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(Taken from the "Rise in Remembrance" website:) "At a time when the images of fallen soldiers are being censored by the media and the government, we are clouded to the true casualties of war--those lives lost and the families they leave behind. In recognition of their service, an equal number of black balloons to the number of American soldiers killed in the Iraq War will be released from Laurelhurst Park June 27th. Each biodegradable balloon will carry a card stating a soldier's information in remembrance to the individual sacrifice made for our country. The intent is to provide an opportunity for release and communal support for those who have suffered a loss, and to question whether the casualties justify the war's goals and agenda."|
"MERCY KNOWS NO RESON FOR THE KILLINGS."
After Andrea of Rise in Remembrance made some brief introductory remarks, the event was then moderated by Marvin Simmons, of Northwest Veterans for Peace. Speakers included Jefferson Smith of the Bus Project; Grant Remington, Veteran and President of Veterans for Peace, Chapter 72; Tom Markgraf, Sr. advisor to Rep. Earl Bluenauer; statements from family members of those killed in Iraq war and occupation; and one other speaker, a minister I believe, whose name I didn't catch.
Unfortunately the event was sparsely attended, but what it lacked in numbers it made up in heart and compassion. The deaths of these soldiers in the face of the lies and dissemulation which brought them to this fate is more than tragic, it is CRIMINAL. Those who love Democracy in this country are burdened, not only with an Administration seeking world Empire, but by a population apparantly asleep at the wheel, lulled into a numb state by a Corporate Media refusing to ask hard questions of government officials or challenge the growing Corporate influence upon every facet of our daily lives.
People spoke with a depth of feeling that went far beyond Death and Loss, but welled up from deeper sources of Love of humanity and Democracy, which alone makes this country great. Neither wealth nor the bludgeon we wield across the planet makes this country great. What makes a nation, a people, a culture great is it's ability to provide space for all voices and keep its promises, especially to those with little power.
As Jefferson Smith said: "If you were to adopt a religious matra for international policy, it would not be peace through strength, but strength through peace."
This is an 8 1/2 minute video of a little of those speakers and music.


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Last Updated on August 27, 2019 by SY Abuzar
Should you purchase MLM leads? In most cases, it is a wise decision.
I have studied top earners who swear by “Buy leads.” And, I’ve met other networkers that have never purchased leads.
It really is an individual decision based on your budget, goals, and skill-set. What you say?
Before you invest your money in any lead source, you should evaluate your options. Your ultimate goal is to get the biggest return on your investment.
Don’t you want?
Let’s learn more about purchasing MLM lead, starting with disadvantages because when we are familiar with disadvantages of something then we can go away from it…
- 1 Disadvantages of Buying Leads:
- 2 Advantages of Buying Leads:
- 3 So, Should You Buy MLM Leads Now?
- 4 Things to Consider Before You Buy Leads
- 5 1) Your budget:
- 7 2) Your available time:
- 9 3) Your marketing expertise:
- 11 4) Your phone skills:
- 12 5) Your other lead sources:
- 13 6) Your MLM commissions:
- 14 Final Thoughts buying MLM Leads:
- 15 Share this:
Disadvantages of Buying Leads:
Before we get into too much detail, please know that purchasing MLM leads does have some disadvantages too.
I’ll cover them real briefly.
The major disadvantage is that you don’t know how many times the leads have been sold to other distributors!!! 🙁
Many lead companies sell the same lead 5-10 times.
What!……. Yes, it is true.
That means the lead has been contacted by several other distributors. By the time you call the person, they might have already found a business opportunity. Or, they are so sick of being called that they are no longer receptive to new money-making ideas.
That’s damn shit!..! 🙁 🙁 🙁
⇒ Another disadvantage is that you don’t know how the lead company generated the lead.
⇒ You don’t know what advertisement the lead responded to.
⇒ You don’t know if the lead is an “opportunity seeker” or someone looking to get involved in network marketing. Simply put, you don’t know how qualified or targeted the lead is.
Advantages of Buying Leads:
These were the major disadvantages of purchasing leads. However, there are also several advantages. 🙂
⇒ The biggest advantage is that they are easy to purchase and reasonably priced.
⇒ You can expect to pay from $1 to $3 per lead, depending upon the quality.
⇒ Also, you will instantaneously have people to share your business opportunity with.
⇒ You will also know their name, telephone number, email and other pertinent contact information.
⇒ If you are willing to follow up with each lead, you will sponsor some new distributors and find some new customers.
That’s a good thing…
⇒ Plus, purchasing leads is very duplicable with your downline distributors.
Yup! You can share your lead source with your downline and help them get started.
- What Are The Best Tips For Buying Email Leads?
- What Are The Best Targeted MLM leads?
So, Should You Buy MLM Leads Now?
Things to Consider Before You Buy Leads
Here are some other factors you should consider before you purchase MLM leads:
1) Your budget:
What are your monthly marketing and advertising budget?
If you are working on a limited budget (anything less than $500 per month) you should purchase MLM leads.
I say this because generating leads online or offline are difficult for most people.
When I first started generating leads online, each lead would cost $5 to $10. On the other hand, you can purchase MLM leads from a lead company for $1 to $3 each…
Sometimes you can get a package deal and purchase 300-500 leads for less than $1 each….. 🙂
If you have a bigger budget, I recommend purchasing some leads and spending the rest of your time and money to generate your own leads.
The best leads are the ones you create yourself. However, if you purchase a lot of leads and you are good at following-up, you will achieve some success.
2) Your available time:
You’ve probably heard the cliché that time is money.
Yes, it is.
⇒ If you work a regular 9-to-5 job full-time and have a family, you won’t have too much free time to build your business and generate leads.
If this is the case, I think you should purchase MLM leads…
By doing so, you will always have someone to call and share your business opportunity with. On the other hand, if you are working your MLM business full-time, I think it’s better to spend 50% of your time generating leads and the rest of your time following up with your leads.
3) Your marketing expertise:
If you are a novice to our industry, you should purchase MLM leads until you develop sufficient marketing skills.
♥ The lifeblood of this business is new leads…!!
⇒ If you don’t have someone to share your business opportunity with, you will be out of business.
While you are new to the industry, you should devote an hour or day to develop your marketing skills. You should read books and take courses on pay-per-click advertising, social media, and other advertising techniques.
4) Your phone skills:
Don’t purchase MLM leads if you aren’t going to follow up with each lead…∞
Yes, that would be a waste of money. $$$
⇒ One of the most important networking skills is the follow-up.
⇒ And, the best way to follow-up with leads is either face-to-face or via telephone.
Before you purchase a large quantity of MLM leads, you should hone your phone skills.
You can do this by working directly with your sponsor. He or she can teach you what to say; provide scripts and even coach you in the beginning.
5) Your other lead sources:
As I mentioned earlier, there are many different ways to get leads. Before you use any lead source, you should evaluate your alternatives…
⇒ What is the best way to get the best results?
⇒ What makes sense to you personally?
♥ My favorite lead source is Google PPC.
I also like to generate my own leads from my website. When I purchase MLM leads, I use a reputable lead company.
6) Your MLM commissions:
⇒ How much do you earn when you sign up a new distributor?
If you only earn $25 to $100, it’s probably not wise to purchase leads…
I say this because you would have a difficult time recouping your money. But if your company pays $200 or more per new distributor, you should purchase MLM leads.
If your company doesn’t pay much up front, don’t fret. You will just need to find inexpensive lead sources.
These six factors should influence your decision to purchase MLM leads, or not.
In addition, you should shop around before you purchase MLM leads…
Comparison shopping lets you get the best buy for your money. However, please keep in mind that the cheapest leads aren’t always the best leads.
Your key to success is to “test” each lead source until you find the company that consistently produces the best results. Once you are happy with the lead source, feel free to purchase MLM leads often.
Another key to success is to keep every lead. Even if they aren’t interested in your opportunity right now, they might be six months or a year from now. You should take notes when you talk to each person, so you have a reference when you call them back.
Final Thoughts buying MLM Leads:
In conclusion, leads are the lifeblood of any network marketing business. Most people should purchase MLM leads at some point in their business.
⇒ Before you invest too much money with anyone lead company, you should test several different lead companies to see which company provides the best results.
♦ Once you are happy with the company, you can invest more money.
⇒ The biggest advantage to purchased leads is that you have someone to talk to immediately.
Although the leads that you generate yourself are the best leads, it’s better to purchase MLM leads than having no leads at all…
Sharing is Sexy!
So, keep sharing our blog post with your downline and friends…. And keep commenting your valuable feedbacks and question?
We love to reply your answers ♥
I’m Mohammad Tabish Blogger and a Professional web developer SEO Consultant and Freelancer. I am from Pakistan. I started My first blog (BlogRankSeo) in 2016 and then, and I have never looked back. I Have managed lots of blogs.

domain: finance


If the defect mentioned above is discovered in combination with the fault codes described, a faulty oil trap (figure) in the crankcase ventilation at the cylinder head cover may be a possible cause.
There are pressure control and check valves installed in the oil trap housing. They regulate the suction of the blow-by gases according to the engine speed and the pressure ratio. An error in this area can cause speed fluctuations and a higher consumption of oil. In some cases, the vehicle switches off right after it is started.
The oil trap must be completely replaced in the event of damage as it cannot be disassembled or cleaned.
Please observe the repair notes issued by the relevant vehicle manufacturers in this context.
Important safety notice
The following technical information and tips for practical use have been set up by HELLA in order to offer professional support to automotive workshops in their daily work. The information available here on this website is only to be used by appropriately trained specialist staff.
The reprinting, distribution, reproduction, exploitation in any form and disclosure of the contents of this document, even in part, is prohibited without our express written approval and indication of the source. The schematic illustrations, figures and descriptions are for explanation and presentation of the document text and cannot be used as a basis for installation or design. All rights reserved.


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Melanie is running from her past, haunted by the memory of a death she believes she has caused. Avery is running from the darkness that has held him down is entire life. When their lives collide...
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domain: literature


Doha Race Jersey Navy
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Elongated race sleeves with a cold cut finish and low profile collar combine next level aerodynamics. for 1cm collar with microfiber cuffs for optimal fit and new low profile collar for enhanced aerodynamics. Three pockets for storage, reflective inserts and full-length YKK® zipper with lockable puller.
Designed in California, made in Italy.
- Leggero micro fiber
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- Low profile collar
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- Three rear pockets
- Full-length YKK® zipper with lockable slider
- 86% Polyamide, 14% Elastane
- Made in Italy


text:
1、
Apple revealed today that Westworld Mobile is launching quite soon - this week in fact. The game, which was created by the same folks who brought you Fallout Shelter, puts you in charge of your own wild west theme park, and even includes some original story bits and dialogue that fit into the main Westworld story.

pic.twitter.com/wxYNXRWQMV— App Store (@AppStore) June 18, 2018 We got a chance to play the game at GDC and found that it manages to set itself apart from its predecessor, Fallout Shelter. You’re still essentially building a subterranean base for your robot creations, but things do start to vary from there. Players are in charge of managing their own robo-resort, building robots and ensuring that they entertain customers to the best of their abilities. If you overwork your hosts, though, things could end badly.

Westworld Mobile makes its debut on the App Store this Thursday, June 21.

Garena Free Fire loves a collaboration. They've previously teamed up with a variety of musicians and even the excellent TV series Money Heist (La casa de Papel). Today they've announced a new team-up, this time with professional footballer Cristiano Ronaldo, who is now a global brand ambassador for the game as Garena look to expand the game's reach across the globe.

Garena Free Fire will introduce an entire in-game futuristic slum universe based around the Juventus forward whose likeness will be given to a character called Chronos. More details are set to be announced in the build-up to an event called Operation Chrono in a special microsite that will go live on December 10th. From here we can expect to learn about the character's abilities alongside what the event itself will involve.

2、"How does Leslie seem to take it?"The end of the green Prairie(Wolnie)
3、There are many things that we admire from Football Strike Mod Apk. In combination with the thousands of customer reviews that this game has on the Play Store and our own expert’s opinions, we have put together the following list that showcases what we’re most passionate about:Playing patient sports in unconstrained gyves!
4、In clamours of all size, both high and low.
2、Storming her world with sorrow's wind and rain.

domain: entertainment


|Publication number||US7429888 B2|
|Application number||US 11/029,549|
|Publication date||Sep 30, 2008|
|Filing date||Jan 5, 2005|
|Priority date||Jan 5, 2004|
|Also published as||US20050146377, US20090015320|
|Publication number||029549, 11029549, US 7429888 B2, US 7429888B2, US-B2-7429888, US7429888 B2, US7429888B2|
|Inventors||William H. Owen|
|Original Assignee||Intersil Americas, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (4), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/534,550 filed Jan. 5, 2004.
The invention relates generally to the field of circuit design and in particular to improving the accuracy of a floating gate voltage reference circuit.
Programmable analog floating gate circuits have been used since the early 1980's in applications that only require moderate absolute voltage accuracy over time, e.g., an absolute voltage accuracy of 100-200 mV over time. Such devices are conventionally used to provide long-term non-volatile storage of charge on a floating gate. A floating gate is an island of conductive material that is electrically isolated from a substrate but capacitively coupled to the substrate or to other conductive layers. Typically, a floating gate forms the gate of an MOS transistor that is used to read the level of charge on the floating gate without causing any leakage of charge therefrom.
Various means are known in the art for introducing charge onto a floating gate and for removing the charge from the floating gate. Once the floating gate has been programmed at a particular charge level, it remains at that level essentially permanently, because the floating gate is surrounded by an insulating material which acts as a barrier to discharging of the floating gate. Charge is typically coupled to the floating gate using hot electron injection or electron tunneling. Charge is typically removed from the floating gate by exposure to radiation (UV light, x-rays), avalanched injection, or Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling. The use of electrons emitted from a cold conductor was first described in an article entitled Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields by R. H. Fowler and Dr. L. Nordheim, Royal Soc. Proc., A, Vol. 119 (1928). Use of this phenomenon in electron tunneling through an oxide layer is described in an article entitled Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling into Thermally Grown SiO 2 by M. Lenzlinger and E. H. Snow, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 40, No. 1 (January, 1969), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Such analog floating gate circuits have been used, for instance, in digital nonvolatile memory devices and in analog nonvolatile circuits including voltage reference, Vcc sense, and power-on reset circuits.
Setting reference circuit 70 to a specific voltage level is accomplished using two separate operations. Referring again to
To set reference circuit 70 to a specific voltage level, the n+ bottom plate of steering capacitor CC, the Cap electrode, is held at ground while the Erase electrode is ramped to a high voltage, i.e., 12 to 20V. Tunneling of electrons from floating gate fg to the poly2 Erase electrode through the thick oxide at 75 begins when the voltage across tunnel device TE reaches a certain voltage, which is typically approximately 11V. This tunneling of electrons from the fg through tunnel device TE increases the voltage of floating gate fg. The voltage on floating gate fg then “follows” the voltage ramp coupled to the poly2 Erase electrode, but at a voltage level offset by about 11V below the voltage on the Erase electrode. When the voltage on floating gate fg reaches the desired set level, the voltage ramp on poly2 Erase electrode is stopped and then pulled back down to ground. This leaves the voltage on floating gate fg set at approximately the desired voltage level.
As indicated above, reference circuit 70 meets the requirements for voltage reference applications where approximately 200 mV accuracy is sufficient. The accuracy of circuit 70 is limited for two reasons. First, the potential on floating gate fg shifts down about 100 mV to 200 mV after it is set due to the capacitance of erase tunnel device TE which couples floating gate fg down when the poly2 Erase electrode is pulled down from a high voltage to ØV. The amount of this change depends on the ratio of the capacitance of erase tunnel device TE to the rest of the capacitance of floating gate fg (mostly due to steering capacitor CC), as well as the magnitude of the change in voltage on the poly2 Erase electrode. This voltage “offset” is well defined and predictable, but always occurs in such prior art voltage reference circuits because the capacitance of erase tunnel device TE cannot be zero. Second, the accuracy of circuit 70 is also limited because the potential of floating gate fg changes another 100 mV to 200 mV over time after it is set due to various factors, including detrapping of the tunnel devices and dielectric relaxation of all the floating gate fg capacitors.
Applications that require increased absolute voltage accuracy generally use a bandgap voltage reference. A bandgap voltage reference typically provides approximately 25 mV absolute accuracy over time and temperature, but can be configured to provide increased accuracy by laser trimming or E2 digital trimming at test. While a bandgap voltage reference provides greater accuracy and increased stability over the prior art voltage reference circuits discussed above, a bandgap voltage reference only provides a fixed voltage of about 1.2V. Therefore, additional circuitry, such as an amplifier with fixed gain, is needed to provide other reference voltage levels. Moreover, prior art bandgap voltage references typically draw a relatively significant current, i.e., greater than 10 μA.
One of the key performance parameters for precision voltage references and comparators is the temperature coefficient, Tc, which indicates how much the voltage reference output (Vref) changes over a given temperature range. Tc for a given part may be positive, negative, or may change direction over various temperature ranges. A commonly accepted method of specifying Tc for voltage references is the “Box Method”. The Box Method uses the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage of the reference voltage generated within a given temperature range, regardless of the specific temperature at which the minimum or maximum occurs in the range. This method is independent of the polarity or change in polarity of Tc within the specified temperature range. Usually expressed in ppm/C, i.e., ppm per degree C., Tc=106×(Vmax−Vmin)/(Vref×(Tmax−Tmin)), where Vmax is the maximum voltage, Vmin is the minimum voltage, Vref is the voltage reference output, Tmax is the maximum temperature in the specified temperature range, Tmin is the minimum temperature in the range, and 1 ppm/C is 10−6.
Voltage references and comparators based on bandgap and buried zener devices typically have temperature coefficients in the 10 to 20 ppm per degree C. range using this industry standard box method of measuring Tc. For a typical bandgap voltage of 1.25V and the industrial temperature range of −40 C to +85 C, a Tc=10 ppm/deg C means the output reference voltage can vary as much a 10−5×1.25V×125 C=1.56 mV over the full temperature range. If this bandgap voltage is amplified by 4 to make a 5V reference, the output reference voltage can change up to 6.2 mV over the full temperature range.
Various circuit and testing techniques are used to reduce Tc. These include special circuits and devices used during test such as laser trimming, nonvolatile trimming bits, or correction table stored in nonvolatile memory. Since the temperature variation of these devices is not linear, the compensation circuits used to reduce Tc are, by necessity, also non-linear, become quite complex, and require significant test time and equipment to achieve <5 ppm per degree C. The buried zener devices provide a higher reference voltage, such as 4 to 8 volts with a lower Tc. The Tc of a 5V reference using a zener device is much lower because the amplifier gain is 1 or less, so the zener Tc is not amplified. However the Tc of zener devices is quite nonlinear, so the cost of the special nonlinear trimming circuits, test equipment and test time required to trim the Tc of a zener based reference in order to achieve <1 or 2 ppm per degree C. is quite high.
An object of the present invention is to provide a voltage reference or comparator based on charge on a floating gate where the Tc can be adjusted to a minimum level. Another object of the present invention is to provide a very low Tc over a wide range of reference or comparator voltages. Another object of the present invention is to show how the Tc of a floating gate reference can be adjusted using standard, low cost analog test equipment and methods.
The voltage of a floating gate equals the charge level on the floating gate divided by the total capacitance of the floating gate. The fundamental basis for floating gate memory technology as well as for floating gate analog devices is that the charge level on a floating gate has been proven to be very constant over many years. For example, nonvolatile memories using thick oxide tunneling devices have been produced for many years with data retention specified at more than a 100 years based on very high temperature charge loss studies. Other studies have indicated the charge loss on some flash cells is as low as a few electrons per year. Thus, the primary cause of change in a floating gate's voltage with temperature is due to the change in the floating gate's capacitance.
The Tc of a voltage reference or comparator circuit based on a floating gate also depends on the Tc of the circuit, including the Floating Gate MOS transistor threshold and mobility, the Tc of the floating gate voltage. To a first order of magnitude, the Tc of the floating gate transistor threshold and mobility can be compensated by using a differential stage with either two matched floating gate transistors or a second input transistor that matches the floating gate. Using well known design and layout techniques, a MOS differential stage with Tc less than 1 or 2 ppm/C can be achieved.
The total floating gate capacitance is made up of several capacitors, the MOS transistor gate to channel capacitor, source and drain overlap capacitors, the coupling or steering capacitor, tunnel device capacitors, and various parasite capacitors such as floating gate to substrate metal or other poly layers. To a first order of magnitude, the Tc of the total floating gate capacitance is the sum of the Tc of each floating gate capacitor times the amount of capacitance divided by the total capacitance:
Tc=(Tc1×C1+Tc2×C2+Tc3×C3+ . . . )/Cfg total.
The Tc for each of the floating gate capacitors varies from process to process and depends on many factors such as the dielectric material and thickness, the temperature expansion coefficient of the underlying silicon, the doping level and profile of each of the capacitor plates, and the difference in DC voltage on the capacitor plates. The change in capacitance with DC voltage and with temperature is caused primarily by depletion effects in the semiconductor plates of the capacitor. Depletion or space charge effects in semiconductors create 2nd and 3rd capacitors in series with the dielectric capacitor which change with temperature and the polarity and magnitude of the field in the semiconductor.
The amount of change in capacitance of a capacitor with voltage is called the Voltage Coefficient (Vc). For many types of semiconductor capacitors, the Vc coefficient is quite nonlinear. The amount of change in capacitance with temperature, Tc, of a semiconductor capacitor varies significantly depending on the type of capacitor and also changes with the DC voltage. A typical floating gate EEPROM technology has 2 layers of polysilicon as well as an N+ diffusion coupling capacitor to the floating gate. In one EEPROM technology, the Tc of the poly-poly capacitor is about 20 ppm/deg C and the voltage coefficient is nearly 0. The Tc of one type of N+ diffusion to floating gate capacitor varies from −40 ppm/C to +0 ppm/C for DC voltages from 0 to +6 volts and the Vc is positive and varies from 100 to 10 ppm per volt in the 0 to +6 volt range. For another type of N+ diffusion to floating gate capacitor, Tc varies from −7 ppm/C to +7 ppm/C and the Vc varies from +100 to +10 ppm for DC voltages from 0 to +6 volts.
One method to achieve low Tc for a floating gate capacitor is to use capacitors with positive Tcs to compensate for capacitors with negative Tcs. For example, a poly-poly capacitor with a +20 ppm/C Tc can be used to balance out a coupling capacitor with −4 ppm/C Tc by making a coupling capacitor with 5 times more capacitance than the poly-poly capacitor. By making the poly-poly capacitor combined with the 5× coupling capacitor much larger than the rest of the floating gate capacitors, the Tc of the total floating gate capacitance can be made very low. Due to the change in Tc with applied DC voltage, the lowest Tc will be achieved for this method only at one specific DC voltage. In other words, for a given floating gate technology, a selection of types and sizes of floating gate capacitors can be made that will provide the lowest Tc at one specific DC voltage.
What is needed is a system and method for compensating for and thus minimizing Tc for a range of DC voltages so as to improve he accuracy of the output voltage (Vref) of a floating gate voltage reference.
The present invention provides a system and method for minimizing Tc in a high precision floating gate voltage reference circuit. An object of the present invention is to provide Tc compensation for a range of voltages.
Broadly stated, the present invention provides, in a dual floating gate voltage reference circuit wherein a voltage reference output (Vref) is generated as a function of the difference in charge of the floating gates, a method for improving the accuracy of Vref as a function of temperature, comprising causing each of the floating gates to change voltage substantially the same amount as a function of temperature such that, during a read mode of the reference circuit, the temperature coefficient, Tc, of the voltage reference output is substantially reduced.
Broadly stated, the present invention also provides, in a dual floating gate voltage reference circuit wherein a voltage reference output (Vref) is generated as a function of the difference in charge of the floating gates, a method for improving the accuracy of Vref as a function of temperature comprising selecting a desired Vref, wherein Vref is any voltage in a predetermined range; determining a common mode voltage (Set0) voltage for the selected Vref such that the temperature characteristics of each floating gate are substantially matched; and using the Set0 voltage in a set mode of the voltage reference circuit.
Broadly stated, the present invention also provides a dual floating gate reference circuit for improving the accuracy of a voltage reference output (Vref) as a function of temperature, wherein Vref is generated as a function of the difference in charge on the floating gates, comprising a first floating gate for storing charge thereon; a second floating gate for storing charge thereon; a first capacitor coupled to the first floating gate; a second capacitor coupled to the second floating gate; wherein the reference circuit is arranged such that the floating gates are programmable during a set mode so as to cause each of the floating gates to change voltage substantially the same amount as a function of temperature during a read mode such that the temperature coefficient, Tc, of the voltage reference output is substantially reduced.
These and other embodiments, features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims and accompanying drawings.
The present invention is a system and method for improving the accuracy of the output reference voltage (Vref) of a floating gate voltage reference circuit as a function of temperature. An object of the present invention is minimizing Tc in a high precision dual floating gate voltage reference circuit.
Methods of setting a reference voltage in a dual floating gate circuit are known to one skilled in the art as described in further detail in commonly assigned applications including U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2004/0145949 for application Ser. No. 10/353,403, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,551 and incorporated by reference herein.
The sequence used to program floating gates fgr and fgl in circuit 40 is as follows. In order to set the voltage on fgl, a voltage Vx is coupled at a node 27 to the gate of a transistor T15 in circuit 40, such that Vfgl is set to Vx-1Vt-1TV, where 1 Vt is the threshold voltage of transistor T15 and 1TV is the tunnel voltage of an erase tunnel device Tel.
In a preferred embodiment, Vx is generated by a second floating gate voltage reference circuit, e.g., circuit 30.
Circuit 40 further comprises a circuit 410 that includes: a programming tunnel device Tpr formed between floating gate fgr and a programming electrode Epr, at a node 16; an erase tunnel device Ter formed between floating gate fgr and an erase electrode Eer, at a node 17; and a steering capacitor Cfgr coupled between floating gate fgr and a node 18. Circuit 40 also comprises a circuit 420 that includes: a programming tunnel device Tpl formed between floating gate fgl and a programming electrode Epl, at node 16, and an erase tunnel device Tel formed between floating gate fgl and an erase electrode Eel, at a node 28. Preferably, programming electrodes Epr and Epl receive a negative voltage during the set mode, and erase electrodes Eer and Eel receive a positive voltage during the set mode. Moreover, tunnel devices Tpr, Tpl, Ter and Tel are preferably Fowler-Nordheim tunnel devices that are reasonably well matched as a result of their chip layout, and these tunnel devices are ideally reasonably well matched with tunnel devices TpØ and TeØ of circuit 30.
Also included in circuit 40 is a steering capacitor Cfgl coupled between floating gate fgl and a node 32. The bottom plate of steering capacitor Cfgl is coupled to a predetermined voltage during the set mode that is preferably ground gl. Steering capacitor Cfgl is used to provide a stable ground reference for floating gate fgl. Circuit 40 also includes a transistor T15 that has its drain coupled to a high voltage supply HV+, at a node 26, its source coupled to node 28, and its gate coupled to node 27.
Setting a voltage on floating gate fgr during the set mode is achieved by taking electrode Epr negative and electrode Eer positive such that the voltage at node 17 minus the voltage at node 16 is two tunnel voltages or approximately 22V. The dual conduction current at 22V is typically approximately one to two nanoamps. An alternative is to create a sufficient voltage differential across electrode Epr and electrode Eer to generate a current flow of approximately 5 nA from node 16 to node 17. In either case, both tunnel devices are conducting, i.e., the tunnel devices are in “dual conduction.” By operating in dual conduction, the voltage on the floating gate fgr can stabilize at a DC voltage level for as long a time as needed to enable circuit 40 to end the set mode process in a controlled fashion such that the voltage on floating gate fgr settles to a very precise and accurate level. Operating in dual conduction with feedback through at least one of the tunnel devices is key to making it possible to set the floating gate fgr voltage very accurately.
In dual conduction, the tunnel devices Ter and Tpr, which are reasonably well matched by layout, will modify the charge level on floating gate fgr by allowing electrons to tunnel onto and off of floating gate fgr so as to divide the voltage between nodes 17 and 16 in half. Thus, the floating gate voltage, i.e., the voltage at node 15, will be Vfgr=Vnode 16+(Vnode 17−Vnode 16)/2, which is half way between the voltage at node 17 and the voltage at node 16. Under these conditions, the dual conduction current can typically charge or discharge node 15, which typically has less than 1.0 pF capacitance, in less than 1 mSec. As this occurs, the floating gate voltage “tracks” directly with the voltage at nodes 16 and 17 and settles to a DC voltage that is half way between those two voltages in a few mSec. Accordingly, Vfgr can be set to a positive or negative voltage or zero volts depending upon the value of the voltages existing at electrodes Eer and Epr. For example, if the tunnel voltage is approximately 11V for the erase and program tunnel devices Ter and Tpr, and the voltage at electrode Eer is set to about +16V and the voltage at electrode Epr is set to about −6V, then Vfgr will settle at about +5V, which is the midpoint between the two voltages. If the voltage at Eer is set to about +11V and the voltage at Epr is set to about −11 V, then Vfgr will go to about 0V. If the voltage at Eer is set to about +6V and the voltage at Epr is set to about −16V, then Vfgr will go to about −5V.
As stated earlier, circuit 40 programs both floating gates fgr and fgl during the set mode. Correspondingly, tunnel devices Tpl and Tel similarly operate in dual conduction to modify the charge level on floating gate fgl by allowing electrons to tunnel onto and off of floating gate fgl so as to divide the voltage between nodes 28 and 16 in half. In addition, if circuit 30 is used during the set mode to generate the voltage Vx at node 27 in circuit 40, ideally, the tunnel currents in both circuits 30 and 40 are reasonably well matched, and transistors T13, T14, T15 are reasonably well matched, such that when circuits 30 and 40 settle, Vfgr=Vfgl=VfgØ. Although this condition is preferable, circuit 40 will set Vfgr=Vfgl even where floating gate fgl is not set exactly equal to floating gate fgØ, since floating gates fgl and fgØ are not in the same differential circuit.
Circuit 40 further includes a circuit 430 that compares Vfgr, the voltage on floating gate fgr to Vfgl, the voltage on floating gate fgl, and that generates an output voltage Vout, at node 19, that is a function of the difference between the voltages on floating gates fgr and fgl. Circuit 430 preferably includes a differential amplifier (or differential stage) 432 that is preferably configured to have a non-inverting input coupled to floating gate fgl and an inverting input coupled to floating gate fgr. Circuit 430 further includes a gain stage 434 with an input coupled to node 20 and an output terminal 436, at node 19. The differential stage 432 compares the voltages received at its inputs and amplifies that difference, typically by a factor of 50 to 100. The gain stage 434 then further amplifies that difference by another factor of 50 to 100. Moreover, at the conclusion of the set mode, Circuit 430 ideally settles to a steady state condition, such that Vfgr=Vfgl=Vout.
Circuit 40 also includes a feedback loop coupled between nodes 19 and 15. During the set mode, this feedback loop causes the voltage differential between tunnel electrodes Eer and Epr to be modified by modifying the voltage at node 17 as a function of the voltage at node 19. The feedback loop preferably comprises a level shift circuit, preferably a tunnel device TFl formed between node 19 and a node 24, and a transistor T14, preferably an NMOS transistor, coupled common gate, common drain at a node 25, with its source coupled to node 24. Also included in the feedback loop is a transistor T13, preferably an NMOS transistor, having its gate coupled to node 25, its source coupled to node 17, and thereby to erase tunnel device Ter, and its drain coupled to node 26.
Circuit 40 also preferably includes a circuit 440. Circuit 440 preferably comprises a switch S4 that is preferably a MOS transistor that is coupled between nodes 18 and 19 and a MOS transistor switch S5 coupled between node 18 and an input voltage terminal 450. In the set mode, switch S4 is OFF, and switch S5 is ON such that the input set voltage Vset can be coupled to the bottom plate of steering capacitor Cfgr.
Coupling input voltage Vset to terminal 450 during the set mode enables circuit 40 to program a charge level difference between floating gates fgr and fgl that is a predetermined function of Vset. Thereafter during a subsequent read mode, circuit 40 generates a reference voltage that is a predetermined function of Vset, and is preferably equal to Vset. Specifically, during the set mode, the voltage programmed across capacitor Cfgl is the same as that programmed on floating gate fgl, since Cfgl is preferably coupled to ground during the set mode. Whereas, the voltage programmed across capacitor Cfgr is Vfgr (which is ideally equal to Vfgl) minus Vset. Thereafter, when power and Vset are removed at the conclusion of the set mode, node 18 goes to zero volts and Vfgl remains the same, but Vfgr is equal to the voltage across Cfgr, which is equal to (Vfgl−Vset) Thus, a difference in charge level exists between floating gates fgr and fgl that is equal to the difference in charge remaining on capacitors Cfgl and Cfgr at the conclusion of the set mode. This difference in charge level between fgr and fgl, which is a predetermined function of Vset, is what causes a reference voltage to be generated at node 19 during a read mode for circuit 40 that is a predetermined function of Vset, and is preferably equal to Vset. To produce a voltage reference output equal to Vset, S5 is turned off and S4 is turned on, which connects Vout to node 18, which is coupled to fgr through Cfgr. Vout settles at the voltage where Vfgr=Vfgl, which occurs when node 18=Vset.
In order to minimize the Tc of a dual floating gate reference it is important to understand that once the dual gate reference is set, the charge levels of the floating gates are different, but remain constant over temperature. In order to simplify the calculations and show the basic principles of how to design dual floating gate circuits to have minimum Tc, the following assumptions are made:
The charge levels Qfgl and Qfgr on floating gates fgl and fgr are determined during the set cycle by the Vref and Set0 voltages.
The charge levels Qfgl and Qfgr are not the same for any Vref other than 0V. Once the reference is set, the charge levels Qfgl and Qfgr on floating gates fgl and fgr are constant over temperature.
Capacitors Cfgl and Cfgr are approximately equal in order to minimize voltage offsets during a set mode.
The floating gate coupling capacitances, Cr & Cl, shown in
The voltage of a capacitor is V=Q/C.
In order to keep Vout constant in a dual floating gate reference, Vfgl and Vfgr do not have to remain constant, only the difference between Vfgl and Vfgr must remain constant. This means Vfgr and Vfgl have to change the same amount with temperature.
Since the charge levels on fgl and fgr are different, it turns out that Cfgr and Cfgl must change different amounts with temperature in order to maintain the difference between Vfgl and Vfgr constant. This requirement is the key to achieving very low Tc in a dual floating gate reference.
The voltage of a floating gate fg made up of several capacitors is Qfg/Cfg plus the effect of any non-zero voltages coupled to the floating gate by coupling capacitors. For fgl, Vfgl=Qfgl/Cfgl because the other terminal of the coupling capacitor Cl is at ground so no other voltages are coupled to fgl. For fgr, Vfgr=Qfgr/Cfgr+Vref where the effect of the Vref voltage coupling to the floating gate in this simplified case is calculated assuming a 100% coupling ratio (i.e., no other capacitance to ground). During the set cycle, the voltage on each floating gate is set at room temperature, which is 25° C. typically, that is, Vfgl (25° C., i.e., 25 C) and Vfgr (25 C) are established at 25 C. This establishes the charge level on each floating gate at room temperature.
In order to determine the effect of temperature on the dual floating gate reference, first the charge on each floating gate and capacitance at 25 C is calculated. Then, for a new temperature, such as 125 C, new floating gate capacitances, Cfgl (125 C) and Cfgr (125), are calculated at 125 C. The new floating gate voltages at 125 C are then calculated using the new floating gate capacitances, but with the same 25 C charge since the charge level does not change with temperature.
The equations for calculating the charge Q on floating gates fgl and fgr are:
The basic equations for voltages on floating gates fgl and fgr at 125 C are:
The above equations are used to obtain the values shown in the chart/spreadsheet in
The graphs in
The chart/spreadsheet in
Cfgr=10 pF×(1−9×100×1E−6)=10 pF×0.9991=9.991 as shown in 35G. Cfgl=10 pF×(1+1×100×1E−6)=10 pF×1.0001=10.001 pF as shown in 35H. Next the charge Qfgr on fgr and Qfgl on fgl at room temperature are calculated in Columns I and J using Q=CV.
Qfgr=Cfgr×Vfgr=10 pF×(Vset0−Vref)=10 pF×(−0.5V)=−5 p Coulombs as shown in 34I. Qfgl=Cfgl×Vfgl=10 pF×Vset0=10 pF×4.5V=45 p Coulombs as shown in 34J. Since the charge on a floating gate does not change with temperature, the same Qfgr and Qfgl are shown in 35I and 35J for charge at 125 C. Now the voltages across Cfgr and Cfgl are calculated in Column K and Column L respectively for both 25 C and 125 C using the capacitance and charge values calculated in Columns G, H, I and J. Of course at 25 C, Vcfgr=−0.5V and Vcfgl=4.5V since those were the initial starting values. At 125 C, Vcfgr=Qfgr/Cfgr=−5 pC/9.991 pF=−0.5005V as shown in 35K and Vcfgl=45 pC/10.001 pF=4.4996V as shown in 35L. Now the change in Vcfgr and Vcfgl (in mV) from 25 C to 125 C is calculated in 36K=Delta Vcfgr=1000×(34K−35K) and 36L=Delta Vcfgl=1000×(34L−35L). Note that both Vcfgr and Vcfgl decrease by about 0.45 mV. 36M shows the difference between the change in Vcfgr and Vcgfl=Delta Vcfgr−Delta Vcfgl=0.0005 mV. In 36N, the box Tc from 25 C to 125 C is calculated (in ppm/C) using Tc(box)=1000×(Delta Vcfgr−Delta Vcfgl)/(DelT×Vref)=1000×(0.0005)/(100×5)=0.5/500=˜0 ppm/C. It is very instructive to note that the Tc is approximately 0 because the voltages across Cfgr and Cfgl both decreased the same 0.45 mV. Since Vref in the dual floating gate reference is based on the difference in voltages across Cfgr and Cfgl, and since both of these voltages decrease the same amount with temperature in this example, Vref remains nearly constant over temperature.
Other rows in the spreadsheet show the same calculations for different Vset0 and Vref voltages for temperatures of 25 C and 125 C. These calculations are plotted in
As described above, a typical floating gate EEPROM technology has 2 layers of polysilicon as well as an N+ diffusion coupling capacitor to the floating gate. In one EEPROM technology, the Tc of the poly-poly capacitor is about 20 ppm/deg C and the voltage coefficient is nearly 0. The Tc of one type of N+ diffusion to floating gate capacitor varies from 40 ppm/C to +0 ppm/C for DC voltages from 0 to +6 volts and the Vc is positive and varies from 100 to 10 ppm per volt in the 0 to +6 volt range.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. The described invention is not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but is free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although the invention has been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the invention is not limited to the described series of transactions and steps.
The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
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|U.S. Classification||327/541, 327/513|
|International Classification||G05F1/10, G05F3/24|
|Oct 4, 2005||AS||Assignment|
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text:
Dolphins have gone missing from a recreational facility in the Japanese town of Taiji, which is at the centre of an international controversy over its annual hunts.
Officials at the DolphinBase centre(Opens in a new tab) reported to local police that nets at two of the facility's nine seaside pools had been vertically slashed, allowing four bottlenose dolphins to get out.
According to the facility's official blog(Opens in a new tab), three out of four returned on their own accord.
Japan's NHK news reported(Opens in a new tab) that two of them remain missing.
The escaped dolphins were spotted swimming outside their pool at the facility, where visitors can touch and swim with them. On the blog, the centre wrote it was "very angry" at the "malicious act" which could lead to the dolphins dying.
"They think that once out of their pen, dolphins will swim far away but that is not true. Dolphins will not stray far and they will not leave their group," it said.
Local say they do not know who's behind the incident.
A police spokesperson told the BBC(Opens in a new tab) that an investigation was ongoing.
Activist group Ric O’Barry’s Dolphin Project(Opens in a new tab) condemned the episode, saying that while they are against keeping dolphins in captivity "we do not condone illegal behaviour."
"Our Cove Monitors operate fully within Japanese law, documenting Taiji’s dolphin drive hunts for the Japanese people and the rest of the world to see – including the horrific capture methods and continued slaughters."
Taiji's annual dolphin hunt, which takes place from Sept. 1 to March 1, caused an international outcry after it became the subject of an Academy Award-winning documentary in 2009: The Cove.
Local fishermen herd hundreds of dolphins and pilot whales into a small bay using a method called "drive fishing."
Many film stars spoke out against the hunt, including Game of Thrones (Opens in a new tab)actress Maisie Williams(Opens in a new tab).

domain: news


text:
The pleasure of archiving the milestone of seven continents!!! Many wanderers across the globe are passionate about traveling the world. So far, my dream of traveling the world took me over many countries across six continents.
In all my past travel journey I meet many different souls, experienced many different lifestyles, mixed with different cultures, and have tasted many delicious cuisines from different parts of the world. I have learned many things and got inspired by my fellow travelers. I made new friends all around the world, and it’s been great until now.
Traveling is the only thing that keeps me alive. I must say traveling is my full-time mentor and my passion for landscape photography always take me deep inside nature and believe me, because of that I started appreciating my surroundings more than before.
Why do I want to visit Australia?
This is the only continent left to achieve the milestone of “THE SEVEN CONTINENTS”
Australia always fascinates me with its massive landscape, beaches, and wildlife. Yeah, this will indeed add to my MILESTONE of achieving all the seven continents but my love towards nature and its wildlife tempt me more to visit Australia.
Since my childhood, my love for Penguins, Polar Bear, Giraffe and Kangaroo took me to their places of origin (except Kangaroo). Being an animal lover, although I love every creature on our Planet Earth these four are close to my fantasy world… (hahaha)
So far, I got very lucky to see Penguins and Polar Beers in my Arctic & Antarctica Expeditions and living in Africa for the last six years I have already seen the best of wildlife. Therefore, Kangaroo’s are my next love to touch and feel.
Many fellow travelers are inspiring me to visit Australia every day, through their travel blogs and many beautiful pictures posted on the social media platform. There are thousands of Instagram photographs showcasing Australia’s beautiful landscape and its wildlife which tempt me to just book a flight for Australia. But there are certain things which are delaying me to plan my journey to this part of the earth. (Hopefully, I will make it soon)
Although I have not made any kind of a bucket list for Australia. There are several things which are inspiring me every day to visit Australia such as Lake Hillier, Opera House & Kangaroo being on my top priorities.
Lake Hillier: Thousands of photos on Instagram of this stunning lake inspires me every time to just pack my bag and go for camping by the side of this notable pink color water. Just imagine on one side you will see aqua blue color and another side is vibrant pink and in the middle of it is you camping under the night sky. Isn’t it an amazing feeling? Nature’s wonder lies in the Lake Hillier I must say our planet is full of the wonders, all we need to just explore them.
Opera House is one of the greatest architectures of the 20th century completed on 20th October 1973. We must say, that was the beginning of the new architecture era. The building stands still today known for its perfection. Surely, Opera House will be on my top list when I visit Australia.
Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia and are one of the main reasons to visit Australia. I always wonder how these beautiful animal balances on their large foot and can run and jump very fast. I watch many YouTube videos and all are so adorable and tempt me every time to visit Australia. To be honest, I just need one inspiration to visit any country or continent. Here I got three!!! Surely Australia is on my next pick.
Apart from these three major inspirations, there are many other things which I would be exploring once I visit Australia such as Blue Mountain, Sydney Harbor, Museums, Mountaineering, Hiking and Trekking in the up countryside. Myself being a foodie I heard Australia have lots of award-winning restaurants and cafes. Such as from the restaurant Apollo to the famous Saffron Indian restaurant and from Bennelong to the local Street food to boost anybody’s taste buds.
These are my major inspirations to visit Australia. Stay connected for my Australia Blog.
Disclaimer: – All the pictures are used in this post are sourced from the internet mainly from the Google Image.

domain: travel


Porsche's been teasing the availability of a PDK gearbox in the 718 Cayman GT4 for at least five years. In 2015, the honcho in charge of GT car development, Andreas Preuninger, told a Planet-9 forum member the next-gen Cayman GT4 would add the dual-clutch transmission to the options sheet. We heard the update again in 2017, once more in 2018 when the 718 Boxster Spyder was included in the news, and again in early 2019. Evo magazine keeps the streak going with word that the 718 Cayman GT4 and 718 Boxster Spyder buyers will be able to get the seven-speed PDK by the end of this year. The difference this time is that Evo writes Porsche has confirmed the news. When the new transmission appears, it will mark the first time the top-end Cayman and Boxster have offered the choice of a PDK.
The additional gearbox for the specialist 718 models piggybacks on news that a dual-clutch "could eventually join the range" of the standard 718 twins in GTS trim. Since we're effectively talking about the same 4.0-liter engine in flagship twins and the GTS models, this won't come as a shock. Engine outputs vary, the GTS models producing 394 horsepower and 309 pound-feet of torque, the Cayman GT4 and Boxster Spyder making 414 hp and 309 lb-ft. While that's not much daylight between outputs, the suspension and aero modifications make the real difference on the more powerful models.
The PDK, meanwhile, should make the difference in acceleration. The GT4 and Spyder both hit the sprint to 60 miles per hour in 4.2 seconds. With the PDK good for a gain of anywhere from 0.2 to 0.4 seconds compared to the standard six-speed manual, there's every chance the self-shifting 718 twins could reward those who put speed above all else with a dip into the high threes.


text:
- This event has passed.
London ACM SIGGRAPH Event
Third Party Event
ACCESS: VFX Animation Summer School
Do you love animation? Are you a parent, teacher or carer of a keen animator and want to find out more about how they can channel their love for animation into an exciting career in the visual effects (VFX), animation and games industries?
According to a recent Screen Business report released last October, the UK’s visual effects and animation industry generates more than one billion pounds of added value for the UK economy. This shows VFX to be a vital component of the UK’s successful film, TV and advertising industries.
This Summer ACCESS: VFX will partner with London SIGGRAPH, 3Dami, Escape Studios and We Are Stripes to host our ‘Animation Summer School’ a 3-day family-event for 11-16-year olds interested in a career in the exciting UK animation industry.
We will host a range of free workshops across 3 days on:
Thursday 8th August
Friday 9th August
Saturday 10th August
Please express your interest in attending by signing up for a free ticket on a date of your choosing. We will then get in touch separately to confirm your place at the event and keep you posted on our plans for the day. We are currently working on building the content for the workshops across the 3 days, but can promise that the experience will provide a fresh perspective on attainable creative careers, a chance to connect with industry professionals first-hand and gain optional mentorship.
We hope that by spreading the word to fresh and inclusive communities of people, providing Inspiration, sparking Aspiration, will in time, lead to Application.

domain: artistic


- Born: 1973
- Fully Represented SOUNZ Composer
Michael Norris is a composer, software developer and music theorist. He teaches composition, sonic arts and post-tonal music theory at Te Kōkī New Zealand School of Music and is editor of Wai-te-ata Music Press and Co-Director of Stroma New Music Ensemble. He is the recipient of the 2001 Mozart Fellowship, the 2003 Douglas Lilburn Prize, the 2010 Trans-Tasman Composers Award, the 2012 CANZ Trust Fund Award, and the 2014 SOUNZ Contemporary Award. He has participated in composition courses featuring composers such as Peter Eötvös, Alvin Lucier, Christian Wolff and Kaija Saariaho.
Performers of Michael’s work include the NZ Symphony Orchestra, Roberto Fabbriciani, Michael Houstoun, the NZ String Quartet, NZTrio, Barbara Lüneburg, Lars Mlekusch, Duo Stump-Linshalm, Richard Haynes, the Viennese Saxophonic Orchestra, Ensemble Offspring, Stroma, the Israel Contemporary Players, Ensemble Reconsil (Vienna) and the Ensemble Pierrot Lunaire Wien. In 2010, the SWR commissioned a new chamber orchestra work, which was premiered at the Donaueschinger Musiktage 2010, conducted by Peter Eötvös. Michael’s suite of real-time audio effects, ‘SoundMagic Spectral’, is widely used in both industry and academia worldwide, and by artists such as Aphex Twin and Brian Eno.Source: Michael Norris, February 2017.
|dirty pixels for piano trio|
|Heavy Traffic for contrabassoon and orchestra|
|Icons and Artifice for bass clarinet duo, ensemble and electronics|
|Machine Noises a "landscape prelude" for piano|
|Rays of the Sun, Shards of the Moon for orchestra|
|Save Yourself for chamber ensemble|
|tesserae...interstices for mixed sextet|
|TIMEDANCE a live score for dance, in collaboration with choreographer/filmmaker Daniel Belton.|
|Volti for piano and orchestra|


text:
Whether you call yourself a chef or a novice in the kitchen, there’s no denying that it’d be nice to have a few tricks up your sleeves to make cooking a little easier. After all, who doesn’t want a little extra time to themselves, whether it be to eat sooner or relax later? With that said, we’ve put a few cooking hacks together that you need to know to make cooking smooth sailing and prove to everyone that you’re a pro in the kitchen, even if you’re not.
Good vs. Bad Eggs
While the egg carton may have an expiration date on it, that doesn’t mean your eggs will go bad right away. Before you toss them in the trash due to their expiration date, you can actually test them out to see if they are still good before they’re thrown in the trash. Simply place the egg in a glass of water and it will either sink or float. Good eggs sink; bad eggs float. It’s as simple as that!
Keeping it Clean
One of the worst parts of cooking is the cleanup. (So many dishes!) If you happen to be cooking something in the oven, like raw meat or veggies with oil, line the pan with tin foil first. When you’re done cooking, simply roll up the foil and toss it in the trash. Your pan remains clean the whole time and you will be avoiding the dreaded dish washing.
Hard Boiled Eggs
Hard boiled eggs are a go-to recipe for people to prepare, but the shells are so hard to peel! Fortunately there’s a hack for that too. Instead of boiling the eggs in water like normal, you can steam the eggs in a basket suspended over boiling water for about 15 minutes. The shells will then peel off with ease.
Cool Things Down
If you are sautéing veggies over the stove and they start to burn, you will instantly turn off the stove or take it off of the fire. But sometimes that won’t do the trick since the pan will still be too hot. To help with this burning problem, toss an ice cube into the pan to cool things down quickly. The ice cube will instantly melt and cool down the pan much faster, thus saving your burning veggies.
Don’t you just hate when your bananas go bad before you even get to think about eating them? Luckily with this little hack you can slow down that process of aging and have your bananas last longer. Now, this wouldn’t be the first time you’ve heard someone say to wrap their banana, but that is the trick. All you have to do is wrap some cling wrap around the stalk of the bananas to keep them from over-ripening.
Getting the Perfect Cut
When it comes to soft food, it can be difficult to cut with a knife. The food can either get stuck to the knife or even become smashed. Fortunately you can avoid that problem with the help of some dental floss. Slice some bread, cheese, or cake, with some unscented and unflavored stringed floss to avoid a mess and to easily get thin slices.
Ice Cream Scooping
There’s nothing worse than cracking open your ice cream container and it being rock solid. When you want ice cream, you want it now! To avoid this detrimental experience of having to wait a half hour for your ice cream to soften, this little hack will save all of your dessert problems. Simply keep your ice cream container in a Ziploc bag in the freezer and it will keep its softness, just like the first time you opened it.
Bring Bread Back to Life
Fresh baked bread is so delicious, especially when paired with butter or oil. It should be crunchy on the outside and soft on the inside. But if you notice that your bread is just too stale to bite into, you can bring it back to life with an easy tip from the pros. Take your loaf of bread or baguette and run some fresh water over it and pop it in the oven for 10 to 15 minutes. Your bread will amazingly feel and taste fresh once again.
Separating Egg Whites
Even if you’re a pro, separating egg whites can still be a hard task and you always chance getting bits of shell in it. This hack calls for the help of an empty plastic water bottle. All you need to do is start out by cracking all of your eggs into one bowl. Then, hold the bottle at a 45 degree angle at one egg yolk and squeeze it to suck the egg into the bottle. Squeeze the egg out of the bottle into another bowl to separate them. Pretty simple, isn’t it?
When it comes to cooking fish on the grill or pan, you’re bound to have it stick to it. To avoid this from happening, add some slices of lemon underneath the fish to avoid it from sticking and to add some fresh flavoring.
Keep Greens Green
Keeping greens fresh in the fridge seems like a lost cause; they tend to wilt and go bad within no time. But, you can actually make them last longer if you store them with folded paper towels underneath and on top of them. The paper towels will absorb the moisture, giving them a longer shelf life.
Peeling potatoes can be a gruesome task, especially if you have to peel a lot of them (like when you’re making Thanksgiving mashed potatoes). One little hack that we love for this task can make your life that much easier. First, score the skin around the center of each potato with a knife. Then, place the potatoes into boiling water, cover the pot, and let them cook (usually about 20 minutes). Once they are cooked, drain the water from the pot and place the potatoes into ice water. The skin will be a cinch to peel away!

domain: food


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I need a two sided, 8.5" by 11" flyer with 1/2 in margin on left for hole punching.
The purpose of the flyer is to advertise the inventory that we have in stock and ready to be delivered immediately. I'm confirming the inventory and pricing and will post that info asap.
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domain: economics


Former EastEnders actress Brooke Kinsella has given birth to a baby girl named Elsie, three weeks earlier than expected.
The 37-year-old actress was thrilled to welcome the little one to her family with husband Simon Boardley, sharing a sweet family snapshot this afternoon.
With little Elsie pictured curled up in a babygro, her proud mum cited the tot's date of birth as September 22, having waited a few weeks before breaking the news to fans.
Announcing the little one's arrival, she said: "One whole month of utter chaos and magic. Thanks for choosing us Elsie."
Brooke added: "And then there was you… Elsie Rose Georgia Boardley.
"Stole our hearts immediately and forever at 1.07am on 22.09.2020."
Sharing another snap of the newborn fast asleep, a knitted blanket keeping her warm, new mum Brooke wrote: "Crazy to think you were only due to come into the world today little one…"
Brooke's EastEnders co-stars were quick to share the love, with stars such as Louisa Lytton and Rita Simons liking the heartwarming Insta snaps.
After giving birth, Brooke praised her hubby Simon in an emotional tribute to the beaming dad, thanking him for his support throughout her pregnancy.
She said: "Feeling so very lucky to have this guy. Best husband and daddy there ever was.
"Sending love to all the women who have to do some of what is the toughest and most overwhelming experience you could ever go through on their own but also to all the dads who are kept away from their partners and new babies and feel so worried and helpless.
"Covid has caused many problems and much heartbreak across the world but this is one issue I really hope changes very soon."
Brooke played the beloved role of Kelly Taylor of EastEnders from 2001 until 2004, having previously auditioned to play characters like Sonia Jackson and Janine Butcher.
Her character left after finding love during a summer fling in Ibiza, leaving Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker) heartbroken.
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GfK’s long-running Consumer Confidence Index decreased to –14 in August, with all five measures decreasing in the month.
Joe Staton, Client Strategy Director at GfK, says:
“Until Brexit leaves the front pages – whenever that will be – consumers can be forgiven for feeling nervous not just about the wider economy but also about their financial situation. That’s an important distinction because a significant development in August is the sudden drop in views on personal finances ‘over the next 12 months’ after the encouraging jump in this measure last month.
For a long time, the downward momentum in the Overall Index Score has been associated with our views on economy. But reduced confidence is now affecting how we see our personal finances. If there is a continuation of that dip in our feelings about our ‘future wallets’, we’d quickly see a headline score (the average of our five sub-measures) crash to a level that approaches the worrying figures seen in the worst days of the 2008/2009 financial crisis.
We are not there yet, and we may not necessarily get there, but it’s a trend we need to watch carefully.”
UK Consumer Confidence Measures – August 2019
The Overall Index Score in August 2019 is -14. All five measures decreased in August.
Personal Financial Situation
The index measuring changes in personal finances during the last 12 months has decreased by two points this month to -1; this is five points lower than August 2018.
The forecast for personal finances over the next 12 months decreased by five points to +2 this month; this is six points lower than August 2018.
General Economic Situation
The measure for the general economic situation of the country during the last 12 months has decreased two points this month to -34; this is eight points lower than in August 2018.
Expectations for the general economic situation over the next 12 months have decreased six points to -38; this is 12 points lower than August 2018.
Major Purchase Index
The major purchase index decreased three points in August to +1; this is five points lower than in August 2018.
The savings index has decreased four points in August to +21; this is four points higher than at this time last year.
Download the data charts for UK Consumer Confidence August 2019
Source: Insight DIY & GfK Press Release


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Epic auto races sell newspapers in 1908
A York-built Pullman 4-40 Gentleman’s Roadster raced a Studebaker in an auto race lasting over two-weeks in March of 1908 from Philadelphia to Savannah, Georgia. This photo, submitted by Paul Vaughn, shows the Pullman at the starting point; outside the Quaker City Motor Club, located in the Hotel Walton in Philadelphia. Continue reading for more on that race, following a little background.
Click on this LINK for a yorkblog.com Full View of the original three photos in this post if details are cut off in the cropping of the photos, or if any have been removed from the ydr.com site.
The Philadelphia to Savannah race transpired largely due to the early success of an ambitious 24-week long auto race already underway. Newspaper readership was up. Readers flocked to the ongoing adventures involving lengthy cross-country auto races.
In 1908 an automobile race was held; epic even to this day. Cars raced from New York City, traveling westward, to Paris, France; covering almost 22,000-miles. The race was the brainchild of two newspapers; the French newspaper Le Matin and the New York Times.
Six automobiles from four countries started the race from Times Square on February 12, 1908. The grueling race contended with mud, ice, snow and many times no roads at all. The only American entry, a Thomas Flyer, is shown in the following Library of Congress photo; as it passes through Cheyenne, Wyoming. It took 6-weeks, for the leading Thomas Flyer, to reach the west coast. The idea of the race organizers was to travel to Alaska and hope the Bering Strait was frozen for the cars to drive across it to Russia. All along the teams insisted that was impractical, but those were the rules set forth and the teams did their best to stick to them.
As the Thomas Flyer reached Alaska on April 8th, the Parisian race committee finally came to their senses and abandoned the Bearing Strait plan; instead they allowed cars to be shipped across the Pacific Ocean from Seattle to Vladivostok, Russia. This decision temporarily deprived the Thomas Flyer of its race lead, because they had to backtrack a greatest distance, whereas the other cars were much closer to Seattle.
Once each car arrived on Russian soil, the race got even tougher; traveling across the Siberian expanse to Europe was exceedingly harsh. Ultimately, it was the Thomas Flyer arriving in Paris on July 30th to win the race. Throughout the 24-week race, ongoing interest by the public increased newspaper circulation; just as Le Matin and the New York Times had planned.
Several weeks into the New York to Paris race, The Philadelphia Inquirer suggested a race from Philadelphia to Savannah where the new Savannah road-racing track was scheduled to open later in March. The Inquirer asked A. J. King, the local branch manager for Studebaker to issue a challenge.
It did not take long for Paul F. Gillette, of Newark, New Jersey, and agent for Pullman to accept the challenge. Earlier newspaper articles suggest bad blood existed between these automakers. The dispute started when Studebaker achieved a perfect score in an automotive competition. Several competitors, and most vocally Pullman, convinced the judges that Studebaker did not deserve a perfect score. The competition was redone under greater scrutiny by the judges; resulting in Studebaker no longer having a perfect score, however Pullman maintained their perfect score. Shortly after that incident, Studebaker did not respond when Pullman issued a match race challenge specifically to Studebaker. Evidently The Philadelphia Inquirer knew of this rivalry and thus approached A. J. King first; thinking a Pullman versus Studebaker match race would add to the race drama.
The Philadelphia Inquirer issue of March 5, 1908, contained the following photo of the Pullman and Studebaker Cars prior to the start of the race at 8:30 A.M. on Wednesday March 4th. Quoting the first two paragraphs of the accompanying article:
“The Pullman roadster and the Studebaker touring car started yesterday in the race to Savannah. The start was made from the headquarters of the Quaker City Motor Club, at the Hotel Walton, at 8:30 o’clock.”
“The Pullman was driven by R. L. [Bob] Morton, while Frank Yerger sat at the wheel of the Studebaker. With Morton rode P. F. [Paul] Gillette, of Newark, N. J., owner of the car, and G. W. [George] Daley, their observer. Accompanying Yerger were his brother Robert and J. W. Boyd. The latter will officially record the movements of the car.”
The day before the race, rules and route of the race were still being modified and were not finalized until the evening prior to the start of the race; run under the auspices of the Quaker City Motor Club. The official race route between Philadelphia and Portsmouth, Virginia follows: Philadelphia to Downingtown, Coatesville, Lancaster, Columbia, York, Abbottstown, Gettysburg, Frederick Md., Rockville, Washington D.C., Alexandria Va., Centerville, Fredericksburg, Richmond, Manchester, Petersburg, Suffolk and Portsmouth; with a total mileage being 426 miles to that point.
As the race started, the Richmond Automobile Club was still selecting the remaining part of the race route, from Virginia to Georgia. The racing cars would receive the final southern route upon their arrival at the Virginia capital. An overall race distance of 1,100-miles was anticipated.
In coming weeks, I’ll utilize a combination of newspaper articles, from Philadelphia, from York, from Savannah, from newspapers along the race route and from newspapers around the country; even as far west as the Los Angeles Herald, which reported on this race. The ‘Philadelphia to Savannah’ series of blog posts will share the ongoing adventures in the race to Savannah over the dirt (and mud) roads that dominated town-to-town travel in 1908.
Links to all posts chronicling the 1908 Philadelphia to Savannah race:
Part 1—Epic auto races sell newspapers in 1908. This introductory post provides reasons why the race occurred and covers the start of the race in Philadelphia.
Part 2—Racing through the square in York. This post reports on the section of the race between Philadelphia and York.
Part 3—Restoring a 1909 Pullman Model 4-40 Roadster. This post reports on the restoration of a 1909 Pullman Model 4-40 Gentleman’s Roadster by Paul Vaughn.
Links to related posts include:
- 1914 Pullman Chassis; First York Auto Show at The Coliseum
- Sole Surviving Pullman Automobile with Vulcan Electric Gear Shift
- Yorker won inaugural auto races at Pimlico
- 1912 Aviation Meet at York Fairgrounds featured Curtiss Aeroplane racing a York-Built Car
- A New Car by an Old Designer, the KLINE KAR; Pullman Pedigree to Racing Success, Part 1
- A New Car by an Old Designer, the KLINE KAR; Pullman Pedigree to Racing Success, Part 2
- A New Car by an Old Designer, the KLINE KAR; Pullman Pedigree to Racing Success, Part 3
- East End Circus brings First Auto to York in 1896

domain: library


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[www.inewsguyana.com] – The new President of the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI) is Lance Hinds from the BrainStreet Group.
This was announced by the GCCI on Thursday, April 03 following its statutory meeting, where Vishnu Doerga of Doerga Business Enterprises elected as Senior Vice-President, along with Padma Prashad as Junior Vice President, Nicolas Boyer as Secretary and Eon Grant as Treasurer.
The Former President of the GCCI, Clinton Urling served for two years. “It was a great two years,” he told iNews (www.inewsguyana.com) during a recent interview.
He boasted that the GCCI, under his stewardship, performed exceptionally well and managed to increase its revenues 100 percent.
Urling told iNews (www.inewsguyana.com) that in 2013 the Chamber raked in $41.3M in revenue, which was $18.6M more than the previous year, which was also a record breaking year – 2012. 2013 ended with a surplus of $6.5M.


RetinAI will attend EURETINA 2022 from September 1st to 4th in Hamburg
Bern, Switzerland, 26th August, 2022
RetinAI Medical AG (“RetinAI”) will attend the 22nd EURETINA Congress, from September 1st to 4th, at the CCH (Congress Centre Hamburg) in Hamburg, Germany.
At RetinAI’s booth #H40, EURETINA 2022 attendees will get first-hand insights on the company’s two new products:
- Our new data management platform, Discovery CORETM, designed to share data in a privacy-preserving and secure manner across a network of collaborators, fostering and facilitating knowledge network building, vendor-neutral collaborative data analysis & management, education, training and teleophthalmology.
- Our Disease Evaluation Apps on Heidelberg Engineering’s secure data workflow solution, called AppWay, for connecting to AI applications. The company will perform demonstrations of how OCT images can be processed with AI through the HEYEX platform, resulting in actionable insights for disease management and patient education. Join us at Heidelberg’s Lunch Symposium (Heidelberg’s booth) on September 2nd from 1:45pm to 2:45pm where RetinAI will present at 2:25pm the features and benefits of its Disease Evaluation Apps through Heidelberg’s AppWay on HEYEX.
RetinAI’s team will also showcase its other innovative data management and AI analysis solutions to optimize and simplify clinical development and clinical study workflows for stakeholders in pharma, research and clinics. EURETINA attendees who visit RetinAI at Booth #H40 will benefit from learning and seeing live demos on:
- RetinAI Discovery® platform to accelerate clinical studies. The platform is being used in large-scale clinical studies to effectively collect and manage data at-scale, with real time visibility to data collection and analysis across study stakeholders.
- RetinAI Discovery® UNITY, an organization’s solution for centralizing its data from multiple data sources and formats to a single unified platform to generate powerful, robust analyses and insights that advance knowledge of disease, patient populations and outcomes.
To schedule a live demo at Booth #H40 of RetinAI’s solutions and speak with our team, please contact us here.
EURETINA 2022 attendees will also have the opportunity to peruse posters highlighting research co-authored by members of RetinAI’s team:
- “Refinement of a screening algorithm based on artificial intelligence for the detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in real clinical practice.”
To read the abstract: https://euretina.org/resource/abstract_2022_refinement-of-a-screening-algorithm-based-on-artificial-intelligence-for-the-detection-of-diabetic-retinopathy-in-real-clinical-practice/
- “Fluid quantification predicts visual outcomes in Naïve Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: A real-world national database study.”
To read the abstract: https://euretina.softr.app/abstract?recordId=recfoSl57PDATEhXp
RetinAI Medical AG (RetinAI), founded in 2016, is a Swiss company developing software solutions to accelerate clinical, research and pharmaceutical workflows globally using advanced machine learning and computer vision. The company builds tools to collect, organize and analyze health data from the eyes, enabling healthcare professionals to make the right decisions sooner in healthcare. RetinAI's international team combines clinical, technical, and scientific knowledge to foster the transition from reactive to preventive medicine for severe diseases affecting the eye. www.retinai.com


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Debbie Allen of 'Grey's Anatomy' Shares Photo with Sister Phylicia Rashad and Mom on Mother's Day
Debbie Allen paid tribute to her mother, Vivian on Mother's Day by giving credit to her for her success as a creative artist. She also shared photos featuring her equally successful sister, Phylicia Rashad, and revealed the shared beauty they possess.
Sisters Debbie Allen and Phylicia Rashad are legends in the industry thanks to their mother, Vivian Ayers Allen who never stopped believing in them. It is for this reason that Debbie acknowledged their mother’s role in their success in her Mother’s Day post last weekend.
Debbie Allen & Phylicia Rashad at the grand opening gala of Tyler Perry Studios in October 2019. | Photo: Getty Images
Debbie was grateful to Vivian when she shared images of them with her sister, Phylicia. The first of two was a recent pic while the second was a black-and-white throwback revealing the beauty that binds them and their uncanny resemblance.
Bound by their shared passion for the arts, Debbie and Phylicia grew up embracing their talents in spite of the obstacles posed by racial segregation...
Debbie Allen on the Red Carpet at Wallis Annenberg Center in October 2017. | Photo: Getty Images
Debbie’s sweet message was a toast to Vivian’s commitment and faith in her daughters.
“You’ve always made us believe that we were part of a universe that welcomed us, wanted our creativity and was waiting for us to do something good. And so we’ve been doing that forever.”
Her message ended with the words, “Thank you for your light, Mommy.”
Bound by their shared passion for the arts, Debbie and Phylicia grew up embracing their talents in spite of the obstacles posed by racial segregation which forced them to uproot from the US to Mexico City.
Phylicia told Oprah in 2017 that their mother made sure they “would not be scarred by this ignorance.”
“So, when there was someplace we wanted to go and we couldn’t go because of segregation, she would say, ‘We won’t be able to go there because it’s a private club and we’re not members of that club,” the “The Cosby Show” star explained.
Debbie Allen, Vivian Ayers, & Phylicia Rashad at the Broadway opening night of "Saint Joan" in April 2018. | Photo: Getty Images
Vivian, a Pulitzer Prize-nominated poet, became the main caregiver of her family after she divorced her husband in 1957. Phylicia was only 9 then and Debbie, 7.
As the head of her brood which also included her two sons, Andrew Arthur and Hugh, Vivian encouraged her children’s creativity. She also made sure they learned to be independent by assigning them chores at home.
(L-R) Phylicia Rashad, Andrew Arthur Allen Jr., Vivian Ayers Allen & Debbie Allen at "A Tale of Two Sisters," an event in honor of the sisters in May 2018. | Photo: Getty Images
It’s no surprise then that her daughters turned out to be very close and masters of their craft.
We salute Vivian for raising such outstanding children and we wish her more years with them so she can continue to mother them in the best way she knows.


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Simple or intricate, a pair of earrings complement your appearance like no other. Pick the right one to match the shape of your face and it can add a certain charm that no stroke of mascara or blush can do. Whether you're dressing up in a crisp white shirt for a board meeting or a bright coloured ethnic gown for a wedding, it is the earrings you choose that blends together your look and adds a finishing touch to your attire.
But what we regard as an outfit binder today has had several cultural and mythical symbolisms in the yesteryears.
Hoop earrings were part of a traditional costume adorned by many cultures including Egyptian, Persian and even Indian. Some mythical legends state that different type earrings were worn to keep away bad spirits. Some folklore also supposed that pierced ears helped strengthen weak eyes.
Such functionality aside, earrings have and will always be that versatile ornament cherished by women and men through years.
Crossing gender barriers
They are among the few pieces of jewellery that have crossed gender barriers. Earrings for men have been a thing since ancient times. Sailors were particularly associated with wearing earrings as a symbol of their seafaring adventures. But the Captain Hooks of the world weren't the only men who liked their jewellery. Egyptian male mummies were also found with pierced earlobes, thus proving that this men's earrings trend has been around since centuries.
Earrings for Women, Today
Today, earrings for women come in different styles and themes to piece together a whole outfit. We have the classics that will always remain our go-to option, then there are the ethnic earrings designs to match our Indian demeanour and lastly, we have the new and contemporary styles that have evolved to match the times and taste of our generation.
Stud Earrings: These earrings may vary in size and shape but a stud is always affixed to a post rather than a hook which fits onto one's earlobe.
Drop Earrings: Also, known as danglers, these earrings hang just below the earlobe.
Hoop Earrings: These are circular earrings that go around from the front to the back of your earlobe. This classic style comes in a variation of sizes and design.
Chandelier Earrings: These long earrings resemble a chandelier. They typically have three or more drops suspended from a single element and are often set with precious gemstones.
Jhumka Earrings: These are conical dome-shaped earrings that look like a bell with a large golden drop inside. They are designed with filigree work and decorative elements that hang on them to give a distinctive jingle when they move.
Chandbali Earrings: Inspired by Moghul designs, these are crescent moon-shaped earrings with studded gemstones dangling on the bottom. Check CaratLane's Chandbali collection in emerald earrings and ruby earrings category.
New Age of Earrings Designs
Ear cuffs: These trendy earrings look like elaborate bobby pins attached to your ear via a piercing.
Sui Dhaga Earrings: As the name suggests the design resembles a sui (needle) and (dhaga). The thread-like chain contains most of the design work and hangs below your ear, like a dangler.
Mismatched earrings: This is an unconventional style where the two earrings of a pair don't mirror each other the exact way but have some common elements that make them look part of set.
Multi pierced Earrings: These are cute yet mini earrings for all those second and third piercings on your ears that seem to be trending these days.
Whatever the style you choose, earrings are an integral part of a wardrobe. They accentuate a woman's features by drawing attention to one of the most appealing features, her ears. Stepping out in a perfect pair of gold earrings and diamond earrings can have a lasting effect on a woman's personality, style and confidence. Buy your favorite design among the earring collection of Caratlane at the best price ever and have a happy online shopping experiences.