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Manfred Schedlowski is Professor of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunology at the University Hospital Essen. He is director of the Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunology at the University Hospital Essen. The focus of his research is the analysis of the functional connections between the nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. Against this background, he and his research groups on the one hand deal with the phenomenon of classical conditioning of immune functions in the context of the placebo response and analyze the neurobiological and biochemical mechanisms as well as the clinical significance of the placebo and nocebo response. On the other hand, they analyze the effects of inflammatory processes in the body on neurocognitive and affective functions in the context of the pathophysiological processes of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression or schizophrenia.
Over the past decade, candidate gene analyses and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to examine the role of genetics in placebo response. Critical to any genetic association finding is reproducibility. While the finding of COMT association with placebo response in irritable bowel syndrome clinical trials has been replicated, findings in other diseases and experimental models have not been reproduced. This is in part because most placebo GWAS are conducted as secondary analyses of failed trials which because of cost and futility are not likely to be repeated. One way around the challenge of replicating expensive studies is to conduct GWAS of combined placebo arms from multiple studies in one disease area. While this approach has yielded several interesting findings in areas like major depressive disorder and asthma, further utilization of the findings still requires replication. Similarly, gene expression studies that examine how changes in gene expression influence placebo response have also yielded interesting findings, these studies also need replication before these findings can be translated to practice.
An overview of the brain predictive and responsive circuitry to placebo manipulations in the laboratory setting in comparison to the clinical setting will be presented. I will then discuss mechanistic differences between the two types of placebo and their implications regarding practical decision making for clinical trials.
Background: Placebo effects are highly variable between individuals, but it is unclear whether dispositional psychological traits influence responsiveness to placebo. This preregistered meta-analysis and systematic review synthesized the literature investigating the association between personality traits and placebo effects.We collected published and nonpublished reports of correlation coefficients between placebo effects and personality trait scores. Based on 19 studies with 712 participants, we performed random-effects meta-analysis for 10 different traits, including behavioral inhibition, fun-seeking, goal-drive persistence, reward responsiveness, empathic concern, empathic fantasy, perspective-taking, personal distress, optimism, and anxiety. We followed up nonsignificant results with two one-sided tests for statistical equivalence to evaluate evidence for the null hypothesis. We did not find evidence of associations between any of these traits and magnitude of placebo effects, which was supported by equivalence tests. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for moderating factors placebo manipulation type (Conditioning, non-conditioning) or condition (pain, non-pain). Our meta-analysis did not support an association between personality traits and placebo effects, suggesting individual variability in placebo responding may be better explained by situational and learning factors, or dispositional factors beyond personality (e.g. genetic or brain phenotypes).
Pre-treatment expectations regarding beneficial treatment effects and symptom worsening are important modulators of treatment outcome. Thus, manipulations of these treatment expectations can be valuable additions to standard clinical care. For the development of efficient expectation manipulations, it is important to explore how individual differences shape these expectations. We will present data from n = 748 participants from k = 7 studies involving assessments of expectations regarding a manipulation of pain or affective distress (funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) – 422744262). We assessed the influence of somatization tendency, perceived stress, state depression, and state anxiety on expectations of symptom improvement and symptom worsening. Our results show that perceived stress (b = .228, p < .001) and somatization (b = -.202, p < .001) predict improvement expectancy. Expected worsening of symptoms was not significantly predicted (F = 1.289, p = .214). As expected, higher levels of somatization are linked to reduced positive treatment expectations. However, surprisingly, high levels of perceived stress are associated with increased positive expectations.
The healthcare workforce in the United States is becoming increasingly diverse. However, given the long-standing underrepresentation of people of color and women in the medical field, patients may still associate the concept of doctors with White men and may be physiologically less responsive to treatment administered by providers from other backgrounds. To investigate this, we varied the race and gender of the provider from which White patients received an identical placebo treatment for allergic reactions and measured patients’ improvement in response. A total of 187 White patients experiencing a laboratory-induced allergic reaction interacted with a healthcare provider who applied a placebo cream to the reaction. Interactions were completely standardized except for the provider’s race and gender. Patients were randomly assigned to interact with a provider who was a man or a woman and Asian, Black, or White. A fully blinded research assistant measured the change in the size of patients’ allergic reaction after cream administration. Results indicated that White patients showed a weaker placebo response when it was administered by women or Black providers. We explore several potential explanations and discuss the implications of problematic race and gender dynamics that can endure "under the skin."
Katja Weimer is a postdoc at Ulm University Hospital and scientific coordinator of the Translational Research WG. Her research includes the effects of chronic stress and traumatic experiences as risk factors for later psychosomatic and somatic diseases, such as depression, anxiety and pain disorders, cardiovascular dysfunction and systemic inflammatory reactions. In addition, the research group is concerned with the effects of expectations and learning mechanisms on psychosomatic symptoms such as pain, stress, and anxiety.
The management and control of pain are one of medicine's biggest challenges in rehabilitation medicine. Overall, opioid usage in patients hospitalized in the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program still is high due to the complexity of their injuries, including polytrauma, burn injuries, amputations or other severe injuries, which require appropriate and aggressive pain management. Moreover, these side effects have a detrimental impact for the recovery of these patients.
The use of placebos in the clinical arena represents an ethical challenge as deception or concealment is usually thought to be necessary; an alternative strategy to harness placebo effects is the use of open-label prescribed placebos. Pharmacological conditioning dose extension capitalizes on classic conditioning mechanisms and differential reinforcement rates of the medication. The reinforcement rate is gradually decreased (i.e., the pharmacological agent is intermittently replaced by a placebo). Therefore, placebo effects can contribute to the pharmacological effects of a drug and help to sustain therapeutic responses.
In this workshop, data from conditioning open-label placebo (COLP) for opioid dose reduction will be presented. Models for clinical implementation, and mechanisms behind pharmacological conditioning in severe pain are going to be also discussed.
Background. Studying placebo/nocebo effects in special populations such as children requires to adjust or newly develop experimental designs. Yet, failures to experimentally demonstrate such effects are rarely reported. However, such trials combined with a detailed methodological scrutiny may provide important information about possible determinants of placebo/nocebo effects. Methods. A novel hand-withdrawal method we had developed for children was first successfully validated in adults. Subsequently, this method was then tested in school-aged children. In a second series of experiments, an adapted version of this method was piloted in kindergarten children. In both series, hypoalgesia was tested using heat pain. Subjective pain intensity, pain threshold or tolerance served as outcome. Results. We identified several procedural aspects such as the potential influence of the control condition, differences in children’s handling the apparatus, behavioral vs. verbal measures, or subtle effects of instructions and the setting which impact on obtaining a placebo effects in children, especially very young ones. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that experimentally inducing placebo effects in children relies on several rather fundamental design features. Implications with regard to the robustness of the obtained effects, replication, and the demonstration of age-related differences will be discussed.
Most children experience anxiety, stress, and pain during hospital procedures. Placebo-related treatment applications could be added-on to regular treatment to improve hospital experiences. What pediatric healthcare providers know and think about placebo effects and placebo-related applications to optimize child healthcare was examined in an online questionnaire study in 150 healthcare professionals(87% female;40% physicians,31% nurses,11% medical psychologists,5% pedagogical staff). Higher placebo knowledge (M6.1±0.9 of 7 items) was associated with higher acceptability(r=.30,p<.001). Acceptability (M7.6±1.3 on 0-10NRS) and expected effectiveness (M7.3±1.5) increased after reading about placebo-related applications(p-values≤.004). Nurses had lower placebo knowledge, acceptability, and expected effectivity than physicians and psychologists(p-values≤.04). Acceptability was higher for chronic than acute conditions(p<.001), with no consistent differences for child gender and age. This study showed relatively positive opinions about placebo-related applications in child hospital care by pediatric healthcare providers, which decreased towards more ‘misleading’ applications. The results suggest the potential effectiveness of education on optimization of placebo and minimization of nocebo effects in children, especially for nurses.
Placebos prescribed as 'regular' medication can reduce symptoms of depression. However, using a placebo without patients' informed consent presents ethical issues. Therefore, the present study assessed the efficacy of an open-label placebo (OLP), which was administered concurrently with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
Sixty patients (mean age: 48 years) diagnosed with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to a 4-week CBT outpatient program with or without daily OLP treatment. The patients were assessed directly before and after the program as well as three months after the therapy.
Compared to the CBT group, the CBT + OLP group showed a greater reduction in symptoms of depression at the end of the program. Changes in categories pertaining to severity of depression did not differ between groups. All patients completed the program. Noncompliance with the follow-up appointment differed significantly between CBT + OLP (27%) and CBT (7%). Noncompliance was associated with a negative evaluation of the OLP.
The OLP intervention reduced symptoms of depression, however, these changes were not clinically meaningful. The OLP increased the risk for loss to follow-up. The high dropout rate in the present study raises questions concerning the acceptance of OLPs in the treatment of depression.
In recent years, numerous studies investigated the potential of open-label placebos (OLPs). However, it is unclear whether the effects are different across (1) clinical vs. nonclinical populations, (2) comparators, (3) modalities and (4) expectation. Therefore, network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted to evaluate distinct magnitudes of effects.
Systematic searches were carried out. RCTs comparing OLPs to controls were included. 6’832 records were screened. Two networks were created and assessed in random-effects models. Either primary or most informative outcomes were extracted.Twelve trials were eligible for the nonclinical, 25 trials for the clinical network. In the nonclinical network, deceptive placebos (DP) and OLPs nasal were more (SMD=0.49;0.43) and OLPs without expectation less efficacious than NT (SMD=-0.62). In the clinical network, psychological intervention, conditioned OLP-pills, DP, and OLP-pills outperformed NT (SMD=0.46–1.96). OLP-pills and DPs showed higher effects as OLPs without expectations (SMD=0.49;0.79).NMAs revealed that OLPs are more beneficial for clinical populations compared to nonclinical. The kind of comparator and administration route had no substantial impact on effects. Treatment expectations were found to be essential for OLP efficacy.
So far, no study has examined the effect of an open-label placebo (OLP) intervention on premenstrual syndrome (PMS), although PMS appears considerably susceptible to placebo effects. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 150 women with PMS, examining the effect of an OLP intervention on PMS. The study entailed a treatment as usual (TAU; N=50), an OLP intervention without a treatment rationale (OLP-; N=50), and an OLP intervention with a treatment rationale group (OLP+; N=50). Primary outcomes were symptom intensity and interference assessed across three menstrual cycles.
Symptom intensity decreased significantly between groups (b = -7.42, SE = 1.97, p<.001), showing a large effect (d=1.10). OLP+ showed the highest decrease of symptom intensity, followed by OLP-, while TAU exhibited the smallest decrease. Interference decreased significantly between groups (b = -0.92, SE = 0.36, p=.011), showing a large effect (d=0.88). OLP+ showed the highest decrease of interference, followed by OLP-, while TAU exhibited the smallest decrease.
Our findings indicate that women with PMS benefit from an OLP intervention, while the treatment rationale effect highlights the potential of comprehensive patient elucidation in clinical practice.
Julian Kleine-Borgmann is an assistant physician in the Department of Neurology at the University Medical Center Essen and part of the research group led by Prof. Dr. Bingel. His research focuses on the influence of cognitive processes on the development and processing of pain. and the role of cognition in analgesic treatment outcomes and open-label placebo treatments.
Beyond legal and ethical purposes, informed consent has the potential to influence treatment expectations. Trials investigating informed consent procedures for psychotherapy are missing. We determine the efficacy and safety of a newly developed optimized informed consent consultation (OIC).
In this randomized trial, 122 adults with mental disorders, confirmed by structured interview, were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU; n=61) or TAU plus a one-session OIC (n=61) utilizing expectation-management and framing. Primary outcome was treatment expectations at 2-week follow-up.Participants receiving OIC showed greater increases in positive treatment expectations compared to TAU (mean difference: 0.70, 95%CI, 0.35 to 1.05, d=0.73). Likewise, OIC positively influenced motivation, adherence intention, and capacity to consent with medium and decisional conflicts, and knowledge with high effect sizes. No significant group differences resulted for adverse events, except for fear of negative effects at post-intervention (OIC: 15.00% vs. TAU: 3.45%).Explaining to patients how psychotherapy works via a short consultation was effective in strengthening treatment expectations and decision-making in a non-harmful way. Further trials should clarify whether this effectively translates to better psychotherapy outcomes.
Significant progress has been made in the investigation of the placebo effects. Most of our knowledge about the neurobiology and neuropsychology of this phenomenon comes from the field of pain and analgesia. A critical impetus for the clinical implications of placebo research is the closer examination of treatment expectations, as these play a critical mediating role in the formation of placebo effects. Positive treatment expectations appear to significantly improve pain treatment outcomes. The question here, however, is (1) whether a positive treatment expectation leads to a positive treatment outcome in general or can also have opposite effects when associated with "bad" treatments, (2) how to adequately design positive expectation management and (3) whether there is clinical evidence for this approach. The goal of this workshop is to identify ways of positively, but realistically, aligning pain patients' expectations regarding their pain management.
Upon completion of this session, attendees will be able to understand and bring together three different aspects (a) analysis of the most relevant psychological strategies to induce expectation and bodily placebo-related changes; (b) best evidence of significant placebo analgesic effects due to treatment expectation and (c) implications for clinical practice.
Specifically designed control interventions (also known as ‘placebo controls’) can account for expectation effects in clinical trials and test treatment mechanisms. How control interventions are designed, conducted, and reported is fundamental when interpreting efficacy and mechanistic clinical trials of physical, psychological, and self-management interventions. The newly developed CoPPS statement establishes a quality standard in the field and provides a reporting checklist for control interventions to enhance research transparency, usefulness, and rigour. This guideline was developed using a three-round Delphi study with 64 experts in placebo research and/or clinical trials of physical, psychological, and self-management interventions for pain. Development also involved a systematic review, interviews with people experiencing pain, and consensus meetings.
This presentation will focus on communicating the core recommendations of CoPPS, such as a design principle for control interventions, and best-practice approaches to the conceptual design of control interventions, pre-trial testing, stakeholder involvement, and quality assurance during implementation. Briefly, the guideline’s practical application will be discussed by means examples from a study of psychologically-informed manual therapy for people with painful diabetic neuropathy, and several student projects from the manual therapy field.
Knee osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating disease associated with knee pain and stiffness. Interestingly, the pain one experiences does not correlate with physiological osteoarthritis severity as determined by imaging. The relationship between osteoarthritis and knee symptoms is related to physical factors, such as co-morbidities and BMI, and psychological factors, such as beliefs about osteoarthritis and pain. Our work has shown that mindsets about osteoarthritis, which include these beliefs and assumptions and orient individuals to a set of attributions, expectations, and goals, are related to symptoms and whether one engages in physical activity as a management strategy. Aiming to now change mindsets, we developed a digital, scalable mindset intervention for individuals with knee osteoarthritis. In pilot testing of the intervention, mindsets about osteoarthritis and exercise significantly increased to more adaptive mindsets. We then further evaluated if this intervention improves pain and engagement in physical activity more than typically provided educational content in patients with knee osteoarthritis in a clinical trial. We will share the development, testing, and results of this study and the promising notion that by changing the beliefs and expectations about osteoarthritis, we can improve one’s experience with osteoarthritis, its symptoms, and engagement in its management.
Placebo studies has undergone one successful revolution and it now needs another one. Over the last 10 years, the number of studies on placebos has roughly doubled, while researchers in the area have organized themselves into the international Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (SIPS), whose membership has mushroomed from eight to more than 500. Many initial controversies surrounding placebo effects, most notably the controversy about whether placebo effects exist have been resolved in favour of placebo researchers. In parallel, high-profile trials on placebos have been published in eminent journals such as the BMJ, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine. Collectively, these successes can be dubbed the 1st revolution in placebo studies. Because of its success, the knowledge gained by placebo researchers can now be used to benefit patients (and avoid “nocebo” harms). Yet, relatively little effort is being placed putting the knowledge into practice. In this presentation I argue that the failure to put the knowledge “to work” borders on being unethical and spell out a plan to put the research into practice. The needed 2nd revolution in placebo studies is one that focuses on putting placebo research for patient benefit.
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a neuromodulation treatment which is increasingly used in several chronic neuropathic pain conditions. Despite its widespread clinical use, a recent Cochrane review showed that the evidence base of SCS is uncertain, and a recent randomized clinical trial showed no significant differences between SCS and placebo stimulation. This study aims to investigate clinical effects of active SCS treatment separately from placebo effects. Methods: A repeated-measures study using the balanced placebo design will be used to investigate placebo and active treatment effects, separately and in combination. Twenty-five patients will evaluate their clinical pain, in a 2x2 design with paresthesia-free stimulation activated and deactivated and suggestions about activation and deactivation. Furthermore, patients will be interviewed about their experience and pain relief with SCS.The study estimates whether the clinical effect of SCS outperform potential effects of placebo treatment on chronic neuropathic pain, while including the perspective and experience of patients. Preliminary study results will be presented at the SIPS 2023 conference in Duisburg, Germany. The study presents the first application of the balanced placebo design to test effects of SCS and placebo on chronic pain.
Tamas Spisak is Junior Research Group Leader and Head of the Laboratory of Predictive Neuroimaging at the University Hospital Essen. He is working on whether imaging techniques can predict treatment expectancy on therapy success. In the future, it should be possible to use them to predict the influence of treatment expectancy and to optimize therapy on an individual basis.
Clinical conditions such as inflammatory diseases, pain, or depression often require continuous treatment with respective drugs to diminish symptoms, whereas the amount of unwanted drug side effects detrimentally affects the patients’ quality of life. In the search to overcome the disadvantage of these side effects, reframing continuous drug intake as a learning process may open a new path for treatment optimization. Against this background, the growing knowledge about the neuropsychological mechanisms of associative learning and memory provides a number of fascinating challenges and opportunities which allow the optimal use of the still largely under-studied phenomenon of “learned” placebo responses. Employing the efferent and afferent communication pathways between the brain and other physiological systems, together with end-organ functions as hardware (to borrow IT terminology) and sophisticated associative learning protocols as software, behavioral conditioning of pharmacological responses might serve as an activator of the body-own pharmacy and thus a valuable supportive treatment tool for the patient’s benefit. This talk outlines the development and application of paradigms in experimental animals, healthy subjects, and patient populations with a focus on learned placebo responses in the immune system.
Unlike human studies, animal models of placebo analgesia can inspect the underlying neurobiology at cellular levels. Placebo analgesic responses have been demonstrated in nerve-injured rats using pharmacological-conditioning. Whether placebo analgesia can be elicited from nerve-injured rats using clinically relevant response-conditioning techniques is unknown. 96 rats received sciatic nerve injuries or sham surgery. Rats underwent a 5-day response-conditioning procedure, whereby contextual cues were paired with either a high, low or moderate intensity thermal stimulus using a hot/cold plate. The following day (Test Day), all rats were tested at the moderate intensity stimulus.
On Test Day, rats conditioned to the low intensity stimulus performed reduced pain behaviours, while rats conditioned to the high intensity stimulus performed increased pain behaviours (p=0.004, d=1.43, Welch’s unpaired t-test), indicating placebo and nocebo effects, respectively. Here we present a novel animal model of response-conditioned placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia in the context of chronic pain. This model can now be used to further investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying these phenomena, while also providing an essential preclinical resource for the development of novel treatments that exploit placebo analgesia.
Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory, emotional and cognitive components. Although the neural circuits and dynamics underlying the sensory and emotional dimensions of pain have been elucidated by us (Corder, Ahanonu, et al., Science, 2019) and others, our understanding of the cognitive dimension of pain remains comparatively limited. We created a behavioral assay that models placebo analgesia by conditioning mice to expect pain relief when moving from a chamber with a heated floor to another chamber. In this assay, an expectation of pain relief induces analgesia that is mediated by endogenous opioids. Calcium imaging of neural activity in freely moving mice revealed that expectations of pain relief boost the activity of rACC→Pn neurons and potentiate neurotransmission in this pathway. Physiologically, this conditioning unbalances the excitation and inhibition of rACC→Pn neurons, impairing feedforward inhibition, and facilitating burst firing and postsynaptic potentiation. Transcriptomic studies of Pn neurons revealed an extraordinary abundance of opioid receptors in these cells, consistent with their newfound key role in pain modulation. Inhibition of either rACC→Pn or postsynaptic opioid receptor-expressing Pn neurons disrupts placebo analgesia and increases pain. Collectively, these findings uncover circuit and synaptic mechanisms underlying placebo analgesia and open the possibility of acting on this rACC→Pn pathway to produce pain relief.
Placebo effects can be induced in various ways. Verbal instruction and conditioning procedures alone or in combination represent the most commonly used approaches in experimental settings, whereby conditioning procedures consistently enhance the efficacy of placebo treatments. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are less well understood. Using a systematic meta-analysis of individual participant data from 16 within-subject placebo neuroimaging studies (total n = 409, we aimed to identify differences in placebo analgesia (PA)-associated brain activity based on whether conditioning was used in the PA induction or not. Analyzing rank-harmonized individual-level data in a permutation testing framework (i) replicated our previous meta-analytic findings of typical placebo-related brain activity changes with a different subsample and methodology and (ii) revealed distinct neural correlates of conditioned as compared to verbally induced analgesia. Conditioned PA was associated with stronger activity in prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellar regions, and reduced activity in primary somatosensory cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and posterior insula as compared to verbally induced PA. Importantly, these results controlled for behavioral placebo ratings, thus potentially reflecting differences in the underlying neural mechanisms over and above the differences in magnitude of behavioural analgesia evoked by the different strategies to induced PA.
Expectation effects play a crucial role in pain perception. The most precise expectation about an upcoming stimulus can be generated if its intensity can be self-controlled. If stimulus intensities are externally controlled, but still predictable, expectations get more uncertain but remain directed. In case of uncontrollable and unpredictable stimulus intensities, expectations are most variable. By now, predictability and controllability effects on pain perception were confounded in most studies. In a new experimental paradigm we were able to disentangle those effects by employing a design with the following conditions: Painful stimuli were either (1) controllable and predictable, (2) uncontrollable and predictable, or (3) uncontrollable and unpredictable. Healthy participants rated pre-calibrated stimuli applied to their forearm using a visual analogue scale. One sample was tested in the behavioral lab (N = 55) and a second sample in the MR-scanner (N = 60) while recording brain activity. We show in both samples that ratings of uncontrollable and unpredictable heat pain stimuli follow Bayesian magnitude estimation mechanisms and that the ability to control and predict a painful stimulus interacts with pain intensity in subjective pain ratings. In addition, we report neural correlates of the influence of controllability and predictability on pain processing.

domain: literature


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Private airline TransNusa has opened a new route connecting Semarang and Cilacap, both in Central Java, in an effort to expand its market share in Central Java.
TransNusa president director Bayu Sutanto said Semarang-Cilacap flights would operate every Saturday, Sunday and Monday.
“We will use the ATR72 aircraft for this route, with the fare ranging from Rp 300,000 [US$21.50] to Rp 900,000. The aircraft has 50 seats. Once demand increases, we will increase it to 72 seats. The flight takes only 40 minutes,” said Bayu on Monday.
Managed by the Transportation Ministry’s Civil Aviation Directorate General, Tunggul Wulung Airport in Cilacap has a 1,400-meter runway that is 30 m in width.
Bayu said the TransNusa flight would depart from Cilacap for Semarang at 8:55 a.m. local time.
Government officials and businesspeople in the two cities are expected t...

domain: news


James Heidlebaugh (805) 264-4167
Phil Faulding (805) 452-4268
The men and women of the Santa Barbara City Firefighters Association have been an integral part of our local community for over 130 years. As a benevolent organization our goal is to assist the community whenever asked. Every year our non-profit association’s goal is to gift charities and individuals in our community the funds to succeed in their mission.
We have expanded our opportunities to provide this support, and we needed your help! Today we ask you to join our family, as we team up with local charities to aid with hunger, health, and youth
. On behalf of the Santa Barbara City Firefighters Association I would like to invite you to make a difference and join our donor family. Our success is a reflection of our sponsors and gift donors.
A donation to our 17th Annual Charity Golf Classic can be in the shape of several forms: monetary, raffle or silent auction item, participation, volunteer, or by underwriting a feature of the event. Last year we enjoyed the support of many sponsors and donors who made the tournament a great success. As mentioned, we would like to increase our level of involvement in the coming years. This year the proceeds will be benefitting many local recipients, fundraisers, and GoFund Me causes. Our partner recipients include Bucket Brigade, American Heart Association, Boys and Girls Club, Firefighters Quest for Burn Survivors, Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, Alisa Ann Ruch Burn Foundation, DA State Street Mile, Hospice, PARC Easter Egg Hunt, Firefighter Support Network, Fire Velo, Swim With Mike, Friendship Paddle.
This event sells out quickly every year! Please join us on Friday, September 13th
If you desire to donate an item for raffle or auction, please see the raffle donationformand return it along with your donation. We are available for local pick up as well. Please be sure to include extra brochures for us to display.
Thank you for your time and for supporting your community and the Santa Barbara City Firefighters Association.
Our Tax ID is 76-0797274.


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Choosing Best Lawn Services.
We need to have some of the best means that we can use to preserve the compound that we have. We need to always have some of the best tactics that will help us come up with the desired outcomes at the end of the day. We can seek for the best lawn services as one of the actions that we can take. We can have the compound that we desire by having the best lawn services that will help our compound look the best. It is from this that we can get the best looks that we need at home. It is up to us to look for the right lawn services that we need.
In order for us to get the best lawn services, we need to see to it that we hire the best lawn company. We need to see to it that we can get the firm that has the best services that we need when it comes to our lawn. It is up to get the best research that will help us get the best services that we need at the end of the day, It is up to us to have some of the best techniques that we can use to consider the best lawn service providers.
One of the things to consider is the kind of equipment that the lawn company has at any time. We need to choose the firm that always maintain the kind of lawn equipment that it has. We need to see to it that the mowers have the best blades that will carry out their work. Sharpening the blades can be one of the ways of taking care of the equipment. This will see to it that the blades will be efficient at its work at anytime. We also need to look at the frequency at which the company changes the blades of the mowers. The firm needs to always change the blades when they become less useful.
We need to look at the kid f customer services that the firm has in place as another factor. The period the firm takes to respond to the customer can be one of the things that we consider. Incase a firm is called to help by the client, the firm needs to be in a position to listen to them. We need to see to it that we can also major our research on the reputation of the company. We need to also look for some other means that we can get the details that we need.
We also need to look at the pricing of the lawn companies. All firm will always have varying rates of the services that they provide at any time. We need to always go for the firm that has appealing prices at any time.

domain: agronomy


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*Last Piece* Remind Me Layered Initial Necklace (Silver)
Remind Me layered necklace is made with rhodium plated charm and stainless steel chains and findings. Each layer can be worn on it's own, and mixed around with your jewellery.
Choker - 14 inches (please state alternate length if you require a different size)
Coin pendant size - 12 mm
Layered necklace chain - 16 inches
Drop pendant charm - 3 inches
Do state initial to be inscribed on coin pendant in comments section upon check out.
Outdoor photos featuring Naomi Huth, taken by Ava Woo.

domain: design


text:
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domain: medical


text: Use the instruction from above and start injecting. Best Homemade Chicken and Turkey Injection Marinade Recipes, Hot & Spicy Chicken and Turkey Injection Marinade, Beer and Butter Chicken and Turkey Injection Marinade, Lemon Injection Marinade with Accompanying Rub, Cajun Garlic Butter Chicken and Turkey Injection Marinade, Italian Herb Chicken and Turkey Injection Marinade, 6 ounces of beer (We recommend a wheat beer or pale ale, but feel free to experiment here! After you do this for a couple of times, you will notice that the learning curve is not that hard and that each time you inject you do it a bit better. Familiarize yourself with the meat injection techniques and feel free to experiment a little. Keep warm (but not hot) to inject. Once you have whipped up one of the fantastic marinades mentioned below, you are ready to start injecting. Combine all ingredients in a sauce pan over a low heat. Prepare it in a saucepan over a low heat. of Cajun seasoning (depending on the level of spice you desire). Be that as it may, on the off chance that you could save extra on A simple mix of butter, lemon, garlic, pepper, and salt delivers moisture and flavor to the white meat and enhances the texture and taste of the dark meat. While still mostly warm, stir the sauce to make sure the ingredients are fully combined and load it into your injector. What this usually means is that the marinade will dissolve way too quickly, and tear the meat fibers too far apart. Sauces, Marinades and Rubs . Should you also use rubs and brining? This is a topic rarely discussed, but this goes out for a cooking time, temperature and injection: age and tenderness of the meat can change how you treat it! Your new injector is going to become one of your most trusted kitchen tools. This is where injections come in. Instructions. Do not take this as an encouragement to play darts with your meat, but do not be afraid to take a few extra pokes also. Meat injector flanges are usually easy to operate, and if it gets hard it can possibly mean that you need to shred the gravy some more. To do that and keep the number of holes minimal, you will want to make several injections in the same hole. After that’s taken care of, just mix everything with olive oil and lemon juice, no heat required. Some of the most popular injection recipes combine these spices with Cajun seasoning or other spicy flavorings for a bird with real bite! After the hole is filled, take the needle out, and insert it in the same hole, but at a tilted angle, repeat the injection with the roughly same amount of marinade. Ingredients: 1 C Butter 2T Honey 2T Creole Seasoning… Now that we have learned what a meat injector actually is, it is time to address the main topic. You have the chicken on the table in front of you, and the loaded injector in your hand. Add your marinade to the injector and inject it into the meatiest parts of the bird. This marinade takes a while to make. Cajun spices aren’t for everyone! Yes, you need a meat injector (see below), but once you have it, you will find that injections do so much to improve the meats you cook. Once you’ve poured the honey in, stir until homogenized. Chef Tony shows you how to prepare one of his favorite marinade recipes; and explains how to use it to inject your turkey or other poultry. Make sure to do at least one injection into each thigh, breast, and leg. Injecting your chicken or turkey is more like marinating it from the inside. Nov 13, 2015 - This simple butter and chicken broth injection sauce recipe will keep your turkey or chicken juicy and flavorful. You can use a narrow glass or small funnel for easing pouring if needed. Without further ado, let’s get to it! Now, you may be tempted to start stabbing away at the meat. It's easy to prepare, and is one of my favorite recipes to use. ), add it to your injector and inject it all over your poultry in the meatiest portions. If you are looking for a delicious injection marinade that still packs in plenty of flavor, try this Italian herb marinade. After all, marinades and gravies are super-fat and greasy, right? Once the marinade is in, there is no turning back. Filled this way, during the grilling process, chicken meat will become more tender, and it will absorb the flavors from within, rather than from the surface. Plus, you have to wastefully toss out the contaminated marinade when you go to cook the meat. This should have the consistency of a buttery spread. Different needle sizes. Whether you call it a marinade injector, meat injector, or my personal favorite – the flavor injector- we have handpicked a list of the best marinade injectors for you to peruse. The key to a delicious chicken is the seasoning and/or marinating. This injection recipe makes enough for an average turkey. You do not need surgical precision, as long as you decide where to puncture in advance. Injecting can do the job of a regular brine or marinade in minutes compared to hours. The general rule is to go with about .1 ounce of marinade per pound of meat. In such cases, it would be best to spend a little extra marinade, and ad 10% more salt than you usually do. Lastly, we have the needle. If you are a fan of savory flavors, this recipe will blow your mind, and make your taste buds ever-grateful! And finally, after that’s done, insert the injection needle at a tilted angle opposite of the previous one. If not, it will be once you get a look at these injection recipes. I just want a simple recipe for getting that salty taste inside the meat. As any other marinade is prepared: dissolve the solid ingredients into the chicken broth and stir on low-medium heat for a couple of minutes. You will want to make sure to spread the mixture evenly and in different parts of the bird, such as the breast and thighs. The goal is to penetrate the meat evenly. Let it cool off for a minute or two, and start injecting. Otherwise, you may clog your injector’s needle! We will even share what we consider to be the best chicken and turkey injection recipes. Soups and Chili . The hint of lemon in the injection and the fresh herbs of the rub are a match made in heaven. Get used to chopping ingredients to really small, ground-like quality, bits. Make sure the mixture is warm to keep the butter in liquid form. I would like to know the recipe for just a saline solution that I can inject into the chicken leg quarters. Pretty sure it’s just purified water and salt. Here is a beer butter marinade to inject (or even use as a baste) for your grilled chicken. This garlic butter turkey injection marinade will add the most delicious flavor to your grilled, smoked, or baked turkey. Whisk together all of the ingredients in a small bowl. When you get the hang of it, increase the number of punctures on each side of the chicken. It is the best available item in the market today. Let us know what has worked for you! The whole beauty of meat injecting is that you get to make delicious chicken, no matter its age or size, so all in all, it has an economic side as well. Use this injection marinade to reach deep into the meat of poultry. Allow all of the ingredients to combine in a saucepan over low heat until the butter melts. While the mixture is still warm (not hot! Marinades are often greasy or oily, and that fat source raises the average temperature needed for the meat to be done. Now, inject your poultry or pork all over – and using different angles each time you inject as well to be sure your injection marinade gets all in your meat. It is an apatite killer, dry and definitely not healthy. These are the thickest parts of the bird and will require the most marinade. Stir and heat until salt is disolved and the sauce is even and runny. In your mixing bowl, thoroughly combine melted butter, apple juice, brown sugar, and garlic powder to make the butter sauce. I used to buy already cooked Purdue chicken leg quarters from shoprite. Then insert your flavor injector inside the sauce to submerge all perforations. However, it takes some time and patience to get good at this, so, don’t get demoralized if you do not succeed the first time. If you click on these and make a purchase, we may receive a small percentage of the sale without any additional costs to you. The combination of zesty garlic flavor and a sweet touch of butter and apple juice will bring out the best out of the driest meat. The first thing you are going to want are ingredients that add moisture to the meat. While it can have very tasty results, the unfortunate truth about this method is that most of that flavor stays in the top ¼ inch of meat. Best Chicken and Turkey Injection Recipes, How to Inject Your Chicken or Turkey Marinade. Dishwasher friendly meat injectors are great due to the fact that they will always end up extra dirty and messy form various ingredients you use. If that includes you, this hot and spicy injection marinade will give your chicken or turkey just the kick you are looking for. There’s no doubt about it: haste makes waste! There are various flavor combinations in them, and we hope that you find some that fit your taste buds in the best possible way. Every bird will be symmetric by its length, and that’s how you should look at it. Use a spatula (or your hands if you like getting a bit dirty) to rub it onto the surface of the chicken. Have you ever wondered why does restaurant chicken taste so good? Required fields are marked *. When it comes to marinating, you can be generous with the amount you spend. Insert the flavor injector into the sauce making sure the perforations are completely submerged. of meat. With a good meat injector, you will have absolute control of how much marinade is going in, and in which part specifically. The injection helps keep the meat tender and juicy, and the rub takes the flavor to the next level. Meat injecting is an art of its own kind. You may baste the chicken with any left over sauce. Now, being that this is an injection recipe, make sure that everyone around the table is up for hot food. This type of herbal rub is easy to make. Lower the heat and start adding honey in small increments over a period of 15 minutes with stirring after every time you add it. This is an all-purpose injection to add to any pork loin, butt, or shoulder meat. It would be best to find a meat injector that has a flange made of metal, for easier cleaning and durability as well. With a proper injector, you should be able to penetrate into the driest part of the chicken and make it savory and juicy, and full of nice spices and oils. Nov 30, 2017 - This is a great group of flavor that is sure to enhance your next turkey or chicken. Pull the handle of the injector towards you so the injection is ‘inhaled’ inside. https://keeprecipes.com/recipe/howtocook/beer-n-butter-poultry-injection If you want to surprise your taste buds and add something slightly fancy to your party buffet, this European delight will surely fit the job! Brines, rubs, and marinades can all do their part to take your poultry to the next level. It is quick, convenient, and the flavor can’t be beaten. They have stopped selling them and the chicken they sell for the public to cook at home is not injected with the saline solution. ), add it to your injector and inject it all over your poultry in the meatiest portions. Every chicken is different, and in time you will learn how deep to go with the injection needle. Then, add it to the injector. Make sure to wash your hands immediately after, and at any cost do not touch your eyes. Poultry Injection Recipe. This is something my family has done for years, you can do this prior to oven baking or even deep frying (IR… If your bird is small, feel free to cut this recipe in half. It is always recommended to go with fewer amounts, and adjust as you learn. There is nothing to melt or warm. While it is not necessary to also use a rub or brine in addition to the injected marinade, it can add additional flavors. All to cool down. Well, with using over .1 oz per pounds, you risk losing the taste (and sometimes even structure) of the chicken meat. Moderation is the key! The first thing beginners do is start poking at random places. This injection sauce keeps it simple with chicken broth, butter, garlic, and seasonings. But meat injector is nothing more than a large syringe, ending with a needle that has multiple holes. A simple solution to this problem is to use a meat injector to deeply penetrate the meat and allow the marinade to pack flavor into even the thickest parts of the bird. But you also do not want the butter to solidify! Don’t buy one before you check out our review! The final reason why we inject meat is control. It is time to get to the bottom of things and go through five popular, and ultra-flavorful, meat injecting recipes. In simple terms: as a mirror. Begin to prepare your bird by separating the skin from the meat. This way, after the chicken is done and cut, you won’t have to worry about it looking disproportionately colored. Whether you are roasting, smoking, or even deep-frying a whole bird, the last thing you want is dry, flavorless meat. It’s the secret to the most succulent meat you have ever tasted! Repeat for each intended spot. The largest part of any meat injector is the barrel. Spices should be finely ground, such as garlic powder and onion powder. Before it thickens too much, inject poultry in thighs, legs, breasts, and along the breast bone. Simply combine all of the ingredients in a small bowl. There is no mistake in going with tradition as a marinade choice. If you are dealing with a larger chicken, chances are that it is slightly older or more muscular, hence its meat is stronger and less flexible. So, let us cut that cord early, and learn to divide the chicken into sectors. Why Inject Chickens or Turkeys? Last but not least, we urge you to take good care of the meat injector you are using. If you have never considered injecting poultry with a marinade, we highly recommend you keep reading. This can eat up a lot of precious time, so just put some elbow grease in and chop chop chop! This goes out to the beginners out there! Dec 24, 2016 - This is a great group of flavor that is sure to enhance your next turkey or chicken. Of course, this depends on the type of marinade you make, on the tenderness of the meat, and ultimately it depends on your injecting skill. After the mix is homogenized, pour into a tall glass and suck with a meat injector. Prepare your chicken’s butter sauce: You will have to combine garlic powder, brown sugar apple juice, and melted butter. Liquid crab boil and Cajun seasoning give it a delicious flavor that will make you think you are in creole country! See more ideas about injection recipe, deep fried turkey, fried turkey. Keep in mind that there will be leftovers, and you can use them to glaze the outer surface of the chicken. When penetrating the meat, be sure to aim for the center. The most efficient way to add flavor and moisture to chicken and turkey is to use an injector. 5. Submit a Recipe Correction So, to make things simple, let’s go through the basic parts: Even though all meat injector models are somewhat similar, there are a few things you should look for before you get one for your kitchen: Everyone knows the disappointing feeling of biting a dry piece of chicken meat. With the marinade ready, it would be ideal if you poured it into a tall, thin glass or vase. First, insert the needle straight into the meat, and squeeze until you it no longer goes smoothly. We went through 30 hours to locate a best poultry injection recipe for you is a Marinades, Rubs, Brines, Cures and Glazes: 400 Recipes for Poultry, Meat, Seafood, and Vegetables [A Cookbook], which accompanies stunning highlights you’ve never heard. 8 Best Cast Iron Griddles – (Reviews & Guide 2020), 12 Best Electric Griddles – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 10 Best Outdoor Griddles – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 7 Best Small Grills For Patios & Balconies – (Reviews 2020), 7 Best Kamado Grills – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 8 Best Tabletop Grills – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 6 Best Offset Smokers – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 8 Best Grill Covers – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020), 6 Best Lump Charcoals – (Reviews & Guide 2020), 6 Best BBQ Temperature Controllers – (Reviews & Guide 2020), 9 Best Wireless Meat Thermometers – (Reviews 2020), 8 Best Grill Baskets – (Reviews & Unbiased Guide 2020). 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Best Mobile Games of 2018
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Description:VirtuaGirl Paparazzi, Sex Stories: First Date, VirtuaGuy Differences, Futa Sexed, Virtual Sex with Lady Runa HD, Sexy Magic, Sex Stories: Cinema - Free Games. This Game of Thrones parody contains only sex, no stories and quiz. .. He finds a paper with some phone number in his pocket and decides to make a call.From a Dream into Orgasm · Queen's Landing · Jessica Rabbit's Flesh for Porn · Sex.

domain: game


Ford 9" Housing studs are used to secure the center section into the housing. Studs are installed into the housing and pulled through with a nut to provide a pressed fit. 3/8-24 threads. Sold in packs of ten.
Prices, specifications, and images are subject to change without notice. Some images are only a representation and might not be the actual product. We are not responsible for typographical errors. Manufacturer rebates, terms, conditions, and expiration dates are subject to manufacturers printed forms.


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Trike Experience - The ride of your life
In its factory in Lindlar , 50 km from Cologne , these fascinating vehicles are produced, that no one is indifferent . It is in this same factory as all vehicles are built by hand , using only 1st quality components . Safety is very important , so we have chosen the # 1 manufacturer in the segment of this exotic vehicles. The Trike combine the pleasure of driving a motorbike with the simplicity of a car and drive with light driving license . With powers ranging from 70 up to 201 horses, and available with two or three seat places , makes them the ideal way to do tours in Portugal.
Till date the trikes have always been highly appreciated in our country , but there were no imports or proper approval , unlike other countries with a growing demand. All models have a trunk and the possibility of pulling a trailer to 280kg in weight, making them more versatile. Something innovative is that the entire vehicle can be customized according to customer specifications , since the wheels, to endless possibilities of colors and images.

domain: hobby


text:
In February, Rep. Joaquin Castro, D-San Antonio, traveled to Japan and South Korea, two of the United States’ most important strategic and economic partners. Castro reportedly used the trip to reiterate San Antonio’s strong ties to East Asia, with investment from Japanese businesses such as Toyota contributing to the city’s rejuvenation and growth. International engagement like this has brought jobs and opportunity to Texans in San Antonio and across the state.
This progress is under threat, however, by a president so eager to find enemies abroad that he has directed his contempt at our allies as often as our rivals.
Toyota’s investments in San Antonio brought the city billions of dollars and thousands of jobs, but they are just one example of how strong partnerships in Asia and around the world have made Texans’ lives better. Last year, the San Antonio region alone exported $16 billion of goods and services to buyers all around the world — equal to 15 percent of the city’s entire economy.
Small and medium-sized businesses are the topic of many politicians’ speeches, but few acknowledge that they make up more than 90 percent of all Texan exporters. In fact, their foreign customers support more than 3 million jobs
But the value Texans enjoy from engaging with the world goes far beyond dollars and cents. Every year, tens of thousands of scholars and students come to Texas on educational exchange visas to teach, study and conduct research. They more than pay their way, adding almost $2 billion to the Texan economy while they’re here, while contributing invaluable knowledge and cultural exchange to our students. Thanks to Texas’ commitment to internationalism in education, almost 17,000 Texans study abroad every year, including 50 Fulbright Scholars.
Yet with all the care and hard work that went into building these opportunities for Texans, too many of our leaders in Washington seem prepared to throw it all away. President Donald Trump frequently campaigned with more criticism of our friends than our enemies. He accused longtime allies like Japan and Korea of stealing American jobs while declining to address automation, which is taking away far more jobs than trade with any country is.
So far, the administration’s diplomatic efforts have been torn between cleaning up its messes from the campaign and creating new ones, such as when it accused Germany and Japan, close partners and allies, of being currency manipulators. With so much effort spent on solving problems of its own making, the administration has left no time for actually moving forward and creating more jobs and opportunities for everyday Texans.Read Full Article
These concerns are not unique to San Antonio. Cities and towns across the country have prosperous, job-creating ties with communities and customers overseas, and face the same threats to their livelihoods if those ties are torn down. Republicans at the state and federal level used to be champions for internationalism and the jobs it can bring home, but now too many are afraid to stand up to a president who would rather have American business put its head in the sand.
Texas needs more leaders to take on the important work of maintaining and building job-creating relationships with customers and investors from around the world. Too many others have been content to let Trump do all the talking — talk that will hurt San Antonians in the end.
An earlier version of this commentary mistated Rep. Castro’s most recent trip to Tokyo and Japan. He went in February 2017.
Maryam Janani, a San Antonio native, is an economist and strategy consultant focused on labor, health and gender issues. Harry Krejsa is an Asia-Pacific specialist at the Center for a New American Security whose family hails from South and East Texas.


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EAU DE TOILETTE FOR HIM
The coral sky inspires an Amber fruity fragrance, built around a Red Apple accord twisted with a tobacco accord for an unexpected punch.
Gift set includes:
Coral Fantasy Uomo 50ml
Coral Fantasy Uomo 15ml
The Art of Parfumage
AUDACITY AT SUNSETWith BORN IN ROMA CORAL FANTASY, Valentino invites you to a new Rome at sunset. Inspired by the coral-lit sky over the eternal city, it’s time for a new expression of fantasy. A celebration of the magnificent heritage of Rome in a moment of your own making.
AN AMBER FRUITY FRAGRANCE WITH A FRESH RED APPLE ACCORDBORN IN ROMA CORAL FANTASY is an Amber fruity scent composed of colorful Red Apple accord blended with Tobacco accord and Patchouli essence. The provocative heart fuses with Sage and Geranium essences to create a fresh yet powerful fragrance.
A COLOR TOP NOTE
A COUTURE HEART NOTE
A COOL BASE NOTE
THE STORY BEHIND
BORN IN ROMA began with a dialogue with Valentino’s native city: Rome. Full of the memories of the past, cultures and aesthetics layer the city’s very walls, while Rome’s streets are a symbol of free thought. Reverence and irreverence collide. Rome is the city the Aristopunks adopt in their minds
ARISTO PUNKS. (n) masculine/feminine A person who makes the ordinary extraordinary. Characterized as proud of their roots, culture and valuing difference. Nothing is imposed. Sharing the beauty of individuality, inherited culture is seen anew.
"YOU DON’T HAVE TO BE BORN IN ROMA TO FEEL LIKE A ROMAN"
Pierpaolo Piccioli, creative director of the house.
BORN IN ROMA is a fragrance for a generation who embrace diversity, value personalities and like to celebrate them with their crew. A scent that stands for owning the magnificence of the past, while having a free and irreverent attitude towards life. Claiming heritage yet creating their own rules.
ADUT AND ANWAR
The collaboration between Adut Akech and Pierpaolo Piccioli, is one of friendship and mutual admiration. The Australian-Sudanese model become a house regular from her first meeting with Maison Valentino’s creative Director, creating unforgettable fashion moments as she opens and closes his shows. The Born in Roma campaign could only be her.
ANWAR HADID, THE IRREVERANT YOUNG MAN
Forging his own identity in a world where his sisters reign over Instagram, Anwar Hadid is making it known there’s another talent in the siblinghood. For the BORN IN ROMA campaign, he portrays the presence of the punk, and the aristo underneath.

domain: artistic


text:
By Nicole Brumley
Ryerson’s Housing and Residence Life has introduced all-gender housing accommodations for students who applied for residence this school year.
Now students can choose from non-binary gender options and do not have to disclose their gender identity on their application, making every residence open to all gender identities. Those who choose to identify can also select from options including non-binary, two-spirited, trans male or trans female.
Since the new initiative rolled out, nearly half of students in residence selected the option, meaning they could room with someone of a different gender identity.
Ian Crookshank, the director of Housing and Residence Life, said of the 856 students who live in residence, about 49 per cent selected all-gendered housing, while the other 51 per cent selected same gender.
Crookshank said the move was necessary to create safe and supportive spaces for all students “that says you’re welcomed regardless of how you identify from a gender perspective.”
The previous application made it mandatory for students to select either male or female and did not provide options for those who identify on a non-binary spectrum.
Some students who identified as trans, genderfluid, non-binary, or those who were in the process of transitioning, would visit the housing office to seek out further accommodations.
“We would be trying to work reactionary to … support a student who did not feel supported by our application process or our room assignment process and felt that they needed to vocally advocate for themselves when they got to campus,” Crookshank said.
On the previous application, students could also make note in their special requirements to be given priority for single rooms with in-unit washrooms.
Crookshank said that while Ryerson has always tried to be an inclusive space, “when your policies don’t match that, it creates a barrier before someone even arrives.”
This is also the first year that the Ontario Universities’ Application Centres made the change that makes it voluntary to reveal your gender identity when applying to university.
The Trans Collective, an Equity Service Centre at the Ryerson Students’ Union (RSU) that focuses on advocacy and support of trans communities on campus, met with the housing department over a year ago to discuss issues trans students face in residence. This included issues with the binary gender options from the application centre, transphobic commentary on residence, and trans students not feeling safe on campus.
While the housing office had already started to reexamine their application process two years ago, Crookshank said meeting with the Trans Collective provided a “catalyst for change” and helped reinforce that there was a problem.
For the housing office, the collective became a space where they could check in to make sure they were headed down the right road with changes.
RSU vice-president equity Camryn Harlick said as someone who identifies as non-binary, the previous application process sent a message that “people didn’t even know what my identity was.”
“A lot of times students who are not out as trans yet don’t feel comfortable disclosing, but they do not want to identify as cisgender either. Or for a lot of us, coming to university is the first time you get to outwardly express and … grow into our identity,” Harlick said.
Emily Mackey, a first-year English student who applied to live on residence this year, said the change to the application is an important step forward especially as the conversation around gender identity evolves.
“As society changes and more things are becoming less stigmatized, it’s important that the university and residence changes along with that,” she said.
Joey Roselli, a first-year sports media student, said he thinks the inclusion of non-binary identities as well as all-gender housing gives a different perspective of the residence and university as a whole.
He said the change brings an “openness” and comfort to incoming students which could make them choose Ryerson over other schools.
Brianne Luke, a first-year performance production student, said making it voluntary for students to reveal their gender identity allows them to feel like they are not being judged.
“They don’t need to feel worried that they need to explain themselves or have people inquire about them in ways that they are not comfortable explaining,” she said.
While the changes to the residence application may seem small, Harlick said they mean a lot to students whose identities are not being recognized.
Crookshank said starting the conversation about all gender identities from the day students apply to residence will help reinforce a more gender inclusive community.
“It shouldn’t be a surprise to anybody that is coming to live here at Ryerson … that we are an inclusive and supportive space,” he said.


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After the withdrawal and detox have been completed, the individual can proceed with all of the other components of the Drug and Alcohol Rehab Program, which can include individual and group therapy and relapse prevention techniques. One of the primary benefits of long term inpatient treatment in Clinton, is that it allows the individual to focus on drug free living without any distractions from the outside world. The length of stay at an Addiction Treatment Program can vary anywhere from six weeks to six months, or sometimes longer if the treatment is addressing a long term drug addiction where relapses have taken place.
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domain: psychology


text:
With so much information out there in regards to sexual health and the reproductive processes, it is so important to get the truth. In very few circles is sex still taboo. Like it or not, correct or false, sexual messages and images permeate movies, songs, videos, commercials and books. So with the help of the Mayo Clinic, this article will answer several questions and hopefully clear up any misconceptions:
You can get pregnant without your partner ejaculating.
True. It’s called pre-ejaculation fluid. According to the Mayo Clinic, pre-ejaculation fluid may contain sperm. Withdrawal is one of the cheapest and oldest forms of birth control. With this method, the penis is taken out of the vagina before ejaculation can occur. However, this method is way from reliable due to the possibility of some of this fluid, which may contain sperm, being inadvertently released into the vagina. To protect yourself from pregnancy and any sexual transmitted diseases, it is a better idea to see your doctor to select the best birth control for you.
Once outside of the body, sperm can only survive a short time.
True and false. Much depends on the environmental conditions according to the Mayo Clinic. When released into the women’s vagina, sperm may live up to five days or longer. And remember, as long as the sperm remains alive, fertilization is possible. However, sperm on the outside of the body will only last a few minutes to a few hours.
You can tell from bodily signs when you are ovulating.
True. Plainly defined, ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary. Usually, this happens about the fourteenth day of the menstrual cycle. Of course, the time of the cycle itself is different for different women. Bodily signs are as follows:
• Your basal body temperature - the temperature when you are fully at rest. This temperature increases during ovulation. There are specific thermometers for measuring your basal temperature or a digital thermometer will do. Start charting your temperature and at least two or three days before it rises, that’s when you will be most fertile.
• Vaginal secretions.

domain: biology


text: Let’s talk about architecture! Today I found a Japanese house project that I particularly like. It’s not an extravagant building but an original concept within a basic structure. TATO Architects designed this House in Rokko, it is a pure white and transparent parallelepiped rectangle overhanging the city, giving an amazing view. The habitation is a contemporary adaptation of the traditional pile houses. The steel house structure has two levels: The ground floor is a huge room utilised as an office, workshop, games-room or for bike storage. It is a full glass room, with windows around the circumference and light crossing the space of every side. The top floor is a white living space built with a metal sheet cover. The two floors create a nice contrast with transparency and opacity, but unity exists into a white bright mood. Pure white is ever present and strong within Japanese culture. This house is so soothing and enjoyable to live in. Architects brought touches of colour with “Dicroïque” glass panels. This material creates amazing colour effects, a transparent mirror and it increases thermal insulation. The changing colors gives a pleasant warm mood, with an interior view of superimposed colour. This house is a smart, simple and refined modern interpretation of archetype pile house. credits: http://tat-o.com/ – Marine Senges – 60 SHARES Share on Facebook Twitter Subscribe for exclusive content Share Share Share Share Share One Response Daniela May 28, 2013 This is beautiful !