Willoughby Avenue. A man and a woman approached the 21-year-old victim, brandished a weapon, and stole his iPhone before fleeing.
Police say the robbers struck three times during a five-day period in late January, stealing electronics from a 57-year-old man on Fulton Street on Jan. 29, jewelry, cash and other items from a 24-year-old man on Rockaway Parkway Jan. 28, and a necklace charm from a 72-year-old man on Varet Street Jan. 24.
The robbery spree dates back to Nov. 30, when the suspects stole jewelry from a 16-year-old boy on Himrod Street and ran off.
The male suspects are described as being between the ages of 30 and 35 and 20 and 25, respectively. Both female suspects are believed to be in their early to mid 20s.
Anyone with information is asked to call Crime Stoppers at (800)-577-8477 or submit tips online at nypdcrimestoppers.com.


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Prep 10 mins
Cook 12 mins
This recipe used to be printed on the Tofurkey box, but no longer. My vegan son loves this, as does everyone else that tries it.
- 8 ounces fresh mushrooms, sliced
- 1⁄4 cup onion, chopped
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
- 1⁄2 cup flour
- 1⁄2 cup vegetable oil
- 4 cups vegetable stock (I prefer "Better than Bouillon" Mushroom bouillon base) or 4 cups bouillon (I prefer "Better than Bouillon" Mushroom bouillon base) or 4 cups soymilk (I prefer "Better than Bouillon" Mushroom bouillon base)
- 1 tablespoon soy sauce
- 1⁄4 teaspoon fresh ground pepper
- Saute onions in 2 tbsps oil in a medium skillet on medium heat until they begin to soften, 2-3 minutes.
- Add mushrooms and continue to saute until mushrooms are softened, 2-4 minutes. Set aside and keep warm.
- In a medium sauce pan (should hold at least 6 cups), heat 1/2 cup of oil over medium heat. Add flour and bubble for 1-2 minutes stirring constantly.
- Whisk in stock, bouillon, or soymilk along with soy sauce and pepper.
- Cook until thickened and bubbly, whisking out lumps.
- Stir in the mushrooms and onions and heat through.
Yum! Yum! Yum! If you love mushrooms, you'll love this gravy! Mmmmm.


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My Kind of Week. – Simply Taralynn. So in love with this jewelry holder from Fine Art Holders on Etsy.
Uova appena schiuse
TORTA ALLO YOGURT
DIY heart shirt
DIY Cute Sock Kitten
Wood Slice Flowers • I don't know where I could use this idea, but it's too cute not to keep just on the off chance I find a spot.
Learn how to Make a Cutting Board from scraps around your shop. You can build a designer cuttingboard today! Click through for the full details.
Cute Hairdos and Haircuts for Short Hair | http://www.short-haircut.com/15-cute-hairdos-for-short-hair.html

domain: design