Print Edition - 2014-06-24 | Oped
- Nepal needs to quickly come up with a decent policy if it is to benefit from its youth bulge
Jun 23, 2014-The First National Population Conference was recently held in Kathmandu. The theme of the conference was ‘Communicating Population for Development Planning’. Its importance lay not simply in the inauguration by Honorable President Ram Baran Yadav but also in the relevance of the topics tied to Nepal’s current socioeconomic development, ie, the demographic dividend from the changing age structure. Nepal needs to urgently develop an appropriate policy to benefit from this increasing a demographic dividend.
A demographic dividend or bonus refers to a period of approximately 20 to 30 years wherein the working-age population increases due to decreasing fertility and increasing life expectancy. This condition is recognised as a window of opportunity because it provides a temporary expansion of the labour workforce. It is critical to recognise this demographic dividend in time because experts believe there is a short timeframe for reaping the demographic dividend. Worse still, if we do not make use of this, it can end up being very costly and turn instead into a ‘demographic nightmare’.
In Nepal, the total fertility rate (TFR)—the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to survive till the end of her reproductive years and bear children in accordance to current age-specific fertility rates—was more or less constant until the mid-80s, at around 6.3. It began to rapidly decline thereafter. The Nepal Demographic and Health Survey estimated the TFR to be 3.1 in 2006 and 2.6 in 2011. Due to the declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy, the young population under 15 is decreasing but the relative size of the population in the 15-59 age bracket is increasing. The population pyramid of the country clearly shows that the new cohorts in recent years are smaller. So there is no doubt that Nepal is in a demographic transition and stands to gain its demographic dividend.
The important issue to be remembered, however, is that the demographic dividend exists only for a short period. China provides a good example where fertility started to decline quickly in the 1970s. It effectively utilised its human workforce, which contributed 15 percent of China’s economic growth between 1982 and 2000. If we look at the examples of East Asian countries, myriad studies suggest that the demographic dividend accounts for one-fourth to two-fifth of East Asia’s ‘economic miracle’.
According to the United Nations, rising unemployment among a country’s youth may indicate inadequate preparation to benefit from the demographic dividend. High unemployment, especially among the youth, wastes human resources and can lead to higher rates of crime, social unrest and political instability. Unfortunately, unemployment among the youth is currently very high in Nepal and the crime rate is increasing. And despite monumental changes, politics remain unstable. As a consequence, a large number of Nepalis continue to leave the country in search of employment—around 1,800 people everyday. Although remittance makes a significant contribution to the Nepali economy, in 2008, the Nepal Labour Force Survey reported that most of the money coming in is used to meet basic needs. Likewise, both social and developmental activities are less participatory, due to the lack of human resource in many parts of the country. That is why, it is not only the family and the community that bears the cost of labour migration but also the country.
However, it is still not too late to redress the situation. The afore-mentioned conference played a vital role in raising awareness among stakeholders, including policymakers. While the importance of a proper policy to reap the benefits of the demographic dividend was demonstrated in East Asia, we should not delay in formulating social and economic policies to reap the demographic dividend. Minister for Health and Population Khagaraj Adhikari recently mentioned developing a new policy to involve the population for sustainable development. There is hope that the process will start soon and that experts will be involved in the policy development and implementation processes.
If the appropriate polices are put in place immediately and pursued dilligently, the country would be able to develop easily and quickly. Although political commitment is key, the participation of experts without any political interference is crucial for the successful formation of an appropriate policy and its implementation. If we cannot make use of this opportunity soon, it could be very costly for the country.
Paudel is a doctoral student in research methodology at the Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
Published: 24-06-2014 09:15


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domain: hobby


In Odisha's education system is starkly evident at Dandalgandhi primary school in Dhuliput panchayat, Chitrakonda block, Malkangiri district. Despite government investments, the school, with two teachers and 52 students in Classes 1 to 5, has been under construction for three years as per local media reports. The incomplete structure forces students to study in a makeshift mud-hut, posing a serious hindrance to their education.
Tasarada Anganwadi Center
The Tasarada Anganwadi center in Telipal panchayat, Nilgiris block, tells a similar tale of neglect. The building, constructed in 2000, now stands in a dilapidated state, compelling the Anganwadi worker to conduct classes under the open skies or a nearby tree. The hazardous condition of the building prompted Tasarada Ward Member Kuanr Majhi to relocate students to alternative spaces.
Jadida Anganwadi Center Struggles for Shelter
The Jadida Anganwadi center faces a dire lack of proper infrastructure, with the Anganwadi worker resorting to constructing a mud asbestos house on her own land due to the absence of a proper building. The challenges intensify during the rainy season, affecting students' ability to study effectively.
According to the local media reports, in response to the alarming situation, Nilgiri CDPO, Sanjukta Maharana, asserted ongoing construction efforts for the Anganwadi center. She disclosed, "There are 389 Anganwadi centers under Nilagiri. Construction of buildings is currently going on in many centers. Construction of 192 buildings has already been completed." However, the urgency of addressing these issues highlights the need for swift action to bridge the infrastructure gaps, ensuring a conducive learning environment and securing the future of the country.


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It's open season on Taylor Swift, as a number of celebrities are taking their digs at her. Who hasn't been feeling the love for Taylor?
Michael J. Fox
On Sunday, Tina Fey and Amy Poehler poked fun at Taylor, who was coming off her breakup with Harry Styles. Tina told her to stay away from Michael J. Fox's son. While Amy told her to go for it, Tina said that Taylor needed some time for herself.
On Wednesday, Michael responded by saying that he wouldn't want Taylor to date his son, Sam.
As Michael commented, "Taylor Swift writes songs about everybody she goes out with, right? What a way to build a career...[singing] 'Sam, You Piece of Sh-t.' Oh . . . that was the girl you brought home!"
At this month's People's Choice Awards, Olivia joked that she was the subject of Taylor's song, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together." Later, when Taylor accepted the award for Best Country Artist, Olivia pulled a "Kanye" by "interrupting" her, grabbing the trophy and demanding a "thank you."
This month, Jack Osbourne's wife took some flack on Twitter for her comments about Taylor's breakup with with Harry.
As she tweeted, "Either Taylor Swift is bat sh-t crazy & causes every guy to dump her, or she has too high standards for these poor guys! droppin' like flies...
I usually find out when Taylor Swift breaks up with someone before I even knew they were dating. That's how fast these things happen"
After receiving angry messages from Taylor fans, Lisa defended herself by saying that she loves Taylor and buys her albums, and that she was just being humorous. She also clarified that she did not think Taylor was crazy, only that her standards were too high.
Brad Paisley & Carrie Underwood
Back in November at the Country Music Association Awards, Brad and Carrie poked fun at Taylor's breakup with Conor Kennedy.
As Brad quipped, "Just look at sports. I can't keep track of all these trades. The greatest trade of the year had to be the Kennedy family. They somehow traded Arnold Schwarzenegger for Taylor Swift. I mean, what they got for that...
Are they ever gonna get back together?"
Carrie replied, "Never, never, never. Never ever."
Later, in an interview with Allure, Carrie also admitted that she and Taylor were not close. "I'm not close to her. We run into each other at events. We're never in the same place at the same time."
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- Arts & Entertainment

domain: celebrity


Written by Miss Tess + Maya de Vitry.
Produced by Miss Tess + Thomas Bryan Eaton.
Recorded and Mixed by Thomas Bryan Eaton.
at The Stable Studios of Finnlandia in Nashville, TN
Mastered by Tony Terrebonne.
Miss Tess - vocals
Lindsay Lou - bgvs
Rachael Davis - bgvs
Thomas Bryan Eaton - guitar
John Pahmer - piano + organ
Rhees Williams - bass
Dan Holmes - drums
This album was recorded live, using two vintage parlor size guitars – a 1940 Recording King (Tess) and a 1951 Stella (Thomas). These songs were all requested by fans for the sake of this recording. Thanks for listening.
Produced, recorded, and mixed by Thomas Bryan Eaton at The Stable Studios in Nashville, TN.


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The MLG Private Fund III is a continuation of the series of MLG Private Funds. The funds were formed to acquire, directly or indirectly, a geographically diverse portfolio of commercial real estate assets in the small to mid-cap area of $5-50 million. Fund III will target properties in several key identified markets across the U.S. and will focus primarily on Multi-Family, Industrial/FLEX, Office, Retail and some Land via on-market, off-market, Direct, JV and preferred equity investments.
For our larger funds we will invite a select number of institutional clients to be a partner in one or more of our funds. We structure our partnerships in a manner that allows our institutional clients to receive the full benefits of the MLG Private Funds while meeting the needs of their specific risk-reward profile. Benefits of being an MLG Institutional Partner:
On some occasions MLG Capital comes across exceptional opportunities that are too large for our funds to wholly acquire. In these instances, MLG Capital will bring in institutional clients to co-invest alongside our fund. This allows our co-investor clients to benefit from the skills and experience of the MLG Capital team while helping to build their custom portfolio. MLG Capital works with our institutional clients to identify their particular investment profiles so that when a specific opportunity arises we are able to seamlessly execute high quality deals.

domain: finance


The data also revealed that total gas production averaged 8.0 billion cubic feet per day (BCFD), with Associated Gas (AG), that is, gas produced along with crude oil amounting to 5.20BCFD, while Non-Associated Gas (NAG) is 2.80billion cubic feet per day.
With 6.6billion cubic feet gas per day utilisation, the oil and gas producing companies flare 1.4billion cubic feet per day, the data revealed.
According to the statistics, at an international market price of $3.5 per 1,000 standard cubic feet per day of gas (SCF), the 1.4billion cubic feet flared per day in the country translates to a daily loss of $4.9million in revenues.
Being major oil and gas province, petroleum accounts for 40per cent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), 80per cent of government revenue and 95per cent foreign exchange earnings.
With crude oil reserves stagnant at 36.2billion barrels, despite a national aspiration of 40billion target by 2010, the data revealed that for the first time in many years, the country’s oil and gas reserves were on the decline.
While petroleum geologists blame this decline on lack of exploratory activities by the oil companies, the oil and gas producing companies attributed the situation to lack of incentives from the government to encourage exploration.
The country currently has gas reserves of 182.8trillion standard cubic feet (SCF), with Associated Gas (AG) amounting to 92.6trillion SCF; while Non-Associated Gas is 90.2trillion SCF, according to DPR data.
However, even though the country is producing 2.5million barrels of crude oil per day, it is losing 400,000 barrels of oil daily to theft and production shortfalls, according to recent revelation by the National Economic Council (NEC).
The NEC comprises the 36 governors, Ministers of National Planning, Finance, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).
The daily loss of 400,000 barrels at an international price of $117 per barrel, converted to naira at the exchange rate of N157 to a dollar, is N7.35 billion daily.
The Governor of Delta State, Dr. Emmanuel Uduaghan, is the head NEC’s Oil Theft Committee.
The federal government has also approved the establishment of a Legal Task Force (LTF) to be headed by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation (AGF), Mr. Mohammed Bello Adoke, to prosecute cases of oil theft across the country.
The LTF initiative was one of the outcomes of the most recent NEC meeting presided over by Vice-President, Namadi Sambo.
Source: This Day
Get the latest news and updates on Ghana’s oil and gas value chain by following us Reporting Oil and Gas on twitter @oilgasghana and like our facebook page and get at us on Google+. Subscribe to our group to get updates.


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61 Amazing Picture Ideas Ideas About Old Fashioned Wedding Cake
61 Amazing Picture Ideas Ideas About Old Fashioned Wedding Cake.
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An old fashioned wedding cake from the years before catering and high end cakes became the norm from the time when they were made by an aunt or a grandmother for a. Many years ago while going to school at night i worked as a medical secretary for a wonderful internist dr maurice f goodbody he and his family became good. I was looking thru my old old recipes and this wedding cake is awesome. I have a customer that has requested "old fashioned white wedding cake" she said she doesn t want filling or that "fluffy" white cake that everyone is so fond of. Preheat over to 350° f grease and flour three 9 inch round cake pans in a large mixing bowl cream the butter and sugar until fluffy add flour baking soda.
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domain: food


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Soil for growing tomato seedlings stock up in the fall. It needs to be nutritious, well-permeable, but in order not to overfeed the plants, otherwise if you use, for example, one with humus, plant growth will outpace development.
Harvest soil. On a nice September or October day make a mixture of fertile land (which do not grow Solanaceae), humus, peat and sand with the addition of wood ash.
Sifted through a large sieve, poured into buckets and bags, stored in an unheated room.
A week before seeding the soil is transferred into the house, steamed or abundantly watered with 2-3% solution of potassium permanganate.
And in the end of October, dig holes to a depth of 30 cm in the spring planting seedlings under the scheme 70x70 cm or 60x80
Into each hole pour a bucket of ready mix from compost, peat, ash. In such a autumn gas station next summer plants can not feed.
The vegetable that cures gout, psoriasis, osteoarthritis and more!Six perennial vegetables: plant once!
If you fall into this job do not have time, it can be done in the spring after snow melt and drying of the soil.
Preparing soil for growing seedlings, you can take the earth from Groovin out of the garden or topsoil in a thicket of nettles.published

domain: biology


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Safeguarding the well-being of our pupils is of the utmost importance. At Limavady Grammar School, we believe that it is the basic right of all children to receive their education in a protective and caring environment, free from humiliation, oppression and abuse in all of its forms: emotional, sexual, physical, neglect and exploitation, and that the welfare of the child is paramount.
Our Child Protection Policy aims to support the child’s development in ways which will foster security, confidence and independence. It is central to the well-being of the pupils and is seen as an intrinsic part of all aspects of the curriculum. It also reflects our school ethos of learning, caring and preparing for life.
The Safeguarding Team is made up of the following key stakeholders:
- Chairman of the Board of Governors: Mr G Hill
- Designated Governor for Child Protection: Dr P Finlay
- Principal: Mrs N Madden
- Vice Principal (Pastoral): Mr C O’Donnell
- Designated Teacher for Child Protection: Mr C Little
- Deputy Designated Teachers:
- Miss M Doherty
- Mrs L McFarland
- Mrs L Steen

domain: sociology


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Tuesday, Live Action released a report claiming that taxpayer funding of Planned Parenthood allows the abortion provider to spend multi-million dollars in midterm elections.
“Planned Parenthood is the nation’s largest abortion corporation and a multimillion-dollar political machine,” said President of Live Action Lila Rose. “Millions of dollars in taxpayer funding to Planned Parenthood allow it to turn around and spend millions of dollars supporting the 2018 midterm campaigns of the politicians who will keep that funding flowing.”
“While Planned Parenthood and its political arms are separate on paper, because taxpayers are forced to give the abortion chain over $500 million a year, donors are freed up to direct their money to Planned Parenthood’s political agenda rather than to fund what nominal health services Planned Parenthood itself provides,” Rose continued. “Getting a half billion dollars a year from taxpayers allows the abortion chain’s donors to divert their money to political efforts to defeat pro-life politicians and to lobby for taxpayer funding of abortions, increases in federal funding, and the repeal of all abortion regulations. It’s the taxpayers who end up paying for Planned Parenthood’s radical pro-abortion agenda — an agenda that poll after poll shows most Americans are against. Planned Parenthood is weaponizing the taxpayers’ own money against them.”
Planned Parenthood is using some of those dollars in Alabama to fight Amendment Two where they are vastly outspending Alabama pro-life groups.
The Executive Director of the Alliance for a Pro-Life Alabama, Cole Wagner said that pro-abortion groups like Planned Parenthood and its liberal allies have spent more than a million dollars in Alabama from New York, California, Memphis and New England to run ads against Amendment Two.
“We can’t match Planned Parenthood and its liberal allies dollar for dollar. Their expensive radio and TV commercials are spreading lies and misinformation about Amendment Two to confuse the voters and create doubts,” Wagner said. “We are grateful to all of our Pro-Life partners in the Alliance, like Citizens for Life, for making every effort they can to support Amendment Two and combat Planned Parenthood’s false claims.”
According to the Alabama Fair Ballot Commission Amendment 2 is: “Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of Alabama of 1901, as amended; to declare and otherwise affirm that it is the public policy of this state to recognize and support the sanctity of unborn life and the rights of unborn children, most importantly the right to life in all manners and measures appropriate and lawful; and to provide that the constitution of this state does not protect the right to abortion or require the funding of abortion.”
Amendment Two was sponsored by state Representative Matt Fridy (R-Montevallo).
Live Action reports that Planned Parenthood’s political arms are poised to spend $20 million on their own and another $30 million in a joint effort with three other groups in the midterms on both state and federal offices. In addition to its midterm spending, according to its latest annual report, Planned Parenthood and its political arms were able to spend $160 million last year for “public policy” and “movement building” and to “promote health equity” and “engage communities” as well as spend another $85 million on fundraising.
Planned Parenthood performs over 320,000 abortions a year. Taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood has risen from $336 million in 2006 to $543 million a year in 2016.
“The corrupt bargain between Planned Parenthood and pro-abortion politicians must end. It’s paid for by taxpayers and with the lives of over 320,000 preborn children every year. Congress and the president must fulfill their promise to defund Planned Parenthood of all taxpayer dollars. American taxpayers should not be in the abortion business, nor should they be subsidizing campaign contributions to any politician to keep them in office.”

domain: news


The average listing price on SpeedList for this year, make, and model is $32,042.
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Frost White Pearl
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In “Who Invented Scalping?” an article in our April, 1977. issue, James Axtell argued that—contrary to recent revisionist notions—Europeans did not teach the Indians how to scalp. The Indians, he said, had learned it all by themselves and had practiced it long before Europeans inflicted themselves on this innocent continent. Additional evidence to support Mr. Axtell’s theory has since come to us from Douglas Owsley and Hugh Berryman, anthropologists at the University of Tennessee, who furnished us with the photograph above and a description of what happened to the skull’s former owner:
“The human skull shown in the picture is that of an adult male American Indian who was scalped. The bones of this individual [who died in about A.D. 1300] were recovered during an archaeological excavation of the Arnold site in Williamson County, Tennessee. … Cuts in the bone (visible in the photograph) extend across the forehead in the approximate location of the hairline. Two or three strokes with a sharp stone knife were all that was required.
“In the historic period, and likely the prehistoric as well, certain tribes in the southeastern United States considered the scalp symbolic of an individual’s soul. Loss of the scalp had supernaturally dangerous consequences to the victim’s eternal future unless his death was avenged by friends and relatives.”

domain: history


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EVENT - FAMILY KEEPSAKE
All hands are on deck for this fall themed Family Tree keepsake!!
Time & Location
Nov 04, 12:30 PM – 1:30 PM
just Bee You (studio), 115 N Seymour Ave, Mundelein, IL 60060, USA
About the event
Happy Fall Y'all! Let's get creative
Come ready to play, socialize with other caregivers, and create a one of a kind Family Tree Painting! We encourage parents and children to include their handprint, but the choice is yours if you want children prints only. We suggest using a foot print for kiddos under 18M.
Designed for children 0-5Y!
1 Family | children 0-5Y

domain: artistic


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- Last Updated on Wednesday, 15 February 2012 00:56
- Published on Wednesday, 15 February 2012 00:56
- Hits: 1882
The sky’s the limit,” was the message sent by elected Westmoreland County officials when the locality’s School Board and Board of Supervisors met jointly to discuss school division budget considerations that will drive 2012 tax rates.
The Westmoreland School Board requested an additional $2.6 million in local support one year ago and the Supervisors responded with a $750,000 increase. The Supervisors stood firm in their refusal to raise taxes and the county’s school division received 61% of the taxes collected by the locality in the current budget year.
On Feb. 7 the Westmoreland School Board asked the Supervisors to give the county school division an additional $2,631,231 in local funding. The county’s real estate tax rate would jump from the current 46 cents per hundred dollar value to 65 cents, according to Westmoreland
County Finance Office calculations.
County Administrator Norm Risavi launched the joint session with a detailed presentation of graphs and charts depicting a condition of flat-lined or diminished streams of revenue. Numbers from state government authorities confirmed Risavi’s calculations to underscore the gloomy economic picture. In a period of diminishing returns, county taxpayers were less able to support the county schools.
Despite Risavi’s grim assessment, Division Superintendent Rebecca Lowry’s 2012-2013 school budget presentation called for greater support from local sources. Taxpayers would be asked to subsidize pay scale adjustments to implement appropriate step placements for county teachers. Without additional funding to support corrective measures, fourth year teachers would earn no more than the division’s first year recruits.
An additional gap the local taxpayers would be asked to subsidize involves the state’s economically dire condition. Localities will incur the obligation of contributing to employee pension funds state revenues previously supported. School improvements and additional school employees would helped drive the proposed school budget’s bottom line yet higher.
One year ago the Westmoreland Supervisors declined to increase county taxes for the purpose of supporting a larger payment to the schools. “It just isn’t a good idea to raise taxes in the middle of a recession,” then Board of Supervisors Chairman Woody Hynson said.
Current Board of Supervisors Chairman Darryl Fisher and Hynson concurred during last week’s discussion that economic conditions have not improved. Hynson explained that his District 4 waterfront subdivision constituents are no longer as affluent as they were when they arrived in their retirement communities. Past economic events and higher living expenses have made the older population less affluent, he advised.
Freshman District 2 Supervisor Rosemary Mahan, a former School Board member, shared a different take on what the county’s taxpaying residents can afford to pay. Mahan echoed the stated sentiments of currently seated School Board members when she opined that residents will happily pay the higher taxes if they know the additional revenue will be used to improve Westmoreland County’s schools.
Hopeful that the bitter arguments the two deliberative bodies aired in public during the past year’s budget preparations would be avoided, Supervisors Fisher and Hynson agreed to take the question to taxpaying residents. Both Board of Supervisors veterans appeared certain that constituents will make their feelings known.
Risavi put all parties on notice that Social Services Department, Sheriff’s Office and county government employees will expect to be included in the salary adjustments and benefits enhancements being offered to employees of the Westmoreland County schools.
How high could tax rates go to support such measures? The real estate rate could double, according to that meeting’s estimates, but the additional revenues would help support the economic development professional that Supervisor Mahan wants the county to engage.
School Board Vice Chairman Gernard Reed applauded the Supervisors’ apparent willingness to cooperate in imposing higher taxes to support Westmoreland County schools.
District 3 Supervisor Dorothy Tate echoed Reed’s comment.
“We want the same thing,” Tate told her School Board counterparts.
“We need to sing the same chorus of Kumbaya and come up with a plan.”
Superintendent Lowry came to work in Westmoreland in July 2011 and inherited the school division’s current operating budget. As the Feb. 7 joint meeting neared its conclusion, she commented, “This has been a very pleasant experience and I look forward to working out all of these concerns.”
Risavi had the last word as he acknowledged the need to look to the future and attempt to introduce improvements.
“It will be very slow crawling out of the ditch that we are in,” he stated.
“People who talk to the Supervisors and me are always concerned about the money. They realize you can have anything you want as long as you are willing to pay for it. Sometimes the ones who pay are less enthusiastic!”


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domain: chemistry


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Impact Companies Tag: Poverty 5
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United States of America
ADRA Peru is one of the leading non governmental relief organizations in the world. It works with long term sustainable development projects in order to provide benefits to people in poverty extreme poverty and high social risk situations. It is part of the ADRA International Network operating in approximately 120 countries.rnrnADRA works in Peru since 1965 serving and caring for those in need promoting their integral development looking for a compromise through actions of mercy without regard to their ethnic political or religious association.
|Financial & Insurance activites|
Alashanek ya Balady Association for Sustainable Development (AYB-SD) is a youth-driven organization aimed at alleviating poverty in underprivileged communities through its socio-economic development model, which places youth and women at the heart of its focus. The developmental programs improve the quality of life through education, employment, and entrepreneurship.
|Real estate, design & building|
United States of America
The New York City Coalition Against Hunger (NYCCAH) represents and is the voice for the more than 1100 nonprofit soup kitchens and food pantries in New York City and the 1.4 million low income New Yorkers who live in households that can t afford enough food. The coalition works not only to meet these residents immediate food needs but also to enact innovative solutions to help society move beyond the soup kitchen to ensure economic and food self sufficiency for all Americans.
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Prevalence and risk factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Vietnamese infants and young children
BMC Pediatrics volume 22, Article number: 315 (2022)
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common early in life. The prevalence of FGIDs varies among countries but is unknown in Vietnam. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of FGIDs in healthy Vietnamese infants and young children.
This was a cross-sectional, observational study involving healthy infants and young children between 0 – 48 months old in Hanoi, Vietnam. A representative total of 1511 subjects completed the validated questionnaire on paediatric FGIDs. Rome IV criteria were used to define FGIDs.
For Vietnamese infants (0–6 months) and young children (7–48 months), the prevalence of having at least one FGID was 10.0% and only 0.6% was having more than one FGID. Infantile regurgitation (9.3%) was the most prevalent FGID among infants 0—6 months of age while all other FGIDs had a low prevalence between 0—2.5%. For young children between 7 – 48 months old, functional constipation was the most common disorder at the rate of 5.6%. Association analysis revealed that the risk of infant regurgitation was significantly lower among infants with exclusively breastfeeding at 2 – 3 months and 3 – 4 months, formula initiation at 0 – 1 months, and higher paternal education level. The prevalence of functional constipation was significantly higher in male subjects, children in families with annual household income between 273,000,000 – 546,999,999 VND (or estimate around 11,800 – 23,800 USD), families with one child only, and formula feeding initiation at 1 – 2 months.
The prevalence of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children is relatively low compared to the published literature using Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Infantile regurgitation was the most common FGID in Vietnamese infants while functional constipation was most prevalent among Vietnamese young children.
Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NL7286/NTR7495.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterised by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms with no evident organic aetiology related to structural or biochemical abnormalities . FGIDs are common worldwide and the prevalence may vary with cultures, ethnicities and geographical areas . The diagnosis of FGIDs relies on the symptoms-based Rome criteria . Globally, an estimated 27 – 38% of infants and young children meet the criteria for at least one FGID, and over 20% present with two or more disorders .
FGIDs adversely impact the quality of life for both the children and their caregivers [1, 5,6,7]. Particularly, FGIDs during infancy increases the vulnerability for postpartum depression in mothers, poor parental-infant bonding and sub-optimal achievement of developmental milestones in infants and young children [8, 9]. Furthermore, it poses great burden to the families and the healthcare system as gastrointestinal disorders are the major reasons that prompt caregivers to seek medical advices . The management of FGIDs emphasises on providing parental reassurance and nutritional advices [1, 10, 11] although further diagnosis and medication prescription are often adopted to address parental demands .
Demographically, over 50% of the world’s children population resides in Asia . However, the epidemiological data about paediatric FGIDs in Asia is limited with no available data in Vietnam [14,15,16,17]. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risks factors of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children using ROME IV diagnostic criteria .
Study design and geographic details
We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the community prevalence of FGIDs in infants and toddlers, aged 0–48 months in Vietnam. Recruitment was conducted in two study sites in Hanoi, including a governmental hospital and a governmental kindergarten. Subjects aged 0 – 6 months were recruited from the vaccination centre in the National children’s Hospital while subjects aged 6.1 months – 48 months were recruited from both the vaccination centre as well as the kindergarten. Subjects were screened by paediatricians and researchers for eligibility and then recruited on the same day. Healthy infants and young children were recruited with the exclusion for subjects with physician-identified organic disorders, physical and/or mental deficiency, history of gastrointestinal surgery, and the use of long-term medication.
Informed consent and data collection
Data was collected from October 2018 to March 2019. Written informed consent was obtained from the parent/legal guardian after providing details of the survey and all concerns answered, before the questionnaire was administered. A previously validated questionnaire to diagnose FGIDs in infants and young children was used for data collection [18,19,20]. The questionnaire was translated into Vietnamese language by a professional translation company and tested for clarity and applicability using a smaller sample of mothers of infants and young children. The final version of the questionnaire (in English language) is provided as a supplementary file (see Supplementary file 1). The questionnaire for FGIDs was tailored for the group of infants aged 0 – 6 months and young children aged 6.1 months – 48 months, which consisted of 3 sections: Sect. 1 contained questions on demographics characteristics including age, gestational age, gender, birth order, mode of delivery, prenatal complications, anthropometry, growth pattern, feeding practices, as well as medical history; Sect. 2 covered subject’s FGIDs history with explicit questions on gastrointestinal symptoms including stool pattern (using the validated Amsterdam and Bristol stool chart [21, 22]), spitting and crying habits for infants and young children; Sect. 3 collected information on the family social and economic details such as income, educational level of both parents and the occurrence of domestic violence in the household. The last section also included questions on adverse life events faced by the child and family, such as exposure of child or mother to physical or verbal abuse. Section 1 and 2 were collected via an interview from the research team while Sect. 3 was self-administered. After completing the questionnaire, the subjects were diagnosed using the ROME IV criteria and grouped according to the case definitions for infantile colic, regurgitation, dyschezia, functional diarrhoea and functional constipation [1, 3].
Sample size calculation
The sample size was calculated using an estimated 10% prevalence for infantile colic and childhood constipation using Epi Info Stat Calc . Assuming a confidence level of 95%, power of 80% and a precision found to the nearest 2%, a sample size of 750 infants in ages 0–6 months (group 1) and 750 young children in ages 6.1 months – 48 months (group 2) were considered adequate. Group 2 was further stratified for age according to the following categories: 6.1 – 12 months, 12.1 – 24 months, 24.1 – 36 months and 36.1 – 48 months (Table 1).
The data was entered into a Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 365 MSO,16.0.012527.21230). The SPSS statistical analysis software (windows version 22.0) was used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to present the demographic characteristics such as age and weight of the sample and the prevalence of FGIDs in infants and young children. Descriptive statistics used includes means, medians, standard deviations, ranges, and percentages, as required by the distribution characteristics of each variable. Qualitative variables were expressed in terms of frequency and percentage. Quantitative variables were presented as means ± standard deviation (standard distribution) and median or quartile (non-standard distribution). The difference between quantitative variables was investigated by Student’s t-test. The difference between qualitative variables was compared by chi-square test (or McNemar). Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the potential risk factors (such as demographic data, exposure to adverse events, social and economic factors) associated with the development of FGIDs. Odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence interval of OR, as well as the p-values of the chi-square test for each risk factor were provided. All statistical tests used a significance level of 0.05. Multiple logistic regression was performed on variables that were found to have significant associations.
The protocol, information letter to the parents/legal guardian and written informed consent form were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital. The survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and applicable regulatory requirements of the Scientific and Medical Council National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi Medical University and Authority of Quynh Loi Kindergarten. The study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (identifier: NL7286/NTR7495).
Mothers of 1662 infants and young children between the age of 0 – 48 months old were invited to participate in the study. Of these, 1511 mothers (752 in group 1 aged 0–6 months and 759 in group 2 aged 6.1 – 48 months) completed the questionnaires for the final analysis (Table 1). Data was excluded from subjects who did not complete the screening procedure (n = 151).
All subjects recruited were Vietnamese, with a mean age of 3.17 ± 1.73 months for group 1 and 24.40 ± 12.99 months for group 2. A total of 829 subjects (54.9%) were males. Most subjects were living in the urban areas (78.2%). Around half of the subjects (51.2%) provided information on the range of income and most of the families (39.0%) had an annual household income below 273,000,000 VND (estimate around US$11,800). High perception of financial sufficiency was reported in 88.5% of the subjects stating that income met their needs. In terms of parental educational background, the majority of mothers (39.6%) had a Bachelor’s degree whereas the majority of the fathers (41.3%) had a high school education.
Prevalence of FGIDs in infants and young children
In total, 151 subjects (10.0%) were diagnosed with at least one FGID, according to the Rome IV criteria. Only nine infants (0.6%) had more than one FGID of which the most common combination was infant colic and regurgitation. The prevalence of FGIDs among infants and young children according to residence area and age group is presented in Table 2. Infant regurgitation was the most prevalent FGID in early infancy (9.3%). The peak onset for regurgitation was observed between 2—3 months of age. Functional constipation was the most common disorder in the 7 months – 48 months old (5.6%). The prevalence of functional constipation was relatively high between the period of 5—6 months and 24—30 months of age. The overall prevalence for male subjects (3.9%) with reported functional constipation was significantly higher (p = 0.003) compared to female subjects (2.1%). All subjects at 0—6 months of age with functional constipation had reported formed stool consistency as evaluated by the Amsterdam Stool Chart. For the constipated subjects 6 months and above, stool consistencies of very hard with separate hard lumps, hard, and dry and lumpy were reported according to the Bristol stool chart. Colic prevalence of 2.5% was observed in early infancy, which peaked between the period of 1—2 months. Infant dyschezia was only reported in early infancy (0.9%), with peak onset between 2—3 months. Functional diarrhoea was not reported in both infants and young children.
Association between FGIDs and early life factors
Supplementary table S1 shows early life factors and infant feeding practices against FGIDs outcome [see Supplementary file 2]. No association was found for infantile colic and dyschezia against gender, gestational age, birth weight, growth curve, mode of delivery and feeding. The risk of having infant regurgitation was significantly lower among infants with exclusive breastfeeding at 2 – 3 months (OR = 0.137, 95%CI = 0.028 – 0.675, p = 0.015), exclusive breastfeeding at 3 – 4 months (OR = 0.121, 95%CI = 0.028 – 0.516, p = 0.004) and formula initiation at 0 – 1 months (OR = 0.060, 95%CI = 0.010 – 0.378, p = 0.003). Being a male (OR = 3.665, 95%CI = 1.563 – 8.593, p = 0.003) and formula feeding initiation at 1 – 2 months (OR = 18.558, 95%CI = 1.569 – 219.444, p = 0.020) increased the risk of functional constipation.
With regards to feeding practices among infants 0 – 6 months old, a high percentage (95.2%) of breastfeeding initiation at birth was observed. The average duration of exclusive breastfeeding lasted up to 1.9 months, with the average starting age for formula feeding at 0.5 months. 71.8% of subjects between the age of 7 – 48 months reported the use of follow-on formula. In addition, 9.4% of the young children consumed additional vitamin and/or mineral supplements i.e. vitamin D, multi-vitamin, calcium and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Association between FGIDs and socio-demographic characteristics
Supplementary table S2 shows the association between FGIDs and socio-demographic factors including residence area, household income, family size, birth order, and parental education level [see Supplementary file 3]. No risk factor was identified for infantile colic and dyschezia. Higher paternal education level (Master’s degree) was associated significantly with a reduced risk of infant regurgitation (OR = 0.022, 95%CI = 0.002 – 0.327, p = 0.006). The risk of functional constipation was significantly higher for children in family with annual household income between 273,000,000 – 546,999,999 VND or estimate around 11,800 – 23,800 USD (OR = 5.887, 95%CI = 1.794 – 19.321, p = 0.003) and family with one child only (OR = > 999.999, 95%CI = > 999.999—> 999.999, p < 0.001).
Association between FGIDs and stressful life events
Supplementary table S3 shows the association between FGIDs and stressful events as faced by the main caregiver and the child [see Supplementary file 4]. Most of the subjects reported that neither they nor their children were exposed to any of the listed stressful events.
This study unveiled the prevalence and risk factors of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children for the first time using the Rome IV criteria. We observed around 10% of infants and young children from 0 to 48 months are suffering from at least one FGID. Infantile regurgitation (9.3%) was the most prevalent FGID among Vietnamese infants below 6 months of age. The other FGIDs (colic, functional diarrhoea, and infantile dyschezia) have low prevalence between 0- 2.5%. The prevalence of infantile regurgitation increased to 12.1% for infants 7 – 12 months old. For infants and young children 7 months – 48 months old, functional constipation (5.6%) was the most common disorder.
Currently, Vietnam has a population of more than 95 million, of which about 25% are children under the age of 15 years. As a developing country, Vietnam is experiencing the challenges of globalisation that leads to rapid change in socioeconomic status and their cultural foundations especially in the health care services. In this study we found a relatively low prevalence of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children. Previous studies employing Rome IV criteria in the assessment of paediatric FGIDs reported 24.7% in the United States , over 30% in the African countries , 24.7% in Europe , 27.3% in China , and 14.6% in Malaysia . The prevalence of FGIDs in Vietnam appeared to be akin to the findings in a study conducted in Malaysia. Of the 534 healthy infants recruited in Malaysia, infantile regurgitation was also found to be the most prevalent FGID (10.5%), while the other FGIDs diagnoses have low prevalence between 1 – 2% . The observed similarity could be attributed to the commonality of urban setting in Southeast Asia. Up to 78.2% of Vietnamese subjects in our study were living in the urban areas, whereas the Malaysia study was conducted in a well-baby clinic located in a large urban hospital .
Infantile regurgitation could be considered as the most common FGID among infants and young children [5, 23,24,25]. Our current study observed infant regurgitation at a prevalence rate of 9.3% in the 0 – 6 months age group, which increased to 12.1% in the 7 – 12 months age group. The peak onset of regurgitation was observed between 2 – 3 months of age. Comparing our results with the American (24.1%), African (39.7%), European (13.8%), Chinese (33.9%), and Malaysian (10.5%) studies which also used the Rome IV criteria, the prevalence of infantile regurgitation in the current study was closer to the Malaysian study [5, 7, 14, 15, 23]. Contradictorily, the increasing prevalence of infantile regurgitation in the older infants is conflicting with previous findings [5, 14, 23]. We observed that majority of the subjects at 0 – 6 months old (53.6%) consumed breastmilk only. For older infants at 7 – 12 months old, the breastfeeding only rate reduced to 1.6%, with 43.7% consumed breastmilk and additional foods, 26.8% consumed breastmilk and formula, and 21.1% consumed breastmilk, formula and additional foods. It is plausible that the introduction of formula and weaning foods could lead to overfeeding. Overfeeding exacerbates infantile regurgitation while conservative measures such as upright positioning after feeding, elevating the head of the bed, prone positioning (for infants over 6 months of age), and providing small and frequent feeds are often recommended for parental management . Along with the maturity of the digestive tract, most infants usually outgrow the physiological reflux after one year of age .
Our study found that the mode of feeding early in life influences the risk of infant regurgitation. Specifically, the risk was significantly lower among infants with exclusively breastfeeding at 2 – 3 months, exclusively breastfeeding at 3 – 4 months and formula initiation at 0 – 1 months. In term of feeding practices among the Vietnamese infants 0 – 6 months old, 95.2% of caregivers initiated breastfeeding at birth, with the exclusive breastfeeding rate of 53.6%. Up to 44.5% of infants 0 – 6 months old consumed formula milk, with the average formula initiation at 0.5 month. Overfeeding could be a cause of infant regurgitation and in general, parents tend to overfeed while bottle feeding because they are likely less responsive to infants’ signals of hunger and satiation [26, 28]. Some studies suggested that breastfeeding lowers the risk of regurgitation [15, 23, 29], while others observed mixed findings  or no correlation . Breast fed infants were observed to have a faster gastric emptying that can potentially contribute to a lower incidence of reflux [31, 32]. Furthermore, our study showed that higher paternal education level was associated with a reduced risk of infant regurgitation potentially due to higher parental awareness of correct feeding positioning.
Low prevalence was observed for the other FGIDs in Vietnamese infants with colic at 2.5% and infant dyschezia at 0.9%. Our study found no occurrence of functional diarrhoea in both infants and young children, similar to the observation in the US study . The onset periods of several FGIDs were consistent as previously reported in China , i.e. colic (1 – 2 months), regurgitation (2 – 3 months), dyschezia (around 2 months), and functional constipation (two onsets around 5 months and 24—30 months). No association was found between the low prevalent FGIDs and the monitored socio-demographical aspects.
For Vietnamese young children between 7 – 48 months old, functional constipation was the most common FGID at the rate of 5.6%. During this window, the prevalence was relatively high between the period of 24—30 months of age. Our finding was in accordance with previous studies, that reported a higher prevalence of functional constipation in young children with a median age of onset of 27.6 months [24, 33, 34]. Our study showed that male gender, formula feeding initiation at 1 – 2 months, children in family with lower-middle household income per annum between 273,000,000 – 546,999,999 VND (or estimate around 11,800 – 23,800 USD), and family with one child only were significantly associated with an increased risk of functional constipation. In contrast, a recent systematic review and a meta-analysis reported no difference in the prevalence of functional constipation in older children . However, the systematic review of epidemiology of FGIDs in infants and toddlers did not report any predisposing socio-demographic factors .
Stressful life events could predispose children to FGIDs. A study conducted among children of 6 – 48 months in Sri Lanka using ROME III criteria reported a higher prevalence of functional constipation in infants and young children subjected to violence and living with mothers exposed to violence . Furthermore, functional constipation was found to be significantly associated with underweight, a sign of potential growth faltering. Therefore, we hypothesise that maternal and child exposure to violence may increase the risk of FGIDs in infants and young children. However, in our study, the majority of the Vietnamese subjects reported that neither they nor their children were exposed to any of the listed stressful life events. Besides, all the subjects recruited has a normal growth pattern of neither under- nor overweight. Our findings are compatible with a recent study from China which reported non-exposure of mothers and young children to violence .
Our study managed to capture a large sample size of the Vietnamese population. Besides, questionnaire was tested and validated in the local language with extra care taken to provide explanation to parents during the data collection process. However, this study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Although we recruited a large sample size, the data was skewed towards urban setting. In addition, we used parental report to interpret child’s symptoms. Parents may not be aware of non-observable symptoms and it is subjected to the inherent reporting bias . Besides, our cross-sectional design presented only a limited facet on the growth trajectory. For future research, longitudinal studies could be performed to assess the impact of FGIDs throughout childhood and ideally into the adulthood, which could provide a better understanding on the associated risk factors.
This is the first study to determine the prevalence and risk factors of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children using the Rome IV criteria. We found that 10.0% of Vietnamese infant and young children fulfilled the Rome IV criteria for at least one FGID. The prevalence of paediatric FGIDs in Vietnamese population was relatively low compared to the published literature. Our data indicated that the most common FGIDs in infants was regurgitation, while functional constipation was most prominent FGID among young children. Risk factors including gender, paternal education, household income, duration of exclusive breastfeeding and age of formula initiation were identified.
Availability of data and materials
Data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
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Le Kien Ngai from National Children’s Hospital, Vietnam.
Dr. Panam Parikh previously employed by Friesland Campina, Singapore.
Anh Quynh Ton Nu, Cuong Van Nguyen, and Huyen Ngoc Le employed by FrieslandCampina, Vietnam.
This study is funded by FrieslandCampina Nederland B.V., who was involved in design of the study, interpretation of data and writing of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board/ Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Children’s Hospital. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki (October 1996 amendment) and will be consistent with Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and applicable regulatory requirements of the Scientific and Medical Council National Children’s Hospital and Hanoi Medical University and Authority of Quynh Loi Kindergarten. Informed consent was obtained from the parents/ legal guardians of the participants.
Consent for publication
LWC and SYT are current paid employees of FrieslandCampina. MAB received honorarium from FrieslandCampina that was paid to his institution. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Chia, L.W., Nguyen, T.V.H., Phan, V.N. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Vietnamese infants and young children. BMC Pediatr 22, 315 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03378-z
- Rome IV

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An infectious strain of avian influenza found outside of Washington, D.C., does not pose a threat to humans, The Washington Post reports.
What happened: Waterfowl in Maryland and Virginia have tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in recent days, per The Washington Post.
Bird flu symptoms: The D.C. nonprofit City Wildlife said in a statement to The Washington Post that symptoms for avian influenza in birds include:
- Walking in circles.
- Swimming in circles.
- Swollen legs.
- Swollen feet.
A quick look back: There have been a number of bird flu cases across the country in recent weeks.
- Highly lethal bird flu outbreaks have been found in Kentucky and Virginia, as I wrote for the Deseret News. This directly put some chicken linked to Tyson Foods in danger. The infected birds were culled, stopping the food from entering the food system.
- There were also confirmed cases in Indiana, per Reuters.
The bottom line: So far, it seems like bird flu cases are spreading throughout the country. However, avian influenza does not pose a threat to humans.


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Hello everybody! This week, I was lucky enough to go on a five day trip to the Isle of Wight with my classmates! It was extremely fun to spend a part of the little time we have left as a year group on a holiday! In this post, I will show you some photos of our amazing trip! By the way, I am sorry for the quality of most of the photos. Some may be blurry since I used a digital camera that was not quite as good as my phone camera ^-^!
Day 1 (Monday) :
Today, we travelled from London to Portsmouth by coach. Once we arrived, we visited the HMS Victory! It was really interesting to learn about how it was to live on board a ship! From Portsmouth, we then took a ferry to the Isle of Wight and a coach to our hotel!
Day 2 (Tuesday) :
Today, we visited Robin Hill Adventure Park! My favourite ride was the Colosseus Galleon which is a rocking boat ride! We also visited many playgrounds there and we even had the chance to watch a falcon show!
Day 3 (Wednesday) :
Today, we went to visit Osborne House! Everything was so beautiful!
We also had a tour to the Needles!
Afterwards, we went to a glass factory! It was extremely warm and the staff there told us that the average temperature inside everyday was around 40 degrees! We went to a sweet factory afterwards and we watched some mints being made! Luckily, we got to try some! They were absolutely delicious!
Day 4 (Thursday) :
Today, we went to the Dinosaur Isle! The staff talked to us about different types of rocks and fossils! We then went to the museum connected to the building! It was a hands on museum which made it ten times more exciting! Once we had finished looking around the museum, we went to the beach right outside the building and looked for fossils! My classmate found a dinosaur bone! And yes, you may think that I am just joking but the staff members confirmed it themselves!
Day 5 (Friday) :
Today, we went to the Godshill Model Village! I felt really tall compared to all of it! The funny thing was that it was a village inside a village inside a village! Yes, I know that this is confusing but anyway…
At around 3:00pm, it was time to leave 😦 . Everyone was sad that our group holiday had come to an end. However, we were all excited to tell our parents about everything that we did! Another reason why were excited to go home was because for the week, we were given £25 to spend! All of us bought souvenirs for our families!
Thanks for reading this blog post!
Until next time.
With much love,

domain: travel


Ultrasonic pulse velocity equipment is used to qualitatively locate unsound areas within concrete structures. Ultrasonic pulse velocity equipment consists of two ultrasonic transducers, a control unit, and surface couplant, as shown in Figure 1. One of the transducers acts as a transmitter and the other acts as a receiver. Ultrasonic pulse velocity is a stress-wave technique that propagates an ultrasonic wave through the material and measures the time needed for the wave to pass through. Optimal results are obtained when both sides of the structure are accessible. The wave travel time is used to infer the quality of the concrete. Shorter travel times indicate higher quality concrete and longer travel times indicate lesser quality concrete which could contain voids, cracks, and/or delaminations. In special applications, ultrasonic pulse velocity can be used to estimate the depth of fire damaged concrete or estimate the depth of cracks.
Figure 1: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Equipment


The United Democratic Party rally in Tanji this weekend is not only well attended by the Party Leader's address to his party militants was more pointed and defiant than any of his recent speeches, perhaps suggesting that Ousainou Darboe now prepared to take the fight to the Gambian dictator.
The UDP leader accused Jammeh of land grabbing in the Kombos, the Central River Region and around the country. Under his leadership, the opposition leader suggested that appropriate land use policy will be the order of the day. The Gambian dictator was also accused of concealing his wealth using corporate entities as cover to highlight Jammeh's corruption schemes.
Addressing the youth, Darboe assured them of under a UDP government, education will not only be a priority but the quality will be improved that will assure them employment either in the public or private sector.
Jammeh came under more criticism in his abuse of public resources in political campaigns. As example, Mr. Ousainou Darboe cited the fact that over 200 government vehicles will be accompanying Jammeh in his political tour of the country which starts this week the entire cost of which will be borne by the Gambian taxpayers.
The UDP leader made a special plea on behalf of the numerous Imams who have been arrested recently at the instruction of the Gambian dictator to have them released.
Several youth who were former supporters of the ruling APRC were introduced as new members of the UDP. They have decided to join the opposition because of the failed policies and promises of Yaya Jammeh.


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Emergency Consultants Inc.
Medical Director - Oswego Hospital - Oswego, NY
Oswego, NY 13126 United States
We are currently seeking a qualified Medical Director for the Emergency Department at Oswego Hospital located in Oswego, New York. The 11-bed Emergency Department provides emergency care to over 20,000 patients annually.
Physicians who take advantage of this Emergency Medicine opportunity will enjoy local physician leadership, flexible scheduling, occurrence-based malpractice coverage, free online CME and freedom from non-competes. Medical Director’s compensation package includes a substantial monthly stipend.
As the leading area health care provider, Oswego Health is composed of Oswego Hospital, The Manor at Seneca Hill, The Seneca Hill Health Services Center, Springside at Seneca Hill, and various other services and facilities that make it an integrated, comprehensive healthcare system. Oswego Hospital is a 202-bed facility that provides acute medical services to residents of Oswego and the surrounding counties. It features a variety of services that include ICU, Maternity, Pediatrics, and Surgical services.
Oswego, a community of over 17,000 residents, is located in central New York on the shores of beautiful Lake Ontario. First visited in 1615 by Samuel de Champlain, Oswego today keeps its heritage apparent with 19th century buildings, bridges, and canal locks scattered throughout the city. There are also many great museums that let visitors and residents relive the city’s past. One of Oswego’s many festivals – Harborfest – is also one of the country’s best, voted one of the “Top 100 Festivals in North America.” Nature provides endless recreation opportunities - boating, fishing, swimming, and hiking are just a few of the ways to spend your days enjoying the great outdoors.
All physicians are partners of Port City Emergency Physicians, LLP, a registered limited liability partnership. Physician partners are eligible for health, optical, and dental insurance at group rates. Physicians have the option to participate in a 401(k) plan, as well as life and disability insurance at group rates. Candidates must be board-certified in Emergency Medicine or board-certified in Family Practice or Internal Medicine with Emergency Department experience.
Emergency Consultants, Inc. is a corporation providing management and administrative support to limited liability partnership clients. It is not a direct provider of medical care services.
Education, training, experience:
Terms & Conditions

domain: health


EUREKA, ILL. — Presidential candidate Gov. Scott Walker, who catapulted to national fame by confronting public-sector unions in Wisconsin, said Thursday that he would take aim at federal employee unions in his first day in the White House.
Walker spoke at Eureka College, alma mater of his political hero, former president Ronald Reagan.
After seeing his support tumble in recent presidential polls, Walker sought a favorable contrast with his GOP rivals by emphasizing his contention that he has a more detailed plan for the presidency.
That plan, Walker said, involves bringing the same upheaval to the nation’s capital that he brought to Wisconsin’s.
“We’ve got a plan to wreak havoc on Washington, and our plan starts on day one,” Walker told a crowd of more than 150.
Walker vowed that “we’re going to tell the American people what we’re going to do when it comes to taking on the big-government union bosses.”
Walker’s labor plan won’t be detailed until a Monday event in Las Vegas. But his campaign said Thursday that one part of it would be ending paycheck withholding of the portion of federal employee union dues used for political activity.
“On day one, I’m going to stop the government from taking money — money out of the paychecks of federal employees for political union dues,” Walker said. “I don’t think any worker in this country should be required to put money into a political fund that doesn’t support candidates that they don’t support.”
Membership in federal employee unions is voluntary, and workers can’t be required to pay dues or fees if they choose not to join the union.
In a statement responding to Walker, the head of the American Federation of Government Employees, the largest federal employee union, said that union doesn’t make political contributions to federal candidates from union dues.
The statement from AFGE president J. David Cox Sr. called Walker’s plan “a blatant political attack on federal employees and an attempt to wipe labor unions off the map.”
Ann Hodges, a University of Richmond professor and labor law expert, said at least two states, Arizona and Alabama, have adopted some version of Walker’s proposal. The proposal would place “a huge administrative burden” on federal employee unions by forcing them to solicit members for dues instead of automatically deducting their full dues from their paychecks, Hodges said.
“It will really limit the ability of federal unions to get involved politically. So it then reduces their power in the ballot box,” Hodges said.
Walker’s proposal bears some similarity to a provision in Act 10, the landmark law he signed in 2011 that sharply curtailed collective bargaining rights for Wisconsin public-sector unions. The provision says Wisconsin public employee unions can no longer automatically collect dues from their members through paycheck deductions.
Walker’s speech Thursday also focused on other elements of his day-one plan for which he previously had shown support. Those include a pledge to send a bill to Congress to repeal and replace President Barack Obama’s health care law, end Obama’s executive actions to defer deportation for some living in the U.S. illegally and terminate the proposed U.S. deal with Iran.
In an interview with the Wisconsin State Journal earlier this week, Walker acknowledged that after topping polls much of the spring and summer, he had recently strayed from his fundamental campaign formula and is going back to basics.
He had a brutal August in which he failed to make a strong impression in the first GOP presidential debate. A high-profile series of gaffes followed, in which Walker took three different positions on the issue of birthright citizenship, asserted there are just a “handful of reasonable, moderate followers of Islam” and suggested that building a wall on the U.S.-Canadian border is a “legitimate issue.”
He faces another debate test on Wednesday, when top GOP candidates meet for their second national forum at the Reagan Presidential Library in California.
Walker, speaking after his speech Thursday, told reporters that the events of recent weeks haven’t rattled him.
“I think I’ve shown in my track record, I don’t back down from anything,” Walker said. “So none of this intimidates us.”
Walker gave his speech in the same chapel where Reagan, as a Eureka College freshman in 1928, gave what he later described in his autobiography as his first speech. In the speech, Reagan called for a strike by students protesting cutbacks to the college’s faculty, according to his autobiography.
Walker sought to liken himself to Reagan, saying America’s challenges are large but not insurmountable.
“Just like Reagan, I’m an optimist,” Walker said, “and I believe in the American people.”
In this Series
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Percentage of poll respondents who would vote for Republican presidential candidates in the most recent national polls.


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Kosher wine is a simple process. From the crushing of the grape to the sealing of the bottle, it must be handled only by Sabbath-observant Jews, unless the grape juice is heated to the point of yayin mevushal, or "boiled wine," after which anyone can handle it. This wine ferments for about six weeks.
In addition, kosher law dictates that animal products and other non-kosher ingredients may not be used in the processing. Furthermore, kosher-for-Passover wine cannot be vinified with non-wine-grain yeasts. Chlorine or even vodka rather than soap, an animal product, can be used to clean the tanks.
American kosher wine became popular in the 1980s. As the interest in gourmet food increased and young people who were returning to religion developed sophisticated palates, a demand grew for good kosher wine from native dry varietal grapes. Today, kosher wines have been served at the While House for state dinners with visiting Israeli officials and have won gold medals in national competitions.
Kosher Wine is used in many Jewish Ceremonies
A Kosher Wine Label


Yep, we're serious, Toyota is planning a new Yaris Sport hot hatch, set to be revealed in production guise at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show on March 9.
After years in the performance wilderness, Toyota is intent on recovering its fast car mojo, leveraging its return to the World Rally Championship by turning the wick up on its Yaris and taking the fight to the likes of the Ford Fiesta ST and VW Polo GTI.
Dubbed the Yaris Sport, unfortunately details on the new challenger are extremely scarce, with Toyota only confirming the car will have "more than 155kW". Depending on the torque figure, this will make the Yaris Sport the most powerful car in the junior hot hatch segment.
The entire Yaris range will benefit from an exterior and interior restyle, while Toyota claims the Sport has received "many technical modifications...in order to improve the overall comfort and handling of the car."
Toyota has been dormant in the hot hatch segment since the high-revving Corolla Sportivo of the early 2000s, but has proved that it still knows how to make a brilliant driver's car with the brilliant 86.
Unfortunately, there is no guarantee the Yaris Sport will make it to Australian showrooms, with a Toyota spokesman recently stating that while it would love to offer a hot hatch there were currently no plans for it to do so.
The Yaris Sport will be displayed at Geneva alongside its inspiration, Toyota's wild winged Yaris WRC, which makes its competitive debut at the 2017 Monte Carlo Rally on January 20.


text: Reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) LPL activity delays plasma clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). We reported the secretion of apoC-I, an LPL inhibitor, from WAT ex vivo in women. Therefore we hypothesized that WAT-secreted apoC-I associates with reduced WAT LPL activity and TRL clearance. WAT apoC-I secretion averaged 86.9 ± 31.4 pmol/g/4 h and 74.1 ± 36.6 pmol/g/4 h in 28 women and 11 men with BMI ≥27 kg/m2, respectively, with no sex differences. Following the ingestion of a 13C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal, subjects with high WAT apoC-I secretion (above median) had delayed postprandial plasma clearance of dietary TRLs, assessed from plasma 13C-triolein-labeled TGs and apoB48.

domain: medical


Collectively, protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Along with electrons, they make up the three subatomic particles in an atom.
Nitrogen has seven neutrons. It is element number seven, which means that the atom also has seven electrons and seven protons. Nitrogen has an atomic weight of 14 grams per mole.
Neutron capture is the process by which neutrons are taken up by the nucleus of an atom. This process is an important part of the synthesis of heavy elements, as it is the only way to produce elements heavier than barium. Neutron capture is also the primary mechanism used to cool fuel rods in nuclea
An atom of oxygen contains eight neutrons. A neutron is one of the particles that make up matter, which is any substance that takes up space. Neutrons are fundamental particles, meaning that they cannot be broken down.
James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932, PBS states. Neutrons are the particles in an atom's nucleus that have mass but no charge. Chadwick proved their existence by tracking particle radiation.
The most abundant isotope of magnesium has 12 neutrons; it is therefore, technically known as magnesium-24. Calculating the number of neutrons in an isotope of any element involves subtracting that element's atomic number from its atomic weight. Magnesium's number is 12, and its weight is just over
There are 20 neutrons in potassium. An atom contains neutrons, protons and electrons, and there are 19 protons and 19 electrons in potassium. Neutrons have no electrical charge, while protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge.
The Neutronic Ear, or Personal Sound Amplification Product, was invented by American entrepreneur Michael Nehr. In 2001, Nehr was arrested in the state of Pennsylvania and charged with multiple felony counts related to his sales of the Neutronic Ear.
The discoveries of electrons, protons and neutrons were made by J. J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford and James Chadwick respectively. They were staggered over a period of 35 years.
Atoms have positive protons, no charge neutrons and negative electrons. The positive and the negative describes the charge of the atom.


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Renovating your home is something close to every homeowner’s heart. We would want to make every corner of our abodes beautiful, irrespective of how much we can afford to do that. When it is about redoing the flooring and walls, we stick to choosing tiles that are both attractive and budget-friendly. However, if you have invested time and effort in renovating your place earlier, you would agree that selecting the right type of tiles can be a tough nut to crack. With seemingly endless tile designs offered by leading wall and flooring tile brands in India, picking a few options is not as easy as it may sound.
Before homeowners like you can put their fingers on a few tile designs, there is one common question that often pops up in the mind - whether to go for branded tiles or local tiles. If you are in the middle of selecting tiles for home renovation, you must know what makes branded tiles different from the local alternatives.
Differences Between Branded Tiles and Local Tiles
Here, we have compared branded tiles with locally-available tiles based on five parameters to help you make the right selection:
A missing piece of tile, whether on the floors or walls, does not look good. But many people just cannot avoid that owing to the non-availability of tiles having the design or pattern. This happens quite often in cases where you buy local tiles. Similarly, you can also end up in situations where only half the floor or wall area has tiles laid on it and the same tiles go out of stock.
It is easy to avoid facing such possibilities when you prefer buying tiles from renowned brands. Their pan-India network of authorised dealers will make it easier for you to buy the same type of tiles wherever you are. You can even order branded tiles online from renowned stores.
Shop for a Wide Range of Designer Tiles Online
Have you ever found inconsistency in tile design, shape, and dimensions even when they are taken out from the same bundle? With local tiles that are manufactured in small factories having lesser control over quality output, you are bound to witness such inconsistencies and defects. If this is something you want to avoid in the first place, look no further than branded tiles offered by leading flooring tiles brands in India.
These brands have state-of-the-art manufacturing tools and quality control measures to ensure that every tile they produce is of standard quality. Whether it is the appearance or performance, branded tiles beat local tiles to offer long-term benefits to the homeowners.
These days, markets are flooded with the easy availability of hundreds of tile designs and patterns. On the manufacturing side, this requires the use of latest laser printing and nano-polishing technologies to meet the changing consumer demands. Since established tile manufacturing companies can invest in these technologies, they can easily offer a wide range of impressive designs and patterns that are beyond the craftsmanship of a local manufacturer.
This is the reason why you can explore a multitude of options offered by leading tile brands in India. On the other hand, you can easily find redundant patterns of tiles being available in the local markets.
Buy Branded Tiles at Best Prices Online
Laying tiles on the floor and walls is supposed to be a long-lasting home improvement. Ideally, you would want the tiles you select to last longer than you expect and not undergo a significant loss of surface appeal. If you do not want to invest a certain amount after every few years for tile replacement at home, you are advised to select nothing but branded tiles.
It is because branded tiles are made using high-quality raw material and advanced manufacturing technology. They are more robust, durable, last longer, and do not lose their attraction even after years of use. You can even get some form of guarantee from leading tile brands in India. On the other hand, local tiles may fade earlier than expected or need replacement because of lack of adequate strength.
In general, there is no specific way to ensure you get local tiles at uniform pricing. Each distributor recommends tiles based on his profit margins or customer’s budget, which is why the pricing of these tiles may differ from one seller to another even in the same city.
Branded tiles, on the other hand, are uniformly priced across the country in general. Also, you can find the price of these tiles available on the official websites of top-rated walls and flooring tiles brands in India. Besides this, the brand value reflects the assurance of quality you would expect for long term benefits.
Why Choose Branded Tiles? - Benefits At a Glance
- Easy availability of a wide range of tile designs and patterns
- Best quality tiles available with uniform/consistent appearance
- Pan-India network of leading brands selling top-quality tiles for homes
- Durability factors that tend to increase the age of tiles
- Pricing that fits every budget
How to Simplify Your Tile Shopping Experience
The cost of tiles varies from one design to another. Therefore, it makes sense to start with finalizing the total amount you can spend to purchase branded tiles. Keep in mind that your total tile replacement budget should also include the cost of installing tiles.
Before proceeding with tile selection, you need to take room-wise measurements of the area to get a rough idea of the number of tiles you will need. Also, dividing your budget for buying tiles by the total area will give you an estimate of the per-square-foot cost of tiles you should select. This will help narrow down the search for the best branded tiles within your budget.
There are various types of tiles available both online and offline, such as ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, vitrified tiles, or cement tiles. Each of them is available in different sizes and has a distinct price based on the design you select. It is up to you to decide which type of tiles you would like to install in your home.
If you are partially renovating your home with new tiles, it would be better to select tiles whose color matches or is in contrast with the current color scheme of your home. This way, you need not spend money on getting your house repainted after the tiles are installed.
The size of tiles you select does play a crucial role in determining the overall aura of your renovated home. For instance, you can buy branded tiles of size 12x12 inches for the kitchen and bathroom area while tiles sized 24x24 inches can be chosen for the living room and bedrooms.
Buy the Best Quality Branded Tiles Online at Buildpro Store
Shankara Buildpro store is a leading online store selling branded tiles and other materials for all your home improvement needs. Their tile collection will be enough to make your home renovation a success. Start adding tiles to your cart at Shankara Buildpro store today!

domain: design