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Ribbon cutting set for EV charge station
The city of Orlando will hold an official ribbon cutting on June 17 for its ChargePoint Networked Charging Station, designed for the use of electric vehicles.
The city is the first to install one of the charging stations as part of the $37 million ChargePoint America program. By installing it, the city is eligible to receive hundreds of free home and public ChargePoint stations for electric vehicles as major automotive manufacturers introduce their vehicles in the region.
Coulomb Technologies’ ChargePoint America program will provide nearly 5,000 charging stations to program participants in nine cities in the United States: Austin, Texas; Detroit; Los Angeles; New York; Orlando; Sacramento, Calif.; the San Jose/San Francisco Bay area; Bellevue/Redmond, Wash.; and Washington, D.C.
“We are thrilled that the city of Orlando is the kickoff of our summer tour to raise awareness of the ChargePoint America program,” said Richard Lowenthal, CEO of Coulomb Technologies. “The installation of these home and public charging stations will create employment for hundreds of people in Central Florida and provide the essential infrastructure necessary for the future of transportation.”
ChargePoint America plans to offer both public and home charging stations to individuals and businesses. Businesses interested in receiving public charging stations can sign up on the ChargePoint America website by completing the application form.
The ChargePoint America program is made possible by a $15 million grant funded by the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act.
ChargePoint America will provide 4,600 public and home charging stations by October 2011.
The city’s ribbon cutting ceremony will take place at 2 p.m. on June 17 at Orlando City Hall Plaza.
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Dogs for Adoption
PuppyFinder.com is proud to be a part of the online adoption community. Browse thru thousands of Field Spaniel Dogs for Adoption in USA, listed by Dog Rescue Organizations and individuals, to find your match.
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Browse thru thousands Field Spaniel Dogs for Adoption in USA listings on PuppyFinder.com to find your perfect match. If you are unable to find your companion in our Dogs for Adoption sections, please consider looking thru the directory of Rescue Organizations, to see if they have any current dogs for adoption listings. And don't forget the PuppySpin tool, which is another fun and fast way to search for Field Spaniel Dogs for Adoption in USA area.

domain: pet


Felsomat USA will host Innovation Day on June 10 at its U.S. headquarters in Schaumburg.
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Thanks in part to its pro-business policies, strong workforce, and trade infrastructure, Florida ranks among the nation’s top 10 states for manufacturing.
Formlabs, known for its line of desktop stereolithography (SLA) printers, is looking to expand its 3D printing reach with availability of its new Fuse 1 benchtop industrial selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printer. Under development for nearly seven years, the Fuse 1 marks a notable change for Formlabs as they expand into a new additive manufacturing process.
Aluminum and its alloys are highly popular in the machining industry for many reasons. Did you know it is the most abundant metal on Earth?
Google Cloud today announced an expanded relationship with Johnson Controls that will involve the leading building technology and solutions company running SAP’s Enterprise Resource Pning Central Component (ECC) environment on Google Cloud.
PRAB Inc. has introduced the Bundle Breaker, a conveyor enhancement that preconditions stubborn metal scrap bundles for improved material transfer, processing and safety.
Laser cutting and waterjet cutting: two great technologies that go great together? Or best when they play solo? As ever, the answer is it depends—on what work a shop has coming in the door, what materials are being processed most often, operator skill levels and, ultimately, the available equipment budget.
Sharpe Products recently installed a BLM Group LT7 4-kW laser cutting system. This equipment cuts round, square, rectangle and open profile pipe or tube up to 6" OD.
FABTECH will be the first large-scale manufacturing trade show to return to McCormick Place in Chicago, September 13-16. The announcement comes as the state of Illinois moves into its final reopening phase.
Absolute Machine Tools has earned the title of Diamond Partner Systems Integrator from Mitsubishi Electric Automation Inc. The partnership is expected to expand opportunities in robotics and automation for 0020both companies.


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Fish Resource Links
- USEPA/FDA Recommendations for Fish Consumption
- USEPA/FDA Commercial Fish Advice
- Department of Fish and Game Sport Fish Regulation Books
- Department of Public Health Fish Information
- Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Fish Mercury Project
- Southern California Fish Contamination Education Collaborative
Advice for Fish You Buy from Stores and Restaurants
Fish and shellfish are an important part of a healthy diet.
- Fish and shellfish supply high-quality protein and other essential nutrients and are low in saturated fat.
- Eating fish and shellfish can contribute to heart health and children's proper growth.
- Women and children especially should include fish or shellfish in their diets because of the many nutritional benefits.
Guide to fish you buy that are lower in mercury and higher in omega-3 fatty acids
To help choose fish that are safe to eat, federal agencies give special advice for women and children:
Joint Federal Advisory for Mercury in Fish
- DO NOT EAT shark, swordfish, tilefish, or king mackerel.
- Eat up to 2 meals a week (12 ounces cooked) of a variety of fish and shellfish from stores or restaurants
- Five common types low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.
- Albacore ("white") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. When choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, you may eat up to one meal (6 ounces) of albacore tuna per week.
- Serve smaller portions to children.
Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
The federal advice was issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004.
The federal advisory is available at: www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html
- Printable Federal Mercury Advisory brochure
For more detailed information:
Recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
“Seafood contributes a range of nutrients, notably the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).”
- Eating about 8 ounces (cooked, edible portion) per week of a variety of seafood provides an average consumption of 250 mg per day of EPA and DHA. Following this recommendation helps prevent heart disease.
“The average intake of seafood in the U.S. is about 3½ ounces per week, and increased intake is recommended.”
- “Twice a week, make seafood the protein on your plate.”
“In addition to the health benefits for the general public, the nutritional value of seafood is of particular importance during fetal growth and development, as well as in early infancy and childhood.”
- Omega-3 fatty acids, in particular DHA, from at least 8 ounces of seafood per week for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding can improve infant health.
- Therefore, it is recommended that women who are pregnant or breastfeeding eat at least 8 and up to 12 ounces (cooked, edible portion) of a variety of seafood per week, from choices that are lower in mercury.
Seafood varieties commonly eaten in the U.S. that are higher in EPA and DHA and lower in mercury include:
- Pacific oysters
- Atlantic and Pacific mackerel (not king mackerel, which is high in mercury)
Appendix 11 (on page 85) lists common types of seafood with the omega-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA) and mercury content in a 4-ounce cooked portion.
Note for using the table: A total of 1,750 mg per week of EPA+DHA provides an average of 250 mg per day of these omega-3 fatty acids.

domain: food


Vertical mill simulation applied to iron ores - ScienceDirectThe sample of coarse iron ore was characterized in laboratory tests carried out in a small batch ball mill. Selection and . The vertical mill was invented in Japan in the 1950s by the Tower Mill Kubota Corporation for applications in fine and ultrafine grinding and was the first vertical mill used in the mining industry . Fig.ball mill for iron ore fines,Investigation on the particle size and shape of iron ore pellet feed .Mar 20, 2017 . improve the iron grade. The shape of crushed ore affects the product particle size in a ball mill grinding circuit. It has also been proposed that green pellet quality is directly related to the amount of fine particles in a pelletizing plant (Dwarapudi et al., 2008;. Umadevi et al., 2008; Gul et al, 2014; Van der Meer,.
grinding mills iron ore - SuccessEntrepreneuriron ore fines grinding mechanism in ball mill Iron Ore Beneficiation , VT Corp Pvt Ltd. Iron ore fines reclaimed from the blending stockpile shall be conveyed into a surge bin within the beneficiation plant building. Ball Mill fo.ball mill for iron ore fines,Influence of raw material particle size on quality of pellets .Jul 18, 2013 . Pellet plant (4·2 MPta capacity) of JSW Steel Ltd imports iron ore fines from different mines to produce pellets for its Corex and Blast Furnace plants. The pelletisation process involves drying the ore fines to reduce the moisture content to less than 1%, grinding in open circuit ball mills to get required fineness.John Frank
For size reduction of beneficiation plant pellet grade fines 2 No. of ball mills were installed. Optimum particle size distribution of iron ore fines is required to get the desired properties of the green pellets and fired pellets. In iron ore pelletization, process parameters, size of the iron ore fines (% of -45micron size), fuel content.
iron ore fines grinding mechanism in ball mill Iron Ore Beneficiation , VT Corp Pvt Ltd. Iron ore fines reclaimed from the blending stockpile shall be conveyed into a surge bin within the beneficiation plant building. Ball Mill fo.
milling,. •Primary crushing followed by wet SAG or AG milling and ball or pebble milling,. •Air swept AG milling (for coarse grind). Historically, the lowest operating cost for fine grained ores was achieved by multi stage. fully autogenous grinding (Koivistoinen et al, 1989) with integrated magnetic separation steps. between the.
Ball mill is vital equipment in industries viz. mineral dressing, ore processing, fertilizers, food and diary, pharmaceuticals . Finally the calculated values of the fines in terms of the grindability of the mill obtained through the . common classification of ball mill is any type of mill in which mild steel or iron balls are used. In most.
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Clip to illustrate a ball mill for comminution of Iron ore.
ABSTRACT: A ball mill is the vital component in industries viz. mineral dressing, ore processing, fertilizers, food and diary, pharmaceuticals . Finally, the calculated values of the fines in terms of the grindability of the mill obtained through the correlations by both the . type of mill in which mild steel or iron balls are used. In.
The internal cascading effect of a ball mill is used to turn mining ore into fine powders and ball mills are often used as the key milling equipment after material has . ball mill inventory and feature some of the most trusted names in the grinding mill industry including Allis-Chalmers, , Denver and Kurimoto Iron Works.
Iron ore types around the globe. • HPGR use in the iron ore industry. • HPGR in iron ore plant design . Requires secondary crushed feed. • Reduced BWI. • Replaces SAG mill-smaller ball mill. • CAPEX similar .. High fines/clays lead to impaired comminution. − High ore competency and abrasiveness will lead to increased.
The bulk (around 90%) of the iron ore fines get exported, as they cannot be utilised in iron making without agglomeration. 3.1. .. Iron Ore Beneficiation. Ball Mill. Primary Grinding. 1 mm Screen. - 1 mm. O/F. Hydrocyclone Magnetic. V. N. ConC. Intermediate. Thickener. Tailing To tailings. Thickener dam. OF. Cleaner Spirals.
Minerals Processing Solutions. Iron Ore. India. Customer: BMM Ispat. Project type: Greenfield. Plant: India. Ore: Iron. Scope of supply: Beneficiation of low grade hematite. (< 10mm) generated from . Ball Mill – Concentrate Grinding (3,6 m x. 6,6 m Installed kW: 1250) . Low grade iron ore fines generated from dry crushing.
technologies, such as High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) and Vertical Roller Mills (VRM), have been successfully used in other industries such as . Key words: comminution; HPGR; VRM; energy efficiency; air classification; ball mill. 1. Introduction . Copper-Gold in Indonesia, CVRD Iron Ore in. Brazil, Kudremukh Iron.
Pelletization Process at JSW Steel Limited. Production of iron oxide pellets from iron ore fines in- volves different steps from drying to induration. The ore fines are initially dried to a moisture content of less than. 1% before being sent to a ball mill for grinding to the re- quired fineness. The ground ore fines are now mixed with.
concentrating taconite, the rock first must be crushed to a fine powder. Next, magnets are used to separate the useful ore from the gangue. Then the concentrate is rolled into one-half inch balls and roasted in a furnace to make pellets. Finally, the pellets are shipped to iron and steel mills. When magnetite occurs in.
South Africa Hot Sale Gold Ball Mill Machine for Copper/ Zinc/ Iron/ Chrome China Suppliers of Ball Mill Machine(Wet & Dry ) for Gold/ Copper/. button . Granite Powder Briquette Machine is used for making coal fines, coke fines, charcoal powder, carbon black, iron ore fines, cast fines, mll scale, mill scale, manganese.
measurements. Since specific surface area measurements seems more accurate and reliable than percent fines readings, therefore grindability of Dilband iron ore was represented in terms of average specific surface area to specific energy input. For calculating the energy input per grinding cycle the ball mill was calibrated.
Jul 8, 2013 . SEM observation showed fine crystalline structure of Lhoong iron ore after the milling process. The main mineral morphology . The mixture powders were milled in a home-made planetary ball mill (PBM) at a rotational speed of 300 rpm (ball to powder ratio 10 : 1) for 20 hours. Structural changes during.
Iron Ore-range of products starting from wet and dry grinding mills, ore dryers, Washing drums, continuous mixers, mixing drums for sinter applications and Disc pelletizers. Cement Mills - complete Process design with filter/cyclone separation. Wet grinding Ball Mills - for the treatment of minerals, ores and other bulk.
© 2019 CIROS. All rights reserved


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The US Department of Energy said it will start purchasing crude oil for its strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) to test the oil market and see how it will help domestic crude producers in the current low price environment.
Initially, up to 1 million barrels of sweet crude oil will be purchased to test the oil market, the department said in a statement on Thursday, adding the oil is for delivery to the SPR during July with early deliveries accepted in June.
The department said it will purchase crude oil from small- to mid-size oil producers in the US, and oil deliveries will be made to one or more of three SPR storage sites located in the states of Texas and Louisiana based on bidder preference and scheduling logistics.
'This crude oil purchase will serve as a test of the current conditions of physical crude oil available to the SPR, as opposed to the financial market trading WTI NYMEX futures contracts,' the statement said.
'This purchase complements deliveries of crude currently scheduled for June or July under Department of Energy's crude oil storage initiative, which was launched in April,' it added.
The move comes after US President Donald Trump ordered Energy Secretary Dan Brouillette in March to fill the SPR, and the department tried to find funding to buy a total of 77 million barrels.
The US had 639.8 million barrels of oil in its SPR as of week ending May 8, according to the country's Energy Information Administration (EIA) data.
By Ovunc Kutlu

domain: finance


"Infinity" Carbon Fiber TLR 22 2.0 Front Shock Tower by X Factory
$1.99 Flat Rate Shipping!
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This product was added to our catalog on November 14, 2014.This is an optional X Factory "Infinity" Carbon Fiber TLR 22 2.0 Front Shock Tower. This 4mm carbon tower is stiffer than the stock part, weighs just 7 grams, and is a direct replacement for the TLR1055 shock tower. All the geometry remains the same, making this the perfect option to save weight.


No matter how many hydration packs get invented, some cyclists still prefer the old-fashioned bottle cage.
That’s why French company Zefal has introduced yet another bottle cage. But this one aims to accommodate any bottle you can throw at it — by which we mean carefully place within its flexible arms.
Zefal, known for its bike accessories, designed the Z Adventure Cage to work with “all types” of cylindrical containers. That includes run-of-the-mill water bottles to insulated water bottles, and even large-diameter rigid bottles — if your bike frame allows it.
Between the sturdy support structure and wide strap, “your bottle will be preserved, even on the most uneven terrain,” the company said.
Zefal Z Adventure Cage: Design Details
The latest bottle cage from Zefal aims for long-distance use, be it bikepacking or simply a long holiday on your favorite ride.
With four fixing holes, the cage offers universal mounting on either a frame or fork. It’s compatible with bottles from Ø66 to 92 mm. Using the hook and loop strap, riders can cinch down for extra water bottle security.
The cage measures 230 x 81 x 94 mm and weighs a tidy 88 grams. And yes, it comes with the necessary screws for assembly.
Zefal Z Adventure Cage: Pricing & Availability
The Z Adventure Cage will set you back just €25, or about $24 USD.
It’s currently available on the Zefal website.


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Infallible Rule #1 of kids with cameras seems to be this: If you give a kid a camera, you will get in return a series of photos of the most insignificant things ever.
I remember when I got my first childhood camera, a Brownie Hawkeye that shot black and white pictures from rolls of film loaded into a plastic box that seems huge compared to modern-day cameras. Excitedly, I would balance the box about waist-high, look down into the lens, and click the button that was sure to afford a ton of laughs for Joe down at the drugstore, where I would take the film to have it developed for pickup a few days later.
A kid with a new toy, literally, I snapped pictures of the fire hydrant on the corner, ants on our brick sidewalk, and the feet of the old lady next door. When Mom scolded me for "wasting film," I focused my photographic energies on my baby brother. This is why we have a hundred or so pictures of him either sleeping or crying, which was pretty much all he did there for a while.
So no one was really surprised to see what happened over Christmas when Bootsie's Uncle Teebo turned her loose with the camera on his cell phone. She took a picture of every page in a Berenstain Bears storybook, along with a shot of nearly every piece of furniture in my house. And then, among all those, there was this true masterpiece:
Now you may think this is just a mundane picture of a plastic cup on the end of table where Bootsie sat as her adult relatives played cards. But the precise angle at which she held the camera caught the head and shoulders of her mama, sitting on the other side of the table, in a very unusual relationship to the cup. If you look at it just right, daughter Cookie appears to be bobbing out of the top of a green cup.
I can't adequately describe the decibel level or the duration of the laughter pouring out from me and five kids as we encountered this classic shot while scrolling through Bootsie's camerawork. "Look," I said to Bootsie with my eyes and nose running and my stomach aching from a paroxysm of uncontrollable laughing. "It looks like your mama is in a cup!"
The card game was suspended as players abandoned it one by one to come upstairs and investigate the source of the whoops, hoots, and giggles. With each new viewer, the rest of us erupted again, as though seeing the picture for the first time. If laughing is really as healthy for people as experts claim, then our family should be in good shape for 2017.
We have named this piece of art Mama in a Cup. As for Bootsie, Mr. Whistler had nothing on this girl, who, at the ripe old age of six, is already showing a keenly artistic eye.
In about twenty years, you might want to keep an eye out for new talent bursting on the contemporary museum scene. Bootsie's artwork with crayons, colored pencils, and markers has always been impressive, but now that she has had a taste of success with photography, there may be no stopping her.
I am tempted to go back and see what the magic of Photo Shop can do for one of my old fire hydrants. But no matter how hard I try, I don't think I could achieve anything as artfully perfect as Mama in a Cup.

domain: artistic


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My friend, Kristine, recommended I feature this story on my blog. What a role model! I'm just amazed at the depth of this soldier's selflessness.
Face of Defense: Soldier Donates Money, R&R Time to Needy
By Army Spc. Evan D. Marcy
Special to American Forces Press Service
CAMP VICTORY, Iraq, Aug. 27, 2008 – Whether it involves time with their families, their personal comforts or even their lives, the duty of soldiers eventually requires sacrifice. Certain soldiers, though, go beyond that call of duty and give more.
Army Spc. Timothy Roy of 5th Signal Command’s C Company, 44th Expeditionary Signal Battalion, has made it his personal endeavor to provide his time and money for those in need.
During his two-week rest and recuperation leave while serving a 15-month deployment in Iraq, Roy and his parents volunteered their time preparing and serving meals at a soup kitchen and shelter near their home in New Hampshire. He also donated $1,000 to the soup kitchen and convinced a large corporation to match his contribution.
“My parents always taught me to put others before myself,” Roy said.
He also became involved with the Make-A-Wish Foundation by donating $3,000 to grant a wish that was tied to his own interests in computers. His donation was matched with a 17-year-old girl afflicted with lupus, a life-threatening, inflammatory disease. She used the money to buy computer equipment, allowing her to continue her education from home.
“What Specialist Roy did was really remarkable, and shows how much of a good guy he really is,” Army 1st Sgt. John Willis, C Company, 44th ESB, said. “Soldiers usually take deployment money and spend it on themselves. I was surprised by how much money came out of his pocket.”
Roy said he hoped to set an example. “I figured if people saw me giving back, it would encourage them to do the same,” he said. “When they see a soldier trying to give back, when they are already selflessly serving their country, they want to be a part of it as well.”
The specialist said it simply feels good to give. “To know that you can make a profound difference in someone's life is a wonderful feeling,” said Roy. “I got a letter of thanks from the first child and her mother that I sponsored [through Make-A-Wish], and she said she was moved to tears by my kindness. There's no feeling like that; it's hard to put in words how that made me feel.”
[read the whole article here]

domain: news


Locomotives: General Information - IIOn this page
Serial Numbers, Diagrams, Miscellaneous
Q. How are/were locomotives numbered in India?
Prior to 1940 or so, each railway company had its own system of numbering different classes of locomotives. Beginning in the early 1940s, the state began taking over several of the railway companies, and newer locomotives acquired thereafter were allotted numbers based on the ‘IRS’ (and later ‘IGR’) classes; but numbers were duplicated across the different railways well into the 1950s. Some effort was made (especially by NR and WR) after 1952, when the zonal railways were set up, to avoid duplication of locomotive numbers across the zonal railways.
In 1957, new ‘all-India’ numbers were issued for most working locomotives in all the zonal railways to establish unique numbers throughout the country. The all-Indian numbers had blocks for each class of locomotive: e.g., numbers 22301 - 22500 were reserved for the BG XD class locos, and numbers 1000-1500 were reserved for MG diesel shunters. Some locos, such as the WCG-1 shunters, continued to be numbered with their old numbers together with the all-India numbers (e.g., 20038 (4513) where the number in parentheses might be, for instance, the old GIPR loco number). Over the years, the elimination of steam and its replacement by diesel and electric motive power has led to the reuse of numbers from blocks originally meant for steam locomotives for various diesel or electric locos.
A locomotive which has undergone extensive repair work (perhaps following a collision) usually has an ‘R’ suffixed to the serial number. The ‘R’ suffix is also used for mid-life reconditioning overhauls such as those performed by DCW, Patiala or Golden Rock workshops. DCW, Patiala always used the ‘R’ suffix for overhauled WDM-2 locos (not upgraded to WDM-2C) before March 2000. Later, they used to renumber locos with the ‘R’ suffix even when they carried out the class upgrades to WDM-2C / WDM-3A (starting with 18690R). However, in recent years it’s been seen that as these upgraded locos are repainted by the various loco sheds where they are homed, sometimes the ‘R’ is omitted.
If a loco, coach, or wagon is condemned (perhaps following severe damage in an accident), or not working well enough so that it is notionally written off, it may nevertheless be used after repairs in some limited circumstances; for example, condemned locos have been put to good use as shunting engines in yards. In such cases, a ‘0’ is prefixed to the serial number.
For a few months in 1999, some sheds of IR (perhaps only on SR?) began the practice of adding a 2-digit year of manufacture in large stencilled numerals next to the road number for some electric locos, such as WAP-4’s or WAM-4’s. But these experiments seem to have been short lived.
Serial numbers were earlier painted or stencilled on in small numerals on the side of the loco cab; for locos up until the 1950s, usually the initials of the old railway company were painted on much larger. Since the late 1970s or early 1980s IR has been painting the serial numbers in large numerals on the sides of the loco bodies. Often the numerals are enclosed in a stylized oval or hexagonal frame that connects up to a stripe or stripes running along the length of the body.
Serial numbers are not always serial! Sometimes locos in the same class are assigned numbers out of sequence. The most recent example is that of the indigenous WAP-5 locos from CLW; the first was 30011, the second was 30013, and the third was 30012.
Hugh Hughes’ books are probably the best source of detailed numbering information for locomotives in India up till 1990.
Special-purpose units have various numbering schemes. E.g., EMU and DMU units sometimes have numbers such as ‘MC 0004’ where the MC stands ‘motor coach’. Accident relief vans are numbered, e.g., as ‘ARMV 5101’ etc. (ARMV = Accident Relief Medical Van). Cranes, diesel-electric tower cars for maintaining the OHE, and other such vehicles are numbered separately. DMU/EMU/MEMUs of various kinds have their own numbering system which resembles the road numbers of locomotives in consisting just of digits without any alphabetic prefixes or suffixes. The 1400hp HPDMUs and MEMUs have been seen numbered in the 14xxx and 15xxx range.
There are numerous locomotives (WDM-2, WDG-3A, WDS-6, and other models) that are used by various public-sector units — power plants, steel or cement plants, collieries, mines, etc. for their internal freight-hauling and marshalling operations. These may have various additional markings or serial numbers, e.g. “BSP” followed by a number indicates a loco of the Bhilai Steel Plant; “NTPC” followed by numbers indicates a loco of the National Thermal Power Corporation. A loco belonging to the Rihand Thermal Power Plant has been seen with the number ‘RhSTPP-II No. 04’. There is a rich variety here, which is unfortunately not very well documented anywhere, and is not treated by any of the more detailed works on Indian locomotives such as the books by Hughes, or Simon Darvill’s Industrial Locomotive List. These industrial locomotives can often be seen on IR mainline routes as they travel to and from their maintenance and overhauling facilities which are usually at the bigger regional IR sheds.
Please consult reference works such as Hughes’ books for detailed information on the numbering of locomotives used by private industry and public-sector industrial concerns. Hughes’ books have a lists of many locomotives sent to the public sector concerns and approximate serial number ranges or years of manufacturers for those manufactured by DLW or CLW. Also see Simon Darvill’s Industrial Locomotive List.
Locomotive Plate Numbers
Almost every IR locomotive has a manufacturer’s plate with information such as the date of manufacture on it, along with a number (also known as a works number), although the works number is often missing for electric locos. The plates are usually located on the side of the loco, either on the main body or on the cab. On several of the early imported locomotives, the original plates have been removed or lost over time, or painted over so that they are now unreadable. Different manufacturers use different conventions for plates. The convention for Alco/DLW plate numbers is explained below. WCM-1 and WCM-2 DC electrics had plates with their dates of manufacture along with the English Electric/Vulcan Foundry works numbers. CLW and BHEL loco plates only show the maker’s name, without any works number or other similar information. New plates are sometimes attached to a loco when it undergoes serious overhauling. The information on these new plates may then just show the date of the overhaul, and may even show the new class code for the loco if the classification has changed since the loco was originally built (e.g., WDG-2 being re-classified as WDG-3A). This can create some confusion (for railfans!) in assessing the chronology of different locos.
Alco/DLW (WDM-2) Plate Numbers
(Explanation from Sheldon Perry, adapted.) A typical plate number for a WDM-2 locomotive may be I-3389-03-0292. The “I” stands for India. The “3389” is a portion of a larger Alco order numbering system. (The DLW order is also referred to as D3389.) For example, (G)3388 was a Goodwin order for DL500’s. (M)3390 was a cancelled MLW order for RS-18/DL718’s, and so on. (DLW also has/had another order number, I-6026. This was applied to DL535’s (YDM-4’s). You probably won’t find this number on any of the plates though.) The “03” is believed to be some kind of phase in the WDM-2 production series. There are also plates that read I-3389-01-xxxx (the very first WDM-2 locos started with I-3389-01-001) and I-3389-02-xxxx. It is not generally known where these different phases or series have their transitions. The last four digits (“0892”) represent the on-going numerical sequence of works numbers. Again, it is worth emphasizing that the works number analysis here applies only to particular Alco/DLW locos (WDM-2 class). Other loco classes have different schemes for their works numbers.
The very first locos built by DLW with parts from Alco had plates that said: ‘INDIAN RAILWAYS – DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS – VARANASI (UP) INDIA – MANUFACTURED IN COLLABORATION WITH ALCO PRODUCTS INC USA’.
Q. What’s the ‘tractive effort’ of a locomotive?
The ‘tractive effort’ is a measure of how large a load the loco can pull and set in motion from a standstill — the maximum force it can exert at the drawbar or coupling. While the raw horsepower rating of the loco is important, it is not the whole story. The loco’s weight also comes into play, as a heavier loco can pull a larger load without its wheels slipping. Once the wheels begin slipping, the force that can be exerted by the loco drops dramatically. (Slipping occurs more with the front wheels because the front of the loco tends to lift slightly due to the reaction torque exerted by the rails on the loco.) Modern locos tend to have electronic slip control to control the power applied to each axle separately to minimize slip and maximize the tractive effort under different conditions.
Q. What’s the method that IR uses to couple together multiple locos? or, What’s ‘Locotrol’?
Two to four or so locos can usually be coupled together to operate automatically, without any special provisions, with the crew manning only one of them. (This mode of operation is known as ‘Multiple Unit’ operation, or ‘MU’.
Using more than about 4 or 5 locos together without some form of automatic control for them is problematic because couplings come under excessive strain and break. A system known as ‘Locotrol’ (made by GE) was used on IR, which coupled 3 to 5 locos at the head of a train, and one or two somewhere in the middle of the train, and possibly another two or three at the rear. The locos at the middle and rear of the train are radio-controlled by the crew at the head of the train. It was introduced with WDM-2’s on the Kirandul-Kottavalasa line (near Vishakapatnam) in 1988 by SER.
IR these days uses its own version of ‘Locotrol’, made indigenously. These are also distributed power control systems, but with tweaks applied for specific zonal track and weather conditions. These systems are mostly used in the freight heavy sections of SECR and ECoR, where IR runs what it calls ‘Ananconda’ rakes.
With multiple locos lashed up for MU operation, there are MU cables that pass between successive locos, which carry the control signals between the manned loco and the others. Newer WAP-7, WAP-7 and WAG-9 locos use a single MU cable, while older WAG and WAM series use three MU cables. The WDM-2 and its variants (including rebuilt locos) use a single cable. The absence of this MU cable indicates manual coupling of locos – in this case, each loco is manned by crew, and they use horn or hand signals to communicate across the locos. Such non-automatic coupling can also be used for incompatible classes of locos, e.g. to couple a WDM-2 with a WAG loco in rare instances where the required electric loco wasn’t available. Even with some of the newer locos, coupling may not be possible for different classes of locos: e.g., a WAG-5 and a WAG-7 cannot be MU’d together and require separate crews for operation.
In some cases the local loco sheds or workshops have carried out experimental modifications to locos to allow multiple unit operation even in cases where the locos were not designed for MU’ing originally. The Moula Ali shed of SCR, for instance, carried out an experiment in the 1990s to MU WDS-4 shunters to allow MU’d pairs of these to shunt long (24-coach) passenger rakes (SCR had an especially high number of 24-coach train services and not enough shunting power to match). Normally a single WDS-4 can only shunt up to about an 18-coach passenger rake. The experiment with MU’d WDS-4 did not work despite a lot of improvization and experimentation by Moula Ali and eventually this was dropped, as old WDM-2’s, and even WAM-4 or WAG-5 locos started being retired from mainline operations and becoming available for tasks like shunting.
IR never adopted the practice of designating locos as ‘A’ or ‘B’ units for coupling. All locos could be used as either a master or slave loco in coupled configurations. A few pairs of locos were sometimes kept in fixed-formation (mostly WDM-2 and WDM-3A pairs); in such cases, both locos in the pair are usually oriented with their short hoods facing outwards (i.e., so that the short hood leads no matter which direction the locos travel in). (This is not universal practice, however, as lash-ups the other way around have been seen.)
Q. What’s the cause of the characteristic jerk or momentary loss of power felt when a WDM–2/WDM-3A/WDG-3A accelerates?
The WDM–2/WDM-3A/WDG-3A locos, like most diesel-electric locos, has several configurations of its traction motors that are used as the loco accelerates from rest (Series Parallel - Series Parallel Shunt - Parallel - Parallel Shunt, and weak field configurations). There are three important transitions: At 30.8-39km/h 2S-3P Full Field to 2S-3P Weak Field, at 48-55km/h 2S-3P Weak Field to 6P Full Field, and at 88-90km/h 6P Full Field to Weak Field. For the transition at 39km/h (it can actually happen anywhere between 30km/h and 45km/h), the generator’s fuel supply is cut and it is momentarily switched off to avoid sparking and strain on the switchgear. This momentary loss of power can usually be felt throughout the entire train, and is very characteristic of this loco class. It is much stronger than the jerks or blips in the acceleration felt at the other transitions of the motors. (This is also seen in other similar Alco models; railfans have reported the same distinct jerk in Alco diesels used in Greece, for instance.) The WDP-3A loco has one transition at 55-62km/h although it is not quite as pronounced.
Q. Why do trains sometimes feel like they are momentarily rolling backwards (or forwards) just after coming to a halt?
Today, almost all braking of trains moving at speed is done using the train brake system which activates (air) brakes along the length of the entire rake. The loco brake system is not used for bringing the train to a halt. However, as soon as the train comes to a halt, most drivers switch immediately to the loco brake system to hold the train at a standstill, and release the train brakes so as to give the system the maximum time to recharge. In the instants between releasing the train brakes and applying the loco brakes after the train has been brought to a standstill, the train may sometimes move a small amount if the place where it has been stopped is on a gradient.
Q. I’ve heard that some locos have ‘cruise control’. What does this mean?
Some locomotive classes such as the WAP-5 and WAP-7, as well as the WAG-9, have controls in the cab that can ‘lock’ the train to travel at a certain speed (the speed at the time the control or button is set). The button is known as the ‘BPCS’ button. The computerized loco controls then manage the tractive effort and braking effort and attempt to keep the speed to within +/- 2km/h of the desired speed. In this mode, the driver does not have to do anything further except to respond to the alerter system (see below) within the stipulated intervals, and to use the horn as appropriate. Older locomotives without computerized controls do not have any such provision for ‘cruise control’.
Q. What driver vigilance or driver alertness systems are used by IR in its locomotives?
Several loco classes have speed limiters with buzzers that go off when the prescribed speed is exceeded. In some cases these may also result in the application of brakes. Some WAP-4 locos have the buzzer system and it is set for a speed of 130km/h although they are capable of going faster. The WCAM-3 loco, limited to 105km/h by its bogies, has the buzzer set to its top speed.
The newer loco classes (WAP-5, WAP-7, WAG-9) have provisions in their original designs for setting a speed limit, which, if exceed results not only in the warning buzzer/light going off but also apply the emergency brakes to slow down to below the prescribed speed. This system, however, is not thought to be actually deployed in any of the locos currently in use. The top speed limit can be set in software (160km/h for WAP-5, 140km/h for WAP-7, 100km/h for WAG-9). In the WAP-5, WAP-7, and the WAG-9, the driver’s job is easier in terms of not having to worry about exceeding the speed limit because these locos have provision for cruise control (constant speed settings) – see above. However, the driver does have to activate the vigilance system periodically, as explained below, even when the cruise control is on.
Vigilance systems in the form of ‘dead-man pedals’ are provided in most locos. In the WAP-7 system, the vigilance pedal (PVEF) has to be depressed periodically; alternatively a button on a panel can also be depressed. If this is not done, and if the master controller is not being used for braking or acceleration, and if the A9 or SA9 (train/loco brakes) controls are not being used (any of which temporarily override the vigilance system), an alarm is sounded. This must be acknowledged by the pedal or switch; if acknowledgement is not provided with 60 seconds, power to the traction motors is cut. If there is no acknowledgement within 10 seconds after this, the main circuit breaker (DJ) is opened and the brakes are applied bringing the loco to a halt. Resetting this afterwards involves a number of manual steps at the main computer unit (‘HBB’) and re-building brake pressure.
Q. How are locomotives ‘run in’ to prepare them for service?
New locomotives are run in for a period of time after being commissioned from the factory in order to shake out any possible initial manufacturing defects and for all the components to settle into normal wear and usage patterns. In order to give the loco a reasonable load and much starting and stopping opportunities, usually the new loco is run in by hauling a passenger train rather than running it by itself (which also avoids the need to free up block sections for the light loco).
Normally an ordinary stopping passenger is used and not a mail or express train since the latter are less ‘tolerant’ of delays and breakdowns if any, and also since the running speeds on them tend to be higher. The normal loco for the passenger train is usually coupled in with the train too, but left unpowered, to allow it to take over in case the new loco develops a fault. Sometimes some passenger trains are specially designated for the running in of new locos (e.g., the Tata Passenger which often carries new locos from CLW towards Lallaguda, Erode, Bhusawal, Ajni, etc. The Kazipet Passenger is used for taking locos from Nagpur to Kazipet). These trains are often also the ones that are usually used for coupling dead locos for transport back to sheds.
Freight trains are usually not used for such movement of new or dead locos since they tend to run without stops for long periods, and also because delays due to coupling or uncoupling the additional loco(s) would in some cases be excessive.
Q. What does ‘microprocessor control’ for a locomotive mean?
‘Microprocessor control’ can mean a few different things. Many of the newer locomotive models such as the WAP-5, WAP-7, WAG-12B, WDG-4, WDP-4 and so on with complex 3-phase AC drives have circuitry and equipment controlled by microprocessors. In these, the microprocessor or computerized control is an integral part of the locomotives’ design, so these can be truly described as being computer-controlled or microprocessor-controlled.
However, the term ‘microprocessor control’ is also widely applied to certain models of WAP-4 and other locos that have been retrofitted with a monitoring system that uses computerized circuitry to replace some of the electromechanical relays and switches that were part of the original design of these locos. Systems monitored by the microprocessor circuits include the DJ, silicon rectifier, battery chargers, etc. The advantage of this is that the status of the monitored equipment is displayed on an LCD panel in front of the driver and he does not have to look around and inspect the state of each relay or switch behind him manually. In such cases the microprocessor does not actually control anything.
Typical relays replaced by the monitoring circuits are QV60, QV61, QV61, QV63, QV64, QV65, QVLSOL, etc. Among the WAP-4 locos, ‘Yugantar’, #22591, was the first one to get such a microprocessor-based monitoring system (all later locomotives in the series have been produced or retrofitted with this). Many sheds (Kanpur, Vadodara, etc.) display the annotation ‘microprocessor controlled’ very prominently on the loco itself.
Q. What does ‘Static Converter Fitted’ or similar annotation mean on a locomotive?
Locos traditionally had a rotary converter (of Arno make) to generate 3-phase AC on board to power auxiliary equipment such as traction motor blowers, compressors, exhausters, etc. Starting in the 1980s static converters using solid-state circuitry to generate 3-phase AC on board have been used instead of the Arno converter, driving up efficiency and reliability by eliminating the moving parts that the Arno contained.
Static convertors and microprocessor control became standard kit for all new production WAP-4s beginning from the 22640 series. Static convertors became standard for new WAG-7’s from around 2004 or so. This has also meant that the locos may not carry the ‘Static Convertor’ or ‘Microprocessor Fitted’ markings despite being equipped with these systems.
Q. What kinds of bogies (trucks) are used by IR’s locomotives?
For mainline BG locomotives, there were, until the 1980s, two main alternatives. The venerable WDM-2 which existed (exists) in vast numbers, along with the WDS-6, WAM-4, WAG-5, and some of the WCAM-1/2 locos used an Alco design asymmetric trimount (Co-Co) cast bogie design. Most other mainline BG locos used some variant of the GM-EMD ‘Flexicoil’ design, starting with the ‘Mark 1’ version for the WAP-1 and WAP-4 locos as well as the EMD-designed WDM-4 locos (export model SD-24), and variants known as ‘Mark 2’ or ‘Mark II’, ‘Mark 3’, etc., for other electrics such as the WAP-3. These were all cast bogies. RDSO experimented a lot with the designs of these bogies, to improve top speed, ride characteristics, etc., so that many variations can be found. The Flexicoil model was originally designed by GM-EMD and used in the American SD-7 locomotive of the 1950s. The innovation of the Flexicoil design at the time it was introduced was the isolation of lateral vibration by a swing hanger.
A newer generation of the Flexicoil design was introduced later in the form of the ‘Mark 4’ (‘Mark IV’) model which had a fabricated bogie frame assembly. This was used for the WAP-6, WDP-3A, and some other classes. These bogies were supposed to work up to 160km/h but turned out to be unsuitable for Indian track conditions at such high speeds and were restricted to 105km/h or so after initial oscillation trials. WDP-3A locos were later allowed to run at 120km/h on select sections such as the Konkan Railway stretch and the WR trunk route. The Mark IV Flexicoil bogies have some adhesion-increasing characteristics and have a rated top speed of 140km/h. The WAP-7 and WAG-9 locos use an ABB freight bogie design and have been tested and approved for speeds up to 140km/h.
Alco High-Adhesion bogies (which have a fabricated bogie assembly) were also introduced in the 1980s, and are used for the WDG-3A, WAG-7, WCAM-3, WDM-3D, WCAG-1, WCM-6, and other locos such as the Sri Lankan export model of the WDM-2. They are said to have several enhanced characteristics for providing high adhesion and good damping of vertical and lateral oscillations.
The WDG-4 and WDP-4 class use a EMD design fabricated HTSC (High Tensile Steel Cast) bogie. The GE designed WDG-4G and WDG-6G use a similar HTSC bogie, while the WAG-12B locos use the bogies derived from Alstom’s Prima series of locos.
In addition there are some odd home-grown models of bogies such as the fabricated Bo-Bo bogies seen on the WDP-1 (based on a variant of the Flexicoil design) and WDM-6 locos. MG and NG locos have their own bogie designs, in most cases carried forward and adapted from the original imported loco models.
Q. Were/are battery-powered electric locos used in India?
Yes. Beginning in 2019, several sheds have converted older WAM-4 and WAG-5 locomotives to include battery power trains in addition to their regular overhead power systems. These locos are used for shunting duties in non-electrified lines.
Western Railway inherited from the BB&CI Railway two broad-gauge battery-powered shunters that were used in a yard that was not electrified (and where the use of steam or diesel locos was thought to be too noisy). There is a picture of one of these in Jal Daboo’s book. These were locomotives built in England in 1927, and for their time were among the most powerful battery-electrics.
The NBM-1 class of 2’ gauge locos were battery-driven, used by CR on the NG network around Gwalior. They were manufactured by BHEL in 1987, and had a fairly modern thyristor-based AC motor drive. There were used for a short period of time before persistent maintenance issues led to them being scrapped.
Battery locomotives have also been used by some industrial concerns and mines or collieries. English Electric supplied two dual overhead/battery electric locomotives to a colliery in Ballarpur in the early 1930’s. Several battery locomotives have also been supplied by Indian manufacturers.
Q. How many locomotives does IR have in its fleet?
As of 2020, IR has 6,972 electric locomotives, 5,898 diesel locomotives and 39 steam locos. In 2005, IR had about 4,800 diesels, 3,065 electrics, and 44 steam locos. Further back, in 1998, IR operated a fleet of about 4,400 diesel locos, and about 2,550 electric locos.
Q. Does IR have push-pull operations?
IR doesn’t have true push-pull operations anymore. Until early 2018, the 16057/16058 Sapthagiri Express between Chennai Central and Tirupati (via Renigunta) had a WAP-1/WAM-4 permanently coupled to the rake at one end, with a cabin in the last coach at the other end which has all the controls of the locomotive replicated.
The Bangalore-Mysore Passenger had a loco at one end and driving trailer cab at the other end for true push-pull operation. As did the Delhi-Shamli-Saharanpur Passenger in the mid 1990s.
Though not strictly push-pull, some suburban or short passenger services were operated with a loco in the middle of a rake instead of at the end (e.g. Diva-Vasai, Solapur-Bijapur, Utkal Sammilleni Passengers on SER). The Diva-Vasai Passenger had 4 coaches on either side of the locomotive; the end coaches were special-purpose modified units and had a driver’s cabin, a ladies’ compartment, and a luggage compartment.
Most recently, the 12221/12222 Rajdhani Express between Mumbai CSMT and H. Nizamuddin is run with one WAP-7 leading and another at the rear. Both locomotives are powered, with a cable routed through internal channels in the rake for control and operations. This 'push-pull' arrangement avoids having the train stop for bankers and improves acceleration characteristics.
Q. Which locos are the rarest ones on IR?
The situation is changing all the time with many old locos reaching the end of their useful lives and with previously limited run classes being made into serial production. The list below shows classes that are (and were) rare on IR’s network.
- YAM-1: Only at Tambaram (SR), decommissioned in 2004.
- YDM-2: Only at Golden Rock (SR) and Gandhidham (WR), decommissioned in 2008.
- WCAM-1: Only at Valsad (WR), decommissioned between 2010 and 2016.
- WCAM-2, WCAM-2P: Only at Kalyan (CR). These were at Valsad (WR) earlier.
- WCAM-3: Only at Kalyan (CR).
- WCM-6: Only two were produced. At Kalyan now, converted to full AC operations. (CR).
- WCG-2: Only at Kalyan (CR). All scrapped.
- WCAG-1: Only at Kalyan (CR).
- WDP-1: Only at Tughlakabad (NR) and Vijayawada (SCR).
- WDP-3A: Only at Tughlakabad (NR), Golden Rock (SR) and later at Kalyan (CR).
- WDM-6: Only two were built, #18901, #18902; both were at Bardhhaman (ER). Scrapped now.
- WDM-3F: Only four were built, all at Gooty (SCR).
- WDM-7 : Only at Tondiarpet (SR). Was also in Ernakulam (SR).
- WDS-5 : Only at Mughalsarai (ECR) and Bondamunda (SER). Scrapped now.
- WAG-6A, WAG-6B, WAG-6C : Only at Vishakhapatnam (ECoR). Most are scrapped now.
- WAP-6 : Only at Asansol (ER). Converted back to WAP-4 in mid 2000s.
- WAG-12B: Only at Saharanpur (NR).
- WDG-4G: Only at Roza (NR).
- WDG-5: Only at Sabarmati (WR).
- WDG6D: Only at Roza (NR) and Gandhidham (WR).
- Steam as a whole rates as being very rare on IR’s network today. The ‘X’ class locos are found only on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway line (Cooonoor shed), and the DHR ‘B’ class locos are found only on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (Tindharia shed). A few WP and other locos are to be found at the Rewari Steam Shed.
Q. Were Garratts used in India and other parts of the sub-continent?
Yes. Bengal Assam Railway had 2-6-2+2-6-2 Meter Gauge Garrats made by Beyer Peacock & Co. Manchester, the same maker of the earlier Garrats in Burma. A B/W picture of Garrats from Bengal Assam Railway appears on page 19 of Indian Locomotives, Part 2 (Meter Gauge) by Hugh Hughes. There were also a few 4-8-2+2-8-4 MG Garratts in use. One is plinthed at the Guwahati steam shed.
The Bengal Nagpur Railway had several BG Garratts, of classes P (4-8-2+2-8-4), N (4-8-0+0-8-4), NM (??), etc. These were quite powerful, and could haul 2400-ton loads on 1:100 gradients without any problem.
The DHR had a 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt (‘class D’, essentially two class B locos put together) built by Beyer Peacock in 1910, on its 2’ NG line until 1948.
Consult Hughes’ books for more details of Garratts used in India.
Of the total 12 pre-war Garrats in Burma, only 10 were active in 1947. Twelve 2-8-2+2-8-2 were added in 1943 and nine 4-8-2+2-8-4 were added in 1945, all made by Beyer & Peacock. Post war Garrats in Burma were of two types. 12 locos were 2-8-2+2-8-2 and 9 locos were 4-8-2+2-8-4. Four 4-8-2+2-8-4 were transferred to Tanganyika (Tanzania) in 1948 and five 4-8-2+2-8-4 were transferred to East African Railways (Kenya) in 1952, according to Hughes, Indian Locomotives Part 4 page 85.
Garratts were in operation on the Janakpurdham-Jaynagar line in Nepal until fairly recently.
Sri Lanka had BG & NG Garratts. One BG Garratt is at the Ratmalana Works, Colombo, and another at the Dematagoda Running Shed, Colombo; neither is operational.
Q. What about other articulated locomotives?
Other than the Garratts mentioned above a few articulated locos were used in India. Perhaps the best known are the WCG-1 (EF/1) 1.5kV DC locos (‘Crocodile’) and the NDM-1 dual-engined diesel loco for the Neral-Matheran hill run. The bonnets of both these types of locos were able to swivel around.
Other articulated locomotives used in the past:
- NWR’s MAS class #460 Mallet (broad gauge)
- WIPR’s IM class Mallets (meter gauge)
- ISR’s double Fairlies, 4 of which went to the Nilgiri under the NMR (meter gauge) (Hughes, part 2, p.70)
- NWR’s KST TS class #180, #181, Kitson-Myers
Q. What is bio-diesel? What are bio-diesel locomotives?
Biodiesel is the name given to various fuels or diesel fuel mixtures that incorporate varying amounts of oils derived from plants. While in western countries interest has centred on soybean oil and other crops’ oils for use in diesel engines, in India, local plants such as ‘Ratanjyothi’ (Jatropha curcas), ‘Karanjia’ (Pongammia pinnata), and ‘Neem’ trees have proven useful as sources of oil suitable for use in diesel fuel.
The benefits of such fuel mixtures are lower levels of polluting emissions, and lower fuel costs with large-scale cultivation of the plants. Byproducts include oilcake and glycerine. The characteristics of the diesel fuel have to be carefully balanced when these bio-diesel additives are used in order to maintain engine performance.
In the early 2000s, IR conducted extensive trials. A YDM-4 locomotive hauled the Trichi-Tanjore Passenger with a blend of 5% bio-diesel several times in July 2004 and later. Even earlier, the New Delhi - Amritsar Shatabdi Express was hauled by a 5% bio-diesel fueled locomotive on December 31, 2002 as a one-off experiment. A couple of WDM-7 based at Tondiarpet were converted to run using a 10% bio-diesel mixture. IR also setup a pilot plant capable of producting 150 liters of bio-diesel daily at the Loco Workshop in Chennai. But these seem to have been half-hearted attempts at using alternate fuels. With increasing electrification (and use of battery operated shunters), bio-diesel experiments have stopped.
Q. What other alternative fuels does IR use?
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is another fuel that IR has experimented with. In January 2005, trials with a stationary diesel engine modified to use CNG were carried out at Shakurbasti station. Following this, two railcars were modified to run on CNG. A DEMU rake (one diesel power coach and three trailer coaches) was modified for CNG use and has been running on NR (the DEMU rake is homed at Shakurbasti shed). Seating capacity on the rake was reduced from 384 to 354. Early trials used up to 50% CNG in the fuel mix; in later field trials and commercial service this became a 35% CNG mix.
Q. Where can I find diagrams of locomotives?
In India, diagrams and other data are preserved at:
- Research, Design, and Standards Organization of IR.
- National Railway Museum, Delhi. Not many engineering drawings, but the NRM does have a large, if haphazard, collection of diagrams.
- Production units and major repair workshops might still have some of the engineering drawings of older locos. A personal visit to a workshop with authorization from the CME is the only way to get access to these.
In the UK, diagrams from major locomotive manufacturers are preserved at several libraries:
- Mitchell Library, Glasgow (drawings from North British Locomotive)
- University Library ‘Business Archives’, Glasgow (also NBL)
- Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester (Beyer Peacock drawings)
- National Rail Museum, York
A diagram of a Darjeeling Himalayan Railway ‘B’ class loco that originally appeared in the Railway Board’s Technical Bulletin No. 58 (1899 or so) has been much reprinted in DHR-related publications. Other drawings of ‘B’ locos are:
A & B class 0-4-0Ts, drawings by D. John & S. Bell. Indian Railway Study Group Newsletter, No. 6, July 1992, pp. 8-9. Great detail.
Roche, F.J., “Darjeeling-Himalaya(sic) Railway 0-4-0 Tank,” (Class B) Railway Modeller, Vol. 8, No. 85, November 1957, p. 259. 4mm scale. These have several errors.
Back, N.T., “Darjeeling-Himalaya(sic) Railway Class B 0-4-OST,” Model Railway News, Vol. 43, No. 508, April 1967, pp. 180-181. 7mm scale.
Wheel Arrangement Notations
Wheel arrangements and other technical design features of locomotives can be found in many sources. See, for instance, Jal Daboo’s book or Hugh Hughes’ books on Indian locomotives, which provide exhaustive coverage. Here, only an explanation of the general notation is provided.
Q. What do the notations such as ‘2-4-2’ mean?
Traditionally, steam locomotives have been classified by their wheel arrangements. The system most widely used was the Whyte system. In this, the loco’s leading non-powered wheels, the (usually coupled) driving wheels, and the trailing non-powered wheels are indicated separately. Indian practice (following the UK) was to count wheels and not just the axles.
Hence, ‘2-4-2’ refers to a loco with two wheels (1 axle) in the front, 4 driving (powered) wheels in the middle (2 axles) and 2 wheels (1 axle) trailing. A suffixed ‘T’ indicates a tank engine (variants include ‘ST’ for saddle tank, ‘WT’ for well tank, ‘PT’ for pannier tank, etc.). Garratts and other articulated locos are usually indicated by juxtaposing the wheel arrangements of each individual component of the compound loco: e.g., 4-8-2+2-8-4. A loco may have two or three sets of coupled powered driving axles; in which case the notation might be something like 2-8-8-2 indicating two sets of 4 driving axles each, or 2-6-6-6-2 for three sets of 3 driving axles each.
In European texts, one finds often that axles are counted, so 2-4-2 is replaced by 1-2-1, sometimes writtein 121, or even (as in France sometimes) 1B1.
Q. What does ‘Bo-Bo’ or ‘Co-Co’ mean?
Diesel and electric locos’ wheel arrangements are described using a system where the axles of a loco are counted, with powered axles being described using letters and the unpowered axles (if any) indicated by digits. A set of two independently powered axles on a bogie is indicated by ‘Bo’, and a set of three independently powered axles on a bogie is indicated by ‘Co’.
Hence, a loco with two bogies, each having two separately powered axles is classified ‘Bo-Bo’; with three such bogies it would be ‘Bo-Bo-Bo’; with two bogies each with three powered axles it would be ‘Co-Co’. Sometimes locos have some leading or trailing unpowered axles too, so for instance a loco with two bogies, each having three powered axles and one unpowered one is indicated ‘1-Co-Co-1’. The ‘o’ in the powered axle description is left off to indicate that the axles are not independent, but coupled mechanically – the same motor drives all axles in the bogie (‘B-B’ instead of ‘Bo-Bo’).
A single powered axle on a bogie is indicated by ‘A’ a set of 4 powered axles is indicated ‘D’ or ‘Do’; there don’t appear to be any locos in India using such arrangements, but outside India arrangements such as ‘A1A-A1A’, ‘1-D-1’, etc. have been used. A ‘+’ may be used to separate trucks of articulated locos. Multiple unit locos are shown by parenthesizing the unit specifications and prefixing a number corresponding to the number of units, e.g., 2(1-D-1) for a 2-unit loco, each unit having one unpowered leading axle, one unpowered trailing axle, and a 4 coupled powered axles.
Continue on to the section on notes on selected locomotive classess. Also see the section on multiple units and the section on preserved locomotives, and names of locomotives.


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Krimchi, Udhampur, Mar 15 : Picturesque complex of seven ancient temples, locally known as 'Pandavas Temples', located some 10-kilometres from Jammu-Srinagar National Highway in Udhampur district is a mesmerising destination to visit especially for the nature lovers but unfortunately, the poor road connectivity is the major hiccup and keeping tourists at bay from the site.
The road connectivity work is in progress on Pancheri Road that leads to village Krimchi and further the link roads to the temples but the slow pace of work upsets the visitors reaching to this place, which seems to be ‘out of the world’. Although the Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Department has tall claims of promoting tourism sector, but the picture on ground has a different fate to describe. Locals expressed resentment over the slow progress of road connectivity work claiming that in such a situation, nobody prefers to visit these temples and it remain a “neglected destination” despite having its historic values from ancient period.
"Earlier there was no 'pakka' road to reach to Krimchi temples but nearly an year back, road connectivity work started," Angrez Chand, a local villager told the correspondent. He said that the work of macadamisation of road is very slow and the tourists visit to this place once, never plans his second trip, adding, "temples are located on the height and around 1.5 kilometre away from the main road leading to village Pancheri, a hilltop and an unexplored tourist destination." "The link road to the temples from the main road is not macadamised and visitors face difficulties reaching to temples site," Ghulam Mohammad, a member of a nomadic community said.
He added, "these are historic temples. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, preserve their heritage but we are not even able to give better road connectivity to the visitors to make their travel safe and smooth." Gharo Devi, a local resident, at the temples site said, "when it rains, the road becomes excessively slippery and dangerous." "The site doesn't have even basic facilities to the tourists," she added. As per locals, there are so many unexplored destinations in Udhampur district but are either not developed or facing negligence.
"Jammu and Kashmir has rich tourism potential and it should be tapped more to attract tourists from across the country, which will not only bring these destinations on tourism map but also generate economy and employment to youth," another local suggested. Deputy Commissioner Udhampur, Dr Piyush Singla when contacted here told UNI, "Promotion of Krimchi temples is among one of our top priorities. There was some old dispute over road connectivity, which has been sorted out and in another 3-4 months, work will be completed."
"There are two routes leading to the temples and one is being undertaken by the Public Works Department at an estimated cost of Rs 39 lakhs, which is the main link whereas the another one is being constructed under PMGSY," said the Deputy Commissioner. The service route will also be completed on time once the school and anganwadi centre are shifted elsewhere to widen the road, said the district head. He also mentioned that Krimchi temples site is being looked after Archeological Survey of India and an entry ticket is charged from the visitors but on his request, school-going children were exempted and their fee was waved off.
"The road connectivity work on both sides is in progress and in coming months, macadamised road with black-topping will be ready," he said. As per official records, the temples are believed to be over a thousand years old. According to the Archaeological Survey of India, these temples were constructed during 8th or 9th century AD. Locals say mythologies behind the temples go back to the protagonists of the Mahabharata War or a late Pandava dynasty that ruled in Jammu and Kashmir. The complex consists of four large and three small temples.
The main temple is 50 feet tall and is dedicated to Shiva, Ganesha, Vishnu and Parvati. The architecture resembles classical Kashmir temples. The design of the temples shows distinct Greek (Hellenic) influences. As per the legends, Raja Kichak of Mahabharat was said to be the creator of town Krimchi and the Kingdom. It is also said that Pandavas while in exile remained there for a long period. These temples are situated on a stone complex and a small stream flows nearby. A trip to Krimchi consists the natural choice of travelling to Sudhmahadev-Mantalai Shrine. Also, at a little distance from Krimchi lies Pancheri, a picturesque Hill Resort. (UNI)

domain: geography


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PITTSBURGH (KDKA) - If you need an ambulance, it usually means you need emergency care and more often than not, the care you receive in the ambulance makes all the difference.
However, paramedics and EMTs are facing a drug shortage that's making their job more difficult.
If you needed certain medications urgently, would they be there for you?
For the past 18 months, there's been a shortage of several emergency use drugs. These include the narcotic pain reliever morphine, a medication for seizures, Valium, a drug for severe nausea, Zofran, and the narcotic reverser, Narcan.
Because of the shortage, the paramedics are forced to use a hodgepodge of supplies.
That can slow them down when time can be of the essence.
"If you notice, whenever I opened up in the medic unit, there [were] three different types of packaging in there. We're used to one single dose, pre-filled syringe. But, there was a single-dose vial, there was an ampule, and there was one pre-filled syringe," Scottie Garing from West View EMS said. "Information's found on different parts of labels, in different locations, written smaller, written larger."
Also, patients have to be just right for the medicines on hand.
"In the case of Zofran, for example, if someone is mildly nauseated, they may withhold that Zofran for the person who is severely nauseated, or actually vomiting," Garing said.
In some cases, substitutions are made.
"There's been a handful of seizure patients that we would have liked to have given Valium to who got Versed or Midazolam in its place," Greg Porter from West View EMS said.
Alternatives in the same drug family are approved by the state. But, sometimes they aren't exactly the same.
"So, with heart attack, the standard drug is morphine, for the reasons of making the heart work less hard, but if there was no morphine, we had to use fentanyl," EMS Medical Director Dr. Paul Paris said.
Fentanyl doesn't have the same effects on the heart. In some cases, there's nothing similar to give in its place.
"Narcan, which reverses opiate overdose. there is no other drug on the state formulary that would do that when someone has had too much of an opiate," Dr. Paris said.
These drugs are not under patent and they aren't expensive. So, why is there a shortage?
"Because it's not expensive. There's not a great profit margin," Dr. Paris said.
In cases where there is not a good substitute, Dr. Paris said there has been regional sharing. A rescue squad with no supplies may get some from another station in the area that might be better stocked.
How and when the shortage will end, no one knows. But, they all agree that more reliable sources for medications need to be in place.
for more features.

domain: medical


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Which California counties have the most sex offenders?
Folks in Sydney, Australia, were some of the first to welcome in 2014.
Cities around the world planned festivities to welcome in 2014, with fireworks in several cities, flavored confetti in London and a famous crystal ball in New York being a few of the highlights. Happy New Year!
Several stores in Sacramento's Downtown Plaza were open for their final day of business Saturday in the section that will be demolished for construction of a news sports and entertainment arena.


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*******www.thepolishguy**** - Video and 4 step instructions for polishing the alloy wheels of a Ford Ranger truck. Also shown are uses of detail brushes and microfiber cloths in applying and polishing alloy wheels.
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name : Clint Mansell - "Requiem for a Dream"
Można Pobierać Filmy Video w oryginalnym formacie pod adresem w dziale MEDIA ...
Channel - High Quality Videos nad Photos URL
Army - Military Video
Zapraszam również do dyskusji na temat Wojska Polskiego na FORUM Cannon Fodder w dziale militaria - temat Polish Army Comments, link powyżej ....nie musicie się rejestrować by pisać....
I, soldier of the Polish Army, hereby swear my faithful allegiance to the Republic of Poland. I swear to defend her independence and frontiers, to uphold the Constitution, to guard the honour of the Polish soldier, to defend my military banner, to spare not, for my Fatherland in need, my own blood nor my life. So help me God!
In this demonstration we use a Church Polish & Cleaning Kit that includes Simichrome and Flitz to polish a brass chalice and candle stick. The tutorial includes detailed work instructions and best practices at www.thepolishguy****.
Removing any imperfections from the casting process 1st stage polishing with rough grit sand paper.
Scratches are nothing more than deep uneaven surface. The first step to polishing is to make sure the surface is even out. Use rough sand paper and gradually use finer sand paper. There are 2 ways to get rid of scratched, fill the deep scratches and sand it to match the surrounding surface so that its level or sand the surrounding surface and level it to match the depth of the scratches with a suitable grit and gradually use finer sand paper.
Use a concave file to roughly remove ant access plastic try not to press to hard and scratch any smooth surface. After that start sanding using a rough sand paper nothing more than 1500 grit, remember not to use too much pressure, i will be using automotive body work grade sand paper, just place the sand paper on the surface and sand. After all surface has been sand, start wet sanding using the same grit (1500 grit).
Wet sanding will result in a finer and smoother surface compared to dry sanding. The goal is to make sure all surface is evenly smooth, in some cases you may find small patches still un-sand, these are deep dents on the surface and you may need to attack it from different angles. You can start with a finer 2000 grit, but this will result in more time spent getting rid of the rough edges. Spend more time wet sanding usind the 2000 grit, wet sanding wil also help spotting uneven surfaces.
The steps are simple:-
-File access plastic with file ( for removing large access plastic )
-1500 grit dry sand > 1500 grit wet sand ( for removing and even out the surface )
-2000 grit dry sanding > 2000 grit wet sanding ( fine tune the surface for smoother result )
The most important thing to remember is not to get carried away or apply to much pressure. Sand paper eats plastic, so try not to sand the same spot for too long, you may end up with an uneven flat spot. You have only one chance to get it right. The motive is to gradually smoothen the surface. There are 3 parts that need polishing the grill housing, transducer bracket and the L/R plastic on the headband.
Mind Polish Preview Clip available at IndieFlix****
Want to know more about what it means to be Polish? Sobieski Vodka's camera crew was on location at the Polish Museum of America in Chicago.
*******www.thepolishguy**** - Video demonstration using Simichrome Polish & a Flitz Buff Ball to clean & polish a Subaru wheel rim. The tutorial includes detailed work instructions & best practices. Before and after pictures and more videos on our website.
Song about brave Polish workers in England, Ireland and other countries of Europe. May they work and drink happily. Original song was of course "Spanish Ladies".
Learn Polish Numbers Free at *******www.byki**** with Byki. Byki is a free language learning program for Polish. Soon you'll understand Polish phrases and sayings without lessons!
*******www.OhioPowerTool**** - Diamond Products offers several different options for grinding & Polishing. There are up 10 steps in getting the perfect finish, contact us if you have any questions.
Vladek Juszkiewicz * Polish Film Festival Director - Royalty Rope Events - Kress Hollywood
Jeremiah James * Royalty Rope Events * Polish Film Festival

domain: hobby


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Oven-roasted Chicken Thighs is a super easy recipe that only take 30 minutes to make, and has only two ingredients – chicken thighs, and Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce.
Are you ready for the two most flavorful ingredients for the easiest finger-licking dinner? Chicken thighs, and Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce! Yes, you heard well. This super easy recipe for Oven-roasted Chicken Thighs has only two ingredients and takes 30 minutes to create. The secret ingredient for these moist, sticky, sweet and spicy chicken thighs is our Roasted Pineapple & Habanero Sauce from Terrapin Ridge Farms. This will be your favorite summer recipe, and your family will be asking for it all year around.
As if this recipe isn’t easy enough, to help you out, here are answers to some questions that I frequently asked myself when I cooked chicken thighs:
How long do I cook chicken thighs on the oven?
After several failed experiences, I found out that 30 minutes is the perfect cooking time.
What is the right temperature to cook chicken thighs?
There is not one correct answer because it will depend on what kind of recipe, you are cooking. If I roast or bake my ideal temperature is 400 degrees. If you increase or decrease the temperature, this will also affect the cooking time.
Like this recipe so far? Be the first to know when we release new ones!
What else can I make with Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce?
This artisan Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce is so versatile. It has the sweet and caramelized flavor of roasted pineapple mixed with red pepper and green bell peppers, onions and spicy Habanero peppers. This sauce is very versatile. You can grill, bake, roast, broil or use as a dipping sauce. Great with any meat, this zesty sauce is especially excellent with pork. Pour over a salmon or tilapia and broil. Just pour it out of the jar as a dip with coconut shrimp. Gluten Free & Vegan.
Some of the many ways I like to use Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce are:
UPDATE: This recipe is part of the 11 Best & Favorite Summertime Grilling Recipes and also try Vegetable Egg Rolls with Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce
Oven-roasted Chicken Thighs is a super easy recipe perfect for weeknight family dinners or weekend summer barbecues. This effortless recipe has only two ingredients and takes only 30 minutes to make. Moist, sticky, sweet and spicy, the secret ingredient for these Roasted Chicken Thighs is our Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce from Terrapin Ridge Farms.
- 6 chicken thighs, bone-in & skinless
- ½ jar Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce
- salt & pepper
- Preheat oven 400F
- Sprinkle salt & pepper on the chicken thighs
- Pour the Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce over the chicken and coat all the pieces with the sauce.
- After 15 minutes brush more of the sauce.
- Roast for 30 minutes or until the chicken is cooked
- Prep Time: 5 minutes
- Cook Time: 30 minutes
- Category: Dinners, Lunch
- Cuisine: American
- Calories: 399
- Sugar: 7 g
- Sodium: 363.5 mg
- Fat: 12.5 g
- Carbohydrates: 7.8 g
- Protein: 59.2 g
- Cholesterol: 281 mg
Available here today in our online shop:
Oven-roasted Chicken Thighs with Roasted Pineapple Habanero Sauce


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Ahvaz (Persian اهواز; Ahvāz, also Ahwaz Ahwaz or ) is a city in Iran, on the bank of the river Karun in the middle of the province of Khuzestan. The newer part of Ahvaz with industrial areas located to the right of the Karun, the older parts of the left bank. With over 1,000,000 inhabitants Ahvaz is the largest city in the province of Khuzestan.
A large minority with about 30 % of the inhabitants are Iranians of Arab descent. The slang is mostly Persian, but in large part also Arabic. The official language is Persian. In addition, living in Ahvaz, among other lures and Schuschtari.
Ahvaz stands on the site of the ancient Tareiana. At this point led the Persian King's Road from Susa to Persepolis over the river Karun. The city was later expanded Tareina under the Sassanid king Ardashir I and renamed Hormuzd Ardashir. The king built near the city of a dam on the Karun. The importance of the city grew and soon Hormuzd Ardashir became the capital of the province Susania. When the Muslim Arabs conquered the Sassanid Empire named it Hormuzd Ardashir in Suq al - Ahwaz ( the marketplace Huzi ), where Ahwaz is the Arabic plural form of Huzi to. The Huzi were a warlike tribe of the region and according to them the present Khuzestan province is named. Among the Arabs Ahwaz remained an economically important city until the Zanj Rebellion in the 10th century led to major upheavals in the region and the decline of the city. The city recovered in the 15th century broke up the dam. Beginning of the 20th century, the city had only 2,000 inhabitants, but the discovery of oil deposits meant that the city grew so in 1926 again became the capital of the province of Khuzestan. 1948 exceeded the inhabitants mark the 100,000.
Sons and daughters of the town
- Siamak Aghaei, Santurspieler and composer
- Ali Doraghi, Basketball Player
- Hamed Haddadi, Basketball Player
- Hossein Kaabi, football player
- Eman Mobali, football player
- Abu Nuwas, poet
- Ali Shamkhani, Admiral and Defense
- Siavash Shams, singer
- Amir Taheri, Journalist
- Ali Ghardooni, athletes
Ahvaz in 2011 was listed by the World Health Organization as the most air polluted city.

domain: history


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In Slovakia you can hear, taste and experience the heart of the country in the heart of Europe. Immerse yourself and get to know the people, habits, traditions, and culture of this unique place filled with history. Relax in nature – Slovakia has plenty of mountains, rivers and gardens to choose from. You’ll also find unique caves just waiting to be explored.
If culture is what you’re after, you can lose yourself in a vast maze of architectural monuments and UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Castles tower next to important religious sites and inspiring art adorns the walls of numerous galleries. To truly get to know the country, wander through one of many open-air museums or mingle with the locals at a folk festival.
Adventurous visitors are sure to find endless new experiences and exhilarating exploits, from mountaineering to bungee jumping. To wind down, enjoy a relaxing day at a spa or a dip in a natural spring. Looking for more thrills? Continue the excitement into the night at a club or casino.
Every type of traveler will find their perfect match in Slovakia. Families will enjoy the countryside, beaches, and unique diversions in the city, as well as world-class zoos and theme parks. Couples can find fairy tale romance in hillside settings of historic cottages and legendary castles. Young travelers will enjoy extraordinary atmospheres, from summer music festivals to alternative art events. Those who want to see a lot while relaxing at the same time will take pleasure in tourist trains and easy walks through the lowlands and plains.
The choice is yours. There is one thing you won’t find in Slovakia: Boredom!


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Last Updated on November 15, 2021 by Pets Feed
Sanctuary pig and puppy with special needs formed the most adorable and unique friendship ever
Winston, better known as Winnie, is a lovely special needs puppy who was taken care of by Charlotte’s Freedom Farm when he was only about 6 weeks old. Unfortunately, the family he is caring for realized that they could not take care of the little boy properly.
When they first picked him up, his rescuers thought only his front legs were underdeveloped. They soon found out that his sternum had not developed properly either, which meant his lungs and heart would not be adequately protected and the little puppy would need several chest reconstruction surgeries in the future.
Lauren Edwards of Charlotte’s Freedom Farm told The Dodo:
The main problem right now is that I have to limit what he does because he has a high risk of something going on.
The pig and the puppy are the best friends in the world
Winnie wanted to play with the other dogs in the sanctuary, but they were too strong and it was too risky for the puppy right now. The volunteers at the center felt bad because suddenly the adorable puppy found itself without playmates, until the arrival of Wilma, an adorable little pig.
Wilma was taken in by Charlotte’s Freedom Farm after she was found alone on the streets. His rescuers believe he may have jumped out of a cattle truck, which apparently matches his boisterous and mischievous personality.
Wilma has been a girl with a great personality since arriving, and from the start she made it clear that she loved Winnie deeply and had chosen him as her official best friend in the world.
She’s sweet, but oh man, she’s sassy. If you pick it up it screams so loud I’m sure they can hear it across the street. She found out how to jump on the couch and she loves doing it.
The games between these two great friends are a bit quieter which is good for Winnie, even so, Lauren is always on the lookout for this couple when they are having fun together in order to protect the puppy.
The woman adds:
They also stay outside, but she is very focused on finding bugs. He just sits, hangs out and watches her when they’re outside.
At the sanctuary, everyone agrees that Wilma is all the puppy needs, they are happy together, and it’s adorable to watch them spend time playing.
Lauren also said:
It definitely made her feel more comfortable coming here. She’s still in quarantine from other pigs (protocol only, for safety), so she makes a good friend that way and doesn’t feel lonely. So you always have a playmate. It works for both of us!
They are perfect for each other and everyone at the shrine is hoping their friendship will last forever, even when Wilma is much taller than her best friend.
Finally, Lauren added:
People love to see them together, and she will weigh over 800 pounds, so watching them grow will be fun too.
If you would like to support the sanctuary with surgeries for Winnie, you can donate on GoFundMe.
Images: Charlotte’s Freedom Farm


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Getting a beautiful lawn isn’t going to require you to work with chemicals. Your turf may come to be healthier if perhaps you don’t use any chemicals. Applying chemicals will not only affect the soil but it will poison the water you drink. You can free yourself of your use of chemicals by working on the following tips.
The best weed control is to physically pull all of the weeds. If you pull weeds before they seed, they’re not going to grow back. An entire root system may need to be taken out for certain types of weeds. Weeds like clovers are helpful and so you should not pull them. The reason being clover provides some nitrogen which will help improve the health of your lawn. You should get a soil evaluation kit to find out what’s in your soil. You can even figure out the pH balance, and what nutrients are needed for having a perfect soil balance.
Your own lawn will probably have bare spots, so if it does, use a mixture of grass varieties to re-seed. Disease is a typical occurrence but it will not impact all types of grass so the mixture will guarantee some growth. You should routinely aerate your soil and break up the grass so it won’t become a heavy thatch. This will enable the root system of the lawn to be accessed by nutrients and organic matter. Finding earthworms is ideal for aerating your lawn. Anytime the layer of thatch is more than a half-inch thick, you must get it de-thatched. If you do not do this, you will have issues with nutrients, water and air getting into the soil. Thatch can be removed by simply raking your grass soon after you aerate it.
It really is fine to have a little thatch and grass clippings as it will help with decomposing organic matter which will improve the health of your lawn. You need to preserve the height of the grass at two or three inches, and in order to keep the grass from going into shock, only a third of the height should be cut at any one time. To avoid harm to the grass, the mower cutters should always be sharp. Never use anything but all-natural fertilizers, because they not only put nutrients into the soil, but they help them stay there longer. Thatch and grass clippings decompose much better in organic fertilizer and the best to get is sheep manure.
Be sure you only water your lawn as required and get the water down deeply. If you don’t do this, the roots definitely will turn out to be shallow and more susceptible to insects and disease. If you are going to carry out these few recommendations, your lawn will be the best in the neighborhood.

domain: agronomy


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Good news! Guoshun Group's products have been recognized as "Shandong Province's first (set) technical equipment"
Recently, the Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology announced the list of the first (set) technical equipment and key core components and production companies in Shandong Province in 2019. Guoshun Group "GS600-Intelligent and efficient control equipment for flue gas desulfurization, denitrification, dust removal and whitening of steel sintering machine" was successfully selected as the first (set) technical equipment in Shandong Province in 2019.
Major technical equipment is the country's most important weapon, and it has a bearing on overall national strength and national security. The first (set) of major technical equipment (hereinafter referred to as the "first set") refers to equipment products that have achieved major technological breakthroughs, possess intellectual property rights, and have not yet achieved market performance, including the first three (sets) or batches (secondary) sets Equipment, complete equipment and core components, control systems, basic materials, software systems, etc.
In order to implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council on advancing supply-side structural reforms, implementing innovation-driven development strategies, and building a manufacturing powerhouse, Guoshun Group has taken the first set of demonstration applications as a breakthrough point to promote the overall improvement of the level of major technical equipment. For the first time, the equipment used a composite ammonia injection and heating integrated denitrification device, and developed a special flue gas conditioner to achieve good mixing of denitrification reducing agent and flue gas, and solve the problem of catalyst caused by high alkali metal dust in flue gas The problem of clogging improves the denitrification effect; realizes the synergistic capture of sintering flue gas particles, improves the quality of wet desulfurization gypsum and the activity of desulfurization slurry, and fills the domestic gap. The product adopts the most advanced sintering flue gas "six in one" comprehensive treatment process. This set of equipment has filled the domestic gap. The main performance indicators have been tested by the "Shandong Product Quality Inspection Institute" and other institutions to meet the standard requirements. It has been well received by users and has broad application prospects. The main technical performance indicators of this complete set of equipment have been appraised by the expert group to reach the domestic leading level.
As a national high-tech enterprise, Guoshun Group has always adhered to technological innovation-driven development, with years of accumulation of development and manufacturing experience, centered on the national green development strategy, gradually improved the technological innovation and service system of the environmental protection industry, continued to promote strategic transformation, and adhered to core technologies The promotion and the creation of competitive industries are carried out simultaneously, and we are committed to becoming an environmental protection operation service provider mastering core technologies, improving the sustainable competitiveness of the company, and promoting the high-quality development of the group.


The Interior monitoring system increases safety, convenience and is able to detect driver distraction and signs of drowsiness.
Can detect if a driver shows first signs of drowsiness by monitoring steering movements and help to avoid crashed caused by fatigue.
With radar sensors and video cameras, driver assistance systems detect dangers, warn car drivers or even intervene autonomously in an emergency.
Reducing complexity in the cockpit by bundling multiple functions in a single control unit.
Vehicle sensors supply the data required for perception of the surroundings, vehicle localization and driver monitoring in automated cars.
The Bosch driving assist supports the driver and takes over the longitudinal and lateral guidance of the vehicle and helps the driver to reach his destination as relaxed as possible.
Automated vehicles need to perceive and interpret their surroundings, use this information to derive a suitable driving strategy and then implement it reliably.
The garage park assist and the garage park pilot make parking into narrow parking spaces smooth, comfortable and easy – at the touch of a button.
Connected solutions for the parking search and automated park assists that simplify parking space entry and exit.
Object detection and distance measurement for collision avoidance for mobile machinery


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If you are intrigued in pursuing a job as a video sport tester, but still have some uncertainties about it, then you will want to read this report. In it, I will reply the concerns of most aspiring youthful game testers and discuss about the distinct video games that are analyzed.
The video games you will check as a video match tester mostly depend upon the developing company you are functioning for. The simple fact is that no make a difference what firm you might be working for, you will be testing game titles that have but to be unveiled to the community and are nearing the final stages of improvement. 릴게임 Normally, you will examination video games in a selection of different genres, which means you must have some stage of expertise in all the different varieties of video clip video games (FPS, Mmorpg, RTS, RPG, Racing, Sports activities, And many others).
If you are a professional in only one distinct game sort, this kind of as role-enjoying video games or racing video games, and nothing else, then you is not going to probably make for a great specialist video clip sport tester. That is not to say you will not get any match screening jobs. It is just that you will not have as huge of a “occupation area” as most other recreation testers. Typically speaking, if you might be going to make it as a professional video clip sport tester, then you simply have to be skilled with different movie sport genres. There is really no other way to seem at it.
Why should you be an “specialist” in a multitude of diverse movie game varieties? Merely since the game business that hires you will establish what kind of movie video games you will be screening. You cannot select and decide on what match you want to test it does not work that way, sadly. On a aspect note, a lot of video clip match tester employment will involve screening laptop games. This is due to the reality that Computer movie game titles are prone to getting a lot of glitches and bugs. Never worry about getting a Laptop game tester although, as there are lots of companies that target purely on console gaming techniques. Nevertheless, it would not damage to get some Computer gaming encounter.
When you happen to be completed screening a sport, it is yours to hold with no strings connected. This is a fantastic way to amass a library of great online video video games for cost-free. It is correct these video clips game titles will not be technically “complete”, but which is just a technicality. Right after all, a cost-free video clip sport is still a cost-free video sport.
Normally, the games you will examination will be despatched by means of snail-mail, together with a “Glitch/Bug” report form that you will fill out right after you’ve got completed the match testing. And, just in case you have not caught on nevertheless, this indicates you will be acquiring paid out to enjoy movie video games from the comfort of your own home!
Video recreation testers actually do have it made. They get paid to perform the coolest and most technologically innovative video video games, and they get to do it from their very very own home. Honestly, what much more could any gamer inquire for?

domain: entertainment