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If long-lasting weight loss can be your aim, your way to succeed is not an eating plan. As an alternative, you need to focus on a number of little things you could quickly do each day. The following advice concentrate on the two cardinal regulations of weight-loss: eat fewer unhealthy calories and use up more calories. Stick to them, along with your weight will go down.
Steer clear of accident diets or any diet that starves your system of one specific source of nourishment. Equally types of diets are unhealthy for the body, reducing your metabolic process and efficiently destroying the main way your system burns up calories. Basically decreasing calorie intake and exercising is the easiest way to slim down.
Why does cafe food items flavor so great!? Effectively, for the reason that dining establishments include items to their food products to ensure they are doing this, including butter and sodium. More than you would probably probably ever invest these identical foods if you cooked them oneself. Think about it, choc zero dining places want to remain in organization and to do that they have to allow you to keep coming back for additional, which suggests they’re definitely gonna stress on the not so good stuff that tastes so excellent. If you want to slim down, try out eating more of your respective food cooked in your cooking area.
A great way to assist you to slim down is to stop eating normal cottage type cheese and begin consuming non-extra fat or low-excess fat cottage cheese. Typical cottage type cheese has a fairly high-fat content material. Reduced-fat cottage type cheese is a lot much healthier and actually encourages slim body mass when consumed at night.
Check with your doctor if you wish to lose weight. A number of people want to lose weight prior to actually examining to see if they have to. Your physician can let you know regardless of whether you get caught in the regular bodyweight array to your size, whether or not you have any diet plan limits or exercise restrictions and can even suggest a lot of things to try out.
To assist with weight loss you need to consume a lot of healthy salads. Acquire plants which can be presently cleaned and bagged. Have fresh vegetables, like green beans and radishes, completely ready to enhance your greens. A salad using these ingredients, and topped having a low-fat getting dressed, is speedy to create and very filling up.
Those who are centered on achieving fat loss objectives ought to spend some time to program food and food list beforehand whenever possible. This facilitates easier tracking of unhealthy calories, helping prevent impulse ingesting or unexpected splurges. Owning an having method into position for every single day’s meals provides the stableness and routine that lots of dieters get to get the secrets of accomplishment.
Avocados are incredibly abundant but surprisingly may help you lose weight. While they are rich in excess fat, unwanted fat is definitely the excellent kind — healthier, unsaturated extra fat. The abundant and soft texture can satisfy those who need to see bad fat intake which is in numerous lean meats. Carrying out with no floor meat in the taco is not any hardship by any means when it is substituted with veggies and avocado. In addition to being similarly delicious and stuffing, the taco is significantly healthier plus more nourishing.
As you can see, these pointers are simple small modifications that one could quickly match your daily life. Though they are simply small issues, they can create a massive difference over time. Simply by making a commitment to seeking each of these ideas, gradually you will see your unwanted weight decrease as well as your electricity increase.


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|A||Time And Time Again||3:47|
- Phonographic Copyright (p) – Charisma Records Ltd.
- Published By – Spreadsound Ltd.
- Published By – Hit & Run Music (Publishing) Ltd.
- Mastered At – Trident Studios
- Produced For – Dukeslodge Enterprises Ltd.
- Mastered By – Rays*
- Producer, Engineer – David Hentschel
- Written-By – Mike Rutherford
NotesThe B-side is listed as being 'At The End Of The Day', but is 'Overnight Job' instead.
Made In England
Original sound recording made by Charisma Records Ltd
Spreadsound / Hit & Run Music Publishing Ltd
(P) 1980 Charisma Records Ltd
Taken from the album 'Small Creeps Day' CAS1149
Produced and engineered by David Hentschel of Dukeslodge Enterprises Ltd.
Barcode and Other Identifiers
- Matrix / Runout (Side A: Stamped): CB 364 A//1▽ET 1
- Matrix / Runout (Side A: Etched): RAYS
- Matrix / Runout (Side B: Stamped): CB 364 B//1▽ET 1 1

domain: artistic


I have a question regarding multichannel current sensing. First a description of the application: So far I have the AD5686R as a 16 bit, 4-channel precision voltage source (0-5V). At each channel of the voltage source I connect a 50kOhm resistor and in series to this, I connect our device that has typically a very low resistance (few ohms) and at a certain voltage switches to high resistance (few 10 kOhm). In the end, I want to sweep the voltage and measure the current for each voltage step. To depict this easy circuit for one channel:
AD5686R voltage source channel ------- 50kOhm resistor ------- my device ------ GND
What we are now interested in, is to sense the current flowing through the device (=the current through the 50kOhm resistor) that is typically in the order of 10µA (up to a few 10µA). How and with which of the plenty of different devices in the AD product line would you measure the current passing through each of the channels? Two ideas I have in mind so far: Measure the voltage drop over the 50kOhm resistor by measuring the voltage drop over my device and subtract it from the applied voltage from the AD5686R and subsequently convert it with the given 50kOhm resistance to the corresponding current value. Or by adding a small shunt resistor over which to measure a voltage drop and converting it to the corresponding current.
As I want to scale the whole application to N channels, I chose as voltage source the AD5686R that one can daisy chain and thus obtain N*4 channels with N AD5686R. Also, I want to communicate with the corresponding device via SPI or I2C, similar to the AD5686R and for rapid prototyping it would be great to choose a device where there exists a similar evaluation board like the one for the AD5686R such that I can quickly build up the test system by connecting a similar evaluation board with the Arduino that already controls the AD5686R on the EVAL-AD5686R.
I am looking forward to your ideas and suggestions!
added the information about the switching between low resistance and high resistance state of my device
[edited by: stefanE24 at 11:55 AM (GMT -4) on 19 May 2022]


Pros: + Departmental power at workgroup price + Excellent expansion and management options + Improved chassis design for standalone or rack-mount use GCNdex32 scores: PowerEdge PowerEdge 2300 2100 400-MHz 200-MHz Pentium II Pentium Pro Floating-point math 12.05 6.16 Integer math 11.38 5.77 Video 29.68 16.43 Small-file access 11.86 5.74 Large-file access 12.81 6.61 CD-ROM access 46.98 27.66
+ Departmental power at workgroup price
+ Excellent expansion and management options
+ Improved chassis design for standalone or rack-mount use
Pentium II Pentium Pro
math 12.05 6.16
Integer math 11.38 5.77
Video 29.68 16.43
Small-file access 11.86 5.74
Large-file access 12.81 6.61
CD-ROM access 46.98 27.66
The 400-MHz Pentium II processor in Dell Computer Corp.s PowerEdge 2300 bears out
Moores Law, stated in 1965 by Intel Corp. co-founder Gordon Moore: Processors double
in complexity and processing speed every 18 months.
In March 1997, when the GCN Lab reviewed six of the latest and greatest workgroup
servers, including Dells PowerEdge 2100, all had the fastest processor at the time,
the 200-MHz Pentium Pro.
The GCNdex32TM benchmark scores for the 400-MHz PowerEdge 2300 are in fact double those
for the PowerEdge 2100 reviewed last year, though not merely because the processor has
twice the clock rate.
Dell has packed departmental-level features into the 2300, a workgroup or entry-level
server. One of the biggest improvements is in storage. The 2100 had only a SCSI hard
drive. The 2300 delivers high-performance storage through an optional dual-channel
expandable RAID controller for Ultra Wide SCSI-2 drives, including the latest
The controller, which supports 4M to 32M of cache memory, is the same as that in
higher-end PowerEdge 4300 and 6300 servers.
For sites that do not need massive RAID support or are concerned about cost, Dell also
sells the PERC/SC2 single-channel controller for about half the price. It supports up to
8M of cache memory and can handle low-voltage differential Ultra 2 SCSI drives, which can
operate farther from the controller and deliver throughput twice that of Ultra SCSI.
Another departmental-level feature is a hot-plug backplane for up to six 1-inch drives.
Memory speed also has improved with the advent of 100-MHz error-correcting code
synchronous dynamic RAM. The 2100 accepted a total of 256M of RAM; the 2300 goes all the
way up to 1G of RAM. And expandability likewise has increased. The labs test unit
had 128M of RAM installed, as the 2100 did. But the 2100 had no free memory slots; the
2300 has three.
Integrated video controllers may not be a deal breaker for some, but I prefer to have
them on network servers, where expansion slots are always at a premium.
The 2300 has an integrated ATI Technologies Inc. 3D Rage Pro controller with 2M of
synchronous graphics RAM, for a maximum resolution of 1,600 by 1,200 pixels. Not bad for a
file, print and application server.
The PowerEdge 2300 comes standard with an Intel EtherExpress Pro 100B network interface
card. 100Base-T support is now considered a requirement on network servers, but this is
one area that has not seen the same large performance increase over the last 18 months.
The 2300 shows its maturity as a workgroup server with four PCI slots and two shared
ISA/PCI slots. There is room for four 1.6-inch drives or six 1-inch drives. As for
external drives, the 2300 has three 51/4-inch bays and one dedicated 31/2-inch
baymore than enough for a workgroup server and maybe enough for a low-end
Speaking of drives, the servers in the earlier review mainly had 8X CD-ROM drives; the
2300 has a 12X/24X SCSI CD-ROM drive.
How far has this server advanced beyond simply turning a PC on its side and sticking in
a SCSI card? The most obvious difference is a completely new physical design.
The 2300 can operate standalone or mounted in a rack configuration. Phillips screws
have been replaced by thumbscrews, and nooks and crannies have given way to easy-access
design. The interior is completely uncluttered, making it easy to insert cards or get at
cables and connections. The hot-pluggable drives are reachable from the front of the unit
without even removing a screw.
Finally, the 2300 plugs in the most important piece of the server puzzle: a host of
management tools and extra options. Standard management features include server management
bus connectors, Dells OpenManage tool suite, Hewlett-Packard Co.s OpenView
Network Node Manager Special Edition and support for automatic server recovery.
Moores Law holds true in the PowerEdge 2300, but a workgroup server is more than
its benchmark scores. The welcome departmental-quality management options and excellent
chassis design prove that bringing high-end features down to the entry level is as great
an advance as bumping up the processor speed.
The Dell PowerEdge has improved in both areas without a cost increase.


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The chiefdoms of Polynesia were the most complex societies ever to exist in the prehistoric Pacific, and determining their development, influence and maritime reach is a key issue in Pacific archaeology. Building from a ground-breaking study of monumental architecture in Tonga recently published in Antiquity, the project will describe the early Tongan chiefdom, its expansion in Fiji-West Polynesia, and using sophisticated geochemical techniques, the extent of inter-archipelago voyaging. The outcome will significantly improve our understanding of social complexity and its regional consequences â€“ a major objective in world prehistory.
|Effective start/end date
|15/02/10 → 31/12/15
- Australian Research Council (ARC): A$681,400.00
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

domain: geography


Rep. Eric Swalwell, Algona native, and J.D. Scholten visit Algona
ALGONA — Rep. Eric Swalwell (CA-15) and J.D. Scholten, the Democratic candidate from Sioux City who is running for Congress in District 4, visited Miller’s Sports Bar and Grill to speak with constituents in the Algona area on Tuesday, July 31.
Though Swalwell today has ties to both his California district and Washington, D.C., he grew up in Algona.
“I remember my dad starting the Boys and Girls Club here,” he said. “He did that because he was raised by a single mother. Boys and Girls Club really kept him, I think, from getting in trouble as a kid. He learned a lot about teamwork and working together and community, and he wanted to bring that to Algona. He also started the Mothers Against Drunk Driving Chapter in Algona when he was Chief [of Police], so I just remember community was important to us.
For more on this story, please see the August 9th issue of the Kossuth County Advance


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Nobody longs for a safe and loving family more than a child in foster care. Volunteer court appointed special advocates (CASA) are empowered by the courts to help make this dream a reality. CASAs are often the one consistent adult in the child’s life, speaking up for them throughout the dependency process and making recommendations as to what is in the child’s best interest.
Online registration for this event is no longer available.
Claire's Restaurant Corner of 3rd and Main Street Edmonds, WA 98020

domain: law


text:
A student from Liverpool has no memories of her life up to the age of 19. Stevie-Louise McGuiness spent five days in a coma after developing a blood infection. She recovered, but with almost no memory.
More top news
Wigan Warriors has announced plans to launch a women’s team with the aim of competing in the Women’s Super League in 2018.
Police are appealing for information following a violent robbery at a shop near Preston.
A bemused couple are trying to solve a bizarre mystery after coming home from work to find their home covered in scaffolding.

domain: news


Great article by MotorTrend about the Tesla model 3:
As the use of EVs increases, will the generation systems and the power distribution grid keep up:
Interesting information and a short video here:
A license to practice in general in the automotive service and repair industry is essential in my opinion. However, we are more likely to have success with this in connection with Electric Vehicles (includes all hybrids and variants). I fully support the IMI and the work they are doing to achieve this:
The following is a brief from the Institute of the Motor Industry.
Making the most of electric vehicles – Infrastructure, skills, and safety.
The previous Secretary of State said, ‘The UK is a world leader in the uptake of low emission vehicles and our long term economic plan is investing £600 million by 2020 to improve air quality, create jobs and achieve our goal of every new car and van in the UK being ultra–low emission by 2040.’
The Society of Motor Manufactures and Traders (SMMT) and KPMG have forecast that the overall economic and social benefit of electric, connected and autonomous vehicles could be in the region of £51billion per year. The estimates indicate 320,000 additional jobs, and the potential to reduce serious roadside accidents by 25,000 casualties per year, which would save the NHS £24m by 2030.
The elimination of 40,000 deaths and 100,000s of respiratory illnesses caused by air pollution from diesel and petrol motor engines will increase this saving significantly.
The IMI believes that to achieve the Governments aims and reap the predicted economic and environmental benefits there is a need for a holistic approach. Government must address all the infrastructure issues.
The main focus of the VTAB is charging infrastructure
The IMI agrees that UK needs to have consistent and sustainable EV charging facilities across the country. There are currently 11,840 charge points across the UK. These are segmented into three categories slow charge (6 to 8 hours), fast charge (3 to 4 hours), and rapid charge (30 to 60 minutes). In addition, Professor Jim Saker of the University of Loughborough points out that the New Automotive Industry Growth Team project have indicated there are only two ways forward as regards to the future power train of vehicles; and that is Electric Vehicles and (Hydrogen) Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV). Currently however there are only 7 hydrogen filling stations in the UK. Professor Saker suggests that thousands more are needed to entice the public to make the switch to FCEVs en masse.
Issues the Bill does not address
Skills gap and competition issues
A problem will come from the skills gap facing the industry. A recent study conducted on behalf of the IMI showed that 81% of independent garages found it difficult to recruit technicians with the skills and competences to undertake work on technologically advanced vehicles, such as hybrid and electric cars. Out of 183,869 vehicle technicians in the UK only 2,000 are qualified on EVs and these are all employed in manufactures dealerships.
The lack of competition will exasperate the issue of the skills gap that would be taking place in the market. Manufacturers will train technicians and provide them with the equipment to repair EV and FCEV; this will lead to a group of skilled technicians who can repair the modern vehicles and a large percentage of technicians who have only been trained on the old technology.
This will mean that the market will fail to open up because of high repair and insurance costs. ULEV insurance costs are up 50% more expensive than petrol and diesel because of the skills shortage.
Government Investment in training
With major problems over recruitment and large skills shortages within the sector it is clear that unless a proactive strategy is undertaken the UK will not be able to support the growth of low carbon emission vehicles. The IMI has called for a modest investment of £30 million to assist the independent sector to train the required number of people.
Additional focus for the VTAB
Safety a risk to life and the reputation of the technology
The battery pack on a plug-in hybrid/electric vehicle carries up to 600v direct current. Manufacturers have taken the necessary precautions to ensure that the vehicles are safe in their day-to-day use. However, the risk of untrained vehicle technicians attempting to repair hybrid vehicles in particular is high as many of the components (other than the electric motor) are similar to that of standard combustion engines. Any technician making these assumptions puts their lives and the lives of others at risk.
To put this into perspective a UK household runs on 240v alternating current. In order legally conduct any electrical work on the premises the electrician has to be licenced under the NiCEIC BS 7671 scheme. Yet, no such licensing exists for electrically powered vehicles. Without an equivalent licence how could an automotive technician work on a faulty charging point or vehicle at the home of the vehicle owner?
Licence to practise
The Government should make it illegal for unqualified technicians to work on EV and FCEV cars from 2017.
The Government should mandate the IMI, along with the Health and Safety Executive to maintain the register of licenced technicians
Questions for the Minister
1. It is clear that the introduction of alternative fuel cars has the potential to reduce emissions and save lives (9,500 deaths in London associated with pollution, Kings College London study , 2015), as will the introduction of autonomous vehicles (25,000 according to KPMG). However, does the minister agree that introducing these advanced technological systems without the necessary legislation or licensing in place to ensure those that are working on these vehicles can repair the vehicles safely could cause avoidable injuries and fatalities?
2. Is the Minister aware that sales of electric vehicles have risen by 31% in the last year, but out of 183,869 technicians working on cars in the UK only 2,000 are currently qualified to work on the high voltage systems of electric vehicles, all of whom work solely in manufacturers’ dealerships?
3. If he does know can he say what plans the government has got to ensure the necessary skills are developed in the wider service & repair sector to maintain Electric and Hybrid vehicles safely and at a reasonable cost for consumers in the future?
4. Is the minister aware that insurance premiums for electric vehicles are up to 30% higher than for equivalent petrol or diesel models, and that Thatcham Research Ltd says this is due to the cost of repairs, the complexity of the cars, and there being fewer appropriate repairers driving competition?
5. Is the Minister aware of the very stark difference in the technology in electric vehicles compared to petrol powered cars, effectively the dawn of a second era in automotive technology, and the potential danger to an unqualified individual attempting to repair a machine that contains up to 600DC volts, which is potentially lethal?
6. Will the Minister meet with representatives from the Institute of the Motor Industry, the industry’s Professional Body, who are working closely with manufactures like BMW and Mitsubishi, to hear their case for a licence for professional technicians working on EVs, to protect the workers and to encourage businesses to invest in building the skills base required to support the exponential growth of electric and hybrid vehicles expected in the coming years?
7. Has the Minister calculated the potential savings for the NHS from the switch by drivers to ULEVs from diesel and petrol cars, and have these been factored into the investment decisions outlined in the VTAB?
Electrified powertrains, specifically Battery Electric and Plug-In Electric (BEV/ PHEV) vehicles are projected internationally to become more prevalent in production due to environmental factors (such as CO2 emissions), regulations (such as the Greenhouse Gas and the California ZEV Mandate) and the increasing price of fossil fuels. The main benefits of electrified powertrains are eliminating or significantly reducing local emissions while increasing the overall well-to-wheels efficiency.
Standardized Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) through wireless charging allows the BEV/ PHEV customer an automated and more convenient and alternative to plug-in (conductive) charging. Essentially the customer simply needs to park into a SAE J2954 compatible parking space (e.g., residential garage or parking structure) in order to charge the vehicle.
More details here: http://standards.sae.org/j2954_201605/
Bosch solutions make electrification technology accessible and offer powertrain choices for OEMS
Making its global debut at NAIAS, Bosch’s electric axle drive system (eAxle) makes electrification accessible for automakers through a scalable, modular platform that can bring 5-10 percent cost efficiency as compared to stand-alone components. The eAxle is flexible for multiple platforms and brings together top-of-the-line Bosch powertrain components into one system.
The Thermal Management Station will show how Bosch technology efficiently manages heat flows in electric vehicles and extends range by up to 25 percent, especially in winter driving conditions. The holistic thermal management approach for electric vehicles makes heating in the winter and cooling in the summer cost effective and energy efficient.
Advancements in the electrified powertrain are not limited to battery-powered vehicles. Bosch continues to drive innovation in the internal combustion engine. Direct injection (DI) makes up nearly 50 percent of today’s internal combustion engine market, and its share continues to grow as it enters its third generation of system technology. This new generation can provide significant improvements in efficiency, as well as reduced particulate and gaseous emissions, and improved acoustic performance to decrease overall noise.
Electrification enhanced by collaboration with automated and connected technologies
In addition to powertrain technologies, Bosch will also feature automated and connected technologies including the global debut of a key requirement on the path to fully automated driving. The Electric Power Steering (EPS) system with fail-operational function is a highly redundant feature that enables either a driver or auto pilot system to independently return to a minimal risk condition while maintaining about 50 percent electric steering support in the rare case of a single failure. This technology will enable OEMs to comply with the fall back strategies as proposed in the Federal Automated Vehicles Policy documents from the U.S. Department of Transportation and National Traffic Highway Safety Association.
Plans to make electric vehicle chargepoints more widely available and convenient for motorists were put forward by government on October 24 2016.
As part of our ongoing commitment to making transport greener and improving air quality, the Department for Transport is consulting on a series of measures that will make chargepoints more accessible, making it easier for drivers to recharge as demand for low emission vehicles increases. The measures are due to be included in the Modern Transport Bill.
The government has pledged more than £600 million over this parliament to further boost the ultra low emission vehicle market, which is going from strength to strength after the number of new ultra low emission vehicles registered rose by 250% in just 2 years.
Secretary of State for Transport Chris Grayling said:
We are committed to making transport cleaner and giving even more drivers the option of using a low emission vehicle as we strive to improve air quality across the country.
Our ambition is for nearly all new cars and vans to be zero emission by 2040, and we are taking real steps to achieve this in the Modern Transport Bill. We now want to hear the views of businesses and the wider public.
The measures being proposed would give government powers to support the roll-out of charging and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and improve consumer access to the network by:
- making information about the location of public charging stations more accessible to the public, potentially via an online database and through mobile phone apps
- ensuring drivers can access chargepoints without the need for multiple memberships from individual providers
- giving powers to set common standards for all public chargepoints to ensure electric car owners can recharge anywhere, anytime
- making consumer pricing information for electricity and hydrogen fuels consistent and transparent
- supporting ‘smart’ electric vehicle charging that is flexible to grid demands
- ensuring there is provision of electric chargepoints and hydrogen refuelling points at large fuel retailers and motorway service areas
- encouraging the roll-out of hydrogen refuelling stations through franchising
There are already more than 11,000 public chargepoints across the UK, and we have Europe’s largest network of rapid chargepoints. The government also offers a range of grants for home and workplace charging.
The Modern Transport Bill, first announced in the Queen’s Speech in May, will outline the role technology and innovation will play in delivering the safe, efficient and user focused transport systems of the future. The bill is due to be laid in Parliament next year.
The Department for Transport is also consulting separately on the proposed transposition of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive; Europe-wide legislation that will further promote the roll-out of charging facilities for vehicles that run on electricity, hydrogen and other clean fuels.
The Modern Transport Bill consultation on measures for low emission vehicle infrastructure will last 4 weeks, closing on 23 November.
Read more at: http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/thermoelectric-energy-harvesting-2016-2026-000473.asp
Researchers at North Carolina State University have developed a new type of inverter device with greater efficiency in a smaller, lighter package – which should improve the fuel-efficiency and range of hybrid and electric vehicles.
Electric and hybrid vehicles rely on inverters to ensure that enough electricity is conveyed from the battery to the motor during vehicle operation. Conventional inverters rely on components made of the semiconductor material silicon.
Now researchers at the Future Renewable Electric Energy Distribution and Management (FREEDM) Systems Center at NC State have developed an inverter using off-the-shelf components made of the wide-bandgap semiconductor material silicon carbide (SiC) – with promising results.
“Our silicon carbide prototype inverter can transfer 99 percent of energy to the motor, which is about two percent higher than the best silicon-based inverters under normal conditions,” says Iqbal Husain, ABB Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at NC State and director of the FREEDM Center.
“Equally important, the silicon carbide inverters can be smaller and lighter than their silicon counterparts, further improving the range of electric vehicles,” says Husain, who co-authored two papers related to the work. “And new advances we’ve made in inverter components should allow us to make the inverters even smaller still.”
Range is an important issue because so-called “range anxiety” is a major factor limiting public acceptance of electric vehicles. People are afraid they won’t be able to travel very far or that they’ll get stuck on the side of the road.
The new SiC-based inverter is able to convey 12.1 kilowatts of power per liter (kW/L) – close to the U.S. Department of Energy’s goal of developing inverters that can achieve 13.4 kW/L by 2020. By way of comparison, a 2010 electric vehicle could achieve only 4.1 kW/L.
“Conventional, silicon-based inverters have likely improved since 2010, but they’re still nowhere near 12.1 kW/L,” Husain says.
The power density of new SiC materials allows engineers to make the inverters – and their components, such as capacitors and inductors – smaller and lighter.
“But, frankly, we are pretty sure that we can improve further on the energy density that we’ve shown with this prototype,” Husain says.
That’s because the new inverter prototype was made using off-the-shelf SiC components – and FREEDM researchers have recently made new, ultra-high density SiC power components that they expect will allow them to get closer to DOE’s 13.4 kW/L target once it’s incorporated into next generation inverters.
What’s more, the design of the new power component is more effective at dissipating heat than previous versions. This could allow the creation of air-cooled inverters, eliminating the need for bulky (and heavy) liquid cooling systems.
“We predict that we’ll be able to make an air-cooled inverter up to 35 kW using the new module, for use in motorcycles, hybrid vehicles and scooters,” Husain says. “And it will boost energy density even when used with liquid cooling systems in more powerful vehicles.”
The current SiC inverter prototype was designed to go up to 55 kW – the sort of power you’d see in a hybrid vehicle. The researchers are now in the process of scaling it up to 100 kW – akin to what you’d see in a fully electric vehicle – using off-the-shelf components. And they’re also in the process of developing inverters that make use of the new, ultra-high density SiC power component that they developed on-site.
A paper on the new inverter, “Design Methodology for a Planarized High Power Density EV/HEV Traction Drive using SiC Power Modules,” will be presented at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), being held Sept. 18-22 in Milwaukee. Lead author of the paper is Dhrubo Rahman, a Ph.D. student at NC State. The paper was co-authored by Adam Morgan, Yang Xu and Rui Gao, who are Ph.D. students at NC State; Wensong Yu and Douglas Hopkins, research professors in NC State’s Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; and Husain.
A paper on the new, ultra-high density SiC power component, “Development of an Ultra-high Density Power Chip on Bus Module,” will also be presented at ECCE. Lead author of the paper is Yang Xu. The paper was co-authored by Yu, Husain and Hopkins, as well as by Harvey West, a research professor in NC State’s Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering.
The research was done with the support of the PowerAmerica Institute, a public-private research initiative housed at NC State and funded by DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under award number DE-EE0006521. FREEDM, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, is aimed at facilitating the development and implementation of new renewable electric-energy technologies.
Brussels, 19 January 2016 – Following the debate on real-driving emissions (RDE) during the plenary session of the European Parliament in Strasbourg yesterday, the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) reiterates that it fully agrees with the need for emissions to more closely reflect real-world conditions.
“We urgently need to have a new test method to bridge the gap between the current laboratory testing of pollutant emissions, as defined by law, and the very different conditions experienced on the road,” said Erik Jonnaert, ACEA Secretary General. Alongside other stakeholders, ACEA has therefore been contributing constructively to the efforts of the European Commission and member states to develop a robust RDE test.
During the October meeting of the Commission’s regulatory committee (TCMV) a tough compromise was agreed on RDE with testing standards that will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach in a short space of time, and highly challenging targets in a second step. The TCMV also agreed that the RDE conformity factor should be reviewed in the future.
“Despite the challenges in the latest proposals, the industry urgently needs clarity now so manufacturers can plan the development and design of vehicles in line with the new RDE requirements. Any delay to this legislation would leave little time to make the necessary changes and ultimately would just push back the benefits for the environment,” stated Jonnaert. “Our industry needs the RDE test to restore the confidence of consumers and legislators in the environmental performance of new vehicles.”
(Source: ACEA. www.acea.be )
Some automotive technicians are going to be killed by the high voltages on electric vehicles. I have written many textbooks about automotive technology where I have highlighted safe working practices, but the one I have just completed the script for will save lives. This book is called, ‘Electric and Hybrid Vehicles’, and will be out early in 2016. By the way, we use the term EV to cover all the different types there are such as hybrids and pure-EVs.
Did you know the voltages on some EVs can be several hundred volts, which is almost three time the mains voltage in our houses? The majority of EV batteries are well over 300 volts. If the human body experiences a current of just fifty thousandths of an ampere (50mA, which is not very much) for over two seconds it can be fatal.
Now that I have scared you away from ever touching high voltage components (which are all labelled and usually coloured orange) I would add that working on EVs is perfectly safe! You just need to be trained and know what you are doing. Driving an EV is also perfectly safe and don’t expect poor performance either. My EV will do well over 80 miles per hour (on a private track!) just using the battery and electric motor.
Of course as well as saving lives, the book is packed with really interesting information and technology relating to EVs. For example, whether it is safe to plug in the charging lead in the rain. How most motors on EVs are AC motors but we call them DC motors! The book even covers things like what ‘first responders’ should do if a lithium-ion battery is burning after an accident. The book covers all the requirements for the Institute of the Motor Industry (IMI) awards and accreditations for those who need a qualification. Look out for the amazing eLearning that will also be available soon to support the book.
I have also included a short case study on charging my own EV (actually a PHEV) from solar panels. This may or may not save the planet but in the meantime it does save me money as I can now do a large proportion of my motoring for about 1p a mile.
Here are three more interesting facts to finish on:
A formula-e (fully electric racing car) will accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in under 3 seconds
- The Tesla Model S (a fully electric car) has a range of up to 330 miles
- In the year 1900, electrically powered cars were the best-selling road vehicles in the USA
Now back to the final proof read of the script!


text:
The end of school bell rang and I sprinted out of the school faster than Mo Farah. As soon as I spotted Connor I sped towards him.
"I got a B!" I squealed excitedly as I wrapped my arms tightly around him, "Thankyouthankyouthankyou!"
"Whoa, you would be one superstar rugby player." he caught his balance after I almost tackled him to the floor, "Don't thank me, you did it yourself." He squeezed me back.
"Yeah but I couldn't have done it without you. I honestly thought I was failing, I guess when you had faith in me I grew more confident." I grinned up at him.
"No Problemo. You're a smart girl Kait, like I said before don't doubt yourself." We were just about to step out of the hug when I was roughly yanked back causing me to whimper.
"What the hell is going on here?!"
"Whoa dude. Calm it, you're Aaron right? Look, I was just-"
"Shut the fricken hell up you retard." he turned to look at me, his eyes were bloodshot, "Are you cheating on me?!"
"What?! No! of course not Aaron. I would never do that to you! I love you, you know that." I was panicking like crazy. If we weren't in school I would've gained at least two extra bruises by now.
"Then why did you have your hards all over him?" He freaked me out even more when he was demanding. I feel like I'm about to have a breakdown.
"They were hardly all over him." Jess spat rudely.
"F*ck off, bitch." His nostrils flailed. He was seriously p*ssed.
"I think we all need to calm down. Listen Aaron, Kaitlyn ISN'T my type." Connor stared directly at Aaron.
"He has a point there." El butted in.
"Why the hell were you two so fricken close then? huh?!" I could see Aaron shaking with anger. This is not good.
"He helped me with my math work. I was just thanking him. I got a B Aaron, my first B." I tried to lighten the mood.
"Get in the car."
"What?" I tilted my head slightly.
"I said get the f*ckinh hell into my damn car!" His shout caused me to jump and I scurried into the car like a mouse being chased by a very hungry cat.
Everyone had gathered around to watch the scene. I fastened my seatbelt and sunck into the chair. I could see the worried glances my friends were exchanging.
I jumped again as Aaron got in slamming the door. He was raging. The car revved up and we sped off away from the safety of publicity.
My knuckles turned white as I gripped into the chair.
"You slut!" His volume almost shattered my eardrum.
"That manwhore was round your house too, wasn't he?!"
"W-what?" I was petrified. I have never, in the three years of being here, ever seen him this angry.
"Don't play dumb with me Kaitlyn! you sly bitch. If he helped you he would've had to be round your house!"
"W-we were in the library."
"Don't lie to me! Goddamn it Kaitlyn don't you dare freaking lie to me."
"Okay, okay so he came round. We did math, we ate pizza and then he left! Get over it!" I slapped my hand over my mouth as I realised how I just spoke to him.
"You fat f*cking bitch! Not only did you try and lie but you practically had a date with him. You sicken me. What makes you think he wanted to be there? I certainly wouldn't, watching a fat whore like you stuff your face. Ugh, you're so freakin fat Kaitlyn you should be avoiding food all together. I mean, look at you. You're a sad orphan who drowns in her own sorrows. I honestly don't know why I give you so many chances. Not only are you fricken obese but you're ugly as f*ck and you're a complete waste of space. You never appreciate anything. I'm just trying to open your eyes to the truth."
By the time he had finished tears coated my cheeks. I let out a sob as I covered my face. The car suddenly came to a stop causing me to jerk forward.
I looked at him dumbfound. He can't honestly expect me to just get out here. My house was about a twenty minute walk from where we were.
"I said get out. I can't even look at you. You're a failure. You probably cheated on that math test, you're too retarded to get higher than a F."
"B-but Aaron.. I-"
The next thing I knew he was out of the car and opening my door. He grabbed a fist full of my hair causing my to cry out in pain. He undid my seatbelt before pulling me out. My foot was caught around the belt causing me to stumble. Aaron didn't help when he saw me lose my balance, instead he gave gravity a help in hand by pushing me to the ground by my hair. A whimper escaped my lips.
"I'm going on a gang retreat for a few days. I'll come and see if you've sorted yourself out by the time I get back. if you haven't then you're going to lose the only person who has ever cared about you. I know people who can make your life hell on earth so don't mess with me bitch." The wind was instantly knocked out of me as his foot crashed against my ribcage. I screamed out in pain, rolling onto my front, "You have five days..."
His words were a blur, all I could focus on was the pain. I heard the car drive away into the distance but I couldn't move. I had no energy left. I just want to go to sleep and never wake up. I just wanted to disappear.
After what felt like an eternity I finally mustered up the energy to stand on my feet. My whole body was traumatised, I couldn't stop shaking. I took a small step but lost my balance. My hand quickly grasped for the fence next to me. I wanted to scream; shout, but no one would be able to hear me. Im in the middle of nowhere and this road is hardly used.
I wanted help. I needed help, but no one can help. Who would help someone like me? A charity case. A pig. A slut, whore, fat bitch; that's right, no one. I'm not worth anything so why would anyone see the need to help me? I don't even see the appeal of it... I'm disgusted with myself. I don't even know who I am anymore but in all fairness, who cares? I'm just one more problem in this messed up world.
I finally stumbled into the warmth of the house. It was pitch black outside. I was freezing.
"H-hello?" my teeth were chattering. There was no answer, Brett must be at Melissa's.
A relieved sigh brushed past my lips. I didn't want him to see me like this. I didn't want to explain.
Just as I was about to go upstairs I passed the grand mirror in the hallway. I almost scared myself with my own reflection. I didn't know the girl I was looking at. Her blonde hair was covered in dirt and rubble, her pale white skin was coated in mud and her eyes- ugh, they were red and puffy.
The trickling of blood caught my eye. There was a gash on my forehead. It must've been from when I was thrown to the ground. I lifted my shivering had to the cut and winced as I pressed my fingers to it.
The blood was still fresh.
I stumbled my way into the kitchen pulling out the first aid kit. I took an antiseptic wipe in my hand before starting to clean out the wound. I clenched my jaw tightly trying not to give in to the stinging pain. It felt like acid was being poured onto my face. It burned.
I looked at the wipe to see a mixture of blood and dirt. It made my gag. I threw it in the trash can before placing a large band aid over the cut.
I tried to put everything back in the original position just in case my brother opened the cupboard. I don't want him asking questions. Not about this.
After taking some ibuprofen I dragged myself upstairs. I could feel myself about to slip away, I hadn't eaten anything today which doesn't help my energy levels. I just want to be skinny. I want to be perfect for Arron but I never am. I can't remember the last time he didn't inflict pain on me when we were alone. I just want to be good enough.
I fell onto my bed burying my head into my pillow. Tears spilt over my eyelids and were absorbed by the fabric...
Why does love hurt so much?

domain: literature


Kanye West protégé Kacy Hill has been slowly teasing her debut album Like A Woman. She recently dropped a video for the title track, and now has released some intense visuals for “Hard To Love.”
The video was directed by duo J.A.C.K., who are also responsible for the striking visuals in Hill’s striking “Like A Woman” music video. This time around, the song’s lyrics are painted on the singer’s body in a dimly-lit, plastic-covered apartment.
The American singer-songwriter first generated buzz with her Bloo EP in 2015 and its viral hit “Arm’s Length.” In a recent press release, Hill elaborates on the concepts behind her new music: “Like a Woman is an exploration of my own femininity and sexuality. I want my audience to have a similar experience of their own while listening. My goal is not to make a statement, but make space for exploration without shame or guilt.”
Executive produced by Kanye West, Kacy Hill’s highly anticipated debut full-length Like a Woman is set to drop June 30 via G.O.O.D. Music/Def Jam.
Revisit “Like A Woman“ below.
For more on Kacy Hill, dig into our Q&A with the emerging artist right here.
In other music news, Radiohead performed “I Promise” live for the first time in 20 years. Check it out right here.


text:
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domain: design


text:
This subchapter deals with the mechanisms by which genes are expressed as proteins. We will begin with evidence for the relationship between genes and proteins, and then fill in some of the details of the processes of transcription—the copying of the gene sequence of DNA into a sequence of RNA—and translation—the use of the sequence of RNA to make a polypeptide with a defined order of amino acids. Finally, we will define mutations and their phenotypes in specific molecular terms.
One Gene, One Polypeptide
There are many steps between genotype and phenotype. Genes cannot, all by themselves, directly produce a phenotypic result, such as a particular eye color, a specific seed shape or a cleft chin, any more than a compact disk can play a symphony without the help of a CD player. The first historical step in relating genes to phenotypes was to define phenotypes in molecular terms. The molecular basis of phenotypes was actually discovered before the discovery that DNA was the genetic material. Scientists had studied the chemical differences between individuals carrying wild-type and mutant alleles in organisms as diverse as humans and bread molds. They found that the major phenotypic differences were the result of differences in specific proteins. In the 1940s, a series of experiments by George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum at Stanford University showed that when an altered gene resulted in an altered phenotype, that altered phenotype was always associated with an altered enzyme. This finding was critically important in defining the phenotype in chemical terms. The roles of enzymes in biochemistry were being described at this time, and it occurred to Beadle and Tatum that the expression of a gene as phenotype could occur through an enzyme. They experimented with the bread mold Neurospora crassa. The nuclei in the body of this mold are haploid (n), as are its reproductive spores. (This fact is important because it means that even recessive mutant alleles are easy to detect in experiments.) Beadle and Tatum grew Neurospora on a minimal nutritional medium containing sucrose, minerals and a vitamin. Using this medium, the enzymes of wild-type Neurospora could catalyze the metabolic reactions needed to make all the chemical constituents of their cells, including proteins. These wild-type strains are called prototrophs (“original eaters”). Beadle and Tatum treated wild-type Neurospora with X rays, which act as a mutagen (something known to cause mutations). When they examined the treated molds, they found some mutant strains could no longer grow on the minimal medium, but needed to be supplied with additional nutrients. The scientists hypothesized that these auxotrophs (“increased eaters”) must have suffered mutations in genes that code for the enzymes used to synthesize the nutrients they now needed to obtain from their environment. For each auxotrophic strain, Beadle and Tatum were able to find a single compound that, when added to the minimal medium, supported the growth of that strain. This result suggested that mutations have simple effects, and that each mutation causes a defect in only one enzyme in a metabolic pathway described as the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis. One group of auxotrophs, for example, could grow only if the minimal medium was supplemented with the amino acid arginine. (Wild-type Neurospora makes its own arginine.). These mutant strains were designated arg mutants. Beadle and Tatum found several different arg mutant strains. They proposed two alternative hypotheses to explain why these different genetic strains had the same phenotype:
The different arg mutants could have mutations in the same gene, as in the case of the different eye color alleles of fruit flies. In this case, the gene might code for an enzyme involved in arginine synthesis.
The different arg mutants could have mutations in different genes, each coding for a separate function that leads to arginineproduction. These independent functions might bedifferent enzymes along the same biochemical pathway.
Some of the arg mutant strains fell into each of the two categories. Genetic crosses showed that some of the mutations were at the same chromosomal locus, and so were different alleles of the same gene. Other mutations were at different loci or on different chromosomes and so were not alleles of the same gene. Beadle and Tatum concluded that these different genes participated in governing a single biosynthetic pathway—in this case, the pathway leading to arginine synthesis. By growing different arg mutants in the presence of various compounds suspected to be intermediates in the synthetic metabolic pathway for arginine, Beadle and Tatum were able to classify each mutation as affecting one enzyme or another, and to order the compounds along the pathway. Then they broke open the wild-type and mutant cells and examined them for enzyme activities. The results confirmed their hypothesis: Each mutant strain was indeed missing a single active enzyme in the pathway. The gene–enzyme connection had been proposed 40 years earlier in 1908 by the Scottish physician Archibald Garrod, who studied the inherited human disease alkaptonuria. He linked the biochemical phenotype of the disease to an abnormal gene and a missing enzyme. Today we know of hundreds of examples of such hereditary diseases. The gene–enzyme relationship has undergone several modifications in light of our current knowledge of molecular biology. Many enzymes are composed of more than one polypeptide chain, or subunit (that is, they have a quaternary structure). In this case, each polypeptide chain is specified by its own separate gene. Thus, it is more correct to speak of a one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship: the function of a gene is to control the production of a single, specific polypeptide. Much later, it was discovered that some genes code for forms of RNA that do not become translated into polypeptides, and that still other genes are involved in controlling which other DNA sequences are expressed. While these discoveries have supplanted the idea that all genes code for proteins, they did not invalidate the relationship between genes and polypeptides. But how does this relationship work—that is, how is the information encoded in DNA used to specify a particular polypeptide?
DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Information
The expression of a gene to form a polypeptide occurs in two major steps:
Transcription copies the information of a DNA sequence (the gene) into corresponding information in an RNA sequence.
Translation converts this RNA sequence into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
RNA differs from DNA
RNA is a key intermediary between DNA and polypeptide. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a polynucleotide similar to DNA, but it differs from DNA in three ways:
RNA generally consists of only one polynucleotide strand.
The sugar molecule found in RNA is ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
Although three of the nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, and cytosine) in RNA are identical to those in DNA, the fourth base in RNA is uracil (U), which is similar to thymine but lacks the methyl (—CH3) group. The central dogma raised two questions:
How does genetic information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? (most of the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is confined to the nucleus but proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm.)
What is the relationship between a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and a specific amino acid sequence in a protein?
To answer these questions, Crick proposed two hypotheses.
The messenger hypothesis and transcription
To answer the first question, Crick and his colleagues proposed the messenger hypothesis. They proposed that an RNA molecule forms as a complementary copy of one DNA strand of a particular gene. The process by which this RNA forms is called transcription). This messenger RNA or mRNA, then travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins.
Crick’s hypothesis has been tested repeatedly for genes that code for proteins and the answer is always the same: each gene sequence in DNA that codes for a protein is expressed as a sequence in mRNA.
The adapter hypothesis and translation
To answer the second question, Crick proposed the adapter hypothesis: there must be an adapter molecule that can bind a specific amino acid with one region and recognize a sequence of nucleotides with another region. In due course, these adapters, called transfer RNA or tRNA, were identified. Because they recognize the genetic message of mRNA and simultaneously carry specific amino acids, tRNAs can translate the language of DNA into the language of proteins. The tRNA adapters line up on the mRNA so that the amino acids are in the proper sequence for a growing polypeptide chain — a process called translation. Once again, actual observations of the expression of thousands of genes have confirmed the hypothesis that tRNA acts as the intermediary between the nucleotide sequence information in mRNA and the amino acid sequence in a protein. Summarizing the main features of the central dogma, the messenger hypothesis and the adapter hypothesis, we may say that a given gene is transcribed to produce a messenger RNA (mRNA) complementary to one of the DNA strands, and that transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules translate the sequence of bases in the mRNA into the appropriate sequence of linked amino acids during protein synthesis.
RNA viruses modify the central dogma
Certain viruses are rare exceptions to the central dogma. Viruses are infectious particles that reproduce inside cells.
Many viruses, such as the tobacco mosaic virus, influenza virus, and poliovirus, have RNA rather than DNA as their genetic material. With its nucleotide sequence, RNA could potentially act as an information carrier and be expressed as proteins. But since RNA is usually single-stranded, its replication is a problem. The viruses generally solve this problem by transcribing from RNA to RNA, making an RNA strand that is complementary to their genome. This “opposite” strand is then used to make multiple copies of the viral genome by transcription. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and certain rare tumor viruses also have RNA as their genome, but do not replicate it as RNA-to-RNA. Instead, after infecting a host cell, they make a DNA copy of their genome and use it to make more RNA. This RNA is then used both as genomes for more copies of the virus and as mRNA to produce viral proteins. Synthesis of DNA from RNA is called reverse transcription, and not surprisingly, such viruses are called retroviruses.

domain: chemistry


text:
In a typically delightful post about Sally Bercow and the MigrationWatch libel threat, Ed West of the Daily Telegraph describes me as Philippe Legrain, author of How to Turn Europe into the Lebanon in Just One Ill-thought Out Step.
Unlike Andrew Green of MigrationWatch, I don’t believe in trying to silence debate, so I’ll let this pass.
West later claims that in Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them I try to shut down debate by calling opponents of immigration racists:
Legrain… wrote in his book that “the argument that tough immigration controls are needed for ‘good race relations’ is a quasi-racist canard”.
No proof was ever given for this assertion, but then who needs evidence for thoughtcrime?
This is nonsense.
In fact, I wrote:
Let me start by saying that I don’t think that it is necessarily racist to support immigration controls. Greens may support immigration controls because they believe that an extra influx of people would put a strain on the environment. Trade unionists may worry about the impact on the jobs of their members, black and white. People may worry that immigration undermines the financial basis for traditional welfare systems, which grant free or subsidised benefits and services to people primarily on the basis of residency rather than financial contributions. The people who believe these things may or may not be racists; but it is not intrinsically racist to believe what they do.
Nor is it racist to worry that immigration might undermine social solidarity for reasons other than foreigners’ foreignness. It is not racist to point out that if immigrants happen to be a bunch of thieves and villains, they might cause all sorts of problems – it is only racist to assume that foreigners tend to be thieves and villains. It is not racist to argue that if immigrants happen to have very different tastes and characteristics that clash with those of natives, they might also undermine solidarity. If millions of white American libertarians were to pitch up in social-democratic Sweden, support for its cradle-to-grave welfare system might fall. A non-racist might also observe that immigration could undermine social solidarity if natives themselves are racist, even if he or she isn’t – although this is slippery ground because it can allow racists to support racist positions on the basis of others’ purported racism while pretending not to be racist themselves: hence the common claim by British politicians, some of them doubtless racist, that immigration controls are needed for “good race relations”.
If anyone is trying to shut down debate, it is people like Ed West and Andrew Green.
The truth is that while it is not necessarily racist to oppose immigration, many people who oppose immigration do so for racist or xenophobic reasons. To pretend otherwise is frankly disingenuous.

domain: politics


text:
One of the least understood aspects of the Cold War was its contribution to modern warfare. Nearly every firearm, explosive ordinance, missile battery, and weapon system deployed today was born in the arms race for global supremacy. The east and west war machines specialized in different killing philosophies. One emphasized strength and power the other precision and speed.
The greatest advances in light infantry warfare also occurred during the era. The AK-47 and RPG-7 changed combat forever giving individuals enormous attack power. These weapons are used extensively even today but imagine how revolutionary they were back in the mid 20th century. The USSR would export them to every ally and anti-western insurgent group across the globe. The killing stroke of western world domination was… the Soviet military industrial complex. No better example was the orient and its post WW2 battles/wars. The USSR played a decisive role in their communist allies defeating western backed regimes.
The Republic of China had been locked in a stalemate civil war with Mao and his communist forces for years. During the Japanese occupation of China the two sides agreed to a truce and united against the Japs. Mao’s forces were a guerrilla movement concentrated in the countryside that couldn’t do much in urban warfare waging conventional battles. All the better for Mao that his two enemies tear each other apart while the commies sit on the sidelines. The war weakened the Republic of China immensely and once the Axis powers were defeated the Chinese civil war resumed. The USA supported nationalist forces in the Republic of China while the USSR supported Mao’s communists. The latter would prevail in 1950 no doubt assisted by the AK-47 which entered service only a few years earlier. Mao would declare the People’s Republic of China while the Republic of China fled to their last stronghold the island of Taiwan. For years two Chinas existed but eventually Mao’s would be seen as the true one while the Republic of China is merely called Taiwan today. The two are still waging their own cold war and Taiwan remains a US protectorate even today.
The Soviet Union essentially founded North Korea when it declared war on Japan invading Japanese occupied territory near the end of WW2. Kim Il-sung was a Korean communist radical and guerrilla commander against the Japanese. He fought well but the Imperial Japanese Army crushed his forces making him to flee to the USSR. He would go on to become a major in the Red Army. Described as “having been made from zero” Kim would be installed as leader of North Korea by the Soviets. They would assist him in building up his military the aid they provided was used to invade South Korea. All went well until the US/UN intervened pushing the commies back almost wiping them out until waves of Chinese reinforcements and Soviet armaments arrived. Now they were pushing the US back until a ceasefire was finally reached. The Korean war has technically not ended. The Korean DMZ remains the last front of the Cold War. The border dividing the two Koreas is the most heavily militarized and mined on Earth. Very few countries have diplomatic relations with North Korea. Fewer have embassies in Pyongyang but Russia and China still do for historical reasons.
Next up was southeast Asia specifically Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh worked menial jobs early in life but would develop a strong interest in politics. Ho was a nationalist at heart who tried repeatedly to secure independence for Vietnam through a western paradigm. After being rebuffed and ignored repeatedly he became radicalized into Marxism. A guerrilla movement led by him would emerge to challenge French colonial rule. During WW2 he fought against the Japanese occupation as well. After Japan withdrew hostilities against the French resumed. They say the best generals don’t focus on strategy but logistics; weapons, ammunition, and supply. The boring but otherwise critical stuff that makes armies operate. Over the years Ho had developed strong ties to both the USSR and People’s Republic of China. The Soviet’s supplied the weapons and gear, China delivered it, and Ho’s communists made use of them. These ties gave him all the resources he needed to fight. With Soviet firepower the French would be defeated decisively and leave. Vietnam would be divided between north and south in the final international agreement setting the stage for the next war.
North Vietnam’s communists were committed to conquering South Vietnam however. After enough setbacks and defeats the south called upon the USA for help. North Vietnam called upon the Soviets. The USSR and China supplied Ho with everything he ever needed from newly minted Kalashnikovs, the state of the art RPG-7, Soviet military advisers, special forces brigades, access to their worldwide spy networks, air defenses including Soviet piloted MIG fighters, hard cash currency, and massive ammunition resupplies. With a superpower behind them North Vietnam would wipe the floor with the south. With a roughly equal if not superior technological match they would also inflict major losses and casualties on the USA. Rather than accept defeat the US elites kept digging deeper. Public pressure ended US involvement and soon afterward South Vietnam fell. The fall of Saigon would be immortalized with massive US helicopter evacuations escaping the bloodbath that soon befell the capital; renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
Alfred Noble invented dynamite in the 19th century. One of the greatest inventions in human history dynamite enabled man to conquer nature itself. It also helped him conquer his fellow man as well. Noble understood that and used the vast fortune he amassed to establish the Noble Peace Prize. It wasn’t until the Cold War that explosives were to undergo major innovation again. These explosives were not used to build however but to destroy. C3 and Semtex were militarized high explosives. They would be most effectively deployed by special forces against key infrastructure targets. In California not too long ago a natural gas leak and explosion obliterated an entire neighborhood. Imagine what would happen if a major natural gas pipeline hub, military supply depot, or industrial fuel tankers were attacked with militarized explosives. The resulting detonation would kill hundreds if not thousands, cripple many more, destroy infrastructure in a massive radius, and create panic everywhere. There is a reason this stuff is highly guarded at military armories. In Syria however rebels have looted it from captured army bases using it to devastating effect. The Assad regime is Russia’s closest Arab ally going back to the Cold War. Even after the USSR whenever allies abandoned Russia Syria remained. Russia has a major military base inside Syria their only one in the middle east and Mediterranean. Syria’s chemical weapons are also of Russian design and origin. They’ve been used repeatedly against rebels until the international outcry against them. Regardless of what you think about the issue a world where chemical weapons are routinely used is a frightening one. However conventional weapons like C3 and Semtex are just as dangerous. In one rebel attack jihadists used a disguised armored vehicle packed with militarized explosives against an ammunition depot of a major air base. The blast destroyed the base killing many of the soldiers inside enabling rebels to storm the base soon afterward massacring survivors including the commanders. Russia has managed to keep its ally intact despite rebel victories in what is a major proxy war of the new Cold War.
On the subject of rebellion why weren’t there any against the Soviet Union? The answer is complicated and multidimensional. After the overthrow of the Tsar Russia established a Provisional Government later overthrown by Leon Trotsky triggering a massive civil war with several colored armies battling for power. The two most prominent were the Red Army and the anti-bolshevik White Army. After years of bloodshed and millions of casualties on all sides the Red Army prevailed. Uprisings continued sporadically especially during the Stalin era but they were all crushed. Technology was limited then and too much power was concentrated in states. It wasn’t until the Cold War where all that would finally change. Interestingly the flag of the modern day Russian Federation is that of the Russian Provisional Government. Perhaps a nod to what could have been.
The jackboot of oppression is also used by totalitarian states mostly against the people. The elites have freedom sometimes enough to battle other factions of elites. Once Stalin died likely from an assassination by his inner circle a power struggle ensued as several successors battled for his throne. Nikita Khrushchev would emerge victorious. With the support of the Red Army led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov the hero of WW2 they seized power arresting all of Stalin’s top enforcers. One of the worst was a Georgian; Lavrentiy Beria the longest serving boss of the notorious NKVD, director of the Soviet atomic bomb project, a vile sexual predator, and Stalin’s heir apparent. He also administered the notorious gulag system. Beria and Stalin’s other top henchmen were either fired, stripped of their ranks/titles, imprisoned in maximum security facilities, and executed. Beria himself was tortured to death by the Red Army at the NKVD headquarters for all to know.
Khrushchev would free the millions imprisoned by the gulags, end the use of slave labor, dismantle the massive internal security apparatus, preserve the Soviet murder records to ensure the world would someday know the truth about what really occurred behind the iron curtain, lift the mass deportations orders allowing entire ethnic groups such as the Chechens to return home, denounce Stalin as a criminal thug, and finally end the bolshevik reign of terror. Khrushchev deserves far more recognition than he receives for his benevolence. He also oversaw the Soviet Army deployment to Cuba armed to the teeth with atomic warheads ready to launch against the USA. He successfully ended the standoff with the US agreeing never to invade Cuba (a promise that was kept) and to remove its nukes from NATO bases in Turkey. He also laid the groundwork for the Soviet victory in Vietnam which was as much a Soviet triumph as a Vietnamese one. Despite all that his reformist worldview was unpopular with Soviet Army hardliner factions led by Leonid Brezhnev. He would later be deposed in a coup albeit a bloodless one. Khrushchev was retired comfortably assured that his legacy would redeem him. He can rest in peace knowing it did.
Speaking of Chechens they too would rise up against the Soviet/Russian system but they would succeed militarily. It was during Perestroika when other Soviet regions were gaining independence that Chechens saw an opportunity for themselves. However Chechnya’s mountainous terrain was a strategically important defensive barrier to the newly formed Russian Federation therefore they lacked legitimacy to secede. If Chechens didn’t take their chance now though another opportunity would not come again. The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was a nation state that existed from 1991-1999. Its founder was a Soviet Air Force general and Chechen nationalist named Dudayev. The Chechen cause received much support throughout the world including from eastern Europe. Many from newly independent countries would volunteer to assist the Chechens. They got their freedom and now they would help Chechnya win its own. Less savory volunteers also arrived from the middle east to assist in jihad. The nationalist and Islamist divide would later prove untenable but for now there was unity. The First Chechen War occurred in three phases. First was deposing the communist regime by defeating the police and KGB. That was when their sovereignty was initially established. After the cops and commies were killed and removed at gun point the second phase began. The newly formed Russian Federation would seek to train and arm pro-federal Chechens to defeat general Dudayev’s separatist government. They too failed with Dudayev’s top enforcer Shamil Basayev personally defeating their forces and executing their commander. The third phase was when the Russian military invaded Chechnya in 1994 to restore federal authority. The Russians expected their opposition to collapse much like it had during the Soviet era when they put down uprisings. What happened next was one for the history books. Russian forces entering the capital Grozny were met with massive military resistance. The scale of which they had never seen before. Thousands of soldiers were slaughtered in hours with entire armored vehicle convoys obliterated by coordinated RPG-7 strikes. It wasn’t just the enlisted men being killed scores of officers also died including colonels. Many more bodies were unidentifiable and burned beyond recognition. Chechen rebels celebrated their victory but many such as Dudayev and Basayev (ex-Soviet/Russian serviceman themselves) were much more sober. Chechens with military backgrounds shook their head in disbelief and horror. The defeat sent shock throughout Russia and more forces were mobilized for the full scale invasion of Chechnya. The rest of the war wouldn’t go much better as defeats kept piling up.
What was the secret to their success? The answer is that the separatist war had all the components of a civil war. While Chechens had a unique culture and religion separate to Russian Orthodox Slavs they spoke Russian, attended Russian schools, many had served in the Soviet/Russian military, some were even highly decorated in the WW2 Red Army. Firepower once explained that civil wars are far more devastating than other types of wars because the combatants are equals. This was no different. To understand the scale the Soviet-Afghan war cited as a defeat lasted ten years and the Afghan communist government didn’t even collapse until several years afterward. In Chechnya the Russian military took far more casualties and losses being totally defeated in the span of three years. It was a shockingly bloody ordeal for them. It’s hard to believe an ex-superpower could be destroyed so easily. Added to that was unlike the Soviet-Afghan war the Russian civilian population was also mercilessly killed in Chechnya and the surrounding regions. Chechnya’s Russian population stood at 48% before the war and today it is only 3%. Tens of thousands of Russians living in Chechnya were killed by Russian bombardment and rebel reprisals. Hundreds of thousands were also forced to flee again either from the war itself or from rebel ethnic cleansing. Both the federal and rebel sides deny involvement in war crimes each blaming the other for propaganda purposes. The Moscow elites also were not spared as terrorism occurred frequently in the capital itself as well.
Dudayev was assassinated by an air strike after his satellite phone location was intercepted by Russian signals intelligence. By then however the war had taken on a momentum of its own. Other commanders including Basayev would continue it. The 1996 rebel recapture of Grozny was one of the greatest operations of the modern era. While the war raged across Chechnya for years rebels had slowly infiltrated Grozny. The rebels would launch their biggest attack ever forcing the Russian military outside of the city meanwhile insurgents inside Grozny unleashed a wave of attacks. The surrounding Russian bases and fortresses were also assaulted pinning down Russian reinforcements. Without backup and taking massive losses with entire platoons being wiped out and rebels closing in on the federal HQ the Russian high command inside Grozny panicked and all the Russian fronts collapsed. The city and its surrounding regions were all conquered. The Chechen flag hoisted atop Grozny once again. With tens of thousands of troops, policemen, spies, bureaucrats, and commanders still trapped and isolated in the ongoing fighting the Russian government in Moscow finally accepted defeat. The First Chechen War was an overwhelming rebel success. The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was now a sovereign country.
The entire north and south Caucuses are rife with wars and separatist movements, many of which were successful such as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya, and others. The Chechens however did something that even a couple years earlier was impossible; defeating the strongest military in Europe on its own turf. Regardless of what happened later in Chechnya the courage and sacrifice of the rebels, their leaders, and the people of Chechnya itself was extraordinary. Their successes in the First Chechen War signaled a paradigm shift. No longer would states monopolize warfare. Gone were the days when tyrants were invincible. Without the Cold War none of that would be possible. When people say war is bad remember that’s mostly true when it ONLY serves the interests of the elites. Wars for defense, revolution, freedom, prosperity, and even conquest are necessary.
America won the Cold War because in the end superior character outmatched superior strength. No matter what it always comes down to a one on one showdown. No sneak attacks and no armies. Your best vs their best in a battle to the end. Where does the belief in fairness come from? Not from justice or sharing resources but from a fight. Humans instinctively value knowing who is the best, the alpha, the top dawg, etc. America unlike Murka was pure at heart and won that contest defeating the USSR decisively.


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The history of Slavic wedding ceremony traditions dates back towards the early twentieth century. Several works analyze a brief history of Slavic wedding rituals. Eckert 3rd there’s r., an ethnography of Slavic marriage, points out that there seemed to be no one Slavic expression for “wedding” until the 1955s. Nevertheless, svatbba is a quite new term that was used in each and every one Slavic ‘languages’.
In the nineteenth century, antithesis between city and country grew more powerful. In the same way, wedding ritual as well reflected the tension between the two societies. As the 19th hundred years progressed, city persuits were forged and peasant wedding customs were prepared in a metropolis context. Therefore, the observation of slavic http://how-m.chu.edu.krd/81c8e4/how-do-you-handle-your-disapproving-family-after-your marriage rituals is definitely heterogeneous, covering elements of the two town and country, and a range of social course customs.

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Tacky House News
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- Khloe Kardashian parties with James Harden on Fourth of July weekend, spotted sitting on his lap
- 'Big Brother' determines sole Head of Household and two nominees after Battle of the Block
- Kourtney Kardashian's longtime love Scott Disick photographed getting touchy-feely with ex-girlfriend on vacation
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Jackson, Michigan facts for kids
Quick facts for kids
|City of Jackson|
The Rose City, JAC, Prison City, J-Town, Jacktown, The Jack,
Location of Jackson within Jackson County, Michigan
|• City||10.99 sq mi (28.46 km2)|
|• Land||10.87 sq mi (28.15 km2)|
|• Water||0.12 sq mi (0.31 km2)|
|Elevation||932 ft (284 m)|
| • Estimate
|• Density||3,085.0/sq mi (1,191.1/km2)|
|• Metro||159,748 (US: 251th)|
|Time zone||UTC−5 (EST)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC−4 (EDT)|
|GNIS feature ID||0629165|
Jackson is a city located along Interstate 94 in the south central area of the U.S. state of Michigan, about 40 miles (64 km) west of Ann Arbor and 35 miles (56 km) south of Lansing. It is the county seat of Jackson County. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 33,534. It is the principal city of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Jackson County and has a population of 160,248.
It was founded in 1829 and named after President Andrew Jackson.
- Parks and recreation
- Sister cities
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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.99 square miles (28.46 km2), of which 10.87 square miles (28.15 km2) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.31 km2) is water.
On July 3, 1829, Horace Blackman, accompanied by Alexander Laverty, a land surveyor, and an Indian guide forded the Grand River and made camp for the night at what is now Trail and N. Jackson Street. They arrived in Jackson on a well-traveled Indian trail leading west from Ann Arbor. Blackman hired Laverty and Pewytum to guide him west. Blackman returned to Ann Arbor and then Monroe and registered his claim for 160 acres (65 ha) at two dollars an acre. Blackman returned to Jackson in August 1829, with his brother Russell. Together they cleared land and built a cabin on the corner of what would become Ingham and Trail streets. The town was first called Jacksonopolis. Later, it was renamed Jacksonburgh. Finally, in 1838 the town's name was changed to simply Jackson.
Birthplace of the Republican Party – "Under the Oaks"
Jackson is one of the birthplaces of the Republican Party. Undisputed is the fact that the first official meeting of the group that called itself "Republican" was held in Jackson Under the Oaks on July 6, 1854. A Michigan historical marker at what is now the northwest corner of Second and Franklin streets in Jackson commemorates an anti-slavery county convention on July 6, 1854. Meeting outside to avoid a hot, over-crowded hall, the group ultimately selected a slate of candidates for state elections. The marker identifies this as the birth of the Republican Party. The site, an oak grove on "Morgan's Forty", then on the outskirts of town, became known as "Under the Oaks".
Jackson was an early home to the moped parts industry. Even before Detroit began building cars on assembly lines in 1910, Jackson was busy making parts for cars and putting them together. By 1910, the auto industry became Jackson's main industry. Over twenty different cars were once made in Jackson, including: Reeves, Jaxon, Jackson, CarterCar, Orlo, Whiting, Butcher and Gage, Buick, Janney, Globe, Steel Swallow, C.V.I., Imperial, Ames-Dean, Cutting, Standard Electric, Duck, Briscoe, Argo, Hollier, Hackett, Marion-Handly, Gem, Earl, Wolverine, and Kaiser-Darrin. The Ye Ole Carriage Shop in Spring Arbor displays over 60 antique and classic cars including 5 one-and-onlys and 16 made in Jackson including a 1902 JAXON. Today the auto parts industry remains one of the largest employers of skilled machine operators in Jackson County.
Birthplace of the Coney Island hot dog
In 1914 George Todoroff founded the first Coney Island restaurant and created his famous Coney Island hot dog topping. His Coney Island restaurant was located directly in front of the railroad station located on East Michigan Avenue and was open 24 hours. The restaurant proved to be a popular dining option for rail passengers, and over the course of 31 years Todoroff sold over 17 million Coney Island hot dogs. Today two Coney Island restaurants unaffiliated with Todoroffs sit in a building near the train station on East Michigan Avenue, Virginia Coney Island and Jackson Coney Island. In addition to this several area restaurants throughout the Jackson area offer their own version of the Coney Island hot dog, or just "coney" as referred to by local residents. Jackson's version of the coney dog is distinctly different from what one will find at Detroit area Coney Island restaurants as well as other Coney Island restaurants throughout Michigan and the Midwest. In 2014 Todoroff's Coney Island celebrated its centenary.
Michigan's first state prison (1838–1934)
Michigan's first state prison was approved by the legislature in 1838. A temporary wooden prison, enclosed by a fence of tamarack poles, was built on sixty acres donated for that purpose inside the city limits of Jackson. In 1839 the first thirty-five prisoners were received. A permanent prison was built three years later. Beginning in the 1850s under Warden H.F. Hatch a greater emphasis was placed on the education and rehabilitation of prisoners. By 1882, Michigan’s First State Prison (1838–1934) was the largest walled prison in the world. Within its walls, the factories and surrounding farms, manned by cheap inmate labor, turned Jackson into one of the leading industrial cities in the nation. After 1934 the inmates were housed in the new prison just north of Jackson's city limit in Blackman Township. The historic building is now used as an artists’ resident community, known as the Armory Arts Village. Tours of the original prison site on Cooper St. inside the city limits are available through the Original Jackson Historic Prison Tours. A closed fully intact cell block on the site of the modern functioning prison in Blackman Township is now open as the Cell Block 7 Prison Museum. Independently operated by the accredited Ella Sharp Museum, this is the only museum that you can visit a closed cell block on the grounds of an active prison for a self-guided tour.
Corset industry (1860s-1920s)
Jackson’s numerous railroad connections and the local invention of the duplex corset by Bortree helped make Jackson a hotbed of corset manufacturing. By the early 20th century, Jackson was home to as many as 16 manufacturers of women’s corsets, the majority of which were located on Cortland and Pearl streets. As elastics came into manufacturing and fashions changed, the corset industry quickly declined. The majority of the corset manufacturers in Jackson closed their doors by 1920. Only three of the original corset companies survived past the 1920s, surviving by changing to the production of therapeutic and prosthetic support garments and devices.
“The First” Moses Bortree founded the Bortree Corset Company, the first corset manufacturer outside of New York, in 1868 at 112 W. Cortland. Founded to make crinoline skirts and bustles (hoop skirts!), they began manufacturing Bortree’s newest creation, the Duplex Corset in 1875. Within five years, production rose from 50,000 to 300,000 corsets per year.
“The Biggest” Founded in 1884, the Jackson Corset Co. became the largest manufacturer of corset and waist garments in the US. Located at 209-215 W. Cortland St., they employed almost 300 people by 1895. Inside Right:
“Woman-Owned” The Coronet Corset Manufactory opened in 1880 at 146 W. Main St. and later moved to 131-133 W. Pearl St. Coronet had the distinction of being run by the first and only female president, Mrs. C.A. McGee, who invented and patented the Coronet Corset.
Sources: The History of Business and Industry in Jackson, Michigan by the Ella Sharp Museum, 1993 (available at Jackson District Library)and recent Jackson Citizen Patriot stories (available at http://www.mlive.com/jackson/).
|U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 33,534 people, 13,294 households, and 7,872 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,085.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,191.1/km2). There were 15,457 housing units at an average density of 1,422.0 per square mile (549.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.4% White, 20.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.3% of the population.
There were 13,294 households of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were married couples living together, 22.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.14.
The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 28.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,316 people, 14,210 households, and 8,668 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,274.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,264.4/km2). There were 15,241 housing units at an average density of 1,374.4 per square mile (530.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.87% White, 19.70% Black or African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.65% from other races, and 3.67% from two or more races. 4.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 14,210 households out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the city, the population was spread out with 29.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,294, and the median income for a family was $39,072. Males had a median income of $31,957 versus $23,817 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,230. About 15.2% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.
Jackson was a major railway hub from the late nineteenth century into the mid-twentieth century, and for over a century has been known as the crossroads of Michigan. Today the Michigan Central Railroad Jackson Depot is the nation's oldest train station in continuous active use, located on East Michigan Avenue. It was placed on the national register of historic places in 2002.
Jackson is at the junction of I-94 and US 127.
- BL I-94
- US 127 is a north–south highway providing access northerly toward Lansing and Clare and southerly into Ohio. In the Jackson area, US 127 runs concurrently with I-94 for approximately four miles (6.4 km). It is freeway from Jackson northerly past Lansing, while the freeway south of Jackson quickly transitions to a two-lane, uncontrolled access highway.
Bus. US 127 is a loop route running through downtown, connecting with US 127 at either end.
- M-50 enters Jackson from the northwest, and exits southeast of town.
- M-60 approaches Jackson from the southwest, ending at I-94 west of the city.
- M-106 enters Jackson from the northeast and ends downtown.
Reynolds Field at Jackson County Airport is the main airport for the city. It hosted commercial service, primarily under the North Central Airlines banner, until 1984. With the "Blue Goose" aircraft now gone, the airport today operates as a general aviation facility. The Jackson Blues Festival is held there annually in June. The 700-acre airport, equipped with an ILS system, is located just south of I-94 ( Airport Road exit #137) and is home to over 100 general aviation aircraft ranging from single engine planes to business/corporate jet aircraft. The Airport is home to many businesses including the Jackson College Flight School, a restaurant, bar, and car rental.
- See also: Jackson, Michigan (Amtrak station)
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Jackson, operating its Wolverine three times daily in each direction between Chicago and Pontiac, Michigan, via Detroit. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment are allowed on board as carry-ons. Jackson and Lansing Railroad (JAIL) owns a line from Jackson to Lansing. Norfolk Southern (NS) owns a yard in Jackson as well.
Jackson Area Transportation Authority operates ten routes Monday through Saturday out of a central station located downtown. Greyhound Lines provides service from the JATA station. In addition to the publicly funded JATA, there are four private taxicab companies operating in town.
Parks and recreation
The City of Jackson Parks and Recreation Department includes:
- 1 18-hole golf course
- 1 driving range
- 1 horseshoe court
- 1 miniature golf course
- 1 outdoor swimming pool
- 2 community recreation centers
- 2 outdoor volleyball courts
- 3 baseball fields
- 7 picnic shelters
- 11 soccer fields
- 12 outdoor basketball courts
- 17 softball fields – 4 lighted, 13 unlighted
- 14 fully equipped playground areas
- 26 parks, totaling 645 acres
Some of the parks include:
- Blackman Park: a small city park on Michigan Avenue in the middle of the city of Jackson, contains a fountain in the middle of the park honoring soldiers from the Civil War, a few benches and some foliage.
- Bloomfield Park: a small park in the Jackson city limits on Michigan Avenue. There are picnic tables, basketball courts, tennis courts, baseball/softball fields and a small playground.
- Falling Waters Trail: 10.5-mile asphalt rail-trail follows the old rail bed of the former Michigan Central Railroad from Weatherwax Road in Jackson to the village of Concord. The trail has been dedicated as a Jackson County Park. The trail is mostly rural, with only a few road crossings. It also crosses the Lime Lake County Park (5501 Teft Road) where you can drop a line for fish. The trail continues as the Intercity Trail for another 3.4 miles from Weatherwax Road to Morrell Street.
- Sparks Park and The Cascades (AKA Cascade Falls Park): one of the larger parks in the country. The park contains the Cascades Championship Golf Course, one with 18 holes and a short course with 9 hole, as well as two large play structures, basketball court, baseball and softball fields and a popular paved walking path. It is famous for the Cascade Falls, which is one of the largest man-made waterfalls in the world, with 6 immense fountains, 3 reflecting pools and 16 falls. The Cascades Manor House hosts wedding receptions and corporate events. The park is also home to the Cascades Ice Cream Co. which opens when there is usually still snow on the ground and stays open until October. Every late August, the annual Cascades Civil War Muster is held there. There are some man-made ponds and wetlands with many types of water fowl. In 2012, the urban fishery opened, stocked with blue gill and large mouth bass. This pond features informative signs, a large picnic gazebo and a fishing pier, accessible by wheelchair. Part of it is in the city of Jackson, but most is in Summit Township.
- Dahlem Environmental Education Center: is a nature center located in Summit Township in the southern part of the county. It has an educational center, five miles of trails, many ponds, wetlands, and a forest area. A resurfaced 3/8 mile trail has been specially redesigned for visitors with limited mobility. Dahlem is also known to have one of the largest eastern bluebird trails.
- Ella Sharp Park: the largest city park located on 562 acres along the banks of the southwest branch of the Grand River in the city of Jackson. It consists of a golf course, a miniature golf course, a golf learning center, flower gardens, miles of hiking & biking trails, a basketball court, soccer fields, softball fields,the Peter Hurst Planetarium, and the Ella Sharp Museum. The Ella Sharp Park is the host to the annual Jackson Hot Air Jubilee in July.
- Loomis Park: a small park in the Jackson city limits. It consist of picnic tables, two outdoor basketball courts, two outdoor tennis courts, baseball/softball fields and a large wooden playground. The park also contains the Boos Recreation Center which hosts a variety of classes, events and workshops year-round.
- Martin Luther King Center: a full service community center part of the Howard Charles Woods Recreational Complex, a small park in the Jackson city limits. It has picnic tables, a playground, two outdoor basketball courts, a tennis court, two baseball/softball fields and a recreation area with some trees and foliage.
- William Nixon Memorial Park: a small park in the middle of the city of Jackson. It has skateboard ramps, a public water park, including two large water slides, a full-size inline hockey rink as well as four softball fields, playground equipment and a picnic shelter.
- Varel, Germany
- Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jackson has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
|Charlotte, Hastings, Eaton Rapids||Lansing, Mason, Holt, East Lansing||Howell, Pontiac|
|Battle Creek, Marshall, Portage, Kalamazoo||Chelsea, Ann Arbor, Detroit|
|Coldwater||Hudson, Hillsdale||Tecumseh, Adrian, Toledo|
Images for kids
Jackson, Michigan Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.