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Healthereum is an Ethereum blockchain based company created to address pivotal inefficiencies and generate a structured ecosystem in healthcare.
Entertainment, Health, Platform
Healthcare is unsustainable due to chronic illnesses of individuals, high costs and inefficiencies of care delivery, constant bureaucracy, and delayed compensation. Solutions include reducing the number of sick people, increasing transparency and accountability of patients, providers, and hospitals, building trust within the healthcare payment system, satisfying bureaucratic requirements, and incorporating more entities to support an individual’s well-being.
Healthereum aims to achieve these solutions utilizing decentralized applications to reward healthy behavior, streamline delivery and acquisition of mandated care quality surveys, enhance achievement of core measure benchmarks, and augment the current claims process. Healthereum will redefine and intertwine all members of the healthcare system both in America and globally.
Founders collaborated with a common concern for the future of healthcare.
Healthureum basic initiatives outlined with five fields of focus.
Research into healthcares recent surveys to quantify the challenges and potential of blockchain applications.
Welcomed on board key members, and identified relevant use cases, for our initiatives.
SWOT analysis of different blockchain applications based on data size and type.
Structured development plan and key milestones for next 18 months.
Decided on a tokenized approach to help bring this concept to the masses. Developed marketing strategy and preparation for TGE to start in December
Launch of website, social media marketing and testing of registration platform for TGE.
Launch of Pre-Sale TGE, bounty campaign and teaser strategy.
Launch of TGE Sale, full scale PR and marketing campaign.
Registration for listing on exchanges to facilitate token. In depth financial planning to allocate TGE funds appropriately.
Define framework for collecting a standardized data set, to be used in Alpha model for data systemization.
Testing of Alpha data systemization app between patients and two pilot hospitals. Consolidate data and credentials for local doctors, specialists and pathology labs for referrals feature.
Create Beta version of data systemization app and float into two pilot hospitals to implementation and testing. Develop Alpha model for virtual doctor consultations and referrals.
Make any necessary revisions while checking regulatory and data privacy compliance. Then introduce to 5 hospitals for implementation. Float Alpha model for virtual doctor consultation and referrals for testing.
Address any scalability concerns before introducing data systemization to 5 more hospitals. Launch Beta virtual doctor consultation and referrals.
Look to integrate blockchain-enabled research programs and philanthropic activities side by side.


Interstate 280 Drain Cleaning
BOWLING GREEN (Wednesday, October 21, 2015) - The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) District Two announces the following update to the I-280 drain cleaning work. Updates are highlighted in bold and underlined:
Interstate 280: Drain cleaning
Lucas & Wood Counties: Effective Thursday, October 22, from 9am to 3pm, the ramp from southbound I-280 to Front Street will be closed for drain cleaning. Detour: Navarre Avenue (Exit 7); northbound I-280; Front Street. Effective Thursday, October 22, and Friday, October 23, daily from noon to 3pm, southbound I-280, between Greenbelt Parkway and Navarre Avenue, may be reduced to two lanes for drain cleaning. Effective Friday, October 23, from 9am to 3pm, the ramp from Front Street to northbound I-280 will be closed for drain cleaning. Detour: southbound I-280; Navarre Avenue (Exit 7); northbound I-280. All work is weather permitting.


A Study on the Establishment and Utilization of Cyber-physical System Supporting Smart Cities in SeoulSubmitted by siadmin on Tue, 09/07/2021 - 15:52
Since 2018, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has established a smart city Seoul strategic plan and has been pushing for smart projects to solve urban problems such as urban planning, transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy in various areas. In order to support these smart city projects, the Smart City Policy department started to conduct projects on the use of high-tech technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and three-dimensional spatial information.
Recently, the establishment of a cyber-physical system has emerged as a major issue for effectively supporting the smart city. Cyber-physical system is a new paradigm that seeks convergence between the real world and the virtual world, and it is a bi-directional system that interacts with various urban information such as IoT, CCTV, and various sensors.
In this study, the concept, role, composition of cyber-physical systems was examined. Through this, it was intended to explore the implementation tasks and utilization measures necessary for the establishment and operation of the cyber-physical system of Seoul Metropolitan Government. In addition, we reviewed the new features and roles of spatial information required in the construction of cyber-physical systems.
A cyber-physical system construction model was proposed as a result of this major research, linking major platforms and utilization departments in Seoul, improving organizations and legal systems, and building 3D spatial information data.


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Published footage of fake $ 20 bills, which tried to pay an African-American George Floyd. The Daily Mail provided footage of the evidence.
According to him, crumpled bills were scattered around the interior of Floyd’s car. One of them was in the passenger seat next to the driver’s seat. They also found glasses and a bottle of water in the car.
One of the former officers, Thomas lane, said that police officer Derek Chauvin was forced to detain Floyd so harshly. According to him, when the black man was sitting in the car, his right hand covered the place with a fake bill, and the officers were afraid that there might be a weapon.

domain: law


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All youth need calcium to build peak (maximum) bone mass during their early years of life. Low calcium intake is one important factor in the development of osteoporosis, a disease in which bone density decreases and leads to weak bones and future fractures. Women have a greater risk than men of developing osteoporosis. During adolescence and early adulthood, women should include good food sources of calcium in their diets This is when bone growth is occurring and calcium is being deposited into the bone. This occurs in women until they are 30 to 35 years of age. Women 25 to 50 years of age should have 1,000 mg of calcium each day, while women near or past menopause should have 1,200 mg of calcium daily if they are taking estrogen replacement therapy; otherwise, 1,500 mg per day is recommended. Women older than 65 years of age should have 1,500 mg per day.
The daily calcium recommendations are 1,000 milligrams a day for women under 50, and 1,500 milligrams a day for women 51 and older. Oddly enough, these are the same requirements for men, who are much less prone to osteoporosis than women. But the recommendation takes into account the fact that women are smaller than men. Thus the amount of daily calcium is greater for women on a proportional basis.
It's full of health, diet, fitness, and inspiring articles. My first issue was 142 pages of wonderfully educational and motivating articles with clear pictures. It's easy to highlight the articles to read. This magazine is ideal for people that are interested in women's health covering all kinds of topics ranging from nutrition to working out and from meditating to parenting. It also includes ads for the latest in skincare products, makeup, gear, and food, which I like so that I know what to shop for. When I need motivated and inspired or need to refocus, this is the magazine I choose!
MPOWER Fitness offers off-site youth functional fitness education. MPOWER will come to your your child’s school, preschool or day care and provide fun & safe ways to perform day-to-day activities. MPOWER will provide young children and youth with a solid foundation of fitness. We will also provide an understanding of why they are doing what they are doing, focusing on balance, coordination and how to properly move. We will use some simple equipment and perform all moves at an appropriate intensity level for them. For example, squatting, running, jumping, throwing, pulling, picking things up are all moves performed on a day-to-day basis by everyone.
Fluids: Fluid needs increase as women age. The reason: Kidneys become less efficient at removing toxins. “Drinking more fluids helps kidneys do their job,” Schwartz says. “Unfortunately, thirst signals often become impaired with age, so people are less likely to drink enough water and other fluids.” Rather than fret about how many glasses to drink, Frechman says, check the color of your urine. "It should be clear or very pale colored. If it becomes darker, you need more fluid.”

domain: medical


April 1, 2021
This day…..all I can say is…WOW!! So many emotions, so much laughter, and simply just an awesome day all around. Kayla and Jordan were married at Carter Plantation Golf Resort in Springfield, Louisiana on a typical Louisiana humid day in the spring. But one thing about these two is that they are so smitten for each other that absolutely NOTHING could have dulled their day.
Just like my hubby and I, Kayla and Jordan didn’t have a very long engagement period….they were READY as they would ever be to call each other husband and wife. When they hired me to capture this day for them, there was only 3 months until the wedding. Therefore, there wasn’t a whole lot of time to get to know the two of them that much! BUT, let me just say that when I finally got them in front of my camera, I was smiling from ear to ear as I was getting to see their love and connection together unfold right before my eyes on their wedding day. I can’t tell you how AMAZING it was.
Jordan turned around to see his beautiful bride for the first time before their ceremony and as I was capturing this moment I noticed just how tightly he hugged Kayla and how powerful their connection together was. They proved it to me even more as they moved throughout the rest of the portrait time with nothing but huge smiles and laughs across their faces as they simply embraced each others presence.
As I was putting together the images for this blog post I realized just how amazing their blended family is. In my eyes, I witnessed the love and support from this family for two people that they love and adore committing their lives to one another. It was truly heartwarming to capture the connection between Kayla and Mr. Marty (Her father figure growing up). I mean, just scroll and see for yourselves their first look together!! You also may get good laugh in before you reach this part in the blog post. Kayla had the best man dress up in a wedding gown and do a “fake first look” with the groom and OH MY GOSH was it hilarious. I can still hear Jordan saying “Y’all made me put my beer down for this?!”
The fake first look wasn’t Kayla’s only surprise for Jordan on their wedding day. Just a short time ago, God called home someone that was very near and dear to their hearts….Jordan’s grandfather, Kearny Foster Sr. Although, Mr. Kearny was not physically present on this day, he was still 100% there with them in spirit. Jordan’s grandmother carried hers and Mr. Kearny’s wedding photograph down the aisle and had a special seat arranged in memory of him. Beside it was a bouquet of flowers. Kayla surprised Jordan with a pit stop to the cemetery where Mr. Kearny lay rest so Jordan could have a moment and place the flowers on his grave. My heart sank but I could feel that Jordan’s beloved grandfather was smiling down and cheering them on as they get ready to experience this amazing season of life together.
After what seemed like your normal busy wedding day, we made it to the reception EARLY. HA! I told Kayla I had never seen a wedding day flow that smoothly in all my years as a wedding photographer. So they danced and had a good ol time down by the river. As I say all the time, I will forever be grateful for my couples choosing to trust me to capture these once and a lifetime days. I couldn’t be happier for Kayla and Jordan!! Congratulations to Mr. and Mrs. Foster!!


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We all look at the sky and wonder sometimes how far away from us the Sun is and what it takes to reach it. Some might even be wondering what it takes to reach the Sun.
If you know that the sun doesn’t have a solid surface, well, at least you’re not wondering what it’s like to land on it. But we can answer the question of how far is the Sun from the earth.
Ready? Let’s get started…
How Far Is The Sun From Earth: Short Summary
The Sun, that’s the largest object we know in our solar system, is about 92 million miles from the Earth. But it takes only 8 minutes and 20 seconds for light to reach our planet. The planet Earth orbits around the Sun in an elliptical pattern. So, the distance between the Earth and the sun is not the same at all times.
And we’ll tell you all about it. We know that one revolution takes us 365 days. Keep reading for more.
How It Changes
The Earth is the closest to planet Earth at the beginning of January. This point is referred to as perihelion and the Earth is about 91.3 million miles away from the Sun at this point. That’s according to NASA, so we can safely rely on it.
But since the orbit is elliptical and the distance between these two objects varies, we’re going to look into it a little deeper. Now, many people think that it’s our distance from the sun that determines our seasons. But it’s actually because of the tilt.
The Earth doesn’t stay steady on its axis when it is revolving around the Sun. the axis is slightly tilted and that’s what causes us to experience a change of seasons. That should explain why the seasons are completely opposite in the southern and northern hemispheres.
The Earth moves to the point where it is farther from the Sun, about half a year from the time it was at the perihelion point. We usually get to this point around early July and when the distance is the greatest is called the aphelion point and here, we are about 94.5 million miles away from the Sun.
Take an average of both points and it’s 93 million miles which is usually what experts are comfortable noting as the distance between the Earth and the sun. But that’s not where the story ends.
The IAU or the International Astronomical Union is a non-profit organization that has been working on, among other things, how to define astronomical constants. In 2012, the members of this international organization took a vote and approved the AU which is an Astronomical Unit.
They use this unit for measurement because it is more precise. According to the IAU, it is defined as the “conventional unit length” that is 149,597,870,700 meters or about 92,955,807 miles.
They decided to standardize this unit of measurement because the value of 1 AU was calculated based on the mass of the sun. And it turns out, that number keeps changing since the Sun constantly converts mass into energy.
Now, if you look at Einstein’s theory of relativity, there’s another little but rather an inconvenient variation. The theory states that space-time is not a constant but relative and is based on where the observer is in a given solar system.
This makes things difficult for scientists when they work on other models related to other planetary objects, doesn’t it? So, they used the speed of light in space, which is a vacuum, to calculate the AU and standardized it in 2012.
Earth to Sun: How Long Does It Take?
This depends on a lot of factors, including the purpose of a given spacecraft, not to mention its own specs. But if you undertake this imaginary journey, it would have to go about 153,454 miles per hour without a break from the sun. In that case, it can be expected to reach the sun in about 25 days or 606 hours.
But in this calculation, we are supposing that it’s the top speed of that aircraft and that it maintains that pace throughout the journey. In reality, that’s now how it works because a spacecraft takes anywhere from a few minutes to hours to reach its full potential in terms of speed.
The fastest of such spacecraft to exist is called the Parker Solar Probe. It is estimated to have reached a maximum of 430,000 miles per hour. So, at this speed, it can reach the sun in about 9 days or 216 hours.
Sounds exciting, but there’s more trouble in the math. Things are not still in space and that includes the sun. It is also revolving, like we do, around the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
This means we can’t really launch a spacecraft or any kind of probe at the Sun because we need to know where it will be by the time the spacecraft reaches it.
For that, we need to calculate the speed of the Sun and the speed of the Earth till the spacecraft leaves our atmosphere and is influenced by our gravity. And then, we need to calculate where the sun will be by the time the spacecraft reaches it.
After that, we throw the rate at which the spacecraft is moving into the mix. So, there’s a lot of work to do. Now, it takes light a lot less time than anything else because things without mass can travel with super speed.
The speed of light is an incredible 186,282 miles in just one second. Since the Earth is about 92.96 miles away from the Sun, light takes a little less than eight and a half minutes to reach us, but anything we send takes days to get there, theoretically speaking, of course.
When the Earth is at its closest point to the Sun, light reaches Earth in just 8 minutes and 8 seconds. And when the Earth is at its farthest point from the sun, it takes 8 minutes and 27 seconds to get here. So, if there was no Sun tomorrow, we’d take a little over eight minutes to know that.
Well, that’s not true because the entire Earth doesn’t experience night at the same time. Plus, all the monitoring we do from out there will let us know.
Are We Getting Closer? Is The Distance Melting?
Some people wonder if the Earth is getting closer to the sun over time and if it means that we would be able to get to the surface of the Sun sooner. For one, that’s not true because the Sun doesn’t actually have a surface for us to land on.
It’s an exploding collection of gases and we’re not getting close to it. Now, even if we were getting closer to the sun, that’s actually not helpful in any way. It’s also helpful to remember here that in the future, we might just develop other ways of collecting data from the sun without approaching it.
As far as the distance between the Earth and the sun are concerned, we are not getting closer. In fact, experts have determined that our planet is moving further away from the Sun. Why is that happening?
The sun has a gravitational pull that determines the movement of our planet. This gravitational pull comes from the burning of its fuel. And at this point in time, it is burning a lot of fuel which has led to a loss of gravity, mass and power. All this loss of mass and gravity is causing the Earth to move away.
This change is happening 15 centimeters at a time annually. But don’t worry. We won’t escape completely away from the sun for at least another 5 billion years when the sun will turn into a giant red star. And according to current estimates, the Earth will perish far, far before that.
And even if we’re wrong about that and somehow manage to make it to the end of the lifespan of the sun as we know it, theories say that the sun will expand immensely before it turns into a red giant star. And it will engulf everything in its path, including the Earth, in that process.
How Long Are Days on the Sun?
This is just a fun little detail and the answer depends on where you are calculating it on the sun. Since the sun is all gas and some plasma, it has layers that move at different speeds.
We determine the speed of these layers depending on things like sunspots that are visible to us. The simple answer regarding the length of a day on sun, called a solar day, is about 27 days for us on Earth.
But if you were calculating it from the equator on the sun, a solar day is about 25 Earth days long.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How Close Could a Human Get to the Sun?
A: While the sun is about 93 miles from us, you can be about 95 yards away before you burn.
Q: How Long Will It Take to Travel to the Sun?
A: This depends on various factors, as mentioned before, but actually, there’s a mathematical formula to calculate it. If the sun is about 149 million km away, it will take 222 days or 5,321 hours to reach it.
The formula is time = distance/speed
Conclusion & Summary
Now you know that the distance between the sun and the Earth keeps changing because these two celestial bodies have their own internal (and external) logic. But roughly speaking, the sun is about 93 million miles away.

domain: geography


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Leeds United are eyeing a loan move for Chelsea goalkeeper Jamal Blackman this summer. According to recent reports, the Peacocks are hoping to secure the services of the English shot-stopper during this summer transfer period. It is understood that the Peacocks are on the lookout for a new goalie and Blackman fits the bill perfectly.
Some sources have recently claimed that Marcelo Bielsa has turned his attention to the Blues keeper after missing out on Angus Gunn, who sealed a move to Southampton for £10m on a five-year contract. The West Yorkshire side are now trying to arrange a season-long loan deal for the Chelsea talent which could benefit everyone involved.
Blackman had put in a number of eye-catching displays during his loan spell at Sheffield United last season. His outstanding contributions have caught the attention of the Leeds chiefs who are now eager to bring him to Elland Road.
The 24-year-old had featured in 33 matches for the Blades last season, conceding 35 goals while keeping 10 clean sheets across all competitions. He is exactly the kind of player who can compete with Bailey Peacock-Farrell for a place between the sticks in Bielsa’s first-team.
The Yorkshire side had only managed to achieve a disheartening 13th placed finish in the Skybet Championship table last season. Hence, Bielsa is in need to make some significant changes to his squad this summer if they are to compete for a playoff place in the following campaign.
The addition of Blackman will definitely bolster Bielsa’s goalkeeping options at Elland Road. The Peacocks has only one recognised keeper in Bailey Peacock-Farrell in their ranks so Bielsa needs to move swiftly in order to sign a new keeper this summer. The potential acquisition of Blackman will undoubtedly improve their team significantly and add more competition for places within the Leeds squad.
At 24, the London-born keeper still has his best years ahead of him which Leeds could look to utilize in the upcoming season. The Blues goalie might not be ready for top-flight football yet but he has proved his worth in the Championship last season which is why Leeds should go all out to snap him up this summer. It remains to be seen what lies ahead in the future of Blackman and whether he ends up sealing a move to Elland Road before the start of the new season.
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domain: news


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Lien Chan urges common prosperity
Visiting Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) party Chairman Lien Chan said in Shanghai on Monday that he admires the rapid economic growth achieved by the mainland, and called for concrete measures from both sides of the Taiwan Straits to seek common prosperity.
It calls for efforts from both the Taiwan authorities and the Taiwan business circle to attain this goal, said Lien while addressing business people from Taiwan and the mainland at a luncheon party in Shanghai, the last leg of his eight-day mainland tour.
Lien said the Taiwan business circle had also contributed to the rapid economic expansion in the mainland over the past decade or two, adding that "the two sides across the Straits should undoubtedly rely on, complement and benefit each other."
"Cross-Straits economic cooperation is not a slogan, but a course to be taken step by step and in a down-to-earth manner," he said. "Under the current circumstances it's important to establish an economic cooperation mechanism."
He said the KMT and the Communist Party of China (CPC) have agreed to open a forum to promote cross-Straits exchanges in economic, trade and cultural sectors, as part of a platform for regular exchange of ideas between the two parties.
"The establishment of such a platform is of vital importance, as currently there's still no sign of official contacts between the two sides across the Straits," Lien told a press conference in Shanghai earlier on Monday.
Taiwan business people urged to seize opportunities in mainland
Lien Chan said that trade and economic relations across the Taiwan Straits are "at a crucial point", and encouraged Taiwan business people to seize business opportunities in the rapidly-developing mainland.
"Taiwan businesses are faced with a crucial moment for seizing market and business opportunities and striving for future development (in the mainland)," said Lien in a speech at a luncheon party in Shanghai, hosted by Taiwan business community in the mainland for the KMT leader and his 60-member party delegation.
Almost all major countries in the world today have targeted the mainland market and are seeking to enhance their international competitiveness and expand market by coming here, said Lien.
Under such circumstances, "if Taiwan remains in a closed mentality, we are quite likely to suffer much negative impact," he added.
CPC, KMT to build platform for exchanges
The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) party have agreed to build a platform to promote peaceful development and cross-Straits exchanges in economic, trade and cultural sectors, said visiting KMT leader Lien Chan on Monday.
"The establishment of such a platform, which focuses on the two most important issues, peace and economic and trade exchanges, is of vital importance, as currently there's still no sign of official contacts between the two sides across the Straits," Lien told a press conference in Shanghai.
He said the proposed platform would include two forums, one on peaceful development and the other on economic, trade and cultural exchanges.
The two forums are intended to help facilitate exchange of ideas across the Straits and reflect the consensus reached between the CPC and KMT, he said.
Lien said that participants of the two forums are not to be limited to officials of the two parties only. "Other relevant people can be invited to the forums as well," he said at the press conference, held before a planned meeting with Wang Daohan, president of the mainland-based Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS).
A press communique signed between leaders of the CPC and KMT in Beijing on Friday says the two parties have agreed to build a platform for regular party-to-party communications between their officials at different levels.


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There’s a bit of skydiving in the news right now. Here are some quick links to satisfy your current events cravings, because we know there isn’t enough going on in the news this week to keep you occupied.
- SKYDIVE ARIZONA, INC. v. QUATTROCCHI
Skydive Arizona, Inc., Plaintiff, v. Cary Quattrocchi, et al., Defendants.
Case No. CV05-2656-PHX-DGC.
United States District Court, D. Arizona.
May 2, 2011.
- Jury gives $48 million in air crash verdict
Late on Thursday, April 28, 2011 a jury in Franklin County, Missouri near St. Louis awarded $48 million in legal liability and punitive damages in an aircraft accident trial which resulted from a crash on July 29, 2006 at 1:45 p.m. CDT at Sullivan Regional Airport (UUV), near Sullivan, Missouri.
- Belgian parachute murderer loses appeal
A Belgian teacher sentenced to 30 years for the murder of a skydiving love rival lost an appeal against her conviction on Tuesday.


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Upon incubation of protoplasts in regenerating conditions, numerous proteins are secreted into the culture side effects of viagra medium. At light microscopy, the alendronate-treated animals presented an accumulation of secretion granules in their cytoplasm, which was confirmed by the ultrastructural examination.
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domain: literature


Simon Boswell & Stefano Mainetti
Sancta dei Genitrix (Holy Mother of God)
Mater Ecclesiae (Mother of the Church)
Auxilium Christianorum (Mary help of Christians)
Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven)
Advocata Nostra (Our Advocate)
Benedicta Tu (You are blessed)
Causa Nostrae Laetitiae (Cause of our joy)
Magistra Nostra (Our Teacher)
Yasemin Sannino (soprano)
Choir of the Philharmonic Academy of Rome
S. Veronica Parrocchia di S. Maria Nascente in Bonemerse (Cr)
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
Reviewed by: Chris Caspell
Reviewed: November 2009
CD No: GEFFEN RECORDS 4763664
Duration: 50 minutes
No doubt timed to tickle the Christmas market, “Alma Mater” is an interesting conglomeration of lush strings, choral unisons and the words of the Pontiff, Pope Benedict XVI. The idea behind the album is a spiritual celebration of the Alma Mater, Mary, mother of Christ. The serendipitous twist however is in the choice of composers – Mainetti is Catholic, Boswell is ‘undeclared’ and Eddine is Muslim. That Eddine is the composer of only one piece is perhaps a shame as his Moroccan harmonies add real world-music bite.
The album has been assembled taking audio from Vatican Radio together with recordings of the Choir of the Philharmonic Academy of Rome recorded in St Peter’s Basilica. Add to the mixture the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recorded at Abbey Road and you have something that is far removed from an easily repeatable performance and one that has the potential to be an unholy din. However, apart from very occasional ‘un-togetherness’, the effect is quite beautiful and the combination of tracks and composers sit well together.
His holiness, speaking in Latin, Italian, Portuguese, French and German, does so in a manner that is gentle and guiding – more elderly-relative than fundamental dogmatist. The Pope is heard reciting prayers and passages from Lauretan Litanies and Marian popular chants – chants that have echoed through St Peter’s for centuries.
The music contained in the eight tracks, though simplistic, embraces the soupy attractiveness of the film score. Both Mainetti and Boswell are celebrated film composers, with Boswell perhaps unfairly remembered chiefly for “Pornography: The Musical”, though stylistically the music on this disc is far removed from the banality of the Channel 4 production.
Overall this is a release that will delight the easy-listening enthusiasts and be disparaged by elitists – in anticipation of the predictable feuding during the family festivities of “EastEnders”, perhaps this is the perfect accompaniment to your Christmas dinner!


text:
In the news
Apparently, defunding the police is not enough, these Marxist now demand the private property of others.
It is the most terrible for the decent people who live here… they are the ones being hurt by the liberal policies being carried out in NYC.
The child was apparently playing when the man ran up, shot him in the head, and ran off.
Essentially, he is telling these militant democrats that their actions will not be condemned by the law, and they are free to destroy and attack without consequence.
These people are the worst sorts of predator criminals, yet Foxx is putting them back on the street, making many people believe that her goal is the death of citizens.
He denies it, and says that the LAPD fabricated the calls themselves.
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DELIVERED RIGHT TO YOUR INBOX?

domain: sociology


There’s just something with classic cars and motorbikes that stirs the soul in a way that more modern vehicles just fail to do, despite their technological superiority. Maybe it’s that desire to recreate a time or experience from our youth that is the driving factor, that pull of nostalgia, those sepia tinted roads of the past, mixed with endless journeys upon traffic free ribbons of tarmac during those endless summer days and nights
What’s pleasing to MotorMartin is that the maunufatcturers are now getting more and more involved with this wave of nostalgia sweeping through motoring fans around the globe, bringing their own recent classics into the mix as they research the models with which they made their name, even going as far as restoring models that hold a particular significance. And it’s restoration of a rare model, which caught the interest over at MotorMartin Towers, which has turned into a labour of love for Vauxhall’s Heritage team and saw the light of day for the first time at the Lancaster Insurance Classic Motor Show, held recently at the NEC.
A centre-piece of Vauxhall’s multi-themed stand this year, the gleaming Monza Red Viva GT will take pride of place in the area, celebrating 50 years since the Viva HB model was launched. The ten car stand also features displays based around Vauxhall’s vast export history, and 85 years since the birth of Bedford, its commercial vehicle division. There really is only one place to head for if you love your classic Vauxhall motoring.
Vauxhall have confirmed to MotorMartin that the Viva was restored on and off over a two-year period by Andy Boddy and Terry Forder (with assistance from their apprentice, Chris Smith) the 1970 Mark 1 ½ GT is believed to have been registered by Vauxhall as one of its company cars back in the day (its ‘YXD’ suffix makes this likely) and was purchased by Vauxhall from the partner of its late owner, Steve Walton, in June 2014.
Remarkably, the GT had just one other owner before Steve bought the car, making its history relatively easy to plot. Originally painted Sebring Silver, the team opted for a more vibrant hue and settled on Monza Red, which would have been available when the car was new. But before painting, the surprisingly sound body was stripped and acid-dipped at Enviro Strip in Tamworth, after which it was returned to Luton for some sheet metal work.
Since many HB panels, especially around the chassis, inner wing areas and in the boot floor, are difficult to source, specialist Keith May was brought in to painstakingly craft new metalwork from scratch, helped by the Heritage Centre’s apprentice, Chris Smith.
After a final visit to Enviro Strip for a further acid dip and etch priming, the body was prepared for paint, including long-blocking the shell. It was then sent to BASF’s training facility in Milton Keynes where the team there spent over 60 hours applying the primer and final colour coats, using R-M refinishing products. Such was the VH team’s attention to detail, that they tasked BASF – Vauxhall Heritage’s regular supplier – with applying the Viva GT’s Tasman Orange stripes; but these weren’t mere graphics, they were actually painted on.
In the meantime, MotorMartin has been told, back at the Heritage Centre, the GT’s 2.0-litre engine was being overhauled by Andy and the team, ready to be reunited with the rest of the car. The race was then on to have the GT ready in time for the show.
‘We’re now on the finishing straight with this restoration,’ shared Andy with MotorMartin, just before the Viva was completed. ‘It’s been a real labour of love for the team over the last couple of years, and sometimes quite a challenge when we have 70 other vehicles in the collection to maintain, too. But we’re confident that on Friday, November 11th – the first day of the show – the car will be ready to take pride of place on our stand.’ And MotorMartin’s glad to report that the Heritage team completed their superb Vauxhall Viva on time.
A great result based on the hard work and dedication of the Vauxhall Heritage team. Well done Vauxhall, MotorMartin can’t wait to see what’s up next for restoration.
Where will you go?


text:
Avocados boost heart health
If your goal is to ensure optimum heart health, you’ll want to incorporate a little avocado into your life, particularly as research published in the Journal of the American Heart Association has found this healthy habit slashes your risk for coronary heart diseases by 21%!
Scientists evaluated data from over 100,000 adults and discovered that people who ate between two-thirds to a whole avocado a week had a significantly reduced risk of coronary heart disease, along with a 16% decreased chance of developing cardiovascular disease.
The heart-boosting benefits of avocado come from their high content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, as well as a natural plant sterol called beta sitosterol – all of which help lower levels of inflammation and bad LDL cholesterol. Avocados have 5 grams of these heart-friendly fats but only 1 gram of unhealthy saturated fat – and as they are also rich sources of fibre and have little to no sodium (salt) too, they’re the perfect food for heart health.
They are extremely high in potassium, which helps your heart pump blood around your body, as well as magnesium, which decreases blood pressure – so it’s no wonder that so many top cardiologists recommend eating avocados to their patients. Research shows that eating avocados can lead to a lowered chance of developing metabolic syndrome, which increases your risk of heart disease and stroke.
Why not try replacing salted butter or unhealthy margarine loaded with trans fats with a little avocado on toast in the morning instead? Or the next time you make a sandwich, think about swapping out processed meats or cheese for this heart-healthy fruit? By eating a little avocado every day you’ll definitely be improving your health – and as they are so delicious, we’re certain you won’t ever feel deprived!

domain: biology


US 20040042724 A1
The invention relates to a method and a device for producing a coupling grating (5) for a waveguide. The method relies on the technique of interference lithography, whereby an interference pattern on a light-sensitive layer (2) is exposed by superimposing two coherent light beams (3, 4) on said light-sensitive layer (2). Said pattern is then transferred onto the surface of the substrate (1) that lies underneath by subsequent developing and an etching process. The method is characterized in that it uses a shadow mask (6) that is mounted at minimum clearance relative to the surface of the light-sensitive layer (2). By observing said minimum clearance, the Fresnel diffraction images of both light beams (3, 4) are separated on the edge(7). The thickness of the light-sensitive layer (2) is selected in such a way that the superimposition of the Fresnel diffraction pattern of one light beam with the other undisturbed light beam suffices to uncover areas of the substrate (1) during subsequent developing of the layer (2). The method makes it possible to avoid transfer of unwanted diffraction effects on the edge of the shadow mask to the substrate. The method provides a cost-effective solution for the production of large-surface coupling grating matrices.
1. A method for producing a coupling grating for a waveguide utilizing interference lithography, in which a light-sensitive layer (2) on a substrate (1) is exposed with an interference pattern by superimposing two coherent light beams (3,4) and said light-sensitive layer (2) is subsequently developed, the regions of said substrate (1) which said development laid bare or nearly laid bare are subjected to an etching process and said light-sensitive layer (2) is then removed from said substrate,
to set the outer boundaries of said to-be-produced coupling grating (5) during said exposure, a shadow mask (6) is disposed while maintaining a minimum distance dmin from the surface of said light-sensitive layer (2), said distance permitting a spatial separation of the Fresnel diffraction patterns of the two light beams (3,4) on the surface due to an inner edge (7) of said shadow mask (6), with the thickness of said light-sensitive layer (2) being selected in such a manner that said superimposition of said Fresnel diffraction pattern of one said light beam with the undisturbed other said light beam (3,4) for exposure of said light-sensitive layer (2) just suffices to be able to etch regions of said substrate (1) following said subsequent development of said layer (2).
3. A method according to
a photoresist layer is utilized as said light-sensitive layer (2).
4. A method according to one of the
said distance of said shadow mask (6) from said surface of said light-sensitive layer (2) is altered during said exposure of said layer (2).
5. A method according to one of the
a shadow mask (6) having one or a plurality of slot-shaped mask openings (8) is utilized.
6. A method according to one of the
a shadow mask (6) is utilized whose inner edges (7), which are to effect setting the boundaries of said coupling grating parallel to the grating lines, are designed as cuttings edges having a cutting angle α in relation to a main surface of said shadow mask, said cutting angle fulfilling the condition θi+2α≦90°, with θi being the angle of incidence of the two light beams.
7. A method according to one of the
using a shadow mask (6) having a plurality of mask openings (8) disposed in a matrix manner produces a multiplicity of coupling gratings simultaneously on said substrate (1).
8. A method according to one of the
following removal of said light-sensitive layer (2) the substrate is coated with a waveguide layer the refraction index of which is higher than that of said substrate (1).
9. A method according to one of the
the substrate having one or a plurality of coupling gratings is utilized as an imprinting mask for producing further coupling gratings.
10. A device for carrying out the method according to one or a multiplicity of the preceding claims having a holding means for a substrate (1), a shadow mask (6), which can be set at a defined distance from the surface of a substrate (1) inserted in said holding means, as well as a source of coherent laser light having a beam splitting and beam widening optic as well as beam guiding elements in order to be able to superimpose two split beams (3, 4) at defined angles of incidence on the surface of a substrate (1) inserted in said holding means, with said shadow mask (6) being provided with mask openings (8) having edges (7) running perpendicular to the plane formed by said split beams (3, 4) and which are designed in a cutting-edge manner.
11. A device according to
a drive is provided with which said shadow mask (6) is moved perpendicular to the substrate surface during exposure.
12. A device according to
wherein said shadow mask (6) is provided with one or a plurality of slot-shaped mask openings (8).
 The present invention relates to a method for producing a coupling grating for a wavequide utilizing interference lithography, in which a light-sensitive layer on a substrate is exposed with an interference pattern produced by superimposing two coherent light beams and subsequently developed. The areas of the substrate that development laid bare undergo an etching process after which the light-sensitive layer is removed from the substrate. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for carrying out the method.
 Using coupling gratings to couple radiation into waveguides, particularly in integrated optical waveguides, is widespread. For example coupling gratings are produced on the surface of a glass substrate and the waveguide is applied to this structure as a highly diffracting layer. Typical grating periods for coupling gratings for coupling in visible light range from 300 to 1000 nm. The depth of the structure in the surface of the substrate, however, is usually less than 40 nm.
 Many applications of integrated optical components respectively waveguides are in telecommunications and in sensor technology, which utilize that the evanescent field of the mode guided in the waveguide can assume a sensor function. In the same manner, the coupling grating itself can be utilized as a sensor element. For example, WO 95/03538 describes a biosensor matrix in microtiter plate format in which the coupling grating is employed as a sensor element. The microtiter plate having up to 96 wells described therein is provided with up to 4 coupling gratings per well, equivalent to a total of 384 coupling gratings on this component. If one assumes an average surface of 1 mm2 per coupling grating, an area with a total of 384 mm2 has to be provided with submicrostructures to produce this biosensor matrix. As a sensor matrix is a consumer product, to realize such an application, substrates structured with large-surface, defined coupling gratings must be produced in large numbers. Therefore, for this and similar applications, it is desirable to be able to produce cost-effective grating structures. However, particularly for high quality substrate materials, there is hitherto no cost-effective production of grating structures available.
 For applications in which the coupled-in wave is led over a certain spatial area and then coupled out again via a second coupling grating, the quality of the junctions from the coupling grating to the unstructured area and the quality of the surface of the unstructured area are of essential significance for dampening the guided radiation and therefore for the number of evaluable signals. In many cases it is therefore additionally required that structuring of the substrate in well-defined regions for producing the coupling gratings does not lead to influencing respectively impairing wave guidance in the unstructured areas of the substrate.
 Various methods are presently used to produce coupling gratings for integrated optical components.
 One such method that is frequently employed uses photolithographic technology to produce an etching mask for producing grating structures. In this method, photoresist is applied to the surface of the to-be-structured substrate, for example a glass substrate. Before carrying out the method, an exposure mask is produced for the photoresist by means of electron beam writing which provides the to-be-produced grating structure. This exposure mask is pressed against the substrate coated with the photoresist. In the subsequent exposure step using UV radiation, the radiation is impinged only on the regions of the photoresist not covered by the exposure mask. In the subsequent developing process, the solubility rate of the photoresist in the exposed regions differs significantly from that in the unexposed regions. If the resist is positive, the exposed regions dissolve faster; if the resist is negative, the unexposed ones are faster. Developing the exposed photoresist layer yields a surface relief that, upon suited selection of the exposure and developing parameters, masks the substrate where the lamella of the grating are and lays bare where the channels of grating are. After this the regions of the substrate laid bare in this manner are etched using a wet chemical process or an ion etching process. Following removal of the photoresist, the substrate is structured according to the desired coupling grating and can be coated with a waveguide.
 However, this prior art contact method of exposure has the disadvantage that it cannot be used industrially for grating periods of <2 μm, because the production rejects due to unavoidable variations in the distance between mask and the substrate with small grating periods would be too high. With this method, the production of grating periods of <500 nm is not reproducible even in laboratory conditions.
 Another drawback of this contact exposure method is that the writing time of the electron-beam writer for the exposure mask is approximately 1h/mm2, thus very high. The production of an exposure mask for grating structures with periods of <1000 nm on areas of more than 50 mm2 would require writing times of approximately 50 hours so that the costs, in particular for small-scale production, would be unacceptable.
 Although, to avoid these drawbacks, a projection method of exposure can be employed to expose the photoresist. In this case, the exposure mask is usually projected smaller onto the photoresist layer with a scale of 5:1 (mask to image). The entire substrate is exposed by multiple application of the same pattern on the mask in a step-and-repeat process. Projection exposure has the advantage that grating periods of about 500 nm in the photoresist layer can also be produced industrially. However, this requires a projection exposure machine with exposure wavelengths in the low UV range. Such exposure machines are so expensive that their depreciation makes up a major part of the structuring costs. Consequently, this method is presently not implemented in industry.
 Another disadvantage of this method is that projection exposure requires extremely plane substrates due to the low depth of sharpness of the image, which is usually only obtained by means of expensive surface processing procedures such as lapping and polishing. These requirements raise the costs for the usable substrates additionally.
 Another prior art method for producing coupling gratings for integrated optical waveguides utilizes interference lithographic technology. In this method, the grating structures in the photoresist are produced by means of the interference of two superimposed coherent wavefields. Period Λ of the grating results in the following relationship upon symmetric incidence of the two waves:
 with λ0 standing for the wavelength of the coherent wavefields and θi standing for the angle of incidence of the two wavefields. The spatial intensity modulation produced by the superimposition of the two wavefields on the surface of the photoresist leads to a structured exposure of the photoresist without needing to employ a complicated structured exposure mask. The grating period can be controlled in a simple manner via the angle of incidence of the two wavefields. To set the outer boundary of the grating on the substrate, only a masking layer with a mask opening setting this boundary is placed on the surface of the photoresist before exposure. This mask only sets the outer boundary of the coupling grating so that no complicated electron-beam writing is required.
 An example of applying interference lithography technology for producing a coupling grating is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,675 691. However the method disclosed there does not use a photoresist. But rather, the coupling grating is produced by means of laser ablation on the surface of a corresponding layer on a substrate. In this method, a refraction index variation is produced directly in the layer by modulating the spatial intensity of the irradiated and superimposed UV radiation.
 Setting the spatial boundaries of the grating structure is very difficult when employing interference lithography technology to produce coupling gratings for waveguides. The state of the art approach for setting the boundaries of this grating structure by placing on the substrate a mask that limits the radiation field leads to diffraction effects at the edges of this mask. These diffraction effects for their part crop up again in the produced grating structure and influence it negatively.
 Another prior art method for producing coupling gratings is utilizing replication processes. In these replication processes, first a model respectively a mold of the grating is produced as a surface relief and is multiplied by means of such methods such as imprinting or pouring. However, one of the methods described in the preceding is required to produce the model. The coupling grating is then produced, for example by imprinting the model into a plastic substrate, into sol-gel layers on the substrate or directly into glass.
 An example of applying a replication method for producing coupling gratings is known from R. E. Kunz et al's, “Sensors and Actuators” A 46-47 (1995), pages 482 to 486. With the method employed there, the photolithographic model is created with the aid of an exposure mask produced by means of electron-beam writing so that the same drawbacks occur as already explained in connection with this method of production.
 However, further difficulties arise when utilizing the replication method, which promises large piece numbers at lowest cost. Thus, although in plastics there are numerous form-giving processes available such as for example injection molding, high-grade waveguide layers with dampening values such as are realizable on glass cannot be produced on the available plastics. When using sol-gel layers on glass such as in direct imprinting of glass, the difficulties lie in imprinting large surfaces. Qualitatively, replicated coupling gratings are generally poorer than etched gratings. Due to the high investment costs, the prior art replication methods can also only be produced cost-effectively if the piece numbers are very high.
 Based on this prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device which permit producing high-grade coupling gratings for waveguides and are realizable cost-effectively.
 The object of the invention is solved using the method and the device according to claims 1 and 10. Advantageous embodiments of the method and of the device are the subject matter of the subclaims.
 In the present method, a substrate having a light-sensitive layer, in particular a photoresist layer, applied onto it is provided. Structuring the layer occurs utilizing interference lithography. For this purpose two coherent light beams are superimposed to produce an interference pattern on the surface of the light-sensitive layer. The incidence angle of the two coherent light beams is selected in a state-of- the-art manner in order to be able to produce the desired grating period Λ on the surface. After exposure of the light-sensitive layer, it is developed in order to be able to lay bare or almost lay bare the corresponding regions of the substrate lying beneath as already explained in the introductory part hereof. For etching the substrate, the light-sensitive layer does not have to lay the substrate completely bare at the respective areas (grating channels), because a still remaining thin layer can also be etched through by means of a dry etching process. Dry-chemical or wet-chemical etching of the laid bare or nearly laid bare regions follows developing, with the structured light-sensitive layer serving as an etching mask. Suited wet-chemical etching processes for the respective substrate material, such as for example glass, are known to someone skilled in the art. The same applies to dry-etching processes, such as sputter etching or reactive ion etching. The etching process etches the grating structures into the substrate required for the function of the coupling grating. Finally the light-sensitive layer is removed so that the entire substrate surface with the etched-in grating structure is laid bare. Following removal of the light-sensitive material, the substrate can be coated with a higher refractive layer as the waveguide.
 Preferably, with the present method a single coupling grating is not produced on a substrate but rather a plurality of coupling gratings is simultaneously produced in a matrix pattern on the substrate.
 What distinguishes the present method is that the spatial boundaries of the single coupling gratings are realized by means of shadow masks, whose mask opening provides the typical rectangular respectively slot-shaped geometry of coupling gratings. An element of the present invention is that the shadow mask is positioned at a minimum distance to the surface of the light-sensitive layer, permitting separation of the two Fresnel diffraction images of the edges of the shadow mask running parallel to the grating lines. The two diffraction images result from the different incident directions of the two light beams.
 It was understood that usually only the lateral boundary of the grating, which lies parallel to the grating channels, is important for coupling in a planar waveguide. The propagation direction of the guided mode is usually perpendicular or almost perpendicular to the grating channels respectively grating lines. The quality of the grating at the edges, which lie perpendicular to the grating lines, is therefore usually of less significance.
 The present invention permits using slit-shaped or slot-shaped shadow masks, because the diffraction effects at the edges, which lie parallel to the grating channels, do not disturb the grating when exposure is carried out according to the present method.
 Due to the minimum distance between the shadow mask and the light-sensitive layer, different exposure regions are produced in the junction between the grating structure and the unstructured surface. These regions result from the Fresnel diffraction images of the edge, which are imaged at different areas in the photoresist due to the different propagation directions of the two light beams used for interference lithography. In a first region, the two light beams are superimposed without disturbance and the desired photoresist grating structure develops. In the second region, the Fresnel diffraction image produced by the first light beam superimposes with the largely undisturbed second light beam. Due to the intensity variation of the first light beam, the contrast of the interferogram hardly changes. The grating structure is therefore imaged in the photoresist largely undisturbed in this second region. In the third region, the intensity of the light wave of the first light beam, and therefore also the structure depth of the grating, continues to diminish. With suitable selection of the starting thickness of the resist layer, the remaining thickness of the resist suffices in this region to prevent etching the substrate in the subsequent etching processes. Exposure and subsequent developing does therefore not lay the substrate bare nor almost lay it bare in this third region. In the fourth region, the intensity of the first wave is diminishingly small and only the projected Fresnel diffraction image of the second light beam is imaged in the photoresist. In the fifth region, the intensity of the wave of the second light beam continuously diminishes. Therefore, after developing, a sufficient thickness of the resist also remains in the fourth and fifth regions to prevent etching the substrate in the subsequent etching processes.
 The inventors understood the factual situation of maintaining a minimum distance between the shadow mask and the surface of the light-sensitive layer and utilized it in the present method to obtain the desired boundaries of the coupling grating. For this purpose, the thickness of the light-sensitive layer respectively of the photoresist in compliance with the other exposure parameters, such as intensity of the coherent light beams and exposure time, is selected in such a manner that exposure only in the intensity maxima in the first and second region suffices to lay the substrate lying beneath after development bare or almost bare. The disturbing diffraction effects caused by the edges of the shadow mask, which primarily crop up in the third and fifth regions, are transferred into the photoresist mask but not onto the substrate and therefore not into the coupling grating.
 The required minimum distance between the mask and the substrate, which leads to the invented separation of the diffraction images, can be estimated as follows. A semi-finite plane lies in a plane formed by the orthogonal x and y axes. In the event of a planar incident wave, a non-dimensional parameter w is determined as follows when observing the distribution of the intensity along a line in x direction perpendicular to the edge running in y direction:
 with d standing for the distance between mask and the photoresist-coated substrate (cf., e.g. Klein, M. V., Furtak, T. E., Optik, Springer-Verlag (1988).
 Separation of the two diffraction figures is yielded by the geometry of the incident waves:
Δx 2=2tan θi ·d.
 The distance Δx2 should be greater than the extension Δx1 of the Fresnel diffraction image at a certain minimum value of w. One therefore finds the following inequation for the required distance between the mask and the substrate:
 Tests showed that a separation of the diffraction images for w=4 or greater suffices to produce etching masks in the photoresist for troublefree coupling gratings.
 The required minimum distance dmin between the shadow mask and the photoresist-coated substrate is therefore preferably yielded by:
 The two light beams do not necessarily have to hit the layer symmetrically at the same angle θi to the surface normals. The minimum distance yielded with varying incident angles can be determined analogue to the above estimation. Alternatively, an angle averaged from the incident angles of the two light beams can also be used in the above formula.
 The invented method permits producing single coupling gratings or an entire coupling grating matrix in an advantageous, cost-effective manner on a large substrate surface. Exposure masks, which have to be produced by a time-consuming electron-beam writing process, are no longer required for producing coupling gratings. Furthermore, the problems of disturbing diffractions at the edges in producing coupling gratings known from interference lithography are avoided. Disturbance from the unstructured regions between the coupling gratings does not occur in the present method.
 The respective device comprises a holding means for the substrate and the exposure mask used to set the boundaries of the coupling grating. Spacers ensuring the maintenance of the minimum distance between the mask and the substrate can be employed between the exposure mask and the surface of the light-sensitive layer. Furthermore, the device comprises a coherent laser light source having respective beam splitting and beam widening optics as well as beam guiding elements to be able to irradiate the laser beams onto the surface of the substrate at defined incident angles. The mask used is provided with cutting-edge-shaped mask openings with edges running perpendicular to the plane formed by the laser beams, i.e. parallel to the to-be-produced grating lines.
 The angle α of the cutting edges is selected in dependence of the incident angle θi of the laser beams preferably according to the following relationship:
 Due to this selection of the cutting-edge angle, the waves reflected on it are not deflected onto the substrate coated with the photoresist so that additional disturbances due to reflection are avoided.
 The mask itself can also be formed by means of one or multiple slit-shaped openings without lateral boundaries. This then suffices if the coupling gratings are to extend over the entire width of the substrate. However, in the case of a plurality of adjacent coupling gratings, the mask openings are provided with lateral boundaries, thus are rectangular in shape, with the length of these rectangular slots being much greater than its width corresponding to the typical shape of a coupling grating.
 In an advantageous preferred embodiment, the device comprises in addition a special holding means for the exposure mask having a drive with which the mask can be moved perpendicular to the substrate surface along a defined path during exposure while maintaining the minimum distance. This embodiment of the device relates to a particular embodiment variant of the present method in which the distance between the exposure mask and the surface of the light-sensitive layer is altered during the exposure time. This alteration, which can be realized for example by a simple linear movement of the exposure mask perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, results in averaging the Fresnel diffraction images at different sites and thus in a reduction of the contrast of the Fresnel diffraction images. This reduction of the contrast leads to a further reduction of the disturbing diffraction effects in producing coupling gratings. The dimensions of the setting range of the exposure mask is dependent on the to-be-produced grating period. The greater the grating period the larger the setting range must be selected in order to achieve adequate averaging.
 The present method is briefly described once more in the following using preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings without the intention of limiting the scope or spirit of the inventive idea.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an example of the irradiation of two coherent light beams onto the surface of a substrate layer to produce an interference pattern;
FIG. 2 shows an exemplary representation of the conditions at an edge of the exposure mask in the present method;
FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope image of a photoresist structure exposed according to the present method.
FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail of the structure of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows an example of a substrate structured using a coupling grating matrix according to the present invention; and
FIG. 6 shows an example of the respective exposure mask for producing the coupling grating matrix according to FIG. 5.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an example of the exposure of the surface of a light-sensitive layer 2 with two coherent light beams 3,4. Both the light beams are superimposed at a fixed angle of θi on the surface of the light-sensitive layer 2. This representation shows neither the substrate on which the light-sensitive layer is applied nor the exposure mask to set the boundaries of the to-be-produced coupling grating. The wavelength λ0 of the two irradiated light beams and the incident angle θi yield a fixed spatial intensity modulation having a period of Λ which corresponds to the to-be-produced grating period.
 In the present example, a coupling grating matrix having a grating period of Λ=500 nm should be produced. For this purpose, an argon ion laser having an emission wave length of 364 nm is employed. The output beam of this laser is split into two partial beams, which are widened using corresponding optics and irradiated onto the light-sensitive layer 2, a photoresist layer at an angle of θi=21.3°. The exposure time for producing such a type coupling grating matrix is dependent on the intensity of the irradiated laser radiation and the properties of the photoresist layer. In the present case, an exposure time of 1 to 2 minutes is required. The exposure time is set by at least one shutter in the radiation path of the laser so that if the radiation strength is given, the exposure dose is fixed.
FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of the conditions during exposure. The figure shows once more the light-sensitive layer 2 and the two laser light beams 3 and 4 superimposed at an angle of θi. Furthermore, this figure also shows an inner border respectively an inner edge 7 of the mask opening of the exposure mask 6 utilized as a shadow mask. In the present example, the mask comprises a metal plate having a thickness of at least 1 mm to prevent distortion. The mask openings are preferably made by means of ultra-precision processing using diamond tools to obtain optical surfaces, which are necessary to avoid scattering waves when exposing the photoresist. The mask openings are executed as slot openings whose shape corresponds to the outer outline of the to-be-produced coupling grating matrix. To produce the desired coupling grating matrix, the slot-shaped mask openings are distributed evenly over the metal plate. The edges of the slots, which lie parallel to the to-be-produced grating channels, are executed as cutting edges 7 as FIG. 2 shows. The effect of the cutting edge is that with a suited selection of the cutting-edge angle α, the waves reflected thereon cannot hit the substrate coated with the photoresist 2. The angle α of the cutting edge 7 is selected dependent on the incident angle θi according to θi+2α≦90°.
 During exposure, a holding means is employed which permits reception of the shadow mask 6 and the glass substrate (not depicted here) coated with the photoresist 2. A mechanical spacer, also not depicted in FIG. 2, ensures the, according to the invented method, to-be-maintained minimum distance d.
FIG. 2 distinctly shows the separation of the two Fresnel diffraction images of the two coherent light beams 4 and 5 on the surface of the light-sensitive layer 2. The intensity distribution of these diffraction images is indicated schematically in the figure. This separation of the two diffraction patterns leads to the already described five exposure regions on the light-sensitive layer.
 These five regions (designated with Roman numerals) are shown again in the following FIGS. 3 and 4 using a scanning electron microscopic image of a substrate 1 with a photoresist layer 2 exposed according to the present method. In FIGS. 3 (and 4), the photoresist 2 is applied thicker than usual in order to make the effects produced with the present method more apparent. The differences between the exposure regions I to V after development of the photoresist using a conventional developer are quite distinct. The minimum distance between the mask and the surface of the photoresist layer and the resulting separation of the diffraction images permits preventing the diffraction images of the regions III to V from being exposed down to the substrate as the remaining resist thickness in region III after development shows very well in FIG. 4. However, disturbances occur particularly in the regions II to V and therefore are not transferred onto the substrate 1 during the etching process. In the regions I and II, the intensity suffices to completely remove the photoresist at the intensity maxima of the interference pattern during development and the grating lines are completely transferred onto the substrate 1. On the other hand however, the disturbance due to the diffraction effects is negligibly small in these regions so that no disturbance of the grating occurs during transference of the photoresist structure onto the substrate beneath. The disturbances seen in FIGS. 3 and 4 are due to the greater resist thickness selected for better illustration.
 In this example, the transference of the grating structure onto the substrate is carried out by means of a subsequent wet-chemical etching process using HF occurring in the regions laid bare by developing the photoresist. Grating channels are also produced here by etching in the glass substrate 1.
 Following the etching step, the photoresist can be removed with a solvent, commercial photoresist stripper or by means of O2 plasma treatment. A coupling grating matrix such as the one shown in the example in FIG. 5 (not to scale) remains on the substrate 1. The individual coupling gratings 5 are easily distinguishable as matrix-like arranged structured regions on the substrate 1. In this example of exposure using an argon ion laser to produce a grating period of 500 nm, a distance of 20 μm is selected as the distance between the exposure mask 6 and the surface of the photoresist 2. Taking the required separation of the diffraction images of the two split beams 3, 4 into consideration, maintaining a minimum distance of about 5 μm in this case would however also lead to a satisfactory result.
 With the present method, for example approximately 10 coupling gratings with outer dimensions of 1 mm×10 cm or approximately 100 coupling gratings with outer dimensions of 1 mm×10 mm in matrix form are produced on a microtiter plate with the dimensions 8×12 cm by means of one exposure. It is a matter of course that the coherent split beams have to be widened accordingly in a large-surface manner.
 Furthermore, someone skilled in the art is familiar with the fact that in order to produce other grating periods other incident angles, exposures times and distances from the exposure mask to the substrate surface have to be selected. For expedience, however the distance from the exposure mask to the surface of the light-sensitive layer 2 does not exceed a value of 3 cm.
 Finally, FIG. 6 shows a top view of an example of a shadow mask for exposure of a structure like the one in FIG. 5. The individual slot-shaped mask openings 8 are not depicted to scale. The cutting-edge-like design of the edges 7 of these mask openings is also shown schematically. The edges of the narrow boundaries of the mask openings have a different shape in order to prevent possible reflections. These edges are preferably undercut.
 In another preferred embodiment of the method, the mask 6 is, in addition, moved linearly and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate during exposure. In this example, a movement of 20 μm during an exposure period of two minutes suffices to yield the desired averaging of the Fresnel diffraction images. Such a linear movement can, for example, occur by means of a piezo drive. Another manner of moving the mask to cover this region can, of course, also be realized.
 The shadow mask 6 can, of course, also be realized in other fashions. For example, two metal sheets mounted in the same plane can form a slot which sets the boundary of the coupling grating in one dimension. This embodiment is especially suited for gratings stretching over the entire to-be-used width of the substrate. The edges of the metal sheets are again designed as cutting-edges by means of polishing and grinding.
 Furthermore, a chrome mask on a glass support, such as is used in microlithography, can be utilized as the shadow mask. In this example, however, an AR coating of the glass support, which is optimized for polarization and the incident angle of the incident beams, is required to suppress undesired interferences.
2 light-sensitive layer, photoresist
3, 4 coherent light beams
5 coupling grating
6 shadow mask respectively exposure mask
7 cutting-edge-like edges
8 mask openings


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Im about 4 pages in Paper Towns now that I FINALLY got my library to stock it xD. I shall let you know what I think of it soon :D
I'm re reading harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. I want to be reading will grayson, will grayson.
I just finished Hunted, from the House of Night:O the series is actually a lot better than I expected ._.
I'm also reading Ghostgirl right now:] LOL im spending about as much time staring at the cover as I am actually reading it XP
OH and I just started reading this book called Frozen Fire.. ._.
The Audacity of Hope by Barack Obama :\
It's surprisingly boring
I'm reading the Gemma Doyle trilogy. It's delicious.
I'm reading my counselling textbook, which I started yesterday and have until my exam on Monday to get through.... *dies* How have I made it to my last year with decent grades?
I am currently reading the "The Dosinian Curse" after reading "The Staff of Destiny" and "The Warrior Witch".Amazing character of Isabelle.I am enjoying every book very much.

domain: hobby


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- Flight Distance Lakshadweep To Mumbai
: Flight distance between Lakshadweep to Mumbai
Air Distance between Lakshadweep to Mumbai ?
Your directions begins from Lakshadweep, Lakshadweep, , India And Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India is the place you need to reach.
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On the heels of last week’s announcement that Lil’ Mac would be joining the Super Smash Bros. for Wii U & 3DS roster, comes the news of Diddy Kong also joining the fray.
The news comes by way of Miiverse, via Sakurai’s post on the service.
Diddy Kong is the 24th confirmed character to be joining the next installment in the Smash Bros. series. He was also included in Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii.
Suman is a Canadian who loves maple syrup. You can find his syrup reviews on twitter @sumanigans.


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NAUGHTY NECKLACE, BLACK, ROSE-GOLD TONE PLATED
Whether you’ve been naughty or nice this year, you’ll love this refined and subtle necklace. With its on-trend feather motifs, rose-gold tone plated metal and black crystal pavé, it will add a fashionable touch to any ensemble.
- Article no.: 5495292
- Collection: Naughty
- Colour: Black
- Length: 38 cm
- Pendant size: 1.5×0.6 cm
- Material: Rose-gold tone plated

domain: artistic


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Garth Rattray | It's back-to-school time!
Yup, it's back-to-school time once again, and while some kids absent themselves altogether, others are only present in body, but absent in heart and mind. Some are swept away by an avalanche of raging adolescent hormones that surge unopposed within their bodies. With no religion, community, family or parent to anchor them, they are carried away on a tumultuous wave of fiery emotions that make them burn with desire for sexual appeasement.
Others become embedded with criminal gangs in their desperate search for a strong father figure and a sense of belonging.
Yet others can't focus on academia while living under the repressive and terrifying control of criminals that exert control over innocent citizens who they see as mere pawns, tools and shields. An indeterminate group of impressionable students lack the self-confidence to surge ahead with their studies. In their minds, they are fated to live in the shadows of 'society'.
Self-imposed psychological limits forever consign them to the roles of dependents and underlings; they are not able to lift their thoughts high enough to gaze upon the heavens and guide themselves to a better life. For them, school is only a transient, mandatory exercise in futility. They will do what they can in pursuit of a few 'subjects', but that is the greatest accomplishment that they can perceive.
Languishing, lost, lulled, living lustfully, lasciviously, lazily, limited, lesser lives. Their very rudimentary grasp of basic technology allows some to access the virtual world of the smartphone. They haven't mastered the skill to type one single sentence, but they can communicate with emojis and abbreviations now recognised as a new expression of language.
Many children are pressured into engaging into sexually activity way too early. Friends express disdain for the uninitiated and tease them into getting a sex partner. Then there are always groups of idlers that crave the company of others and recruit classmates to become one of them. Illicit drugs are always easily available to children and adult perverts are constantly lurking nearby to groom and capture youngsters.
There is no safe environment for any child. The best of parents cannot protect their children from everything and everybody. The parent's best weapon against losing hold of children is a loving, caring, disciplined and nurturing home. It's essential that no child be sheltered from the facts of life - that way, the risk of curiosity and experimentation will be significantly reduced. When parents dictate to children, some resist and some become recalcitrant. It's therefore best for parents to explain the reasons for their actions and to encourage their children to adhere to rules and regulations for their own good.
Schools provide the environment for teenagers to mix and mingle, and sometimes there are dire consequences to this. For my part, I endeavour to explain to youngsters that, at their age, sexual intercourse is a risky activity not worth taking. I tell girls that boys will say and do just about anything to get them into the sack. And I remind them that their only 'job' is to gain a good education. I explain that it forms the foundation on which they can build a life. And education is the only thing that they cannot lose, and no one can take away from them once they acquire it.
It's easy to spot schoolchildren who are posers and idlers - they are usually excessively neat and they constantly fix and preen themselves. They also spend a lot of time looking at themselves and they tend to walk in groups of children of like mind. Some stroll lazily on the streets hand in hand or hugging. Otherwise, you can see them engrossed deeply in talking on the phone or texting. In time, they will regret their waste of time and end up never achieving anything much in life.
Teachers only have a limited time to work with the material that our homes and communities send to them. The last miracle worker that I know of lived more than 2,000 years ago. It's up to parents, close family members, and the communities to mould our children into the responsible adults of tomorrow that our country needs.


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Many individuals struggle with COPD, emphysema or various other respiratory system problems that make it difficult or impossible for them to take a breath during the night. A few of the most typical symptoms are snoring, wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, chest tightness and lastly, a lack of oxygen in the blood. This can be a debilitating problem for people who are incapable to breathe. When you are thinking about purchasing a respiratory system therapy gadget, it is important to remember that there are several different alternatives and also some of them might not be right for your particular scenario.
One such gadget in the market is the Vibrating Proswall or even more frequently called the CPAP. The Vibrating Proswall is just one of one of the most preferred respiratory system therapy items readily available and also has actually proven exceptionally helpful for lots of patients with respiratory system conditions. This gadget utilizes pulsating jets of pressurized air to induce airflow into the top respiratory system tract. For patients who are struggling with sleep apnea, this tool is extremely valuable as the pressure within the air passages will certainly assist to quit the acne.
The CPAP mask is a common component of most respiratory system therapy gadgets. They are normally comprised of a face mask (a non reusable mask) as well as a mouth piece. The face mask has a closed seal to make sure that only a percentage of air can get in the nose as well as mouth. The gadget additionally usually includes a small battery ran shutoff so that the customer can manually open up the valve for added air circulation. The valve is normally situated on the bridge of the nose to ensure that clients do not require to bother with locating it and also grabbing it during their sleep.
Another usual breathing treatment tool is the portable compressor or ventilator. These devices take the type of either bag-type vacuum cleaners or can be hand held units. The most common use for these compressors is to provide extra oxygen when an individual does not have sufficient air circulation in their lungs or for those patients who struggle with severe breathing constraints.
The various other common breathing treatment gadget is the remote controlled cannula. This tool is similar to the cannula utilized by cosmetic surgeons for cosmetic surgery treatments. This apparatus is put right into the nostrils and hooked to the tubing to make sure that the respiratory tract can be tightened. The increased pressure within the airways will certainly help to require mucous out of the upper airways as well as into the draining ducts.
A respiratory system therapy tool likewise includes a digital probe to spot intense breathing distress such as acute bronchitis, COPD, emphysema, and chronic sinusitis. The probe can be put near the client’s nose to detect the degree of inflammation and also the rigidity of the breathing passageway. This gadget is utilized to figure out if additional therapy is required. It may additionally discover troubles with the top air passages as a result of swelling as well as congestion of the mucous air ducts. If an individual’s condition requires therapy for these conditions, the device is affixed to a bag which is then blown up to give additional force to the affected locations.
One more sort of respiratory system treatment tool is known as a Favorable Air Pressure Gadget (PAID). This group describes a person compliant mask that can be put on to force favorable air movement into a person’s airways. The device is worn while the person rests and includes a particularly designed hose pipe attached to a compressor. When the air pressure is put on the hose pipe, it forces favorable air movement into the mask. While this sort of device has actually been shown to improve airflow performance, some researchers believe that it has been inefficient in lowering the inflammation triggered by persistent sinus problems.
A 3rd kind of respiratory system treatment gadget is called an electronic reward spirometer. This tool, which resembles the spirometer described over, allows doctors to examine the efficiency of a treatment program by keeping an eye on the quantity of adjustment in the length of the tubing in addition to the quantity of modification in the patient’s face appearance. The digital incentive spirometer is connected to a tablet user interface via a USB adapter. When the individual’s air pressure is low, the tablet computer reveals an icon on the display that identifies the device as well as a user can after that pick whether or not treatment is appropriate.
Oxygen concentrators are devices that improve and also keep normal respiration by giving a continuous stream of oxygen to the lungs. There are 4 different types of oxygen concentrators available for breathing therapy tools; air circulation, demand-side, positive air pressure/negative stress and supplementary oxygen. These concentrators can either be powered by electrical energy, or they can be operated by a battery.
A spacer is typically called for when utilizing an oxygen concentrator. A spacer is a special piece of equipment that is placed under the chin on both sides. It permits clients to take a breath through the nose without fully eliminating the mask or mouthpiece. A finished inflation system provides constant pressure, which promotes boosted respiratory efficiency and advertises lung expansion.
Oxygen permeable (PAP) filters are among one of the most frequently made use of respiratory system treatment gadgets. A PAP filter can be made use of in an individual’s home. A PAP filter can likewise be utilized in an oxygen-containing therapy inhaler or nebulizer. A PAP filter is a great mesh framework consisting of tiny holes. As air flows over the surface of the mesh, it is recorded by the little holes. This records the oxygen particles and broadens them into a fine haze that is then released right into the air.
An additional respiratory therapy tool that is frequently used is a transforming air pressure songs device made to improve air movement. Music is relaxing to the ear and also assists to relax frayed nerves. The music gadget has a compressor, an air circulation meter, as well as a music box, all linked to one system. The songs tool is put on the individuals’ hips, where the air circulation meter is affixed. Airphysio Opiniones – Lanzamiento de un nuevo dispositivo de terapia respiratoria
The breathing therapy gadget is furnished with a transfer channel that attaches the very first filter to the compressor. The transfer conduit have to be placed right into the mouth of the client as well as is gotten rid of after the very first filter has actually been altered. A transfer avenue is not made use of during the first filter change, as it often tends to produce a small discrepancy in the pressure of the two forces that are triggering the air movement and hence decreasing the efficiency of the initial filter. The adjustments in the stress of both pressures create the circulation of air to transform instructions, either increasing or down. When the transfer channel is eliminated, the atmospheric pressure adjustment is remarkable, and the person notifications that his or her symptoms are beginning to boost.