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Facebook stock has been a real heart breaker for investors who got stuck at the IPO price. Since its listing the stock has seen a relentless fall and is now trading around $ 20 mark. Well, it was always seen as an expensive offering but now the prices have almost halved from the levels it traded on the listing day. The damage has been done, and now the value hunters are calling it as an opportune time to accumulate this stock. Most analysts suggest that there is nothing wrong with the business; it was purely a valuation call that the stock took such a beating.
Even from the short term trading point of view, the stock looks oversold. It’s difficult to put a bottom to this fall, but it genuinely makes sense to accumulate this stock on dips and hold it for 2-3 years. Recently, Morgan Stanly set a $38 one year target on the stock price, and similarly more bullish voices are echoing for the stock. The buy ratings from analysts are building up on the stock, and now it seems that we are somewhere near to the floor as far as the stock price matters.
If we look at the one year price targets from renowned names, Facebook stock is expected to trade anywhere between $32 and $42 by the second half of 2013. Anyhow, there is no point reading into these targets too much as we can always challenge the intent behind them. But at current prices, the stock looks extremely cheap and value buying can suddenly creep in.
Technical Stock Analysis FB
The stock needs to fill the gap area between $24 and $28 to confirm that a bottom is in place. For now, it looks difficult for the stock to make a 50 DMA and 200 DMA crossover on the upside, but let’s not forget it’s just been 3 months of trading and even now, sudden moves can dramatically turn the moving averages. Once the gap area is filled, the stock will face substantial resistance around the $32 mark. It might take months of consolidation before the stock can attempt to rise higher than its IPO price.
Oversold Stock: Will One Billion Users make it Attractive?
Technically, the stock is oversold and investors have paid no respect to the fundamentals of the company. All this makes a perfect scenario for value investors to take advantage of the sharp price depreciation. However, in current market environment, there are a whole host of businesses that are available at battered valuations and many of them pay attractive dividends as well. Despite that, Facebook is an attractive play as its user base is expected to cross one billion in 2012 itself. For now, the key source of revenue is advertizing and that too looks challenging on the mobile side of the business. No doubt, the user base is growing pretty fast and that will continue to remain a key reason to buy this business, Facebook still needs to quickly figure out new ways to monetize on these users.
The key concern for most analysts remains the mobile advertising side of the business, which is still in its infancy. It’s not just Facebook’s problem, every other player is facing similar challenges on how to get mobile users to click on ads. On the bright side, a growing number of websites are using Facebook technology to authenticate users and gain social interaction.
At current valuations, investors are puzzled if Facebook is a safe story to ride for the long term. The problem is that the analyst community has completely failed to understand the potential of the business and that is keeping investors miles away from a possible multi-bagger story.
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It hardly feels worth posting this today as Week 49 was basically superseded by our Snowmageddon. The city stopped updating its numbers and holding daily briefings after last Friday. Plus, the week came down to “covid vs keeping people warm,” and of course immediate survival trumps potential spread every time. Big centers opened to house up to 500 folks who were without power and water. Vaccine and testing centers basically closed down for the week, and scheduled vaccines were moved forward a week or two. There’s no telling just how the pandemic will be affected by all this, but I don’t blame the city for doing all they could do. The power situation with the (de-regulated, privatized) statewide energy grid and the water outages that occurred because of that are just nuts. So anyway, I put together what info I could for Week 49, and I’m sure future weeks will show the rolling trends of numbers bump up and down in compensation for a bit.
Week 48 – February 5 to 11
186,346 cases, 2,387 deaths, 890 seven-day rolling average (major drop!), 9.7% positivity rate (down 1.7%). Hospitals have dropped to under 800 patients. Our local high school reported only 5 students positive for covid this week.
It’s been really good to see the numbers go down day after day. We’re far from out of the woods, but we’re getting there. Our “danger” meter for the city has been dropped down to “moderate” level, and the same for the school danger indicator. (Though, statewide, there have been 100k+ students and 60k+ staff to get covid since schools opened in September.) There’s no telling if the numbers will continue to go down, not with 1) Super Bowl home gatherings last weekend, 2) the upcoming Stock Show and Rodeo (sigh), 3) the UK variant now definitely in SA, and 4) the women’s NCAA tournament being held, entirely, in our city. I guess we’ll see. Fingers crossed.
Week 49 – February 12 to 18
Because of the Snowpocalypse this week, covid testing facilities have been closed and the city wasn’t updating info or doing news briefs for most of the week (as stated above). Even though there was an update at the end of the week, there was no case or statistical data updates for the week. Schools were also closed all week, not even bothering with virtual async classes after Monday, so my only school number (0 students, 1 staff) was as of last Friday.
Other news from the week: UHS (the health system through which I got my vaccine (which notably, I should have as full protection as possible now)) administered their 100,000th vaccine last Friday. Another pediatric covid death was reported this week. The next few Spurs games are postponed/canceled due to multiple players testing positive. We passed one year from our first covid-19 case here. (Note: This was not actually a San Antonio case. That first case was March 13th. However, when Covid first came to the US, travelers from China were quarantined for several weeks, and the US chose one of our Air Force bases in SA as the quarantine location. One of those folks was the positive test, and never had any exposure to SA folks, thus didn’t contribute to our first cases here.) Generally, though, most of our news this week was with the Snowpocalypse, which I’ll save for another post.
I have no idea. For the first time, everything feels really unpredictable. Before, while the predictions were bad, it at least followed fairly historically-predictable patterns! But when you start having to factor in mass gatherings for warmth/water, an energy grid failure, a water system failure, EMS out in full force to help folks who were too stupid to stay off the roads, etc? Maybe it’ll be all right and the city will make sure everyone is wearing masks at these large centers. (I doubt that’ll be possible, but I know they’ll try.) Or maybe we’ll have another surge. I don’t know. But it feels helpless and hopeless and scary right now. Especially given that we’re not fully out of the woods yet on the electricity and water issue!


text: After missing my ride yesterday (slept in until 7) , I wanted to do a little more than the previous days. I had mapped our another route, but decided to stick with this one. I figured with a new route I would spend too much time looking at a map and too little time riding. I left at 6:15 just as the sun was coming up. The views around Lake Harris were great in the early morning. I was home by 8 before it got too hot.

domain: hobby


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Aricoris cinericia (Stichel, 1910) (Figs. 1–5) belongs to “chilensis” species group (sensu Hall & Harvey 2002) and all these species has its distribution restricted to austral South America, especially in open areas from Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay (Hayward 1951, Hall & Harvey 2002, Callaghan & Soares 2001, Callaghan & Lamas 2004, Bentancur-Viglione 2009, Núñez-Bustos 2010, Núñez-Bustos & Volkmann 2011, Schweizer & Kay 1941, Siewert et al. in press.).
In the early 1970s, a species similar to A. cinericia was collected in Guarapuava municipality (51°27′29″W, 25°23′44″S), Paraná State, Brazil, by Hipólito Schneider and published by Dolibaina et al. (2011). However, a more detailed analysis revealed that the above species was not in fact A. cinericia (Siewert et al. in press), which continues then unrecorded in Brazil.
On 27 November 2012, three male and two female specimens of A. cinericia were recorded for the first time in Brazil, at Fundação Maronna, Alegrete municipality (55°42′58″W, 30°07′12″S), Rio Grande do Sul State, South Brazil. The area is located at the Pampa biome and is a transitional zone between forest and grasslands, a mixture of grassland with scattered shrubs. The individuals were collected on the bottom of a forested valley, at a forest edge, between 9 and 10 h and 18 h. The specimens are deposited at “Coleção de Lepidoptera do Departamento de Zoologia” (CLDZ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, under the codes CLDZ 8227, CLDZ 8228, CLDZ 8229, CLDZ 8230 and CLDZ 8231.
Other records in South America were found in Buenos Aires (a single specimen in Museo Argentino Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN), Buenos Aires, Argentina), Corrientes (specimens at Instituto Miguel Lillo (IML), Tucumán and Museo de la Plata (MLP), Buenos Aires province) and Entre Ríos provinces, Argentina and, in more recent years (December 1995), in Parque Nacional El Palmar (nearby Arroyo Los Loros) (58°19′W , 31°51′S) , located between the Colón and Concordia towns, Entre Ríos province, Argentina. On 4 December 2008, one male specimen was registered in Liebig (near Colón, Entre Ríos province) (58°15′W , 32°07′S) and observed on a xerophytic habitat, in the ecotone between grasslands and xeric trees vegetation (Fig. 5). It is possibly that flies in Misiones province and Paraguay too (Klimaitis & Núñez Bustos, in press).
Adults of this species are found on flowers or ground floors, sometimes on the ground where it camouflages quite well with the environment. Often shares habitat with A. notialis, much more common in the area. The knowledge of its host plant is still unknown but the specimen was seen nearby Asclepias Linnaeus and Oxypetalum R. Br (Beccaloni et al. 2008). All Aricoris species are known for its obligatory association with ants on the early immature stages (e.g. Kaminski & Carvalho- Filho 2012) but for A. cinericia there is a lack of information to this matter.
The scarcity of more specific inventories is one of the biggest causes of the lack of knowledge on the distribution of Neotropical butterflies, leading to a paucity of studies involving biology, occurrence and natural history of these insects. The Riodinidae fauna, in particular, is still poorly known, emphasizing the need of increasing efforts on this kind of inventory to fully characterize the patterns of distribution and occurrence of this family. Moreover, several species of Riodinidae have restricted spatial distributions and low population levels (Callaghan 1978, Brown 1993, New 1993), characteristics that hamper a correct evaluation of conservation status of most species. Given that the few records of A. cinericia in Brazil are in the higly endangered savannas and grasslands, a conservation plan for this Biome is urgent, since the general distribution of this species is apparently restricted to these open ecosystems. The use of the knowledge gathered from inventories allows studies on the biology of species, providing a useful tool for the conservation of these insects and their associated habitats.
The information about the conservation of the Campos (grasslands) is rare. According to Overbeck et al. (2007) there was approximately 25% decrease in the total area of native grassland in the last 30 years. In Rio Grande do Sul State, for example, only 0.14% of this vegetation is represented in preserved areas. The remaining habitats of Campos are losing area by the expansion of agricultural and silvicultural activities and, this ecosystem in austral South America have many portions of its distribution converted in these kind of systems. Thus, not only A. cinericia but all butterflies closed associated with this vegetation may be threatened, and the first step to their conservation is to create new legal protected areas (Overbeck et al. 2007, Dolibaina et al. 2011).
We are grateful to Dr. Nicolás Mega (UFRGS) for the information about Fundação Maronna. We also thank M.Sc. Diego Rodrigo Dolibaina for its commentaries on the first draft of this manuscript. Ricardo Russo Siewert receveid a master fellowship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Cristiano Agra Iserhard a post-doctoral fellowship from Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp - 2011/08433-8). This paper is part of the RedeLep “Rede Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservacão de Lepidópteros” SISBIOTA-Brasil/CNPq (563332/2010-7).


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From a young writer trying to win a girl to a boy grappling with confusion about sin, each protagonist in this collection of nine short stories experiences a journey, an encounter, or a revelation that transforms them.
In Rosa's Gift and Other Stories, author Michael Cantwell presents these stories reflecting the joys and sorrows of all stages of human life. In the title story, "Rosa's Gift," Peter Collins, a semiretired commercial artist from New York, visits Guatemala, where he studies Spanish. As he wanders around Antigua, he meets a teenage Mayan indigene, a little girl who sells trinkets to tourists. Peter is inspired to help her get an education. In doing so, he is forced to confront the extreme poverty of Mayan life. "Christmas in the Great Depression" tells the story of Philip Nason, a twelve-year-old boy who wants a bicycle for Christmas. Because of the Depression, his father explains a bicycle is something the family cannot afford. Phil responds by waging a campaign, drawing cartoons promoting his wish and posting them all over the house and on the windshield of his father's car.
As Cantwell's characters receive insights that help them meet the challenges of life, he makes each personality and destination come alive, from Depression-era Detroit to a confessional in a dark church in a New England city to the streets of Havana.

domain: artistic


Nick Masset suspended three games for hitting Evan Gattis with pitch
Rockies pitcher Nick Masset has been suspended for three games while Braves pitcher David Carpenter has received a fine. Watch the videos of the hit batsmen here.
The Carpenter HBP happened after Rockies outfielder Corey Dickerson fouled a ball of Gerald Laird's mask and then got Laird with his bat on a follow-through of a swing. Watch it all here:
And now the Masset retaliation on Evan Gattis:
Definitely credit Gattis for taking his base, because many players would have started a brawl on that pitch -- even though it was clearly retaliatory for the Dickerson hit by pitch.
I have to say, though, I'm a bit surprised Masset got a three-game suspension while Carpenter avoided one. MLB found that each pitch was intentional -- hence the fine to Carpenter -- so why is Masset's worse? Hitting a guy on purpose is hitting a guy on purpose. I understand that Masset's came after both benches were warned but, again, both intentionally hit an opposing player.


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domain: design


text:
45 Years Later, a Measure of Justice for Navy Vet in Priest Sex-abuse Case
May 31, 2017
Peter Marghella was just 12 years old in 1973 when he attended "Camp Spes Mundi" in Hope Falls, New York. It was there that Marghella was raped and sexually abused by Father Kenneth O'Connell, the Boy Scout Chaplain of the camp and pastor of Saints John and Paul Parish in Larchmont until his death in 1984.
"He raped me, he sodomized me. It was the most painful thing I have ever experienced in my life," Marghella told FiOS1 News.
Marghella is just one of hundreds of victims who have come forward, taking his claims to the Independent Reconciliation Compensation program, created by Timothy Cardinal Dolan in 2016, for victims and survivors of clergy sexual abuse.
However, Marghella's attorney, Mitchell Garabedian, who has represented hundreds of victims of sex abuse, says that the program is simply a step in the right direction, not a solution to a much bigger issue within the Catholic Church.
"There isn't one victim I've ever represented who wouldn't give all the money back they've ever received in exchange for not being abused." Garabedian told FiOS1. "They all want the truth, they all want to know what the Catholic Church knew about, for instance, Monsignor O'Connell? When did they know it? Why didn't they stop him from abusing children?"
So far, 154 victims have submitted their claims to the Independent Reconciliation and Compensation program.
A spokesman for the Archdiocese of New York said that he hopes the program will encourage more victims to speak out.
The deadline to file new claims for compensation is July 31.

domain: sociology


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Make a pilgrimage through American History on a Copley Square to Beacon Hill and Freedom Trail Walking Tour!
Starting near the Freedom Trail, you’ll enjoy highly informative stops at Copley Square and Beacon Hill! Explore the Back Bay neighborhood and its 19th century Victorian brownstone homes. Check out the fashionable shops and tall office buildings with the knowledge that this entire area was once an actual bay. Then, admire the gas-lit streets, brick sidewalks, and American Federal architecture of Beacon Hill. Take pictures in front of the Massachusetts State House, which is located in what is considered one of the most desirable neighborhoods in New England. Your friendly local guide will bring you up to speed on all of the fascinating historical details of Back Bay and Beacon Hill, which is why the Copley Square to Beacon Hill And Freedom Trail Walking Tour is one of the best things to do in Boston!
Then, on the Freedom Trail, you’ll enjoy a truly historical experience during your next Boston sightseeing trip! Follow your expert, local tour guide as you explore all of Boston’s most important historical sites. See the old and new state houses, the Boston Massacre site, and King’s Chapel. Then, take a selfie at the old City Hall, First Schoolhouse site, and Boston Commons. If you want to see all of downtown Boston’s most popular historical attractions, then the Freedom Trail is what to do in Boston.
Friday and Sunday
The front steps of the Boston Public Library at 230 Dartmouth Street in Copley Square.
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domain: travel


Scottish Liberal Democrat leader Willie Rennie MSP today called on the Scottish Government to give an urgent statement to Parliament over its controversial agreement with two Chinese firms, describing ministers as having been “duped” after reports discredited the credentials of SinoFortone.
Mr Rennie, who has led the scrutiny of the Scottish Government on the memorandum of understanding signed last spring, said a statement is needed after revelations surfaced in The Times today that almost all SinoFortone’s deals have either failed to progress or fell apart soon after they were agreed. Their only successful investment was in a pub.
It was reported that the company has not registered any accounts since it was established. Its website has been taken down and questions surround its apparent London headquarters which has no record of their existence.
Commenting Mr Rennie said:
“These latest revelations show that the SNP has failed at every turn on this alleged multi-billion pound deal. They failed to check out these Chinese companies’ human rights and corruption records, failed to make the deal public and now we see they were in fact duped by men with knighthoods and sharp suits who owned a pub.
“Ministers and their officials had eight separate discussions with SinoFortone and concluded that they were a “serious and credible” company. However their UK agent has now described the company as ‘all bollocks’.
“This shambles has left the reputation of Cabinet Secretary Keith Brown in tatters and he must answer questions as to how he thought SinoFortone was a ‘credible company’.
“The Scottish Liberal Democrats led the scrutiny of this deal at Parliament, rightly stopping it in its tracks. The SNP accused us of scaring the investment away but, in reality, their naivety has seriously damaged Scotland’s standing as a place to do ethical and intelligent business.
“Ministers must return to Parliament immediately to account for this latest revelation in what has become a sorry episode.”


Preview followed by live coverage of Saturday's Premier League game between Hull City and Stoke City.
The FA will consult supporters over the Hull City owner's proposal to change the club name to Hull Tigers.
Hull City fans opposed to changing the club's name are calling on the FA to "protect the heritage" of the sport.
Hull City owner Assem Allam formally applies to the Football Association to change the club's name to Hull Tigers.
Hull City striker Danny Graham thanks boss Steve Bruce for keeping faith with him after scoring his first goal for the club.
Hull boss Steve Bruce hopes his side's top-flight status will not suffer after they were denied a penalty at Swansea.
Hull striker Danny Graham scores against his former club Swansea as both sides earn a battling point in Wales.
Preview followed by live coverage of Monday's Premier League game between Swansea City and Hull City.
Nicklas Bendtner's rare goal helps Arsenal sweep past Hull to maintain their lead at the Premier League summit.
Hull City manager Steve Bruce says owner Assem Allam wants a dispute with supporters over a name change "to die".
Boss Steve Bruce says owner Assem Allam is entitled to an opinion even if he wants Hull to play in "pink fairy dresses".
Owner Assem Allam tells fans they "can die as soon as they want" after protests about his plans to change Hull's name.
Preview followed by live coverage of Sunday's Premier League game between Hull City and Liverpool.
Crystal Palace, with new manager Tony Pulis watching on from the stands, record just their second win of the season at Hull City.
Birmingham City sign striker Aaron McLean from Premier League side Hull City on an emergency loan, until 1 January.
Hull City chairman Assem Allam will refund fans who return their season tickets in protest at a proposed name change.
Hull defender Conor Townsend, whose loan at Carlisle expires on 4 December, hopes he can return to Brunton Park in January.


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DANGEROUS FLIGHT: The federal government’s decision to give wind energy companies up to a 30-year permit to escape penalties for the deaths of eagles has sparked controversy. Photo by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
By Rob Nikolewski │ New Mexico Watchdog
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Paul Domski is a falconer and a bird lover. And he really doesn’t like wind farms or the federal government’s recent decision to protect wind energy companies for up to 30 years for killing eagles.
“If I was the country’s energy czar I’d get rid of (wind farms),” said Domski, who is also the Mountain Region director of the North American Falconers Association. “From an avian standpoint, from a biological standpoint, they’re a disaster.”
Domski was one of a few dozen people to show up Tuesday night at a “public scoping meeting” on eagle management by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service — one of five meetings the agency is hosting across the country to gather comments about possible changes to the agency’s regulations.
One of the hottest topics is the 30-year permit the USFWS approved last December.
“The span of time that a wind project is operational is about 30 years,” Brian Millsap, the USFWS national raptor coordinator told New Mexico Watchdog. “So a five-year permit only covers them for one-sixth of a project’s life.”
Environmentalists are split when it comes to wind farms — embraced by some as a big part of the country’s renewable energy portfolio but disliked by others because of the number of birds that are killed by the turbines spinning in the wind.
“They look like they’re going slow,” Domski said, “but at their tips, they can move as fast as 150-160 miles an hour, and they just kill the birds.”
The actual numbers of birds that are killed each year is hard to determine, but last December, a study published in Biological Conservation estimated between 140,000-328,000 fatal bird collisions each year at wind farms.
In a separate study, federal biologists say at least 85 eagles have been killed by wind turbines in the U.S. since 1997.
While the bald eagle is no longer listed as endangered, killing one still carries a fine up $250,000 and even two years in prison.
That’s why critics of wind farms are upset with the 30-year permit, which allows — in a classic government bureaucratic euphemism — the “non-purposeful take of eagles.”
“These turbines set off currents such that the birds want to use them to fly off of to gain altitude,” Domski said.
“It’s a 30-year permit but there are mandatory, at least every five years, checkpoints,” Millsap said.
Wind energy companies, he said, “have to provide us with data we use to predict how many eagles the project will take … If we find out at the end of those five years that our prediction was an underestimate of the actual fatality rate, they will be conditions in that permit that they’ll have to implement to reduce the number of fatalities.”
But how does the agency know the wind farm officials aren’t simply lowballing the numbers?
“The monitoring they do is a condition of their permit,” Millsap said, adding that the USFWS officials have the right to inspect facilities “at any time.”
But Domski is skeptical.
“How do we know they’re not just picking up bird carcasses?” he asked. “And what about energy companies that put up wind farms on private land? They’re not required to report at all.”
In New Mexico, bald eagles can be found in places such as Heron Lake, but golden eagles are much more common.
Ray Powell, the New Mexico state land commissioner, is a big fan of wind farms.
In May, he signed a lease agreement with a wind energy company for a project on 31,000 acres of private land and 19,000 acres of state trust land in Union County, making it the fifth wind project on state land.
“There were some pretty cataclysmic events that occurred when people didn’t think about where they were putting (wind farms),” Powell said. “They put them in the pathways and major flyways, particularly in California, of migratory birds.”
But Powell says the industry has made improvements.
“That doesn’t mean that there still can’t be damage done, but I think people are working really hard to minimize that damage,” Powell said.
Powell said his office does not keep track of the number of birds killed on wind farms on state trust land.
“Strictly from an energy and money point of view, (wind farms are) ineffective,” Domski said. “Their profit margin is so narrow and their lifespan is so short … and in the winter months when it’s cold out and there’s no wind they have to power them to keep them warm, so they use energy.”
After its Albuquerque stop, the USFWS makes two final stops on its five-city scoping tour — in Denver and Washington, D.C. However, the agency will take written comments from the public until Sept. 22.
So if enough people complain about the 30-year permit regulation, will the USFWS change its policy?
“We will look and consider all the comments that we receive,” Millsap said, “but certainly I would expect that if there were a lot of comments concerned about that 30-year permit, it would get a lot of serious attention in the evaluation.”
“It isn’t an either-or situation,” Powell said. “We need the energy, and this is renewable, sustainable energy. We just have to do it the right way and in the right places.”
But Domski has already made up his mind.
“The Fish and Wildlife Service, in my opinion, is a puppet organization for the executive branch,” Domski said. “And I’m a Democrat, I voted for Obama but the big push for green energy is not biologically sound and it doesn’t make sense from a carbon point of view. It’s strictly to make it look like we’re doing something positive.”
Here’s part of New Mexico Watchdog’s interview with Millsap of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service:
Contact Rob Nikolewski at email@example.com and follow him on Twitter @robnikolewski

domain: news


From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
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Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants. Zoogeography is the branch that studies distribution of animals. Mycogeography is the branch that studies distribution of fungi, such as mushrooms.
Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human ancestors, as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable environments. Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from ecology, evolutionary biology, taxonomy, geology, physical geography, palaeontology, and climatology.
Modern biogeographic research combines information and ideas from many fields, from the physiological and ecological constraints on organismal dispersal to geological and climatological phenomena operating at global spatial scales and evolutionary time frames.
The short-term interactions within a habitat and species of organisms describe the ecological application of biogeography. Historical biogeography describes the long-term, evolutionary periods of time for broader classifications of organisms. Early scientists, beginning with Carl Linnaeus, contributed to the development of biogeography as a science.
The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Francisco Jose de Caldas (1768–1816), Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804–1881), Alphonse de Candolle (1806–1893), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829–1913) and other biologists and explorers.
The patterns of species distribution across geographical areas can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as: speciation, extinction, continental drift, and glaciation. Through observing the geographic distribution of species, we can see associated variations in sea level, river routes, habitat, and river capture. Additionally, this science considers the geographic constraints of landmass areas and isolation, as well as the available ecosystem energy supplies.
Over periods of ecological changes, biogeography includes the study of plant and animal species in: their past and/or present living refugium habitat; their interim living sites; and/or their survival locales. As writer David Quammen put it, "...biogeography does more than ask Which species? and Where. It also asks Why? and, what is sometimes more crucial, Why not?."
Modern biogeography often employs the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to understand the factors affecting organism distribution, and to predict future trends in organism distribution. Often mathematical models and GIS are employed to solve ecological problems that have a spatial aspect to them.
Biogeography is most keenly observed on the world's islands. These habitats are often much more manageable areas of study because they are more condensed than larger ecosystems on the mainland. Islands are also ideal locations because they allow scientists to look at habitats that new invasive species have only recently colonized and can observe how they disperse throughout the island and change it. They can then apply their understanding to similar but more complex mainland habitats. Islands are very diverse in their biomes, ranging from the tropical to arctic climates. This diversity in habitat allows for a wide range of species study in different parts of the world.
One scientist who recognized the importance of these geographic locations was Charles Darwin, who remarked in his journal "The Zoology of Archipelagoes will be well worth examination". Two chapters in On the Origin of Species were devoted to geographical distribution.
The first discoveries that contributed to the development of biogeography as a science began in the mid-18th century, as Europeans explored the world and described the biodiversity of life. During the 18th century most views on the world were shaped around religion and for many natural theologists, the bible. Carl Linnaeus, in the mid-18th century, improved our classifications of organisms through the exploration of undiscovered territories by his students and disciples. When he noticed that species were not as perpetual as he believed, he developed the Mountain Explanation to explain the distribution of biodiversity; when Noah's ark landed on Mount Ararat and the waters receded, the animals dispersed throughout different elevations on the mountain. This showed different species in different climates proving species were not constant. Linnaeus' findings set a basis for ecological biogeography. Through his strong beliefs in Christianity, he was inspired to classify the living world, which then gave way to additional accounts of secular views on geographical distribution. He argued that the structure of an animal was very closely related to its physical surroundings. This was important to a George Louis Buffon's rival theory of distribution.
Closely after Linnaeus, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon observed shifts in climate and how species spread across the globe as a result. He was the first to see different groups of organisms in different regions of the world. Buffon saw similarities between some regions which led him to believe that at one point continents were connected and then water separated them and caused differences in species. His hypotheses were described in his work, the 36 volume Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, in which he argued that varying geographical regions would have different forms of life. This was inspired by his observations comparing the Old and New World, as he determined distinct variations of species from the two regions. Buffon believed there was a single species creation event, and that different regions of the world were homes for varying species, which is an alternate view than that of Linnaeus. Buffon's law eventually became a principle of biogeography by explaining how similar environments were habitats for comparable types of organisms. Buffon also studied fossils which led him to believe that the earth was over tens of thousands of years old, and that humans had not lived there long in comparison to the age of the earth.
Following the period of exploration came the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, which attempted to explain the patterns of biodiversity observed by Buffon and Linnaeus. At the birth of the 19th century, Alexander von Humboldt, known as the "founder of plant geography", developed the concept of physique generale to demonstrate the unity of science and how species fit together. As one of the first to contribute empirical data to the science of biogeography through his travel as an explorer, he observed differences in climate and vegetation. The earth was divided into regions which he defined as tropical, temperate, and arctic and within these regions there were similar forms of vegetation. This ultimately enabled him to create the isotherm, which allowed scientists to see patterns of life within different climates. He contributed his observations to findings of botanical geography by previous scientists, and sketched this description of both the biotic and abiotic features of the earth in his book, Cosmos.
Augustin de Candolle contributed to the field of biogeography as he observed species competition and the several differences that influenced the discovery of the diversity of life. He was a Swiss botanist and created the first Laws of Botanical Nomenclature in his work, Prodromus. He discussed plant distribution and his theories eventually had a great impact on Charles Darwin, who was inspired to consider species adaptations and evolution after learning about botanical geography. De Candolle was the first to describe the differences between the small-scale and large-scale distribution patterns of organisms around the globe.
Several additional scientists contributed new theories to further develop the concept of biogeography. Charles Lyell developed the Theory of Uniformitarianism after studying fossils. This theory explained how the world was not created by one sole catastrophic event, but instead from numerous creation events and locations. Uniformitarianism also introduced the idea that the Earth was actually significantly older than was previously accepted. Using this knowledge, Lyell concluded that it was possible for species to go extinct. Since he noted that earth's climate changes, he realized that species distribution must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that species changed. His influential ideas include the development of theories regarding the struggle for existence and natural selection. Darwin's theories started a biological segment to biogeography and empirical studies, which enabled future scientists to develop ideas about the geographical distribution of organisms around the globe.
Alfred Russel Wallace studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the Amazon Basin and the Malay Archipelago in the mid-19th century. His research was essential to the further development of biogeography, and he was later nicknamed the "father of Biogeography". Wallace conducted fieldwork researching the habits, breeding and migration tendencies, and feeding behavior of thousands of species. He studied butterfly and bird distributions in comparison to the presence or absence of geographical barriers. His observations led him to conclude that the number of organisms present in a community was dependent on the amount of food resources in the particular habitat. Wallace believed species were dynamic by responding to biotic and abiotic factors. He and Philip Sclater saw biogeography as a source of support for the theory of evolution as they used Darwin's conclusion to explain how biogeography was similar to a record of species inheritance. Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the Wallace Line, and the sharp difference that existed between North and South America prior to their relatively recent faunal interchange, can only be understood in this light. Otherwise, the field of biogeography would be seen as a purely descriptive one.
20th and 21st century
Moving on to the 20th century, Alfred Wegener introduced the Theory of Continental Drift in 1912, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s. This theory was revolutionary because it changed the way that everyone thought about species and their distribution around the globe. The theory explained how continents were formerly joined in one large landmass, Pangea, and slowly drifted apart due to the movement of the plates below Earth's surface. The evidence for this theory is in the geological similarities between varying locations around the globe, the geographic distribution of some fossils (including the mesosaurs) on various continents, and the jigsaw puzzle shape of the landmasses on Earth. Though Wegener did not know the mechanism of this concept of Continental Drift, this contribution to the study of biogeography was significant in the way that it shed light on the importance of environmental and geographic similarities or differences as a result of climate and other pressures on the planet. Importantly, late in his career Wegener recognised that testing his theory required measurement of continental movement rather than inference from fossils species distributions.
In 1958 paleontologist Paul S. Martin published A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico, which has been described as "ground-breaking": 35 p. and "a classic treatise in historical biogeography".: 311 p. Martin applied several disciplines including ecology, botany, climatology, geology, and Pleistocene dispersal routes to examine the herpetofauna of a relatively small and largely undisturbed area, but ecologically complex, situated on the threshold of temperate – tropical (nearctic and neotropical) regions, including semiarid lowlands at 70 meters elevation and the northernmost cloud forest in the western hemisphere at over 2200 meters.
The publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson in 1967 showed that the species richness of an area could be predicted in terms of such factors as habitat area, immigration rate and extinction rate. This added to the long-standing interest in island biogeography. The application of island biogeography theory to habitat fragments spurred the development of the fields of conservation biology and landscape ecology.
Classic biogeography has been expanded by the development of molecular systematics, creating a new discipline known as phylogeography. This development allowed scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as island endemics. For example, while classic biogeographers were able to speculate about the origins of species in the Hawaiian Islands, phylogeography allows them to test theories of relatedness between these populations and putative source populations on various continents, notably in Asia and North America.
Biogeography continues as a point of study for many life sciences and geography students worldwide, however it may be under different broader titles within institutions such as ecology or evolutionary biology.
In recent years, one of the most important and consequential developments in biogeography has been to show how multiple organisms, including mammals like monkeys and reptiles like squamates, overcame barriers such as large oceans that many biogeographers formerly believed were impossible to cross. See also Oceanic dispersal.
Biogeography now incorporates many different fields including but not limited to physical geography, geology, botany and plant biology, zoology, general biology, and modelling. A biogeographer's main focus is on how the environment and humans affect the distribution of species as well as other manifestations of Life such as species or genetic diversity. Biogeography is being applied to biodiversity conservation and planning, projecting global environmental changes on species and biomes, projecting the spread of infectious diseases, invasive species, and for supporting planning for the establishment of crops. Technological evolving and advances have allowed for generating a whole suite of predictor variables for biogeographic analysis, including satellite imaging and processing of the Earth. Two main types of satellite imaging that are important within modern biogeography are Global Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GLO-PEM uses satellite-imaging gives "repetitive, spatially contiguous, and time specific observations of vegetation". These observations are on a global scale. GIS can show certain processes on the earth's surface like whale locations, sea surface temperatures, and bathymetry. Current scientists also use coral reefs to delve into the history of biogeography through the fossilized reefs.
Two global information systems are either dedicated to, or have strong focus on, biogeography (in the form of the spatial location of observations of organisms), namely the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF: 2.57 billion species occurrence records reported as at August 2023) and, for marine species only, the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS, originally the Ocean Biogeographic Information System: 116 million species occurrence records reported as at August 2023), while at a national scale, similar compilations of species occurrence records also exist such as the U.K. National Biodiversity Network, the Atlas of Living Australia, and many others. In the case of the oceans, in 2017 Costello et al. analyzed the distribution of 65,000 species of marine animals and plants as then documented in OBIS, and used the results to distinguish 30 distinct marine realms, split between continental-shelf and offshore deep-sea areas.
Since it is self evident that compilations of species occurrence records cannot cover with any completeness, areas that have received either limited or no sampling, a number of methods have been developed to produce arguably more complete "predictive" or "modelled" distributions for species based on their associated environmental or other preferences (such as availability of food or other habitat requirements); this approach is known as either Environmental niche modelling (ENM) or Species distribution modelling (SDM). Depending on the reliability of the source data and the nature of the models employed (including the scales for which data are available), maps generated from such models may then provide better representations of the "real" biogeographic distributions of either individual species, groups of species, or biodiversity as a whole, however it should also be borne in mind that historic or recent human activities (such as hunting of great whales, or other human-induced exterminations) may have altered present-day species distributions from their potential "full" ecological footprint. Examples of predictive maps produced by niche modelling methods based on either GBIF (terrestrial) or OBIS (marine, plus some freshwater) data are the former Lifemapper project at the University of Kansas (now continued as a part of BiotaPhy) and AquaMaps, which as at 2023 contain modelled distributions for around 200,000 terrestrial, and 33,000 species of teleosts, marine mammals and invertebrates, respectively. One advantage of ENM/SDM is that in addition to showing current (or even past) modelled distributions, insertion of changed parameters such as the anticipated effects of climate change can also be used to show potential changes in species distributions that may occur in the future based on such scenarios.
Paleobiogeography goes one step further to include paleogeographic data and considerations of plate tectonics. Using molecular analyses and corroborated by fossils, it has been possible to demonstrate that perching birds evolved first in the region of Australia or the adjacent Antarctic (which at that time lay somewhat further north and had a temperate climate). From there, they spread to the other Gondwanan continents and Southeast Asia – the part of Laurasia then closest to their origin of dispersal – in the late Paleogene, before achieving a global distribution in the early Neogene. Not knowing that at the time of dispersal, the Indian Ocean was much narrower than it is today, and that South America was closer to the Antarctic, one would be hard pressed to explain the presence of many "ancient" lineages of perching birds in Africa, as well as the mainly South American distribution of the suboscines.
Paleobiogeography also helps constrain hypotheses on the timing of biogeographic events such as vicariance and geodispersal, and provides unique information on the formation of regional biotas. For example, data from species-level phylogenetic and biogeographic studies tell us that the Amazonian teleost fauna accumulated in increments over a period of tens of millions of years, principally by means of allopatric speciation, and in an arena extending over most of the area of tropical South America (Albert & Reis 2011). In other words, unlike some of the well-known insular faunas (Galapagos finches, Hawaiian drosophilid flies, African rift lake cichlids), the species-rich Amazonian ichthyofauna is not the result of recent adaptive radiations.
For freshwater organisms, landscapes are divided naturally into discrete drainage basins by watersheds, episodically isolated and reunited by erosional processes. In regions like the Amazon Basin (or more generally Greater Amazonia, the Amazon basin, Orinoco basin, and Guianas) with an exceptionally low (flat) topographic relief, the many waterways have had a highly reticulated history over geological time. In such a context, stream capture is an important factor affecting the evolution and distribution of freshwater organisms. Stream capture occurs when an upstream portion of one river drainage is diverted to the downstream portion of an adjacent basin. This can happen as a result of tectonic uplift (or subsidence), natural damming created by a landslide, or headward or lateral erosion of the watershed between adjacent basins.
Concepts and fields
Some fundamental concepts in biogeography include:
- allopatric speciation – the splitting of a species by evolution of geographically isolated populations
- evolution – change in genetic composition of a population
- extinction – disappearance of a species
- dispersal – movement of populations away from their point of origin, related to migration
- endemic areas
- geodispersal – the erosion of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that permit range expansion and the merging of previously isolated biotas
- range and distribution
- vicariance – the formation of barriers to biotic dispersal and gene flow, that tend to subdivide species and biotas, leading to speciation and extinction; vicariance biogeography is the field that studies these patterns
The study of comparative biogeography can follow two main lines of investigation:
- Systematic biogeography, the study of biotic area relationships, their distribution, and hierarchical classification
- Evolutionary biogeography, the proposal of evolutionary mechanisms responsible for organismal distributions. Possible mechanisms include widespread taxa disrupted by continental break-up or individual episodes of long-distance movement.
There are many types of biogeographic units used in biogeographic regionalisation schemes, as there are many criteria (species composition, physiognomy, ecological aspects) and hierarchization schemes: biogeographic realms (ecozones), bioregions (sensu stricto), ecoregions, zoogeographical regions, floristic regions, vegetation types, biomes, etc.
In 2008, an International Code of Area Nomenclature was proposed for biogeography. It achieved limited success; some studies commented favorably on it, but others were much more critical, and it "has not yet gained a significant following". Similarly, a set of rules for paleobiogeography has achieved limited success. In 2000, Westermann suggested that the difficulties in getting formal nomenclatural rules established in this field might be related to "the curious fact that neither paleo- nor neobiogeographers are organized in any formal groupings or societies, nationally (so far as I know) or internationally — an exception among active disciplines."
- Allen's rule
- Bergmann's rule
- Biogeographic realm
- Bibliography of biology
- Biogeography-based optimization
- Center of origin
- Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
- Distance decay
- Ecological land classification
- Marine ecoregions
- Max Carl Wilhelm Weber
- Miklos Udvardy
- Phytochorion – Plant region
- Sky island
- Systematic and evolutionary biogeography association
Notes and references
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- This work expanded their 1963 paper on the same topic.
- This applies to British and American academics; landscape ecology has a distinct genesis among European academics.
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SOUTH WINDSOR, Conn. (WTNH) — A South Windsor K9 police cruiser was sideswiped by a drunk driver on Thursday night, according to police.
South Windsor police said the officer was conducting a traffic stop at the time of the crash and was not injured. Canine Mason was inside the police cruiser when it was hit but he wasn’t injured, police said.
Several rounds of gunfire hit car, shooting businesses in Ansonia
Police then located and arrested the operator for driving under the influence and other additional charges.
- The police cruiser that was hit by a drunk driver on Thursday. (Photo provided by the South Windsor Police Department’s Instagram Page)
- Photographs of canine Mason. (Images provided by the South Windsor Police Department’s Instagram Page)
Police said arrest information pertaining to the crash will be released on Monday upon completion of the report.
Police are reminding everyone to drink responsibly over the holiday weekend. Police encourage anyone celebrating the new year over the weekend to use a designated driver or rideshare company if planning to go out drinking.


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Interesting...we have pickled oak kitchen cabinets as well: solid FF and the raised panel in the doors...all pickled oak.
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Thank you all for the wonderful replies, I truly appreciate you all taking the time to let me know what you think and your ideas. I found Dulles black wooden cabinet with doors online and was extremely impressed with the system they had in place to determine what type of glass I needed for my glass shelves. The cabinets battery puck lights for under kitchen cabinets are solid wood in an off-white finish, while the countertop material is white as well.
You can choose to have a specific design or old arcade cabinet artwork applied to the top and sides of your arcade machine. I think if the rooms are small or the house itself isn't large, mixing metals can look too piecemeal and haphazard, and dare-I-say-it, budget-conscious. JR and team just finished our master bath remodel and we are elated with the finished product. Folks are always black wooden cabinet with doors cabinet and lighting reno usa complementing our beautiful backsplash and we're happy to refer them to the CommerceMetals website. You want to have space for a workbench and hanging tools, like in the garage of HGTV Dream Home 2009. I've looked at the Gladiator style garage cabinets at Home Depot, but they are heavy and won't fit the space very well.
Way back in the mid 1990′s Western Cabinet Doors, Inc launched the first website offering custom sized cabinet doors on the internet. Entertaining is made easier by creating this long bar space that includes kitchen cabinet hanging rail system bookcases and glass front cabinets. I do have maple in my current home but I find they scratch easily and are a bit hard to clean. This sleek and modern kitchen https://artconnect.info/Kitchen-Cabinet-Doors/doors-glass-kitchen-cabinet-building/decorative-glass-for-kitchen-cabinet-doors frosted glass cabinet doors, white marble countertops and marble tile floors. Our wholesale approach to cabinet pricing along with our many years of experience with the Wood Mode brand makes us the kitchen cabinet supplier of choice for many clients. Our Performance Series 2-Door Base Cabinet offers you total durability and maximum storage space - everything you'd expect out of a NewAge cabinet solution. Some grades of plywood can be stained and made to look good for kitchen cabinetry.
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If your preference is to adhere to the overall style of the bathroom, tall bathroom cabinets are available in traditional woods, contemporary laminate surfaces, and even cutting-edge, modern metals. Will not rust or corrode like metal printer covers, does not require painting, and provides insulation against shock. The most enjoyable part was seeing the number of finished cabinets at the end of the day. Storage towers provide a variety of drawer/shelving/filing combinations that you can choose to accommodate what best suits you. Rectifer cabinets are custom built by Mesa Master-Craftsmen, using premium quality materials. Homeowners who want to upgrade their kitchen, bathroom or laundry room should consider cabinet door replacement as a cost-efficient solution. The Elevate is lit by a single cylindrical fluorescent tube - you have the option to chose lighting to the top - as pictured - or to the side, in both the single and double doored cabinet. Leather or solid wood backs, LED touch lighting, and lockable storage designed for any collector. Vintage overdriven sound isn't just power tube saturation but the speakers behaving differently at high volume. In the case of laminate cabinet finishes, the finish is so durable that you don't have to be as careful when cleaning the cabinet fronts and boxes, and they require far less maintenance than wood. From under cabinet lighting, to hanging pendants and everything in between, we have many options for homeowners to illuminate their space and add ambiance to any room. So i took my line 6 cab back the next day to guitar center and they told me that i had blown 2 of the speakers somehow. kitchen cabinet corner door hinges Summary: This training will discuss the why, what, when, where and how of cooking with children. But while you are likely to come up with a number of options for RTF, you are not likely to figure this one out: It's rigid thermofoil. A further object of the invention is to provide 'a cabinet raising and lowering mechanism which is simple and practical in construction, strong and durable, easy to install in position for supporting a cabinet on a wall, relatively inexpensive to manufacture and otherwise well adapted for the purposes for which the same is intended. If you're picking up a stock cabinet at your local hardware store, you might pay as little as $50 to $100 per linear foot. Switching the output of an audio feed from one speaker to another can be very helpful in venues like restaurants and night clubs. You should take measurements for your counter top when you are measuring for your kitchen cabinets, and place your order about 3 weeks prior to your estimated installation date. Matching flooring to cabinetry - oak with oak, maple with maple - creates a consistent, unified look. GearWrench is one of those brands, with their tools ranking high in multiple comparisons.
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This is where my big bank of base cabinets sit now and my pretty rustic shelves. I had little kids in my painted kitchen, and I would touch up a few times a year. Also keep in mind that we only pushed the driver pin out of the plug so don't be alarmed order cabinet doors director you feel the key pin wobbling around inside the plug. This type of multifunctional unit arrangement also creates a great solution for an entertainment wall, giving ample opportunities to neatly house TVs and consoles, and conceal DVD collections and video games. The wooden cabinets do burn in the fire, but when NFPA , OSHA , and NL requirements are followed, the cabinets burn slowly enough that they protect the contents long enough for emergency response.
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The CEO of Bertch Cabinets will pay for all of his staff to have a five-day break at the start of 2017. LOL Yup 5 years of 45lb/cuft particle board commercial laminated upper office cabinets...all still on the walls, screwed in. The Mission of USA Cabinet Store and Design Center is to provide the best customer service, the highest quality of kitchen cabinets and bathoom cabinets, competitive pricing outstanding design and speedy deliveries. A professional designer will be able to ask you important questions that will help ensure the kitchen cabinets you choose are the right ones for cabinet factory outlet anaheim hours home and lifestyle.
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Welcome to Vogelsang Antique Emporium, located in Historic Downtown Rosenberg - just down the road from Houston, Sugarland and Katy. The former, which are best known as European-style, don't have a face frame, while their doors and drawers attached to the cabinet box. These desiccators cannot be evacuated like a vacuum desiccator, but they require a desiccating medium to keep materials very dry. Yemen's armed Houthi rebels and their political allies have formed a new government, the rebel-run state news agency Saba reported, in what appeared a blow to UN-backed efforts to end 20 months of war in the country. The aptly named Transformations kits come with an instructional pamphlet and DVD, a deglosser, bond coat, decorative glaze, protective top coat, decorative glazing cloths, scrub pads, and stir sticks. You will need to take a number of detailed measurements of your kitchen cabinets to determine molding lengths and locations. The large 5 in. Wood Type - The type of wood used to build your corner hutch can make a huge difference in white antique kitchen cabinets for sale overall look. To add even more individuality to your modular cabinets, the doors can come in single and double styles. Misslizzy - I'm planning on the same brand of cabinets in the Maple Cream Glaze. If you forged ahead and made a straight cut, the door won't fit - or if it does there will be a noticeable difference in the gaps at each side. He just came back to me with its taking longer than expected I have to charge u extra I would fight him on it but I know he will just leave me with a half finished kitchen and I don't want to deal with it at this point. Tempered glass doors open to reveal adjustable shelving that provides a variety of storage options for your organizational needs in your living room, home office and beyond. Best part is this unit is a 120 volt rather than the 120V to 12V system it replaced, i.e. They are handy for quickly building a 3D model of a kitchen but then this all has to be redrawn for top/plan view which kind of defeats, if not the whole point of them, a large portion of it. This business is one of the trusted companies that offer bath cabinet installation services. Reclaimed furniture pieces found in your home or at flea markets and antique stores can be used to create a bank of kitchen cabinets as well. I did not paint the inside of the boxes or shelving of my cabinets because mine are nice, clean formica-coated boards. According to , the specific concealed cabinet hinge you need depends on whether your cabinets feature a wooden frame that overlays the front surface. Note: Please be aware that this product is hand-made and therefore may vary slightly.
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A drawer in my Beta tool louis kitchen st cabinets in stock has 2-5/8″ drawer depth in a 3-1/8″ height, for 84% space utilization efficiency. Towering Storage: Fill a narrow sliver of space next to a vanity with a slender etagere. Use a bit that is the same size or smaller than the wall anchors; when you tap the anchors in, they will expand the hole slightly. We're proud to be the best cabinet resurfacing and refinishing specialist in St. All base cabinets come with built-in hidden casters that allow for easy mobility when needed. Additionally, the tour explores artworks located in the Gold Line portal and inside the Metro Gateway Headquarters Building. Custom Fabrication: Working with a wide range of versitile materials and your imagination, the sky is the limit.
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While still very portable, it is only slightly less heavy than my 4x12 was, and it's a bit bulky. This means you have a great amount of control over the space in what are flush cabinets cabinet and it can be changed at any time to accommodate new items. The HIB Denia Mirror Corner Cabinet is a must have design that allows you to make space for everything - plus it's perfectly suited to those awkward corners that often remain unused. Those are the qualities that have distinguished Broyhill as America's favorite furniture maker.
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Premium: Solid hardwood flooring wooden display cabinets for collectibles as spotted gum would often be seen in a premium kitchen space. Each time I needed a bottle I ended up having to remove about six others to get it. Merillat Classic offers the right choices in style, function and storage that make life in the kitchen easier. Schrock just added new cabinets to their line up, including the Aspen High Gloss White Laminate and Derazi Obsidian Textured Laminate. IE: VCFD3DL3634.5 for a 36 W x 34.5 H cabinet. So at this time I think I'm going with cabinets that use both - solid wood and MDF that will be properly sealed so warping won't be an issue. The clean edges in this kitchen are achieved by the basic palette and industrial materials. Marianne from Songbird gave her Ikea bookcase a custom look by adding bead board wallpaper. With a power failure , no more ice will be produced till the pump is back on line so you are pretty safe. Call us at 937-296-9414 now for granite countertops, quartz countertops, laminate countertops, custom cabinets, and bathroom and kitchen remodeling services. Martin area sales manager who agreed to replace them all and I was so happy until they never called, never contacted me, ignored all my texts and never showed up. If you hunt around, you'll possibly score a great curio cabinet that has style, class and undoubtedly some stories to tell.
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When purchased with cabinets, all solid oak door frontals are supplied with top quality Blum BLUMOTION soft taylor made cabinets marietta hinges as standard; if purchasing standalone frontals, fixings will need to be purchased separately to match your cabinets. We are a family owned and operated local business in Dallas, TX. You may instead need to simply buy a new file cabinet lock core which can be quite affordable. I am very pleased with the quality of my new Hamlyn Lateral File Cabinet that I purchased. Dry the damp surfaces with a paper towel, but note any still-sticky spots that need a do-over.
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Yemen's president Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi has replaced five ministers in his cabinet amid angry street protests over power cuts and fuel shortages. Then, we measured and marked off the horizontal and vertical center on the strip of tape, rather than on my freshly painted cabinets. The adapter plate will be fastened to the cabinet bottom panel via flat head screws through these holes. Michael Gove declined to answer questions as he arrived home after being sacked from the cabinet. Teton Cabinets Inc is a full service store offering conceptual cabinetry design from a large selection kiosk cabinets and enclosures product and complete cabinet installation.
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Even floral lowes vanity bath cabinets and tops on the door pulls complement the French style in the appropriate manner. Kitchen cabinets from , for example, cost 38% less on average than cabinets from national big box stores. There will be some sanding and you can't skip it. Granite with less movement - a busy pattern throughout the stone - provides a clean-lined modern look, especially when paired with maple cabinetry in a contrasting color. FYI they also sell pre cut grant countertops, if you just have straight run cabinets you could probably do granite fairly inexpensively. That is why if you have a house with shabby chic interior design theme, you can place the grey furniture including the gray kitchen cabinets straight to the kitchen. We carry the best granite countertops, kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities and accessories in the St. Bonus tip: You can also use baby oil or rubbing alcohol to remove adhesive from metal. The Secretaries felt it necessary to keep the Cabinet Secretary informed of developments from time to time. Westport Glass offers cabinet door glass to fit every budget, custom-made to your size. Lightweight products such as cereal, snacks, and paper products are usually stored on the lazy susan shelves. Trailer cabinets are frequently the same ones as found in long-term houses, so the same processes still apply. Don't install fixtures directly in line with sinks and other work areas; your head will block the light. Order all Bertch Cabinets through Infusion Showroom and find the best prices, and the best service. Custom cabinets are nice, but they can also run multiple times the cost of simpler cabinets and most of the custom work is hidden behind the same door design found in 100 other cabinet companies. The first thing to remember is that other forms of wood such as chipboard are made from real wood. Nice size cabinet with four adjustable interior shelves for all those extras that won't fit in your cupboards. It makes sense that the supply to the ice cube maker would be the same filtered drinking water you would get separately from the sink faucet. When installing the ice maker under the counter there are several options like a custom wood front to have the ice maker blend with the cabinetry around it or finishes such as stainless, black or white. For quality, custom cabinets you can rely on, call L.E.
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You had posted once that a light color would never come to life in a dark room. We are thrilled that the Royal Borough is considering joining Wokingham Borough Council in delivering their adult social care services by expanding Optalis. Join us on the hike - scramble and clime to the highest peak in the Cabinet Wilderness , highest point between Glacier file cabinet drawer inserts for hanging folders Park and the Cascades , #3 Peak in Montana for prominence. Grayling chaired May's leadership campaign, and she rewarded him with a Cabinet job. Would want glass doors on bottom so remotes will work without doors being open; also, open to cabinet going to top, or not. My first step in base cabinet construction involved the base cabinet box, which is what I'll focus on in this post.
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The benefit of a stainless steel bathroom cabinet is that it will be highly durable and will match with a range of changing bathroom decors over the years. I'm not sure how they let all these issues slip by them unless we got ourselves a Lemon but sounds like everyone else has too. I also reused the original back, Hafele makes a unit where the doors ride with the carousel. Rated 1 out of 5 by markmarkoh from Falls apart easily, poor construction We've had this for 3 weeks and it completely fell apart on us. When you finish the bottom of the cabinet, place the cabinet on a small block or shims so that the polyacrylic doesn't stick to vintage metal doctor's cabinet surface of your work area. If you're unsure about what kind of cabinet pull to get, consider the following ideas.
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Wood veneer has been being used as a substitute for solid wood for hundreds of years. The cabinet shop was able to cabinet make bar a me Baltic Birch ply at wholesale prices; still, the stuff was expensive. The area around Downing Street was home to ancient Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Norman settlements, and was already a prestigious centre of government 1,000 years ago. It provides you with all the new releases and allows you access to our certified technical support team members for one year. If you are doing your kitchen a room that gets used a lot and also is a central part of your home, I would take the extra time and effort to do the insides and outs of your cabinets which means removing the doors. Older homes tend to have superior workmanship, which would mean your cabinet boxes are in excellent shape.


In this CoinGeek Discussions, Alex Fauvel and RiceTVX joined the discussion to talk about the Unbounded Capital Summit, the Dark2Light game launch, and the BlackRock Bitcoin ETF filings.
In this latest episode of, E.Smitty, U.S. presidential candidate Aaron Day, and Joshua Henslee talk about how Bitcoin could save us from digital tyranny, the power of BSV blockchain, and locking up your coins.
Daniel Krawisz, Hector Lopez, and Gregory Ward join hosts Alex Vidal and Zachary Weiner to discuss the developments in the blockchain space, the price of tokens, and the power of proof of work.
On the latest episode of CoinGeek Discussions, blockchain entrepreneur Auston Bunsen joined the chat to talk about Web3, blockchain data, the future of blockchain technology, and more.
The latest CoinGeek Discussions on X episode focused on gaming within the BSV blockchain, joined by representatives for Lil Bit, CoOM Battles, and Daniel Krawisz.
The second episode of CoinGeek Discussions, Daniel Krawisz and Zachary Weiner discuss the recent record-breaking BSV blockchain transactions.


Friday, February 16th, 2007
Winter is 'snow' much fun
Photo by Shelley Grieshop/The Daily Standard
Tall and neatly cut piles of snow line properties along East Walnut Street in Coldwater after heavy equipment was brought in by village crews following this week's blizzard.
Additional pictures on this date
Copyright © 2018 Standard Printing Co. All Rights Reserved


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Demontay Love posted 15 points and 15 rebounds to propel Gateway STEM past Maplewood-RH 66-57 Tuesday at Maplewood-RH.
The Jaguars shot 64% (21 of 33) from the field, while Maplewood-RH was 12 of 59 (20%). Also finishing in double figures for Gateway STEM were Kionte Cole (15) and Karon Williams (11). Malik Stewart led Maplewood-RH with 31 points and Micah Grawer added 12. The leading rebounder for Maplewood-RH was Malik Stewart (12)
Gateway STEM (1-1) plays at Ladue on Wednesday, December 4 at 7 p.m. Maplewood-RH (1-3) will host McCluer South-Berkeley on Monday at 5:30 p.m.


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Told you so. Arkansas Republican budget hawks suddenly aren’t so hawkish when the budget cuts reach programs that serve Arkansas. Naturally, Sen. John “Dr. No” Boozman and U.S. Rep. Rick Crawford weighed in with alarm at news of a round of closing of USDA offices in Arkansas to cope with budget cuts.
I think Crawford edged out Boozman for hypocrite-of-the-day award with his cut-thee-not-me quote:
“All of Washington must do more with less. However, with one in 10 proposed closures coming from Arkansas, we cannot sit back and let national bureaucrats harm our state’s rural communities,” he said.


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Actor Rambha turned 45 on Saturday. On the eve of her birthday, Rambha shared adorable photos of herself, her husband Indhran Pathmanathan and their children. She captioned the post, “My cute little world.” In the photos, the actor can be sitting beside her husband and children.
Born Vijayalakshmi Yeedi, Rambha became one of the most popular female actors in the 90’s. In her prime, Rambha shared screen space with India’s top stars including Rajinikanth, Ajith, Vijay, Salman Khan, Chiranjeevi and Mammootty among others.
In 2003, she also tried her hand at producing. She bankrolled Three Roses, starring Jyothika and Laila.
In 2010, Rambha bid farewell to her acting career and married Canada-based businessman Indhran Pathmanathan and moved to Toronto. The actor has since then made a few appearances on dance reality shows.


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Richmond men's tennis coach Ben Johnson won Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year honors.
Defending champion, George Washington, defeated top-seeded Richmond, 4-1 to advance to the A-10 men's tennis finals.
The top-seeded men's tennis team took down Saint Joseph's, 4-1, to advance to Saturday's semifinals.
The Spiders enter the A-10 Men's Tournament as the No. 1 seed with a nine-match winning streak.
The Spiders head into the A-10 Championships with a nine match winning streak.
Richmond won a 4-0 decision over JMU at home on Saturday.
The Spiders swept the top four singles flights to take the match victory.
The Spider men's tennis team made it six straight wins with a 5-2 triumph over Georgetown in Washington, D.C. Tuesday.
The Spiders earned their 12th win of the season with a convincing 6-1 triumph over Connecticut.
Dunbar picked up three wins for the Spiders last week as they defeated UMBC and Davidson.
The Spiders defeated A-10 rival Davidson, 6-1, and non-conference foe UMBC, 4-2.
The Spiders scored a 7-0 victory over Norfolk State.


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651 Colby Drive, Waterloo | New Retail For Lease – In Highly Sought-after Retail Node
Exciting new office and retail development coming to north Waterloo in Spring 2020 at the signalized intersection of King Street and Wyman Road boasting over 20,000 vehicles per day. Situated in a very strong commercial node with easy access to public transit, Conestoga Mall, St. Jacobs, and HWY 85. Surrounded by business parks with over 15 million SF of industrial and office buildings in the trade area in addition to Northlake and Colonial Acres residential nodes. A new 5,000 and 7,000 SF divisible retail pads to be built with exposure on King Street. Abundant parking, exceptional access, visibility, and signage options.
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domain: geography