When setting up a boat trailer, you’ve probably heard or read about how it is important to prepare everything correctly, including your safety chains. But what is the main function of a boat trailer’s safety chains?
The trailer safety chains help prevent too much movement between the trailer and towing vehicle; they can serve as support in case the coupler suddenly disconnects. However, there is more to this, keep reading to find out.
Table of Contents
Boat Trailer Safety Chains
Safety chains are part of a proper boat trailer setup; these are attached to the towing vehicle. Note that there should be two safety chains, and they need to intersect one another for maximum effects.
The chains serve as secondary support that keeps the trailer’s coupler from hitting the ground should the connecting hitch encounter problems and break apart. The links also help keep the trailer more stable while on the road, reducing its movement or swerving.
Can safety chains be used with a trailer hitch? Yes, it can, specifically, a bracket on the tongue. The side that connects to the vehicle has s-hooks to secure the chain to the boat.
Trailer Safety Chain Requirements
It is important to use heavy duty trailer safety chains because they need to be able to handle a lot of stress. Specifically, for chains to work properly, it is essential to use the right grade, and a size guide can help determine which one would work.
Chain class is the most important aspect when choosing the right size, and for this, we look at the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) measured in pounds (lbs).
For example, 7,000 lb trailer safety chains are class 4 with a GVWR of 7600, meaning they can pull a maximum weight of 7600 pounds. Note that this is the demand for each chain and not their combined strength, so a 7000-lb trailer needs two class-4 links.
It is also required by law to make use of trailer safety chains; however, details differ between states. Some only require the use of safety chains (or cables as an alternative), while others explicitly mention a law to cross safety chains in a specific manner.
How to Connect Safety Chains to a Trailer
It is important to connect the chains properly; otherwise, these will not be able to support the boat trailer. Things to look out for include getting the length and slack right.
There should be enough slack so you can keep the tongues up, but the chains should not touch the ground. Ideally, there should be 5-8 inches of distance between the supporting links and the ground.
In case the links are too long, you should cut off the excess length or double them back. While twisting is another plausible solution, I personally wouldn’t recommend it as this method can weaken the chains and do more harm than good.
Step 1: Chain check
You can attach safety chains to the trailer tongue with brackets welded on the sides. However, the chains are usually already attached and do not need to come off unless they are being replaced.
One thing you always need to do before using the chain is to inspect it for any signs of damage. Check your hooks and links to see if there are any indications that it may give out. Go over the chains’ connections to the trailer as well.
Step 2: Connect chains to the vehicle
Be mindful of the length, but you’ll only need to do this when using a chain for a trailer the first time. Bring each chain beneath the coupler and cross one over the other. This will help keep the trailer more secure.
You can secure the trailer safety chain hooks using S-hooks found on each chain. Brackets on the towing hitch are the most ideal place to mount your hooks, but there are other places where you can connect them. Latch them backward for more stability.
What to avoid when you attach trailer safety chains
- Do not connect chains together with the hitch.
- Avoid twisting the chain too much; this may cause it to fail.
- Under no circumstance should you cross the chains above the coupler, as there’s a chance the two may get stuck.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do you cross chains on the trailer?
There are a few reasons. One is to limit the trailer’s sideways movement in case the coupling is disconnected. For this purpose, crossed chains will offer more stability compared to parallel chains.
Another reason to do this is that these can serve as a cradle to catch the trailer tongue in case the primary connection fails. This will keep the tongue from hitting the ground.
Do you need chains on a trailer?
Yes, these are needed because they are required by law. Other than that, crossed chains are necessary for safety reasons as well. Should a coupler failure occur, the trailer might detach completely and lose control on the driveway.
What are the chains for when towing?
Safety chains prevent excessive movement of the trailer to keep the trailer and vehicle more stable while in transit. It also serves as a backup in case of any coupling problems.
Where can trailer safety chains be attached?
You can hook up trailer chains to the trailer’s tongue and the vehicle’s bumper brackets or frame. There may also be brackets on the vehicle’s towing hitch.
Now you know all about what is the main function of a boat trailer’s safety chains, and how to use them properly. This is a crucial detail, so it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with it and to keep it in mind. It can even save lives.
Did you find all of this information useful? Tell us all about your experiences with safety chains in the comments section below. We look forward to hearing from you.
Remember to boat safely.
“My intention from the first day establishing Boating Basics Online is to provide as much help as possible for boaters who want to experience a first safe and convenient trip. So feel free to join us and share your beautiful journeys to the sea!”


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Total number of Moores Clothing for Men stores in Vaughan: 1
The biggest mall in Vaughan with Moores Clothing for Men store: Westridge Power Centre
Moores Clothing for Men stores in Vaughan - get information about the brand Moores Clothing for Men and all Moores Clothing for Men locations in Vaughan - Ontario, Canada.
Select Moores Clothing for Men store in Vaughan from the list below. All Moores Clothing for Men stores are also displayed on the map.
3035 Boul. Le Carrefour, Laval, Quebec H7T 1C8185 stores
6801, Transcanada Highway, Pointe-Claire, Quebec198 stores
2002 Park Royal South, West Vancouver, BC V7T 2W4, Canada330 stores
25 Peel Centre Dr, Brampton, ON L6T 3R5199 stores
10355 152 Street, Surrey, BC V3R 7C1, Canada
3255 Highway 7 East, Markham, ON L3R 3P9195 stores
1200 St. Laurent Blvd., Ottawa, Ontario - ON K1K 3B8, Canada189 stores
109 Street & Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta - AB T5G 3A6, Canada193 stores
261 A Richmond Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 6X1, Canada205 stores
401, boulevard Labelle, Rosemère, Québec, J7A 3T2

domain: geography


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We specialize in Young Contemporary and Premiere Contemporary apparel. Each designer varies, so don't hesitate to call/text or contact us for additional measurements. We're happy to assist!
Show off your Patriotic pride and spirit in a trendy way! This little tank top features a front v-neck, side ribbed contrast, and shoulder/back crochet detail. The front has an American flag and writing (the words "peace", "truth", "believe", "freedom", "imagine", and "hope"). Crystal is 5'2" and is modeling an XS.

domain: design


Fresh insights on technologies and innovations we work with
Why do Soft Skills Matter? Even if you’re a Developer
Mastering soft skills can be a game-changer for software developers. In this article, TeleSoftas Soft Team Lead Vaida Žliobaitė explains why it is essential to develop these skills and lists the ones that are most crucial in tech workplaces.
TeleSoftas starts a new partnership to help the development of an international genetic research platform
TeleSoftas has started cooperating with Congenica – developers of the world’s leading automated decision support platform for the analysis of genomic data. TeleSoftas will further develop the platform’s functionalities, allowing for faster and more accurate research of genetic diseases at scale.
A Guide to Node.js and Its Possibilities: Why & When to Use It?
Developers love it because, it is a stable, mature, low footprint, easy to learn technology with an extensive community. Clients love it because it is asynchronous, scalable, easily maintained. Find out everything you need to know about node.js - a technology leveraged by Netflix, LinkedIn, Google, Medium and even Nasa in their production.
How Does Customer-Centricity Drive Business Value?
How a important customer-centricity really is for today's businesses? Is it something your business should be focused on? Read the article by our Account Manager Gabrielė Navagrudskaitė and get your answers!
Adobe XD vs. Figma: Comparing Top Design Tools
Read the expert review of all the best UX tools in the market for teams with broad collaboration needs. TeleSoftas designers just recently have switched their main tool SKETCH. In this article, TeleSoftas UX designer Tomas Urlikas lays down all one should be aware of when navigating the numerous design solutions!


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Arrival and crew meeting between 8:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. at the Marina Denia Marina, dinner on board.
Departure from the Marina Denia port at 7:00 am to the Andalusian coast (approx. 300 miles)
Coastal navigation through Murcia, Cabo Gata, Almería ... (if the weather were adverse we would take shelter in any of the ports along the coast)
Arrival at a port between Malaga and Gibraltar (it will depend on the weather conditions, but the closer to Gibraltar the better to be able the next day, if the maritime conditions are optimal, to cross the strait during the day), ports such as: Fuengirola, Estepona o La Línea de La Concepción, to spend the night in said port and refuel with water, fuel and a meal in Malaga….
We set sail early for the Strait, once we have crossed it we will decide if we stop in Barbate (for example, Fuengirola -Barbate is 77 miles, approx. 14 hours of navigation) in case there is a bad maritime part towards the Canary Islands or someone abandons us, and if the part it is good we head directly to Tenerife (approx. 700 miles).
DAY 6, 7,8, 9 AND 10:
Sea crossing on the high seas and arrival at Marina San Miguel (Tenerife). You can make a stopover, before arriving in Tenerife, in Lanzarote

domain: travel


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Caring For a Rambunctious Puppy
You decided to bring a playful puppy into your life-congratulations! While you are no doubt overwhelmed with the love and happiness that only a pet can bring, perhaps you didn't anticipate just how boisterous your new puppy would be.
It can be difficult to care for a puppy that has lots of energy. In a way, it is similar to a child, only you don't speak their language. With that in mind, here are some tips about how you can help your puppy burn off that energy and get adjusted in their new home.
Give Them Plenty Of Playtime
Lots of playtime is necessary for baby animals. It helps them learn, develop skills, and understand their role within your household. Playing with your puppy gives you the chance to teach them new games, bond with them, and even help them learn to interact with other dogs. You can use dog language such as getting down on all fours and wiggling the way dogs would. Playing both inside and outdoors can teach your puppy how to react in different situations and get them used to their surroundings.
Consider Dog Training
Dog training can be helpful for puppies regardless of their breed. If you have a pup that is a working dog, such as a collie, agility training can help them stay busy and feel as though they have a job, something very important to this breed. However, any dog will benefit from training that empathizes how to sit, stay and come when called. This is especially helpful when trying to communicate with your dog and have them tell you when they need to go outside. Training can help you avoid accidents, such as your dog biting someone, or looking up how get pee out of a mattress because you didn't get your dog outdoors in time.
Ensure a Proper Diet
As your puppy is growing, it is necessary to give them the nutrients they need to grow up strong and healthy. Look for food that is formulated just for puppies so you know it meets their nutritional needs. If you are stumped, you can always talk to your vet or a pet expert. Although your puppy might be rowdy, you want to ensure that it is getting enough at every meal and consistently growing according to its breed and size. See if any supplements are required to help your dog stay healthy, and make sure you are offering plenty of water, especially after busy playtime sessions.
Ask Your Vet For Guidance
If you feel as though you are offering plenty of playtime but find that is still not helping your puppy calm down, it can be helpful to talk to your vet. They can give you ideas on what types of activities to engage with your dog and even when you can expect to see them settle down more. Eventually, your puppy will reach a point where they will begin to relax and won't chew on everything as much as they did previously. Just know that if you are feeling unsure and doubtful of how to handle the situation, your vet might have helpful advice for you.
Go Exploring Together
Exploring new places can divert your puppy's attention and be a great way for both of you to get outdoors. If you aren't sure where to begin, it is helpful to research local areas and find hiking trails that allow dogs or even dog parks. If you choose to go hiking, make sure to start out slow and pick a trail that is short since you don't want your puppy to fall asleep while you're still walking. When selecting a dog park, it can be helpful to know that some have specific pens for puppies and smaller breed dogs, allowing everyone to play safely. You might discover that you have a new friend who enjoys getting outdoors just as much as you do.
If you are wondering how you can manage a puppy with a lot of energy, start by giving them lots of playtime where they can simply be themselves and have fun. Depending on the breed, agility training could come in handy soon, or you might find that basic training is all that is needed. Make sure you are giving your growing puppy plenty of food and water after play sessions, and talk to your vet if you need additional advice on what to do. When you are ready to explore the great outdoors, go hiking together to burn additional energy. Before you know it, your puppy will be an adult, and you'll have started life together with some fantastic memories.

domain: pet


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VIP Price: $ 60.00
Regular Price: $ 75.00
These earrings are the perfect accessory for anyone who loves the outdoors. Featuring an image of Lake Tahoe's crystal waters, it's both beautiful and evocative. They're made of tarnish-resistant stainless steel, so will keep their luster for years to come. Whether you wear them as a reminder of your favorite hike or simply to enjoy the beauty of nature, these earrings are sure to become a treasured part of your jewelry collection.
These pieces will look very similar to the pictured piece, but since they are handmade, there will be small differences in the look.
FOTO by FOTographer Kelli Price


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Why does my sweat smell like urine? Urea is produced when your body breaks down proteins. When your body produces urea faster than your kidneys can excrete it, some of that urea is leached out into your sweat where it breaks down into ammonia. This produces a distinctive and unpleasant ammonia sweat smell.
Is it normal for sweat to smell like ammonia? The big takeaway here is that ammonia-scented sweat is not normal or healthy. “If you’re smelling ammonia in sweat, something’s wrong,” Maharam says. Both he and Roberts agree you need to add more carbohydrates to your diet.
Why do my armpits smell like cat per? Did you realize that using an antiperspirant can prevent you from releasing excess ammonia from your body? A build-up of ammonia can cause your sweat to smell like cat pee and have detrimental effects on your health.
Does sweat sometimes smell like pee? Low-carb, high-protein or keto diets might be popular, but one weird side effect is that you might notice your sweat smelling like ammonia. (Urine can also have a strong ammonia odor. Meaning: You might instead think your sweat smells like urine.) “Ammonia is a product of protein breakdown,” Dr.

domain: biology


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Sony production admin chief Gary Martin retires
The executive has served 32 years at Columbia Pictures and 51 years in the industry overall.
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domain: entertainment


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Fans of “General Hospital’s” headwriter, Ron Carlivati, have something to be very happy about today: The scribe announced that he’s signed a new contract with the ABC soap opera!
“I just signed a new contract!” he wrote via his Twitter feed. “So happy to be staying with @ABCNetwork & @GeneralHospital!”
The news comes hot on the heels of yesterday’s announcement that “GH” has been renewed through the 2014-2015 season.
In a promo for this week’s “General Hospital” ABC highlights the mob war between the Corinthos family and the Jeromes. “In the mob world, where there’s betrayal, there will be blood!” states the announcer as guns are drawn by Sonny (Maurice Benard), Julian (William deVry), Morgan (Bryan Craig) and even Ava (Maura West).
Deadline Hollywood is reporting that Oscar nominated director David O. Russell (“American Hustle” and “Silver Linings Playbook”) has received a straight to series 13-episode order from ABC for his newest drama project, “an upstairs/downstairs soap set at a private country club,” which will be co-produced by ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios.
Per the website, Russell and writer Susannah Grant (“Erin Brockovich”) co-wrote the story, with Grant writing the teleplay. The duo are set to executive produce alongside Sarah Timberman and Carl Beverly.
This marks Russell’s first TV series project.
Several “Days of our Lives” actors have tweeted short congratulatory messages in support of today’s news that NBC has renewed their series until the 2015-2016 season, but they’re not the only people celebrating the exciting news: Major personalities from the rival soaps have jumped aboard to give shout outs to the iconic soap, as well!
Angelica McDaniel, senior vice president of CBS Daytime (which broadcasts “The Bold and the Beautiful” and “The Young and the Restless”), took to Twitter to share her thoughts on the renewal news. “CONGRATS to #DAYS on their pickup!” she wrote. “Who said the genre is dying? NOT US!”
Meanwhile, “General Hospital” headwriter Ron Carlivati also gave a shout out to the recent Emmy-winning show. “Congratulations to ‘Days of our Lives’ on the show’s renewal!” he tweeted. “We’re all in this together!”
While it doesn’t come as much of a surprise, Deadline Hollywood is reporting that ABC is renewing its commitment to “General Hospital” for the upcoming 2014-15 television season. The “GH” renewal follows the recent two-year “Days of our Lives” renewal by NBC, which was announced today, and last week’s renewal of “The Bold and the Beautiful” and “The Young and the Restless” by CBS.
Historically, as the network owns “GH” outright, ABC won’t necessarily make an “official” announcement as CBS and NBC have for their daytime soaps.
As previously reported, CBS’ “The Bold and the Beautiful” announced a new partnership with Pan Macmillan and its digital-first imprint, Momentum, in which the publishing company will release a series of novellas surrounding several characters from the daytime soap opera. Today, it was announced that the first two of eight novellas will go on sale on Tuesday, January 28. An e-book version of each will be released worldwide. In Australia, paperback print copies will be available at the same time as the digital release.
“Love stories that have yet to be seen on television can now fully ignite between the covers of these novellas,” said “B&B” executive producer and head writer, Bradley P. Bell in announcing the deal last month. “This partnership with Pan Macmillan and Momentum expands the choices our fans have to be entertained by the signature characters of ‘The Bold and the Beautiful.’”
There have been a slew of stories celebrating soap operas’ recent turnaround in the ratings game as of late, but it’s an unexpected trend worth repeating: Soaps are back, baby! And “General Hospital,” which was marching toward an ABC death similar to “All My Children” and “One Life to Live,” is doing particularly well. Soap Opera Network sat down with the sudser’s very own William deVry (Julian Jerome), who discussed some particulars of why “GH” is on such an upswing. And while he was at it, he revealed some details on what’s to come in Julian’s life, as well!
The debate over whether violent television and movies cause violent behavior in real life has been raging for years. After every unimaginable violent act in this country, the question of whether or not the perpetrators were influenced by what they saw in entertainment is asked. Soaps aren’t necessarily known for being extremely violent. Recently, however, foreign soap operas from two different countries have come under fire for promoting dangerous behavior.
As reported by The Associated Press, President Nicolas Maduro of Venezuela pinpointed the country’s soap operas as one of the main causes behind its spiraling crime rate in his State of the Union speech last week. Maduro specifically took aim at the show “De todas maneras Rosa” (Love Gone Crazy) and its production company Venevision. President Maduro accused the show and Venevision of contributing to the country’s violence by glorifying the crimes of the popular soap characters.
With many casting changes in place and new faces set to arrive in Genoa City, the next few weeks on “The Young and the Restless” may be a bit of a flurry. But no worries, because Soap Opera Network has got all the upcoming casting deets right here in one handy-dandy reference place!
James Franco – he’s an actor, writer, former Academy Awards co-host, an Oscar nominee, a Golden Globe winner, and former “General Hospital” star. The man who shocked the world in 2009 when he leapt from Oscar-nominated film “Milk” to star as the villainous Franco on “GH” is a man of many talents. But did you know he’s also a film director?
In perhaps his biggest directorial effort yet, Franco adapts “Child of God,” a film based on a Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name. A teaser trailer for the film was released last August, but now we’re getting a first full-length look at the film.

domain: news


Two of the world's major automotive manufacturers plan to reduce the number of platforms for the respective ranges. According to Automotive News Europe, BMW and Mercedes-Benz site soon adopt such a policy in order to lower their costs.
The organization of the World Car of The Year award - 2014 (Car of the Year - 2014) released the list of finalists in all categories evaluated. The winners will be announced in the next edition of the Hall of New York, whose opening happens at the end of March.
Vehicles with front wheel drive is the new challenge from BMW for the global market. Speaking to Autocar website, Herbert Diess, Chief Development Company, confirmed that, adding BMW and MINI, will be 15 models with such a system.


text: Today on Midday: Helicon, the renowned traditional music trio is here.Tomorrow they continue a great Baltimore holiday tradition with their 32nd annual Winter Solstice Concerts at Goucher College’s Kraushaar Auditorium.Helicon will be joined tomorrow by Charm City Junction and other performers, including the North American Step Dance champion Jonathan Srour.Today, we’re keeping up a tradition of our own. For the many years, Helicon has treated us to a preview of their Winter Solstice concert here in Studio A.Helicon’s Chris Norman plays wooden flutes and small bagpipes. Robin Bullock plays guitar, cittern, and mandolin, and Ken Kolodner plays hammered dulcimer and fiddle. Also here, from Charm City Junction: Brad Kolodner and Patrick McAvinue, the 2017 International Bluegrass Musician Association Fiddler of the Year. And Old-time musician and vocalist Rachel Eddy is also here. They’ll all be performing at the two Winter Solstice concerts tomorrow, at 3:30 pm and 7:30 pm. Click here for tickets.

domain: artistic


text: St1 is a privately owned Finnish company. The company’s operations are divided into two business groups: St1 Nordic and ST1 Group. St1 Nordic focuses on fuel marketing activities in Finland, Sweden, and Norway and on renewable energy solutions such as waste-based ethanol fuels and industrial wind power. St1 Group focuses on refinery operations. ST1‘s turnover in 2014 came to 6.6 billion euros. The company has close to 600 employees, and its head office is in Helsinki.

domain: economics


There’s a scam going around right now, promising a 50% discount on your Comcast/Xfinity bill. You might see this scam in your email, Facebook feed or even get a phone call! In any case, please know that it is not a legitimate offer.
It is too good to be true. Anyone duped into calling the offered number will reach a scammer, not an Xfinity rep. And the crook will press you to pay some advance money to qualify for the fictional discount. Once you send them any kind of payment, they’ll disappear.
Xfinity doesn’t offer any deep discounts like this, but you are always welcome to reach out to them to verify other offers you might hear about. You can report this scam to them when you receive it, if you like, but rest assured they already know all about it.
This scam is no longer just affecting Xfinity customers, but also subscribers of Dish, DirecTV and other big TV companies.


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"Clementine Churchill": Churchill memorial statue, 1968-03 - 1974-08
Scope and Contents
Correspondence on the statue of Sir Winston Churchill by Ivor Roberts-Jones in Parliament Square [London], mainly with Sir John Tilney, chairman of the memorial committee. Other correspondents include: Horace King, Speaker of the House of Commons [later Lord Maybray-King], enclosing a pamphlet on the previous unveiling of a Churchill statue by Oscar Nemon in the Lobby of the House of Commons; Sir Martin Charteris [Private Secretary to the Queen] (2); John Colville; Julian Amery; Sarah, Lady Audley [earlier Sarah Churchill, Sarah Oliver and Sarah Beauchamp] on CSC's preference for a statue by Oscar Nemon; 1st Lord Chandos [earlier Oliver Lyttelton] on the Fine Arts Commission's decision in favour of the Roberts-Jones version (2); Oscar Nemon; [James] Harold Wilson, Prime Minister. Includes photographs of the plaster cast of the statue.
- 1968-03 - 1974-08
Conditions Governing Access
The collection is open for consultation by researchers using Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge.
Language of Materials
Finding aid date
- From the Fonds: Soames, Mary, Dame, 1922 - 2014 (née Churchill, writer, wife of Baron Soames) (Person)
Part of the Churchill Archives Centre Repository
Churchill Archives Centre
Cambridge Cambridgeshire CB3 0DS United Kingdom
+44 (0)1223 336087

domain: politics


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Top tech startup news for today, Monday, July 8, 2019
Good morning! Below are some of the top tech startup news for today, Monday, July 8, 2019.
A new study finds connections between Huawei staff and Chinese intelligence. A new study shows deeper links between Huawei, a Chinese multinational technology company that provides telecommunications equipment, and China’s military and intelligence bodies than previously acknowledged by the technology giant. The research, conducted by Christopher Balding, an associate professor at Fulbright University Vietnam, and London-based conservative think tank Henry Jackson Society, studied 25,000 leaked Huawei resumes and found troubling links to the government and spies. In the study, one resume describes an individual who held a dual role at Huawei and an organization linked to the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Huawei said it was unable to verify the Huawei employee resumes cited by the research paper and said the study had many “speculative statements.” Just last month, Huawei lost a trade-secrets lawsuit to US-based CNEX Labs, a microchip startup company backed by Microsoft and Dell.
The Rockefeller Foundation launches new climate and resilience initiative with an initial $8 million commitment. The Rockefeller Foundation, a non-profit organization committed to promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, today announced a new Climate and Resilience initiative, which will focus on market-changing opportunities that increase climate and resilience capital flows into solutions and projects that improve the lives of the world’s most vulnerable people. As part of the initiative, the foundation is committing an initial $8 million to continue supporting global network of cities and chief resilience officers. The initiative will be led by Elizabeth Yee, Managing Director, who joins the Rockefeller Foundation from 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) after serving as the organization’s Vice President of Resilience Finance.
Project Verte launches MyVerte Marketplace on the Blockchain as an alternative to massive E-commerce platforms. Project Verte, an e-commerce ecosystem that uses technology to create a participatory community, today announced the beta rollout of its brand-first marketplace MyVerte. The MyVerte marketplace built on the blockchain is launching with over 100 brands and will announce a “drop” featuring new brands weekly, starting with Foreo, Stryx, Temporary Forevers, Les Belles Heures, Birthstone Scents, Ujjayi, Unbound and La Luna Rose. Founded in 2017 by Julian Kahlon, Project Verte is a social e-commerce platform that uses automated fulfillment centers, proprietary software and blockchain technology to create participatory community.
OncoSenX closes $3 million funding to accelerate the preclinical research of new class of cancer therapeutics. OncoSenX, a late preclinical-stage startup developing therapeutics to kill cancer cells based on their genetics, today announced it has raised $3 million in pre-seed funding to accelerate the preclinical research of new class of cancer therapeutics. Thus far, the preclinical studies of the company’s novel non-viral gene therapy for solid tumors show potential for improved tolerability and precision targeting. Founded in 2018, the Seattle, Washington-based OncoSenX is working on the next generation in cancer therapies that will be more targeted with less side effects. OncoSenX targets solid tumors based on transcriptional activity using a unique lipid nanoparticle and plasmid DNA.
NeuroBlade secures $23 million in Series A funding to bring its AI chip to market. NeuroBlade, an Israeli startup developing an AI inference chip for data centers and end-devices, closed a $23m Series A financing round to scale operations and expand its dev efforts to bring its AI chip to market. The round, which brought total funding raised to date to $27.5m, was led by Marius Nacht, with participation from new investor Intel Capital and existing backers StageOne Ventures and Grove Ventures. Founded in 2017 by Elad Sity, CEO, and Eliad Hillel, and VP Product Strategy and CTO, NeuroBlade builds high performance solutions for the AI market while lowering costs and power consumption. Its small size chip is designed to to meet the specific needs of AI workloads and run AI algorithms targeted at servers, laptops, cars, and cameras.


CHARLOTTE, NC (WBTV) - Sixty minutes of live television between two candidates at the WBTV studios may have formed lasting impressions with voters who have not made up their minds in the Charlotte mayoral race.
Some were undecided before one of the last debates of this campaign season.
After the live broadcast with Democrat Vi Lyles and Republican Kenny Smith ended, the campaigning for both candidates continued.
One question remaining, one week out, is whether dialogue between the two candidates can sway a voter's decision.
Wilhelmenia Rembert served on both the Mecklenburg County Commission and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.
She said, "some people's minds are already made up, but there are still some people who are still undecided."
In the studio, the two candidates took on issues such as homicide, affordable housing, and HB2, but there was one issue some voters feel more time should have been spent on.
Charlotte voter Sandy Miller wanted to hear more about transportation concerns.
"Traffic is horrible. It takes you twice as long to get places," Miller said.
Some voters in the studio audience were moved by what could be called a civil tone.
"I think we have two candidates who are both skilled and would make excellent mayors," one audience participant said.
Many local voters have already made up their minds. As of Nov. 1, more than 19,000 people have voted early in Mecklenburg County.


The Journal ($) takes a look at the Internet’s potential capacity crunch as bandwidth-heavy applications like peer-to-peer transfers and video grow to clog more and more of service providers’ pipes. The story cites a January report from Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, which says “One of the key possibilities for 2007 is that the Internet could be approaching its capacity.”
The story argues that equipment manufacturers like Cisco will help ISPs keep up with demand by making smarter routers and switches that manage Internet traffic better than today’s gear.
“Cisco and others are producing new gear aimed at better managing Internet traffic by prioritizing which bits of data are transmitted across the network. That contrasts with older equipment, which fulfilled a more basic task of moving vast amounts of data between countries and cities.”
Packet prioritization already exists — like the way T-Mobile’s VoIP routers make sure that your phone calls aren’t interrupted by someone else’s movie download.
One potential problem: prioritizing bits of data, even if beneficial to both ISPs and Internet users, conflicts directly with the “net neutrality” principles hawked by consumer groups and big content companies like Google and Amazon. Net neutrality backers maintain that ISPs must not prioritise any sort of network traffic, as speeding up certain types of bits inherently slows down others.
No net neutrality laws exist today, but AT&T, the largest U.S. telco, agreed to uphold to some net neutrality principles — not to market any sort of tiered service offerings, where it could charge a content company for priority access to its pipes — for two years as part of its $85 billion deal to acquire BellSouth. We bet that we’re unlikely to see any real net neutrality legislation — the telcos have a lot of lobbying weight. But if we did, it would throw a road block in the way of Cisco and other gearmakers — and perhaps, Internet users.


Des Plaines, IL, December 25, 2008 --(PR.com
)-- The National Association of the Remodeling Industry (NARI), announces the launch of a new website dedicated to green remodeling, www.greenremodeling.org.
Greenremodeling.org is designed to be a clearinghouse of information on green remodeling for both homeowners and trades people. Since the development of fits education programs, NARI has collected a library of information on green remodeling. The need to share this information with homeowners became apparent through the many inquires about green remodeling that have come into NARI Headquarters.
“Amassing all of the green remodeling knowledge we've collected over the past several years and making it available to everyone online was an enormous endeavor," said NARI President Renée Rewiski.
What is Green Remodeling?
It’s an all-encompassing approach that emphasizes making a home healthy, comfortable, and efficient. Included are issues like indoor air quality, energy conservation, resource conservation, reduced material waste, and the use of products that are better for the environment (and for people).
Why go green in a remodel?
It’s easier on the earth, it lowers costs, and it provides a healthier home in which to live. According to the Sustainable Building Industry Council (SBIC), housing alone consumes 20% of America’s energy. Homeowners who choose to remodel green can lower their energy consumption by 30-50%. It’s widely agreed that forests produce 40% of Earth's oxygen, and that building supplies use 25% of its forests. Remodeling green by incorporating recycled materials or sustainable species will help homeowners to tread more lightly on Earth’s natural resources.
Green remodeling has increased in popularity as homeowners consider health issues, skyrocketing energy costs and Earth’s natural resources. More than 15 million Americans are estimated to have asthma, including one-in-13 school-age children, and more than 28 million Americans suffer from hay fever and other allergies, all of which are aggravated by poor indoor air quality.
Overall green remodeling proves to be very beneficial for homeowners. It:
• Reduces operating costs in the home by increasing efficiency
• Conserves natural resources
• Increases the value of the home
• Improves indoor air quality and in turn, overall health
• Reduces waste
• Reduces emissions costs
• Increases productivity of occupants
• Improves quality of life
Greenremodeling.org details many ways to implement green into the home including:
• Non-toxic paints and sealants
• Programmable thermostats
• Energy efficient appliances
• Natural flooring
• Local building materials
• Natural fiber rugs and fabrics
• Recycled material roof shingles and tiles
• Energy efficient lighting
• Insulated hot water pipes
• Tankless water heaters
• Quality insulation
• Native plants for landscaping
NARI is a professional association whose members voluntarily subscribe to a strict code of ethics. Consumers may wish to search www.greenremodeling.org for remodelers certified as a Green Certified Professional (GCP) or http://www.RemodelToday.com to find a qualified remodeling professional who is a member of NARI.
Consumers can also call the NARI National hotline at 800-611-NARI and request a free copy of NARI’s brochure, “How to Select a Remodeling Professional.”
The new greenremodeling.org website was designed and built by AmericanEagle.com in Park Ridge, Illinois. The selected vendor was chosen for its vast expertise and experience with association Web sites, as well as commercial sites demonstrating heavy consumer traffic.


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California’s government solely responsible for states forest management and wildfire debacle
by Larry Hamlin
The inept government, political and regulatory policies of California have clearly driven the present forest management calamitous conditions with that failure leading to disastrous wildfires throughout the state.
Those government and political leaders that are responsible for this situation that has been decades in the making have tried to conceal their incompetence by making scientifically unsupported propaganda claims that “climate change” caused this situation. These government driven problems are clearly identified in two recent reports – one by Cal Fire and the other by the California Legislative Analysts Office.
The state has established a huge gauntlet of regulatory agencies whose policies, procedures and actions have interfered with, misdirected, wasted and delayed the use of appropriate resources that have led to the present forest management and wildfire catastrophe.
Cal Fire has identified a series of high priority wildfire policy actions that need to be addressed and that reflect decades long policy inaction by the state which have led to the buildup of increasing wildfire risks that are responsible for the severity of recent California wildfires.
These actions are summarized in the report noted above and include the following assessments:
“Recognizing the need for urgent action, Governor Gavin Newsom issued Executive Order N-05-19 on January 9, 2019. The Executive Order directs the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), in consultation with other state agencies and departments, to recommend immediate, medium and long-term actions to help prevent destructive wildfires.
With an emphasis on taking necessary actions to protect vulnerable populations, and recognizing a backlog in fuels management work combined with finite resources, the Governor placed an emphasis on pursuing a strategic approach where necessary actions are focused on California’s most vulnerable communities as a prescriptive and deliberative endeavor to realize the greatest returns on reducing risk to life and property.
Using locally developed and vetted fire plans prepared by CAL FIRE Units as a starting point, CAL FIRE identified priority fuel reduction projects that can be implemented almost immediately to protect communities vulnerable to wildfire. It then considered socioeconomic characteristics of the communities that would be protected, including data on poverty levels, residents with disabilities, language barriers, residents over 65 or under five years of age, and households without a car.
In total, CAL FIRE identified 35 priority projects that can be implemented immediately to help reduce public safety risk for over 200 communities. Project examples include removal of hazardous dead trees, vegetation clearing creation of fuel breaks and community defensible spaces, and creation of ingress and egress corridors. These projects can be implemented immediately if recommendations in this report are taken to enable the work. Details on the projects and CAL FIRE’s analysis can be found online which will remain updated in the coming months. The list of projects is attached to this report as Appendix C.
CAL FIRE has also worked with over 40 entities including government and nongovernment stakeholders to identify administrative, regulatory and policy actions that can be taken in the next 12 months to begin systematically addressing community vulnerability and wildfire fuel buildup through rapid deployment of resources. Implementing several of these recommended actions is necessary to execute the priority fuel reduction projects referenced above. Other recommendations are intended to put the state on a path toward long-term community protection, wildfire prevention, and forest health.
The recommendations in this report, while significant, are only part of the solution. Additional efforts around protecting lives and property through home hardening and other measures must be vigorously pursued by government and stakeholders at all levels concurrently with the pursuit of the recommendations in this report. California must adopt an “all of the above” approach to protecting public safety and maintaining the health of our forest ecosystems.
It is important to note that California faces a massive backlog of forest management work. Millions of acres are in need of treatment, and this work— once completed—must be repeated over the years. Also, while fuels treatment such as forest thinning and creation of fire breaks can help reduce fire severity, wind-driven wildfire events that destroy lives and property will very likely still occur.
This report’s recommendations on priority fuel reduction projects and administrative, regulatory, and policy changes can protect our most vulnerable communities in the short term and place California on a trajectory away from increasingly destructive fires and toward more a moderate and manageable fire regime.”
Governor Newsom had to invoke the declaration of a State of Emergency in late March of this year to waive California’s onerous and overbearing environmental laws and regulations to allow for these actions to commence in a timely manner. These most recent actions however represent only very small part of magnitude of the forest management and wildfire problems that must be dealt with by California that will take many years to address.
Another state report completed in 2018 that received little attention by the media documents in much more detail the huge extent of the problems confronting California’s forest management responsibilities.
The California Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO) conducted a comprehensive review of the state’s wildfire and forest management situation and presented their results in a report titled “Improving California’s Forest and Watershed Management” which identifies the most critical issues facing the state in these areas including assessing the responsible agencies that need to take a multitude of additional actions.
The study clearly identifies the multiple entities that have ownership responsibility for California’s forestlands including state, federal, local agencies and private parties having numerous regulatory, environmental and administrative responsibilities and authorities relative to California’s forest and the manner in which these agencies share jointly in the responsibilities for addressing actions needed to improve the forest health and watershed management.
The patchwork of Federal, State, local government and private entities which own California’s forest is displayed below in Figure 3 from the LAO report.
The federal government through the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and National Park Service owns about 19 million acres of the total 33 million acres of forestlands in the state of California representing about 57% of the forest areas. Private nonindustrial entities own about one‑quarter (8 million acres) acres of forestland. These include families, individuals, conservation and natural resource organizations, and Native American tribes. Industrial owners—primarily timber companies—own 14 percent (4.5 million acres) of forestland. State and local governments own about a 3 percent (1 million acres) combined. In total these non-federal entities represent about 43% of the states forest areas.
Increased fire risks are present throughout the state driven by forest conditions that have been allowed to develop for years. The report notes that:
“Dense forest stands that are proliferated with small trees and shrubs contain masses of combustible fuel within close proximity, and therefore can facilitate the spread of wildfires. Moreover, these smaller trees can serve as “ladder fuels” that carry wildfire up into the crowns of taller trees that might have otherwise been out of reach, adding to a fire’s potential spread and intensity. As shown in Figure 11, Cal Fire estimates that most forested regions of the state face a high to extreme threat of wildfires. Cal Fire estimates the level of threat based on a combination of anticipated likelihood and severity of a fire occurring.”
“In addition to increasing fire risk, overcrowded forests and the associated competition for resources can also make forests less resilient to withstanding other stressors. For example, trees in dense stands become more vulnerable to disease—including infestations of pests such as bark beetles—and less able to endure water shortages from drought conditions. This vulnerability has been on display in recent years, as an estimated 129 million trees in California’s forests died between 2010 and 2017, including over 62 million dying in 2016 alone. While this is a relatively small share of the over 4 billion trees in the state, historically, about 1 million of California’s trees would die in a typical year. Moreover, most of the die‑off is occurring in concentrated areas. For example, the Sierra National Forest has lost nearly 32 million trees, representing an overall mortality rate of between 55 percent and 60 percent. When dead trees fall to the ground they add more dry combustible fuel for fires, as well as pose risks to public safety when they fall onto buildings, roads, and power lines.”
Specifically identified in the report is an extremely important requirement often ignored by those trying to assign or deny responsibility for California’s forest management problems on the basis of who owns these lands. This requirement stipulates that regardless of ownership of the numerous forest properties the following key provisions apply:
“While forest management responsibilities typically align with ownership, natural processes—such as forest fires, water runoff, and wildlife habitats—do not observe those jurisdictional boundaries. As such, federal and state agencies have developed certain arrangements to collaborate on management activities across California’s forests. For example, federal law has a provision—known as the “Good Neighbor Authority”—that allows states to fund and implement forest health projects on federally owned land. As discussed later, the federal government also funds a number of grant programs to encourage collaborative projects on both federal and nonfederal forestlands. Additionally, federal and state agencies have established agreements for collaborative fire suppression efforts across jurisdictions when fires do occur.”
Both the state and federal government exercise extensive government and regulatory control over California forestland activities through numerous organizations as noted in Figure 6 from the report.
Additionally, the state of California has a large number of regulatory agencies whose procedures and processes have significant impacts on the ability of actions to go forward in a timely and effective manner regarding necessary forest management efforts. These numerous agencies are defined in Figure 7 below.
Also addressed in the LAO analysis is a discussion of the huge backlog of forest lands requiring actions to restore forest health and decrease wildfire risks including 20 million acres on state regulated lands and 9 million acres of federally regulated lands noted as follows:
“The draft Forest Carbon Plan states that 20 million acres of forestland in California face high wildfire threat and may benefit from fuels reduction treatment. According to the plan, Cal Fire estimates that to address identified forest health and resiliency needs on nonfederal lands, the rate of treatment would need to be increased from the recent average of 17,500 acres per year to approximately 500,000 acres per year. The plan does not include associated cost estimates.”
“Based on its ecological restoration implementation plan, USFS estimates that 9 million acres of national forest system lands in California would benefit from treatment. The draft Forest Carbon Plan sets a 2020 goal of increasing the pace of treatments on USFS lands from the current average of 250,000 acres to 500,000 acres annually, and on BLM lands from 9,000 acres to between 10,000 and 15,000 acres annually.”
The report provides a definition of what functions, duties and responsibilities are associated with performing forest management actions as follows:
“Forest management” is generally defined as the process of planning and implementing practices for the stewardship and use of forests to meet specific environmental, economic, social, and cultural objectives. Activities forest managers employ include timber harvesting (typically for commercial purposes), vegetation thinning (clearing out small trees and brush, often through mechanical means or prescribed burns), and reforestation (planting new trees). Figure 5 describes specific activities that managers typically undertake to improve the health of forests. As discussed later, research has shown that these are the types of activities that are most effective at preserving and restoring the natural functions and processes of forests, and thereby maximizing the natural benefits that they can provide. Efforts to extinguish active wildfires are not generally considered to be forest management activities, as they are more responsive than proactive.”
The very poor forest conditions that exist today are a consequence of decades of inappropriate forest management neglect and are described as follows:
“As noted above, forest management practices and policies over the past several decades have (1) imposed limitations on timber harvesting, (2) emphasized fire suppression, and (3) instituted a number of environmental permitting requirements. These practices and policies have combined to constrain the amount of trees and other growth removed from the forest. This has significantly increased the density of trees in forests across the state, and particularly the prevalence of smaller trees and brush. Overall tree density in the state’s forested regions increased by30 percent between the 1930s and the 2000s.
These changes have also contributed to changing the relative composition of trees within the forest such that they now have considerably more small trees and comparatively fewer large trees. Figure 10 illustrates some key differences between healthy and overly dense forests. The increase in tree density can have a number of concerning implications for California’s forests—including increased mortality caused by severe wildfires and disease—as displayed in the figure and discussed below.”
The very important function of timber harvesting on both state and federal regulated forests has been particularly hard hit and is described in the LAO report as follows:
“Figure 4 shows the amount of timber harvested in California on both private and public lands over the past 60 years. While subject to annual variation, total timber harvesting in California has declined by over two‑thirds since the late 1950s. As shown in the figure, harvest rates have dropped from over 4.8 billion board feet in1988—its recent peak—to about 900 million in 2009, when it was at its lowest in recent history—a decline of over 80 percent.”
“These trends are due to a variety of factors, including changes in state and federal timber harvesting policies. For example, several federal laws were passed in the 1970s that shifted the USFS’s forest management objectives away from production forestry and more toward conservation and ecosystem management. Those laws included the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)—which requires federal agencies to evaluate any actions that could have a significant effect on the environment—and the Endangered Species Act—which prohibits federal agencies from carrying out actions that might adversely affect a species listed as threatened or endangered. Environmental protection policies have also contributed to declines in private harvests, along with other factors. More recently, the economic recession in the late 2000s sharply reduced demand for new housing construction, thereby also suppressing demand for timber. Since 2009, timber harvesting rates have picked up somewhat, but have not returned to earlier levels.”
There are a significant number of state polices and practices which have exacerbated the ability to proceed with needed timber harvests noted as follows:
“We find that one key component of the state’s FPR (Forest Practice Rules) —that a THP (Timber Management Plan) or other timber management plan generally must be prepared any time timber is removed from the forest and sold commercially—may be inhibiting some beneficial forest restoration work. Restoration and forest management work often involves the removal of trees that could be commercially viable. When sold, the revenue generated from sales can help offset the cost of restoration activities.
However, selling any forest products commercially usually requires additional documentation, such as a THP. The FPR were initially created to regulate timber harvesting on private lands in order to ensure that logging was done in a sustainable manner. At the time, the Legislature was concerned that forests were being overharvested for commercial purposes. This led to the requirement that a THP be prepared anytime harvested trees are to be sold. However, based on our conversations with stakeholders, small landowners and proponents of forest restoration projects are finding that the costs and time associated with preparing one of these plans can be cost prohibitive. They therefore often forego preparing such plans, meaning they also forego the opportunity to earn revenues from selling any marketable timber. Foregoing that revenue reduces the total number of projects that can be undertaken with limited resources.
Solutions to address this concern have been attempted—most notably, the implementation of NTMP (Non-Industrial Timber Management Plan) and the more recent Working Forest Management Plan program, which have fewer planning requirements for smaller landowners and are valid for a longer time period compared to THPs. While these strategies reduce regulatory costs for landowners compared to preparing THPs, they still present substantial upfront costs that are problematic for some small landowners.”
The multitude of state agencies and regulators involved with reviews and approval authority have significantly inhibited needed forest management health activities as identified in the report as follows:
“While the multiple state permits required to carry out many forest health activities (described in Figure 7 on page 12) are intended to protect against undue negative environmental impacts, these requirements are likely inhibiting some of the potential positive environmental effects that improved forest health could yield. (Our findings and recommendations focus on state regulatory requirements, since federal laws and permits are beyond the scope of the state Legislature’s authority to change.)
Project proponents seeking to conduct activities to improve the health of California’s forests indicate that in some cases, state regulatory requirements can be excessively duplicative, lengthy, and costly, thereby delaying and limiting the pace and scale of their proposed projects. In particular, stakeholders suggest that undertaking large‑scale, multiphase treatments across many acres of forest land—referred to as “landscape‑level” projects—can be particularly difficult given existing permitting structures. This is because regulatory agencies often consider each phase of the work as a specific project needing an individual set of costly and time‑intensive permits, rather than considering and approving the overall strategy.
Additionally, when entities want to use state funds to conduct a thinning project on federal forestlands, in certain cases they must conduct both the federally required NEPA review and certain components of the state required CEQA review, and undertake multiple public comment and scoping periods. As we discussed earlier, while certain permit exemptions and streamlined processes do exist—such as specific programmatic EIRs—these only apply for certain types of projects.”
The state agencies reviews of needed prescribed fire burn projects delay or encumber the ability to utilize this needed process noted in the report as follows:
“Several Limitations Constrain Use of Prescribed Fire. There are three main conditions that must be met in order for a prescribed burn to take place under VMP (Vegetation Management Program). First, all documentation—including a burn plan, CEQA compliance, and air quality permits—must be completed by the landowner and Cal Fire for the project in advance. Second, Cal Fire firefighters must be available in the same geographical area as the project in order to conduct the burn. Third, weather conditions and other factors—such as wind speed, humidity, temperature, and air quality—must be within specified limits established in the burn plan and air quality permit.”
We found in different situations any of these three conditions can impede the ability of a VMP project to proceed. In some cases, weather conditions are such that a prescribed burn might affect air quality conditions in a nearby community in violation of the air quality permit. In other situations, Cal Fire fire crews are not available to conduct prescribed burns because they are engaged in firefighting activities. We note that in recent years, the Legislature has provided Cal Fire with additional year‑round firefighting staff, which should increase the department’s capacity both to combat wildfires and conduct prescribed burns and other proactive forest management activities.”
“As discussed earlier, biomass that is not utilized is most frequently disposed of by open pile burning. While this approach is often less expensive than efforts to use biomass, it still requires landowners to invest significant time, planning, and funding. These challenges can also create barriers for undertaking forest thinning projects. Typically, open pile burns require air quality permits from local air districts, burn permits from local fire agencies, and potentially other permits depending on the location, size, and type of burn. To reduce smoke, permits restrict the size of burn piles and vegetation that can be burned, the hours available for burns, and the allowable moisture levels in the material.
These restrictions limit the amount of biomass that can be disposed of and increase the per‑unit disposal costs. While the Regulations Working Group of the Tree Mortality Task Force recently issued new guidelines—under the authority of the Governor’s tree mortality‑related executive order—for high hazard zone tree removal that relaxed some of those permit requirements, these exceptions only apply in areas of extreme tree mortality. For example, the guidelines allow more burning to take place under different weather conditions, such as slightly higher wind or temperature conditions.”
State energy and environmental polices have decreased the ability to deal with disposing of the significant amount of biomass material which is created when needed forest thinning is undertaken. This result has made it more difficult and expensive to undertake needed forest thinning. The report summaries this issue as follows:
“Some stakeholders report that costs associated with the limited options for utilizing or disposing of woody biomass can prohibit them from undertaking projects that would improve the health of their forestlands, or limit the amount of acres they are able to thin. As discussed earlier, woody biomass typically is not useable in traditional lumber mills. This is because these byproducts of timber harvest or thinning operations may be of an undesirable species, too small in diameter for lumber production, or malformed.
Historically, much of this excess forest product was burned to produce bioenergy. However, a significant number of bioenergy facilities have closed over the course of the past two decades. Specifically, in 1991, there were 54 woody biomass processing facilities across the state, with the capacity to produce around 760 megawatts of electricity. In contrast, at the end of 2017 there were only 22 operational facilities with a total capacity of 525 megawatts. These closures have occurred as facilities—largely built in the 1980s—fell out of compliance with more modern air and energy standards, and as bioenergy has increasingly had to compete with cheaper energy sources such as wind, solar, and natural gas.”
The state has improperly focused priority on fire fighting instead of fire prevention that is achieved through effective forest management actions as shown in Figure 9 from the report. This is resulting in the ineffective and costly misallocation of billions of dollars that are driving the continuation of unhealthy forests and increasing wild fire risks and occurrences.
The federal government changed its priority in 1964 from fire control to fire management as noted in the report:
“The passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act encouraged allowing natural processes to occur, including fire. Accordingly, USFS has changed its policy from fire control to fire management, allowing fires to play their natural ecological roles as long as they can be contained safely based on weather patterns, terrain, proximity to development, and other factors. This policy includes both naturally caused fires and intentionally prescribed fires. This shift reflects a growing resurgence in the perspective that moderate fires can have beneficial effects on forestlands, such as clearing out smaller brush and stimulating natural processes like tree seed dispersal and replenishment of soil nutrients.”
California’s government and regulatory agency policies, procedures and actions are out of step with the need to address forest management actions in a manner that effectively enhances forest health and decrease wildfire risks and occurrences.
The LAO report issues noted above do not represent all of the problem areas identified in this report but provide a clear portrayal of the staggering and mind numbing complexity and ineffectiveness of the states governmental and regulatory agencies and policies that have led to the present debacle in California forest management with the result being significantly increased wildfire risks and occurrences with devastating results in California’s communities.
Those responsible for this dire situation in the state government and its regulatory agencies along with their media supporters have tried to conceal the state’s role in manufacturing this debacle and instead falsely focus attention on scientifically unsupported claims of “climate change” as being responsible for California’s problems while Californians continue to suffer.
In addition to the states massive overlay of ineffective and bureaucratic regulatory agencies that have made such a mess of dealing with California’s forest management and wildfire prevention needs a new impediment from these agencies has now emerged regarding the critical ability for communities experiencing disastrous wild fires such as occurred in the city of Paradise to be able to proceed with recovery as noted in a recent Sacramento Bee article.
The article notes:
“Environmental concerns, including fear of harming sensitive frog species, have forced Camp Fire crews to back away from cleaning some properties in the Paradise area.
State officials tasked with debris cleanup say they have been directed not to enter an estimated 800 burned Butte County home sites within 100 feet of a waterway. They’ve been told to wait for representatives of several state and federal agencies to reach an agreement on environmental assessment guidelines.
The issue cropped up well into a yearlong, estimated $2 billion-plus cleanup operation at about 11,000 properties in Paradise, Concow, and Magalia that burned in November’s Camp Fire, the most destructive blaze in state history.
The revelation that some stream-side properties are now on hold triggered a strong public rebuke Thursday from two local legislators who said they heard about the issue from angry constituents on the ridge.”
The state’s climate alarmist politicians, media and climate activists have attempted to make nebulous and lame excuses that man made “climate change” is accountable for the poor forest conditions and increased wildfires but these claims are unsupported by climate data going back more than 1,000 years showing extensive periods of extreme droughts and precipitation in California have long existed and that no definitive change in this very long term climate record has been established as was noted in a Los Angeles Times article from 2014.
In a more recent Los Angeles Times article the headline speculated that man made climate change impacts maybe associated with the long record of the states drought and precipitation on the basis of “computer models” but the articles substance doesn’t support the hype reflected in its headline. In fact the article states that:
“Some researchers aren’t yet convinced that the results show a clear human influence on past drought trends.”
“But scientists have had a tougher time picking out the effects on precipitation, which should increase in some places and decrease in others.”
“Part of the problem is that the changes driven by humanity’s production of greenhouse gases usually get swamped by the tremendous natural variability of the climate system, particularly when studying the history of a specific region.”
“Other researchers said the study authors’ method can’t determine whether the soil moisture changes recorded in the tree ring data occurred because of an increase in greenhouse gases or because of natural causes — which are also included in the model simulations used to create the fingerprint. For instance, there’s evidence that the sun emitted slightly more energy over the first half of the 20th century, which also affected the climate.”
An extensive study published in ScienceDirect addressed the North American drought history going back to year 800 using tree ring data. The study noted the following regarding the long term climate behavior of drought and precipitation in the West:
“Severe drought is the greatest recurring natural disaster to strike North America. A remarkable network of centuries-long annual tree-ring chronologies has now allowed for the reconstruction of past drought over North America covering the past 1000 or more years in most regions. These reconstructions reveal the occurrence of past “megadroughts” of unprecedented severity and duration, ones that have never been experienced by modern societies in North America. There is strong archaeological evidence for the destabilizing influence of these past droughts on advanced agricultural societies, examples that should resonate today given the increasing vulnerability of modern water-based systems to relatively short-term droughts.”
“Recent advances in the reconstruction of past drought over North America and in modeling the causes of droughts there have provided important new insights into one of the most costly recurring natural disasters to strike North America. A grid of summer PDSI reconstructions has been developed now for most of North America from a remarkable network of long, drought sensitive tree-ring chronologies. These reconstructions, many of which cover the past 1000 yr, have revealed the occurrence of a number of unprecedented megadroughts over the past millennium that clearly exceed any found in the instrumental records since about AD 1850, including an epoch of significantly elevated aridity that persisted for almost 400 yr over the AD 900–1300 period. In terms of duration, these past megadroughts dwarf the famous droughts of the 20th century, such as the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, the southern Great Plains drought of the 1950s, and the current one in the West that began in 1999 and still lingers on as of this writing in 2005.”
These results established natural climate drivers are behind the extensive drought and precipitation cycles over the last more than 1,000 years as noted in the graph provided below indicating that the politically driven claims by climate alarmists that “climate change” is driving drought and precipitation outcomes in the West is flawed.
The 1,000 year long tree ring data record provided in the information above demonstrates that California has been subjected to extensive intervals of natural climate change driven cycles of droughts and precipitation events for centuries. Claims that recent drought and precipitation events are somehow influenced by “man made climate change” are scientifically flawed and represent nothing but climate alarmist speculation and conjecture.
The Cal Fire and LAO reports present a real world picture identifying that California’s government and regulatory agencies are responsible for the present terrible condition of California’s forests along with the resulting increased wildfire risks and occurrences. The excuse that “climate change” has caused these problems is nothing but scientifically unsupported propaganda being used in an attempt to conceal that the state government is really responsible for these outcomes.


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The purpose of the Parish Book Club is to build community through the shared experience of great stories – and we do just that each month. Everyone is welcome any time to read and discuss monthly book selections listed below. We highly recommend joining our email group.
Decemer 13th: Underground Christmas by Jon Hassler
January 10th: Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry
February 7th: The Tortilla Curtain by T.C. Boyle
March 14: Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates
For more information on our Parish Book Club contact cmanns [at] stjona.com (subject: Parish%20Book%20Club) (Cynthia Bailey Manns)..
To explore upcoming book discussions and titles on the calendar, click here.

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Taiwan is the spark of a potential war in the rivalry between the two superpowers the United States and China. Both powers possess nuclear weapons, so this is the most dangerous aspect of the rivalry.
The Biden administration has made statements that it will protect Taiwan in various ways if China intervenes militarily. Of course, it's easier said than done, but the risk is always there.
Forecasts and analyzes indicate that the issue of the conflict over Taiwan could turn into an all-out war between the United States and China, and one of the two powers may resort to the use of nuclear weapons based on the current situation.
Undoubtedly, the allure and danger of using nuclear weapons to try to win over the other side even in the event of a limited war is not out of the question.
In 1945 the Japanese were ready to negotiate and sit down for dialogue, but in return, the United States launched an atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to impose its conditions on Tokyo.
A new book has been released by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, a Washington-based neoconservative organization, called Defending Taiwan.
Hal Brands (Professor of Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins School of International Studies) and Michael Beckley (Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University) jointly published an article excerpting from their book Defending Taiwan.
They noted that there is a possibility that nuclear weapons could precipitate a major war between the United States and China, even if such a war would lead to mutually assured destruction between the two sides.
The authors reported that when the war between China and America broke out, nuclear weapons could be used in at least one of three cases.
Case one: Whoever loses might be tempted to use tactical nuclear weapons to change the course of the war. In the event of a losing side, China is more likely to use nuclear weapons than the United States.
The second case: If the war and conflicts continue, it is possible for one of the parties to use nuclear weapons to end a devastating war of attrition. The conviction is likely that the first party who pulls the nuclear trigger can gain significant advantages as a powerful motivator.
In the third case: one of the two sides may resort to the use of nuclear weapons to limit the use of the other's nuclear options, considering that the escalation of the war constitutes great destruction.
There have been controversies and discussions in the past about nuclear retaliation between the United States and China.
In this regard, the dean of China's National Defense University in the People's Liberation Army, General hu Chenghu, told reporters in 2005: "China could retaliate using nuclear weapons if it was attacked by the United States in its possible conflict with Taiwan." By bringing its missiles and munitions into the Chinese attack range, I think that Beijing will have to respond with nuclear weapons.
On the issue of America's willingness to destroy many cities in the central Chinese regions, Chenghu said: "Certainly, if this happens, the Americans should also prepare for the destruction of hundreds of their regions."
General Chenghu indicated that he spoke according to his personal views, stressing that China and the United States would not go to war.
Other debates and controversies occurred in the mid-1990s. An interesting conversation took place between a Chinese general and the American diplomat "Charles Freeman" during a meeting between them.
In this context, U.S. diplomat Freeman said: "If China intervenes militarily in Taiwan, it will receive a military response from the United States."
The Chinese general replied: "You don't have the strategic leverage that you had in the 1950s when you threatened us with a nuclear attack, because then you could attack and we didn't have the ability to retaliate and retaliate, but now we can reciprocate and in the end, you care about Los Angeles more than Taiwan."
The Chinese general's statements sparked wide reactions in the American media and caused a short-term crisis between Washington and Beijing. However, the Chinese general's statements did not reflect the policy of the Beijing government.
Meanwhile, reports have been published in the United States claiming that China will triple its nuclear capacity by 2030. The growing distrust between the United States and China will lead to a nuclear arms race. China pledges that it will not be the first to use nuclear weapons, but America is skeptical of China's commitments.
Scottish historian Niall Ferguson noted in an article published on the American Bloomberg website in late July that the escalating tensions over Pelosi's plan to visit Taiwan have not been this high since 1996.
Ferguson added that China today is militarily stronger than it was in 1996. In that year, Beijing had no way to sink American aircraft carriers, and today it has missiles that enable it to do so. In 1996, the rattling of nuclear swords was a hoax, and today it is not.


January is the first year of the month but in the film industry it is also the first month of award season. So to inaugurate award season for this week’s spotlight we chose a newcomer that is the talk of Tinseltown.
Lupita Nyong’o with her first appearance on screen has managed to steal the spotlight from seasoned actresses and is a considered a shoe in for this award season. She plays the role of Patsey in Steve Mcqueen’s 12 Years a Slave. This is the actress’s first cinematic role just after graduating from Yale Drama School. As for first experiences goes this is as hard as it gets. Nyong’o’s role in the film is that of an enslaved woman in the States who is constantly physically and mentally abused by the plantation owner Epps and his wife.
Before getting the role in Mcqueen’s film Nyong’o has worked in the theater as an actress and on the production crew of many films such as The Constant Gardner and The Namesake. In the theater she had the chance to sink her teeth in classic plays as Checkov’s Uncle Vanya and Shaekspear’s The Tamming of the Shrew and A Winter’s Tale. The actress after finishing her undergraduate degree in film and theater studies at Hampshire College she enrolled for a drama degree at the Yale School of Drama. In 2009 she wrote, directed and produced a documentary called In My Genes. The film deals with the prejudice and the difficulties experienced by albinos living in Kenya and poses the question of what it is to be discriminated against because of a simple genetic anomaly. The documentary was well received and was shown to many festivals around the world.
Critics and industry alike are mesmerized by her heartbreaking performance and the director stated that from when she walked in the audition room he knew there was no one else for the part. She is nominated for every award under the sun and she will probably win some-if not all of them,since the awards tend to have a domino effect. So if you are inspired by this young performers story , go on and write your stories and maybe even act in them and then don’t forget to send in your projects at the ÉCU Film Festival and who knows maybe we will be covering you in a next spotlight as the next big thing!


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What to Know About Cavities and Tooth Decay
While cavities are very common dental problems in both children and adults, they can be prevented. Find out what you need to know to stay ahead of cavities.
What Exactly Is a Cavity?
It’s actually pretty simple. Decay (or softening of enamel) happens over time and the result is a cavity—a defect left in the tooth. Teeth are covered with a hard protective top layer called enamel. But once the enamel is weakened by acids produced by bacteria, a pit or cavity is formed in or on the tooth surface.
What Causes Cavities and Tooth Decay?
While it’s ultimately acid-producing bacteria that leads to cavity formation, the most common cause of bacterial growth is inadequate daily brushing and flossing. Certain foods (carbs) and sugary drinks contribute to cavity formation—bacteria metabolize these carbohydrates and sugars and produce cavity-forming acids.
Aren’t Cavities Just an Issue for Kids?
Children are very prone to cavities, often on the chewing surfaces where food gets trapped in crevices that kids are likely to miss while brushing. But adults get cavities as well, primarily on the tooth surfaces between your teeth. If teeth are spaced tightly, it’s hard to clean between them to remove plaque. People who experience gum recession may also develop cavities on exposed root surfaces.


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If you have information about these or other national security challenges, please provide it through our secure online form.
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The CIA is particularly interested in information about imminent or planned terrorist attacks.


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RAWALPINDI, Nov 06 (APP): Like other parts of the country, protest rallies continued in the city against the publications of blasphemous cartoons and intolerable statement of the French President Macron Emmuanuel.
In this connection, a rally was organized by the Jamiat Ulema Islam(JUI) here at Jamia Islamia, Saddar in which a large number of people participated. The protesters chanted slogans against France and called for boycott of French products.
Meanwhile Pakistan Tehreek Insaf (PTI) Youth wing staged a protest demonstration outside Rawalpindi Press club against French President Macron for his anti-Islam statement. The protesters were holding placards inscribed with anti-France slogans and they also chanted slogans against the French government. They also asked the government to expel the French Ambassador from Pakistan.
Stay tuned to Baaghi TV for latest news and updates!

domain: sociology


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We are really excited to introduce Claire who owns the fabulous Hare and Moon Gallery in Norfolk, which has just started stocking IzziRainey products.
Hi Claire, thank you so much for joining us. Please tell us a bit about The Hare and Moon Gallery...
The Hare and Moon Gallery is at the end of the Lower Courtyard at Alby Crafts & Gardens. I sell my own work and the work of over 30 other East Anglian artists, craftsmen and designer makers.
Where did the idea come from to start the gallery?
I was asked by my friend Nicci who runs the Purple Parrot if I would like to display my paper cutting work in one of the empty units when Alby Crafts & Gardens was having an Open Day in spring 2014. I said ‘Yes’, set my work up and never went home!
Had you always dreamt of opening your own shop?
I grew up in a village shop and post office in Suffolk and I loved the interaction with customers. I have a degree in ceramics and always wanted to have my own pottery and gallery, but that wasn’t economically viable when I was in my 20s. Now, after a 20 year career in commercial print, I’m in a position where I can follow my dreams again.
Your gallery is part of Alby Crafts & Gardens. Please can you tell us about the site and what else customers can find there.
The tea room and bistro is at the heart of Alby Crafts & Gardens where the businesses are split between the Upper Courtyard and Lower Courtyard. Alby Tea Room offers freshly cooked locally sourced lunches, incredible gluten free cakes by Meg Foster and special events such as pizza and steak evenings. The quirky decor is worth a look too! The Purple Parrot gift shop is always well stocked with affordable attractive gifts and a good range of greetings cards. In the gallery upstairs Hannah Ghoorahoo makes bespoke soft furnishings and Jane Kenning makes wedding dresses, vintage style dresses and professional tutus. At the end of the Upper Courtyard we have SunEssences who produce Bach flower remedies in their science kitchen.
In the Lower Courtyard we have the galleries and studios, so here you will find Tracy Myers our printmaker, Keverne Dewick our wood turner and cabinet maker, Helen Dixon a ceramist and beekeeper, Mitchell House a professional fine art sculptor and myself, Claire Knight, paper cut artist and potter.
There are also over 4 acres of plant lover’s gardens boasting specimen trees, 3 ponds and lots of rare species shrubs and perennials.
It sounds amazing! Can you tell us a bit about your own work?
I have always been drawn to folk art of any type. As a potter I was influenced by English medieval slipware and German salt glaze. When I decided to stop chasing commercial print work and concentrate on building a body of artwork that I could call my own, I turned to paper cutting as it was something I could do at home on the kitchen table without much financial outlay and it was an art form that was beginning to be appreciated again. So I have been developing paper cutting designs and skills now for over 6 years and I think my work is recognisable as ‘a Claire Knight’ rather than the work of anyone else. For over a year now I have also been making ceramics again and I am in the process of building my own wood-fired kiln at the end of my garden. I am very excited to be firmly on the way to producing my own range of ceramics.
As you know all of our products are designed by Izzi and manufactured in the UK, is this something you feel passionate about? Do you stock a lot of other British designer makers? If it possible to, do you like to stock local artists in your shop?
At The Hare & Moon Gallery I stock almost exclusively East Anglian designer makers. I have one supplier from Cornwall whose lovely work in copper, glass and silver fits my gallery perfectly and I buy in a few bits of vintage glass or jewellery if I see something that I think my customers would like. So yes, I am passionate about supporting local artists and craftspeople and about giving them somewhere affordable to sell their work.
It is lovely that you stock such local artists and makers- Norfolk is full of very talented people! You have lots of wonderful products in store, where do you tend to source your products from?
Because I am a designer maker myself I promote my own work at maybe 6 or 8 local events a year outside Alby Crafts & Gardens. This means I get to spot the best new designer makers in the area and I invite them to sell in The Hare & Moon Gallery. And sometimes my existing makers will recommend my gallery to someone new and they will approach me.
What first drew your attention to IzziRainey products?
The Black Dandelion print really caught my eye when I saw the IzziRainey range displayed together and I think the pompoms add a great touch to some of the products. The range is fresh and light and fun.
Thank you so much Claire for joining us. Everyone should definitely pop into Claire's lovely gallery and the rest of Alby Crafts in you are ever in the area.
We are a textile company, based on a farm in Norfolk, designing and manufacturing high quality homeware and interior products within Norfolk and the UK.


New Car 2018 - Michelin S New Concept Car. Michelin - Wikipedia - In 1889 two brothers, Édouard Michelin and André Michelin, ran a rubber factory in Clermont-Ferrand, France.One day, a cyclist whose pneumatic tyre needed repair turned up at the factory.. Green and Grippy: Michelin's Primacy MXM4 Tire - Motor Trend - Green and Grippy: Michelin’s Primacy MXM4 Tire Unusual Ingredient Finds its Way into Tiremaker's Latest Performance Rubber. Car News - Edmunds - Car News from Edmunds keeps car buyers and owners informed of the latest automotive news, events and recalls..Michelin’s Future Tire Will Be Smart, Airless and - Michelin showed a prototype of the future tire at the conference, saying it underscored the company’s commitment to developing an integrated “systems solution for sustainable mobility.”.. . Lunch with M. | The New Yorker - The original Guide Michelin was developed by André Michelin, an engineer, and his younger brother, Édouard. Born into a wealthy manufacturing family in Clermont-Ferrand, the brothers, in 1895, presented a new design for a pneumatic tire for cars... .


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Short animated videos highlighting key topics in global politics & economics
Who Benefits Most from Globalization? (May 2017) Online HERE
Who benefits most from globalization? And why? We take a dive inside the numbers.
Africa & Trade Integration: A Winning Strategy (November 2016) Online HERE
African Trade Integration –Does Africa have the right trade policy for sustainable growth?
Inside South Africa’s Trade Strategy (November 2016) Online HERE
South Africa: Does Africa’s BRIC have a trade policy for sustainable development?
How the German Government Works (October 2016) Online HERE
How the German Government Works – Pour yourself a Pils and check our our new animated video about how the German political system works.
How Laws are Made in Germany (October 2016) Online HERE
How Laws are Made in Germany Join Sven on his quest to pass a new law that will allow him to drive as fast as he wants on the autobahn!
TPP: A Good Trade Deal for Asia? (July 2016) Online HERE
TPP: A Good Trade Deal for Asia? TPP has become an increasingly controversial topic in the US. But is it a winning deal for Asian countries? This animation looks inside the data.
TPP & TTIP – A Threat to Latin America? (March 2016) Animated Short online HERE
TPP & TTIP – A Threat to Latin America? Megatrade Deals & Latin America: How will TPP, TTIP and the other affect the region? Who wins? Who loses? This new animation looks inside the number.


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Kunal Karan to exit from Na Bole...
Actor Kunal Karan Kapoor, seen as Mohan Bhatnagar in the TV show Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha 2, is set to exit from the show. In the coming episode of the show, Mohan's death will be shown, leading to his exit from the show.
Latest Bollywood News
- Sonam Kapoor turns producer with 'Battle for Bittora'
- Sidharth-Katrina begins ‘Baar Baar Dekho’ shoot in Scotland
- ‘Peepli live’ co-director Mahmood Farooqui charged with rape
- Salman Khan to shoot ‘Bigg Boss 9’ promo in Karjat
- Deepika makes funny video of her ex-flame Ranbir Kapoor


Biden’s surprise move to grant thousands of Venezuelan migrants work visas sends NYC officials into scramble over another fed chore.
The surprise move by the White House to give thousands of Venezuelans in the Big Apple the ability to work has left City Hall scrambling — as members of the City Council sounded the alarm that NYC isn’t ready to take on another federal chore.
The Biden Administration has promised just 50 staffers to help New York process employment permit applications for the roughly 10,000 migrants from the South American country — and its not clear how many staffers have even arrived to start the job.
At the same time, Gov. Hochul promised to pull together 70 staffers from various state agencies to help — but it was later revealed they were only tasked with making phone calls to migrants.
“We’re figuring this out in real-time,” a City Hall official told The Post when asked about the next steps.
The chaotic situation has also left Venezuelan asylum seekers in NYC confused about what to do.
“We didn’t know that we can now apply to work legally, so tomorrow we’re going to start seeing what the process is like,” said William Bermudez, 43, who has been here for four months with their two sons.
“If I could get a work permit, I could get proper job, which would make things a little better for us,” he said, adding he was willing to work in a restaurant after fleeing Venezuela where he worked as as senior technician.
The Biden administration dropped the news late Wednesday evening about the new status for Venezuelans without much as a heads-up to the Adams administration, according to sources.
Under the change, migrants from that nation — where the rule of leader Nicolás Maduro has been marked with hyperinflation and starvation — have been given temporary protective status as long as they arrived in the United States before July 31.
This will give those eligible Venezuelans the right to work, but first they have to be processed, which some fear will be a bureaucratic nightmare.“It’s not going to happen overnight,” one federal source said.
Asylum seekers in the Big Apple, as well, were trying to figure out the opaque process — with one even trying to get some information on the bureaucracy from a Post reporter.
“How do you apply for the work permit?” said one immigrant from the nation, 43-year-old Jose, as he sat on his unlicensed motorized scooter while on a break from the under-the-table Uber Eats delivery gig he already had.
City Hall spokesperson Fabien Levy was unable to answer any specifics on how what city planned to handle the added task.


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College Makerspace Implementation News
Sacramento City College & City College of San Francisco representatives will be speaking on Friday, May 21 at the San Mateo Maker Faire. Several colleges will be at the CCC Maker booth 65137.
Two colleges submitted papers for ISAM -
Allan Hancock College -- "Santa Maria's Central Coast Makerspace Collaborative: A Network of Internal and External Partners" and
Folsom Lake College -- "Making Across the Curriculum: Multidisciplinary Making at Folsom Lake College."
Sacramento City College held their Makerspace Grand Opening on May 4.
On April 28,
Moreno Valley College and several California Community Colleges joined to engage with the California Cyberhub to host the California Mayors Cup Cyber Competition, linking eight colleges with live video to compete in a 6-hour academic cyber challenge mitigating cyber vulnerabilities.
Butte College Create Space, a start-up chocolate company laser cut and etched a point of purchase display. The entrepreneur expects to hire interns from the makerspace next semester.
College of Alameda used the CNC router to cut parts for the Fab Lab workstations and incorporated the college's logo into the tables to promote campus pride.
The Krause Center for Innovation at
held a Peninsula/South Bay Maker Educator Meetup.
City College of San Francisco students from foreign language, architecture, interior design and graphic design applied design thinking to develop activities for the new collaborative library makerspace to engage students in world language learning.
Woodland Community College created an intern pre-survey to gather information that will assist staff in improving services and capture information to show interns' growth once they complete their internships.
Students showed their projects in the IE Accelerator makerspace booth when
San Bernardino Community College hosted 1 Million Cups San Bernardino, a monthly gathering that fosters small business development.
Folsom Lake College, a Making Social Change student, who is also an Innovation Center employee, is sharing the laser intaglio process with artists from the college's printmaking course; for example, students used Illustrator's Image Trace functionality to achieve a low-resolution abstraction of a photograph of a family pet.
Tahoe-Truckee Humanities instructor needed some large scrabble letters printed on wood blocks for a leadership activity so the Student Maker-in-Residence designed the letters in Illustrator and produced them using the laser cutter and router.