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France has a unique history of units of measurement due to the radical decision to invent and adopt the metric system after the French Revolution. The metric system following the French Revolution.
France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.3 million. France, a sovereign state, is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice.
The metric system is an internationally recognised decimalised system of measurement. It is in widespread use, and where it is adopted, it is the only or most common system of weights and measures. It is now known as the International System of Units (SI). It is used to measure everyday things such as the mass of a sack of flour, the height of a person, the speed of a car, and the volume of fuel in its tank. It is also used in science, industry and trade.
The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.
In the Ancien régime, before 1795, France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern Imperial System of units. There was widespread abuse of the king's standards to the extent that the lieue could vary from 3.268 km in Beauce to 5.849 km in Provence. In the revolutionary era, France used the first version of the metric system. This system was not well received by the public. Between 1812 and 1837, the mesures usuelles was used – traditional names were restored, but were based on metric units: for example, the livre became 500 g. After 1837, the metric system was reintroduced and has remained the principal system of use to this day.
Beauce is a natural region in northern France, located between the Seine and Loire rivers. It now comprises the Eure-et-Loir département and parts of Loiret, Essonne and Loir-et-Cher.
Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and includes the départements of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region is Marseille.
Mesures usuelles were a system of measurement introduced by Napoleon I in 1812 to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1839.
In the pre-revolutionary era (before 1795), France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern Imperial System of units, but there was no unified system of measurement. Charlemagne and successive kings had tried but failed to impose a unified system of measurement in France.(In England, by contrast, the Magna Carta decreed that "there shall be one unit of measure throughout the realm.")
Magna Carta Libertatum, commonly called Magna Carta, is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes. His son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law.
The names and relationships of many units of measure were adopted from Roman units of measure and many more were added – it has been estimated that there were seven or eight hundred different names for the various units of measure. In addition, the quantity associated with each unit of measure differed from town to town and even from trade to trade to such an extent that the lieue (league) could vary from 3.268 km in Beauce to 5.849 km in Provence. It has been estimated that, on the eve of the Revolution, a quarter of a million different units of measure were in use in France. Although certain standards, such as the pied du roi (the king's foot) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by savants across Europe, many traders chose to use their own measuring devices, giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry.
As an example, the weights and measures used at Pernes-les-Fontaines in southeastern France differ from those catalogued later in this article as having been used in Paris. In many cases, the names are different, while the livre is shown as being 403 g, as opposed to 489 g – the value of the livre du roi. (The Imperial pound is about 453.6 g.)
Pernes-les-Fontaines is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
The French Revolution and subsequent Napoleonic Wars marked the end of the Age of Enlightenment. The forces of change that had been brewing manifest themselves across all of France, including the way in which units of measure should be defined. The savants of the day favoured the use of a system of units that were inter-related and which used a decimal basis.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806–07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813), and the Seventh (1815).
The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy".
There was also a wish that the units of measure should be for all people and for all time and therefore not dependent on an artefact owned by any one particular nation. Talleyrand, at the prompting of the savant Condorcet, approached the British and the Americans in the early 1790s with proposals of a joint effort to define the metre. In the end, these approaches came to nothing and France decided to "go it alone".
Decimal time was introduced in the decree of 5 October 1793 under which the day was divided into 10 "decimal hours", the "hour" into 100 " decimal minutes" and the "decimal minute" into 100 "decimal seconds". The "decimal hour" corresponded to 2 hr 24 min, the "decimal minute" to 1.44 min and the "decimal second" to 0.864 s.
The implementation of decimal time proved an immense task and under the article 22 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795), the use of decimal time was no longer mandatory.On 1 January 1806, France reverted to the traditional timekeeping.
The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. Article 5 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure. The units and their preliminary values were:
Decimal multiples and submultiples of these units would be defined by Greek prefixes - "myria", "kilo", "hecta" (100), "deka" - and Latin prefixes - "deci", "centi" and "milli". Using Cassini's survey of 1744, a provisional value of 443.44 lignes was assigned to the metre which, in turn, defined the other units of measure.
The final value of the metre had to wait until 1799, when Delambre and Mechain presented the results of their survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona that fixed the length of the metre at 443.296 lignes. The law 19 Frimaire An VIII (10 December 1799) defined the metre in terms of this value and the kilogram as being 18,827.15 grains. These definitions enabled the construction of reference copies of the kilogram and metre, which were to be used as standards for the next 90 years.
At the same time, a new decimal-based system for angular measurement was implemented. The right angle was divided into 100 grads, which in turn was divided in 100 centigrads. An arc on the earth’s surface formed by an angle of one centigrad was one kilometre.
The metric system was introduced into France in 1795 on a district by district basis, starting with Paris. However, by modern standards, the introduction was poorly managed. Although thousands of pamphlets were distributed, the Agency of Weights and Measures, which oversaw the introduction, underestimated the work involved. Paris alone needed 500,000 metre sticks, yet one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure, there were only 25,000 in store.This, combined with other excesses of the Revolution made the metric system unpopular.
Napoleon ridiculed the metric system, but as an able administrator, he recognised the value of a sound basis for a system of measurement. Under the décret impérial du 12 février 1812 (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), he introduced a revised system of measure – the mesures uselles or "customary measures" for use in small retail businesses. However, all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education. g, each livre comprising sixteen once and each once eight gros and the aune as 120 centimetres.The names of many pre-metric units were reintroduced, but were redefined in terms of metric units. Thus the toise (fathom) was defined as being two metres with six pied (feet) making up one toise, twelve pouce (inches) making up one pied and twelve lignes making up one pouce. Likewise, the livre (pound) was defined as being 500
La loi du 4 juillet 1837 (the law of 4 July 1837) effectively revoked the use of mesures usuelles by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840.However, many units of measure, such as the livre, remained in colloquial use for many years and the livre still does to some extent.
When this legislation was introduced, the metric system was beginning to take hold across Europe. Switzerland and the German state of Baden had both defined their Fuß (foot) as being 300 mm and the German state of Hessen-Darmstadt has defined its Fuß as being 250 mm. Moreover, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Lombardy and Venice had all adopted the metric system, albeit with local names for the "metre", "kilogram" and so on. The metric system was given a boost when the German Zollverein (Customs Union) introduced the Zollpfund of 500 g in 1850.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was followed by international exhibitions in Paris in 1855 and 1867. The 1867 exhibition had a stand showing how the diverse units of measure were converging onto the metric system – a system that had been developed in France and whose standards were in the custody of the French government, but available for world use.
In 1870, while France was preparing to host an international conference to discuss international cooperation in the sphere of units of measurement, the war broke out. France was humiliated by Prussia's military action, but in 1872 France seized the diplomatic initiative and re-issued the invitations for the 1870 conference. The conference met in 1875 and concluded with the signing of the Treaty of the Metre. The principal agreements under the treaty were:
Thus the French metre and kilogram passed into international control.
During the early part of the twentieth century, the French introduced their own units of power - the poncelet , which was defined as being the power required to raise a mass of 100 kg against standard gravity with a velocity of 1 m/s giving a value of 980.665 W. However, many other European countries defined their units of power (the Pferdestärke in Germany, the paardekracht in the Netherlands and the cavallo vapore in Italy) using 75 kg rather than 100 kg, which gave a value of 735.49875 W (about 0.985 HP). Eventually, the poncelet was replaced with the cheval vapeur, which was identical to equivalent units of measure in neighbouring countries. In 1977, these units, along with the stere and the livre (and amongst others, the German pfund) were proscribed by EEC Directive 71/354/EEC which required EU member states to standardise on the International System of Units (SI) and therefore to use the watt and its multiples.
The kilogram or kilogramme is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). Until 20 May 2019, it remains defined by a platinum alloy cylinder, the International Prototype Kilogram, manufactured in 1889, and carefully stored in Saint-Cloud, a suburb of Paris. After 20 May, it will be defined in terms of fundamental physical constants.
The litre or liter is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre.
The metre or meter is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a second.
Metrication or metrification is conversion to the metric system of units of measurement. Worldwide, there has been a long process of independent conversions of countries from various local and traditional systems, beginning in France during the 1790s and spreading widely over the following two centuries, but the metric system has not been fully adopted in all countries and sectors.
The Metre Convention, also known as the Treaty of the Metre, is an international treaty that was signed in Paris on 20 May 1875 by representatives of 17 nations. The treaty created the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), an intergovernmental organization under the authority of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) and the supervision of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), that coordinates international metrology and the development of the metric system.
The International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units, which are the ampere, kelvin, second, metre, kilogram, candela, mole, and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies names for 22 derived units, such as lumen and watt, for other common physical quantities.
The gram is a metric system unit of mass.
Myria- (symbol my) is a now obsolete decimal metric prefix denoting a factor of 104 (ten thousand). It originates from the Greek μύριοι (mýrioi) (myriad). The prefix was part of the original metric system adopted by France in 1795, but was not adopted when the SI prefixes were internationally adopted by the 11th CGPM conference in 1960.
The "Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States" was a report submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on July 13, 1790, by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.
A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Systems of measurement in use include the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units.
The spread of metrication around the world in the last two centuries has been met with both support and opposition. All countries except Burma (Myanmar), Liberia, and the United States of America have officially adopted the metric system, although Liberia has seen some introduction of metric units, and in 2013 Burma formally announced the beginning of its metrication program. The metric system has been largely adopted in the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland, without having fully displaced the imperial units from all areas of life. In other Anglophone countries such as Australia, Singapore and New Zealand, imperial units have been formally deprecated and are no longer officially sanctioned for use.
The grave was the original name of the kilogram, in an early version of the metric system between 1793 and 1795.
The hectare is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides, or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres.
French units could refer to any of:
Before the French Revolution, which started in 1789, French units of measurement were based on the Carolingian system, introduced by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne (800 – 814 AD) which in turn were based on ancient Roman measures. Charlemagne brought a consistent system of measures across the entire empire. However, after his death, the empire fragmented and many rulers introduced their own variants of the units of measure.
The history of the metric system began in the Age of Enlightenment with simple notions of length and weight taken from natural ones, and decimal multiples and fractions of them. The system was so useful it became the standard of France and Europe in half a century. Other dimensions with unity ratios were added, and it went on to be adopted by the world.
The metric system was developed during the French Revolution to replace the various measures previously used in France. The metre is the unit of length in the metric system and was originally based on the dimensions of the earth, as far as it could be measured at the time. The litre, is the unit of volume and was defined as one thousandth of a cubic metre. The metric unit of mass is the kilogram and it was defined as the mass of one litre of water. The metric system was, in the words of French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, "for all people for all time".
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the metric system – various loosely related systems of measurement that trace their origin to the decimal system of measurement introduced in France during the French Revolution.

domain: politics


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Lee Load-All II Conversion Kits
Convert to another gauge - the Load-All II can easily and economically be converted to another gauge with the conversion kit. The entire die carrier is replaced so no adjustments are needed. The conversion kit includes the die carrier, steel sizer, wad guide, shell holder, load data and instructions. Models: 12 or 20 gauge.

domain: hobby


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Yoga Journal organized another annual weekend on 19-20 July in Pavedniki. This time, the instructors from Moscow yoga studios gave master classes. Elena Ulsambaeva taught pranayama in sitting and standing positions and she also led a master class in woman's practice. Konstantin Kovalev revealed the secrets of balancing on the hands and Tatiana Rudneva from Lotus studio dedicated her master class to one of the main yoga asanas - Padmasana.
Ravi Kumar led a session of yoga nidra (deep relaxation). The chief instructor of studio NYM Yoga, Olga Liubomirova, showed exercises which improve body posture and straighten the spinal cord. Elena Morozova taught hatha yoga, Varvara Liubimova taught yoga 23, and Vitaliy Apostolov led a class in ashtanga yoga. Stanislav Rogachev from Health Factory introduced the basic principal of chi-gun, Vasily Orekhov presented Madhusudan yoga and a teacher from the ayurvedic centre Kerala combined pranayama practice and hatha yoga practice in one lesson.
Tea club Iron Phoenix organised a tea party right in the middle of an apple orchard. The cosy atmosphere of this impromptu teahouse was like a magnet for the guests, who wouldn't miss a chance to chat while sampling the finest tea blends.
Yoga Journal would like to thank gallery "Maharaja Interior" and Yuri Aistov. He helped with the design and invited Dr. David Frawley, one of the most worldwide famous ayurveda experts. Thanks to Yuri, the guests had an opportunity to find out more about ayurveda and get qualified advice.
Each participant of the Weekend received a present from Dreamusic - a disc called Best of New Age, which includes the best new age musical creations of the last 10 years. Guests also received presents from Decleor: aroma toning balm for more elastic skin and aromatherapy body care. Both products are made of natural components and essential oils.
Yoga Journal would like to thank all its partners and instructors who led master classes for support. And, of course, we thank everyone who came to the Weekend! See you soon!


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CKAN provides a rich search experience which allows for quick ‘Google-style’ keyword search as well as faceting by tags and browsing between related datasets. Users can quickly see what datasets are available, in which formats and with which licence, straight from the search results. All dataset fields are searchable (see below for the metadata we bring out into the interface).
Search on all dataset attributes – users can search on all dataset metadata, everything from title to tags to publisher name.
Full-text search – search full-text fields.
Fuzzy-matching – option to search for closely matching terms instead of exact matches.
Faceted search – drill-down via facets – for example tags, format, licence, publisher. Ability to consecutively narrow the search by further facets allowing users to limit their search to datasets with specific formats or tags after they see the search results.
Search via API – All search facilities can also be made available over an API.
A CKAN portal provides a rich set of metadata for each dateset.
Title – allows intuitive labelling of the dataset for search, sharing and linking.
Unique identifier – dataset has a unique URL which is customizable by the publisher.
Groups – display of which groups the dataset belongs to if applicable. Groups (such as science data) allow easier data linking, finding and sharing amongst interested publishers and users.
Description – additional information describing or analysing the data. This can either be static or an editable wiki which anyone can contribute to instantly or via admin moderation.
Data preview – preview .csv data quickly and easily in browser to see if this is the dataset you want.
Revision history – CKAN allows you to display a revision history for datasets which are freely editable by users (as is thedatahub.org)
Extra fields – these hold any additional information, such as location data (see geospatial feature) or types relevant to the publisher or dataset. How and where extra fields display is customizable.
Licence – instant view of whether the data is available under an open licence or not. This makes it clear to users whether they have the rights to use, change and re-distribute the data.
Tags – see what labels the dataset in question belongs to. Tags also allow for browsing between similarly tagged datasets in addition to enabling better discoverability through tag search and faceting by tags.
Multiple formats (if provided) – see the different formats the data has been made available in quickly in a table, with any further information relating to specific files provided inline.
API key – allows access every metadata field of the dataset and ability to change the data if you have the relevant permissions via API.

domain: library


38 Park Avenue Flemington, NJ, 08822
This calendar only includes official public borough meetings and events. To find other events and fun things to do in Flemington, visit www.LoveFlemington.com.
Location: Route 12 County Complex, Flemington, NJ (directions)
Sponsored By: County of Hunterdon and Newtech Recycling Inc. 732-564-3110


Visiting Japanese diplomats tour the Washington Naval Yard
The Japanese Embassy visiting Washington, D.C., having been welcomed at the Senate already in the week, toured the Washington Naval Yard under the escort of its commander, Captain Franklin Buchanan. They toured workshops, saw a live firing display of rifled cannon and other ordnance, and sat for a photograph. (By John Osborne)
Francis Vincent, Vincent's Semi-Annual United States Register.... 1st of January and 1st of July, 1860 (Philadelphia: Francis Vincent, 1860), 442.


Here’s your daily dose of an indie film in progress; at the end of the week, you’ll have the chance to vote for your favorite.
In the meantime: Is this a movie you’d want to see? Tell us in the comments.
“The Other Brother”
This film is about the ‘genetics’ of art and
sibling estrangement. Despite no contact between the brothers since the
ages of 19 and 21, Jesse and Tom share the same passion; they both
dedicated their life to making art. There are remarkable similarities;
there are also clear differences. This story explores their very
different lives and the visual thread that connects them. This story
unfolds through first-person family interviews and readings of Jesse’s
letters. Memories reconstruct. As if eavesdropping on fragments of a
family discussion, the film compels viewers to keep listening for clues
to satisfy their desire to understand.
Kristy Higby, director, editor, animator, cinematographer
Mark Flowers, executive producer
Geoff Weeks, original score
Paris Peet, voice recordings for Jesse’s letters
About the Production:
“My films are, in the end, human-interest stories about people being true
to their convictions.The younger brother, Tom Flowers, is my
father-in-law. My husband and producer, Mark Flowers, is a painter, and
Jesse was the uncle he never met. I can share with you that this
experience has been cathartic and enlightening for all involved. My
career as a visual artist, filmmaker, and art educator gives me a unique
perspective on the creative drive and how it can affect and enrich a
life. I have permission from and full access to this remarkable family.” — Kristy Higby
For more information and to support this project:
Be sure to check out our curated Kickstarter page for more information on projects we think you should check out.
If you have an in-the-works project and you’d like to be profiled in an
upcoming iW Project of the Day column, submit yourself by filling out this form!


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- WhereOld Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
Rail Road Museum, River Front, tunnel access to Mall, Golden 1 Arena, etc. By Allan Fumar

domain: travel


|Publication number||US1805782 A|
|Publication date||May 19, 1931|
|Filing date||Jan 16, 1928|
|Priority date||Jan 16, 1928|
|Publication number||US 1805782 A, US 1805782A, US-A-1805782, US1805782 A, US1805782A|
|Inventors||Munz Elmer G|
|Original Assignee||Munz Elmer G|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Referenced by (25), Classifications (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
May 19, 1931. E, G MUNZ 1,805,782
SPRAY NOZZLE Filed Jan. 16, 1928 Z I I 20 y gnvanloz Patented May .19, 1931 UNITED STATES ZPATENT oFFmE- Ema s. mmz, or nrzrnorr, mrcnrom o SPRAY NOZZLE Application filed January 16, 1928. Serial No. 247,195.
r The invention relates to spray nozzlesand is particularly applicable to spray nozzles adapted for use'in s'prinklingsystems' for lawns and the like.
This application is a continuation in part of a co-pending application, Serial No.
543,202 filed March 13', 1922 whichwas issued on May 1, 1928 as Patent No. 1,667 ,943. The object of the invention is to obtain 1 a spray nozzle of the non-rotating type in which means is provided for obtaining a greaterspread of spray so that the nozzle may be used for irrigating a larger area than heretofore attainable with other spray nozzles of the same general type. Another path or direction by a bafiie or deflector arranged adjacent the discharge orifice..
These and other objects are attained by providingthe nozzle constructions hereinafter more fully set forth and illustrated 5 in the accompanying drawings, wherein Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of a nozzle embodying my invention.
Figure 2 is a similar section through a modified construction.
Figure 3 is an elevation at right angles to the view illustrated in Figure 2.
. Figure 4 is a perspective view of a portion of the nozzle.
Figure 5 is a sectional view of another modified construction. V v
Figure 6 is a view at right angles thereto.
Figure 7 is a perspective view of a modified construction.
In general my invention consists in providing a nozzle having means for forming the liquid into a thin film, means for direct ing the stream in the desired direction and from when in the form of a film. My invention consists further in constructing a series of nozzle heads having the advantages above enumerated as well as being adapted for a permanent irrigation installation.
Considering first the construction illustrated in Figure 1, the nozzle head 1 is interiorly threaded at 2 for attachment to,a fluid delivery pi e and has an interior ,cham-- her 3 formed within the same above a cross partition 4. This partition is apertured at 5 for admitting water to the chamber 3. The nozzle head is provided with a disohar e aperture 6 through which projects a rod which latter is supported by the partition 4.
- The upper end of the nozzle head has a flaring mouth 8 in which is arranged the conical deflector or baffle member 9. This bafile member has its outer conical surface 10 spaced from the flaring mouth 8 leaving an annular passage through which the liquid is discharged upwardly and outwardly from the chamber 3. The surface 10 continues beyond the annular passageway and at the outer end of the member 9 the surface 1s flared outwardly at 11 and provided with a series of grooves 12 arranged around the periphery and of a depth such that the bottoms of the grooves are in substantial alignment with the conical surface-10.
With the construction as thus far described the water passes through the apertures 5 into chamber 3 and is discharged through aperture 6 and conical mouth 8, which together compel the water to be formed into an annular film that is forced outwardly without whirling and follows upwardly along the conical surface 10 until it is projected into space. When this annular film reaches the grooved portion 11 the water is collected into the series of grooves and is then projected from the nozzle as a series of finely divided streams instead of an annular film. The effect of collecting the liquid into the series of streams is to cause the water to be projected for a greater distance from the nozzle than would be the case where a plain conical baflle was employed. Therefore, when my improved nozzle is utilizedin an irrigating system for a large area of ground, it is possible to em- I ploy fewer nozzles while obtaining full coverage of all of the area.
My invention is also applicable to'nozzles wherein the spray instead of being of a full annular form is limited to a smaller angular coverage. Thus for instance the construction shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 is of a type known as a half-spray and is designed to sprinkle a semi-circular area of ground. Such a construction is often used in irrigating systems where a nozzle is located close to a roadway or sidewalk and it is desired to prevent the irrigation of the roadway while insuring complete sprinkling of the territory adjacent thereto.
As shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4, 15 is the threaded nozzle head having a hollow chamber 16 and cross partition 17. 18 is a semicylindrical portion rising above the partition 17 having a flat face 19 to which is secured the spray directing member 20. This member consists of a semi-cylindrical upper portion 21 and a semi-conical portion 22, the latter having an apex 23. The partition 17 has a flat top surface 24 and has an a erture 25 therethrough arranged slightly 0 center so that the water discharged therefrom strikes against the conical surface 22 near the apex 23. 26 is a set screw for maintaining the member 20 in position against the upstanding portion 18 of the nozzle.
The conical surface 22 has a slightly flared portion 27 arranged adjacent the semi-cylindrical portion 21 and this flared portion is provided with a series of grooves 29, the depths of which are such as to bring ghem into alignment with the conical surace.
The operation of the nozzle as above decribed is as follows:
The water issuing through the discharge orifice 25 strikes the semi-conical deflecting surface 22and is spread into a thin film and directed outwardl and upwardly along the conical surface. he angular spread of the film is limited to a semi-circle by the flat -vertical deflecting surfaces 28 which are formed by the flat vertical face of the semi-.cylindrical member 18. When the semi-conical filmof water reaches the flared portion 27 the water is collected into a series of finely divided streams by the series of grooves 29 and since the bottoms of these grooves are in alignment with the conical surface, the water continues outwardly and upwardly in the same direction as the conical film. The result of this grooved arrangement is that the water is thrown further from the nozzle head and consequently the device can be utilized for sprinkling a larger area of ground with the same water ressure.
In addition to the half-spray type of nozzle above described, it is also desirable to pro vide nozzles for irrigating systems wherein the deflection of the .water is limited to other predetermined directions. Thus as shown sowsa in Figures 5 and 6 the nozzle head is adapted to distribute the water in such a manner as to sprinkle a strip of ground,
the water being projected in two streams issuing from the nozzle in diametrically opposite directions. Such a construction is obtained by replacing the spray directing member 20 as shown in'Figure 2 by another spray directing member'30 attached to the semi-cylindrical upstanding portion 18 by the screw 26. The deflecting member 30 has the inclined surfaces 31 and 32 extending outwardly and upwardly from a lower ridge 33 in vertical alignment with the orifice 25. 34 is a depending portion extending below the surfaces 31 and 32 and having an inner surface 35 arranged substantially parallel to the deflecting surfaces 28 and spaced therefrom by a distance slightly greater than the diameter of the discharge orifice 25. The surfaces 31 and 32 have at'their upper edges the flaring portions 36 and 37, which portions contain a series of serrations or grooves 38 arranged substantially parallel to the surfaces 28, having a depth such as to form a substantial continuation of the inclined surfaces 31 and 32. With this construction the water issuing from the orifice 25 is divided by the ridge 33 and deflected upwardly and outwardly by the surfaces 31 and 32. The water forms into a film upon these surfaces but before being projected outwardly is subdivided into a series of finely divided streams by the grooves 38. As in the preceding constructions the arrangement of the grooved surface causes the water to be distributed for a greater distance.
A further modification is illustrated in Figure 7 wherein the water is directed outwardly in the form of a quarter spray. As shown, the deflector 39 comprises a semicylindrical body cut away to form an outwardly and upwardly inclined surface 40 extending into the path of the discharge orifice 25. The body is also provided with a radial boundary surface 41 extending at substantially right angles to the deflecting surfaces 28 of the semi-cylindrical member 18. The water issuing from the orifice 25 is thus directed by the combined action of the surfaces 24, 28, 41 and 40 and serves to 39 in order to secure the desired deflection and spread of the water.
The nozzle heads are designed primarily for use in a system wherein the irrigating pipes are permanently installed below the surface of the ground and have a series of riser pipes extending vertically upward and adapted to receive the nozzle heads. Each nozzle head is thus always arranged vertically with, the discharge orifice also extending in a vertical direction. The irrigation of the area is thus obtained by providing a deflecting surface in the path of the stream discharged from said orifice so as to deflect the stream outwardly and upwardly and form the same into a thin film. In all of the constructions described above the water issues in a vertical direction, is then deflected laterally and spread into a'thin film and finally subdivided into a series of finely divided streams at the point where the water leaves the nozzle so that a greaterdistribu- ,tion of water with the same water pressure is obtained. The advantage of using nozzles constructed in accordance with my invention will therefore be readily apparent since it enables a given area of ground to be entirely sprinkled with a fewer number of individual spraying heads, since each spray head or nozzle has a greater range of distribution than similar types of nozzles not employing the features of my invention.
What I claim as my invention is:
1. In a sprinkling system, the combination of a nozzle head having a substantially vertical discharge orifice, a conical deflecting surface arranged above the orifice in the path of the water issuing from said discharge orifice for spreading the same into a thin film, said surface being outwardly inclined in the direction of flow to direct the film laterally and outwardly, said surface being provided at its upper end with a series of unconfined grooves that extend in the direction of flow whereby said film is subdivided into a series of finely divided streams capable of being projected further than said film.
2. In a sprinkling system, the combination of a nozzle having a substantially vertical discharge orifice, a convex deflecting surface above and in the path of the water issuing from said nozzle, said surface having a series of unconfined grooves therein extend-- ing in the direction of flow.
3. In a sprinkling system, the combination of a nozzle head having a discharge orifice therein, a conical deflecting member arranged above the orifice in the path of the Water issuing from said nozzle, said conical surface having a series of unconfined grooves therein extending in the direction of flow.
4. In a sprinkling system, the combination of a nozzle head having a substantially vertical discharge orifice therein, a deflecting member arranged above and inthe path of the water issuing from said discharge orifice, a projecting portion formed on the surface of said deflecting member having a series of grooves therein extending in the direction of flow, the bottoms of said grooves forming-a substantial continuation of the surface of said deflector.
5. In a liquid spray nozzle, a nozzle head having a hollow chamber provided with a substantially vertical discharge orifice, a conical deflector above said orifice in the path of the li uid issuing therefrom for spreading such iquid into a thin film and causing it to be directed outwardly and laterally, the conical deflector being provided at the periphery thereof with a series of unconfined grooves that extend in the direction of flow to the point where the liquid leaves the deflector whereby the film is subdivided into a series of finely divided streams capable of being projected further from said nozzle head than said film.
6. In a liquid spray nozzle, a nozzle head having a. hollow chamber provided at its upper end with a substantially vertical discharge orifice provided with an outwardly flaring mouth, a conical deflector within but spaced from the mouth in the path of liquid issuing from the. orifice for spreading the liquid into a thin film and causing it to be directed outwardl and laterally, said deflector being provi ed at the periphery thereof with a series of unconfined grooves that extend in the direction of flow to the point where the liquid leaves the deflector whereby said film is subdivided into a series of finely divided streams capable of being projected further from said nozzle head than said film.
7. In a liquid spray nozzle, a nozzle head having a substantially vertical discharge orifice, a deflector above the orifice and having a substantially conical surface in the path of liquid issuing from the orifice for spreading the same into a thin film and causing the film to be directed outwardly and laterally, and provided above said conical surface with a series of unconfined grooves extending in the direction of flow for subdividing the film into a series of finely divided streams capable of being projected further from said nozzle head than said film.
8. In a liquid spray nozzle, a nozzle head having a hollow chamber provided with a discharge orifice, a conical deflector in align ment with said orifice for spreading the liquid into a thin film of convex contour, and
-a convex enlargement or lip at the outer end of said convex deflector, said enlargement,
having a series of grooves therein, the bot-* the diameter of the convex deflector at the bottom of said grooves.
9, In a liquid spray nozzle, a nozzle head having a hollow chamber provided Witha 5 discharge orifice, a-defiector in the path of the fluid issuing from said orifice, said deflector having a convex outwardly flaring deflectorsurface and a series of rooves in 'the' path of the liquid issuing roni said chamber, said grooves extending in the direction of flow of'the liquidfor converting the same into a series of finely divided streams capable of being projected further from said nozzle whereby a larger area may be irrim gated under the same hydraulic conditions. In testimony whereof I affix m signature.
' ELMER .MUNZ,
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2499893 *||Nov 4, 1944||Mar 7, 1950||Anemostat Corp America||Valve device|
|US2611651 *||Feb 23, 1946||Sep 23, 1952||Allis Chalmers Mfg Co||Combustion turbine burner|
|US2626836 *||Nov 16, 1949||Jan 27, 1953||Goodrich M Sullivan||Sprinkler head|
|US2921488 *||Nov 23, 1955||Jan 19, 1960||United States Steel Corp||Method and apparatus for cooling mill rolls|
|US3014668 *||Jun 2, 1960||Dec 26, 1961||Boyd Eugene L||Sprinkler head|
|US3048915 *||Nov 13, 1959||Aug 14, 1962||Chrysler Corp||Fuel injection nozzle for a gas turbine engine|
|US3061204 *||Mar 30, 1961||Oct 30, 1962||Fluor Corp||Water spray nozzle|
|US3151812 *||May 16, 1962||Oct 6, 1964||Friend Mfg Corp||Pesticide distributing apparatus with augmented air blast pattern|
|US4168033 *||Jul 6, 1977||Sep 18, 1979||Rain Bird Sprinkler Mfg. Corp.||Two-piece wear-resistant spray nozzle construction|
|US4840312 *||Nov 20, 1987||Jun 20, 1989||The Toro Company||Sprinkler nozzle module|
|US4889287 *||May 4, 1987||Dec 26, 1989||James Hardie Building Products Pty. Limited||Jet spray sprinkler|
|US7487924 *||Jun 21, 2004||Feb 10, 2009||Thomas Les Johnson||Spray nozzle|
|US7516630 *||Jul 30, 2003||Apr 14, 2009||Lg Electronics Inc.||Washing machine|
|US7780093||Jan 29, 2009||Aug 24, 2010||Thomas Les Johnson||Spray nozzle|
|US8328112||Aug 11, 2010||Dec 11, 2012||Thomas Les Johnson||Spray nozzle|
|US8668153||Aug 3, 2010||Mar 11, 2014||Udor U.S.A. Inc.||Spray nozzle for low clearance spraying|
|US9314952||Mar 14, 2013||Apr 19, 2016||Rain Bird Corporation||Irrigation spray nozzle and mold assembly and method of forming nozzle|
|US9492832||Mar 14, 2013||Nov 15, 2016||Rain Bird Corporation||Sprinkler with brake assembly|
|US9700904||Feb 7, 2014||Jul 11, 2017||Rain Bird Corporation||Sprinkler|
|US20040025544 *||Jul 30, 2003||Feb 12, 2004||Kim Jong Seok||Washing machine|
|US20040227015 *||Jun 21, 2004||Nov 18, 2004||Johnson Thomas Les||Spray nozzle|
|US20100294851 *||Aug 3, 2010||Nov 25, 2010||Thomas Les Johnson||Spray nozzle for low clearance spraying|
|US20110036920 *||Aug 11, 2010||Feb 17, 2011||Thomas Les Johnson||Spray nozzle|
|EP1170058A3 *||Jun 21, 2001||Sep 17, 2003||Lechler GmbH & Co.KG||Spray nozzle for fan shaped sprays|
|WO1987006859A1 *||May 4, 1987||Nov 19, 1987||James Hardie Building Products Pty. Limited||Jet spray sprinkler|
|U.S. Classification||239/498, 239/391, 239/524|


text:
We’re answering some of your burning questions about our Young Producers Scheme.
It’s been a few weeks since we launched our Young Producers Scheme – our programme for people aged 18-24 to get involved with producing the next Compass Festival, and we thought it would be useful to answer some questions you may have. If you’re thinking of applying and your question has not been answered below, email us.
What is Compass Festival?
Compass Festival happens in Leeds every two years and is a celebration of socially engaged live art in the public realm. Projects take place in non traditional arts settings, like pubs, libraries and neighbourhoods and involve direct interaction with the public. We commission internationally renowned artists and bring unique works to the city that would not otherwise be seen.
What is a Producer?
Producing means ‘to bring forth’ – and in the arts it’s a role that ensures stuff happens in a way that remains true to the artist’s vision and the practical requirements at hand.
At Compass, being a producer is about developing a great programme people will respond well to and supporting artists to realise their vision for commissioned projects. It’s about finding solutions, negotiating with all the different people involved, and generally being a constant force pushing the work forwards towards showing it at the festival.
What will I actually do as a Young Producer?
During your time with us, you’ll develop an individual work plan, based on your interests and will be paired with specific projects within the programme to work on. Participants will take part in the planning, delivery and evaluation of the festival alongside the festival team including:
- Fortnightly masterclasses with festival artists and partners.
- Monthly one to one mentoring sessions.
- Monthly workshops from the festival team on subjects such as finance, fundraising, curation, technical management and marketing.
- Meeting and working with other young producers, forming a peer support network.
- Trips to other UK cities, meeting like-minded festival producers, event organisers and artists.
Can I apply for the scheme?
Anyone aged 18-24 based in West Yorkshire who is a recent graduate of Higher (university) or Further Education (college) can apply for the Young Producers Scheme. We’re looking for people who are really interested in producing who have some practical or academic experience around arts or performance.
Can I still apply if I have not graduated from my degree?
Yes, we can accept applications from people who have not yet finished their arts or performance degrees as long as they have some practical experience.
What do you mean by practical experience?
Producing experience could be anything from working behind the scenes on a school or university performance or working as part of a society, to arts and performance volunteering or even creating your own work outside of your education.
What’s in it for me?
Doing the Compass Young Producers Scheme is a unique opportunity to work closely alongside producers, artists and technical staff as part of a small team. Through a hands-on placement, young producers will experience problem solving like no other, working on live commissions, culminating in a 2 week festival, alongside a dedicated festival team.
Gaining confidence and experience in the creative sector, previous young producers have gone on to create successful careers in the arts including running their own venues, working on international festivals and freelancing for a range of different arts organisations.

domain: artistic


text:
The African Microbiome Institute (AMI)
Prof. Grant Theron’s
primary research area is tuberculosis (TB), which is the single biggest infectious cause of death in the world. His interests include the microbiome and TB; the intersection of which are remarkedly understudied given the importance of the microbiome in human health and the global burden of TB. TB is special amongst many diseases, as it requires thousands of doses of antibiotics for at least 6 months to treat a single episode. Grant’s group is evaluating the role of the microbiome in TB pathogenesis and the long-term impact of treatment in the microbiome .
Grant has published >70 papers. This work has attracted international recognition, including the IUATLD Young Investigator Prize, the Meiring Naudé Medal from the South African Royal Society, and the NSTF-BHP Billiton T.W. Kambule Emerging Researcher Award. Grant holds a South African National Research Foundation P-rating. Grant is Head of the Clinical Mycobacteriology and Epidemiology Group (https://goo.gl/6vNAxl
) at Stellenbosch University.
Prof. Steve Innes
is an associate professor in the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Children’s Hospital, where he is a clinician-researcher at the institution’s Family Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit (FAMCRU).
His primary role is to create and implement new research to generate sound, scientifically-robust evidence aimed at developing effective and feasible guidelines for management of an aging HIV-infected paediatric population in resource-constrained settings in Southern Africa. Steve regularly provides clinical teaching to medical students at various levels of undergraduate study. Simultaneously, he supervises and mentors medical professionals pursuing post-graduate masters and PhD studies in his field.
“Studying the gut microbiome may provide the key to understanding why some HIV+ children prematurely develop adult-type diseases (e.g. atherosclerosis, and chronic lung, kidney and bone disease) while others don’t.
“The goal of my clinical and research career is to ensure the long-term health and wellbeing of low socio-economic-rung HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy in South and sub-Saharan Africa. I intend to achieve this through clinical care of children and their families; clinical teaching and mentoring of clinicians and nurse-practitioners in paediatrics; and clinically-relevant research aimed at common problems facing front-line clinicians and nurse-practitioners, specifically those dealing with HIV-infected children.”
David L. Tabb
was born in November, 1973 near Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States. After graduating high school in Blue Springs, Missouri, in 1992, he attended the University of Arkansas as a Sturgis Fellow
for a four-year Bachelor of Science program. He graduated in 1996 with a major in Biology and a minor in Computer Science. His choice of the PhD program in Molecular Biotechnology
at the University of Washington proved significant as he trained under John R. Yates III, a pioneer in the nascent field of proteomics. David defended his dissertation in 2003, propelled forward by five first-author publications. After a two-year postdoctoral fellowship at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
, he joined the faculty of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, as an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Informatics.
He was tenured and promoted to associate professor in 2011. In 2015, he left Vanderbilt and moved to Cape Town, South Africa, to join the Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics
at Stellenbosch University’s Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. The key themes that motivate Prof Tabb’s research are revealing biological information from experimental data, removing roadblocks to quality proteomics experimentation, and bioinformatics education.
Prof. Andrew Whitelaw
worked as a consultant pathologist in clinical microbiology at Groote Schuur Hospital from 2003 – 2012. In December 2012 took up the post of Head of Department of Medical Microbiology at the University of Stellenbosch / Tygerberg Hospital. His early research revolved around molecular characterization of ESBLs in members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and he has been involved in a number of studies and activities related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and infection control over the last decade, both for community as well as hospital acquired pathogens. Most relevant among these would be his involvement in the South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme (SAASP), The Infection Control Society of Southern Africa, and the SA Ministerial Advisory Committee on AMR.
Ongoing research interests focus on antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus, including molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance as well as clinical impact and control of AMR. He is also involved in studies describing the human microbiota and in particular the effect of antimicrobials on the microbiota.
Prof Renée Blaauw,
PhD (Nutritional Sciences), is an Associate Professor in Therapeutic Nutrition at the Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town.
She is a registered dietitian with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). She acted as Chairperson of the Professional Board for Dietetics in South Africa for the period 1999 – February 2004. She is a Past President of SASPEN (South African Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) and an honorary member of both SASPEN and ADSA (Association for Dietetics in South Africa).
She has authored / co-authored various articles and chapters in scientific publications and textbooks, presented research papers at international and national congresses, been an invited speaker at various symposiums, workshops and serves as a peer-reviewer for national and international scientific journals.
Her main research interests includes Nutrition support of critically ill patients; Hospital malnutrition; Nutritional management of gastro-intestinal diseases; Pre- and Probiotics and Nutritional Epidemiology. She has been involved in various Provincial and national research surveys acting as primary investigator or research coordinator
Prof Christoffel van Rensburg
MBChB, PhD: Head of the Division of Gastroenterology, Tygerberg Campus.
‘Christo’ has more than 35 years’ experience in clinical and academic gastroenterology in South Africa, with a research focus on diseases of the upper GI tract. He runs a very busy clinical service with the assistance of one other consultant, a senior registrar, a GI fellow and 2 registrars. Their workload for 2018 included 7114 outpatient visits, 3669 gastroscopies, 1836 colonoscopies, 155 flexible sigmoidoscopies, 421 ERCPs, 20 capsule endoscopies, 75 dilations, 106 esophageal manometry and pH studies, 185 colonic polypectomies, and 184 GI stents. There were 1400 in-patient consultations.

domain: biology


text: This 3.5mm Bespoke Shaped Wedding Band is the latest hot trend in the wedding rings world. It is time to raise your style game and don a wedding band that is bound to grab eyeballs. An exquisite bespoke wedding band shaped to your engagement ring. Our striking collection of shaped wedding bands come in many shapes and sizes, with some encrusted with diamonds and other precious stones. You can pick from a selection of different metals like platinum, white, yellow, and rose gold. Each band is beautifully crafted to reflect your union and guarantees excellent quality and value for money.


text:
A Multi-Sensory Experience of “Hong Kong Style” Tea Ceremony
Saturday, October 14th 2017
In a 7m × 5m semi-open enclosure separated by a membrane, we are temporarily sheltered from the urban hustle in a makeshift tea room. The contemporary and functional tea bar at the center is surrounded by art installations and multi-sensory media. Participants can open their senses and savor the fulfilment and delight brought by tea culture. The tea room is specially designed to let participants experience and meditate on the Eastern culture and its interplay with modern life.
The 30-minute session takes visitors on a mesmerizing journey in tea culture. Not only will you learn the procedures to prepare tea, you will have the chance to taste 3 different teas – green tea, oolong, and black tea – and snacks to pair with the teas.

domain: design


text:
The influence of backrest support and handgrip contractions on acute metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular responses were evaluated in 13 healthy men during exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV).
Following assessment of aerobic fitness during arm cranking, subjects were exposed to frequencies 3, 4.5, and 6 Hz with 0.9 g(r.m.s) acceleration magnitude on a vibrating base in randomized order, on separate days. Each exposure included 6 min baseline without WBV, 8 min of WBV exposure either 'with' or 'without' backrest, 4 min recovery, followed by 8 min of WBV with opposite backrest condition, and 4 min recovery. During the final minute of WBV, subjects performed right hand maximal rhythmic handgrip contractions for one minute. During baseline and before completion of WBV session 'with' and 'without' backrest, cardiac output was estimated indirectly by carbon dioxide rebreathing.
At 3 and 4.5, and 3 and 6 Hz, absolute and relative oxygen uptake demonstrated significantly greater responses during sitting 'without' backrest than 'with' backrest (P
In this keynote address, the author discusses perception of the body in the context of chronic illness compared with that of health. She describes changes that occur in illness with respect to time, space, morality, aesthetics, morality, technology, information, and interpersonal relationships using examples from her research, and explores the construction of illness and health identities.
OBJECTIVE--To evaluate people's reactions to procedures involving the dead body by comparing their attitudes toward autopsy, organ donation, and dissection. DESIGN--Survey, using a questionnaire with 24 items that address reactions toward autopsy, organ donation, and donation of the whole body, including religious and sociodemographic issues. PARTICIPANTS--An age-stratified, random sample of 1950 individuals in Sweden, 18 to 75 years old. The response rate was 65%. RESULTS--Eighty-four percent reported acceptance of an autopsy for themselves and 80% for a close relative. Sixty-two percent were willing to donate their own organs and 39% to donate the organs of a family member; 15% accepted donation of their whole body for dissection. Practically all who accepted dissection also were willing to donate their organs and to be autopsied; practically all who were willing to donate their organs also accepted autopsy. About 65% to 70% felt some discomfort at the thought of autopsy and organ donation. Women seemed more sensitive toward operations on the dead body than men. CONCLUSIONS--The rank order of medical procedures after death, based on the proportion of individuals positive toward the procedures, can be used to form a scale with autopsy and dissection at each end point and organ donation in the middle. This scale has the characteristics of a Guttman scale and can be looked on as a comfort-discomfort continuum regarding procedures involving the dead body.
There has been a marked increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the West since the 1970s. However, biomedicine is still prevailing within public health services and health services covered by private insurance. Different therapies, conventional and CAM, represent different perceptions of the the body. Perceptions of the body are closely related to perceptions of illness, health, disease, and risk. The cultural models of the body are related to social organization and the development of technologies. In a study on spiritual healers and their clients in Norway, I found that clients adapted to a multitude of medical regimes by processes of recognition through cognitive models, learning, and socialization. I describe five models that are evident in communication between healers and clients; the model of the body as machine, plumbing system, energetic, programmable, and as wireless network. People hold diverse perceptions of health, illness, body, and risk, which influence attitudes and behavior. Changes in perceptions of body, health, and illness may be one factor enforcing that CAM is increasingly becoming a first-line intervention. Health authorities meet this challenge emphasizing the regulation of CAM to safeguard patients but could also choose to focus on what clients define as their needs. The shift in cultural understandings of the body, and how people cope with this diversity, ought to be an area for further investigation, as it may affect the choices citizens make and the legitimacy of health authorities.
Ethical concerns on patents in the biological sciences are increased by the prospect of patents for higher life forms. A Canadian patent grants the owner the right to exclude others in Canada from making, using, or selling or offering for sale his or her invention for the term of the patent; however, it does not give the patent owner any positive rights to do likewise. As with other forms of property, the right to make, use, or sell a patented invention may be regulated by other laws or guidelines. In Canada, higher life forms, medical and surgical methods are not patentable subject matter. Unicellular life forms and subcellular material are considered patentable. Decisions on ethical issues are not considered by patent officers. The Patent Office is guided only by legislation. Other regulations by the legislatures can direct public policy and minimize risks.
Living organ donation should be recognized as an ethical compromise to the principle of nonmaleficence (doing no harm), given the risks healthy donors are allowed to assume. Living organ donation should be reserved for situations in which there is no acceptable alternative. Increasing the availability of cadaveric organs is most desirable, since it would decrease (although probably not eliminate) the need for living organ transplantation and would provide organs (ie, hearts) that could not otherwise be obtained. We propose the development of an incentive-based Advance-Directive Organ Registry, in which all adults are encouraged to register their advance directive regarding organ donations. Those individuals agreeing to permit usable organs to be taken at the time of death would receive priority for organs generated by the program, should a transplant become necessary when there is a shortage of organs. The proposed Advance-Directive Organ Registry is firmly founded on the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice.
Comment In: Arch Intern Med. 1993 Feb 22;153(4):529-308435032

domain: medical


text:
Advent – a celebration of Christmas
Its a busy season for everyone at Eyam – both in the community and at school (as well as at home of course!).
We always kick start the run up to Christmas with a decoration day where the community are invited in to get sticky and help make decorations – its a lovely atmosphere helped by mince pies at playtime.
The choir and quartet made a wonderful addition to Community Christmas luncheon at the Church Centre.
Soup and a chat was popular as ever with Squirrel children making home made soup and inviting friends to lunch and a quiz. Delicious soup thanks to a lot of chopping!
We enjoyed celebrating advent together in Church with friends and family as well as our special Infant Nativity which is always a highpoint in the year.
We took part in the Community Carol Service
Almost the end of term but what a celebration of skill and confidence as so many children performed at the end of year concert – a wonderful afternoon.

domain: sociology


text:
Among blacks, Latinos and whites, blacks were the only racial or ethnic group in which a majority of respondents said they opposed gay marriage, in a Washington Post-ABC poll. On marijuana legalization, blacks are most supportive while Latinos are the least supportive.
Fifty-one percent of blacks, 45 percent of Latinos and 47 percent of whites said they oppose gay marriage in the Nov. 7 poll of 1,023 adults. The margin of error for the full sample is 3.5 percentage points.
In the full sample, a majority, 51 percent, said they support gay marriage, including 33 percent who say they strongly support gay marriage. Forty-seven percent said they oppose gay marriage, including 35 percent who say they strongly oppose gay marriage.
The results are different than a recent Pew Research Center poll showing for the first time a plurality of blacks, 44 percent, favoring gay marriage, and only 39 percent opposed to gay marriage. The same poll showed 49 percent of whites favoring and 41 percent of whites opposed to gay marriage.
The Washington Post-ABC poll showed larger differences among age groups. A majority of those 65 and older, 66 percent, opposed gay marriage, while a majority of 18- to 39-year-olds, 59 percent, said they support gay marriage. The middle age group, 40- to 64-year-olds, were about evenly split -- 51 percent supported and 47 percent opposed gay marriage.
On the question of legalization of marijuana, the poll found that Latinos were mostly opposed, blacks were mostly supportive and whites were about evenly split.
When asked "do you support or oppose legalizing the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use?" 65 percent of Latinos were opposed and 54 percent of blacks were supportive. Among whites, 50 percent supported and 48 percent opposed marijuana legalization.
In last week's election, there were two ballot measures in Colorado and Washington favoring the legalization of marijuana that passed. Plus, four ballot measures dealing with marriage, in Maryland, Maine, Minnesota and Washington, were all won by proponents of gay marriage.


text:
The Horse Club Mobile Vet w/ Hanoverian Foal
This toy has been vetted...and it's great!
Do you know a young animal lover? This Horse Club Mobile Vet is the perfect gift for an aspiring veterinarian or anyone who loves animals! It includes a mobile vet vehicle, a Hanoverian foal, a veterinarian, and numerous accessories. A great addition to a young horse enthusiast's collection!
- X-ray Machine
- 2 Sticker Sheets
- Medical Bag
- Medicine Bottle
- Molded plastic Vet mobile
- Accessories for the Vet mobile
- Officially licensed


text:
I've always enjoyed the Kirby series. I think it holds a unique place in the gaming industry as a franchise that isn't too challenging, but still provides a lot of fun. Ever since the release of Kirby's Return to Dreamland, I feel like the franchise has been better than ever. Each main game after that outing has been pretty much outstanding in my book. Then I saw the trailer for Kirby: Planet Robobot...and I became a bit nervous.
We all have our first impressions of a game when it's initially announced. We see artwork, screens or a trailer and form some sort of opinion. Now I'm not dumb enough to let that first impression spoil a game for me, but I will say that I didn't really dig what Kirby: Planet Robobot was about. The idea of using mechs to get around and battle in a Kirby game seemed like it just wouldn't jive. Something about it felt shoehorned in to me, and I couldn't place my finger on why. That said, I kept my overall open mind for when I actually got to sit down with the game.
Now that I've put in ample time with Kirby: Planet Robobot, I can say that I totally get it. To tell you the truth, Kirby: Planet Robobot totally turned around my expectations. While I went into it being a bit nervous and apprehensive, I've come out completely sold on the idea. The entire mech mechanic adds much more than surface value to the experience. I don't know that we'll ever see Kirby jumping into a mech again, but I can say that I'd really love to see it return in the future. This approach added yet another truly interesting wrinkle to the Kirby universe.


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SoCal classical music listings, Jan. 20-27: The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and more
The Black Cat Long Beach Opera and Musica Angelica Baroque Orchestra perform the U.S. premiere of this reimagining of the Edgar Allan Poe terror tale. The Beverly O’Neill Theater, 300 E. Ocean Blvd., Long Beach. Sun., 2:30 p.m. $49-$150. (562) 470-7464.
Coburn @Soka The Viano String Quartet performs works by Haydn, Dvořák and Beethoven. Soka Performing Arts Center, 1 University Drive, Aliso Viejo. Sun., 3 p.m. $16, $20. (949) 480-4278.
Concerti Ecclesiastici L.A.-based period-instrument ensemble Tesserae performs sacred music from the early Baroque era. All Saints’ Episcopal Church, 504 N. Camden Drive, Beverly Hills. Sun., 5 p.m. $10-$30. www.tesseraebaroque.org
Itzhak Perlman — In the Fiddler’s House The violinist celebrates klezmer music with members of the Brave Old World and Klezmer Conservatory Band. Walt Disney Concert Hall, 111 S. Grand Ave., L.A. Sun., 7:30 p.m. $67-$150. (323) 850-2000.
Kaleidoscope Chamber Orchestra Works by Bartok, Kaija Saariaho, Chiayu Hsu and Gabriella Smith. First Presbyterian Church of Santa Monica, 1220 2nd St., Santa Monica. Sun., 2 p.m. www.kco.la.
LA Phil with Jean-Yves Thibaudet Principal guest conductor Susanna Mälkki leads the orchestra in Messiaen’s Turangalîla Symphony, plus Kaija Saariaho’s Trans for harp and orchestra featuring pianist Thibaudet. Walt Disney Concert Hall, 111 S. Grand Ave., L.A. Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall, Segerstrom Center for the Arts, 600 Town Center Drive, Costa Mesa. Sun., 3 p.m. $48 and up. (949) 553-2422.
Mozart Classical Orchestra Mozart’s Symphony No. 36, “Linz,” and Piano Concerto No. 13 featuring pianist Daniel Shapiro, plus Johann Strauss II’s “Gypsy Baron” Overture. Irvine Barclay Theatre, 4242 Campus Drive, Irvine. Sun., 3 p.m. $29-$52. (949) 854-4646.
Pittance Chamber Music Pianist Robert Thies joins Pittance for pieces by Beethoven, Mozart and Brahms. Pasadena Conservatory of Music, Barrett Hall, 100 N. Hill Ave., Pasadena. Sun., 3 p.m. $20, $35; student rush: $10. (800) 838-3006.
Restoration Concerts The Tien-Hsin Cindy Wu Piano Quartet plays works by Dvořák and Faure. South Pasadena Public Library, Community Room, 1115 El Centro St., South Pasadena. Sun., 4 p.m. $20 at the door. (626) 799-6333.
South Bay Chamber Music Society Pasadena String Quartet plays string quartets by Mozart, Debussy and Tchaikovsky. Pacific Unitarian Church, 5621 Montemalaga Drive, Rancho Palos Verdes. Sun., 3 p.m. Free. www.sbcms.net.
Sundays Live Los Angeles Piano and Wind Sextet performs works by Mendelssohn, Debussy, Saint-Saëns and Poulenc. LACMA, Bing Theater, 5905 Wilshire Blvd., L.A. Sun., 6 p.m. Free. (323) 857-6234.
Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center Piano quartets by Brahms, Suk and Dvořák. Segerstrom Center for the Arts, Samueli Theater, 615 Town Center Drive, Costa Mesa. Tue., 8 p.m. $39 and up. (714) 556-2787.
Rob Kapilow’s What Makes It Great? The composer-conductor and Viano String Quartet examine Dvořák’s American Quartet. Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts, 12700 Center Court Drive, Cerritos. Wed., 7:30 p.m. $55. (562) 467-8818.
Celebrating John Williams Gustavo Dudamel leads the LA Phil with guest violinist Simone Porter through selections Williams’ classic scores for “Star Wars,” “Jaws,” etc., presented with film clips. Walt Disney Concert Hall, 111 S. Grand Ave., L.A. Thu.-Sat., 8 p.m.; next Sun., 2 p.m. $97-$251. (323) 850-2000.
Black Violin Duo merges classical with hip-hop, rock and R&B. Lewis Family Playhouse, 12505 Cultural Center Drive, Rancho Cucamonga. Fri., 8 p.m. $38-$45. (909) 477-2752.
Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra Guest conductor Peter Oundjian leads the ensemble in Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5, Seeger’s Andante for Strings, Mozart’s Piano Concerto No. 17 featuring pianist Jonathan Biss, and the world premiere of Sarah Gibson’s “warp & weft.” Alex Theatre, 216 N. Brand Blvd., Glendale. Sat., 8 p.m. Also at Royce Hall, UCLA, 340 Royce Drive, Westwood. Next Sun., 7 p.m. $28 and up; discounts available. (213) 622-7001.
Pasadena Symphony Principal guest conductor Nicholas McGegan leads the orchestra in Bach’s Concerto for Two Violins and Brandenburg Concerto No. 6; Vivaldi’s Concerto for Cello and Concerto for Bassoon; and Handel’s Water Music Suite No. 1. Ambassador Auditorium, 131 S. St. John Ave., Pasadena. Sat., 2 and 8 p.m. $35 and up. (626) 793-7172.
Put Your Guns Down L.A.-based choral ensemble Tonality performs works by Reena Esmail, Shawn Kirchner, David Lang and others. Manhattan Beach Community Church, 303 S. Peck Ave., Manhattan Beach. Sat., 7 p.m. $20. (800) 838-3006.
New West Symphony Guest conductor Ankush Kumar Bahl leads the orchestra in Beethoven’s Symphony No. 7; Mozart’s Violin Concerto No. 5, “Turkish,” featuring violinist Karen Gomyo; and the world premiere of “House of Cards” composer Jeff Beal’s “The Great Circle.” Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza, Kavli Theatre, 2100 Thousand Oaks Blvd., Thousand Oaks. Sat., 7:30 p.m. Also at Oxnard Performing Arts Center, 800 Hobson Way, Oxnard. Next Sun., 3 p.m. $30-$200. (866) 776-8400.
Symphonies for Youth: A Journey Through Minimalism The LA Phil presents a kid-friendly examination of works by John Adams and Philip Glass. Walt Disney Concert Hall, 111 S. Grand Ave., L.A. Sat., 11 a.m. $23, $27. (323) 850-2000.
Acapella/Awakening Rachael Worby’s Muse/Ique is joined by the Pasadena Master Chorale, Urban Voices Project and others for a program of a capella choral music. Westminster Presbyterian Church, 1757 N. Lake Ave., Pasadena. Next Sun., 7 p.m. $40. (626) 539-7085.
Culver City Symphony Orchestra All-Mozart program includes the composer’s Symphony No. 30 and Violin Concerto No. 4. Robert Frost Auditorium, 4401 Elenda St., Culver City. Next Sun., 3 p.m. $15, $20; ages 6-12, free with paying adult. www.culvercitysymphony.org.
Dilijan Chamber Music Series Works by Armenian composer Tigran Mansurian. Colburn School, Zipper Hall, 200 S. Grand Ave., L.A. Next Sun., 3 p.m. $20, $35. (818) 500-9997.
Sundays Live Crossroads EMMI Orchestra performs works to be announced. LACMA, Bing Theater, 5905 Wilshire Blvd., L.A. Next Sun., 6 p.m. Free. (323) 857-6234.
Violin & Piano Duo: Simone Porter and Hsin-I Huang Pieces by Mozart, Ravel, Prokofiev and others. Soka Performing Arts Center, 1 University Drive, Aliso Viejo. Next Sun., 7 p.m. $32, $40. (949) 480-4278.
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It's the final day of the final day of Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall's royal visit to Cornwall.
Today, Camilla will officially open Cornwall Air Ambulance's new HQ at Newquay airport.
The Duchess has been patron of the charity, which is celebrating its 25th anniversary, since last year. Today she will meet the charity's fundraising team, tour the crew quarters, and meet a patient whose life was saved by the paramedic team.
Later Charles and Camilla travel to Lostwithiel to see how the town is planning to deal with a repeat of devastating floods which crippled parts of the town two years ago.
More top news
Raynor Winn and her husband Moth lost their home, their business and also learnt Moth was terminally ill - all in the space of a few days.
Taking a little while to clear but by mid-morning its sunny everywhere.
This will clear away by the afternoon and sunshine will return.

domain: news


The Daily Mail has recently published an article about a husband who is taking his ex-wife to court to get more maintenance from her.
In this case, it was the husband who had given up full time employment, but did undertake some work as a freelance photographer. The wife works at PricewaterhouseCoopers earning a six-figure salary.
A financial order had already been made, but the husband is appealing that decision because he says the level of maintenance awarded was unfair, because it was based on him returning to work and earning the same salary as he did 11 years ago. He says that maintenance £50,000 per annum is not enough, and instead wants this increased to £85,000 a year.
A key part of the husband’s argument is that he feels there has been a gender bias and that if it was a wife in his position then she would have received more.
Taking an objective view of matters, the court does not take into account either party’s gender. The court has certain factors (often referred to as the section 25 factors, referring to that particular part of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973) which it takes into account when reaching a decision about a couple’s finances.
The key factor in question in this case appears to be “the income, earning capacity…which each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future”.
Guidance is given as to what earning capacity means: “in the case of earning capacity, any increase in that capacity which it would in the opinion of the court be reasonable to expect a party to the marriage to take steps to acquire”.
Of course, the judge taking the decision does not have a crystal ball and cannot predict exactly what a party’s earing capacity may be in the future. All the judge can do is go on the available evidence which could, for example, involve the wife producing example job adverts that she thinks the husband would be qualified for and could potentially secure.
The court has two competing factors to weigh up when considering the question of spousal maintenance. It has to look at what the husband needs and balance this against the wife’s ability to pay.
For further information about spousal maintenance, please see Maguire Family Law information on spousal maintenace. or contact one of the solicitors in the team for a consultation by telephone: +44 (0) 1625 544650 or email: email@example.com
For specialist advice on any family law related issue contact Maguire Family Law by email: firstname.lastname@example.org or telephone:


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John ‘Jack’ R. Williams, Sr., obituary
CAMDEN — John “Jack” Richard Williams, Sr., 90, of Camden, died January 8, 2018 at Windward Gardens in Camden. Born July, 9, 1927 in Rockland, he was the son of William Grierson and Medora Lillian (Kenniston) Williams. He was a member of the Class of 1945 at Camden High School, where he played baseball, basketball and football. On July 3, 1945, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served until August 1946.
In 1950, Jack received a bachelor’s of science in engineering physics at the University of Maine, then worked for the Knox Woolen Mill, Kittery Shipyard, and General Electric in Lynn, Massachusetts, until 1951.
On November 18, 1951, he married Edith Verrill Clark in Rockland at Pratt Memorial Methodist Church. Jack was employed at Tibbetts Industries in Camden before moving to Massachusetts, where he worked for Raytheon in Newton. In 1959, Jack started a new company, Crystalonics, in Cambridge, which he operated until 1969, when he sold the business.
Returning to the family home in Camden in 1971, Jack became involved in civic affairs, becoming director of the Camden YMCA, president of Camden Alumni Association, a member of the Zoning Board of Appeals for the Town of Camden, member and past president of Down East Jazz Society, and member of the Camden Historical Society. He has also been an active member and former president of the Camden Lion’s Club since 1952 and was an honored recipient of the Melvin Jones award.
As a Camden native and distinguished local historian, Jack grew up skiing at the Camden Snow Bowl in the 1930s and 1940s. His book, The Camden Snow Bowl, is a comprehensive history of the ski area. Jack had been an active member and former director of the Camden Outing Club.
In 1974, Jack formed a new business, Knox Semiconductor, Inc., serving as president from its inception until he retired. The company was sold to Micrometrics in 2005.
Jack and Edith formed the Billy Williams Foundation, a charity and engineering scholarship fund to benefit local students in the Camden, Rockport, Hope, Appleton and Lincolnville school district and organizations, in memory of their son. They were members of the John Street United Methodist Church in Camden.
In 1989, Jack wrote the History of Camden, which was published in 1989. In 1973, he authored This Was Your Hit Parade, a historical documentary.
An avid skier and outdoorsman all his life, Jack skied every day during the season at the Camden Snow Bowl until the age of 82. As a young man he had skied Tuckerman’s Ravine. At age 85, Jack completed his last back flip off the diving tower at his Megunticook Lake cottage.
In 1990, he led the effort in reconstructing the old toboggan chute at the Snow Bowl beginning new races in 1991. The chute was named in honor of Jack. That same year, he founded the Ragged Mountain Recreation Area Foundation, continuing as its director until 2004.
In 1987, Jack was instrumental in creating a new hiking trail over the Tablelands on Mount Megunticook, and was later honored by the naming of the trail “The Jack Williams Trail.”
Part of Jack’s philanthropy included donating 80 acres of land in Searsmont to Sweetser in December 1980.
In 2000, Jack was inducted as a distinguished member of the Francis Crowe Society through the College of Engineering at the University of Maine.
Predeceased by his wife, Edith Williams in 1998, and son, William R. Williams in 1960, he is survived by his three children, John R. Williams, Jr., and his wife, Tina, of Camden; Patricia Brissette and her husband, Tony, of St. George; Janice E. Williams and her husband, Stephen Rickett, of Portland; nine grandchildren, David Williams and his wife, Crystal Carpenter, Jacalyn Williams, Brian Prescott and his wife, Abby, Candice Jones and her husband, Jonathan Jones, Nicole Denis and her husband, Mike, Denis, Kimberley Williams and her husband, Sheldon Main, Jamie Clark, Molly Rickett, and Sarah Rickett; several great-grandchildren; a sister-in-law, Evelyn Morse, of Union; and a special friend, Priscilla Hart.
Calling hours will be held 4-6 p.m., Friday, January 19, 2018 at the Long Funeral Home, 9 Mountain Street, Camden. There will be a funeral service followed by a reception at 1 p.m., Saturday, January 20, 2018 at the John Street United Methodist Church, 98 John St., Camden.
Memorial gifts may be made to the Billy Williams Foundation, 24 Union Street, Camden, ME 04843. Condolences and memories may be shared with Jack’s family at www.longfuneralhomecamden.com.

domain: history


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.D’banjs late son. –
Nigerian pop star David Adeleke, better known as Davido, who won the 2018 BET Award for Best International Act Award in Los Angeles on Sunday has Sent condolences to D’banj on his son’s death.
It was gathered that D’banj’s son was drown while a party was going on in their home.
As he mounted the stage to receive his award, Davido said: “Before I go on, I want to send condolences to my big brother, the actual artiste that paved the way for Nigerian artistes to be on this stage.
“D’banj, my condolences are with you, you’re my brother”, Davido said.


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Chelsea fullback Ashley Cole has backed new manager Andre Villas-Boas and said he never thought about leaving the London club.Villas-Boas was awarded the top job at Stamford Bridge after former boss Carlo Ancelotti was sacked following the Blues failure to win a trophy last season.
Some have criticised the appointment of 33-year-old Villas-Boas, claiming he is too young for the pressures of managing one of the top clubs in the English Premier League.
But Cole said the players were fully behind the man who led Porto to a treble of titles last season.
“Age is just a number, he has experience of being at Porto, a big club,” Cole told Sky Sports.
“And hopefully he can bring that glory to Chelsea but I don’t think the age thing is anything to worry about, I don’t think the players think about that. He is our manager now and we have to go out and fight for him.”
“Whatever manager comes in we respect him, we are not kids, everyone thinks there are egos at Chelsea, but there aren’t and we have to make Chelsea the squad of a few years ago and win trophies.”
Villas-Boas spent a season at Chelsea as an assistant under Jose Mourinho, and Cole said he had been impressed with the Portuguese’s hard work.
“Honestly, it was amazing how thorough he was,” Cole told The Sun. “He would brief Jose on all the players we were facing to the point where we knew which foot they favoured, whether they liked to go inside or outside, preferred to cross deep or short, their stamina levels, the lot.
“If we’d wanted to know what they had for breakfast I’m sure he could have found out for us.”
Former manager Mourinho, now in charge of Real Madrid, is reportedly interested in luring 30-year-old Cole to the Spanish capital.
But Cole insisted he was more than happy to remain at Chelsea and said his desire for success was still strong.
“Never even thought about it (leaving Chelsea),” Cole said.
“I had issues before where I thought about it, but this season I have been fine, I have been on holiday so I have not read anything.”
“There’s plenty of life left in me. I started out with Lee Dixon and Tony Adams and used to think ‘my God, these lot are old’. Now I’m sitting at training next to youngsters like Josh McEachran and Ryan Bertrand and they might be looking at me the same way.”
“But it makes you want to win even more, you get hungrier, and work harder to stop youngsters taking your place. I feel fine.”


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Cobra Backstretch and Single Leg Lifts: Effective Yoga Poses for Strengthening and Relaxation
One of the most effective yoga poses for strengthening the back and relieving stress is the Cobra Backstretch. To perform this pose, start by lying on your belly with your palms on the floor beneath your shoulders and your forehead resting on the floor. Inhale as you stretch your chin forward and place it on the floor. Exhale as you gently press down through the palms and lift your head and chest off the floor, leading with your heart. Keep your belly and legs grounded on the floor. Inhale as you float effortlessly upwards, and exhale as you settle back down. Repeat this movement, alternating between inhaling and exhaling, to experience the full benefits of the Cobra Backstretch.
Single Leg Lifts
Another beneficial yoga pose for strengthening the core and improving flexibility is the Single Leg Lifts. Start by lying on your abdomen with your forehead or chin on the floor. Place your arms beside your body with your elbows close together and palms facing up. Inhale as you stretch out your right leg and slowly raise it off the floor a few inches. Exhale as you lower it back down to the floor. Repeat this movement with your left leg. Inhale as you stretch out your left leg and raise it off the floor, and exhale as you lower it back down. Repeat this sequence, alternating between the right and left leg, to enhance your core strength and flexibility.
By incorporating the Cobra Backstretch and Single Leg Lifts into your yoga practice, you can strengthen your back, improve flexibility, and promote relaxation. These poses are suitable for practitioners of all levels and can be modified to accommodate individual needs. Remember to listen to your body and only go as far as feels comfortable. Enjoy the benefits of these rejuvenating yoga poses and experience the positive impact they can have on your overall well-being.


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This personalized wedding afghan makes memorable gift for the newlyweds and a wonderful addition to the home. Embroidered in the corner, this wedding afghan features the saying "Two Hearts Together as One" with the wedding date inside the floral hearts and the couple's names embroidered below the floral hearts. This gorgeous wedding afghan makes a wedding gift that will be appreciated for years to come. Gift boxed in a white gift box.
Fill in only the Personalizaton you would like and leave the rest blank.


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Alison from How Does She planned the perfect party for her 10 year old daughter!
She threw a Crafting Birthday Party!
She gave each girl a bag to craft their own headband!
This party is so cute!
I think I need a crafting birthday party for myself!!!!!!!!!!
Head over to see the rest of the fun activities and yummy food…


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By securing its approval from the MAS, Paxos grew to become the primary U.S.-based blockchain that received accepted by Singapore. Paxos’ new license will enable it to supply all its blockchain services and products within the nation. It’ll additionally allow Paxos to help its present companions of their efforts to develop in Asia.
Circle’s in-principle approval already grants it particular capabilities, together with providing its digital cost token merchandise and cross-border and home switch providers inside Singapore. Circle’s Co-Founder Jeremy Allaire referred to the nation because the “world’s main monetary hub” and added that the nation has essential significance in Circle’s enlargement plans.
Singapore was recognized for its pro-crypto perspective for years. Nonetheless, the current winter market changed Singapore’s stand in direction of crypto. Particularly after the Singaporean-based 3AC collapsed, the MAS publicly acknowledged its discomfort with the attainable malicious actions throughout the crypto business.
In June, the MAS Chief Fintech Officer Sopnendu Mohanty mentioned:
“We now have no tolerance for any market unhealthy behaviour. If any person has achieved a foul factor, we’re brutal and unrelentingly arduous We now have been referred to as out by many cryptocurrencies for not being pleasant.”
From then on, the MAS turned its efforts to tighten crypto laws and re-consider its friendliness. In August, the county signaled to introduce of a brand new regulatory framework that would higher defend retail traders.
In October, the MAS offered two regulatory payments on crypto laws. The brand new papers had been written based mostly on the concept cryptoassets had been “inherently speculative and extremely dangerous” and launched a sequence of measurements to restrict the actions of digital cost token providers and stablecoin issuers.

domain: economics