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5 Reasons to Take Your Dog to Annual Check-ups: As a dog owner, it is your responsibility to ensure that your pooch gets regular medical care. Routine wellness exams are a necessity for a long and healthy life for your dog. Most veterinarians will recommend that your dog receive an annual wellness check in addition to attention when you have a concern about their health. Here are five reasons that point to why you should schedule annual checkups.
5 Reasons to Take Your Dog to Annual Check-ups
Keep Vaccines Up to Date
One of the most important elements of a pet wellness check is to make sure that your animal is up to date on all of their vaccinations. Vaccines are engineered to protect your dog against some of the most common and contagious diseases. The vaccines that your dog receives will depend on where you live and your pet’s lifestyle.
For example, core vaccines are in the vaccination schedule for all dogs. This would include vaccines for rabies, canine parvovirus, distemper, and canine hepatitis. Lifestyle vaccines are dependent on how often your pet interacts with other animals or where you live and the risks that this geography delivers. Adult dogs will need booster shots at regular intervals to maintain protection against the diseases. Your vet is the best source of information about the recommended vaccines for your particular dog.
Prevention of Parasitic Diseases
In addition to keeping your vaccines current, regular checkups will also guard against the onset of a host of parasitic diseases. For example, if you live in an area with a prevalence of ticks and mosquitoes, you will want to protect against the parasites that these bugs carry. Your veterinarian will be able to provide recommendations for protecting your pooch from parasitic invaders.
In my experience, Practicing proper parasitic prevention will guard against a myriad of dangerous health conditions. This includes fleas, Lyme disease, heartworm, hookworms, whipworm, tapeworms, roundworms, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and more.
Scan for Glaucoma
Like humans, dogs can also suffer from glaucoma. This high pressure within the eye can develop into a painful condition that may lead to blindness in dogs. Primary glaucoma is usually inherited, making it more common in purebred dogs. Conversely, secondary glaucoma is a result of lifestyle factors or other inherent health conditions unrelated to poor genetics.
Glaucoma in dogs typically presents itself as excessive drainage from the eye, the presence of a bluish-white discoloration of the cornea, enlarged blood vessels, or a dilated pupil. Your dog may also seem to be uncomfortable, pawing at their eyes or rubbing them.
Could Save Money in the Long Run
Although you may balk at the cost of veterinary visits, it is important to remember that regular preventative care can save you money in the long run. Because a veterinarian is trained to spot the early signs of disease, the conditions are typically easier and less expensive to treat at this stage of the progression.
You may be stuck with a much heftier bill if you wait until the health condition progresses. Good quality preventive care such as vaccines and parasitic prevention treatment will likely keep you from paying more money down the road. When it comes to wellness checks, an ounce of prevention is certainly worth a pound of cure.
Educational for the Owner
Your veterinarian is an expert in all things related to your dog. This expertise makes them an invaluable ally in how you support your dog. Owner education is a vital component of regular checkups. Lean on your veterinarian to provide information about how to care for your pooch.
This educational component is particularly important if you are a first-time dog owner. Your veterinarian will also be able to provide you with the latest guidance on raising a healthy dog. Preventative trends and recommendations change over time as more research comes in, making it crucial that you stay on top of the latest guidance. Knowing how much to feed your dog at different ages, how much exercise they should be getting, and more will help you to make the best decisions for your pet as they grow older.
These five reasons point to the importance of regular wellness checks for your dog. You owe it to your favorite furry friend to get them the care and medical attention that they deserve.
Steven Barron is an expert in many fields like tech, education, travel, finance, games, cars, and sports. He started his career in the tech industry, where he learned a lot and got good at spotting tech trends. Steven then moved into writing. He loves technology and is great at telling stories. His articles cover topics like new gadgets, education, and finance. They are full of detail but easy to read. Steven loves to travel and is a big sports fan. This shows in his travel and sports writing, where he draws in readers with clear descriptions and smart insights.

domain: pet


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Sterling Silver Charm Jewelry(486 items)
Discover the unique collection of Sterling Silver Charm Jewelry that NOVICA artisans have designed and crafted for you:
Featured Reviews on Sterling Silver Charm Jewelry
A summer present to myself
Great big luscious pearls attached by Sterling hand made loops (excellent workmanship!) with a dragonfly charm.. cooling calming for the heat of the summer.
A gift for my best friend
I sent this as a gift and my friend loved it. We do not live near each other so I have not seen it in person. But I know it brought joy to her.
I just received this bracelet and it is prettier than it is in the picture. Its a perfect size and goes well with the other bracelets I wear on a daily basis.
Jantana Sterling silver jewelry
"Now that our parents have retired, they have more time to visit us. They are so happy that we are carrying on their silver jewelry tradition!"
Popular Sterling Silver Charm Jewelry
Sterling Silver Dragonfly Charm Bracelet from Bali, "Dragonfly Dynasty"$54.99
Crafted of sterling silver with a wonderful gleam, Naga chain circles the wrist in this bracelet by Asmara Putra. Working with family, the Balinese artisan completes the bracelet with a dragonfly charm accompanied by two dainty leaves.
Cultured Pearl and Sterling Silver Dragonfly Charm Bracelet, "Moonlight Dragonfly"$32.99
Eight cultured pearls are linked by small swirls and loops of sterling silver in this elegant bracelet from Indonesian artisan Asmara Putra. A delicate dragonfly charm dangles from between two pearls, ready to alight.
Artisan Crafted Labradorite Charm Bracelet from India, "Cool Aurora"$23.99
Possessing the beauty of the Aurora Borealis, natural labradorite decorates this bracelet, forming a station and a dangling charm. Neetu Barathi designs this Indian bracelet, which circles the wrist with sterling silver cable chain that hosts combination-finish charms.

domain: design


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Rachel Bilson: Colour pops are chic
Rachel Bilson loves having "a pop of colour" in her fashion ensembles.
The stunning actress likes to brighten up a neutral colour palette with splashes of bold shades.
Known for her elegant yet bohemian style, the actress added that she loves to accessorise her outfits to give them an unusual twist.
"I seem to naturally go to neutrals, with a pop of colour," Rachel told US publication Lucky. "I'm a really big accessories person. You wear a plain T-shirt and jeans and then do something really cool with the jeans or the amazing shoes, or a really cool scarf or belt or bag."
The Hart of Dixie beauty also added that her outfits have to suit her mood. Despite wowing regularly with her glamorous style, the 30-year-old insisted her wardrobe choices have to be practical too.
"I like to be comfortable, and I don't like to be cold, and I don't like to wear anything I'm not in the mood for," she said.
Rachel is famed for her roles as flirty Summer Roberts in The O.C and Dr. Zoe Hart in Hart of Dixie. Although the star doesn't mind dressing a certain way to portray her onscreen characters, she doesn't imitate their style in everyday life.
"I guess I'm not too crazy about slutty dresses. I don't mind being the centre of attention as a character. But in real life it's not for me. Zoe's from New York and very fashion-savvy. She also wears shorts, a lot. It's her 'thing,'" she revealed.

domain: artistic


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Lib Dems slam expenses shame MP’s new role
LIB Dems have blasted the promotion of a Labour MP embroiled in the recent expenses scandal to the government s cabinet office. Dawn Butler, MP for Brent South, was appointed as the Minister for Young Citizens and Youth Engagement on Friday last week, a n
LIB Dems have blasted the promotion of a Labour MP embroiled in the recent expenses scandal to the government's cabinet office.
Dawn Butler, MP for Brent South, was appointed as the Minister for Young Citizens and Youth Engagement on Friday last week, a newly created role which will give her a wider remit of responsibilities geared towards increasing young people's engagement in politics.
However, Brent Lib Dems have slammed the appointment, who came under fire when a leaked Whitehall dossier revealed that she had overclaimed more than �2,600 in rent expenses and installed a whirlpool bath in her second home.
Cllr Daniel Bessong, Wembley Central ward, said: "People don't trust politicians because of the sickening behaviour of Labour MPs like Dawn Butler, who took tens of thousands of pounds of taxpayers' money to fund a second London home.
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"The contempt for ordinary people that Dawn Butler revealed when she made lavish expenses claims makes her completely the wrong person to do a job engaging people with politics.
"The best way for Dawn Butler to re-engage people would be to apologise for abusing the system and volunteer to pay back the money she has taken."
- 1 Pink mob: Two Harlesden women among gang jailed for drug offences valued at £2million
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- 3 TfL told to introduce 'pay per mile' charge to motorists
- 4 Application submitted to turn 'bed bug' hotel in Harlesden into HMO
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A number of Ms Butler's supporters have rushed to her defence, pointing to the MP's distinguished record of working with young people in the borough.
Rev Ron Herbert of St Michael and All Angels Church in Hillside, Stonebridge, said: "Dawn has been a great asset to young people in the constituency and there is no doubt that this will be translated across the country."
UK Youth Parliament chief executive, Andy Hamflett, added: "We can't wait to work with Dawn, I can't think of anyone I'd rather have to work with on youth issues."
Ms Butler said: "A quarter of Brent's residents are under the age of 19, we have one of the youngest constituencies in the UK and I have worked tirelessly to give them a voice and represent them in Parliament.
"I am delighted to take on this historic role and represent young people across the country. I thank everyone who has wished me well in this role.

domain: news


DES-1210-08P is a new PoE switch of D-Link’s Web Smart series. With 8 10/100 PoE ports, it supplies up to 15.4 watts of power each port following IEEE 802.3af. Providing functions of Auto Surveillance VLAN and Voice VLAN, SMBs can easily deploy powered IP surveillance system and VoIP systems. The Smart DES-1210-08P is also equipped with advanced security and QoS, such as ACL, bandwidth control, port security, and ARP Spoofing Prevention. It is the best choice for SMBs considering functions and installation cost
Signellent Technologies is among the most well-known Service Provider in Mumbai and Chennai. Avail D- Link DES-1210-08P Switch through Signellent Technologies the Authorised & Certified Partner, Distributor, Trader, vendor, Stockist, Dealer & Wholesaler of D-Link Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Kochi & Ludhiana Contact us to avail best prices and discount on D- Link DES-1210-08P Switch
We wanted reliable, redundant, 24×7 core switches in each of our office to help us leverage the benefits
It has been a seamless transition to D link We did a lot of planning, and thanks to the ease of use of D Link and the support from our consultant, Integra Networks, everything ran smoothly
With D link technology, meeting our future scalability needs is now not only possible, but also affordable.


Reid Might Have Votes For Filibuster Reform, Let's Make It Work
dailykos.com — The Huffington Post reports that in a whip count they've compiled through interviews and reporting, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid could have the 51 votes he needs to push filibuster reform next month, with the new Congress. here's still strong Democratic opposition, namely Sens. Carl Levin and Mark Pryor, but the influx of new senators, Tammy Baldwin (WI), Elizabeth Warren (MA), Martin Heinrich (NM), Heidi Heitkamp (ND), Mazie Hirono (HI), Tim Kaine (VA), Chris Murphy (CT) and Angus King (ME) leaves them in a distinct minority. They're potentially losing members, as well. Sen. Dianne Feinstein told Huffington Post that she's open to the proposals. This comes with a massive new push from the "Fix the Senate" coalition. The coalition has written to Senate leadership to offer support, and to encourage a package of reforms that will make the Senate function again.


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This fall, why not channel a little Jim Morrison and The Doors? Live the lyrics and be a Twentieth Century Fox — fashionably fun, the queen of cool….
All it takes is our new favorite motif: the fox. You can wear it myriad ways, from casual and sportif to equestrian-chic to glamorous. Is Grace Kelly’s ladylike polish more your thing? Try our printed chiffon scarf — tie it around your handbag for a more subtle touch.
You’ll also love our playful take on the everyday ballet flat. As the song goes, all eyes will be watching the way you walk.
More to explore in Style
- Beauty Most Wanted: Paintbox Manicures & Printed Bags Wed, May 20, 2015
- Style Behind the Scenes: The Making of Tory’s Kempner Slides Tue, May 19, 2015
- Style Tory On: Blue & White Tue, May 19, 2015
- Style Fashion Journalist Kate Betts On: Paris, WWD & Christian Louboutin Wed, May 13, 2015
- Style Mother’s Day: Designer Margherita Maccapani Missoni on Childhood Memories & Her New Kids’ Line Fri, May 8, 2015


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A VHS tape LED light
Some days the Internet can be very, very generous when it comes to discovering cool stuff that you never knew existed. Such as these insanely cool LED lights that are made from vintage VHS tapes.
The lights are the invention of Hayley Summers who runs the UK-based Etsy shop, NancysJars. As a horror nerd, I’m partial to Summers’ excellent horror film-themed VHS lights which are a scream. Summers will also customize her VHS tape lights to your exacting specifications. Due to a massive influx of orders, the shop has closed down temporarily but will reopen just as soon as Summers can catch up with the demand for her fantastic lights. In the meantime, I’ve posted photos of some of my favorites below.
Previously on Dangerous Minds:
If ‘Get Out’ and ‘Logan’ and ‘Stranger Things’ existed as VHS tapes in the 1980s
Killer silhouettes of 80s VHS horror movie box art
Lost art of the lurid VHS cover
Eurotrash: Tasteless 80s VHS cover art from Germany
Dark, foreboding figures made from VHS tapes


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BEIJING - Edward Snowden, the former U.S. government contractor who says he leaked National Security Agency secrets, told Hong Kong media Wednesday that he intended to remain in the self-ruled Chinese territory and fight extradition to the United States.
"I have had many opportunities to flee Hong Kong, but I would rather stay and fight the United States government in the courts, because I have faith in Hong Kong's rule of law," Snowden told the South China Morning Post. "My intention is to ask the courts and people of Hong Kong to decide my fate. I have been given no reason to doubt your system."
The interview was the first public word from Snowden, 29, since Monday, when he checked out of a Hong Kong hotel.
Snowden revealed himself Sunday as the primary source of unauthorized disclosures of highly classified U.S. telephone and Internet surveillance systems, calling America's spying capabilities "horrifying." He is now believed to be staying in a private home.
The U.S. Justice Department was expected to file criminal charges against Snowden.
Snowden also told the Morning Post that the Internet surveillance program code-named PRISM is used to spy on people in Hong Kong and elsewhere in China.
"Unfortunately, the U.S. government is now bullying the Hong Kong government to prevent me from continuing my work," he said.
Snowden's strategy in Hong Kong appears to be a high-risk geopolitical play in a unique place, where British common law overlaps with the dictate of the Chinese Communist Party. The former British colony is a special administrative zone, which unlike mainland China has an extradition treaty with the U.S. But Beijing gets final say in cases where "surrender of a fugitive would harm defense, foreign affairs or essential public interest or policy."
Despite the rivalry between the U.S. and China, and the mutual recriminations over hacking and cyberespionage, few experts expect Beijing to go out of its way to shelter Snowden.
"The Chinese leader is pretty new and has just had an amicable round of chats with President Obama," said Martin Lee, one of Hong Kong's most respected democracy advocates and a senior lawyer. Lee acknowledged that Snowden could keep the case tangled up in the courts for years.


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You can do this at any point during the jump, so the higher you are, the further you will go. The same thing works if Mario is already in mid-air. You probably know that if you hold down R and press A, Mario backflips with a large burst of water. So, you will be able to enjoy them all on your Nintendo Switch in a single bundle. Hence, the faster you run, the longer will be the distance covered in this long jump. To pull it off just get a good run going then at the end of the ledge or whatever you’re looking to jump off of press ZL to crouch and quickly press A to jump. So with the old method gone, is there no long jump in Sunshine? Super Mario Sunshine removed the long jump as it had been used in Super Mario 64. The amount of movement in these games are crazy and I love it. With the old move gone, long jump can't be done like before but there is a new move now which performs the same. As we all know that Super Mario 3D All Stars is going to be the collection of three amazing Mario games Super Mario 64, Super Mario Sunshine, and Super Mario Galaxy. ... Super Mario vs Sonic the Hedgehog - Duration: 15:26. Super Mario 3D All Stars BLJ. ... press the A Button to jump out of a slide with a Front Flip. Super Mario Sunshine Wiki Guide. The Long Jump (called Leap on the official Super Mario 3D Land website) is a move used in the 3D Super Mario games since Super Mario 64 (bar Super Mario Sunshine, due to the presence of F.L.U.D.D. Super Mario Galaxy, for the Nintendo Wii, received a 9.5 in 2007. With the release of Super Mario 3D All-Stars, we finally have Super Mario 64, Sunshine, and Galaxy on Nintendo Switch in glorious HD.But given the particular control styles of … Loading... Unsubscribe from Gator Snapper? As the games became more advanced and offered more variety to your actions, the ways you could jump became more robust and more important. Mario will do a long jump backwards and will be shot through walls, due to the game not putting a negative cap on the speed from long jumps. Home / Game Guides / Super Mario 3D All-Stars – How to Long Jump in 64, Sunshine, and Galaxy, Video Game News, Reviews, Guides & More | Attack of the Fanboy | © 2019 Modern Media Group All Rights Reserved, Super Mario 3D All-Stars – How to Long Jump in 64, Sunshine, and Galaxy, Get Twitch Prime For Free Right Now and get in-game items, rewards, and free games, Fortnite Season 5 Details – Start Time, Map Leaks, Battle Pass, and More, Black Ops Cold War: Nuketown Easter Egg Guide. The player must do an ordinary long jump and then do a still long jump and then steer Mario while pressing the A button rather fast. I can kind of see why in the cold light of 2020. 's hover function can also serve as a substitute for Mario's long jump maneuver from Super Mario 64 (which is notably absent in Sunshine). Some people who love 3D Mario games actively hate Super Mario Sunshine. In SM64, you can also discover countless of glitches by doing that. It was disappointing there was no long jump, but the Fludd does so much damage on its own the long Jump … But that’s all the fun of Mario, however things shift quite a bit for the Gamecube game in Super Mario 3D All-Stars. But, what's odd is that this has apparently stripped him of some of his more basic moves and abilities—some of which he even had in Super Mario 64. The long jump mechanics were removed from Super Mario Sunshine which was used in Super Mario 4. On some planets you can almost achieve orbit, clearing huge sections of the map with a single long jump. This is basically the sad news for some Mario fans about the Backward Long Jump in Super Mario 64 3D All Stars. You need to run and the press the ZL button which will make you Crouch and Slide. Mechanically, the gameplay changed quite a bit. Super Mario 3D ALL STARS is a Super Mario 64, Super Mario Sunshine and Super Mario Galaxy package. Then you have to press the A button that will make you jump. The current zero-star world record for the game is held by a Japanese player known as KANNO who completed Mario's quest in a staggering 6 minutes, 36 … With its sunnily samey tropical island theme, fresh cast of characters, and central F.L.U.D.D. Let’s get one thing straight, right off the bat: Super Mario 3D All-Stars is a collection of ports containing Super Mario 64, Super Mario Sunshine, and Super Mario Galaxy for the Switch but they are not remasters. While many new mechanics are added in each entry, the Super Mario series is still all about jumping. In it, Mario and Peach travel to Isle Delfino for a vacation when a Mario doppelgänger, going by the name of Shadow Mario, appears and vandalizes the entire island. To perform the move, the player must crouch while in motion and then jump. To long jump in Super Mario Odyssey, all you have to do is crouch while moving and then hit B or A to jump. The amount of movement in these games are crazy and I love it. As of Super Mario 3D Land, Mario can Long Jump out of a Roll (referred to as a Rolling Leap in that game), making the jump faster and longer. It will come in handy when you want to jump over long gaps such as the one in Hazy Maze Cave. This page was last edited on December 18, 2020, at 11:22. water-jet gimmick, it feels more like a side story than the Super Mario 128 many had hoped for. In Super Mario 64, players can perform a backward long jump that allows Mario to build far more momentum and speed than the developers intended, which allows him to clip through cracks in the walls and doors to skip every star in the game. Long Jump in Super Mario Sunshine. Gone is the satisfying ability to perform a long jump, and the usual platforming move of crouching. Super Mario Sunshine is the second 3D Super Mario game. Now, instead of running and crouching before a jump all you need to do is jump and dive with Y. When you do it right, you will hear Mario screaming ‘Yahoo’ joyfully. 's water supply is limited, so Mario must periodically refill its tank by immersing himself in any number of clean water sources, such as pools , the ocean or even lawn sprinklers . It’s not required to advance through the game, so it doesn’t explain it in any mandatory tutorial, but it’s still key to saving Princess Peach and getting all 120 Stars in the game. New Super Mario Bros. Wii Light Blue Yoshi using the Flutter Jump while carrying Yellow Toad in New Super Mario Bros. Wii In Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2, this move can be chained with a Spin to perform a Double Kick, which can defeat enemies and activate items. In fact, due to the small worlds and wacky gravity you can use this in really interesting ways. The Flutter Jump ability returns in Super Mario Sunshine, now used by Yoshis who serve as Mario's mounts. Along with that, crouching is also not possible since the FLUDD is always strapped to the back of Mario. To help out with the new Super Mario 3D All-Stars players, here’s how to long jump in Super Mario 64, Sunshine, and Galaxy. The move is primary used to clear huge gaps between platforms and move faster; this is especially helpful in timed missions. Using this move you can clear very wide gaps in stages, and often reach places you weren’t totally supposed to get to. Following the release of Super Mario 64, this was the second 3D platform game in the Super Mario series. In Super Mario Odyssey, Mario can perform the Long Jump when any of the shoulder buttons (, , , or ) are pressed when Mario starts crouching after he runs. What is Moon Jump? That is a jump in many games that can been performed by with a cheat device only. So that’s how to long jump in Super Mario 64, Sunshine, and Galaxy within Super Mario 3D All-Stars. This Manual will guide you through the steps of applying, and running the mod, and also has a FAQ section at the end to answer a lot of your questions. F.L.U.D.D. Sliding & Diving. Doing a triple jump, wall jump, or side somersault will get you extra height, then just hit Y to leap forward and get some more distance. The Long Jump (or Leap) is a special move featured exclusively in the 3D Mario games (excluding Super Mario Sunshine). There's a spin-jump and a very powerful dive-jump, though. F.L.U.D.D. Mario will leap forward wildly, making it much further than if you’d simply jumped normally, or even performed a triple jump. Very handy if you want to see how the level was made, IMO. The Long Jump is one of Mario's many techniques that he uses in most of the 3D platforming games. Description. Now that Super Mario 3D All-Stars is here, we gotta figure out the damn controls controls again.. Not to worry, because we got this little cheat sheet for all the controls for all three games included in the Super Mario 3D All-Stars bundle: Super Mario 64, Super Mario Sunshine, and Super Mario Galaxy.. I will review each game separately and for a 2020 audience. In Super Mario Run, characters will Long Jump if the screen is tapped while they are on a Long Jump Block. For other uses of the term "Long Jump", see, http://supermario3dland.nintendo.com/#/gameplay/marios-moves/leap, Fire Koopa Clown Car/Fire Junior Clown Car, https://www.mariowiki.com/index.php?title=Long_Jump&oldid=3088226, *In version 3.0.4 or later • **Seen only in Mega Events, * In version 2.0 or later • ** In version 3.0 or later. But few are as important as the long jump, a maneuver that can propel you to new areas of whatever map you’re exploring. Super Mario Sunshine removed the long jump as it had been used in Super Mario 64. The original 3D platformer was also the first Mario game to feature the long jump, at least in the form we have all come to know and love. This works almost as well as the long jump, but is a bit more cumbersome. In Super Mario Odyssey, Mario can perform the Long Jump when any of the shoulder buttons (, , , or ) are pressed when Mario starts crouching … While Super Mario Sunshine does have a triple jump and the side summersault, it is missing the Super Mario 64’s long jump which is used to jump across large chasms. The game was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi and Kenta Usui, produced by series creators Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, written by Makato Wada, and scored by Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka. Now you’ll see Mario perform a long … If done correctly, Mario will spray a large burst of water in front of him. It was released in 2002 for the GameCube. Try it out - jump in the air and press A and R at the same time. Super Mario Sunburn Manual Aug 19 2020 Super Mario Sunburn Tutorials . Super Mario 64 got a 9.4 in 1996, Super Mario Sunshine, the black sheep of 3D Mario games, got an 8 in 2002. It is most often used to go long distances that you otherwise could with a regular jump. It lets you make a jump, as high as you want. The Long Jump also appears in the side-scrolling Mario games Super Mario Run and Super Mario Maker 2 (Super Mario 3D World style only), as well as in Donkey Kong 64. In Super Mario Run, characters will Long Jump if the screen is tapped while they are on a Long Jump Block. 9 Super Mario Sunshine - Bowser Jr. Story Super Mario Sunshine has a much bigger focus on story than Super Mario 64. Super Mario Sunshine Part 17: GOOPY INFERNO LONG JUMP Gator Snapper. With this collection, Super Mario 64, Super Mario Sunshine, and Super Mario Galaxy have all been ported to the Switch in high definition, allowing me to examine them side-by-side for the first time. Super Mario 3D All Stars was recently released as a trilogy version in 2020 which included both these plus one more. Super Mario Sunshine is the second 3D Mario game and the first since Super Mario 64. Mechanically, the gameplay changed quite a bit. Super Mario Sunshine was first developed and published by Nintendo in the year 2002 for the GameCube. Super Mario Sunshine is a 2002 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube.It is the second 3D platformer in the Super Mario series, following Super Mario 64 (1996). To use this move, the player usually must crouch while in motion and jump, causing the character to jump a long horizontal distance. With the FLUDD firmly strapped to your back, crouching is somewhat out of the question. Mario and Luigi can use it to clear long gaps to reach far away platforms, while still staying close to the ground for obtaining coins. It can be used after every jump of Yoshi's Triple Jump to extend its covered distance. It was disappointing there was no long jump, but the Fludd does so much damage on its own the long Jump … From the Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia, This article is about one of Mario's jumps. So with the old method gone, is there no long jump in Sunshine? After I 100% all of 3D All Stars, Mario Odyssey and Galaxy 2 awhile ago, I most definitely think this and Odyssey are my favorite. Out of them, Super Mario 64 is a speedrunner game. The sound made when backwards long jumping in super mario 64. With the FLUDD firmly strapped to your back, crouching is somewhat out of the question. Thankfully things go back to normal next time. You can still do the Long Jump to cover long distances, though. As of Super Mario 3D Land, Mario can Long Jump out of a Roll (referred to as a Rolling Leap in that game), making the jump faster and longer. After I 100% all of 3D All Stars, Mario Odyssey and Galaxy 2 awhile ago, I most definitely think this and Odyssey are my favorite. If you’re technical about … To end the jump, just press the button again to continue jumping. By the end of 2002, with my Year 9 school holidays on the horizon and my “Spice” orange GameCube controller in-hand, I’d come to a firm decision: Super Mario Sunshine was my favourite game. If you’re technical about it, sure, but there’s a move that performs the same function. In Super Mario Maker 2, characters can perform a Long Jump in levels in the Super Mario 3D World style much like in the original game, by pressing the shoulder buttons while moving. No Long Jump. Once again all you need to do is run in the direction of your target, crounch with ZL near the end and jump with A to leap forward a great distance. From these games onward, Mario cannot Long Jump into a Wall Kick. To use it, Mario must run forward and, while he's running, the player must press 'Z' and then the 'A' button. As the series that cemented the platforming genre into what it is today, jumping is at the core of almost every action you take in a Mario game. The Backwards Long Jump/BLJ/Reverse Long Jump is a glitch and cheat in the Nintendo 64 game, Super Mario 64. and the Hover Nozzle). Mario no longer could long-jump, and progressing through a large majority of the game relied on FLUDD having the right nozzle attached and enough water in the tank. The only changes are that each game features dynamic resolution for handheld and docked modes and art for all three games has been upscaled, but not redone or enhanced in any way. Super Mario Galaxy returned the long jump to its former glory. This can be done for infinite times until he either bumps into a wall, or the player lets go of the button required to do so. In Super Mario 64, there is a glitch where Mario can perform this move backwards, allowing him to access certain areas without having to collect the required number of Power Stars; this was patched out in the Shindou Pak rerelease. RELATED: 10 Hilarious Ways Super Mario's Economy Makes No Sense.
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domain: entertainment


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Variety: Oregon Sugar Pod
Sown direct: 27th July 2014
First Seedling: 4th August 2014
Germination: 1 weeks
Germination ratio: 12/15
Unfortunately, although these germinated and grew well, the colder weather hit a little earlier than I anticipated and I wasn’t able to get them into the ground. I will be growing these again next season, as this variety has always done well in my garden in the past.

domain: agronomy


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SUNDERLAND boss Gus Poyet is hungry for a win at Hull on Sunday.
Former Black Cats boss Steve Bruce has tasted victory twice over Sunderland this season and will be keen to seal a third win to get Hull to Wembley.
The two teams last met in February, when Hull secured a 2-0 victory over a 10-man Sunderland side after Wes Brown was sent off in just the fourth minute.
Poyet flared up at his pre-match conference when Sunderland’s record against Hull came into question.
He said: “Let’s play one game against them 11 versus 11. And then playing 11 v 11 we’ll see who is better on the day.
“Of course we’re going to have a better chance, no doubt.
“It’s a strange game because, of course, both clubs would like to be in a better position in the league, but at the same time they have the opportunity to go to Wembley.”

domain: game


text:
Kotick: A disciplined strategy won't include "wholesale layoffs" in 2009
Following the release of fourth quarter financials, Bobby Kotick has said that Activision is not planning on going the layoff route most publishers are suffering at present.
"We won't be distracted by layoffs and restructuring and things that other companies are going to be distracted with," Kotick told Reuters in an interview.
"We don't respond to managing our operating expenses because there's a financial crisis, we do it all the time."
Activision reported a net loss of $72 million for Q4 2008.

domain: economics


Stocks edge higher in early trade; Microsoft jumps
NEW YORK- Stocks are edging higher in early trading on Wall Street a day after pricing problems shut down the Nasdaq exchange for three hours.
The Nasdaq composite was up 16 points, or 0.5 percent, at 3,655 shortly after the opening of trading Friday.
Other indexes also rose, but not as much. The Dow Jones industrial average was up 24 points, or 0.2 percent, at 14,988. The Standard & Poor's 500 index rose four points, or 0.3 percent, at 1,661.
Microsoft jumped 7 percent to $34.55 after the company said Steve Ballmer would retire as CEO within the next 12 months. The company didn't name a successor.
Interest rates continued to edge higher. The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note rose to 2.90 percent from 2.89 percent.
Desktop NewsClick to open Continuous News in a sidebar that updates in real-time.
WATCH: EBR Mayor discusses possible Sterling decision
Residents near landfill say it's affecting their health
BRPD fighting with FEMA to replace flood-damaged squad cars
WATCH: EBR Mayor-President discusses rumors of Alton Sterling decision
BRPD to hold blood drive for officer injured in I-12 crash


Real Name: Chibuzor Nelson Azubuike
Stage Name: Phyno
Date of Birth: 9th October, 1986
State of Origin: Anambra State
University: Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu
Chibuzor’s nickname came from the word phenomenal. which was used by a friend of his, Emeka who told him he was phenomenal and they started calling that friend of his phenomenal and in return the friend called Chibuzor, phyno and it has stucked to him.
Phyno, popularly known as man of the year, is a graduate of Public Administration from the institute of Management and Technology. He is the fourth child from a family of five from Anambra State. Phyno (Nigerian) is the number one igbo rapper currently from Nigeria, he started out as a producer back in 2003, producing for the likes of flavour, Ruggedman, Braket, Mr. Raw, Timaya, 2Shotz and J. Martins.
On 22 May 2014, Phyno released the music video for “Alobam” which was directed by Clarence Peters. The song, which is an Igbo slang for “My Guy”, was produced by Major Bangz. In the video, Phyno paid tribute to some of his peers including Ice Prince, Flavour, P-Square, Olamide and J Martins.
On 31 August 2014, Thisday reported that Phyno became an ambassador of Guinness Nigeria’s Made of Black campaign alongside Olamide and Eva Alordiah. Phyno performed at the campaign’s launch and was featured in the campaign’s television commercial. On 2 September 2014, Phyno released the Clarence Peters directed visuals to his “Authe (Authentic)” song with Flavour N’abania.
On 7 October 2014, Phyno released the Major Bangz produced “Yayo”. The song debuted at number 8 on the Pulse Music Video Charts. The music video for the song, directed by Clarence Peters, premiered on 5 January 2015. Opeoluwani Akintayo of The Daily Times of Nigeria gave the video an overall rating of 8 out of 10 stars, while commending the use of props like burning tyres, shirtless guys, a throne made of cutlass, the video vixen’s butt, isolated location, papered and painted walls, smoky floor, and multi-coloured painted cars.
Phyno’s collobrative album with Olamide, titled 2 Kings, was released on 1 April 2015. Plans for the album were first announced in January 2014 by both rappers via social media.


text:
Investigation of molecular – cellular mechanisms of adrenal and sex glands hormones. Tissue hormones.
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Adrenal glands consist of two parts: external - cortex, internal - medulla.
Each part secrets specific hormones.
Hormones synthesized in adrenal cortex are named corticosteroids.
Mechanism of steroid hormones action (permeating into the cells):
In difference to hormones of protein and peptide nature, receptors for steroid hormones are located within the cells - in the cytoplasm. From cytoplasm the hormone-receptor complexes is translocated into the nucleus where they interact with DNA of nuclear chromatin causing the activation of genes for respective enzyme proteins. So, if hormones of the first group cause the activation of existing enzyme molecules, the acting on the target cells of steroids and thyroid hormones results in the biosynthesis of new enzyme molecules.
Receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are located inside target cells, in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. That is to say, the hormone-receptor complex binds to promoter regions of responsive genes and stimulate or sometimes inhibit transcription from those genes.
Thus, the mechanism of action of steroid hormones is to modulate gene expression in target cells. By selectively affecting transcription from a battery of genes, the concentration of those respective proteins are altered, which clearly can change the phenotype of the cell.
Structure of Intracellular Receptors
Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors are members of a large group ("superfamily") of transcription factors. In some cases, multiple forms of a given receptor are expressed in cells, adding to the complexity of the response. All of these receptors are composed of a single polypeptide chain that has, in the simplist analysis, three distinct domains:
- The amino-terminus: In most cases, this region is involved in activating or stimulating transcription by interacting with other components of the transcriptional machinery. The sequence is highly variable among different receptors.
- DNA binding domain: Amino acids in this region are responsible for binding of the receptor to specific sequences of DNA.
- The carboxy-terminus or ligand-binding domain: This is the region that binds hormone.
In addition to these three core domains, two other important regions of the receptor protein are a nuclear localization sequence, which targets the the protein to nucleus, and a dimerization domain, which is responsible for latching two receptors together in a form capable of binding DNA.
Hormone-Receptor Binding and Interactions with DNA
Being lipids, steroid hormones enter the cell by simple diffusion across the plasma membrane. Thyroid hormones enter the cell by facilitated diffusion. The receptors exist either in the cytoplasm or nucleus, which is where they meet the hormone. When hormone binds to receptor, a characteristic series of events occurs:
- Receptor activation is the term used to describe conformational changes in the receptor induced by binding hormone. The major consequence of activation is that the receptor becomes competent to bind DNA.
- Activated receptors bind to "hormone response elements", which are short specific sequences of DNA which are located in promoters of hormone-responsive genes. In most cases, hormone-receptor complexes bind DNA in pairs, as shown in the figure below.
- Transcription from those genes to which the receptor is bound is affected. Most commonly, receptor binding stimulates transcription. The hormone-receptor complex thus functions as a transcription factor.
As might be expected, there are a number of variations on the themes described above, depending on the specific receptor in question. For example, in the absense of hormone, some intracellular receptors do bind their hormone response elements loosely and silence transcription, but, when complexed to hormone, become activated and strongly stimulate transcription. Some receptors bind DNA not with another of their kind, but with different intracellular receptor.
Corticosteroids have potent regulatory effect on all kinds of metabolism. Cholesterol is the precursor of corticosteroids. According to the biological effect corticosteroids are divided on two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate the protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, mineralocorticoids - metabolism of water and mineral salt.
The most important glucocorticoids: corticosterone, hydrocortisone, cortisol. The most important mineralocorticoid: aldosterone.
All biological active hormones of adrenal cortex consist of 21 carbon atom and can be reviewed as derivatives of carbohydrate pregnane.
The synthesis of corticosteroids is regulated by ACTH.
In the blood corticosteroids are connected with proteins and transported to different organs.
Time half-life for corticosteroids is about 1 hour.
These forms of hormones are lipids. They can enter the cell membrane quite easily and enter right into the nuclei. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin or corticosteroid binding globulin. Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, other "peripheral" tissues, and in the target tissues.
Ways of metabolism of corticosteroids:
1. Reduction. Corticosteroids accept 4 or 6 hydrogen atoms and form couple compounds with glucuronic acid. These compounds ere excreted by kidneys.
2. Oxidation of 21-st carbon atom.
3. Reduction of ring and decomposition of side chain. As result 17-ketosteroids are formed that are excreted with urine. The determination of 17-ketosteroids in urine - important diagnostic indicator. This is the indicator of adrenal cortex function. In men 17-ketosteroids are also the terminal products of sex hormones metabolism giving important information about testicles function.
4. Corticosteroids can be excreted by kidneys in native structure.
Synthesis of steroid hormons
The name "glucocorticoid" derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in glucose metabolism. In the fasted state, cortisol stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in blood.
- Stimulation of gluconeogenesis, particularly in the liver: This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non- hexose substrates such as amino acids and glycerol from triglyceride breakdown, and is particularly important in carnivores and certain herbivores. Enhancing the expression of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis is probably the best-known metabolic function of glucocorticoids.
- Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues: These serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis.
- Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue: A mechanism to conserve glucose.
- Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue: The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released glycerol provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis.
Excessive glucocorticoid levels resulting from administration as a drug or hyperadrenocorticism have effects on many systems. Some examples include inhibition of bone formation, suppression of calcium absorption (both of which can lead to osteoporosis), delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, and increased risk of infection. These observations suggest a multitude of less-dramatic physiologic roles for glucocorticoids.
The effect of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism:
1. stimulate the catabolic processes (protein decomposition) in connective, lymphoid and muscle tissues and activate the processes of protein synthesis in liver;
2. stimulate the activity of aminotransferases;
3. activate the synthesis of urea.
The effect of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism:
1. activate the gluconeogenesis;
2. inhibit the activity of hexokinase;
3. activate the glycogen synthesis in liver.
Glucocorticoids causes the hyperglycemia.
The effect of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism:
1. promote the absorption of lipids in intestine;
2. activate lipolisis;
3. activate the conversion of fatty acids in carbohydrates.
Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex causes Icenko-Kushing syndrome. This state is called steroid diabetes. Symptoms: hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hypercholesterolemia, hypernatriemia, hyperchloremia, hypokaliemia.
Adrenal cortex hormones and their artificial analogs are often used in clinic: for treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases, in hard shock states.
Blood and urine cortisol, together with the determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are the three most important tests in the investigation of Cushing's syndrome (caused by an overproduction of cortisol) and Addison's disease (caused by the underproduction of cortisol).
Reference ranges for cortisol vary from laboratory to laboratory but are usually within the following ranges for blood:
child one to six
· newborn: 1/24 mg/dL.
Reference ranges for cortisol vary from laboratory to laboratory, but are usually within the following ranges for 24-hour urine collection:
· adult: 10-100 mg/24 hours
· adolescent: 5-55 mg/24 hours
· Child: 2-27 mg/24 hours.
Increased levels of cortisol are found in Cushing's syndrome, excess thyroid (hyperthyroidism), obesity, ACTH-producing tumors, and high levels of stress.
Decreased levels of cortisol are found in Addison's disease, conditions of low thyroid, and hypopituitarism, in which pituitary activity is diminished.
A hormonal disorder caused by an abnormally high level of corticosteroid hormones. Symptoms include high blood sugar levels, a moon face, weight gain, and increased blood pressure
Since cortisol production by the adrenal glands is normally under the control of the pituitary (like the thyroid gland), overproduction can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary or within the adrenal glands themselves. When a pituitary tumor secretes too much ACTH (Adrenal Cortical Tropic Hormone), it simply causes the otherwise normal adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol. This type of Cushings syndrome is termed "Cushings Disease" and it is diagnosed like other endocrine disorders by measuring the appropriateness of hormone production. In this case, serum cortisol will be elevated, and, serum ACTH will be elevated at the same time. When the adrenal glands develop a tumor, like any other endocrine gland, they usually produce excess amounts of the hormone normally produced by these cells. If the adrenal tumor is composed of cortisol producing cells, excess cortisol will be produced which can be measured in the blood. Under these conditions, the normal pituitary will sense the excess cortisol and will stop making ACTH in an attempt to slow the adrenal down. In this manner, physicians can readily distinguish whether excess cortisol is the result of a pituitary tumor, or an adrenal tumor.
Even more rare (but placed here for completion sake) is when excess ACTH is produced somewhere other than the pituitary. This is extremely uncommon, but certain lung cancers can make ACTH (we don't know why) and the patients develop Cushings Syndrome in the same way they do as if the ACTH was coming from the pituitary.
Causes of Cushings Syndrome
Pituitary Tumors (60%)
Lung Cancers (5%)
Benign Adrenal Tumors (adenoma) (25%)
Malignant Adrenal Tumors (adrenal cell carcinoma) (10%)
Testing for Cushings Syndrome
The most sensitive test to check for the possibility of this disease is to measure the amount of cortisol
excreted in the during during a 24 hour time period. Cortisol is normally secreted in different amounts during the day and night, so this test usually will be repeated once or twice to eliminate the variability which is normally seen. This normal variability is why simply checking the amount of cortisol in the blood is not a very reliable test. A 24 hour free cortisol level greater than 100 ug is diagnostic of Cushings syndrome. The second test which helps confirms this diagnosis is the suppression test which measures the cortisol secretion following the administration of a powerful synthetic steroid which will shut down steroid production in everybody with a normal adrenal gland. Subsequent tests will distinguish whether the disease is due to an ACTH dependent or independent cause.
Invariably, once the diagnosis is made, patients will undergo a CT scan (or possibly an MRI or Ultrasound) of the adrenal glands to look for tumors in one or both of them (more information on adrenal x-ray tests on another page). If the laboratory test suggest a pituitary origin, a CT or MRI of the brain (and possibly of the chest as well) will be performed.
Treatment of Cushings Syndrome
Obviously, the treatment of this disease depends upon the cause. Pituitary tumors are usually removed surgically and often treated with radiation therapy. Neurosurgeons and some ENT surgeons specialize in these tumors. If the cause is determined to be within a single adrenal gland, this is treated by surgical removal. If the tumor has characteristics of cancer on any of the x-ray tests, then a larger, conventional operation is in order. If a single adrenal gland possesses a small, well defined tumor, it can usually be removed by the new technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Functions of mineralocorticoids.
Secretion of mineralocorticoids is regulated by renin-angiotensine system
- activates the reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and water in kidney canaliculuses;
- promote the excretion of K+ by kidneys, skin and saliva.
Deficiency of corticosteroids causes Addison's disease.
For this disease the hyperpigmentation is typical because the deficiency of corticosteroids results in the excessive synthesis of ACTH.
A rare disorder in which symptoms are caused by a deficiency of hydrocortisone (cortisol) and aldosterone, two corticosteroid hormones normally produced by a part of the adrenal glands called the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include weakness, tiredness, vague abdominal pain, weight loss, skin pigmentation and low blood pressure.
The syndrome is due to:
· Bilateral (micronodular) adrenal hyperplasia, 60%
· Adrenal (Conn's) adenoma, 40%
· Glucocorticoid-remediable hyperaldosteronism (dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism), <1%
· rare forms, including disorders of the renin-angiotensin system, <1%
Aldosterone enhances exchange of sodium for potassium in the kidney, so increased aldosteronism will lead to hypernatremia (elevated sodium level) and hypokalemia (low blood potassium). Once the potassium has been significantly reduced by aldosterone, a sodium/hydrogen pump in the nephron becomes more active, leading to increased excretion of hydrogen ions and further exacerbating the elevated sodium level resulting in a further increase in hypernatremia. The hydrogen ions exchanged for sodium are generated by carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubule epithelium, causing increased production of bicarbonate. The increased bicarbonate and the excreted hydrogen combine to generate a metabolic alkalosis.
The sodium retention leads to plasma volume expansion and elevated blood pressure. The increased blood pressure will lead to an increased glomerular filtration rate and cause a decrease inrenin release from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney. If a patient is thought to suffer from primary hyperaldosteronism, the aldosterone:renin activity ratio is used to assess this. The decreased renin levels and in turn the reactive down-regulation of angiotensin II are thought to be unable to down-regulate the constitutively formed aldosterone, thus leading to an elevated [plasma aldosterone:plasma renin activity] ratio (lending the assay to be a clinical tool for diagnostic purposes).
Aside from hypertension, other manifesting problems include myalgias, weakness, and chronic headaches. The muscle cramps are due to neuron hyperexcitability seen in the setting of hypocalcemia, muscle weakness secondary to hypoexcitability of skeletal muscles in the setting of low blood potassium (hypokalemia), and headaches which are thought to be due to both electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia) and hypertension.
Secondary hyperaldosteronism is often related to decreased cardiac output, which is associated with elevated renin levels.
Measuring aldosterone alone is not considered adequate to diagnose primary hyperaldosteronism. The screening test of choice for diagnosis is the plasma aldosterone:plasma renin activity ratio. Renin activity, not simply plasma renin level, is assayed. Both renin and aldosterone are measured, and a ratio greater than 30 is indicative of primary hyperaldosteronism.
In the absence of proper treatment, individuals with hyperaldosteronism often suffer from poorly controlled high blood pressure, which may be associated with increased rates of stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is excellent.
Sex hormones are synthesized in testes, ovaries. Smaller amount of sex hormones are produced in adrenal cortex and placenta. Small amount of male sex hormones are produced in ovaries and female sex hormones - in testes.
Male sex hormones are called androgens and female - estrogens.
Chemical structure - steroids.
Synthesis and secretion of the sex hormones are controlled by the pituitary honadotropic hormones. Sex hormones act by means of the activation of gene apparatus of cells. Catabolism of sex hormones takes place in liver. The time half-life is 70-90 min.
The main estrogens: estradiol, estrole, estriole (are produced by follicles) and progesterone (is produced by yellow body and placenta). The main biological role of estrogens - conditioning for the reproductive female function (possibility of ovum fertilization). Estradiol results in the proliferation of endometrium and progesterone stimulates the conversion of endometrium in decidual tissue which is ready for ovum implantation. Estrogens also cause the development of secondary sexual features.
Estrogens originate in the adrenal cortex and gonads and primarily affect maturation and function of secondary sex organs (female sexual determination).
Estrogens, in females, are produced primarily by the ovaries, and during pregnancy, the placenta. Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) stimulates the ovarian production of estrogens by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the liver, adrenal glands, and the breasts. These secondary sources of estrogens are especially important in postmenopausal women.Fat cells produce estrogen as well.
In females, synthesis of estrogens starts in theca interna cells in the ovary, by the synthesis of androstenedionefrom cholesterol. Androstenedione is a substance of weak androgenic activity which serves predominantly as aprecursor for more potent androgens such as testosterone as well as estrogen. This compound crosses thebasal membrane into the surrounding granulosa cells, where it is converted either immediately into estrone, or into testosterone and then estradiol in an additional step. The conversion of androstenedione to testosterone is catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), whereas the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, respectively is catalyzed by aromatase, enzymes which are both expressed in granulosa cells. In contrast, granulosa cells lack 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase, whereas theca cells express these enzymes and 17β-HSD but lack aromatase. Hence, both granulosa and theca cells are essential for the production of estrogen in the ovaries.
The actions of estrogen are mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER), a dimeric nuclear protein that binds to DNA and controls gene expression. Like other steroid hormones, estrogen enters passively into the cell where it binds to and activates the estrogen receptor. The estrogen:ER complex binds to specific DNA sequences called a hormone response element to activate the transcription of target genes (in a study using a estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line as model, 89 such genes were identified).[ Since estrogen enters all cells, its actions are dependent on the presence of the ER in the cell. The ER is expressed in specific tissues including the ovary, uterus and breast.
While estrogens are present in both men and women, they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm and may be necessary for a healthy libido. Furthermore, there are several other structural changes induced by estrogen in addition to other functions.
· Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
· Accelerate metabolism
· Increase fat stores
· Stimulate endometrial growth
· Increase uterine growth
· Increase vaginal lubrication
· Thicken the vaginal wall
· Maintenance of vessel and skin
· Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation
· Decrease antithrombin III
· Increase platelet adhesiveness
· Decrease LDL, fat deposition
· Salt (sodium) and water retention
· Reduce bowel motility
· Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers (see section below)
· Promotes lung function by supporting alveoli (in rodents but probably in humans).
· Estrogen together with progesterone promotes and maintains the uterus lining in preparation for implantation of fertilized egg and maintenance of uterus function during gestation period, also upregulates oxytocin receptor in myometrium
Progestins originate from both ovaries and placenta, and mediate menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy.
Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs, though the receptor(s) as yet remain unidentified. Detailed characterisation of the events occurring in sperm in response to progesterone has elucidated certain events including intracellular calcium transients and maintained changes, slow calcium oscillations, now thought to possibly regulate motility. Interestingly progesterone has also been shown to demonstrate effects on octopus spermatozoa.
Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper (cation channels of sperm) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Since eggs release progesterone, sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs (chemotaxis). Hence substances that block the progesterone binding site on CatSper channels could potentially be used in male contraception.
Progesterone is sometimes called the "hormone of pregnancy", and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus:
· Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation. At the same time progesterone affects the vaginal epithelium and cervical mucus, making it thick and impenetrable to sperm. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels will decrease, leading, in the human, to menstruation. Normal menstrual bleeding is progesterone-withdrawal bleeding. If ovulation does not occur and the corpus luteum does not develop, levels of progesterone may be low, leading to anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
· Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle.
· In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy. The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production.
· A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor.
Androgens originate in the adrenal cortex and gonads and primarily affect maturation and function of secondary sex organs (male sexual determination).
The main androgen is testosterone. Its synthesis is regulated by the luteinizing hormone. Testosterone forms the secondary sexual features in males.
A subset of androgens, adrenal androgens, includes any of the 19-carbon steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex, the inner-most layer of the adrenal cortex (zonula reticularis—innermost region of the adrenal cortex), that function as weak steroids or steroid precursors, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione.
Besides testosterone, other androgens include:
· Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol. It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone ordehydroandrosterone.
· Androstenedione (Andro) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Androstenediol is the steroid metabolite thought to act as the main regulator of gonadotropin secretion.
· Androsterone is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived fromprogesterone, that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone. It is found in approximately equal amounts in the plasma and urine of both males and females.
Testosterone is the primary androgenic hormone. It instills its effects on the body both directly, and through its conversion to metabolites (DHT, estradiol etc). Androgens and other steroid hormones primarily exert their direct activities through binding to specific receptors present in the cytosol of cells. Upon binding to the receptor, the hormone forms a complex that then travels to the nucleus of cells where it interacts with DNA to promote the formation of specific proteins that then direct the actual biological changes.
Within the central nervous system (CNS), androgen receptors are heavily located in specific places. Androgens and other steroid hormones are able to penetrate the blood brain barrier and interact with their appropriate CNS cytosolic receptors. The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland are particularly dense in androgen receptors, and here they help regulate the secretion of androgens as well as other hormones that control a wide variety of biological functions. Androgen receptors are also located in parts of the cerebral cortex, medulla, and amygdala. Here their specific functions are not as well characterized.
The processes of androgen action that involve receptor binding and DNA translation are known as receptor mediated, or “genomic”, hormone actions. However, there are also lesser known actions of steroid hormones that are non-genomic in mechanism. Non-genomic activities are particularly key in the central nervous system where they combine with genomic activities to produce specific effects.
Non-genomic actions of steroid hormones differ in a very important way from genomic actions. Genomic effects are manifested over a relatively long period of time (days) because they require a complex cascade of events (binding, translation, transcription, accumulation of active enzyme products) before the actual physiology of the target organ is altered. On the other hand, genomic actions are extremely rapid (<1 minute). They are rapid because their effects involve an immediate modulation of the membranes of cells (particularly neural cells). These modulations may include changes to the permeability of the membrane, as well as effects on the opening of vital ligand gated ion channels. The end result is a quick and significant influence upon the activities of key areas of the brain, and the relevance of this to the medicinal use of androgenic hormones or prohormones should not be overlooked.
Effect of sex hormones on protein metabolism:
1. stimulate the processes of protein, DNA, RNA synthesis;
2. cause the positive nitrogenous equilibrium.
Effect of sex hormones on carbohydrate metabolism:
1. activate the Krebs cycle;
2. activate the synthesis of glycogen in liver.
Effect of sex hormones on lipid metabolism:
1. enhance the oxidation of lipids;
2. inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol.
Effect of sex hormones on energy metabolism:
- stimulate the Krebs cycle, tissue respiration and ATP production.
Sex hormones are used for treatment of variety diseases. For example, testosterone and its analogs are used as anabolic remedies; male sex hormones are used for the treatment of malignant tumor of female sex organs and vice versa.
Prostaglandins. The precursor of prostaglandins is arachidonic acid. Time half-life - 30 s. There are different prostaglandins and they have a lot of physiological and pharmacological effects and different prostaglandins have different effects.
Prostaglandins were first discovered
and isolated from human semen in the 1930s by Ulf von Euler of
Prostaglandins, are like hormones in that they act as chemical messengers, but do not move to other sites, but work right within the cells where they are synthesized.
Prostaglandins are unsaturated carboxylic acids, consisting of of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring. They are biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid.
The unique shape of the arachidonic acid caused by a series of cis double bonds helps to put it into position to make the five member ring. See the prostaglandin in the next panel.
Functions of Prostaglandins:
There are a variety of physiological effects including:
- 1. Activation of the inflammatory response, production of pain, and fever. When tissues are damaged, white blood cells flood to the site to try to minimize tissue destruction. Prostaglandins are produced as a result.
- 2. Blood clots form when a blood vessel is damaged. A type of prostaglandin called thromboxane stimulates constriction and clotting of platelets. Conversely, PGI2, is produced to have the opposite effect on the walls of blood vessels where clots should not be forming.
- 3. Certain prostaglandins are involved with the induction of labor and other reproductive processes. PGE2 causes uterine contractions and has been used to induce labor.
- 4. Prostaglandins are involved in several other organs such as the gastrointestinal tract (inhibit acid synthesis and increase secretion of protective mucus), increase blood flow in kidneys, and leukotriens promote constriction of bronchi associated with asthma.
Effects of Aspirin and other Pain Killers:
When you see that prostaglandins induce inflammation, pain, and fever, what comes to mind but aspirin. Aspirin blocks an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2, which is involved with the ring closure and addition of oxygen to arachidonic acid converting to prostaglandins. The acetyl group on aspirin is hydrolzed and then bonded to the alcohol group of serine as an ester. This has the effect of blocking the channel in the enzyme and arachidonic can not enter the active site of the enzyme.
By inhibiting or blocking this enzyme, the synthesis of prostaglandins is blocked, which in turn relives some of the effects of pain and fever.
Aspirin is also thought to inhibit the prostaglandin synthesis involved with unwanted blood clotting in coronary heart disease. At the same time an injury while taking aspirin may cause more extensive bleeding.
See the following chime tutorial for the detailed molecular basis for the inhibition of the COX enzyme by aspirin.
Kallicrein-kinin system. Kinins - group of peptides with similar structure and biological properties. The main kinins - bradykinin and kallidine.
Kinins are formed from their precursors kininogens that are synthesized in liver owing to acting of kallicreins. Kallicreins are also formed from inactive precursors prekallicreins by means of proteolysis.
Functions: - kinins relax the smooth muscles of blood vessels and decrease the blood pressure;
- increase the capillaries permeability;
- takes part in the inflammatory processes.
Bradykinin is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator, causes contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle, increases vascular permeability and also is involved in the mechanism of pain. Bradykinin also causes natriuresis, contributing to a drop in blood pressure.
Bradykinin is also thought to be the cause of the dry cough in some patients on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs. It is thought that bradykinin is converted to inactive metabolites by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), therefore inhibition of this enzyme leads to increased levels of bradykinin which causes a dry cough. This refractory cough is a common cause for stopping ACE inhibitor therapy. In which case angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) are the next line of treatment.
Renin - enzyme that is synthesized in special cells located near the renal glomerules.
Hormonal peptide-340 AA,an enzyme .
T½ -15 min, prepared and stored in granular JG cells in kidney and also other tisuue–the main source of plasma
Renin (active) and 90% in prorenin (inactive but immune reactive ).
It is synthesized In both constitutive and rate limiting pathway. It catalyzes the rate limiting step of RAS – attract active future target.
Stretch receptors(pressure sensor) in the afferent arteriole, local SNS
, Na content of the tubular fluid
reaching the macula
Renin acts on angiotensinogen. As result angiotensin-I is formed. Under the effect of peptidase angiotensin-I is converted to angiotensin-II. Angiotensin-II causes 2 effects:
- narrows the vessels and increases the blood pressure;
- stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.
The decrease of renal blood stream is the specific stimulant for renin secretion.
THE MOST POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR SYSTEM IN THE BODY
When blood volume is low, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen released by the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme found in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.
If the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is abnormally active, blood pressure will be too high. There are many drugs that interrupt different steps in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs are one of the main ways to control high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure,kidney failure, and harmful effects of diabetes.
The system can be activated when there is a loss of blood volume or a drop in blood pressure (such as in hemorrhage). This loss of pressure is interpreted by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. In alternative fashion, a decrease in the filtrate NaCl concentration and/or decreased filtrate flow rate will stimulate the macula densa to signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.
· If the perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney's macula densa decreases, then the juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells, modified pericytes in the glomerular capillary) release the enzyme renin.
· Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is thought to be found mainly in lung capillaries. One study in 1992 found ACE in all blood vessel endothelial cells.
· Angiotensin II is the major bioactive product of the renin-angiotensin system, binding to receptors on intraglomerular mesangial cells, causing these cells to contract along with the blood vessels surrounding them and causing the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrinehormone.
It is believed that angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin II has a variety of effects on the body:
· In the kidneys, it constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. As with most other capillary beds in the body, the constriction of afferent arterioles increases the arteriolar resistance, raising systemic arterial blood pressure and decreasing the blood flow. However, the kidneys must continue to filter enough blood despite this drop in blood flow, necessitating mechanisms to keep glomerular blood pressure up. To do this, angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, which forces blood to build up in the glomerulus, increasing glomerular pressure. The glomerular filtration rate(GFR) is thus maintained, and blood filtration can continue despite lowered overall kidney blood flow. Because the filtration fraction has increased, there is less plasma fluid in the downstream peritubular capillaries. This in turn leads to a decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure (due to unfiltered plasma proteins) in the peritubular capillaries. The effect of decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries will facilitate increased reabsorption of tubular fluid.
· Angiotensin II decreases medullary blood flow through the vasa recta. This decreases the washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space. Thus, higher concentrations of NaCl and urea in the medulla facilitate increased absorption of tubular fluid. Furthermore, increased reabsorption of fluid into the medulla will increase passive reabsorption of sodium along the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
· Angiotensin II stimulates Na+/H+ exchangers located on the apical membranes (faces the tubular lumen) of cells in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in addition to Na+ channels in the collecting ducts. This will ultimately lead to increased sodium reabsorption
· Angiotensin II stimulates the hypertrophy of renal tubule cells, leading to further sodium reabsorption.
· In the adrenal cortex, it acts to cause the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the tubules (e.g., the distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting ducts) in the kidneys, causing them to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. In exchange for the reabsorbing of sodium to blood, potassiumis secreted into the tubules, becomes part of urine and is excreted.
· Release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin – ADH is made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. As its name suggests, it also exhibits vaso-constrictive properties, but its main course of action is to stimulate reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH also acts on the central nervous system to increase an individual's appetite for salt, and to stimulate the sensation of thirst.
These effects directly act in concert to increase blood pressure.
Examples of peptide hormones
Hormones of hypothalamus (releasing and inhibitory factors), structure, mechanism of action.
Hypothalamus has the wide anatomic links with other parts of the brain. Therefore in different mental disorders there is the change of secretion of hypothalamus hormones.
Two groups of hormones are produced by hypothalamus corresponding to the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary. 3 peptides are synthesized in the hypothalamus that pass to the posterior pituitary along axons where they are accumulated: oxytocin, vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and neurophysin. The later binds the oxytocin and vasopressin and promotes their transportation to the pituitary.
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Hypothalamus is connected with the anterior pituitary by the net of blood capillaries, so called hypothalamic portal system. Hypothalamus produces very active peptide compounds that pass via this portal system to anterior pituitary and stimulate or oppress the secretion of tropic hormones. Compounds stimulating the secretion are called releasing factors. 7 releasing factors are known according to the amount of tropic hormones of anterior pituitary:
- corticotropin-releasing factor
- thyrotropin-releasing factors
- somatotropin-releasing factors
- follicletropin-releasing factor
- luteotropin-releasing factor
- prolactotropin-releasing factor
- melanotropin-releasing factor.
Hypothalamus also secretes substances called inhibitory factors or statins, which can inhibit release of the some pituitary hormones. 3 inhibitory factors are known today:
Releasing and inhibitory factors are produced in only minute amounts.
Hormones of pituitury, structure, mechanism of action.
Tropic hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary. Usually tropic hormones not directly regulate the metabolism but act on the peripheral endocrine glands.
Somatotropic hormone (STH, growth hormone)
Chemical structure: simple protein
The intensity of secretion is regulated by the relationship between the somatotropic-releasing factor and somatostatin.
The main function of somatotropic hormone - stimulation of growth. Hormone is necessary for the bone tissue formation, for the muscle tissue growth, for the formation of peculiarities of men and women body.
Somatotropic hormone can act both directly on the metabolism and indirectly stimulating the synthesis of somatomedines (specific protein growth factors which are synthesized in liver).
The effect of somatotropic hormone on:
- protein metabolism: stimulates the passing of amino acids into the cells;
activates the synthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA.
- carbohydrate metabolism: activates the insulinase of liver;
inhibits the conversion of lipids to carbohydrates;
activates the exit of glucose from liver;
inhibits the entry of glucose into the cells.
- lipid metabolism: stimulates lipolisis;
stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids.
The deficiency of somatotropic hormone in children age causes nanism. Nanism - proportional underdevelopment of all body.
The deficiency of somatotropic hormone in adult persons hasn’t clinical symptoms. The excess of somatotropic hormone in children age causes gigantism.
The excess of somatotropic hormone in adult persons causes acromegalia (disproportional development of the separate body parts).
Thyrotropic hormone (TTH).
Chemical structure: glicoprotein.
This hormone is necessary for the normal functions of thyroid glands.
Thyrotropic hormone promotes:
- accumulation of iodine in thyroid;
- including of iodine into the tyrosine;
- synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Chemical structure: polipeptide.
This hormone is necessary for the normal functions of adrenal cortex. It enhances the formation of steroid hormones and their secretion into the blood.
ACTH has also the melanocyte-stimulating activity.
Excessive secretion of ACTH causes the Icenko-Kushing disease (symptoms of hypercorticism, hyperpigmentation).
As you know, Cushing’s is a rarely diagnosed endocrine disorder characterized by hypercortisolism. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is vital to regulate the body’s cardivoascular functions and metabolism, to boost the immune system and to fight inflammation. But its most important job is to help the body to respond to stress.
The adrenal glands release cortisol in response to stress, so atheletes, women experiencing pregnancy, and those suffering from alcoholism, panic disorders and malnutrition naturally have higher-than-normal levels of cortisol.
People with Cushing’s Syndrome live life with too much cortisol for their bodies as a result of a hormone-secreting tumor. Mine is located in the pituitary gland. Endogenous hypercortisolism leaves the body in a constant state of “fight or flight,” which ravages the body and tears down the body’s major systems including cardivascular, musculo-skeletal, endocrine, etc.
Symptoms vary, but the most common symptoms include rapid, unexplained weight gain in the upper body with increased fat around the neck and face (“moon facies”); buffalo hump; facial flushing/plethora; muscle wasting in the arms and legs; purplish striae (stretch marks) on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms and breasts; poor wound healing and bruising; severe fatigue; depression, anxiety disorders and emotional lability; cognitive difficulties; sleep disorders due to abnormally high nighttime cortisol production; high blood pressure and high blood sugar/diabetes; edema; vision problems; premature osteoperosis; and, in women, signs of hyperandrogenism such as menstrual irregularities, infertility, hirsutism, male-patterned balding and steroid-induced acne.
Most people with Cushing’s long for the ability to do simple things, like walk a flight of stairs without having to sit for half an hour afterwards, or vacuum the house or even unload a dishwasher.
One of the worst parts about this disease is the crushing fatigue and muscle wasting/weakness, which accompanies hypercortisolism. Not only do we become socially isolated because of the virilzing effects of an endocrine tumor, which drastically alters our appearance, but we no longer feel like ourselves with regard to energy. We would love to take a long bike ride, run three miles or go shopping like we used to — activities, which we took for granted before the disease struck. Those activities are sadly impossible at times for those with advanced stages of the disease.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Chemical structure: glycoprotein.
Function: stimulates the function of follicles (oogenesis) in women and spermatogenesis in men.
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) regulates the
development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the
In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells.
In males, FSH induces sertoli cells to secrete inhibin and stimulates the formation of sertoli-sertoli tight junctions (zonula occludens).
In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Chemical structure: glycoprotein.
Function: stimulates the formation of yellow body in women and testosterone secretion in men.
In both males and females, (LH) Luteinising
hormone is essential for reproduction.
In females, at the time of menstruation, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the rise in estrogens, LH receptors are also expressed on the maturing follicle that produces an increasing amount of estradiol. Eventually at the time of the maturation of the follicle, the estrogen rise leads via the 48 hour period.
This 'LH surge' triggers ovulation thereby not only releasing the egg, but also initiating the conversion of the residual follicle into a corpus luteum that, in turn, produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for a possible implantation. LH is necessary to maintain luteal function for the first two weeks. In case of a pregnancy luteal function will be further maintained by the action of hCG (a hormone very similar to LH) from the newly established pregnancy. LH supports thecal cells in the ovary that provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production.
In the male, LH acts upon the Leydig cells of the testis and is responsible for the production of testosterone, an androgen that exerts both endocrine activity and intratesticular activity on spermatogenesis.
Chemical structure: protein.
Functions: - stimulates lactation;
- stimulates function of yellow body (secretion of progesterone);
- promotes formation of mother instinct;
- stimulates the formation of prostate glandular tissue in men.
Chemical structure: protein.
Functions: - stimulates the mobilization of lipids from depot;
- decreases the Ca amount in blood;
- has the melanocyte-stimulating activity.

domain: medical


text:
Brews & BBQ in the Alley
- August 7, 2021
- De Steeg Brewing - Entrance in "The Alley"
Dorsia is a pop-up underground speakeasy BBQ concept providing authentic Texas Style BBQ in Denver. Typically to get this BBQ, your father’s brother’s nephew’s cousin’s former roommate probably told you about it. Luckily for you, De Steeg Brewing is Dorsia’s favorite brewery on Tennyson Street in Denver.
$60 Per Tray/Person (Limited Tickets)
Over 1LB of Award-Winning Texas Style BBQ

domain: food


Police minister's drink-drive confession
Prime Minister John Key says he is not concerned that Police Minister Michael Woodhouse has a past drink-driving conviction, and it was disclosed to National before he became an MP.
Woodhouse has owned up to a past drink-driving conviction during a wide-ranging interview about his new portfolio.
Asked if he had had any brushes with the law, Woodhouse revealed: "I have a conviction for driving with excess blood alcohol - it's 27 years old, I was 21."
He said: "You've asked, I can't say no . . . I suppose that's on the public record."
Key said Woodhouse was "very up-front ... to tell us about that".
"In the end very few people come to Parliament with a background of perfection. Some do, but most people have made the odd mistake in their life," Key said.
People with drink-driving convictions are not allowed to become police officers. Woodhouse was appointed police minister this month.
Key said the big challenge for MPs was to learn from such an error.
"He has learned from that mistake," Key said. It was stupid but he had not repeated it.
Woodhouse was asked in Parliament yesterday about Government moves to help identify drink-drivers, and replied: "We have made very good progress in reducing death and injury on our roads, but alcohol-related death and injury remain stubbornly high."
Last week he threw his support behind the introduction of the Booze Bus Biometrics system for verifying suspected drink-drivers' identities, and willingly had his mugshot and fingerprints taken at the launch in Wellington.
Prime Minister John Key's office confirmed last night that Woodhouse disclosed his conviction when applying to become a National Party candidate in 2008.
Woodhouse did not offer further details of the incident, but it has been reported that he was working for the BNZ about that time, before leaving in 1987 to play rugby in Britain.
Asked if he was now an upstanding MP, he said: "Certainly there's too many eyes to be getting into too much mischief."
In his interview, he also indicated he would not support an increase in motorway speed limits to 110kmh, nor did he back making the impending sex offender register open to the public.
He wanted to boost the number of women in senior police ranks, and stressed his stance against the routine arming of all officers.
He said he supported alternative options such as Tasers with cameras: "I think it will protect police officers from accusations of inappropriate use or overuse - or, potentially, it might reveal it."
He was "absolutely, emphatically" keen to lift the number of senior women officers: "The police force needs to look and sound and act like the public, and it doesn't at the moment, by and large."
He did not support making the Sex Offender Registry - to be introduced next year - publicly available.
"We're talking about a pretty powerful piece of information when it's collated in the way that it is. It's important to manage the risk of public safety, but it's also important that it not be used inappropriately, and I think we've struck that balance right. I'm more worried about irrational fear, rather than vigilante justice."
In response to Automobile Association calls to raise speed limits on the best roads to 110kmh, he said he did not feel the condition of motorways was consistent enough yet.
"We don't actually have that much road, across New Zealand's thousands of kilometres of the roading network, that will justify a 110kmh speed limit - perhaps only 50km or 60km across the whole country."
AA motoring affairs general manager Mike Noon agreed consistency was paramount, which could mean lowering some limits, such as the 100kmh on the Rimutaka Hill Road, and raising it in newer stretches, such as the Northern Gateway toll road between Auckland and Northland.
Responding to figures showing police were taking more than a year on average to solve burglary cases - and solving just 13 per cent of them - Woodhouse said burglaries were notoriously difficult to investigate, but resolution rates were a "valid concern" that he would discuss with Police Commissioner Mike Bush.
He also revealed that he and Bush were soon to face off in a police physical competency test.
Meanwhile in light of Woodhouse's revelation, Radio Live talk back host Duncan Garner has accused Woodhouse of not being upfront with him.
Garner had earlier asked him if he had any convictions or disclosed any to the police, when he met them.
"Not that was of interest to them, this morning," Woodhouse had said.
Woodhouse today avoided the media and did not respond to requests for an interview.
ADAMS 'CRASHED SISTER'S CAR'
Justice Minister Amy Adams has also admitted to a previous driving-related brush with the law.
In a scheduled interview with The Dominion Post, Adams had no hesitation in confessing to a minor charge of careless use of a motor vehicle when she was a teenager.
"I crashed my sister's car - low-speed crash when the other car wasn't even damaged. I think from memory it was a $50 fine. That's pretty high-level."
Adams, who also holds the courts, broadcastiang and communications portfolios, has assumed the justice role after the resignation of Judith Collins, who stepped down after allegations raised in Nicky Hager's book Dirty Politics.
The Dominion Post


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Pope Francis Given A Lamborghini, Plans To Give It AwayPope Francis has a new luxury sports car but he’s getting ready to give it away.
Ring, Ring: It's The Pope Calling The Space StationPope Francis is making quite the long distance call this week - to space.
Trump Determined To Pursue Peace After Meeting With PopePresident Donald Trump called it an honor of a lifetime to meet with Pope Francis and added that he leaves the Vatican more determined than ever to pursue peace in our world.
Pope In Portugal To Canonize Siblings Who Saw Virgin Mary Pope Francis and up to one million pilgrims are in Portugal to celebrate a special anniversary at one of the Roman Catholic Church's most sacred shrines
Pope Francis Shares Hopeful Message In Surprise TED TalkPope Francis spoke about the need for unity during a surprise Ted Talk. The pope told the audience in Vancouver that the future is not just in the hands of politicians and great leaders but in the hands of all people.
Pope Francis Dismisses Priest Who Stole $300K From Bishop, HospitalPope Francis dismissed a Roman Catholic priest convicted of stealing $300,000 from a bishop, a hospital and a deceased priest's estate.
Pope Francis Steps Into Pipeline Dispute Pope Francis says indigenous groups should be able to allow or deny economic activity that would affect their ancestral bands. It's a view that conflicts with the Trump administration that is pushing to build a $3.8 billion oil pipeline despite opposition from American Indians.
Pope Records Video Message For Fans Attending Super BowlLook out, Lady Gaga, Vatican City is joining the Super Bowl frenzy.
Pope Puts American Priest On Possible Path To SainthoodPope Francis is putting an American priest on the path to possible sainthood by declaring him a martyr.
Pope Francis Allows Priests To Absolve "Grave Sin" Of Abortion- Pope Francis is now allowing all priests to absolve what they consider to be the "grave sin" of abortion.
Mother Teresa To Become Saint In Vatican CityPope Francis is set to declare Mother Teresa a saint, just two decades after her death.


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Krishna at Fiji FACT draw
14 May, 2016, 12:00 am
FIJI international Roy Krishna will be the guest during the 2016 Vodafone Fiji FACT pool draws today in Labasa.
The pool draws will take place at the Vodafone shop in Labasa.
The Fiji Football Association competitions manager Amitesh Pal said Krishna’s presence would play a vital role.
“He is our only professional football player playing overseas and we all would like see him,” he said.
“He is like a role model for most of the youths in the country.
“It is the first tournament of the year and we are all looking forward for it.”
Pal said their sponsors Vodafone would have other giveaways on the day.
“Vodafone will be giving soccer jerseys and soccer balls to the fans tomorrow (today) during the the pool draws,” he added.
“There is a lot of interest in Labasa and we are happy to have the tournament in there.”
The Fiji FACT will be played from June 17-19 at Subrail Park in Labasa while the semifinals and final will be played from July 1-3 at the venues depending on the semifinalists.