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- Advanced fitting and balancing services


text:
Sharma, Dinkar and McKenna, Frank P. (2001) The role of time pressure in the emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 92 (3). pp. 471-481. ISSN 0007-1269 . (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
Although a wide range of methodologies have been employed in examining the emotional Stroop effect, little systematic investigation of these experimental manipulations has taken place. Two experiments were designed to investigate the role of time pressure in the emotional Stroop effect. It is shown that time pressure has an important role to play in determining not only the magnitude of the effect but also in whether it is possible to observe any effect at all.
|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology|
|Divisions:||Faculties > Social Sciences > School of Psychology|
|Depositing User:||C.A. Simms|
|Date Deposited:||05 Aug 2008 13:26|
|Last Modified:||06 Jun 2014 14:20|
|Resource URI:||https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/4460 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes)|

domain: psychology


text:
In a move that Patrick Coffee calls "unprecedented—or at the very least extremely rare," Beyonce's recently signed sponsorship deal with
PepsiCo includes, beyond the standard commercial-starring gigs, “a multimillion-dollar fund
to support the singer’s chosen creative projects." These projects could include "'live events... or almost anything else' including humanitarian efforts," writes Coffee. "At this moment in time, big brands like Pepsi have a lot more money than record companies to support a music
industry that’s still hemorrhaging revenue. Pepsi clearly wants to beat Coca-Cola at the music sponsorship game, so we say it’s your move, Coke."

domain: economics


Tehran, the capital of Iran, recently made a significant announcement by revealing a brand-new ballistic missile during a special ceremony.
The official news agency of Iran reported that the missile was locally produced and showcased in Tehran. This development highlights Iran’s continued efforts to enhance its defense capabilities.
The newly unveiled ballistic missile is known as “Khaibar” and belongs to the fourth generation of Iranian missile technology. It boasts impressive capabilities, with a striking range of up to 2,000 kilometers. This range signifies a substantial improvement over previous missile systems, indicating Iran’s advancements in missile technology and their ability to potentially target distant locations.
The unveiling ceremony for the “Khaibar” ballistic missile was likely a highly anticipated event, symbolizing Iran’s dedication to strengthening its military capabilities. Such displays serve as demonstrations of national prowess and act as statements of deterrence in a region characterized by geopolitical tensions.
As Iran continued to develop and showcase its indigenous defense technology, it is expected to draw attention from both regional and international observers. The unveiling of the “Khaibar” ballistic missile highlights Iran’s commitment to achieving self-reliance in defense production and reinforcing its position as a regional power.
According to the report, Iran unveiled a new ballistic missile with a weight of 1,500 kilograms. This advanced weapon system, developed by the Iranian Ministry of Defense’s Aerospace Industries Organization, possesses the capability to carry a warhead.
While the United States and European countries oppose Iran’s nuclear program, Iran maintains that its nuclear activities are solely for defensive purposes.
This unveiling showcased Iran’s progress in developing powerful missiles and highlights its commitment to advancing its domestic defense industry. As Iran’s missile technology continues to evolve, it is likely to face international scrutiny.
The unveiling of this ballistic missile reinforced Iran’s determination to enhance its defense capabilities and maintain a credible deterrent.


Board endows chair, supports soybean research
by MBJ Staff
Published: April 19,2013
Tags: agriculture, college, commodity, crop, endowment, farm, farmer, farming, grower, higher education, postsecondary education, producer, public university, research, row crop, science, Soybean, university
STARKVILLE — The Mississippi Soybean Promotion Board (MSPB) has invested in the Edgar E. Hartwig Endowed Chair in Soybean Agronomy at Mississippi State University (MSU).
Named after the late Edgar E. Hartwig, a renowned soybean breeder, MSPB’s investment will help fund an endowed chair in MSU’s Department of Plant and Soil Sciences.
MSPB’s funding leveraged additional funding from industry partners Monsanto and Syngenta.
Hartwig spent 47 years with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service in Stoneville. He developed many of the soybean varieties grown in the southern United States and regions around the world with similar climates.
“Soybean production improves our state’s economy and environment,” says George Hopper, dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and director of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. “An endowed chair will sustain research, teaching and service focused on improving soybean cropping systems.”
Hopper added that the future of soybean research and education will include integrating tillage systems, crop rotations, soil and water conservation, cover crops, pest management and sufficient plant nutrition.
A 2007 contribution from Hartwig’s wife, Winifred, to MSU established the endowed chair and provided support for graduate student research. The investments from MSPB and its industry partners will be added to the original fund.
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Now showing items 1-2 of 2
‘Transferring sentenced persons (offenders) to the United Kingdom: highlighting some of the human rights issues courts have had to deal with'
(Centre for International and Public Law, Brunel University London, 2014)
As at 30 September 2013 13 per cent of the prison population in England and Wales were foreign national offenders. Convicted UK nationals are also serving prison sentences in foreign jurisdictions. The UK government has ...
The conditional early release of offenders transferred from the Special Court for Sierra Leone to serve their sentences in designated states: some observations and recommendations
(Juta Law, 2014)
The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) (now the Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone) convicted various offenders of crimes, such as war crimes and crimes against humanity. These convicted offenders were sentenced ...

domain: sociology


text:
As recent events have demonstrated, good relations between police and the public are vital to our safety and well-being. That is why, as the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) celebrates its 20th anniversary, we celebrate with both pride in our contributions to the nation’s safety and renewed commitment to the work that remains to be done.
We’ve accomplished a great deal since 1994, when Attorney General Janet Reno established the COPS Office in the U.S. Department of Justice to support the goals of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. Law enforcement agencies nationwide have made vast progress through adoption of community policing strategies for positive, proactive engagement with the public.
More than $14 billion invested
Over the past 20 years, we’ve funded thousands of programs for state, local, and tribal police departments; explored critical social issues through research and forums; and provided widespread support through training, technical assistance, exploratory forums, and a wide variety of publications.
COPS Office funding, which totals more than $14 billion to date, has had a tremendous impact. Besides adding 125,000 officers to our country’s streets and many thousands of support personnel to state, local, and tribal police departments, these funds have enhanced crime fighting technology, supported crime prevention initiatives, and provided training and technical assistance to more than 700,000 law enforcement personnel, community members, and government leaders. To date, the COPS Office has funded programs for more than 70 percent of the nation’s 18,000 law enforcement agencies.
Millions of publications, forums, and training programs
Simply putting more law enforcement officers on the street and personnel in the precinct is not enough to fight crime. The COPS Office has supported knowledge-based prevention and problem solving with the distribution of more than two million topic-specific publications, training curricula, white papers, and resource CDs. Written by law enforcement professionals and subject matter experts, they explore a wide range of subjects such as policing in the new economy, hate crime prevention, and procedural justice.
The COPS Office also brings these professionals together in forums to explore topics of national concern. One such forum focused on strengthening the relationship between law enforcement and communities of color. Held in 2014, it brought more than 75 law enforcement officials together with civil right activists, academic experts, policy makers, and community leaders to explore solutions.
Partners who made the difference
To be sure, the COPS Office has made a significant, measurable difference in promoting the safety of communities throughout the United States. But we did not accomplish these things alone. The intention of this celebration is not only to reflect upon past achievements and renew commitments to future goals but also to thank those who made our accomplishments possible: the thousands of chiefs, sheriffs, line officers, associations, civic leaders, researchers, and other stakeholders, without whom we could not have made any progress.
We also honor the efforts of Vice President Joseph Biden, who wrote the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 while serving in the U.S. Senate and the 103rd Congress, which passed it.
Looking into the future
We still have much to accomplish. Even as old problems are solved, social, political, technological, and economic changes will present new challenges. But with the help of our many supporters, we will address every issue with the best training, expert information, and the highest dedication to the principles of community policing. We welcome everybody who wants to join us in these efforts
For more information, please visit their website: www.cops.usdoj.gov


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By http://www.dlrpmagic.com – Disneyland Paris at the click of a mouse! Visit to DOWNLOAD this video and for even more HD videos from the magic!
River Rogue Keelboats in Frontierland, Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris
Sit right up-front on the top deck of one of only TWO classic Disneyland keelboats still in operation in the world!
Disneyland Park in Paris is now the only magic kingdom-style park with these unique vessels still plying the waters of Frontierland, after they were finally re-opened for guests in 2007. Based on the boats seen in Walt Disney’s film Davy Crockett and the River Pirates, the Coyote and Raccoon give guided tours of the Rivers of the Far West at a speedy pace.
They might have been overtaken in style and comfort by the mighty stern-wheel riverboats, but these keelboats can take you right up close to the fascinating landscape and roaming wildlife of the islands. They’ve become the transport of choice for the roguish river pirates, who hide their hauls in Smugglers‘ Cove, just next to the keelboats‘ landing stage!

domain: geography


text:
Buildings That Don’t Exist: Fake Facades Hide Infrastructure
Is there something strange about the exterior of that building? This Paris facade and others like it around the world are actually hiding ugly infrastructure.
Fill in the Blanks: Illustrated Sky Spaces Between Buildings
Street art uses roads, sidewalks, walls and infrastructure as canvasses, but one of the brightest and blankest slates of all may be the spaces in between.
Airborne Architecture: 12 Images of Flying French Houses
Context - that is the key to taking the ordinary and making it amazing in this series of displaced homes soaring up from forgotten streets of Paris.
Works of Impossible Architecture Built from Found Photos
Like the architecture of dreams, these images are seamlessly integrated, yet structurally surreal ... and, like waking up: they hard to recall when you look ...
Windows Zero: 9 Telecom Infrastructure Buildings
They may not have windows, workers or office space yet blankly mysterious telecom infrastructure buildings are an essential part of the urban megalopolis.
Augmented 3D Printing: Architectural Model Overlay App
Augmented reality meets architectural modeling in a remarkable best-of-both-worlds hybridization for architecture designers, builders and clients.
Pirated Architecture: Chinese Copies of Famous Buildings
First it was a small town in Austria, copied in exacting detail and replicated in China. Now: a complex by a famous architect that may be done before the ...
The ABC of Architects: 26 Famous Buildings in 100 Seconds
26 architectural greats from the last 100 years have their works come to life in less than two minutes as animated iconic buildings in this well-worth-watching ...
Crossed Up: 9 Twisted Swastika-Shaped Buildings
Though most modern architects avoid using swastikas in their blueprints, a few swastika-shaped buildings are out there, twisting in the winds of change.
Penny Wise: 12 Cool Copper-Clad Buildings
Urban designers far and wide have warmed to copper's practical beauty, employing it to clad buildings of all sizes and why not: it makes perfect cents.


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Countdown for Lebanese expats voting on May 6, 8 begins
The Lebanese Ministry of Interior confirms that the expatriate election will be broadcast live from 58 countries around the world.
The countdown has begun for the parliamentary elections, which will open for expatriates on Friday, May 6.
The number of expatriate voters reached 225,144 according to the final figures of the Personal Status Directorate at the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities, out of 230,466 applications received from diplomatic missions in countries abroad.
The number of voters decreased after the applications were revised and all those who did not meet the legal requirements necessary to participate in the electoral process were excluded.
Lebanese media confirmed that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepared a large hall in the Ministry headquarters, with a giant screen to broadcast the expatriate election live from 58 countries around the world, depending on the timing of each.
Low turnout for expatriates in the Gulf countries
Lebanese media reported that large numbers of Lebanese expatriates in the Arab Gulf countries, who had registered to participate in the Lebanese parliamentary elections, are currently spending the holidays in Lebanon and will not return before the beginning of next week.
This prevents them from voting next Friday because they are listed as expatriates, thus not being able to exercise their electoral right in Lebanon.
Some electoral campaigns tried to return these people to their countries of residence to no avail. This means that the Lebanese expatriate voter turnout in the Arab countries will be lower than anticipated.
May 15 is the date scheduled for Lebanese residents to vote.

domain: news


text:
Rabbi Levine in Conversation with Rabbi David Ellenson, Ph.D. and Rabbi Michael Marmur, Ph.D.
American Judaism is a blessed and unique experience in our history. With freedom of religion constitutionally guaranteed and no restricting state religion, we have been able to forge a strong relationship with our heritage while earning rights and respect in this great land.
In their new anthology, American Jewish Thought Since 1934, Rabbis David Ellenson and Michael Marmur have crafted a volume of some of the most compelling and creative thinkers who reflect on this journey from 1934 to the present.
Rabbi Robert Levine interviews these two great Jewish leaders and bring needed perspective to our spiritual, cultural, and social identities.
This is the first in a series of events to mark the retirement of our Senior Rabbi Robert Levine.

domain: literature


Have you started thinking, “do I need a 4K receiver for my 4K TV” recently? Probably you already have a setup, including an older receiver. But now, you’ve bought a new 4K TV, Blu-ray player, or both and are hesitant about an older but reliable AV receiver you can use for 4K content. Receivers are very reliable parts of home theater. They can serve for years, and they age technologically rather than physically.
Luckily, there are still specific workarounds that may save your wallet from costly expenditures. Here is all you need to know about connecting a 4K TV to a receiver and a general upgrade to access 4K content without getting a new receiver.
The main issue
First, let’s look at the problem that may keep your unit from being a 4K pass-through receiver. Older receivers simply don’t support 4k resolution and use 1080p. You may even use 4K-compatible HDMI cables, but those won’t do any good since the AV receiver doesn’t have a built-in chip that supports this resolution.
The same is applied to other parts of the home cinema, as a receiver is only a manager of sources and outcomes. For example, if you connect a 4k compatible Blu-ray player to the 4K ready receiver but use a 1080p TV, you won’t be able to watch 4K content, and the TV will only offer 1080p.
On the other hand, if you have a 4K TV and receiver but use a DVD player as a source – you won’t get 4K. According to the same logic, a 4K compatible source device and TV won’t do 4K with an older receiver, right? Well, there are some options or workarounds if you wish.
So, here are the main possibilities to help you solve this problem.
- Going The Old Way
- In Streaming We Trust
- Audio Return channel
The first and easiest option is to connect it to your old setup and get an honest 1080p. Indeed, this is not about watching 4K content, but a fascinating fact is that 1080p content on 4K TV will look better than 1080p content on 1080p TV.
No doubt that your TV has built-in fancy streaming services. In this case, you can grasp 4K content without problems. Here, you may not need the source device and can rely on the TV streaming capabilities. The trick is to connect your TV audio to the receiver via an optical digital audio connection. Voilà!
Speaking of the connectors, in 2022, practically all 4K TVs have those.
You are all set if you have a receiver and a TV with support for Audio Return Channel support. In this case, you can use a single HDMI cable connecting a 4K TV to the receiver.
A 4K pass-through receiver specs and technologies
Talking about HDMI, it is just enough to support the 2.0 version. It supports high-bandwidth 4K signals and comes with most 4K receivers. In addition, HDMI 2.0a adds a necessary HDR capability, which is a must for modern receivers. Newer HDMI versions are good, but you must consider your budget first. HDMI chips with 8K support are fancy, but why pay more if you don’t have an 8K-compatible system?
Regarding copy protection, HDCP 2.2 is a bare minimum in 2022 to seek when you buy a new receiver. Therefore, purchasing a unit with HDMI 2.0a or higher and without the support of HDCP 2.2 is a mistake.
If you want to consume 4K content while keeping the existing 1080p convenient video switching setup, you need your whole system to support 4K. Generally, the fancier technologies the receiver supports, the longer it will last. Yet, paying for unique features that have just appeared is not a great idea, as those are always overpriced right after the launch.


vintage staple unisex crew // orchid
- 5 trees planted
- vintage wash
The vintage staple crew will look and feel like it's been with you for a generation. It has a slightly heavier feel in comparison to our air jet yarn fleece which gives this style a more premium look. The whole origin collection offers an authentic laid back feel across an incredible spectrum of washed shades of colour. The unique pigment washed dyeing process allows the garment to naturally fade over time, giving you that lived-in, one of a kind appearance. This style has a twill taped neck and shoulders and double-needle armholes, sleeves and bottom hems to make for a durable construction.
The front print features the small wolf bear collective words on the left chest...as simple as it gets.
Discover an icon + wear the power.
* Due to our dyeing process, our vintage crews will slowly and naturally fade from its initial pigment with every wash. Therefore we suggest washing them with like-coloured items and in cold water to reduce any possibility of staining.
f i t + f a b r i c
This crew is 80% ring spun cotton and 20% polyester fleece in a Regular Fit


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Stabilisers (cellulose, di-calcuim phosphate), blueberry extract (vaccinium myrtillus), eyebright extract (euphrasia officinalis), Tagetes extract, standardised to 10% - 10mg Lutein, Vitamin A, Zinc, Copper, starch, anti-caking agent (vegetable magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide).
This product is free from sugar, salt, gluten, yeast soy and and dairy products. It is formulated without use of preservatives, flavours or colouring agents of any kind. Suitable for vegetarians and vegans. Not tested on animals

domain: chemistry


text:
First Tuna Trip of The Year
by Blue Eyes Sportfishing Staff
9/1 first tuna trip of the year. Bite started slow but picked up in the afternoon before the ocean became angry. 6 anglers caught 93 tuna.
We still have availability for various tuna trips thru September. Deaprture dates for 1 1/2 day trip listed below $595 a person.
9/9. 1 spot available
9/14. 2 spots available
9/24. 8 spots available
9/26 8 spots available
9/28 8 spots available
Please call the office to book. 3602688158
Website Hosting and Design provided by TECK.net
Fish Database content provided by the Fish Reports Network.

domain: hobby


text:
I've done a good bit of research on Hursts in Morgan, Fentress & Rhea County TN & have no knowledge of an Isaac, and no Samuel until 1850s, in any of those three counties. My research started with Jeremiah Hurst, my 3rd ggf, who was 1st Hurst in Morgan Co. He came from Wythe Co. VA by way of Claiborne Co. TN & arrived in Morgan in 1822. All of Fentress & some of Rhea Co. Hursts are descended from him.
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domain: history


text:
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS:
ALegal Solutions offers constant email and phone contact with our staff.
How does establish of cooperation look like and its further conducting?
ANo, our firm provides lawyer’s arrival to London by prior arrangement. We also kindly invite you to visit Legal Solutions main office in Cracow in case your presence in Poland.
Is my arrival to Poland necessary in order to commission conducting my case?
AYes, in London and Cracow as well.
Will I have possibility to meet and talk with my attorney?
AYes, we guarantee conducting your case by professional team of attorneys with many years experience.
Will my case be handled by professional lawyers?
AOf course you can. All reckoning matters for commission your case will be presented within first conversation or meeting by prior issue analysis.
Can I expect reckoning in transparent manner?
AFirst legal advice cost 60 £.
How much does the initial legal advice cost?
ALegal Solutions offers comprehensive legal advice in the matter of legal cases in Poland, preparing procedural writ, participation in negotiations and mediation, legal representation during juridical and administrative proceedings in Poland.
What services can I expect?
AYes, we are well experienced in conducting criminal cases. Even though it regards European Arrest Warrant ( EAW), our Client will receive comprehensive legal help.
Do you handle criminal cases?
AYes, wide experience in conducting family law matters allow us to render professional legal advice and handle cases in Poland in the range of alimony, divorces and those connected with minor children as well.
Do you handle family law matters?
ALegal service cost and court fee have to be distinguished. Paying a court fee is necessary in order to commence a trial. There are various court fees regulated by the law.
How much is the typical court fee in Poland?
- inheritance cases – acquisition of inheritance – 50 zł
- division of the inherited estate – 500 zł
- family matters – divorce – 600 zł
- family matters – separation – 600 zł
- family matters regarding minor children (contacts, parental custody rights) – 40 zł

domain: law


Brand new: Lowest price
AU $239.75Free postage
List price AU $400.40 Save 40%
- Get it by Fri, 28 Jan - Thu, 3 Feb from Dublin, Ireland
- • Brand New condition
- • 30-day returns - Buyer pays return postage
Throughout the world, the name ThyssenKrupp Bilstein Suspension stands for innovation and high-tech solutions in chassis engineering. With its competitive chassis engineering solutions and with production facilities in Europe, North and South America, and Asia, the company supplies a complete range of damping and suspension products.


Australian shareholders on Wednesday delivered a stunning statement to the Australian energy industry, when nearly half voted in support of a motion at the Origin Energy annual general meeting demanding the utility report on whether lobbying groups it supports are obstructing action on climate change.
The resolution at the Origin AGM was supported by 46 per cent of votes, which analysts and campaigners said was a remarkable result given the first-time nature of the resolution, and the biggest ever protest vote not supported by a company board.
The company had earlier sought to defuse the issue by promising that in future documents it would improve the disclosure of its industry association memberships, including how it defines its public advocacy.
One of the most contentious memberships is that of the Business Council of Australia, chaired by former Origin CEO Grant King, which has sought to demonise any move beyond 28 per cent renewable energy as “reckless”, and has described Labor’s 45 per cent emissions reduction target by 2030 as an “economy killer” – even though it is in line with the IPCC report.
The BCA, along with other industry groups, has played a critical role in undermining Australia’s carbon price, and cutting Australia’s renewable energy target and fighting against other measures.
The Origin Energy vote was welcomed by advocates, including Tom Swann from The Australia Institute, and Emma Herd, the head of the Investor Group on Climate Change, a group that unites institutional investors with more than $2 trillion of assets.
“It’s clear that investors have lost patience (with) climate policy obstruction,” Herd wrote on her twitter account. Richard Merzian, the head of the climate and energy program at The Australia Institute described the vote against the “terrible climate advocacy” of groups such as BCA as an “amazing outcome.”
It was also hailed as an historic vote by Brynne O’Brien, the head of the Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility, which proposed the motion.
“The 46 per cent vote on climate lobbying is the largest vote for any shareholder proposal (without Board support) in Australian corporate history and a clear rebuke to the carbon lobby,” it wrote.
The ACCR also criticises Origin’s membership of the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA), and the Queensland Resources Council, both of which have appointed former energy ministers Martin Ferguson and Ian Macfarlane to senior roles.
“Investors clearly understand that such advocacy puts their long-term portfolios at risk, and this vote is a message to all ASX-listed companies, that the days of obstruction are over,” the ACCR said.
The ACCR has also campaigned against company members of the Minerals Council of Australia, the most potent lobbying group against climate action and renewables, and which advocates for coal and nuclear.
Of the big four utilities, only EnergyAustralia is a member of Minerals Council, according to its website, although senior executives from the Minerals Council now act as chief of staff for prime minister Scott Morrison, as well as having senior roles in trade minister Steve Ciobo’s office, and were policy advisors in former PM Malcolm Turnbull’s office.
Origin, as it turns out, is arguably one of the most engaged of the big utilities in emissions reduction and energy transformation. It has vowed to exit coal by 2032, when it plans to close its one coal-fired generator, the Eraring facility in NSW.
It also has targets of reaching zero emissions before 2050, in line with the IPCC report recommendations last week, but its commitment to cut emissions by 50 per cent is predicated on the closure of Eraring.
Another motion at the AGM sought to condemn the company for effectively allowing itself to increase emissions until then. That vote attracted support of 11.83 per cent.
In the last financial year, Origin increased emissions by 5 per cent, mostly because of a 14 per cent lift in output from Eraring, which it said was making up for the closures of the Hazelwood power generator in Victoria, and the Northern generator on South Australia.
The emissions intensity from Eraring was also higher than previously, at 0.92 tonnes of CO2-e per MWh from 0.90 tonnes of CO2-e per MWh in FY2017, because of a change in coal supply during a period of planned maintenance at one of the company’s “higher-quality” coal suppliers.
“While we do not like our emissions to rise, we believe that increasing supply and putting downward pressure on wholesale prices was in the best interests of customers,” the company said in its sustainability report.
“We maintain our ongoing commitment to decarbonisation, including driving the substitution of higher carbon intensive fuels for lower-carbon fuels, such as renewables and natural gas.”
Origin estimates its gas generation fleet emissions intensity was 0.51 tonnes of CO2-e per MWh in FY2018, while its contracted renewables “provide negligible emissions intensity.”
Origin currently sources 13 per cent of its generation mix, but says contracts with capacity currently under development, such as the nearly complete Daydream and Bungala solar farms, and the Stockyard Hill wind farm, will lift that to more than 25 per cent by 2020.
The ACCR also pushed a motion against Origin Energy’s proposed fracking activities in the Northern Territory. The vote gathered the support of 7.73 per cent of votes, and 2.1 per cent abstained.
This is a momentous occasion,” O’Brien said in a statement. “This is the first shareholder resolution of its kind ever voted upon in Australia, and perhaps the world.
“Traditional Owners have traveled from remote parts of Australia to speak to their concerns, and to stand up for their rights and their communities.
“10% of investors have voted against the Board’s advice. This is a solid base from which to build, but represents the challenge that lies ahead in working with the Australian investment community to increase their understanding of the human rights impacts of business.”


text:
CRISIS AND MANIA
By Tomasz Konicz
[This article published in the German-English cyber journal Telepolis 11/4/2011 is translated abridged from the German on the Internet, http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/35/35813/1.html
A crisis can also have its amusing sides. If the current processes of disintegration in the European Union were not so filled with fire risks, one could amuse oneself immensely that politics and the mass media perform with increasing crisis intensity… The leaders of the “western world” act like schoolboys who try to establish a pecking order on the schoolyard with mutual vulgar remarks.
A few months ago the shrill chauvinist tones with which new culprits are always blamed for the European debt crisis by the mass media – whether now Greeks  or Italians . The masses are incited.
Since the announcement of the referendum over the next aust4erity program in Athens, much of the mass media passes over to blatant smear campaigns against Greece. Der Focus compares “Greeks” with junkies dependent on “fresh money”  (who aren’t in capitalism?). On the other hand, the Leipzig Volkszeitung newspaper asks rhetorically: “Are Greeks crackpots>” The referendum – a democratic matter of course – is described as “madness” .
For a Saxony newspaper, democracy in crisis times is simply irresponsible . “A referendum cannot be held in a politically inflamed climate as in Greece.” In the wicked inflammatory harangue, the Bild newspaper equates Greece’s population with lepers… “The Euro-rescuers must realize Papandreou is not the solution. He is part of the problem… European politicians must quickly look for alternatives. Otherwise the Euro will not be rescued.” Wirtschaftswoche
ECONOMICS WEEKLY (WIRTSCHAFTSWOCHE)
The recent decision of the Greek government to replace the military leader  does not seem so bizarre or out of place. The Greek finance minister is regarded as a willing executor of the Brussels austerity terror in Greece… .
The most bizarre remarks of the local pack of media hounds are based on the premise that crisis measures executed on Berlin’s and Brussels’ guidelines in Greece were an “aid” for the country sinking in a grave depression. Athens wants to hold a referendum on “Europe’s assistance” , Welt Online said. FAZ (Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung) newspaper speaks of a “reversal of history” since Greece could reject a “trillion Euro relief package” .
“Under the greatest dislocations and under considerable political costs, the EU laces up a relief package of trillions to bring the insolvent member state in the southeast from the abyss at the last minute. Even the big European banks have `voluntarily’ agreed. The outcome of the announced referendum is completely uncertain. Markets and politics have a depressing premonition. Papandreou who could fall any day plays all or nothing.” FAZ (Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung)
Grotesque distortions of reality that reach Orwellian dimensions cannot meet minimal standards for logical statements. Why should the outcome of the referendum be “everything other than certain” if a relief package of trillions is involved?
REALITY TURNED UPSIDE DOWN
The feverish dreams of FAZA and Welt turn reality upside down. The past crisis policy of the EU contributed to Greece long being in a free fall into the economic “abyss.” The crisis credits granted Greece went along with extreme “austerity packages” which amounted to a ruthless deforestation program and led to a grave economic collapse.
In 2009 Greek state indebtedness reached 120 percent of the national gross domestic product. Athens’ state debt swelled to around 160 percent of the GDP and should fall back to around 120 percent of the GDP in 2020 – thanks to the debt brake that is now put in question again. Thus the latest relief package of trillions of Merkel and Sarkozy’s so-called Euro-rescuer” would reduce the debt mountain in Greece to Athens’ level before the beginning of the “austerity measures.”1
Greece saved into depression in the meantime. The circumstance that the austerity measures triggered a tremendous recession on account of collapsing state and private demand underlies the failure of this hard-as-nails austerity policy in Athens. In this downward economic spiral , tax revenues fall and social spending quickly increases, vastly exceeding the savings of the “insolvent master student”  Greece. The depression spiral makes the state debt rise ever-higher in relation to GDP – besides increasing impoverishment. Children already die of hunger in Greek schools .
With every EU credit package to Greece, Athens was forced to carry out drastic austerity measures that led to a deepening of the depression and escalation of the debt crisis. Every time Brussels and Berlin insisted that new deforestation programs are implemented. The latest “EU relief package” for Greece is also coupled to drastic austerity measures. Thus the EU relies on obviously failed policy. Reality in Greece – that saved de facto into state bankruptcy – is simply faded out by politics and the mass media. Every failed austerity package only provokes calls for continuation of the austerity terror in Athens. This obvious inability to see the failure of austerity policy seduced the US economist Krugman to remark  that EU elites are “miracle healers who dream up things to confirm their prejudices.”
The sheer madness of European crisis policy is also manifest in that other European debtor countries are forced to the same austerity policy that failed in Greece. A similar development is occurring in Portugal  where hard-as-nails austerity programs were also implemented in a countermove for crisis credits. At the end of October 2011, the government in Lisbon corrected downwards its economic forecast for 2012. In 2012 the GDP will shrivel 2.8 percent. Originally Lisbon assumed a minus of 1.8 percent. This economic contraction will also make impossible the realization of the austerity programs from Brussels and Berlin.
At the last EU summit, Italy was pressed by Berlin and Paris to take a similar course to budget consolidation by means of brutal austerity programs as forced on Greece and Portugal with disastrous consequences. So Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi under pressure agreed to anchor a “debt brake” in the constitution according to the German model, to consolidate the state budget by 2012 and to lower the state debt from 120 percent of GDP to 113 percent by 2013. A similar fall like Greece and Portugal threatens Italy that also perseveres in economic stagnation.
Albert Einstein defined madness as “doing the same things again and again and expecting different results.” European crisis policy fulfills all the prerequisites to be termed mad according to Einstein’s definition.
AUTHORITARIAN IDENTIFICATION WITH THE ECONOMY
This manic repetition pressure in implementing austerity programs – amounting to ideologically motivated sadistic punishment actions for alleged “debt sinners” – by politics also has its echo in the mass media. It seems as though the increasingly crass contradictions of capitalism in agony promote a kind of mass flight into a worldview wonderland or magic realm. The capitalist system crisis is not recognized as such. A feverish search for “culprits” takes place while capitalism remains the silent presupposition. Broad parts of the public discourse are but off from reality in a kind of mass media induced bubble in which the old ideological assumptions can be nursed.
Why is the call for punishment and hard-as-nails austerity terror toward southern European “debtor countries” so loud in Germany? Employees in Germany with the Hartz IV laws [German welfare reform that combined unemployment benefits with income support, drastically reduced the time of benefits and was partly invalidated by the German constitutional court] were forced to wage renunciation and precariousness of vocational life which was generally legitimated as a necessary sacrifice on the altar of the “economic location Germany.” In the course of enforcing Hartz IV, the economy was raised to the central legitimation authority of public discourse. This dominant economism intensifies hatred for everything that seemingly hinders the smooth functioning of the economic machine.
“The constant orientation in economic goals – more exactly, the demand for submission under its premises – reinforces an authoritarian cycle. This orientation leads to identification with the economy. The renunciation demands flow into that authoritarian aggression that forges against the weaker.” [from the study: The Middle in Crisis]
A simple submissive thinking is involved here in which rage is directed against all people unwilling to bow to the premises of the “economy” running amok and carry out general strikes instead of resigning to low wages and Hartz IV forced labor. For all persons who internalized the premises of the economy and therefore practice renunciation, resistance against “practical economic constraints” must seem insufferable.
GLOBAL ZERO SUM GAME
This totalitarian economism with the forced export fixation is preached to all Europe in the crisis by German political decision-makers. With the “pact for competitiveness”  originally hatched by Berlin, all Euro-zone countries should be rebuilt according to the German model by means of social cuts and wage reductions to competitive and export-fixated national economies. Berlin could actually move several southern-European countries to introduce “debt brakes” according to the German example. Recently France’s president Sarkozy publically praised the “German model” and described it as an “example”  for France.
The only problem with this economic “Germanization” of Europe is that arithmetic stands in the way of the project. Around 70 percent of the economic growth in Germany since 2009 resulted from the foreign trade surplus of the German export industry . Without this trade surplus, there would not be the illusion of an “economic miracle” in Germany cultivated by the mass media.
With this fixation on trade surpluses, the global zero sum game is ignored. If all global export surpluses and trade deficits are offset against each other on the global plane, this always results in exactly zero euro. Thus a single national economy can only gain export surpluses when other countries post deficits. For that reason, German export industry would only be successful because the target countries of these German exports became indebted which contributed to the debt crisis in the Euro zone. An export fixation of the whole Euro-zone was only possible toward other countries and currency zones. This possibility was only realized through indebtedness processes in the target countries of this export offensive. Mathematics stands in the way of this delusional attempt to form a Euro-zone according to the German example. The world is now a limited space.
SEARCH FOR SCAPEGOATS
Still the most dangerous moment of the spreading crisis-mania is the restless search for the “culprits” who could be blamed for the developing disaster.
The Greeks and Italians currently enjoy great popularity as scapegoats. The trend is to accuse southern Europeans of mental deficits that contributed to the formation of the huge debt mountains there. Hatred toward southern Europe is promoted . In the meantime, the “European taskmaster” Germany is promoted into a central bogeyman. Greedy bankers or – somewhat more specifically – Anglo Saxon finance capital are treated as causal agents of the crisis. In Germany, the impoverishment going along with the crisis is referred back to alleged genetic deficits of marginalized Muslims while the miserable criminality of gypsies is hallucinated as a cause of impoverishment  in southeast Europe.
The fire-risk personification of the crisis processes of the capitalist system is a common thread in this search for scapegoats. The crass contradictions of crisis capitalism become characteristics of certain population groups. “Social problems are interpreted as individual or ethnic qualities” . This can ultimately lead to the murderous conclusion that the existence of a certain group or person must be ended to overcome the crisis.
In the last worldwide economic crisis, the Nazis hallucinated the Jews into a personification of the crisis. The crisis enables nationalism and chauvinism native in Europe to flourish again since the oppositions between states become sharper. This also goes along with nationalist apportioning of blame and attacks. This renaissance4 of nationalism also occurred in the train of the last worldwide economic crisis. The results are well-known.
The conflicts now escalating between the central European powers show that the crisis process is very far advanced. The crisis of the capitalist system eats away from the periphery to the center. In the European Union, Eastern Europe’s marginal national economies were first seized by the crisis dynamic that spread to southern Europe and is now manifest in France with threatening creditworthiness devaluation. The capitalist crisis policy basically consists in charging the whole crisis burden to national economies and population groups that are seized by the crisis dynamic. The allegory of a sinking boat in which the passengers of the first class throw overboard those of the second and third classes to gain some time until they themselves have their turn reflects this crisis policy with its contempt for humankind. This little game comes to an end with the arrival of the crisis in France. The crisis cannot be shifted any more to marginal countries or population groups.
Capitalism in a system crisis is not reflected in this search for scapegoats, shifting of crisis burdens and mutual national apportioning of blame. Its structures and categories are on the point of dissolution. Terms like labor market, capital and money have assumed the character of gifts of nature and are questioned as never before. For the consciousness caught in capitalist categories, it seems as though the world also perishes with this system, that the seeming “eternal natural laws” of capitalist socialization are being annulled. Misconduct or qualities of particular groups must be made responsible for the misery since capitalism ideologized into a national prerequisite of human existence does not come into question as a cause of crisis. The obvious idea that the present crisis could be a crisis of capital  seems hardly formulable within the public discourse.
This blatant inability to connect the present capitalist system crisis with the capitalist system is manifest very crassly in the public interpretation of the most obvious consequences of the crisis: the gigantic debt mountain under which the system threatens to collapse. These are often described as a drunken excess  in which economies lived “beyond their means.” The “greed” of the bankers or the “Southern European routine” is then blamed. The mass media do not come to the obvious idea of confronting these ideological ideas with the bitter reality of all those countries that attempt debt reduction and budgetary revitalization. Otherwise the insight would dawn on the responsible that it was this indebtedness dynamic that kept this system going [cf. “Worldwide Economic Crisis as Debt Crisis,” 2009, http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/30/30415/1.html
The time runs out in which a rational and radical questioning of social relations (and capital is nothing but a social relation) under which we live is still possible. From a certain escalation stage of the crisis, the blind rage that is already all-pervasive – now expressed in wild apportioning of blame – becomes overpowering. Mania will completely seize the crisis-shaken society.
A QUESTION OF TRUST
Escalating debt crisis brings the world economy to the edge of a new recession – even if the relation between the two phenomena is constantly turned upside down
By Tomasz Konicz
[This article published 10/13/2011 is translated from the German on the Internet, http://www.streitzuege.org/2011/eine-frage-des-vertrauens/print
While Europe’s states and banks threaten to collapse under an increasing swelling debt burden, the signs for a new economic crisis multiply worldwide. Within middle class economics and technical journalism, there is only speculation whether a stagnation period is now imminent for the world economy or whether a new recession threatens. The economic-political danger signals have long been on red on both sides of the Atlantic – in the Euro-zone and in the US.
On October 4, 2011 Ben Bernanke, head of the Federal Reserve, warned that the United States could soon be caught up “in the whirlpool of economic events.” Bernanke warned of a continuously high unemployment an anemic growth. The economic recovery since the outbreak of the 2008 financial crisis turned out much weaker than originally assumed. The highest US monetary guardian is apprehensive. In the first half of 2011, the US gross domestic product only grew 1.0 percent compared to the previous year. The well-known economist Nouriel Roubini, one of the few who correctly predicted the 2008 worldwide economic crisis, sees hardly any chance for preventing a new crisis either in the US or Europe. “The question is not whether a new relapse into recession will occur but how soft or hard the cooling will be compared to other financial crises.”
At the end of September 2011, the chief economist of the Commerzbank Jorg Kramer assumed the Euro-zone would pancake into a recession in the winter: “I am convinced less and less that we only face a mere slowing down of growth in the Euro-zone.”
However Kramer revealed a strange understanding of the causes of the threatening recession: “The state debt crisis alarms the economy and puts milde2w or blight over prospects.” A similar interpretation of the causes of the recession underlies the verbal attacks directed by Washington again and again against Europeans. The debt crisis in Europe could take its toll on the US and the world economy, US Treasury secretary Timothy Geithner explained at the beginning of October since this would “massively damage” trust and demand.
Is all this only a question of trust? Did “greedy bankers” and “financial market fraudsters” shatter the confidence of brave industrial capitalists and drive the economy into recession? The attempt of the US administration to move Europeans to issue more economic packages amid the debt crisis is absurd. This brought a first presentiment of the connection between debt crisis and economic collapse. Geithner started an initiative in September at the EU summit in Wrocaw. Despite growing mountains of huge debts, Fed chairman Bernanke warns constantly of cuts in state spending.
The debt-financed state-economic programs applied worldwide after the outbreak of the 2008 crisis was the most important global fuel that led the world economy out of its deep recession. Global economic expenditures amounted to nearly five percent of worldwide economic output at that time which especially benefited export-oriented economies like the German economy. Most of these economic packages ended in the middle or end of 2010. Since then the world economy altogether has been in a tailspin and is now on the threshold of recession. Ultimately the demands for more debt-financed economic packages from Washington are only an implicit admission that capitalism cannot reproduce without credit-financed demand.
With this state-deficit economy, only the indebtedness dynamic previously practiced in the scope of diverse speculation bubbles on the proliferating financial markets was “nationalized.” At the end politics at least in the EU and the US carries out expensive crisis measures – like the economic packages – through further indebtedness on the financial markets. Therefore the European state debt crisis is at the same time a financial market crisis. At the end the present “spiral between state-debts and the banking crisis” (Handelsblatt) in the EU shows the common economic functions inherent in the state and private indebtedness processes of the last years. These huge debt mountains created an additional credit-financed demand without which capitalism could not function any more on account of a constantly increasing productivity. As soon as the – private or state – debt-generated demand collapses, a self-strengthening downward spiral begins in which over-production leads to mass dismissals that lowers demand again and causes further waves of dismissals.
As soon as one of the two poles of capitalist socialization – state or capital – breaks down under its debt burden, the over-production crisis must also lead into a catastrophic economic collapse. The world economy finds itself at the edge of collapse. This is not because capital as a “timid deer” (Otto Graf Lambsdorff) has lost all future confidence because of financial market frauds. The recession will come because the indebtedness dynamic can hardly be maintained with which the capitalist zombie-economy suffocating in its own productivity is kept alive in its pseudo-life.
HOMEOWNERS, THE GREEKS OF NORTH AMERICA
By Moritz Koch, New York
[This commentary published on 10/26/2011 is translated from the German on the Internet, http://www.sueddeutsche.de
Large parts of the country are “under water.” Many Americans cannot pay their mortgages, must vacate their homes and are insulted for this by conservatives. But Obama will not be intimidated. Homeowners need a debt reduction. Otherwise the economy is paralyzed.
This was a key moment in the genesis of the rightwing Tea Party movement. In February 2009 the television moderator Rick Santelli got worked up. “Do we really want to subsidize the mortgages of losers?’ he asked angrily. Santelli’s tirade was a YouTube hit. To many conservatives, he spoke from the soul for those who sensed a socialist conspiracy against the American way of life behind the timid plans of President Barack Obama to support the housing market.
In Las Vegas, real estate brokers offer bus tours on which they drive potential buyers from one foreclosed house to another. In the crisis, millions of Americans lost their homes.
Santelli’s words echo today. The intimidated government cannot find the courage to resolutely tackle the housing crisis. On Monday, Obama announced reforms. However they do not go far enough. The country needs a rescue-cruiser to maneuver through the debt ocean but is only given a rubber boat.
Vast parts of the US are “under water.” These houses are worth less than the credit encumbering the houses. One quarter of all US homeowners are heavily indebted in this way; the debt-heavy are 50 percent or more in the former boom states of Florida, Arizona and Nevada. Many give up and adjust their installment payments. The banks order a foreclosure, housing prices fall again and even more Americans are forced under water.
It is a vicious circle and the whole economy suffers under this. The debt burden slows down the consumption of the middle class on which the US economy depends. The real estate mess is America’s most important growth obstacle.
The answer of the government is called Harp, the Home Affordable Refinance Program. The initiative should give homeowners the possibility of exchanging their old mortgages for new ones with lower interests – when the house is under water. However Harp is a fai8lure or disappointment. The goal of the government was to help four to five million debtors. However less than a million Americans used the program and the real estate market has hit bottom again. Now Obama promises to loosen the criteria for participating in Harp. A radical beginning is necessary: a debt cut that takes into account the price drop of homes. Homeowners are the Greeks of North America.
The fear that a discount for the middle class would trigger a new wave of bank failures is exaggerated. The state real estate financiers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guarantee more than half of all US mortgages. The state cushions the failures. While the federal budget will be strained, the government must answer for the losses of the two institutes from evictions delayed by the past policy.
Politically a debt-cut could be easily carried out. Obama could instruct Fannie and Freddie without congressional approval. The growth impulses would be enormous. Through the lower monthly installments, millions of families would have more money for consumption. They would be more mobile again since they could sell their houses without loss and accept jobs in other cities or states.
Critics like Santelli can rage with fury. The government can be intimidated by ranting and raving at the rightwing margin. Three years after the bailout of the banks, it is time the state leaps to help citizens. America must contain the debt flood that drowns growth.


It’s the sports game that keeps on giving. Another version of Madden Football is headed our way! Last week Electronic Arts Inc. announced EA SPORTS Madden NFL 19 which will hit consoles on August 10th with its “Standard Edition”. Eager armchair coaches can opt for the “Hall Of Fame Edition” which releases three days earlier on August 7th and features six-time Pro Bowl player and 2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame Inductee, wide receiver, Terrell Owens on the cover. Fans can anticipate a second cover athlete for the “Standard Edition”. Experience all the tackles, touchdowns, and turnovers on the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 consoles this August!
EA SPORTS Madden NFL 19 promises to deliver more game-changing control to players than ever before. This version sees the inclusion of “Real Player Motion Technology”, a new animation system that unlocks next level responsiveness as players will experience more precision as they run, cut, catch, tackle and celebrate on the gridiron this season. Also included are more authentic ways to build an NFL roster including the ability to train and develop players.
Carlos Guerrero, Sr. Producer on Madden NFL 19 reveals how the development team worked with the fan-base on this Madden edition:
We’ve worked directly with community members on Madden NFL 19 to make a deeper, more immersive football game that gives players what they want – more choice, more control, and key enhancements to fan-favorite modes. Real Player Motion technology combined with all new franchise-building tools like Positional Archetypes and the return of Custom Draft Classes are features that football fans will find fun and engaging. Madden NFL 19 steps up the authentic football experience in so many ways.
Madden NFL 19 Gameplay Features
Gameplay features include a “Franchise Mode”, where players can choose the appropriate offensive and defensive schemes that fit their playstyle as they compete in single player and/or multiplayer seasons. Schemes are also linked to a new intuitive progression system – based on authentic positional archetypes – that give virtual coaches the tools and the big decision to either win now or build their squad for the future.
NFL fans will also have a top community-requested feature with the introduction of a “Custom Draft Class Creator” where fans can create their own draft classes featuring players from the past and present for use in their franchise.
Madden NFL 19‘s Ultimate Team mode gives fans even more ways to choose their path to glory as new training tools let them develop their favourite players their way via Player Upgrades. For players who want to prove they’re the best of the best in Solo Challenges, a new curated single-player experience called “MUT Solo Battles” provides a leaderboard reward system allowing fans to showcase their skills on the field while competing against other top Ultimate Team players.
Madden NFL 19 Pre-Order Incentives
Also announced were two Madden NFL 19 pre-order offers packed with rewards.
- Fans who pre-order the “Standard Edition” will receive the full game on August 10th and their choice of one Elite Player from their favourite NFL team, as well as five Gold Team Fantasy Packs.
- While “Hall Of Fame Edition” pre-orders receive, in celebration of Terrell Owens’ induction to the Hall of Fame, all the benefits of the “Standard Edition” but also the previously mentioned 3-day headstart, their choice of one of five Elite Hall of Fame Legends in Madden Ultimate Team, one Training Pack, and seven additional Gold Team Fantasy Packs.
- For fans who can’t wait to get hands-on this football experience, EA Access members can play Madden NFL 19 first, starting August 2nd on Xbox One. EA Access members will also receive a 10% discount when they pre-order the digital version of Madden NFL 19 on Xbox Live.


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Chicken coop games! How many games could there possibly be about chicken coops? Wait, hang on, I'm getting an update here - turns out we're talking about co-op games! Cooperative games are great fun, but why are so many of them so difficult?
Everyone wants to go to space, but very few people think about the implications that zero gravity would have on playing board games. Board games are not a popular hobby in any space related medium that I am familiar with, so why so many space games?


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Medico-legal evidence collection in child sexual assault cases: a forensic significance
Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences volume 11, Article number: 41 (2021)
Every year, millions of children face sexual exploitation worldwide. In India, 109 children (National Crime Records Bureau2018) were sexually abused everyday (22% jump from the previous year). Even with advanced DNA techniques, the conviction rate remains low. The methods used for forensic DNA evidence analysis vary around the world, but the primary step of biological evidence collection plays the most vital role. Proper and timely evidence collection from the victim by a trained medical professional is important.
Dynamics of child sexual assault being massively different from an adult rape demands altogether different approach of evidence collection. A standard sexual kit employed for evidence collection needs urgent modifications considering genital development of pre- and post-pubertal victims. In the present study, parameters including systemic collection and evaluation of forensic evidences, medico-legal examination, and developmental consequences of sexual assault on pre-pubertal victims were assessed. Further suggestions for separate evidence collection kit during medico-legal examination were given for pre-pubertal victims and alleged accused in sexual assault cases in order to streamline and for better evaluation of DNA analysis in forensic laboratories.
The importance of expert medical practitioners plays a significant role in collection of appropriate information and evidences from the victim of sexual assault. General guidelines for evidence collection in sexual assault cases are not well suited for pre-pubertal victims. Appropriate reforms pertaining to the age and genital development of victims are required. Securing clothing as forensic evidence is essential in most cases as it turned out to be the exclusive evidence bearing material. The purpose of this article is to bring awareness about the thorough medical examination and modified sexual assault kit for pre-pubertal victims and alleged accused for a better approach in evidence collection and conviction rate.
One of the most heinous crimes faced by humanity is sexual assault. A lot has been done in the forensic scientific field to aid in the conviction of the perpetrator of the crime. With passing years, the ultimate focus has been on systematic collection of evidence from proper documentation to reconstruction of crime in order to aid in the prosecution. Upon reporting such crimes, medico-legal examination is done for which sexual assault evidence collection kits are used for the collection of biological evidences. Considering the possible transfer of biological secretions in sexual assault cases, sexual assault kits along with forensic DNA evidence catalyze verification of the assault and identification of the offender (Peterson et al., 2012). In the past few years, a steep rise in the number of sexual assault offenses/cases against children has been seen. In the Indian subcontinent, “Asian Centre for Human Rights” reported 48,338 cases of child sexual abuse from 2001 to 2011. Keeping this in view, a separate law, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012, has been enacted in India since November 2012 to prevent children below 18 years of age from sexual offenses (Kaur et al., 2019). A separate law for sexual offenses against children must be strengthened with the introduction of a separate mechanism of evidence collection from the girl victims and alleged accused.
Children are most vulnerable to sexual abuse due to their mental immaturity and incapability to defend themselves. The nature of child sexual abuse differs largely from the sexual assault of an adult. There may or may not be any physical injuries or ejaculation of semen (Christian et al., 2000; Kairys et al., 1999). Child abuse cannot be handled in the same way as in post-pubertal victims because immediate disclosure is quite rare in young children following the event. The hesitancy to report abuse is due to threats made by the perpetrator. Accidental disclosure is more common in children below 10 years after a complaint of pain in the abdomen or genital parts or a bloodstain in the underwear (Kaur et al., 2019; Kairys et al., 1999). Child sexual abuse should rather be seen as a process and not just a single episode (Kaur et al., 2019). Moreover, young children may not cooperate in the collection of vaginal, anal, or oral swabs, especially after a painful episode of assault (Kairys et al., 1999). Hence, evaluation protocol similar to that acclaimed for post-pubertal victims may prove inappropriate for pre-pubertal victims.
Forensic considerations for evidence collection and preservation
Collection and evaluation of forensic evidence along with genital examination are the most important constituents of the medical assessment in reported sexual assault cases. It requires extensive knowledge to document the history and conduct medico-legal examination in order to verify the commitment of crime as well as factors that might mimic sexual assault. In cases of sexual assault, the most important biological and DNA evidence is seminal fluid. During the assault, semen may get deposited in the vagina but may drain to the anal region and also to the clothing and bedding of the victim (Burg et al., 2011). Not just semen, there can be other biological evidences such as pubic hair, body fluids, and skin cells present on the body or clothes of the child victim that can be a potential source of the DNA profile of the accused. In case of hand-genital contact or in cases of struggle between the child victims and accused, fingernails of the victim may contain skin cells of the accused (Burg et al., 2011). These biological evidences, if collected, preserved, and analyzed properly and timely, can provide a DNA profile of the accused and hence aids in the conviction (Burg et al., 2011; Forr et al., 2018; Makasa & Heathfield, 2018). The DNA profile of the accused can be obtained from the vaginal swabs even after a long time interval depending on the post-assault activity of the victim and forever on dried clothes (Burg et al., 2011; Forr et al., 2018; Makasa & Heathfield, 2018). There are reports where children reported hand-genital contact, yet the semen was detected on the vaginal swabs collected from the victim (Christian et al., 2000). Thus, evidence collection should not be totally based on the child’s narrative of the assault. Transfer of biological evidence is a two-way process; hence, the swabs and clothes of the accused need to be collected for the presence of blood or other body cells/fluids of the victim to obtain a DNA profile. Samples collected timely and properly may become unfit for the analysis if they are not packed, preserved, and stored properly before the analysis (Butler, 2012; Kaur et al., 2020).
Most Indian forensic laboratories use standard sexual assault kit for female victims of all age groups that mostly includes breast swab, body fluid collection, anal swab, oral swab, vaginal secretions (swab and smear), cervical mucus collection and smear, combing/cutting of pubic hair, fingernail cuttings, dental floss and toothpick, and blood and urine samples which are best suited for female victims that have attained puberty. The limitation is some samples like cervical mucus collection, pubic hair (combing and cutting), and breast swabs are irrelevant in the case of pre-pubertal child victims. Hence, some modifications in evidence collection from a pre-pubertal child are strictly needed. A standard system (sexual maturity rating) must be used to judge the physical development of the victim, using five stages (from preadolescent to adult) based on the degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Tanner staging is the standard method to categorize pubertal stages of development; stage 1 indicates pre-pubertal genital development, while stage 5 infers adult genital development (Niec, 2002). This would permit the medical professional to gauge the degree of pubertal maturation that has occurred. Sexual assault kits should not only be based on age and gender of the victim but also on relevant evidence collection from the alleged accused. The victim’s DNA profile found on the accused exhibits can help conclude the results even if no male DNA was detected on the victim’s exhibits. Further incomplete evidence collection such as lack of nail clippings from alleged accused in case of vaginal fingering along with the victim’s evidence proves futile as there are little/no chances of getting DNA from the victim’s exhibits as compared to alleged accused nail clippings. This inability to give any conclusive DNA results due to the lack of vital evidence collection from pre-pubertal victims has led the author to propose this study. The approach of different kits with relevant evidence components both from the victim and the alleged accused will certainly permit a better and a much effective approach towards the collection and DNA analysis, finally leading to better prosecution. This study will not only help child victims but society at large will also be benefitted from it.
Examination of pre-pubertal child victim
One important aspect while assessing the victim is to determine their ability to testify the assault by taking into account the factors like child’s memory, recognition of people, consistency-continuity of thought, affectivity conditions, and ability to report the presence of any psychological symptoms. Since the evaluation and reliability of the testimony in case of an underage victim are often questionable, Argo Antonina et al. suggested various projective psychological tests that could help to classify any mental disorders manifested by the victim by assessing the subject’s personality structure (Argo & Triolo, 2012).
Upon reporting, interviewing of the child victim, to obtain details of an assault, should preferably be conducted by a trained professional possessing the knowledge of the nature and the consequences of sexual abuse (Kairys et al., 1999). Medical examination should be conducted by pediatric medical personnel who should address the health care needs of child victims and also promote healing of the victims. The medical examiner should begin the examination by obtaining consents, documentation of biographical information, history, details of the assault, and the time between the assault and the evaluation. They must also carry out a timely collection of appropriate evidence. In case of child assault, consent could be obtained from the parents or the accompanying guardian (Savino & Turvey, 2011; Tozzo et al., 2018).
Medical officials are often not familiar with the genital anatomy in non-abused children and therefore expect to find signs of injury in accordance with the child’s narrative of the incidence (Adams, 2018). A multi-method evaluation strategy, therefore, would be an effective tool in the examination of the pre-pubertal victims that includes an examination using supine labial parting, supine labial traction, and one in the prone knee-chest position. Boyle et al. have demonstrated the importance of this sort of examination, especially for hymenal injuries, both acute or in the past (Hariton, 2012; Smith et al., 2018). The time since the assault and a history of blood following the episode are the two best factors indicating abnormal findings and are quite significant. Child sexual assault (CSA) cases that lack physical evidence do not confirm or refuse sexual abuse, so misleading statements should be avoided for transparency in case reporting. Understanding of histology and the anatomy of the pre-pubertal genitalia is essentially required particularly if there is a history of bleeding and genital pain at the time of the incidence or signs of genital healing after forceful penetration (Hariton, 2012).
Another common form of sexual abuse against pre-pubertal children is oral sex, the edges of the mouth and oral cavity must be inspected for injuries to the palate, gums, teeth, pharynx, and frenula (Savino & Turvey, 2011). It is important to note that not every sexual contact will result in physical trauma. In cases where the penis is placed between the children’s thighs or labia, no apparent trauma was seen with regard to the hymen, and therefore, normal exam findings are there in such cases (Makasa & Heathfield, 2018). Examination of the buttocks, perianal skin, and anal folds for injury, foreign materials, and other findings such as any bleeding signs, contusions, tearing, and bruising should be noted and documented with appropriate anatomical diagrams (Savino & Turvey, 2011).
Resulting from the assault, genital injuries could possibly prove to be a piece of a larger picture of the dynamics of the assault to support the claims of sexual assault and help in the decision-making. Factors like the type of sexual activity, delayed disclosure, and natural healing of the hymen may suggest acute genital examinations (Gallion et al., 2016). As revealed in earlier studies, child victims who were examined acutely were more likely to have significant genital findings than victims examined weeks or months following the last incidence of sexual abuse. In an examination by Berenson et al., the median time span from the last incidence of assault was 42 days, and they revealed that fewer than 5% of 3- to 8-year-old female victims assessed had findings diagnostic to the assault. The study from Heppenstall-Heger et al. indicated that about 14.6% of female victims having acute genital injuries had persistent anatomic changes. In another study, upon acute evaluation, 73% of the child victims revealed diagnostic genital findings. It is possible that most of their genital injuries would have healed, if they were evaluated after a certain time span, except for cases with hymenal transections (Gallion et al., 2016).
Colposcopic examination and other alternate resources can be used when injuries are not seen by the naked eye examination in order to increase the sensitivity and specificity of medical assessment (Kotzé & Brits, 2019). These photographs/videos can also serve as a piece of evidence later for jurisdiction. Sometimes, the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) like Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis among pediatric victims can be due to abusive contact, so prompt evaluation of STI helps to determine sexual abuse (Bechtel, 2010).
Effective parameters for potential DNA findings
Currently, DNA profiling is the method for the identification of accused in cases of sexual offenses provided that the sample/evidence collection and preservation has been done timely and appropriately. Corroborative DNA evidence and medical examination along with a confession from the accused increase the likelihood of prosecution. The timely reporting of the assault and examination increases the success of the recovery of forensic evidence. It has been observed that during child sexual assault, the most frequently found biological evidence is the blood of the victim/blood mixed with seminal fluid. Studies showed that poorly preserved blood samples lead to the generation of either partial or no DNA profile. Therefore, strict guidelines must be followed during sample collection (Kaur et al., 2020). Medico-legal examination and collection of potential evidence play a very important role in the findings of DNA profiling. It would be best to avoid invasive examination methods as they may mimic that of abuse. Medical examination should be conducted by an examiner with strong foundation/knowledge of normal genital anatomy and injuries and someone who can build up the confidence of the victim so that the child cooperates in evidence collection (Kairys et al., 1999; Forr et al., 2018).
Studies suggest that sexually abused children examined within 72 h following the assault are more likely to have distinguishable biological/DNA evidence thereafter can be missed because of the prompt healing nature of superficial mucosal injury (Christian et al., 2000). Even then, the expert examiner must look for the injuries (the children may not be able to recollect the last event of abuse) to help corroborate their version of events (Savino & Turvey, 2011). Ideally, three key strategies are used for genital examination: direct visualization, staining techniques to highlight injuries, and colposcopic examination (Sommers, 2007). In the Indian subcontinent, the use of staining techniques and colposcopy for medical assessment is not prevalent yet. Hymenal status and overall examination of the genitalia are thought to be enough for the purpose, which does not yield much significant information apparently (Herrmann et al., 2014). With the increasing child abuse cases, there rises an urgent need to upgrade the techniques and resources being used. Also, an expert child psychologist should always be present along with the child victims before and during the medical examination. With reference to the kits employed for the purpose, it has been seen that in the Indian subcontinent, a single kit is used for sexual assault cases regardless of the gender and age of the victims. A standard differential sexual assault kit for pre-pubertal child victims could help in preventing chaos and unnecessary torture during the process of examination and collection. Medical examiners may misjudge the importance of clothing as a useful source, but it can turn out to be the exclusive evidence bearing material. Helen et al. emphasized the need to recover clothing from the victims as there are chances of getting a complete DNA profile despite multiple washing of the victim’s clothes (Brayley-Morris et al., 2015). Properly and timely collected samples should be packed, sealed, and stored as per recommendations to increase the potential of DNA evidence. The suggested procedure and evidence can help in the standardization of examination and collection of evidence in sexual assault kits for pre-pubertal child victims of sexual assault.
Sexual abuse involving penetration is likely to cause physical injury to the genitals. The corroborative clinical findings among such child victims are of utmost importance that can be solved by collecting appropriate evidence during medical examinations. During forensic case reporting, the medical assessment plays a significant role in supporting the child victim and family, safeguarding their health and well-being and providing information to the judicial systems. In case of pre-pubertal victims, a medical practitioner who is well versed with the anatomy and psychology of young victims particularly a pediatric gynecologist should be preferred. Due to the clandestine nature of the crime, the evidence collection should be done as soon as possible. It is advised that adolescence involves a time stretch during which teenagers are at varied stages of pubertal development, suitable reforms must be made in evidence collection kits with regard to the age and genital development of the victim involved. Also, a separate kit for the alleged accused including all the vital evidences for biological case reporting is an indispensable tool. If there is not much advantage, exposing child victims to tests involving uncomfortable processes must be avoided. Swabbing of the anus, genitals, and throat can be evaded in case of recently traumatized victims. Only relevant swabs can be collected after easing the mental and physical pain of the child victims. Colposcopy has been proven extensively beneficial over the conventional techniques of genital examination. Therefore, both colposcopic examination and staining techniques can be made the routine procedures in the medical evaluation of sexual assault victims particularly for genital injuries.
CSA is known to be associated with significant psychological problems, making it increasingly imperative to develop evaluation protocols. Apart from medical assessment, it is equally crucial to make a psychological evaluation in child protection issues to ensure the child’s health and welfare (Malhotra & Biswas, 2006). The evaluation may focus on rehabilitation intended to safeguard the child and help the family. This study thus suggests that CSA examiners should be well versed with the recommendations and guidelines on medical and psychological evaluation of CSA victims in order to provide a more reliable and purposeful interpretation of medical findings (Adams et al., 2016). Recent research also indicates a steep increase in sexual assault among minority groups such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer students thereby suggesting a need for their primary prevention (Eisenberg et al., 2021).
In the present scenario, telemedicine can be employed in case of a lack of expert clinicians in the CSA medical evaluation. It involves the exchange of medical information between a clinician and patient using video conferencing software as well as educate the families and cater the needs of CSA victims and adolescents.(Stavas et al., 2018) Moreover, an approach should be adopted to offer emotional support, crisis intervention, education, and advocacy to children and their caregivers. Coordination across disciplines and agencies in society and across jurisdictions in some instances is crucial to simultaneously address the health, legal, safety, and support goals. Such efforts could perhaps aid a better managing of child victims as well as safeguard their legal rights.(A national protocol for sexual abuse medical forensic examinations pediatrics, 2018)
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The authors are thankful to Ms. Deepa Verma, director, Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi, India, and K.C. Varshney, Incharge, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, for their unconditional and valuable support during the entire study. A special thanks to Dr. Vineeta Saini, faculty, Department of Forensic Science, SGT University, Gurugram, and Rakesh Sharma, laboratory assistant, for their support.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Kaur, S., Kaur, S. & Rawat, B. Medico-legal evidence collection in child sexual assault cases: a forensic significance. Egypt J Forensic Sci 11, 41 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00258-y


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