Patent application title: APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE REACTIVE POWER FROM A CLUSTER OF WIND TURBINES CONNECTED TO A UTILITY GRID
Allan Holm Jorgensen (Aalborg, DK)
Lars Helle (Suldrup, DK)
Leonard Schaier (Port Washington, NY, US)
VESTAS WIND SYSTEMS A/S
IPC8 Class: AH02P904FI
Class name: Electric control fluid-current motors wind
Publication date: 2010-12-09
Patent application number: 20100308585
Patent application title: APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE REACTIVE POWER FROM A CLUSTER OF WIND TURBINES CONNECTED TO A UTILITY GRID
Allan Holm Jorgensen
WOOD, HERRON & EVANS, LLP
Origin: CINCINNATI, OH US
IPC8 Class: AH02P904FI
Publication date: 12/09/2010
Patent application number: 20100308585
The present invention relates to a method for increasing a total reactive
power capability of a cluster of wind turbines operationally connected to
a grid. The method comprises the steps of generating a voltage value
representative of a grid voltage level, determining a total required
reactive power value based on the voltage value, and activating at least
one wind turbine in said cluster to increase the total reactive power
capability from a present value to the required total reactive power
value by a predetermined amount. Moreover, the present invention relates
to a system suitable for carrying out the before-mentioned method.
1. A method for incrementally increasing a total reactive power capability
of a cluster of wind turbines operationally connected to a grid, the
total reactive power capability of said cluster being increasable in
discrete steps of predetermined reactive power amounts, wherein each wind
turbine in said cluster of wind turbines is assigned one predetermined
amount of reactive power, the method comprising:generating a voltage
value representative of a grid voltage level;determining a total required
reactive power value based on the voltage value; andactivating at least
one wind turbine in said cluster to increase the total reactive power
capability of said cluster of wind turbines from a present value to the
required total reactive power value, said activation involving a turn on
or a turn off of the predetermined amount of reactive power assigned to
said at least one wind turbine.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the increase of total reactive power capability of said cluster of wind turbines corresponds to an increased absorption of reactive power.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the increase of total reactive power capability of said cluster of wind turbines corresponds to an increased generation of reactive power.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of reactive power is based on the reactive power capability of the activated wind turbine.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one activated wind turbine is selected from a cluster map, said cluster map defining an order in which the wind turbines of said cluster is activated.
6. A system for providing a total amount of reactive power to a grid based on a signal representative of at least one voltage in the grid, said system comprising:a cluster of wind turbines, said cluster having at least one wind turbine with at least one memory location for storing a reactive power value assigned to said wind turbine(s), the reactive power value being indicative of an amount of reactive power contributing to the total amount of reactive power capability of said cluster of wind turbines; anda controller for converting the at least one voltage in the grid to a desired total reactive power and identifying and signally a wind turbine in the cluster to contribute reactive power corresponding to the reactive power value stored in the identified turbine's memory.
7. A system according to claim 6, wherein the cluster of wind turbines comprises at least 50 wind turbines.
8. A system according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the identified wind turbine is selected from a cluster map, said cluster map defining an order in which wind turbines should be activated.
9. A method for adjusting a first value of a total reactive power of a cluster of wind turbines operatively connected to a grid, the method comprising:assigning each wind turbine in the cluster a position in a cluster map and a predetermined amount of reactive power, said map defining a sequence in which wind turbines are activated;receiving a voltage value;calculating a second total reactive power value based on the voltage value;comparing the second reactive power value to the first total reactive power value and performing one of the following steps:activating the next turbine in the map if the second total reactive power value is greater than the first reactive power value by the assigned predetermined amount of reactive power, ordeactivating the last activated wind turbine if the second total reactive power value is smaller than the first reactive power value by the assigned predetermined amount of reactive power.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the voltage value is representative of a grid voltage level.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to controlling the reactive power from a cluster of wind turbines to control voltage on an electric power grid, and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for controlling the reactive power contribution of individual turbines in the cluster by using on-off control rather than linear control of each turbine.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A wind turbine is an energy converting device that converts kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy for use by customers connected to a utility power grid. This type of energy conversion typically involves using wind to turn turbine blades that, in turn rotates the rotor of an AC electrical generator either directly or through a gearbox.
The electrical power available from a wind driven generator and supplied to a utility grid is a function of the power available from the wind, its speed, losses in the grid and the characteristics of the distribution system and loads connected thereto. Because the wind speed and load fluctuates, voltage levels in the grid vary. Likewise since most electric power transmission components have a significant reactive component; voltages in the grid are also a function of the reactive characteristics of loads and components connected to the grid.
To prevent damage to equipment, grid voltage must be held within certain tolerances. One method of supporting grid voltage control is the use of suppliers or absorbers of variable amounts of reactive power to compensate for voltage changes due to the reactive nature of the grid. When overhead lines are primarily inductive, for example, a passive device such as an inductor absorbs reactive power and tends to lower grid voltages while a capacitor supplies reactive power which tends to raise grid voltages
The primary electrical output of an AC generator is from its stator. The output from the stator can be directly connected to the grid or pass through a power converter. One common generator of prior art systems is the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) where the output from the stator is controlled by the current in its rotor. The stator in such a system can be directly connected to the grid because the stator voltage and frequency, being controlled by the rotor, can be forced to match the grid voltage and frequency.
A DFIG can also be used as a supplier or absorber of reactive power and therefore contribute to voltage control. The state of the machine depends on whether the level of rotor current provided is greater or less than that needed to provide sufficient flux to generate rated output voltage. When excess current is applied to the rotor of a DFIG the machine is considered to be overexcited. In this state more flux than is necessary is generated by rotor current, the machine supplies or generates reactive power from the stator. By convention, the reactive power from the generator is considered to be positive (flowing from the generator) and typically labeled "+Q".
If on the other hand the machine receives too little rotor current it is considered to be under excited. In this state the machine absorbs reactive power into the stator to help supply flux. By convention, the reactive power is considered to be negative (flowing into the generator) and typically labeled "-Q".
A non-DFIG such as a synchronous generator or cage induction machine can also be used as the electrical generator in a wind turbine system that provides controlled reactive power. When these machine types are used in a variable speed configuration a full converter is needed between the stator output and a utility grid. Modern full converters used in wind turbine applications utilize self commutated devices which permit control of the ratio of real to reactive power as well as control of reactive power substantially independent of real power. Prior art systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,083,039 and 5,225,712 are examples of wind turbines that use a full converter and disclose power factor or reactive power control. Likewise for these systems the direction of reactive power flow (+Q or -Q) is based on the phase relationship between output voltage and current but the conventions regarding the sign of Q is the same as for generators; +Q indicates that the converter is supplying reactive power and -Q indicates that it is absorbing reactive power.
In some prior art systems, when two or more turbines are used in a wind farm a control system determines a particular reactive power for the wind farm or park that is based on either a sensed voltage or a system operator command or both. In this case each wind turbine provides substantially the same amount of reactive power. That is the total required reactive power divided by the number of turbines provides the reactive power support.
Alternatively each wind turbine in a park can adjust its reactive power output based on the same sensed voltage (which is transmitted to each turbine) without an intermediate conversion to a reactive power level for the park. An example is the prior art turbine disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,965,174. As disclosed therein, the turbine uses a control system that linearly increases and decreases a phase angle between real and reactive output from each individual wind turbine once the sensed voltage is outside of a deadband.
With the increasing use of wind turbine generated electrical power, the amount of real power and reactive power provided by wind turbines has increased and the turbine's role in the control of grid operations has become of greater significance. Moreover with the ever increasing number of wind turbines grouped in wind parks, having each individual turbine controlling its reactive power in parallel with all others can lead to undesirable control system interactions. Prior art systems such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,083,039, 5,225,712, 6,137,187 and 4,994,684 disclose arrangements which control reactive power but do so on a per wind turbine basis.
According to embodiments of the present invention reactive power control is provided by the on-off control of a pre-stored value based on an overall reactive power capability of a cluster of turbines. This approach simplifies wind park design and reduces the load on the SCADA data transmission system. This reduced load results from the elimination of a need to continuously communicate to each turbine a reactive power requirement or a sample of the voltage to be controlled.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides incremental reactive power control by commanding the activation or deactivation of the reactive power output of one or more turbines, generally one turbine at a time, as grid voltage or other needs change. In a preferred embodiment, the number of wind turbines activated to provide reactive power is proportional to the total reactive power available and voltage deviation from a nominal value.
The reactive power to be supplied is a function of both voltage sensed at a point of common connection (PCC), some other point in a grid, a composite value based on a number of voltage measurements or as a result of a combination of voltage measurements and system needs as determined by a power dispatcher.
A grouping of wind turbines that participate in support of the reactive power needs is herein termed a cluster. If for example there are 100 wind turbines in a wind farm or collection of wind farms but only 80 of those wind turbines are assigned, if called upon, to provide reactive power, then the cluster has 80 turbines.
A park controller maintains a cluster map/table that defines the turbines currently assigned to the cluster and the order in which turbines in the cluster are called upon to contribute their available reactive power.
In one embodiment voltage compensation is achieved by activating a variable number of wind turbines such that each turbine provides a fraction of the reactive power needed to provide voltage change. For example, if the total wind turbine population was 100 wind turbines, and 80 of those wind turbines were assigned to voltage control, and furthermore that each of the wind turbines could generate or absorb 100 kVAr, then the 80 wind turbines could generate or absorb up to 80 100 kVAr or 8 MVAr in increments of 100 kVAr.
A park controller comprises a droop characteristic and logic flow stored in a computer. While the droop characteristic provides a linear relationship between the voltage at the PCC and reactive power, the programmed logic flow breaks the reactive power requirement into discrete steps so that individual turbines can be activated to provide reactive power or deactivated as required. The steps are preferably equal to the rated reactive power from each turbine and for the case above is 100 kVAr.
The sequence and usage of individual turbines is defined in a cluster map/table that preferably defines the order of activation of each turbine. In a preferred embodiment a turbine's position in the map may be altered to achieve the same or variable wear on the turbines within the cluster or to facilitate maintenance. For maintenance and other reasons turbines can be added to or removed from the cluster.
The position in the map of each turbine unit is controlled by management software which preferably is positioned hierarchically giving consideration to maintenance schedules, wear, or such other criteria as established by the wind farm operator. Likewise a turbines position in the map can be determined automatically under computer program control whereby on line time, power output, environmental conditions, etc. or weighted combinations of all or part of such parameters or conditions are considered.
A specific turbine may, for example, be scheduled to be activated for small values of voltage deviations for certain periods of time and for larger deviations for other periods of time. Those turbines that are activated for small voltage changes will be providing reactive power more often than those that are only activated for larger deviations and service scheduling can be adjusted in accordance with usage. As noted, from time to time a turbine may be removed from the cluster, for example, to allow for maintenance and another turbine not previously in the cluster may be substituted.
No continuous signals related to reactive power are sent to a turbine in the cluster. For bus oriented systems it is only necessary to address the particular turbine to be activated and provide two bits of information. These bits define the sign of the reactive power and whether a turbine is deactivated. Moreover, although the preferred embodiment utilizes SCADA for transmitting the on-off signals to each turbine in a cluster, other embodiments may use other paths for reactive power control to decrease response time and take advantage of the inherent noise immunity generally available with simple data packages.
Although the preferred embodiment describes the voltage to be controlled as typically the voltage at the PCC (point of common connection) with its control carried out in the park with respect to that measurement point, it will be readily within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to measure or calculate the voltage on the grid remote from the PCC and provide reactive power calculated on the basis of that voltage information.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring to the figures in which like numbers refer to like elements:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a typical wind turbine assembly
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing major portions of the wind turbine located under the nacelle.
FIG. 3 is block representation of a wind park.
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration showing reactive power as a function of grid voltage.
FIG. 5 is graphical representation of the reactive power capabilities of a prior art AC generator.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the preferred logic flow for the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a table illustrating a preferred cluster map for the present invention.
FIGS. 8-10 are block diagrams of prior art wind turbines each provided with the control system of the present invention.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a wind turbine 10 supported on a tower 20 and a wind turbine nacelle 30 positioned on top of the tower.
A wind turbine rotor having three wind turbine blades 25 is shown in FIG. 1 connected to the hub 24 through pitch mechanisms 26. Each pitch mechanism 26 includes a blade bearing and pitch actuating means which allows the blade to pitch. The pitch process is controlled by a pitch controller. Details of the blade bearings, pitch actuating means and pitch controller (not shown) are well known in the art.
FIG. 2 shows major elements of a wind turbine located under/within nacelle 30 in block diagram form. Blades 25 mechanically drive generator 34, through gearbox 32, whose output is fed to transformer and switching block 36 and then to wind park substation 210 (shown in FIG. 3.) and an electrical grid (not shown).
Output of generator 34 is controlled via rotor power controller 38 which is responsive to reactive power controller 40 and real power controller 48. Rotor power converter 38 raises/converts the signals from controllers 40 and 48 to a level suitable for driving the rotor of generator 34. The signals for rotor power converter 38 are developed below.
Park controller 58 located in park substation 210 (shown in FIG. 3) comprises a droop characteristic (shown in FIG. 4), a logic flow diagram (shown in FIG. 6) and a cluster map (shown in FIG. 7). While the droop characteristic provides a linear relationship between the voltage at the PCC and reactive power, the programmed logic flow of FIG. 6 breaks the reactive power requirement into discrete steps so that individual turbines can be activated to provide reactive power or deactivated as required.
The cluster map of FIG. 7 provides an ordered listing of the turbines in a cluster and the amount and sign of reactive power expected from each turbine in the cluster (A cluster 212 in shown in FIG. 3). As shown in FIG. 7, if the signal converter 50 memories containing positive values of turbines at index values 1, 2 and 3 are activated, then the cluster is producing +1800 vars. Like wise if the negative memories of signal converter 50 of the same turbines were activated then the cluster is absorbing 2250 vars.
Park controller 58 receives a signal representative of a voltage measurement at PCC 60 (VPCC), in the grid, or of a composite value based on a plurality of voltage measurements via signal line 62. Likewise, line 64 may receive a reactive power command determined by a system operator as either a particular vars value or in the form of a power factor value which may then be converted to a VAr value. This latter value of reactive power can act as a bias to the reactive power increments controlled by the on-off signals from park controller 58.
The total amount of reactive power required for each sampled value of VPCC is found using the droop type characteristic in FIG. 4. This characteristic includes a region showing an increasing generation of reactive power as grid voltage falls (Region I), a region of substantially fixed reactive power level (Region II) and a region where an increasing grid voltage calls for increased absorption of reactive power (Region III).
Using the notation of FIG. 4 and the geometry of similar triangles we find the relationship between the reactive power and grid voltage changes in Region III is given as follows:
Qdroop-Qnominal=(Q.sub.max-Qnominal)/Vlimithighmax-V.s- ub.limit)*(Vactual-Vlimithigh);
where Qdroop is the value of Q defined at Vactual, (Qdroop-Qnominal) is the total amount of reactive power absorbed as the voltage in the grid rises from Vnominalhigh to Vactual and (Q.sub.max-Qnominal) is the maximum reactive power change available from a cluster to cover a voltage range of Vlimithigh to Vlimithighmax. The range from Vlimithigh to Vlimithighmax is indicated by line 230 and preferably has a value of 5% of Vnominal while the range of Vactual-Vlimithigh is indicated by line 240.
FIG. 5 illustrates the real and reactive power output of a prior art DFIG operating at or below synchronous speed. As shown in FIG. 5 the generator operating at rated power can generate 600 kvars (and absorb approximately 750 kvars) so that the cluster 212 of FIG. 3 can generate a total of 80×600 kVAr or 48000 kVArs. Therefore with a nominal voltage of 10 kv at the PCC and a Qnominal=0 for the cluster and farm, the number of vars absorbed by the cluster as a function of the actual voltage at the PCC is given by:
Qdroop=48 MVAr (Vactual-Vlimithigh)/(0.05×10,000)=-96 kvar(Vactual-Vlimithigh);
The required change of reactive power for Region I where the grid voltage is below Vnomimallow and falling is developed in a similar manner and yields:
Qdroop=60 MVAr (Vactual-Vlimitlow)/(0.05×10,000)=120 kvar(Vactual-Vlimitlow);
where again Qnominal is assumed zero and Vlimitlowmin-Vlimitlow=0.05×10,000)
A decision to turn on (activate) or turn off (deactivate) the reactive power value assigned to a particular turbine is made using calculated values from Eq. 2 or 3 as appropriate and the logic of FIG. 6. Simply stated, an implementation substantially as given in FIG. 6 will not allow an index value change or deactivation unless the voltage at the PCC changes sufficiently to require a change in cluster reactive power equal to or greater than the reactive level stored in memory of the next turbine to be activated OR, in the case of a deactivation, is greater than or equal to the value of reactive power provided by the last turbine activated.
When a next turbine is to be activated or a currently activated turbine is deactivated, the address of the of the turbine to be activated or deactivated is read from table 7, a 2 bit code that defines whether a positive, negative or no reactive power is generated and the code is sent, along with a function identifier or label that identifies the code as pertaining to reactive power output, to the turbine to be controlled.
The two bit code generated in park controller 58 is received by signal converter 50 via SCADA interface 56 and signal line 52. Signal converter 50 comprises two memory location for storing a positive and a negative value of reactive power. Signal converter 50 is discussed further in a paragraph that follows.
In a preferred embodiment all wind turbines in a cluster will have substantially the same values stored in their signal converter 50 memory associated with positive reactive power and a different value in memory associated with negative reactive power. This is the case for the preferred embodiment because, as can be seen from the prior art generator of FIG. 5 and discussed above, its ability to deliver positive reactive power is different from its ability to absorb reactive power.
As shown in FIG. 5, if real power demand is lower because of low wind conditions or a reduced maximum power setting communicated by the system operator, the generator of FIG. 5 can deliver up to 1500 kvar. Likewise, local environmental conditions such as consistently high or low ambient temperatures may make it advisable to change the overall reactive power capabilities of each turbine. Therefore the apparatus and method may include the capability to change, via e.g., the SCADA signal, the preset values stored in each wind turbine due to these factors.
Likewise, in an alternate embodiment SCADA can download different values of reactive power for each wind turbine in a cluster to allow for different droop curve shapes as a park controller 58 triggers different turbines in a cluster 212. With this configuration it is possible to offer other profiles to provide either more or less compensation over certain voltage ranges or to create non-linear compensation characteristics.
The signal feeding real power controller 48 includes real power reference 42 (which may be developed from wind speed) and external power limit 44. External power limit 44 may override the real power reference 42 as in, for example, high wind conditions or potentially harmful grid conditions or when it is desirable to limit maximum real power so that the absorption or production of reactive power could be maximized as described above.
Signal converter 50 decodes the 2 bit code received from SCADA interface 56 and converts the code into a command for signal converter 50 to output the contents of one of its two memories (one for a positive reactive power and one for negative value of reactive power), or to output a zero value if a turbine is to deactivated. To save bandwidth the output value from each turbine is latched and does not change unless commanded to do so through SCADA interface 56.
This output of signal converter 50 is preferably provided in digital form to reactive power controller 40 and after processing by reactive power controller 40 is fed to rotor power interface 38 and the rotor connections (not shown) of DFIG 34.
Input signals to real power controller 48 via signal line 54 and signal converter 50 via signal line 52 are also received from SCADA interface 56 as are other messages and commands from park controller 58 located in park substation 210 shown in FIG. 3.
Preferably each turbine records its output voltage before and after a reactive power activation and its active power output when activated or deactivated. By dividing a change in voltage by the reactive power that caused it, an estimate of the impedance (total load) at the measurement point can be made. This is generally calculated for each turbine.
The data can be used to estimate the load at each individual turbine and reflects the characteristics of the farm and the grid as experienced by each turbine. Alternatively, voltage changes as a result of reactive power changes are measured at the PCC and the results provide an estimate of the characteristics of the grid as seen by the complete farm.
Measurement of voltage changes due to reactive power changes at different real power levels yields information regarding transmission line effects between turbines and the PCC, as well as between the farm and the grid. As known to those skilled in the art, transmission line effects can be a function of real power loading.
The data permits condition monitoring of the farm and the grid, as well as optimizing what reactive power values can be contributed for each turbine as a function of its position in the farm. For example, the closer a turbine is to the
PCC the greater its contribution of reactive power will have on the voltage changes at the PCC due to changing grid conditions. With knowledge of the influence of each turbines contribution of reactive power to controlling voltage at the PCC, the values of reactive power assigned to each turbine can be to optimized to maximize the benefits of the contributions of each turbine.
The present invention can be readily incorporated into a number of prior art turbines including but not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,684 ("the '684 Patent"), U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,187 ("the '187 Patent") and U.S. Pat. No. 5,083,039 ("the '039 Patent). With regard to the '684 Patent the output from the signal converter block 50 would be coupled to the input of block 57 shown in FIG. 8 herein (FIG. 1 of the '684 Patent). Likewise for the system of the '187 Patent, signal converter block 50 would be preferable coupled to the input of block 627 in FIG. 9 herein (FIG. 6b of the '187 Patent) and would be coupled to block 54 of the '039 Patent shown in FIG. 10 herein (FIG. 2 of the '039 Patent).
As one skilled in the art would recognize, and as demonstrated above, the present invention is applicable to wind turbine systems having generators followed by full converters where all power to the grid passes through the full converter or wind turbine systems having partial converters where power to a grid can be take from a stator and a rotor.
Likewise while the present invention has been described in the context of controlling reactive power above and below -5% to +5% of a nominal voltage, a person skilled in the art would recognize that the range could be different than -5% to +5% and in fact be asymmetrical or substantially zero. Moreover while the presents invention has been described using maximum and minimum voltages of +10% and -10% of nominal voltage, these limits as well can be different.
Moreover, in alternate embodiments of the present invention Region II of FIG. 4 extends through Region I whereby the reactive power output of a cluster would be substantially constant from low voltages up to a nominal voltage +5% for example. Alternate embodiments having different ranges for Region II are advantageous configured by simply recalculating a droop characteristic while having a flat region extending from Region II down to low voltage is preferably achieved by limiting turbine activations to those that keep the total cluster reactive power to values in Region II and Region III.
In a further alternative embodiment Regions II and III of FIG. 4 are combined and total reactive power is constrained to values in Regions I and II.
Although the invention has been described by reference to certain embodiments and prior art wind turbines, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described. Modifications and variations will occur to those skilled in the art in light of the teachings. The scope of the invention is defined with reference to the following claims.
Patent applications by Allan Holm Jorgensen, Aalborg DK
Patent applications by Lars Helle, Suldrup DK
Patent applications by Leonard Schaier, Port Washington, NY US
Patent applications by VESTAS WIND SYSTEMS A/S
Patent applications in class Wind
Patent applications in all subclasses Wind


text:
Our last course of the year is a very special one–we’ll be teaching the California Routine! A classic lindy hop routine, choreographed by the legendary Frankie Manning, it draws on all of the fundamentals of lindy hop, including 6 beat, 8 beat and Charleston footwork. Once you know this routine, you will see it everywhere! Most lindy hoppers learn it at some point so it’s an easy impromptu performance piece. Whether you want to do more performing or you’re just looking to challenge yourself, this course is a great way to do it!
We will need to move quickly to get through the routine in four weeks so there are a few prerequisites. You will need to be familiar with basic 6 beat moves (tuck turn, passby, bring back), swingouts, and tandem Charleston. The version we do on the course will have some flashy moves but no big aerials so that we can focus on the dancing (for those that are interested we’re happy to help you add aerials in later!).
California Routine Course
Wednesdays, 21st November – 12th December
8:30 – 9:30pm at The Dance Studio Leeds
£30 for the 4 week course
Email email@example.com to book your place
Here’s a sneak peek of what the California Routine looks like (with aerials)

domain: hobby


The Metropolitan Orchestra of Lisbon (OML) participates this year, for the first time, in the music program of the 58th Religious Music Week in Cuenca, Spain, was released today.
The OML, under the direction of its master conductor, Pedro Amaral, the Spanish Television Radio Choir (RTVE) and the soloists Miren Urbieta-Vega (soprano), Lorena Valero (half soprano), Fabián Lara (tenor) and André Henriques (bass) will present, in Cuenca, ‘Missa Solemnis’, by Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827).
The program will be presented on 14 April in Lisbon, at the Money Museum, formerly the Church of S. Julião, and on the 17th, at the auditorium of Cuenca, in the autonomous region of Castile-La Mancha, Spain.
Beethoven proposed to compose ‘Missa Solemnis’ when, in 1818, Archduke Rudolph of Habsburg-Lorraine, his patron and friend, learned that he would receive the title of Cardinal and become Archbishop of Moravia.
The “Missa Solemnis” was scheduled for the Archbishop’s entry ceremony in the diocese, but it was not finalized five years later, such “the care and obstinacy with which the composer faced the project,” the OML said in a statement.
Beethoven “studied the writing techniques of eighteenth-century sacred music, in particular of JS Bach, became acquainted with a way of approaching the missal freed from the contamination of the Italian opera that surrounded it, and returned to the world a work in his personal name, purified and imposing, “says the OML, who recalls that, at the same time, the composer wrote the Symphony No. 9,” Coral. ”
The German master “had a Catholic education and never abandoned a deep spiritual consciousness, which, by the way, became more pronounced at the end of his life.”
At the top of the score, Beethoven wrote: “Coming from the heart – that can return to the heart“.
In 1804, the composer began by being a teacher of piano of this prince of Austria and Hungary and, later, it became his friend, having dedicated to him 14 compositions, among them this “Missa Solemnis“.
The OML’s activity in Spain is part of the protocol between the Association of Music, Education and Culture (AMEC), which oversees the Portuguese orchestra, and the Spanish Television Radio Choir and Orchestra, which was renewed in June last year.
Among the objectives of this protocol are “diverse exchanges” and the commitment to the “progressive, consistent and continued internationalization” of the Metropolitan Metropolitan Metropolitan Region, said at the time.


text:
Grab & Go Battleship
The Grab and Go Games assortment features compact and portable versions of favorite Hasbro games including Clue, Connect 4, Hungry Hungry Hippos, Monopoly, and Trouble games. Each game features classic gameplay and comes as an all-in-one game unit for easy storage and portability. Kids and adults alike can enjoy taking their favorite games on the go for playing anytime.
COMMANDER: Prepare your strategy and lead your troops to VICTORY!
Deploy your fleet, plan your attack and prepare to fire. Call out coordinates and mark your hits and misses. To win the battle, destroy the enemy fleet before your own ships are sunk!

domain: game


text:
LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Citi, a founding member of CurveGlobal, is now able to provide execution and clearing capabilities for interest rate derivatives futures through the London Stock Exchange plc’s derivatives market (LSEDM) and LCH, a leading global clearing house.
CurveGlobal is a venture between London Stock Exchange Group, a number of leading dealer banks, together with the Chicago Board Options Exchange.
Jerome Kemp, Global Head of Futures, Clearing and Collateral at Citi commented, "We are delighted to join the growing number of futures firms capable of delivering CurveGlobal's products to our clients, and are excited about the prospects for continued growth."
CurveGlobal's aim is to develop a competitive offering via LSEDM which has Recognised Investment Exchange status in the interest rate futures market, delivering lower transaction costs, and capital efficiencies through LCH SwapClear's recently announced interest rate portfolio margining solution.
Andy Ross, CEO of CurveGlobal added, “When we launched CurveGlobal, our aim was to create a new future for derivatives trading and clearing and we are delighted that Citi has become the latest global member to execute on the platform. Citi brings both trading and clearing services to CurveGlobal, as we look to further build volumes and open interest”.
Citi, the leading global bank, has approximately 200 million customer accounts and does business in more than 160 countries and jurisdictions. Citi provides consumers, corporations, governments and institutions with a broad range of financial products and services, including consumer banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services, and wealth management.
Additional information may be found at www.citigroup.com | Twitter: @Citi | YouTube: www.youtube.com/citi | Blog: http://new.citi.com | Facebook: www.facebook.com/citi | LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/citi

domain: finance


text:
At least five Paperchase stores will close after the stationery chain began a Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA) process on Monday.
The high street retailer, owned by private equity group Primary Capital, blamed the combination of declining footfall and higher business costs.
It expected a “small number of loss-making stores” to close as part of the process, but the majority of its 145 outlets would continue to trade as normal.
Paperchase has requested that advisers at KPMG propose cutting rents in half for 28 shops for three months and to link rents with turnover for a further 70 sites, with 45 remaining unchanged. It hired the accountancy firm at the start of the year following a poor Christmas and declining sales.
Duncan Gibson, chief executive, said Paperchase needed to reshape its store estate to ensure a "long-term, sustainable future".
“We have decided to take decisive action now to ensure we’re able to succeed in the future. We believe this is in the best interests of the company, our people, creditors and our customers,” he said.
Pre-tax profits at Paperchase plunged 88pc to £613,000 for the year ending January 2017.
Wil Wright of KPMG said: "Like many other businesses in the retail sector, the company has been adversely affected by a cocktail of well-documented issues, including a reduction in footfall, increased rents and business rates, and margin pressure from sterling depreciation."
The popularity of CVAs has soared in the past 18 months as retailers have fought for ways to slash their expensive store estate.
Paperchase, which has about 2,000 staff, also has stores in Europe and the Middle East as well as the UK.
Creditors will vote on the proposals on March 22, with the approval of 75pc needed for the CVA to be implemented.

domain: news


text:
The Hague, October 2014, 3 pages
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups targeted for the trafficking in human beings (THB). Organised crime groups (OCGs) choose to traffic children as they can be easily recruited and quickly replaced. OCGs can also maintain child victims relatively cheaply and discreetly. The exploitation of children violates the human rights of children; to have a safe childhood in their family setting, to receive education, to have time to play and to be protected from exploitation.
Europol, July 2015, 14 pages
Europol is currently looking for a Seconded National Expert (SNE) in the Organised Crime Networks Group (022).
The successful candidate will be tasked to support the competent authorities of the Member States in preventing or combating the forms of criminality in trafficking in human beings: this is a major area of concern for both Europol and the EU as a whole.
Applications must be sent to Europol by the 19th of September 2014 at the latest.
Europol, 2005, 23 pages
The report examines how an adequate legal framework at a national level is a requirement for effective measures against human trafficking and smuggling.
It emphasises that trafficking and smuggling are two different crimes and both should be dealt with through separate and specific legislation. The difference in penalties for trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in the Member States is significant. The penalties for smugglers also vary between countries.
The Hague, March 2014, Early Warning Notification 2014/8
Marriages of convenience as a modus operandi for the facilitation of illegal immigration
2008 / 153-785 - Thematic Program for Migration and Asylum
Countries/Region - South Africa
2.480.000€ (EU contribution -1.980.000€)
From 1/03/2009 to 28/02/2013
South Africa Border Control Operations Coordinating Committee (BCOCC), the Netherlands (Associate) and Europol (Associate)
Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Netherlands
2012 – 2015 (36 months)
Co-beneficiaries and Partners
Lund University (ULUND), Sweden; Center for Bioethics (BCB), Bulgaria; Academic Society for the Research of Religions

domain: sociology


Bob Harlow on Technology
High speed rail will bring down housing costs
Harlow posted on Twitter: "Hard working Americans are struggling to pay rent that goes up year after year.
We need modern high speed rail to bring down housing costs."
Source: Twitter posting on 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial race
, Dec 31, 2017
Build 200 mile-per-hour high-speed rail network in Wisconsin
Bob Harlow wants to bring a 200 mile-per-hour high-speed rail network to Wisconsin and pledges to undo Act 10, the 2011 law that stripped most public workers of their collective bargaining rights.
Walker campaigned on canceling the high-speed rail plans of his predecessor, Democrat Jim Doyle. And, a few weeks after taking office in 2011, Walker proposed a budget repair bill that included the collective bargaining changes.
Source: Fox6-Now on 2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial race
, Apr 2, 2017
1 Gb internet in every home, plus 200 mph high speed rail
Create 35,000 jobs through record investment in Wisconsin's infrastructure: My first priority is job-creating infrastructure investments that position Wisconsin to be the economic powerhouse of America's future. By bringing 1 Gb internet to every home,
building 200 mph high speed rail that connects our region, modernizing our highways to be safer and more efficient, and by making Wisconsin 30% renewable by 2030, we will create 35,000 good paying jobs and boost economic growth in Wisconsin for decades.
Source: 2018 Wisconsin Gubernatorial campaign website BobHarlow.net
, Mar 15, 2017
Page last updated: Jun 14, 2018


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Rishi Sunak says he won't quit politics if he loses Tory leadership race
The former chancellor also says he will always support the Conservative Party, whether he is in charge or on the backbenches.
Thursday 25 August 2022 15:37, UK
Rishi Sunak says he will not quit politics if he loses the race to become the next prime minister and leader of the Conservatives.
The former chancellor has become the underdog in the contest, with his rival, Foreign Secretary Liz Truss, continuing to lead polls of party members - who will ultimately choose the winner.
But he told the BBC there was "everything left to play for" in the head to head, and even if he lost, he would still remain a loyal Tory.
Politics Hub: Minister pours cold water on cost of living help proposal
On Wednesday, Mr Sunak hit the headlines following an interview with the Spectator, where he claimed scientists had too much influence over COVID decision making in 2020 and it was wrong to scare people about the need for lockdowns.
Afterwards, former Number 10 chief of staff Dominic Cummings - who was in post during the pandemic - called the article "dangerous rubbish" and said his comments "read like a man whose epically bad campaign has melted his brain and he's about to quit politics".
Asked if he was planning his exit if he was defeated, Mr Sunak said: "No. Absolutely not. Of course not. And I would dispute the characterisation.
"I'm working incredibly hard going around the country talking about my ideas for the future, and actually having a very positive reception where I'm going, and I think there's everything left to play for.
"There's still weeks to run in this campaign, and that's why I'm continuing to give it everything I've got."
The PM hopeful who went from favourite to underdog
What you need to know about Truss, the frontrunner to succeed Boris Johnson
Mr Sunak was also questioned over his loyalty to the party after recently refusing to rule out voting against Ms Truss' emergency budget, which she says she will unveil in September if she gets the keys to Number 10.
Despite that, he told the BBC: "I'd always support a Conservative government. Of course I would, it goes without saying."
He added: "I believe very strongly in the Conservative Party, and I want it to do well, and I will always, whether as a minister or as a backbencher, always support a Conservative government because I believe that's the best thing for this country.
"I want to make sure that we beat Labour at the next election, so that kind of goes without saying that that's what I would do."
Mr Sunak and Ms Truss will take part in their penultimate hustings in Norwich tonight, with one more scheduled in London next week.
Tory Party members have until Friday 2nd September to cast their vote, and the winner will be announced on Monday 5th September and expected to replace Boris Johnson in Number 10 the following day.

domain: politics


text:
[artist id="2545682"]Drake[/artist] unapologetically wears his heart on his sleeve. The Toronto-born lyricist's breakout 2009 mixtape So Far Gone, with its calming melodies and relationship-based narratives, painted Drizzy as a hopeless romantic who just couldn't get it right. Large portions of his debut album, Thank Me Later, helped solidify that notion. And now, in preparation of his upcoming sophomore LP, Take Care, Drake finally admits that he has "Trust Issues."
Early Tuesday morning (June 21), Drizzy posted the subdued song on his October's Very Own blog with the message: "Did my own little thing using some other thing I did. You know."
The "other thing" is in reference to the hook Drake laid on DJ Khaled's latest single, "I'm On One," which he interpolates on this new four-minute and forty-two second track. "All I care about is money and the city that I'm from," he croons at the opening of "Trust Issues." The song's basic kick- and snare-drum pattern is placed atop a bed of muted keys, putting Drake's lullaby-like melody on full display.
As he begins his verse, Drake expresses to his lover that he doesn't trust "these bitches" to mix his drink because they might catch him "slippin' " and "put in something different." Considering his celebrity, it's easy to see why he is guarded; he further illustrates a little more than halfway through the song when he picks up the tempo with a rapped verse. When meeting new women, the Young Money MC takes extra precautions: "Let them girls in and tell them all leave their cell phones on the table where we see 'em."
Whether or not the song will appear on the upcoming LP remains to be seen, but when fans download the file following the link from October's Very Own, the MP3 is labeled with Take Care in the album field.
In the end, "Trust Issues" brings no resolution; instead, it serves as a semi-explanation as to why Drake is how he is. Is the song another part of the story that Drizzy alluded to when posting previous tracks "Dreams Money Can Buy" and "Marvin's Room"?
When he released the former, Drake wrote, "Not my single. Just a piece of my story," and when he dropped the latter, he then messaged, "Another piece of the story. Single coming in July. Take Care coming Oct. 24th."
What do you think of Drake's "Trust Issues"? Let us know in the comments!

domain: artistic


text:
photo credit: The Stompers Project via "Sole" Stomper
Friday, March 27, 2015
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
Wednesday, March 11, 2015
Wednesday, March 4, 2015
The American Art Therapy Association's President, Dr. Sarah Deaver, answers many questions about the basics of art therapy in this article by Priscilla Frank at the Huffington Post.
photo credit: Huffington Post via Getty Images


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Ana Soloviov, Moldova
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
Inside USD -- The University of San Diego’s annual All Faith Service is Thursday, Feb. 2 at 12:15 p.m. in Shiley Theatre. The campus community comes together for a diverse experience through faith traditions. Several USD international students will serve as flag-bearing representatives of their respective countries. Inside USD chose five students and asked them to share insights about their home country and their USD experience.
Click here to read about Ana Soloviov from Moldova.


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Top ten book series: page 2 - thetoptens®, 34 magic tree house. best most creative series ever! my child reads these books almost everyday and checks out at the library every time he goes.. Book series - wikipedia, A book series is a sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group. book series can be organized in. What record books series? - answers, So far as i know it's star wars with 288 books; not including graphic novels, behind the scenes and reference books. most runs scored in a world series: reggie.
Top ten book series - thetoptens®, Top ten book series children' opinion account popular book series children . https://www.thetoptens.com/best-book-series/ What book series books - answers., The dragonlance series holds selection 190 books. (previous answer)wrong. star wars 288 books; including graphic novels, scenes . http://www.answers.com/Q/What_book_series_has_the_most_books_in_it Series book lists, Lists : epic fantasy, paranormal romance series, fantasy series, trilogies, duologies, series, love !!!, . https://www.goodreads.com/list/tag/series

domain: entertainment


The TX2 Linear Position Transducer with Mounting Clamps from Novotechnik is a compact IP67 industrial linear position transducer and is available in ranges from 25mm up to 300mm. Depending on your application, the TX2 Linear Position Transducer with Mounting Clamps has a very long life of up to 50 million cycles. It has excellent linearity of up to ±0.05%.
See the data sheet for the TX2 Linear Position Transducer with Mounting Clamps below.
From 20th January 2017 Variohm Eurosensor Ltd is part of the discoverIE plc Group of companies
Variohm EuroSensor,Williams' Barn, Tiffield Road,Towcester, Northants NN12 6HP.
Tel: +44 (0) 1327 351004.
Fax: +44 (0) 1327 353564.


text:
Lybrate.com has a nexus of the most experienced Dentists in India. You will find Dentists with more than 42 years of experience on Lybrate.com. You can find Dentists online in Panchkula and from across India. View the profile of medical specialists and their reviews from other patients to make an informed decision.
Book Clinic Appointment with Dr. Vaibhav Munjal
Root Canal Treatment
Teeth Cleaning Procedure
Teeth Whitening Procedure
Chronic Skin Allergy Treatment
Tooth Extraction Procedure
Dental Extractions Procedure
Skin Rash Treatment
Gap Closing (Dental) Treatment
Artificial Teeth Treatment
Treatment of Root Canal Treatment (RCT)
Wisdom Tooth Removal Procedure
Teeth Scaling & Polishing
Braces Treatment for Adults and Teens
Teeth Cleaning (Scaling) Procedure
Submit a review for Dr. Vaibhav MunjalYour feedback matters!
How to whitening the teeth by using home remedies and what we have to do when suffering from teeth pain?
My father is suffering from carcinoma base on tongue- recurrence. I what to know best possible treatment for this. Currently chemotherapy is going on 9 session in 3 month. I want to know weather operation is possible or not in case tongue or neck cancer.
I am 21 years old girl I am having mouth ulcer. It occurs very often means 2-3 times in a month. It is very painful n burning. N it remains for more Dan a week every time. please suggest me the way to cure this and the reason why dese occurs?
Mandibular and sub mandibular lymph i, e lymph nodes below lower jaw nodes are painful and are moveable in area, and are about greater than pea size about three days, is this a cancer symptoms or any other, please help me I am afraid of.
I want to know that what would be the fees for the braces and how long we have to wear braces on teeth to get in shape?
My milk teeth break at age of 23 year. It there any possibility of getting new teeth. How will I come to know without x-ray.
1. Not flossing
Brushing your teeth twice a day is important, but many patients don't realize that flossing at least once a day is just as critical to achieving - and maintaining - a healthy smile. Flossing removes the cavity-causing bacteria left behind from food particles that get stuck between teeth.
2. Brushing too soon after eating
Consuming acidic foods and beverages, such as sports and energy drinks, citrus fruits, wine, and tomatoes, can erode tooth enamel - the glossy outer layer of the tooth. Brushing your teeth too soon after eating and drinking these items can cause more damage because you are essentially brushing the acid into the teeth, not getting rid of it. Instead, you should rinse your mouth with water after consuming acidic foods and beverages and wait at least 30 minutes before brushing your pearly whites!
3. Not replacing your toothbrush often enough
Not only are old toothbrushes ineffective, but they also harbor harmful bacteria that can cause infections. Toothbrushes should be changed every three to four months.
4. Excessively bleaching your teeth
Overzealous bleaching can cause your teeth to look unnaturally white and increase tooth sensitivity. Before using an at-home bleaching product, talk to your dentist.
5. Using a hard-bristled toothbrush
A hard-bristled toothbrush coupled with an aggressive brushing technique can cause irreversible damage to your gums. Use a soft toothbrush and gently brush your teeth at a 45-degree angle, in a circular motion. Using a back-and-forth, the sawing motion causes the gums to recede, and can expose the root of the tooth, making teeth extremely sensitive.
When you think of what strikes you first about anybody, majority of people would say the smile. There is nothing more endearing than a warm, friendly smile. When you think more about it, the smile has a huge emotional component to it. This is in addition to the esthetic and artistic value that a smile carries. There are some people who are renowned for their smiles, which is said to be so bright, which led to the term '1000-watt smile', good enough to light up a big room!
Dentistry has evolved over the last few decades to play a major role in a person's appearance. From the shape and size of the teeth to the contour of the jaws and lips to the angle of the smile, there is something dentists can help with. There are specific proportions that are believed to produce a perfect smile, width of the eyes, distance between the eyes, width of the mouth, etc. With more and people realizing that their smiles can be improved, the demand for these is also increasing.
The new development in improving smile is the Digital Smile Design (DSD) that was developed by a ceramician (technician involved in making ceramic crowns) in Brazil in 2007, Mr. Christian Coachman. This basically involves taking a series of digital photographs and videos of the patient. These are then transferred to the computer and analyzed for the various proportions mentioned above. These images are then manipulated to achieve the correct proportions and reproduce a smile with the correct dimensions. To be doubly sure, these images are also shared with a larger group of dentists and then approval sought.
Detailed discussions are held with the patient on how this will reflect once the change is done. Once changes suggested by the dentist are accepted by the patient and incorporated, then the patient's smile is reconstructed using the calculated analysis and post that the smile correction is done. A successful digital smile design is a great example of teamwork as multidisciplinary teams from dentistry are involved.
The result is an enhanced smile that improves the patient's perception of beauty and also improves their confidence levels and feelings of self-worth and self-esteem. It is to be noted that what a person wants to express with his smile can be taken into account when designing a smile.
The major advantage of DSD is that there is no need for any special equipment and the digital equipment that is part of most dental setups is sufficient to design a smile. Smile designing is only poised to grow more popular in the coming years, with the greater focus on appearance and beauty.

domain: medical


text:
Looking to clear a criminal record in Mississippi? Free legal workshop available to residents
Mississippi residents with felonies and misdemeanors can attend a free virtual workshop Tuesday to learn about clearing their criminal records.
The virtual workshop and clinic will be held at noon Tuesday, according to a news release from the Mississippi Volunteer Lawyers Project, a nonprofit legal aid organization providing pro bono legal assistance.
Presenters with the Mississippi Volunteer Lawyers Project and the Magnolia Bar Association will talk about expungement laws in Mississippi, what to do when pulled over by police and voting rights for ex-offenders.
Participants will also be able to find out if they're eligible to have the charges on their records erased.
After the presentation, some participants may be contacted by licensed Mississippi attorneys who will help prepare court documents and/or give advice on legal issues.
Opinion:I work with released inmates in Mississippi. They deserve to have a right to vote.
How to participate in the free event
Those interested in the workshop can join by calling 1-312-626-6799 and dial the access code: 601-960-9577, or join online on Zoom at https://us06web.zoom.us/j/6019609577.
While pre-registration isn't required, it is encouraged. Those interested should pre-register on the Mississippi Volunteer Lawyers Project website at http://www.mvlp.org/clinics/.
Anyone who registers will have to have certain documents available to receive services, including a driver's license or state-issued identification.
Participants with misdemeanor charges will need to have the abstract of the court record — the official court document summarizing the court proceedings — which they can get from the municipal or justice court in the city where they received the charges. They'll also need to have proof that they paid the court fines and fees.
Participants with felony charges will need to have the sentencing order or dismissal order, which they can get from the circuit court in the county they received the charges, the indictment, a discharge order if they served probation and proof they paid the court fines and fees.
Have a news tip? Contact Gabriela Szymanowska at firstname.lastname@example.org, on Twitter or at 601-215-4292.

domain: law


text:
On February 10, 2022, updates to the Texas Dyslexia Handbook went into effect. The State Board of Education (SBOE) previously approved the handbook revisions in September 2021. The changes necessitate updates to school district policies, procedures, and practices related to dyslexia.
Because dyslexia remains a “hot button issue” in Texas, including a growing subject of special education litigation, schools should prioritize compliance with the procedures in the updated handbook. To facilitate the updates schools should undertake, here are the three most significant changes from the handbook that Texas schools should know and act on now.


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Many are curious to see drought-tolerant plants, shrubs and trees. They are also seeking design ideas.
There are three approaches to removing your lawn. The fastest is by way of sod-cutter.
This may sound good, but it’s expensive and labor-intensive. Equipment rental and dump fees will cost you, and handling and transporting the heavy sod rolls is hard work.
Another approach is to stop watering the grass, letting it dry out and start to die. As the grass dries, spray concentrated herbicide like Remuda to kill the existing turf. Once it’s dead, use a pick to loosen clumps of grass and thatch. You’ll need to make a trip to the dump for disposal. After spraying an herbicide, wait at least 30 days before planting.
Some may be interested in sheet mulching to get rid of their lawns. It’s perfect for those who do not want to install a new landscape until late autumn or early winter. Sheet mulching requires layering nitrogen (aged compost and manure) and carbon (newspaper and straw) on top of existing grass. It creates wonderful, rich soil for happy plants.
Sheet mulching is a forgiving process. Many websites and experts have different recipes options.
Time to get planting
There’s a vast selection of drought-tolerant plants to contemplate. Consider foundation plants such as trees and evergreens first in order to support the overall look of the landscape. Easy-to-find and drought-tolerant trees to think about are crape myrtles, smoke bushes, Desert Palo Verde, Arbutus Marina, fruitless olive and Western redbuds.
Drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs for your water-wise landscape include ceanothus, cistus, Manzanita Howard McMinn, grevillea and leucadendron. Ornamental grass-like plants such as lomandra and phormium can also be considered foundation plants. Or look for desert type foundation plants like hesperaloe, aloe, agave, mangave and yucca.
Once you have your foundation plants, it’s time to think about accessory plants and groundcovers. Drought-tolerant accessory plants to consider are many of the salvias and sages, Moonshine Yarrow, dwarf lavender, coreopsis, lantana, daylilies and sedum.
Use accessory plants to accent foundation installations. For example, if you are planting cistus, which blooms in spring, it would be nice for the landscape to include a summer-blooming lantana as a companion installation.
Groundcovers are also important in a lawn-less landscape. Some favorite drought-tolerant groundcovers to consider are myoporum, manzanita, dymondia, thyme, gazania, correa and grevillea.
Make sure your landscape design fulfills the needs of the area. A blank area of walls needs some height planted nearby. Retaining walls should have cascading plant material. Gates need walkways. Highlight existing trees and accent property lines.
Consider building a mound or berm if your landscape is flat. Layer plant material from small to large depending on how the area appears.
Check drip system irrigation regularly. Delivering water to plant material by way of drip is water-wise, however, plants suffer quickly if drips get clogged or disconnected.
Go out and say hi to your installations. Check on your plants as new installations will need additional water. Keep a watering can handy to help establish your new installations.
When folks change lawns to gardens, the trees within the property often suffer from a lack of water and can die. Please adjust your new watering to include existing trees.
Contact Nicole with questions or comments by email at email@example.com

domain: agronomy


text:
When will people stop being surprised that institutional racism exists?
This is what we mean when we ask the Global North to “pay up”
Mitzi Jonelle Tan
Many immigrants like me are fighting the climate crisis at two different ends
Nadia Whittome: ‘Rishi Sunak’s Autumn Budget ignores the climate crisis in favour of champagne for the rich’
This new postcode tool reveals how your local environment could be making you sick
What sort of protest is necessary to fight the climate crisis?
A love letter to ‘Flesh Tone’, the Kelis album that fortifies me when I need it
The battle to save women on Death Row is part of the fight against gendered violence
Sisters Uncut: ‘Why we’re launching national intervention training after Sarah Everard’s kidnap by cop’
I’m convinced climate change is worsening my eczema
‘Her life matters.’ How Sabina Nessa’s death is impacting the South Asian community and beyond


text:
Tuesday, 30 April 2013
F is for FANTASTIC REALISM
I’ve written about intent before. As this A-Z enters its twilight I thought I’d address the subject again. Those who prefer to think of Afrika Reich as a ‘straight’ thriller might want to look away now...
Prior to Afrika Reich, I wrote four unpublished novels on subjects as diverse as
pirates and literary forgery. The one common thread was the mode of writing:
FANTASTIC REALISM, something I continued in my tale of Nazi Africa.
So what is fantastic realism? It’s a rather amorphous term and unlike its better known cousin – magic realism – evades definition. Personally, I feel it employs realistic conventions but mixes them with elements of the fantastic, grotesque, comic and horrific. Perhaps it’s easier to explain with an example and so once again I reach for Sergio Leone, a great practitioner of fantastic realism. Here’s an image from his film, Giù la Testa:
It shows Sean, an IRA terrorist, having dinner with Juan, a bandit (off screen), in the Mexican desert. This combination of unexpected characters meeting in a realistic setting is already taking us into the realms of fantastic realism but the clincher is the details. They are sitting down to eat in the wilderness but are dining off porcelain plates with all the finery (the wingback chairs, the decanters of vinegar and oil) of a lord’s banqueting hall. I particularly like the crêpe suzette pan. It is a combination of unlikely elements – though crucially there is nothing supernatural about the scene.
My book begins its fusion of reality with the fantastical on page one with opening epigraphs that combine the real (Hitler’s quote) and the imagined/fantastic (Hochburg’s). Elsewhere we see two arch enemies overlooking a square paved with human skulls discussing Himmler’s constitution. Or Patrick tortured within a cement factory where the main production material is not mineral-based but a trough of human bodies. Sometimes it’s simply in the small details – the SS guards with their pink ladies parasols (a direct reference to Leone). Unlikely? Yes. Impossible? No.
Alternative history has always struck me as something of a fantastic genre – it posits an unknowable reality – so I felt it was an ideal match for fantastic realism. However, due to the success of books like Fatherland, and more recently Dominion, a naturalism seems to be creeping into the genre: the idea that a writer can accurately describe a speculative world that never existed. It certainly seems the mindset some people have tried to read my book in – no wonder they’ve been confused! But that is to miss the point. It’s not my book wasn’t thoroughly researched or employs real, historical details – it’s that I’m not a slave to verisimilitude. Indeed the notion of verisimilitude in alternative history must, by definition, be a contradiction.
What interests me most, what excites me enough to want to spend several years writing a book, is the point where reality and the fantastic meet – and the friction the two generate. That is what Afrika Reich is about: something a little more subversive than reality.


text:
By Emanuella Grinberg and Vivian Kuo
ATLANTA (CNN) — Robert Lewis Burns Jr., the original drummer in Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, died Friday night in a car crash, a Georgia State Patrol spokesman said.
Burns, 64, died after his car hit a mailbox and a tree in Cartersville, spokesman James Tallent said.
No other cars were involved in the crash, which occurred shortly before midnight.
“He was not restrained at the time of the crash,” Tallent told CNN.
The musician lived in northern Georgia.
Burns was part of the genre-defining band’s original lineup, which formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1965.
Lead singer Ronnie Van Zant started Noble Five with Burns, guitarists Gary Rossington and Allen Collins and bassist Larry Junstrom in their hometown. It then made a name change in a reference to a high school gym teacher.
Lynyrd Skynyrd changed members over the years as it produced rock anthems including “Sweet Home Alabama” and “Freebird.” Burns left the band before its third studio album, “Nuthin Fancy,” in 1975, “exhausted by touring,” according to the band’s Rock and Roll Hall of Fame biography.
He was not involved in the 1977 plane crash that killed three members, including Van Zant.
The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006. Lynyrd Skynyrd still tours with Rossington, the only original member still in the band.
“Today I’m at a loss for words but I just remember Bob being a funny guy,” Rossington said on the band’s official Facebook page. “My heart goes out to his family and God bless him and them in this sad time. He was a great great drummer.”
™ & © 2015 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.

domain: history


SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- Shares of Semtech Corp. fell more than 3% in Tuesday's late session after the chipmaker posted a sharp decline in its quarterly profit as revenue came in lower than analysts expected.
The Nasdaq-100 After Hours Indicator, which tracks the evening action of the tech-heavy index's leading shares, was up 0.45 points to 1,543.08.
Semtech Corp. shares
fell to $17.70. The company said fiscal first-quarter earnings fell to $10.8 million, or 14 cents a share, from $14.8 million, or 19 cents a share, in the comparable period a year ago. Revenue declined to $54.2 million from $61.9 million a year earlier.
The company was expected to earn 14 cents a share on revenue of $56 million, according to a Thomson First Call survey. Semtech, which makes analog and mixed signal semiconductors, said it expects second-quarter earnings of 14 cents a share.
Shares of Insmed Inc.
gained more than 13% to $1.44 after the company outlined updated results from its Phase III clinical trial evaluating SomatoKine for children with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome. Insmed said the primary endpoint of change in height velocity after six months on treatment was achieved and was highly, statistically significant.
Insmed said the average increase in annualized height velocity from pre-treatment to on-treatment after the six-month point was 5 centimeters a year, meeting the primary efficacy endpoint.
shares rose 2.6% to $50 after the company said same-store sales in May rose 0.2% compared with the year-ago period. Total sales, including stores open less than a year, were up 10% to $3.64 billion. Menomonee Falls, Wis.-based Kohl's said it expects same-store sales for the second quarter to increase 4% to 5% and reiterated its earnings forecast of 49 to 52 cents a share.
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc.
shares fell nearly 5% to $13.27 after the company said it plans to offer 9.5 million shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering. Vertex said it will also grant the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase an additional 1.4 million shares to cover over-allotment, if any.
Shares of Hovnanian Enterprises
fell nearly 4% to $59.65 after the homebuilder said that its second-quarter net income was $106.1 million, or $1.62 a share, compared with $70.5 million, or $1.06 a share, during the year-ago period. Analysts had expected earnings of $1.61 a share. The homebuilder said total revenue increased 32% to $1.2 billion.
shares fell more than 6% to $10.62 after the company said that it plans to offer $100 million of contingent convertible subordinated notes due 2025. The company said it plans to grant the initial purchasers of the note a 30-day option to buy up to an additional $20 million of the notes.
Shares of Altera Corp.
were down fractionally to $22.11 after the chipmaker said its second-quarter revenue would be at the high end of its prior estimated range of $275.4 million to $278 million. Altera forecast revenue would be 4% to 5% higher than this year's first quarter. The company is benefiting from sales of its logic chips in networking gear and cellular-phone base stations.
In afternoon trading, the Dow Jones Industrial Average
closed down 75.07 points to 10,467.48. The Nasdaq Composite Index
fell 7.51 points to 2,068.22.


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Puffin Virtually Live & The Guardian to Host a Roald Dahl-Themed Webcast
Puffin Virtually Live and The Guardian are teaming up to host a webcast event to celebrate the life and works of beloved kidlit writer Roald Dahl. The event will take place on Monday, September 24th at 2 p.m.
Some of the people participating in this event include illustrator Quentin Blake, Fantastic Mr. Dahl author Michael Rosen and actor David Williams. Viewers can expect to see live drawing, a Q&A session and behind the scenes footage from the Roald Dahl Museum & Storytelling Centre.

domain: literature


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One of my favourite features on the BBC website is “The Day in Pictures”. It’s exactly what it says it is: a seemingly random assortment of pictures from all around the world, showing things that are happening on that day. Today, for example, there is a jaunty picture of an orang-utan in Argentina wearing a Santa Claus hat, a disturbing one of a white-faced protestor in Moscow who has been found guilty of disrupting the peace and a beautiful shot of a young shepherd in Northern Iraq. All photos which have absolutely no connection with each other, bar that they were taken on the same day.
What I love about the feature is that it presents little snapshots of life all over the world, pulling together images that would never normally be shown side by side. Often I find that in my day to day life I develop a very narrow focus, only concerned with work, home and family. It’s easy to forget that there’s a big wide world out there when you usually only see a tiny part of it. Looking at the Day in Pictures during my lunch hour makes me shift my focus, reminds me that there are millions of lives being lived all over the world, and gives me a little window onto other people’s realities.


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Lake Michie and Little River Lake in northern Durham County offer recreational fishing and boating.
- Lake Michie and Little River Lake is open to the public Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday from Friday, March 10 through Monday, November 6, 2023.
- Lake hours are from 6:30 a.m.-6 p.m.
- For lake updates, please visit Lake Michie and Little River Lake pages.
- Fees will be charged at each lake during the season. Fee information can be found on the Lake Michie page and the Little River Lake page.
The lakes will also be open on the following holidays:
- Good Friday
- Easter Sunday
- Memorial Day
- Independence Day
- Labor Day
Little River and Lake Michie Safety Improvements
The Department of Water Management operates two source water supply reservoirs controlled by the Lake Michie Dam and Little River Dam. Safety barriers and other equipment will be installed as part of the the Little River and Lake Michie Reservoir Safety Improvement project to keep log debris away from the dam and spillway gates and allow City staff to periodically and safely remove log debris upstream of the dam before it impacts the spillway gates. The dams control our two source water supply reservoirs.
To learn more about the project, visit the project webpage.

domain: geography


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Have you visited your local “The Works” store recently? My kids absolutely love it, even just to browse. They have so many different things on offer that I usually end up buying something. Everything is so cheap but good quality. They have everything for crafting, lots of school stationery, books for everyone, gifts, toys, and craft sets. There’s just so much to see and look at.
My kids have been off for half term this week (yes already!) However I do know that not every school has the same holidays and some have theirs next week. So if you’re stuck for ideas then perhaps head over to your local works store and pick up some sets or bits to keep the kids entertained for a few day’s (at least until Halloween) yes they have Halloween bits in too by the way.
Well The Works sent us over two of their top selling craft kits to be getting on with. These are of course great value too being sold at just £10 for any two sets and believe me the choice is huge.
We have Neon colouring and Neon stones. All the sets sold by The Works come with age guides and clear instructions. They have sets to suit most ages from the very young to adults and each one looks really fun.
We have this very funky Day of the Deaf colouring book set, timed perfectly for Halloween of course. The pens that come with it being neon markers which give a much brighter effect than normal felts. I’d say it’s more like an adults or teen colouring set than for younger kids as some of the designs are quite extravagant and complex with decorative skulls and other bits.
The pages all tear out too and if done right, would look pretty snazzy framed or even put up at Halloween.
Our next product is all about painting stones, or pebbles to be more precise. In this kit we get 3 plain large pebbles, some neon paints, normal paints, brushes and sticks for spotting plus a book for ideas. And here is a completed painted stone that Izebella did by herself.
You can see how different it looks from the unpainted pebble and they don’t take too long to dry either.
So if your kids are about to break up then why not pop down to The works or have a browse on line and keep them entertained for a few quid.


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SRINAGAR: Former chief minister of Indian-Occupied-Kashmir(IoK) Omar Abdullah on Saturday said that the cause of unrest in the disputed valley was not initiated by Pakistan but due to Indian State policies.
He said that the Indian state scapegoat Pakistan to rescue itself from the time-to-time crisis and in view of bringing peace in the area, India should fulfill its promises given to the Kashmiri people.
Earlier, his father who is also the former chief minister of IoK, Farooq Abdullah, said that India lacked the courage to take Kashmir from Pakistan, adding that talks were the only way to resolved the longstanding dispute between the two countries.
Speaking at a rally in Kishtwar, IoK, Farooq Abdullah maintained that war was no solution to an issue, and to resolve the Kashmir dispute Pakistan and India will have to hold talks.
“Kashmir is not the personal property of India so that it could make a claim over it like an inherited property of forefathers,” he said.
“Pakistan is one of the stakeholders (of the Kashmir issue) which even the government of India has accepted,” the former CM of occupied Jammu and Kashmir said, adding that the government will have no option but to start talks with Pakistan so that the atrocities being suffered by the Kashmiri people could come to an end.
“War cannot bring the solution, talks can,” he added.
Kashmir has been witnessing unrest after the killing of 21-year-old Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani on July 8. At least 94 people have been killed, over 13,000 injured and more than 8,000 arrested during the over four-month-long unrest in the Valley.


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Updated on Thursday 25 June 2015
This morning Youghiogheny Dam was releasing 2000 cfs and the lake was at 1441.5 ft (NAVD88) and falling. We plan to reduce flows over the weekend, but this will depend on how much rain falls. Current and projected lake levels and releases are shown here. This morning the Ohiopyle gage read 5.1 ft and was falling slowly. The Ohiopyle gage is expected to rise to 6 ft by Friday morning and stay above 4 ft through the weekend as a result of the forecasted rain.
If the actual rainfall misses the Yough basin, then we will make operations on Friday to keep the Ohiopyle gage below 4' through the weekend.
The latest available Ohiopyle gage report and forecast is available here. The weather forecast for Ohiopyle is provided by the National Weather Service. Corps reservoir forecasts are always built into the NWS river forecasts, so the effects of our release changes are shown there.
Lake recreation users can call (814) 395-3166 for the current recorded information message on daily pool and outflow levels, safety, recreation, special events and fishing.
You can also call Ohiopyle State Park at (724) 329-8591 to hear a recorded message giving the daily stage reading.
Long Term Outlook
We are operating under the established low water regulation schedule and will continue to maintain downstream flow schedules. Youghiogheny River Lake's target summer pool range is between 1438.4 ft and 1440.4 ft (NAVD88).
As always, we are operating Youghiogheny River Lake in accordance with its authorized project purposes of flood control, low flow augmentation for water quality and water supply. Operations (gate changes) can only be made for project purposes for which storage has been allocated. Other project purposes (i.e., fish and wildlife enhancement and recreation) are accommodated to the extent feasible. We continue to attempt to operate the project considering the needs of recreation users both on the lake and the river.


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Lambeth council has just agreed with Croydon council to take over responsibility for Upper Norwood Library at 39 Westow Hill SE19 1TJ . This will pave the way for the library to become a community trust by 2014.
Under the agreement Croydon will transfer the building and staff to Lambeth. Lambeth will now be the major funder of the library at £170,000pa while Croydon will contribute £75,000pa for the next two years.
This is a victory for local people and Labour councillors who vigorously campaigned against Tory-run Croydon’s plan to close the library which has been jointly funded by the two councils for decades..
Sally Prentice, Lambeth’s councillor with responsibility for libraries said “This is fantastic news for local residents and guarantees the future of this library. While councils up and down the country are closing libraries, in Lambeth we have protected all our libraries by working side by side with the community.”
Jane Pickard & Emmaus staff outside the proposed new pub
The derelict shop at 13-19 Knights Hill, between Emmaus and the new Ladbroke’s betting shop , applied for planning permission to become a bar-restaurant in summer 2008. The final decision will be made on Wednesday 16th December 2009 at Lambeth’s planning committee at 7pm in Lambeth Town hall . For details of the committee papers see: http://tinyurl.com/yah4558
These meetings are open to the public who may speak in favour or against the proposals.
The shop has been derelict since it was last used as a Job Centre about 10 years ago. The owners plan a pub similar to Westow House at 79 Westow Hill, The EDT in Lordship Lane and Jam Circus in Brockley Road. See their web site for details : http://www.antic-ltd.com.

domain: library


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Sometimes paintings know what they want to be. These paintings seem to paint themselves and they are always the best paintings in my body of work. This painting called "Stormy Inlet" fits this narrative. Most years I travel to the New England shore. These memories exist in my subconscious and sometimes appear in my paintings. This painting derives from my memories of the coast of New England and climate of our planet. It depicts cleansing power of water and the dangers of global warming.
Leave a Reply.
- Through my paintings, I have become attentive to the splendid drama of my everyday world. How the wind can create a ripple in a pond, a flock of birds descending on a field, or how sunlight can illuminate the side of a building are small miracles that happen all around us. Instead of seeking out subject matter to paint, I simply pay attention to the nuances in my surroundings. My goal is to turn what may be considered mundane or ordinary into the sublime.


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Numerous individuals are now coming to be increasingly more watchful of their weight as the epidemic of obesity impends overhead. It is estimated that there are as lots of obese individuals as the undernourished people worldwide. The excess weight has been linked on several factors; numerous health-conscious people are searching for risk-free weight management supplements readily available on the market. The boosted awareness of way of life illness attributed to weight problems has likewise increased demand for such items.
It is regular to find as well as take slim vita diet regimen supplements; as long as you are sure that they are safe. Remember that in the 30 billion dollar weight-loss market, the marketplace has been filled with supplements. Some work as well as secure for public, others are bit more than encapsulated powders with unknown beginnings, and the staying niche has unsafe habit-forming drugs that are packaged as safe and also reliable.
There are several aspects that are required to take into consideration before being certain that a nutritional supplement is secure. First point to look is the tag, check it has proper and also clear label. Although weight-loss supplements categorized differently from medications, they need to be treated as so because they still impact the body in regarding weight loss. The label should include common names, structure, produced and also expiration days, government safety and security authorizations, unusual effects and also allergic reaction notifies. It has to be real; it is important to search in the internet concerning the drug and its materials to make sure that it does include a weight-reducing supplement. In that way, you might stop on your own from taking phony products that generate great deal more damage than great.
Another point to be certain that a weight-loss supplement is safe to use is to have a look at its components. Several medications acquire their weight-loss residential or commercial properties from two sources; laboratory-produced medicines as well as herbal/plant resources, or a mix of both. Both are risk-free if authorized secure to utilize by your local wellness division, as well as are clearly stated in the label. The perfect weight-loss supplement should be clearly reliable. The performance needs to be proven by a clinical research study done by physician and also approved by the wellness authorities. It would certainly took some research study in the internet yet it is worth the shot; there is a great deal of supplements out there authorized as secure as well as reliable by the FDA that you could locate.
All of weight-loss supplements acts upon a part of the body that helps reduce weight; the hypothalamus of the brain, thyroid, intestines as well as liver that reduce cravings, boost metabolism, and hinder fat absorption from food as well as bloodstream, respectively. A secure item can promote weight management by utilizing one or two of those pathways without damaging or harming the body organs entailed and the body as well. It must not have long-lasting unfavorable results to the customer, as well as most of all, not addictive notable was the medication Ephedrine, which includes compounds comparable to methamphetamines, and currently outlawed by the FDA.


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|Gerry Brice first came to Chewton Mendip in 1965 when he was transferred from Batheaston to become the local policeman. He retired in 1990 and was not replaced but he continues to live in Chewton Mendip. He has also provided a lot of material for this website.
The links between the Brice family go back to the medieval period but no direct connection has jet been made between Gerry and the ‘historical’ Brices.According to a website, Brice is 2, 512th most common name in Great Britain with 4,557 people sharing that name. The highest concentration of people with that name is Greater London. Bryce is the 2,267thmost common name but the difference in spelling should be ignored in the historical context.This picture of Gerry Brice was first published in the Wells Journal in 1987.
|William Dacus founded Whitehall Hospital in Ilchester in the time of Henry III (1216-1272) and as lord of the manor of Sock Dennis and the father Brice Le Denneys. Sock Dennis was a separate parish in the Medieval period which has now been absorbed into Ilchester. Sock Dennis was later owned by the Bonville family who were later lords of the manor of Chewton Mendip and are commemorated by the effigy of the knight and his wife in the Lady Chapel of Chewton Mendip church. Brice was first name for Brice Le Denneys but second names could refer to the place of origin, the name of the father or some form of nick-name in that ear. Therefore the son of Brice Le Denneys (Brice of Dennis) could easily have been given a second name like ‘of Brice’ which could have then stuck as a second name. The earliest reference to a ‘Bryce’ is in 1268 when Bryce Denys was involved in a conflict with Sir William Bonville. The spelling of names was very flexible in the medieval period. A Henry Brice is mentioned in deeds for Glastonbury for the same period and Brices appear in the historical record in the area.|
|The earliest confirmed record for a member of the Brice family in Chewton Mendip is for a Walter Brice who was a Knight and was married to Rebecca. He was buried, or commemorated, in Chewton Mendip Lady Chapel in 1665. This was just after the restoration of the monarch after the Commonwealth period and was a time of great upheaval in Chewton Mendip and the country as whole. The location of his memorial suggests that he was a Royalist and/or of the ‘high church’ persuasion. The other people with contemporary memorials in the same location are members of Plaister, Quarles, Till-Adams and Webb families. Both of these would have caused him problems during the time the puritans were in power. Most of the people in the Chewton Mendip area were parliamentarians and ‘low church’ during the civil war. A number of families made a political as well as religious statement when the Royalists regained power in 1660. The memorial to Walter Brice was commissioned about the same time as when an Anna Kingsmill was listed as the patron of the Rev Edmund Quarles.|
|The Brices and some of the names commemorated in the 17th century in the Lady Chapel were still very much in evidence in the 18th centuries but the Brices had fallen on hard times. It is difficult to explain why that happened but illness and disease killed and impoverished many people.|
|The FreeReg web site provides access to parish registers of the births deaths and marriages. This is not a complete record but it provided me with the following chilling information. A Lucretia Brice was born in Chewton Mendip in 1776 and married James Plenty. The date of their marriage is not recorded but they had nine children, eight of whom died in infancy. She died aged 33.|
|Another source provides more information about the Brice family. A brief analysis of this data shows some interesting and possibly interesting or ‘difficult’ links. Hippersley Brice of 1779 was probably named after the Hippisley family who were lords of the manor of Ston Easton and Emborough but they were originally a farming family. Hippisleys also appear in the records as farmers, miners and miscreants of some kind so this link should not be taken as proof of a noble connection.|
|Edward Brice who was a ‘sugar baker and freeman of Bristol’ in 1765 is worthy of further, but careful, investigation. Sugar processing formed part of what was known as the ‘triangular’ trade amongst others. Manufactured goods were shipped to Africa as the first leg of the journey. The goods were traded for Africans who were then transported in the notorious ‘middle passage’ to the Americas where they were sold as slaves. Some of them worked on sugar plantations owned by people who may feature in the history of Chewton Mendip. The last part of the triangle was formed when raw materials such as tobacco and sugar was bought back to Bristol to be processed. Records held in the Bristol archives show that he was a wealthy man and held a lease on Blaize castle from the corporation of Bristol but no link to Chewton Mendip could be identifed.|
|A Robert Brice had a very strong impact on Chewton Mendip from the 1760s onwards and may have links to slave-owning society through his naval career. He is better known through his ‘married name’ of Kingsmill.|


text: The plasma membrane of the African sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei is covered with a dense, protective surface coat. This surface coat is a monolayer of five million variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) dimers that form a macromolecular diffusion barrier. The surface coat protects the parasite from the innate immune system and, through antigenic variation, the specific host immune response. There are several hundred VSG genes per parasite, and they encode glycoproteins that vary in primary amino acid sequence, the number of N-glycosylation sites, and the types of N-linked oligosaccharides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors they contain. In this study, we show that VSG MITat.1.5 is glycosylated at all three potential N-glycosylation sites, and we assign the oligosaccharides present at each site. Using the most abundant oligosaccharides at each site, we construct a molecular model of the glycoprotein to assess the role of N-linked oligosaccharides in the architecture of the surface coat.

domain: biology