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The spread of the Coronavirus epidemic, aside from huge human and financial losses, has given a strong acceleration towards the adoption of Smart Working globally.
The sudden and forced transition to this model, without any prior preparation, made its potential and its limits emerge in this emergency.
ESCP Business School detected the need for Human Resources managers to meet other professionals to share thoughts and ideas, to discuss best practices and critical aspects, in order to find possible points of improvement.
Chiara Succi, Professor of Organisational Behaviour, with the ESCP Turin Campus Corporate Relations team, organised a virtual round table bringing together more than 20 HR Managers from the ESCP corporate network, to discuss relevant “hot” topics in these challenging times.
The event, moderated by Prof Succi, aimed to share experiences and lessons learned in the COVID-19 era and start a fruitful discussion between HR managers to understand the main implications.
This emergency represents an opportunity to observe how people react to disruptive events. Out of their comfort zone and in this unprecedented situation, employees and managers developed many new soft skills, while they were facing challenges on a professional, personal and social level.
Many organisations sent a survey to their employees to understand how they feel about working from home and how they expect the organisation of their work will change in the future.
The participants identified the key elements that will characterize the "new normal", as such work flexibility, agile teams and a learning culture.
The feedback from the group gave everyone a great picture of the current situation, offering a few suggestions on what to do to reshape the organisation and implement best practices as we head into a brand-new era for human resources management.
Leading Change: people management in times of crisis
In these challenging times, how should companies, entrepreneurs and people orient themselves to manage processes and teams better? Professor Francesco Rattalino, ESCP Turin Campus Dean, answered this crucial question in the exchange he had with Alessio Cini, Partner at Soges Executive Search, in a webinar about People Management with a specific focus on emergencies.
ESCP brings on a paradigm shift in Executive Education with the innovative online programme “Drive Change Through Crisis”
In life as in business, everything starts with choices and ESCP has chosen to be stronger than the pandemic by offering a pioneering series of masterclasses on innovation and change during the crisis.
ESCP launches the Diversity and Inclusion project
ESCP launches the new Diversity and Inclusion project, which will strengthen the core values of the Business School. It is an important initiative by the ESCP Turin Campus, which will involve the entire staff. Administrators, Affiliate and Full Faculty Professors will go back to school to develop Diversity Management skills.


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Welcome to Freshly Made Sketches #512!
Clean Team designer Kim Singdahlsen has given us the sweetest sketch this week! I pulled out the smaller Memory Box Star of Wonder die to use for the tree element and thought about what I wanted to do with the horizontal lines for a few days.
I have a bowl on my desk that holds little stars left over from other projects and realized there was enough gold shimmer bits to create an anchoring line for the big star. I'd already watercolored the splash of purpley blue sky to back the big star so ran a light touch of color to add a couple horizontal lines. Once the panel was dry, the PTI December Typed Words sentiment is split between the top two lines and the metallic gold star popped up last.
The Clean Team has amazing cards this week. Check them out at Freshly Made Sketches and play along with us!
Thanks for stopping,

domain: hobby


icotek recently announced a new range of specialized EMC Shield clamps designed for industrial DIN rail applications.
5 days ago by Robin Mitchell
Industrial electronics giant Emerson released a new magnetic target switch (MTS) for position sensing.
February 23, 2021 by Alessandro Mascellino
Siemens announced its latest range of actuators for valves, which provide low-noise operation for automation use.
February 19, 2021 by Robin Mitchell
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC) recently released a joint Ransomware Guide.
October 16, 2020 by Alessandro Mascellino
LAPP USA was among the many companies debuting new technologies including their new line of VFD cables at ATX West this week in Anaheim.
February 14, 2020 by Sophia Valente
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We had a dim premonition that power-mad gangsters would one day use art itself as a way of deadening men’s minds.
November 11, 2005 7:46 AM Subscribe
The Digital Dada Library. Because "any attempt to conciliate an inexplicable momentary state with logic strikes me as a boring kind of game."
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domain: artistic


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Welcome to the Home of the Friendswood Lady Mustangs Soccer Team and the 2014-15 season!
Friendswood will compete in a new district this year as we move to the 6A classification. All schedules are entered and we are preparing for the season. Come out and support the girls!
Check out the related news articles below.

domain: news


The survey was conducted by Sociological Group “Rating” (Rating Group Ukraine) on behalf of the International Republican Institute.
The data was collected in 24 cities of Ukraine (Kyiv and all oblast centers; in Donetsk oblast – Mariupol, in Luhansk oblast – Sievierodonetsk) between January 20, 2016 and February 8, 2016, through face-to-face interviews at respondents’ homes.
The sample consisted of 19,200 permanent residents of Ukraine aged 18 and older. It is representative for the general population by age, education and sex. To ensure representativeness, the sample was split in accordance with division of cities into electoral districts, which were provided by the Central Electoral Committee. At least 50 polling sites (50 previously selected sites) were covered in each city. They were selected at random, using the curtain step method. The random route and ‘next birthday’ rule were used for respondents’ selection procedures.
For reference, the previous municipal survey was conducted in 22 cities between March 2, 2015 to March 20, 2015. The sample size consisted of 17,600 respondents.
The margin of error for each city does not exceed ±3.5 percent.
The average response rate is 62.8 percent.
Charts and graphs may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding.


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Even the name is debated so contentious is this subject in the news industry.
The Pros and Cons of some form of online paid access for newspaper websites have been argued in such extremes that nuance and accuracy have been the first victims of the debate.
The Columbia Journalism Review links paywalls to higher quality journalism and argues the free web, supported by advertising, does the opposite – labeling the results “hamster wheel” journalism.
DFM’s Steve Buttry’s blog captures some of that argument – Pro and Con – here.
I have stated I think they can be a dangerous management distraction to the real job of adapting a legacy business to the realities of an Internet world.
To paraphrase Clay Shirky, you can’t fix a business model the Internet just broke. To which I would add you don’t transform from a broken model by tweaking it – you build something else.
I think paywalls, meters if you like, are exercises in tweaking not transforming.
Most paywalls in the US are simply initiatives in subscription price hikes – bundling digital with print with no clear plan for sustainable growth.
But I’m a Chief Executive, responsible to my employees and my shareholders. So, I can’t work on theory alone. I have to try paywalls.
So, welcome to the Subscription Project.
When I took over as CEO of MediaNews Group in September of 2011 – one of the companies we operate under Digital First Media – the company was launching paywalls, meters if you like, in 22 of its smaller dailies.
I watched them for a year. Their performance was abysmal bringing in gross revenues of about $300,000 in their first year. To put this in perspective, MediaNews Group has 57 dailies and has total annual revenues of about $1 billion.
We now internally call that failure Paywall 1.0.
We then circled back with the paywall provider PressPlus to find out from them what we could do better. And we spoke to others in the industry to get their feedback. A couple of months back we launched,at the same 22 sites, Paywall 2.0 incorporating all of the identified best practices.
At about the same time, we launched a project experimenting with the concept of “pay”.
We installed at all of DFM’s 75 daily newspapers an experiment in partnership with Google. On each Media Center section of our sites we placed a Google Consumer Survey that pops up after every 10 images.
Want to see the next image? As a visitor you have to “pay” by answering the survey question. We are now tweaking that further on some other sites with an interstitial ad instead of the survey.
It’s early days yet but so far the Google survey experiment is beating the paywall experiment in run rate revenue. Both the paywall and Google experiments cause traffic issues.
We are also planning a further test dubbed Paywall 3.0 which will combine digital subscriptions for print and mobile apps with the Google survey experiment.
It is too soon to say what will work and what won’t.
But I think we can say that emotional arguments over what something is worth in a market economy is a near worthless waste of time at the expense of finding real solutions to the problem.
We will report back from time to time on the Subscription Project as the numbers roll in.


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‘Hot’ COVID-19 Erongo Region law enforcers receive mobile checkpoint office from Namport
The Namibian Ports Authority (Namport) recently donated a mobile office to be used by the men and women in uniform manning the Walvis Bay COVID-19 checkpoint.
The donation was handed over to the Navy Commander of the Namibian Police in Erongo region at a time where the Erongo region continues to record an increase in the number of positive cases related to the COVID-19 virus.
According to the Authoritythe shelter will ensure that the law enforcers are able to dedicate their attention to executing their duties unhindered from the unfriendly weather elements at the checkpoint.
“The checkpoint became operational on 5 May when the Temporary Isolation Truck port facility as officially opened in collaboration with our various stakeholders,” they added.
The Authority has since the beginning of the outbreak in March spent over N$400,000 to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to Namport they will continue to closely monitor the requirements throughout the progression of the pandemic and within their means and continue to contribute to the national efforts to cushion the community from impact of the outbreak.
The country as of Thursday this week recorded 90 positive cases , with the Erongo Region recording the bulk of the cases.


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By Shawn Whatley, April 1, 2021
When it comes to health care, Canadians only seem to care about one thing: Are we better than the United States?
As long as we “beat” the U.S., we remain smug about our performance, although this attitude can be hard to square with the tens of thousands of Canadians who get quick access to top-level care in the US each year, or the snowbirds vaccinated for COVID weeks or months ahead of their stay-at-home peers.
The Macdonald-Laurier Institute took aim at Canadian smugness recently with its COVID Misery Index. Using public data, researchers compared 15 developed countries on 16 measures grouped into three categories: Disease Misery, Response Misery, and Economic Misery.
How are we doing? Overall Canada continues to rank in the lower third — 11th out of 15, and shockingly to some, two places behind the much-maligned United States.
While Canada had fewer cases and deaths than some, and so performed better on the Disease Misery category, our total excess deaths from all causes, including among younger Canadians, was relatively high. Because of Canada’s chronically inadequate health care capacity, we would have suffered much more had we seen more COVID cases, and one could make the case that we had to be extra stringent on lockdowns because we had unacceptably low spare capacity to deal with such a health care crisis compared to our peers.
On Economic Misery, Canada had higher unemployment, a larger drop in GDP and has taken on more debt than most other countries, including the U.S., creating misery now and for future generations.
Where Canadians suffer the most, however, is in our policy response to the pandemic. Canada’s Response Misery is now the worst among our peers. Canada is still well behind the U.S., the U.K. and others in both testing and vaccine rollout. And we have pursued more strict or frequent stay-at-home orders, lockdowns, school closures, and other non-pharmaceutical interventions that have heaped misery upon Canadians.
While the Index received widespread attention and acclaim, some critics scoffed at the idea that the U.S. could be ranked ahead of Canada, reluctant to relinquish the sense of superiority that America’s difficult COVID experience has given Canadians. The U.S. had far more COVID-related deaths per capita; surely that is all we need to know.
America’s better performance isn’t due to the design of the Index, which has three categories related to deaths in the pandemic, giving loss of life significant weight. As well, when you consider Canada’s poor performance on excess deaths, particularly non-COVID deaths among young people, we have little to boast about there. And the fact that lots of our peers achieved as good or better COVID outcomes at lower economic cost shows us we have imposed far more suffering than was necessary to achieve the result we got.
The U.S. comparison isn’t the only one that matters. The COVID Misery Index provides us with many examples of countries that have more effectively balanced risk and benefit, protecting their citizens’ health and wellbeing, than Canada during the pandemic.


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domain: game


Marshall Tucker Band coming to Ruidoso Downs Race Track
June 18, Ruidoso Downs Race Track will be rocking under the stars with Southern rock legends the Marshall Tucker Band, marking the first outdoor concert the race track has scheduled in the past few years.
"We have always believed that it's a perfect venue for an outdoor summer evening concert in our community," race track general manager Shaun Hubbard said. "Concerts can be expensive to produce, so we want to make sure that we're doing it right and offering excellent entertainment. There are so many choices out there for the entertainment dollar."
There is little argument that the track grandstand offers a beautiful setting for a show. The track utilizes its own portable stage, constructed right out front of the quarter horse stretch finish line. You are as close to the performers as possible.
"We're introducing a new ticket price of $25 for a reserved seat for this show, which should be both affordable and competitive," Shaun said. "It's a matter of getting the public's interest and support by purchasing tickets. It's that simple."
Still led today by founding member and lead singer Doug Gray, the Marshall Tucker Band represents a time and place in music that will never be duplicated. Gray is quick to credit the band's current dynamic members with carrying on the timeless essence of the Marshall Tucker Band sound. Current members include the highly respected drummer B.B. Borden, a former member of both Mother's Finest and The Outlaws, multi instrumentalist Marcus Henderson of Macon, Georgia, plays flute, saxophone and keyboards in addition to lead and background vocals, Pat Elwood on bass guitar, and Rick Willis on lead guitar and vocals, both of Spartanburg SC, are disciples of the Caldwell Brothers. Together they present a powerful stage presence as they continue to tour the country and continue to be a powerful force in the world of music.
"It's looking like 2015 is shaping up to be our biggest tour schedule in years," lead singer Doug Gray said. "We are thankful that our fans have stuck with us for over four decades and continue to pack our shows."
The Marshall Tucker Band got its start in Spartanburg, S.C. when Gray teamed up with Tommy Caldwell and Toy Caldwell, Paul T. Riddle, George McCorkle and Jerry Eubanks, borrowing the name "Marshall Tucker" from a piano tuner whose name was found on a key ring in their old rehearsal space.
In years to come, The Marshall Tucker Band would wow critics and influence major country acts like Alabama, The Kentucky Headhunters, Confederate Railroad, and Travis Tritt with its definitive blend of rock, rhythm & blues, jazz, country, and gospel.
Years of rigorous tour schedules earned the band the respect of critics and countless dedicated fans. With hit singles like "Heard It In a Love Song," "Fire On The Mountain," "Can't You See," and "Take The Highway," The Marshall Tucker Band earned seven gold and three platinum albums while they were on the Capricorn Records label. During the 90s, the MTB scored four hit singles on Billboard's country chart and one on Billboard's gospel chart. Their music has also been featured on the soundtracks of movies such as Smokey and the Bandit, The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper, Shipwrecked, Crank 2, Don't Mess with Zohan, Stop Loss, Swing Vote, Taking Chance and many others as well as many TV Shows.
"The buying public never really cared whether we were country or rock and roll" says Gray. "They called us a Southern rock band, but we have always played everything from country, jazz, blues, Rock & Roll and all things in-between. As we've become older," Gray grins, eyes twinkling, "our Southern heritage seems to come out even more. But no matter how old we get, we can still rock your socks off." Gray also notes that people have gotten "married and buried" to classic MTB songs like "Desert Skies" and "Can't You See". After 41 years, The Marshall Tucker Band continues to be played on classic rock and country radio, and they have never stopped touring.
Gates will open at 6:30 p.m. for the June 18 concert, and the show starts at 7 p.m. with a performance by the local band Gleewood. Tickets are on sale now at the race track box office, or by telephone at 575-378-4140.


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|The Pan American Health Organization
Promoting Health in the Americas
Health Surveillance & Disease Prevention & Control —
Leishmaniasis Photo Gallery: Affected Persons and Risk Areas
Leishmaniasis is possibly the most complicated vector-borne tropical disease in the world in terms of etiology and genomics. There are no cheap drugs to treat the disease and not enough understanding of its peculiarities. Leishmaniasis affects vast areas of the Americas and puts millions of people at risk. Even worse, those affected by it tend to be the most vulnerable, the poor and indigenous peoples who live in isolated rural areas or in shantytowns on the fringes of large cities where access to health services is scarce. It is severely debilitating and exacts an economic toll on both individuals and their families and society at large. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes permanent disfigurement, while visceral leishmaniasis—which causes enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)—is often fatal. Young age being a risk factor, children are especially hard hit by this form.
The thumbnail photos below in GIF are linked to the JPG versions in their original, larger size.
Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization
525 Twenty-third Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, United States of America
Tel.: +1 (202) 974-3000 Fax: +1 (202) 974-3663

domain: medical


The guide outlines zoning reforms that can encourage affordable housing construction and increase density and walkability.
A new toolkit from the League of Wisconsin Municipalities (LWM), the Congress of New Urbanism, and several other Wisconsin organizations "offers a list of zoning reforms, with suggestions such as allowing narrower lots, reduced setbacks and a mix of housing types to reduce development costs" that can improve housing affordability in the state. As Roberta Baumann reports, the document is aimed at guiding communities in increasing 'missing middle housing' and other more affordable housing types.
While the guide, titled "Enabling Better Places: A User’s Guide to Wisconsin Neighborhood Affordability," does not mandate any zoning changes, notes Baumann, local governments are encouraged to use the tools it provides when the opportunity comes up.
One community, Waunakee, will evaluate parking reform regulations at an upcoming public meeting, "mainly because recent developments have been approved with parking exemptions." According to Waunakee community development director Tim Semmann, "[c]hanging patterns in shopping trends have rendered some regulations as outdated." The village's Community Development Authority (CDA) is also "creating policies for using Housing Betterment Fund dollars derived from Tax Incremental Finance (TIF) district extensions for affordable housing."
Keanu Reeves Set to Play Daniel Burnham in ‘The Devil in the White City’
Planning is going to get a new level of star power as a limited series adaptation of The Devil in the White City gets ready for television screens in 2024.
Opinion: Aging Population, Declining Fertility Requires Long-Term Investments
Faced with the dire consequences of a one-two punch of aging populations and declining birthrates, one writer has suggestions for how policy can help ensure a better future.
The Tide Has Turned Against Open Streets
Once a promising development for advocates pushing for a less car-centric future in cities, the open streets movement has ceded significant ground to cars since the height of the pandemic.
Richmond Weighing How to End Parking Requirements
A series of town hall meetings will allow the public a chance to give feedback about zoning changes in Richmond, Virginia that would include the end of parking requirements.
Key Warehouse Centers Challenge Distribution Center Expansion
Communities near major e-commerce distribution centers are increasingly resisting new construction, citing air pollution and other public health impacts.
Another Silicon Valley Enclave Resists Multifamily Housing
Ultrawealthy residents have blocked a proposal to build townhouse developments in one of California’s most affluent communities.
Sun City Center Community Association, Inc
City of Mesa
Town of Gilbert, Arizona
This six-course series explores essential urban design concepts using open source software and equips planners with the tools they need to participate fully in the urban design process.


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About this Piece
The son of a shoemaker and amateur clarinetist, Philippe Gaubert first studied the violin. After moving to Paris with his family at the age of seven, he switched to flute, studying first with Jules Taffanel, then with Jules’ son Paul Taffanel. Gaubert won First Prize for flute at the Paris Conservatoire in 1894 and joined the orchestra of the Paris Opéra three years later. He also studied composition and conducting, and ultimately excelled in all three areas. A renowned soloist and teacher, he collaborated with Paul Taffanel on a flute method and became professor of flute at the Conservatoire, where Marcel Moyse was one of his students. He also became principal conductor of both the Société des Concerts and the Opéra (and later artistic director of the Opéra), leading the premieres of major works by Albert Roussel, Gabriel Fauré, Jacques Ibert, and many other French composers, and making prize-winning recordings in the 1920s and ’30s. As a composer, he wrote operas, ballets, songs, and orchestral works, as well as a large body of music for the flute.
He composed the Aquarelles (Watercolors) in 1915, while serving in the French army. These gracefully transparent pieces reveal nothing of the horrors of trench warfare, however. “Par un clair matin” (On a Clear Morning) presents cascading sunlight in piano arpeggios, and robust tunes from the flute and cello, in a harmonically delightfully wayward stroll. A gentle melancholy is apparent in the expressive “Soir d’automne’” (Autumn Evening), the textures clear and the colors distinct. The dashing “Sérénade” has the exotic modal cast and dancing rhythmic urgency of so many French evocations of Iberian music.


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As for whether or not he’d ever get back together with his A-list ex, Carey, Cannon tried to be respectful of the mother of his children.
“She’s got a boyfriend!” he said. “He’s a nice guy.”
But he did admit that their marriage was “a special time,” adding, “we made some amazing children together.”
Those kids, twins Monroe and Moroccan, are already showing signs of following in their famous parents’ footsteps.
MORE: Chance the Rapper, Nick Cannon & More React to Bill Maher Using the N-Word On Air
“They've been in the studio. They got records. It's popping,” Cannon dished. “I'ma be honest, I'm not a huge fan of putting children into the work force. But they love it, so they get into the studio. They’re singing, writing, rapping. It's amazing.”
For more from the famous family, watch the clip below!

domain: celebrity


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ORLANDO, Fla. — Louisville Coach Rick Pitino has lived through enough of these games to understand there are no style points in the N.C.A.A. tournament. So as the Cardinals gathered in their locker room at Amway Center, Pitino looked to the television for part of his pregame motivation.
There, Florida was engaged in a physical test of attrition with Pittsburgh, a low-scoring struggle the Gators finally pulled away to win with pressure defense and clutch shots.
“I said, ‘Guys, that’s the exact game you’re going to be in,’ ” Pitino said. “ ’‘And you’re going to have to be the prettiest team in an ugly game because that’s the way it’s going to be.’ ”
Pitino was prescient, and Louisville again proved that the mantra of March is to simply survive and advance. The Cardinals beat St. Louis, 66-51, on Saturday to reach the Round of 16 for the third consecutive year.Survived and escaped is more like it. The No. 4-seeded Cardinals looked ragged for long stretches, as they did against Manhattan on Thursday.
But they seized control early in the second half and kept alive their hopes for a second consecutive national championship, moving on to the Midwest Region semifinals next week in Indianapolis.
“I’m not going to make them favored,” St. Louis Coach Jim Crews said. “But I don’t know who I would favor. That’s why you’ve got to play the game.”
N.C.A.A. Round of 64: The Day in Pictures
View Slide Show ›
Louisville committed 19 turnovers and was outscored in the lane, 40-26, by the fifth-seeded Billikens. But when the Cardinals needed to coalesce, they did so behind Luke Hancock and Chris Jones.
Hancock’s 3-pointer began a 12-2 run that pushed Louisville’s lead to 50-37 with 14 minutes 33 seconds remaining. Jones scored 5 points in that stretch, hitting a 3-pointer followed by a reverse layup high off the backboard.
Hancock finished with 21 points and gave the Billikens fits with his cuts off screens while making 4 of 12 attempts from 3-point range.
“It’s a cat-and-mouse game,” Crews said. “He’s smart. He reads defenses and watches the defender on him. It’s like playing tag with your little sister or little brother growing up. If you go under the table, he goes over the table. If you go right, he goes left.”
Jones and Russ Smith scored 11 points each, and Montrezl Harrell had 10 points and grabbed 11 rebounds for the Cardinals (31-5).
Louisville fans at Amway Center finally appeared to relax with two minutes to go, when Jones stopped into the lane on a fast break and dished the ball to Wayne Blackshear for a dunk and a 13-point lead.
“We just wanted to grind out a W,” Pitino said. St. Louis “is a team that will turn you over, they’ll grind it out, they play everybody close. So we were really proud of our effort defensively.”
N.C.A.A. Tournament: Who Do You Hate (and Love)?
Which team do you think will win? Eh, never mind that. Tell us which teams’ losses would give you the greatest joy, and which team’s success would make you most happy.
He added, “We grinded out a win, and that’s what the N.C.A.A. tournament is all about.”
Louisville’s defense clearly frustrated the Billikens, who committed 18 turnovers and missed all 15 of their shots from beyond the 3-point arc. Mike McCall led the futility with an 0-for-6 effort.
“I thought we took a lot of good shots,” said Dwayne Evans, who led St. Louis with 16 points and 10 rebounds. “They weren’t falling, but we had the guys in the right spots. I guess you have days like that.
“Obviously, we would have wanted it another way, but they were good shots.”
The St. Louis band launches into a rousing rendition of “When the Saints Go Marching In” when the team takes the court, but there was nothing upbeat about the Billikens’ play, especially in a sloppy first half.
They committed 11 turnovers and were 0 of 6 on 3-point attempts. Still, they trailed only 25-16 at halftime because Louisville looked as disconnected as it did while struggling against Manhattan, committing 10 turnovers.
The Billikens (27-7) caught a burst of energy early in the second half. Jordair Jett’s driving layup and a 3-point play by Evans tied the score at 27-27.
When Rob Loe grabbed a deflected pass and finished a fast break, St. Louis led, 29-27, and was poised to continue its run.
But the Billikens’ momentum was stopped when Loe, a gangly 6-foot-11 senior from New Zealand, picked up his fourth foul and went to the bench with 9:13 to play. Loe finished with 10 points and 5 rebounds. Jett had 15 points and 7 assists.
After Loe’s foul, the Cardinals regrouped and as ugly as they may have played, reached another Round of 16.


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Every morning I dry body brush for 5 minutes and jump into a cold shower before I do anything else. Not only does this immediately wake up my mind and body, but it also has some incredible health benefits too!
Cold Water Therapy (cold showers included) has an array of surprising health benefits.
1. Improves Lymphatic Circulation
Cold showers improve the way your body manages lymph fluid and enables your body to eliminate these fluids from building up in certain areas. Cold water has also been shown to trigger our white blood cells which attack any substance in your body which should not be there. This is a win:win whereby not only is the lymphatic system being forced to eliminate a build up of fluids but the white blood cells are also being triggered to destroy these fluids at the same time- all from immersing yourself in cold water!
2. Reduces Inflammation
Cold showers have been shown to reduce inflammation in the body. When the body is highly inflamed it is more likely to develop disease, cause a weakened immune system and make us feel fatigued. When we are immersed in cold water, our blood vessels constrict and our body temperature decreases. This assists with reducing any swelling or inflammation as well as bringing immediate relief to any pain going on within the body.
3. Improves Our Mood
Cold water therapy has been proven to boost our happiness levels and has been used as a tool to treat depression! When we take a cold shower, we are flooded with mood-boosting neurotransmitters, which make us feel happy! I mean, if this is the only benefit of taking a cold shower then I'm in!
Try incorporating a cold shower into your routine and see if you start to notice the difference in your mood and the way your body feels!


UK manufacturers are failing to realise efficiency and sales opportunities offered by the internet, a joint IBM, Institute of Manufacturing and government report says.
The report, e-manufacturing – harnessing the power of the web for manufacturing, says that efficiency ranked ninth on the list of 10 drivers pushing internet use. The top driver was `visibility’.
Of the 200 UK companies surveyed, 94% had access to the internet and 77% had websites. However, only 33% used it for sales, 27% for purchasing, and 13% for collaborative design.
In Germany, 33% of firms use the internet across the supply chain. UK firms are holding back because of security concerns. But Mark Smith, technical director of web developer RMR Design said: `Paying by credit card over the internet is much more secure than handing your card over in a restaurant.’ He added that intranets between suppliers and manufacturers are also `extremely safe’.
Despite their fears, 66% of UK firms have plans for electronic commerce, and 59% hope to use the internet in supply chain integration.


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The Matamata war memorial is very well kept I visited it on a trip back from Rotorua. There are three sets of brothers on the memorial a reminder that families often lost more than one son. In the case of the Sutherland brothers they died a month apart the grief of there parents is unimaginable.
Alexander Rueben Sutherland was an engineer before enlistment. He was a 2nd Lieutenant. He embarked for France on the 8th January 1916 and was killed on the 25 September 1916 in the Somme. He is buried Caterpillar Valley Cemetery, Longueval,which I visited with my family a few years ago. Visiting one of the War Cemetery's in France or Belgium gives you a clearer picture into the sheer scale of the loss of live during WW1.
Hugh Charles Sutherland (Alexander's brother) was a farmer and embarked for Egypt on the 14 August 1915 he was killed in action on the 9th August 1916 in Egypt. Two weeks before his brother. I wonder if Alexander knew his brother had died before he himself was killed.

domain: history


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“As part of a major and vital rehabilitation of the Kings County Criminal Court, we are adding a new newsstand and investing to make it accessible,” said a spokesman for the city Department of Design and Construction. The Office of the Criminal Justice Coordinator ordered the DDC to build the stand as part of a $38 million courthouse renovation. City courthouse newsstands are operated by blind workers through a program run by the state Commission for the Blind.Blind people have traditionally run newsstands, but the safeguard against theft — a problem at any newsstand — is the heightened sense of morality people feel about cheating the blind.
Said one court source, “Let’s face it. It’s in the lobby of a courtroom, so you might get a few criminals walking by who wouldn’t think twice about stealing from a blind guy.”You might think NYC should just use the new place and not employ a blind worker, but consider that there is a pre-existing but run-down newsstand in the lobby, run by a 61-year-old blind man who's worked there for 10 years, the design of the new shelves really does facilitate shoplifting, and there are other aspects of the design that aren't suitable for a blind person. The area behind the counter is said to be too small to use a cane or seeing-eye dog.
It sounds almost as though the designer had a secret agenda of ousting the blind. That's a premise I'd explore if I were suing. Things less cheap than lawsuits: 1. building another new newsstand, and 2. eating the cost of shoplifting.
Quite aside from potential litigation, there's the political problem. Here you've got: 1. wasting the taxpayers' money, 2. looking stupid, 3. showing lack of concern for the blind, 4. the embarrassment of a ridiculous crime paradise in the lobby of a criminal courthouse, breeding more and more disrespect for the law among those with the least reason to feel respect.


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We make it a policy to never compromise your dental care. We will provide you with the highest quality of treatment and respect. We promise to exceed your expectations.
We stand behind our work. If for any reason you are unsatisfied with your restorations we will, at no additional cost, rectify the situation. This guarantee is offered to every patient who follows Dr. Hausten’s instructions, maintains regular dental checkups and performs consistent high-quality hygiene (daily brushing and flossing).
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text:
1. Handguns lack the appropriate lifting properties to make them successful wings.
2. Given that you modeled the guns after the standard M1911, how are you expected to reload those guns after the magazine is emptied, since the base of the handle is attached to her upper back?*
I suppose you could just pull the slide back and expose the ejector port to try to jimmy a fresh bullet into the exposed chamber. Unless, the part attached to her back is the mag sleeve and the guns are not actually a part of her?
Great work, it's amazing how you nail it time after time! That's why I really love your work: beacuse you are one of the very few artists in the comic-book field that keeps managing to surprise us. There are many excellent artists working in comics, but very few with the degree of rethoric and design that you show.

domain: design


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Earth and Planetary Science Letters 298 (2010) 443–449
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Earth and Planetary Science Letters j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / e p s l
Composition and evolution of the early oceans: Evidence from the Tagish Lake meteorite M.R.M. Izawa a,⁎, H.W. Nesbitt a, N.D. MacRae a, E.L. Hoffman b a b
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 Activation Laboratories Ltd., 1336 Sandhill Drive, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada L9G 4V5
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 17 February 2010 Received in revised form 16 August 2010 Accepted 20 August 2010 Available online 16 September 2010 Editor: R.W. Carlson Keywords: carbonaceous chondrites aqueous alteration early oceans icy satellites
a b s t r a c t Laboratory leaching studies of the Tagish Lake meteorite demonstrate that the most readily leached cations of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are Mg, Ca, Na and K; with the most readily leached anions being SO4, Cl and PO4 (in decreasing order of abundances). Soluble organics were not analyzed due to limited sample sizes. Magnesium and sulfate – the most abundant solutes leached from Tagish Lake meteorite – are also the most abundant ions of salts lining fractures of aqueously altered meteorites. These same ions probably were the most abundant solutes of the ﬁrst permanent oceans, which probably formed during or soon after the “late heavy bombardment” stage (~ 4.2 to 3.7 Ga). Considering the residence time of Cl in modern seawater, and the composition of the exposed continental crust to at least 3.3 Ga, evolution of seawater from Mg–SO4dominated to NaCl-dominated would have required about 3 × 105 yr and could not have been complete until about 3.0 to 3.3 Ga. The calculations also suggest that the ﬁrst permanent oceans were more saline than modern seawater and, as argued by others, these aspects have signiﬁcant implications for evolution of life. Many solar system bodies besides Earth probably derived a signiﬁcant proportion of their volatile and soluble constituents from carbonaceous chondrite material, therefore, primordial solutions similar to those presented here were likely important in the early evolution of aqueous systems throughout the solar system, including those present on carbonaceous chondrite parent asteroids and icy outer solar system satellites. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The Tagish Lake meteorite is unusual in a number of respects: its orbit is known; it is perhaps the meteorite most representative of bulk solar system composition; and some samples were collected prior to contamination by or reaction with either the lithosphere or the hydrosphere (i.e., in a highly pristine state) (Brown et al., 2000). These materials provide a unique opportunity to determine which constituents of a volatile-rich carbonaceous chondrite are readily soluble. Such information is relevant to the origin of solutes in primitive seawater, to compositional evolution of the early oceans and, consequently, for evolution of life on the planet. Identiﬁcation of these highly leachable constituents and discussion of implications are the focus of this communication. Recent arguments and indirect analytical evidence suggest the early oceans were 1.5 to 2 times more saline than modern seawater (de Ronde et al., 1997). Morse and Mackenzie (1998) suggest, and Knauth (1998) implies, that the major contribution to the high salinity of the early oceans was NaCl. One of the most-commonly cited arguments supporting an early NaCldominated ocean is based on uniformitarianism: acids of the
⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
(M.R.M. Izawa). 0012-821X/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.08.026
atmosphere leach the crust, with rates of supply and residence times of elements determining seawater compositions (e.g., Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971; Holland, 1984). Application of the argument to the accretionary and late heavy bombardment stages of the Earth is, however, problematic unless it can be demonstrated that the sources of solutes were the same then as now. By the uniformitarian principle, the crust is the ultimate source of solutes. It is now of granodioritic composition and covered by a veneer of continental shelf-type sedimentary rocks (e.g., Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971; Holland, 1984). The available evidence indicates that the crust was different before about 3.3 Ga, with komatiitic lavas produced on the continents and a virtual absence of mineralogically mature continental shelf-type sedimentary rocks (Fedo et al., 1996; Arndt et al., 2008). These considerations, and experimental results presented here, indicate that NaCl was not the major salt of the ﬁrst permanent oceans, that primitive seawater was more saline than modern seawater, and that uniformitarian arguments do not apply to the early oceans, or to primitive ﬂuid reservoirs on other solar system bodies. The case against the uniformitarian explanation for early seawater composition is made stronger by considering ﬁndings concerning the sources of H2O and organic carbon of the early hydrosphere and atmosphere. Volatiles were captured during and following the accretionary and “late heavy bombardment” stages of Earth evolution, although some were lost due to heavy impact during the late phases of
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the above stages. Even considering such losses, numerous independent calculations agree that capture of exogenous material including carbonaceous chondrites, hydrous interplanetary dust particles, and comets contributed a major portion of the volatiles to the Earth's atmosphere and oceans (Anders and Owen, 1977; Anders, 1989; Chyba, 1990; Zahnle and Grinspoon, 1990; Chyba and Sagan, 1992; Delsemme, 2006; Óro et al., 2006). Óro et al. (2006) emphasized that if just 10% of the bodies captured were comets and carbonaceous chondrites, they would have contributed the bulk of oceanic waters and more than ten times the amount of carbon in the biosphere (Anders and Owen, 1977; Chyba, 1987; Anders, 1989; Delsemme, 2006). From these arguments it is apparent that captured carbonaceous chondrites and comets can account for effectively all solvent (H2O) and carbon of the Earth's hydrosphere and biosphere. The deliberations may be extended to include dissolved salts of the early oceans. Just as carbonaceous chondritic dust and cometary materials could have supplied the bulk of solvent (H2O) to the oceans, these same sources likely supplied solutes to the early oceans, the amount supplied being dependent upon the abundance of soluble solutes in these sources. We have examined this possibility by leaching Tagish Lake meteorite to determine the nature and amount of inorganic solutes released to solution. 1.1. Ephemeral and permanent oceans Formation of the Earth's core between about 100 and 200 Ma probably led to the formation of a primitive crust which continued to evolve through accretion and by planetary processes (Ahrens et al., 1989; Greenberg, 1989; Weissman, 1989; Greenberg et al., 1991; Yang et al., 2007). Accordingly, the compositions of the early oceans must similarly have evolved. The earliest oceans, although “ephemeral”, likely formed while the Earth was still accreting (4.5 to 4.2 Ga) (Ahrens et al., 1989; Weissman, 1989). Near the end of the accretionary period, when planetesimals were largest, portions of any existing hydrosphere and atmosphere may have been driven off by energetic impacts (Greenberg, 1989; Yang et al., 2007). Chemical and dynamical arguments suggest that during the late accretionary stage, and after differentiation of Earth, Moon formed as a result of an exceptionally large Earth impact (Greenberg, 1989; Cohen et al., 2000). The hydrosphere would have been lost during this event, with regeneration proceeding by subsequent capture of volatiles and solutes. Ephemeral oceans produced during the accretionary phase may have displayed compositions different from oceans formed later, primarily because early accreted materials should have contained a high proportion of volatile-poor constituents, possibly similar to enstatite chondrites (e.g., Javoy, 1995; Righter et al., 2004); whereas materials captured later (~4.2 to 3.7 Ga) contained more volatile-rich carbonaceous chondritic (and possibly cometary) materials derived from beyond the orbit of Mars (e.g., Righter et al., 2004; Strom et al., 2005). These arguments suggest that the ﬁrst permanent oceans were created during, and soon after, the late heavy bombardment stage (4.2 to 3.7 Ga) (Ahrens et al., 1989; Weissman, 1989). Degassing of the Earth's interior likely contributed to establishment of the ﬁrst permanent oceans, but Chyba (1987) argues forcefully that during this period, a large proportion (40%) of H2O of the hydrosphere was derived from exogenous sources. The argument is supported by Weissman (1989). Carbonaceous chondrites are volatile-rich and are widely thought to be representative of small bodies in the outer asteroid belt and beyond (Burbine et al., 2002; Scott, 2007). The CI chondrites are widely considered to be most representative of solar system bulk composition because they are compositionally most similar to the solar photosphere (e.g., Palme and Jones, 2003; Scott, 2007). Tagish Lake is a C2 chondrite that is chemically mineralogically, and isotopically most similar to CI and CM chondrites (e.g., Brown et al., 2000; Mittlefehldt, 2002; Zolensky et al., 2002; Izawa et al., 2010; Russell et al, 2010. Tagish Lake is, therefore, potentially representative
of the hydrous carbonaceous chondrite material captured during planetary accretion. Chondritic micrometeorites are another important potential source of volatiles and solutes during planetary accretion. Multiple studies support a relationship between hydrous carbonaceous chondrites (especially CM and CI types) and chondritic micrometeorites, as well as hydrous interplanetary dust particles, comets, and carbonaceous chondrite microclasts in howardites (e.g., Engrand et al., 1996; Gounelle et al., 2003; Gounelle et al., 2005; Zolensky et al., 2008; Aléon et al., 2009; Dobrica et al., 2009). Orbital (Brown et al., 2000; Hildebrand et al., 2006) and spectroscopic (Hiroi et al., 2001) data suggest that Tagish Lake may be related to the D-type asteroids, a class of objects which are likely to be very common in the outer main belt, and may be related to both comets and carbonaceous asteroids. The recent discovery of very rare aqueous alteration phases in cometary samples (Zolensky, 2007; Flynn, 2008; Nakamura et al., 2008) supports the existence of a continuum of objects between carbonaceous asteroids and comet nuclei, of which Tagish Lake may be the ﬁrst known sample. For these reasons (recovery in highly pristine state, kinship with common hydrous meteorites and related materials, linkage to a very common asteroid type) Tagish Lake is plausibly representative of objects that delivered abundant solutes during the late stages of planetary accretion. The relatively pristine nature of the Tagish Lake material is particularly relevant to the present study, as this greatly increases the likelihood that the leachable constituents are of pre-terrestrial origin and therefore that the leachate compositions are minimally inﬂuenced by the terrestrial atmosphere and hydrosphere. 2. Samples and experimental methods: leaching of Tagish Lake meteorite Three Tagish Lake samples, each with different post-entry histories, were investigated. Material which fell on snow without having melted it and that was collected within one week of the fall is referred to as “pristine”; it contains a full complement of leachable constituents. The second sample (PM-05) was exposed to melt water derived from snow (into which it fell); this sample is referred to as “partially degraded”. The third sample (MG-02) was immersed in melt water derived both from snow and ice of the frozen Tagish Lake (though it did not contact lake water); it is referred to as “degraded”. The previously published observation that the degraded Tagish Lake sample was depleted in H, Na and Cl (Brown et al., 2000) was the primary stimulus for this investigation. Table 1 provides analyses of the three Tagish Lake samples, as well as one sample of Allende (CV3) for comparison. Ten milligram aliquots of each sample were leached in three sequential experiments using 4 ml of 18 MΩ distilled, deionized water at each step. The ﬁrst experiment used 20 °C water for 10 min, the second repeated this procedure on the solid residue, and the third used 60 °C water for 10 min on the residue of the ﬁrst two. The results and implications of each experiment are discussed in turn. The leachate of the ﬁrst experiment was analyzed by ion chromatography for PO4, SO4, Cl and Br, then diluted and analyzed by ICP-MS for a wide range of elements; Mg and SO4 are the major cation and anion in all leachates. Mg, Ca and K increase systematically in leachate from pristine to partially degraded and degraded samples, the reason for which is uncertain. The two degraded samples, having been wetted (by melt waters) and subsequently dried, may have additional (precipitated) soluble salts lining pore walls; alternatively, freezing and thawing of the samples may have produced fractures and channels (and access to additional solutes) absent from the pristine sample. Petrographic evidence of some mineral alteration (e.g., saponite–serpentine, secondary magnetite, and carbonates) from water on the parent body has been identiﬁed in the Tagish Lake meteorite (Brown et al., 2000; Zolensky et al., 2002; Greshake et al., 2005). Aqueous alteration of primitive meteorites, generally, has probably promoted release of soluble salts. Gounelle and Zolensky (2001) concluded that the soluble phases reported in chondritic
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Table 1 Partial bulk analyses of pristine, partially degraded (PM-05) and degraded (MG-02) Tagish Lake meteorite, and Allende meteorite. Abbreviations for methods: Prt-Gm, prompt gamma ray; LL/SL-INAA, long-lived/short-lived INAA; TD-ICPMS, total digestion (HNO3/HCLO4/HF,HCl, 260 °C) ICP-MS; WRA–ICP, whole rock analysis (lithium metaborate/ tetraborate fusion) ICP-OES; F–ICPMS, lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion ICP-MS. See Brown et al. (2000) for details of analytical techniques. Z
1 11 12 15 17 19 20 20 26 35 38
H Na Mg P Cl K Ca Ca Fe Br Sr
wt.% ppm wt.% ppm ppm ppm wt.% wt.% wt.% ppm ppm
Prt-Gm LL-INAA WRA/ICP TD-ICP SL-INAA TD-ICP WRA/ICP TD-ICPMS LL-INAA LL-INAA F/ICPMS
Tagish Lake samples
1.5 ± 0.3 4450 ± 60 10.8 ± 0.5 927 ± 50 560 ± 90 650 ± 50 0.99 ± 0.09 1.21 ± 0.04 19.3 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 0.2 9.4 ± 0.5
N/A 1800 ± 10 12.0 ± 0.2 790 ± 50 220 ± 120 580 ± 50 1.77 ± 0.05 1.98 ± 0.03 20.2 ± 0.4 0.7 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.4
0.7 ± 0.3 2230 ± 80 11.8 ± 0.2 1040 ± 70 b60 520 ± 50 1.21 ± 0.02 1.40 ± 0.03 19.5 ± 0.5 0.7 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.9
0.2 ± 0.1 3310 ± 20 15.5 ± 0.2 1120 ± 50 260 ± 100 340 ± 40 1.70 ± 0.02 1.87 ± 0.03 24.1 ± 1.2 1.6 ± 0.2 14.1 ± 0.9
N/A = not analyzed for this sample.
meteorites may be entirely the result of terrestrial alteration. Our observations of greater quantities of soluble phases, notably Na, Cl and Br, in the pristine Tagish Lake material, which was never exposed to terrestrial melt water, argue strongly for an extraterrestrial origin for at least some proportion of the soluble phases observed. Phosphate, Fe and Ni were detected in all leachates, but at low levels. For purposes of the present study, the question of the ultimate origin of the soluble phases is largely irrelevant. For whether the leached solutes derive from extraterrestrial sulfates, halides, etc., or were formed as a result of alteration during very brief exposure to terrestrial melt water; our observations of the soluble phases evolved during the aqueous leaching of carbonaceous chondrite material, and our inferences on the subsequent evolution of such a solution, remain the same. Moreover, the implications of the initial composition and subsequent evolution of Tagish Lake leachate are not affected if the solutes are exogenous, or formed very soon after the fall event upon contact with the terrestrial hydrosphere. The partially degraded and degraded samples yield lower quantities of Na, Cl and Br than did the pristine sample (Table 2), probably because these elements were leached from the ﬁrst two samples by melt waters. Compared with the pristine sample, Na in the degraded/partially degraded samples is almost halved and Cl is effectively absent (Table 1). The effective absence of Cl indicates that it and about half of Na are readily leached, thus probably reside on pore walls and linings of meteorites. The low Na and Cl of the bulk samples (Table 1) provide partial conﬁrmation of Na and Cl leaching results. Much of these may be derived from soluble salts; this is consistent with the known presence in meteorites of halite (Zolensky and McSween, 1988; Gooding et al., 1991; Rubin et al., 2002) and brine ﬂuid inclusions (Zolensky et al., 1999). Conﬁrmation of abundant Mg and SO4 leaching is derived from petrographic studies of chondritic meteorites. Epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O) and hexahydrite (MgSO4·6H2O) are among the most abundant fractureﬁlling salts of aqueously altered chondritic meteorites (Zolensky and McSween, 1988; Brearley and Jones, 1998; Gounelle and Zolensky, 2001). It has since become clear that most or all of the hydrous Mg-sulfate veins observed in meteorites such as Orgueil that have suffered long exposure to the terrestrial environment formed during their residence on Earth (Gounelle and Zolensky, 2001). The possibility that some of the sulfate was present in carbonaceous chondrites prior to their falls was recognized by Gounelle and Zolensky (2001), and is supported by our observation of abundant sulfate in leachates of the Tagish Lake samples, most notably the pristine material. We suggest that extraterrestrial Mgsulfates are present in aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites, and that the terrestrial sulfate veins in Orgueil and similar samples reﬂect both remobilization (and probably hydration) of existing sulfates as well as the formation of purely “terrestrial” sulfate via the hydrolysis of sulﬁdes.
Sulfate of extraterrestrial origin was almost certainly formed during aqueous processing on the parent asteroid, not in the nebula (though we cannot deﬁnitively rule out such an origin for some sulfate). Additional sulfate is very likely to have been formed in partially degraded samples during (very brief) exposure to terrestrial conditions. This mechanism is also likely responsible for the formation of hydrated Mg-sulfate veins in carbonaceous chondrites as has been pointed out by Gounelle and Zolensky (2001). We emphasize, however, the implausibility of a terrestrial origin for all sulfate leached from Tagish Lake, especially from the pristine sample which was recovered frozen and was kept frozen until analysis. Studies of the aqueous alteration of carbonaceous chondrites indicate that Mg-rich ﬂuids are produced during late-stage aqueous processing (e.g., Hanowski and Brearley, 2000; Hanowski and Brearley, 2001; Airieau et al., 2005; Jones and Brearley, 2006; Rubin et al., 2007; Chizmadia and Brearley, 2008). Sulfate was likely produced by the hydrolysis of primary sulﬁdes, also during the later stages of alteration (Airieau et al., 2005; Jones and Brearley, 2006). The existence of oxidized secondary phases, notably magnetite, that pseudomorphically replace sulﬁdes in Tagish Lake and other aqueously altered C chondrites indicates that at least some oxidization of sulﬁdes took place on the parent body (Zolensky et al., 2002; Takayama and Tomeoka, 2008; Izawa et al., 2010). Subsequent second and third leachates were analyzed by ICP-MS only. The third leach at 60 °C yielded (generally) an increased abundance of solutes (Table 2). The Allende leachates consistently yield much lower solute contents than Tagish Lake samples, possibly because of a different starting composition or because of a different mineral distribution (i.e., fewer interstitial salts). The CI carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil and Murchison, have been leached and their compositions plotted on Fig. 1b (Fanale et al., 1977; Fanale et al., 2001). The high Mg/(Na +Mg) values of both leachates demonstrate their afﬁnity with Tagish Lake leachate. The chloride content of Orgueil leachate was not analyzed and for plotting was assumed to be negligible. These data conﬁrm the Tagish Lake experimental leaching results, demonstrating that the results are not unique and that MgSO4-dominated solutions are produced by leaching carbonaceous chondrites. The conclusion is corroborated by the numerous observations of Mg and Na sulfates ﬁlling fractures of aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites (Zolensky and McSween, 1988; Airieau et al., 2005) where natural leaching from these materials occurred during the early evolution of the solar system (Zolensky and McSween, 1988; Airieau et al., 2005) and/or in the terrestrial environment (Gounelle and Zolensky, 2001). Allende was also leached (Table 2); it yielded similar proportions of solutes, but much lower total dissolved solids. Perhaps thermally altered carbonaceous chondrites have had their soluble constituents either removed or altered to less reactive phases (Zolensky and McSween, 1988). The total solute contents derived from each Tagish Lake sample (Table 2, last column) indicate that
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about 0.2 wt.% Mg, 0.1 wt.% Ca and 0.01 wt.% Na and K were extracted by leaching. From perusal of Table 2 it is evident that continued leaching will yield still greater amounts of solutes. Because a signiﬁcant amount of the H present in Tagish Lake is incorporated into organic compounds, and because it is unlikely that all OH and H2O structurally bound in minerals would be released, these concentrations are lower bounds only. With these minimum values, and if all H of the pristine Tagish Lake sample were present as H2O (about 11 wt.% of sample), then complete removal of all water from the sample would yield a solution of at least 20,000 mg/L Mg, 10,000 mg/L Ca and about 1000 mg/L of Na and K; Fe would be present at about 50 to 100 mg/L. These cation concentrations are balanced primarily by SO4 and Cl, with SO4 favored by at least a 7:1 wt. ratio (Table 2). The maximum Na+ content of modern seawater is 10,000 to 11,000 mg/L. If the solvent and solutes of primordial
Table 2 Analyses of sequential leaching experiments, all values are ppm (of Tagish Lake meteorite), that is, ppm lost from meteorite. Anions are reported from the ﬁrst leach only. Z
Pristine 11 Na 12 Mg 19 K 20 Ca 26 Fe 38 Sr Anions PO4 SO4 Cl Br
20 °C 1st leach 105 467 49 121 7 0.3
60 °C 3rd leach
14 418 35 244 2 0.2
13 723 50 784 1 0.8
132 1608 134 1149 10 1.3
6 576 33 263 0 0.1
13 930 55 836 2.6 0.8
67 2125 158 1331 2.8 1.2
6 417 38 245 1.6 0.2
5 629 44 635 1.7 0.7
64 1902 167 1289 5.5 1.4
24 2980 430 3.6
Partially degraded PM-05 11 Na 48 12 Mg 619 19 K 69 20 Ca 232 26 Fe 0.2 38 Sr 0.3 Anions PO4 24 SO4 1740 Cl 40 Br b0.8 Degraded MG-02 11 Na 53 12 Mg 856 19 K 86 20 Ca 409 26 Fe 2.1 38 Sr 0.5 Anions PO4 12 SO4 4400 Cl 40 Br b0.8 Allende 11 Na 12 Mg 19 K 20 Ca 26 Fe 38 Sr Anions PO4 SO4 Cl Br
20 °C 2nd leach
4 64 3 0 0 0.15
2 51 3 0 0.6 0.1
5 46 2 0 0 0.1
11 161 7 0 0.6 0.4
b3 350 40 b0.8
The lack of charge balance is due mostly to experimental errors, and the difference in sensitivity between ion chromatographic analysis used for anions and ICP-MS analysis used for cations. We are conﬁdent that the difference in charge is not due to a failure to analyze a species relevant to the conclusions of our study.
− Fig. 1. The system Na+–Mg2+–SO2− 4 –Cl may be considered a four component system with the restriction that all solids and solutions are charge-neutral. With this restriction, the phase rule can be applied to the system. The graphical equivalent of this four component system (with restriction) and the plane of neutrality are shown in panel a. Panel b is after Hardie and Eugster (1970) and illustrates phase relations in the reciprocal salt system NaSO4–MgSO4–Na2Cl2–MgCl2 (the plane of neutrality in panel a) at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. A solution is everywhere present and the compositions of some leachates are plotted on the diagram. The Cl− content of Orgueil leachate is uncertain and is plotted as an ellipse to indicate such. TL; Tagish Lake (pristine) leachate, AL; Allende leachate, OL; Orgueil leachate (Fanale et al., 2001), ML Murchison leachate (Fanale et al., 2001). Ep; epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), Hx; hexahydrite (MgSO4·6H2O), Bl; bloedite (NaMg[SO4]2·4H2O), Mi; mirabilite (NaSO4·10H2O), Th; thenardite (NaSO4) Ha; halite (NaCl), Bi; bischoﬁte (MgCl2·6H2O). Kieserite (MgSO4·H2O) has been omitted for clarity.
seawater were derived primarily from dehydration and leaching of chondritic meteorites of average solar system composition, exempliﬁed by the Tagish Lake meteorite, primordial seawater would be appreciably more saline, and of much different composition, than its modern counterpart. Fanale et al. (2001) leached several wt.% of materials from Orgueil, and as they noted, much of this likely was derived from salts lining pores and in veins of the meteorite. Only 1 to 2 wt.% of pristine Tagish Lake sample was leached (Table 2, total leached + SO4 + Cl). More than double this amount was released by leaching Orgueil in nearboiling water for an hour. This likely reﬂects the formation of additional sulfates during the residence of the Orgueil meteorite in terrestrial conditions as envisioned by Gounelle and Zolensky (2001). If carbonaceous chondrites provided both solvent and solute to the early oceans, then the data of Table 2 and results from the Orgueil experiment indicate a primitive ocean both with salinity greater than modern oceans and with a composition dominated by MgSO4 rather than NaCl.
M.R.M. Izawa et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 298 (2010) 443–449
3. Leachate evolution and seawater composition The evolutionary path followed by Tagish Lake leachate can be approximated considering the main constituents: Mg, Na, SO4 and Cl (Fig. 1a), constrained to the plane of electrical neutrality. The saturation ﬁelds of salts stable at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure are illustrated in Fig. 1b. Modern seawater composition plots in the halite ﬁeld (Fig. 1b, large dot), thus NaCl would be the ﬁrst evaporite mineral to precipitate. The Tagish Lake leachate plots within the epsomite ﬁeld (Fig. 1b, cross). Evaporative concentration of the Tagish Lake leachate, thus the mineral sequence, is epsomite, epsomite + bloedite and epsomite + bloedite + halite. For closed systems, the ﬁnal solution composition remains at the peritectic composition (PI) and bloedite is consumed to produce halite + epsomite. Where previously precipitated salts are not available to react with evolved solutions (open system), the precipitation sequence is epsomite, epsomite + bloedite, epsomite + halite, hexahydrite + halite, and ﬁnally bischoﬁte + halite. Bloedite stability acts as a chemical divide (Hardie and Eugster, 1970), preventing the Tagish Lake leachates from evolving toward a NaCl-rich water. Instead, it must evolve toward an MgCl2-rich solution, distinctly different from modern seawater. The above analysis is simpliﬁed in that effects of carbonate and gypsum (or anhydrite) precipitation were not considered. Calcite precipitation cannot affect the evolutionary path of the leachate. Gypsum or anhydrite precipitation is likely to occur before precipitation of salts indicated in Fig. 1b (Hardie and Eugster, 1970). Their precipitation depletes the leachate in SO4, but does not affect the ordinate, thus the leachate composition follows a path of Cl enrichment (a horizontal path in Fig. 1b). Even with CaSO4 precipitation, evaporative concentration still yields an MgCl2-rich solution rather than a NaCl-rich solution: modern seawater composition cannot be realized from Tagish Lake leachate. Analysis of leachate evolution demonstrates that processes other than leaching of carbonaceous chondrite-like materials are required to produce modern seawater composition. Numerous competing processes contributed to the salinity and composition of the ﬁrst permanent oceans, one being partial dissolution of impactors including carbonaceous chondrites prior to 3.7 Ga. Weathering of the crust, marine sedimentation and hydrothermal alteration also made contributions prior to 3.7 Ga but they assumed dominance as rates of input from captured bolides, dust and comets subsided (Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971; Holland, 1984; Berner and Berner, 1996). Seawater compositional evolution may therefore be divided into two periods: a “preuniformitarian” period prior to about 3.7 Ga, where captured materials dominated solute content, that transitioned into a conventional “uniformitarian” period where weathering of crust dominated over a timescale dictated by the residence times of solutes, reaching a modern seawater composition by ~ 3.3–3.0 Ga. 4. Toward modern seawater composition Crustal composition was different from modern crust and evolved between 3.7 and about 3.2 Ga. For example, ultramaﬁc lavas (komatiites) were produced on the Rhodesian craton during 3.5 and 2.7 Ga (Arndt et al., 2008). The oldest recorded continental shelf-type sedimentary rocks are only about 3.3 to 3.0 Ga (Fedo et al., 1996). Because weathering of crustal rocks is a major contributor of solutes to the oceans, seawater composition has evolved in conjunction with the composition of exposed crust. This implies that the present “quasi” steady state composition of seawater was not realized until 3.3 to 3.0 Ga when, in the absence of major contributions from meteorites and comets, there was signiﬁcant compositional change to seawater. This argument is supported by the study of de Ronde et al. (1997) who found that Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios of hydrothermal ﬂuids trapped in 3.2 Ga old rocks were appreciably greater than for modern seawater. The Br/Cl value of leachate from pristine Tagish Lake meteorite is about 10−2, whereas modern seawater is near 1 × 10−6. de Ronde et al. (1997)
measured a Br/Cl ratio of 2 × 10−3 for 3.2 Ga “seawater”, a value intermediate between modern seawater and our leachates. Apparently Br/Cl had not yet achieved its modern ratio in seawater or its derivatives at 3.2 Ga. They also found that a mixing component of these hydrothermal solutions was somewhat more saline than modern seawater but was NaCl-rich. If this component is representative of 3.2 Ga seawater or its hydrothermally altered equivalent, then the major element content of seawater had approached modern seawater composition by about 3.2 Ga. It had not, however, achieved steady state in all constituents. If these ﬁndings and those of de Ronde et al. (1997) are accepted, seawater composition evolved to near-modern composition between about 3.7 and 3.0 Ga. Magnesium, Ca, K and SO4, derived from dissolution of meteorites, were likely more abundant in 3.7 Ga seawater than in modern seawater, and during evolution, these constituents were preferentially removed from the oceans while Na and Cl were preferentially enriched. Magnesium, Ca and K were likely incorporated into sedimentary and hydrothermal phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) at a rate greater than their supply from weathering or hydrothermal processes, thus their concentrations decreased in evolving seawater. Weathering of the crust, especially feldspar weathering, is likely responsible for Na enrichment. Continual and prolonged degassing of the Earth probably accounts for much of the Cl enrichment (over the amount originally supplied by meteorites). The fate of SO4 is more ambiguous but at least some probably was precipitated in sedimentary and hydrothermal systems as gypsum, anhydrite and barite, or was reduced in such systems to form sulﬁde minerals. The leachates of the Tagish Lake meteorite indicate neither an extremely reduced nor oxidized primitive ocean. Sulfate is the dominant anion of the leachates, thus a marine sulfate–sulﬁde buffer would inhibit oxidation potentials from decreasing to exceptionally low values (e.g., Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971). Similarly, Fe2+ should inhibit strongly oxidizing conditions by consuming oxidants as it is oxidized to Fe3+ (and probably precipitated). Neither is there indication of strong acid or base in these leachates, indicating that the ﬁrst permanent oceans were not made either strongly acidic or basic by input from meteoritic materials. 5. Implications for evolution of life Prebiotic organic compounds, including amino acids, exist widely on bodies through the solar system, but occur in particular abundance in carbonaceous chondrites including Tagish Lake (e.g., Pizzarello et al., 2001; Nakamura-Messenger et al., 2006; Garvie and Buseck, 2007). The signiﬁcance of the presence of such biological “building blocks” in primitive meteorites has long been recognized (e.g., Chyba, 1990). The importance of the inorganic soluble components delivered to early Earth (and Mars) by carbonaceous chondrites has received less attention. Schopf (1992) suggests the high inorganic synthesis rates likely in the primitive oceans of Earth would have led to a “relatively concentrated prebiotic soup” (Miller, 1992). Although life may have emerged and subsequently been destroyed at various times during the late heavy bombardment period, the oldest accepted evidence of life appears as fossil ﬁlaments in 3.5 Ga rocks of the Apex Chert, Western Australia; these are so remarkably similar to the single celled cyanobacteria of modern time that they are commonly so identiﬁed (Schopf, 1992); although this interpretation has been questioned (Brasier et al., 2002). Cyanobacteria are credited with being the ﬁrst organisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Thus, with a remarkably short window of ~200–300 Ma, reasonably complex life forms developed in the ancient oceans. However, from that period to approximately 2.0–1.8 Ga, when an oxygen-rich atmosphere developed, further evolutionary advances were slow. On the basis of research which showed a strong correlation between biological diversity and salinity (Hughes Clarke and Keji, 1973), Knauth (1998) suggested that high salinity of primitive oceans could have been an impediment to the development of advanced life forms. A further
M.R.M. Izawa et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 298 (2010) 443–449
hindrance was very likely the slow development of an oxygen-rich environment. During the time between the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis and the rise of atmospheric oxygen, the strongest oxygen sink is thought to be reaction with dissolved ferrous iron to form banded iron formations. However, high salinity water is also an impediment to dissolved oxygen. If life had emerged by at least 3.5 Ga, and if the composition of seawater had not evolved to a modern NaCl dominant state, the waters in which life emerged and developed on Earth (and possibly Mars) were strongly inﬂuenced by Mg–SO4 rich carbonaceous chondrite leachates similar to those described in this study.
6. Implications for other planetary bodies The preceding discussion of the implications of the compositions and evolution of Tagish Lake leachates for terrestrial oceans is equally relevant (if not more so) to the evolution of primitive solutions or brines on other solar system bodies. In the context of late-veneer accretionary models of planet formation, carbonaceous chondrites are expected to contribute a signiﬁcant proportion of the volatiles and soluble components to all bodies in the solar system. Therefore, leachates of carbonaceous chondrite material would have contributed signiﬁcantly to the volatile and soluble component contents of the other terrestrial planets, carbonaceous asteroids, and icy satellites. Mg-sulfates have been directly observed on Mars (e.g., Wang et al., 2006) and their presence on Mars has been predicted based upon geochemical considerations (e.g., King et al., 2004). Reﬂectance spectroscopy of Europa has indicated the possible presence of Mg and Na sulfate salts and/or ices (Fanale et al., 2001). On bodies where the contribution to total volatile contents from outgassing, and the effects of active hydrologic and tectonic cycles are less than on Earth, the inﬂuence of primordial leachate-derived solutions should be proportionately larger. The results presented here apply to the initial composition and subsequent evolution of ﬂuid reservoirs on any solar system body that derived a signiﬁcant proportion of its initial solvent and solute inventory from carbonaceous chondrites. This includes the other terrestrial planets (notably Mars); the icy satellites of the outer solar system (Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, etc); and carbonaceous chondrite parent asteroids (including the C, D, and related asteroids).
Acknowledgements This manuscript was much improved by insightful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We extend our thanks to R. W. Carlson for editorial handling. We also thank R.L. Flemming, P.J.A. McCausland, P.L. King, P.G. Brown, A.R. Hildebrand, S.D.J. Russell, C.D.K. Herd, R. Herd, and A. Blinova for the numerous valuable discussions.
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CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSION MACHINERY FOR WET NATURAL GAS APPLICATIONS: PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS AND A SCHEME TO RECOVER LOST PERFORMANCE
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Wet gas compression during upstream production is a major concern for the oil and gas industry, due mainly to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons, as high as 13% by mass fraction in the compressed gas, affecting the system performance. Traditionally, compressors are designed for operation with only dry gas, and hence ingesting a liquid-gas mixture causes the compressor to operate in an off-design condition. The off-design operation with wet gas leads to reduction in efficiency and requires up to two times the power as that of dry compression to maintain the flow and pressure ratio equivalent to dry gas operation . To quantify the effect of wet gas on compressor performance, proper characterization of the flow through the compressor impeller is necessary. Specifically, a quantitative study of the effect of wet gas on compressor aerodynamics is needed. This paper presents an experimental study of wet gas flow around a NACA0012 airfoil using air and water in an open-loop wind tunnel. Airfoil performance is quantified for both dry and wet conditions with lift and drag measurements taken for a range of liquid flow rate and airfoil angles of attack. The wet flow consists of a fairly homogenous mixture of air and water droplets at the blade midspan, where the pressure sensors are located. The results of this work quantify the effects of wet gas reducing the aerodynamic performance. This paper further proposes a solution to mitigate the performance degradation due to wet gas flow. The method involves ejecting pressurized air through holes in the airfoil surface to eliminate the liquid film build up on the airfoil. The gas ejection design offers a possible solution to developing rugged compressors for operation in wet gas conditions. The paper will be of interest to end users and designers of compression machinery for wet gas applications.
Chirathadam, Thomas; Musgrove, Grant (2015). CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSION MACHINERY FOR WET NATURAL GAS APPLICATIONS: PRELIMINARY PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS AND A SCHEME TO RECOVER LOST PERFORMANCE. Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station. Available electronically from