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Affiliations: [a] Senior Research Fellow, Department of Library and Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202002, Uttar Pradesh. (E): email@example.com
| [b] Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202002, Uttar Pradesh. (E): firstname.lastname@example.org
Abstract: The study discussed in this article is aimed to evaluate and compare the international digital library websites to explore their performances and efficiencies, based on search engine optimization. Moz Link Explorer and Google PageRank—two freely available search engine optimization sources—have been used as webometric tools for collecting the required data from the websites of selected digital libraries. Web impact factor (WIF) for each digital library website has also been calculated in terms of internal web impact factor (IWIF), external web impact factor (EWIF), and simple web impact factor (SWIF). The investigation revealed that amongst all the 10 selected international digital libraries, the World Digital Library leads with the highest page authority, external followed link, total links, linking domains, and followed linking domains. The Universal Digital Library with the highest ‘domain authority’ has the lowest linking domains and followed linking domains. The lowest domain authority and page authority is attributed to Digital Library of International Research while lowest number of total links is attributed to Digital Library of Georgia. In terms of Google PageRank evaluation, Universal Digital Library has secured the highest page rank and Core Page Review (CPR) score, however, is in a low position in terms of the lowest referring domains, global rank, indexed URLs, trust flow, trust metric as well as weak page rank quality. Subsequently, the exploration of web impact factor of the select digital libraries disclosed that the International Children’s Digital Library secured the first position in terms of IWIF and SWIF. In contrast, on the grounds of EWIF, Universal Digital Library is leading the list.
Keywords: Digital libraries, Moz Link Explorer, Google PageRank, Webometrics, Page ranking, Search engine optimization, Web impact factor


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This paper describes two cases involving the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In both cases the individuals were experiencing acute psychotic symptoms during their first admission to hospital. Each case illustrates how CBT was used to tackle a particular issue pertinent to the delivery of treatment at this early stage in the development of an individual's experiences of psychotic symptoms. Case one describes therapy with a young person of 17 where developmental issues are pertinent; case two describes the use of therapy to engage a person whose symptoms have ostensibly remitted. In both cases the promotion of understanding of the origin of their experiences was vital to the conduct of therapy. The implications of these issues to conducting therapy with this client group and the methods used to overcome them are discussed with reference to the future developments of cognitive behavioural therapy for use with this client group.
The initial phase of a trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) for acutely ill patients with schizophrenia of recent onset showed that it speeded recovery.
To test the hypothesis that CBT in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) during the first or second acute episode of schizophrenia will confer clinical benefit over a follow-up period.
This was an 18-month follow-up of a multicentre prospective trial of CBT or supportive counselling administered as an adjunct to TAU, compared with TAU alone, for patients hospitalised for an acute episode of schizophrenia of recent onset. Primary outcomes were total and positive symptom scales, time to relapse and re-hospitalisation.
There were significant advantages for CBT and supportive counselling over TAU alone on symptom measures at 18 months but no group difference was seen for relapse or re-hospitalisation. There was a significant centre–treatment interaction, reflecting centre differences in the effect of introducing either treatment, but not in the comparison of CBT and supportive counselling. Medication dosage and compliance did not explain group differences.
Adjunctive psychological treatments can have a beneficial longterm effect on symptom reduction.
To test the effectiveness of added CBT in accelerating remission from acute psychotic symptoms in early schizophrenia.
A 5-week CBT programme plus routine care was compared with supportive counselling plus routine care and routine care alone in a multi-centre trial randomising 315 people with DSM–IV schizophrenia and related disorders in their first (83%) or second acute admission. Outcome assessments were blinded.
Linear regression over 70 days showed predicted trends towards faster improvement in the CBT group. Uncorrected univariate comparisons showed significant benefits at 4 but not 6 weeks for CBTv. routine care alone on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total and positive sub-scale scores and delusion score and benefits v. supportive counselling for auditory hallucinations score.
CBT shows transient advantages over routine care alone or supportive counselling in speeding remission from acute symptoms in early schizophrenia.
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In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells.
The concept of fatty acid (acide gras) was introduced in 1813 by Michel Eugène Chevreul, though he initially used some variant terms: graisse acide and acide huileux ("acid fat" and "oily acid").
Types of fatty acids edit
Fatty acids are classified in many ways: by length, by saturation vs unsaturation, by even vs odd carbon content, and by linear vs branched.
Length of fatty acids edit
- Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of five or fewer carbons (e.g. butyric acid).
- Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides.
- Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 13 to 21 carbons.
- Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 22 or more carbons.
Saturated fatty acids edit
Saturated fatty acids have no C=C double bonds. They have the formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, for different n. An important saturated fatty acid is stearic acid (n = 16), which when neutralized with sodium hydroxide is the most common form of soap.
|Common name||Chemical structure||C:D|
Unsaturated fatty acids edit
- A cis configuration means that the two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond stick out on the same side of the chain. The rigidity of the double bond freezes its conformation and, in the case of the cis isomer, causes the chain to bend and restricts the conformational freedom of the fatty acid. The more double bonds the chain has in the cis configuration, the less flexibility it has. When a chain has many cis bonds, it becomes quite curved in its most accessible conformations. For example, oleic acid, with one double bond, has a "kink" in it, whereas linoleic acid, with two double bonds, has a more pronounced bend. α-Linolenic acid, with three double bonds, favors a hooked shape. The effect of this is that, in restricted environments, such as when fatty acids are part of a phospholipid in a lipid bilayer or triglycerides in lipid droplets, cis bonds limit the ability of fatty acids to be closely packed, and therefore can affect the melting temperature of the membrane or of the fat. Cis unsaturated fatty acids, however, increase cellular membrane fluidity, whereas trans unsaturated fatty acids do not.
- A trans configuration, by contrast, means that the adjacent two hydrogen atoms lie on opposite sides of the chain. As a result, they do not cause the chain to bend much, and their shape is similar to straight saturated fatty acids.
In most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, each double bond has three (n-3), six (n-6), or nine (n-9) carbon atoms after it, and all double bonds have a cis configuration. Most fatty acids in the trans configuration (trans fats) are not found in nature and are the result of human processing (e.g., hydrogenation). Some trans fatty acids also occur naturally in the milk and meat of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep). They are produced, by fermentation, in the rumen of these animals. They are also found in dairy products from milk of ruminants, and may be also found in breast milk of women who obtained them from their diet.
The geometric differences between the various types of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, play an important role in biological processes, and in the construction of biological structures (such as cell membranes).
|Common name||Chemical structure||Δx||C:D||IUPAC||n−x|
Even- vs odd-chained fatty acids edit
Most fatty acids are even-chained, e.g. stearic (C18) and oleic (C18), meaning they are composed of an even number of carbon atoms. Some fatty acids have odd numbers of carbon atoms; they are referred to as odd-chained fatty acids (OCFA). The most common OCFA are the saturated C15 and C17 derivatives, pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid respectively, which are found in dairy products. On a molecular level, OCFAs are biosynthesized and metabolized slightly differently from the even-chained relatives.
Most common fatty acids are straight-chain compounds, with no additional carbon atoms bonded as side groups to the main hydrocarbon chain. Branched-chain fatty acids contain one or more methyl groups bonded to the hydrocarbon chain.
Carbon atom numbering edit
The position of each carbon atom in the backbone of a fatty acid is usually indicated by counting from 1 at the −COOH end. Carbon number x is often abbreviated C-x (or sometimes Cx), with x = 1, 2, 3, etc. This is the numbering scheme recommended by the IUPAC.
Although fatty acids can be of diverse lengths, in this second convention the last carbon in the chain is always labelled as ω (omega), which is the last letter in the Greek alphabet. A third numbering convention counts the carbons from that end, using the labels "ω", "ω−1", "ω−2". Alternatively, the label "ω−x" is written "n−x", where the "n" is meant to represent the number of carbons in the chain.
In either numbering scheme, the position of a double bond in a fatty acid chain is always specified by giving the label of the carbon closest to the carboxyl end. Thus, in an 18 carbon fatty acid, a double bond between C-12 (or ω−6) and C-13 (or ω−5) is said to be "at" position C-12 or ω−6. The IUPAC naming of the acid, such as "octadec-12-enoic acid" (or the more pronounceable variant "12-octadecanoic acid") is always based on the "C" numbering.
The notation Δx,y,... is traditionally used to specify a fatty acid with double bonds at positions x,y,.... (The capital Greek letter "Δ" (delta) corresponds to Roman "D", for Double bond). Thus, for example, the 20-carbon arachidonic acid is Δ5,8,11,14, meaning that it has double bonds between carbons 5 and 6, 8 and 9, 11 and 12, and 14 and 15.
In the context of human diet and fat metabolism, unsaturated fatty acids are often classified by the position of the double bond closest to the ω carbon (only), even in the case of multiple double bonds such as the essential fatty acids. Thus linoleic acid (18 carbons, Δ9,12), γ-linolenic acid (18-carbon, Δ6,9,12), and arachidonic acid (20-carbon, Δ5,8,11,14) are all classified as "ω−6" fatty acids; meaning that their formula ends with –CH=CH–CH
Naming of fatty acids edit
The following table describes the most common systems of naming fatty acids.
|Trivial||Palmitoleic acid||Trivial names (or common names) are non-systematic historical names, which are the most frequent naming system used in literature. Most common fatty acids have trivial names in addition to their systematic names (see below). These names frequently do not follow any pattern, but they are concise and often unambiguous.|
|Systematic names (or IUPAC names) derive from the standard IUPAC Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, published in 1979, along with a recommendation published specifically for lipids in 1977. Carbon atom numbering begins from the carboxylic end of the molecule backbone. Double bonds are labelled with cis-/trans- notation or E-/Z- notation, where appropriate. This notation is generally more verbose than common nomenclature, but has the advantage of being more technically clear and descriptive.|
|Δx||cis-Δ9, cis-Δ12 octadecadienoic acid||In Δx (or delta-x) nomenclature, each double bond is indicated by Δx, where the double bond begins at the xth carbon–carbon bond, counting from carboxylic end of the molecule backbone. Each double bond is preceded by a cis- or trans- prefix, indicating the configuration of the molecule around the bond. For example, linoleic acid is designated "cis-Δ9, cis-Δ12 octadecadienoic acid". This nomenclature has the advantage of being less verbose than systematic nomenclature, but is no more technically clear or descriptive.|
|n−x (n minus x; also ω−x or omega-x) nomenclature both provides names for individual compounds and classifies them by their likely biosynthetic properties in animals. A double bond is located on the xth carbon–carbon bond, counting from the methyl end of the molecule backbone. For example, α-Linolenic acid is classified as a n−3 or omega-3 fatty acid, and so it is likely to share a biosynthetic pathway with other compounds of this type. The ω−x, omega-x, or "omega" notation is common in popular nutritional literature, but IUPAC has deprecated it in favor of n−x notation in technical documents. The most commonly researched fatty acid biosynthetic pathways are n−3 and n−6.|
|Lipid numbers take the form C:D, where C is the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid and D is the number of double bonds in the fatty acid. If D is more than one, the double bonds are assumed to be interrupted by CH|
2 units, i.e., at intervals of 3 carbon atoms along the chain. For instance, α-Linolenic acid is an 18:3 fatty acid and its three double bonds are located at positions Δ9, Δ12, and Δ15. This notation can be ambiguous, as some different fatty acids can have the same C:D numbers. Consequently, when ambiguity exists this notation is usually paired with either a Δx or n−x term. For instance, although α-Linolenic acid and γ-Linolenic acid are both 18:3, they may be unambiguously described as 18:3n3 and 18:3n6 fatty acids, respectively. For the same purpose, IUPAC recommends using a list of double bond positions in parentheses, appended to the C:D notation. For instance, IUPAC recommended notations for α-and γ-Linolenic acid are 18:3(9,12,15) and 18:3(6,9,12), respectively.
Free fatty acids edit
When circulating in the plasma (plasma fatty acids), not in their ester, fatty acids are known as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) or free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs are always bound to a transport protein, such as albumin.
Fatty acids are usually produced industrially by the hydrolysis of triglycerides, with the removal of glycerol (see oleochemicals). Phospholipids represent another source. Some fatty acids are produced synthetically by hydrocarboxylation of alkenes.
By animals edit
Carbohydrates are converted into pyruvate by glycolysis as the first important step in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids. Pyruvate is then decarboxylated to form acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. However, this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids occurs. This cannot occur directly. To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA, citrate (produced by the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate) is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol. There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to the mitochondrion as malate. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl CoA carboxylase into malonyl-CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids.
Malonyl-CoA is then involved in a repeating series of reactions that lengthens the growing fatty acid chain by two carbons at a time. Almost all natural fatty acids, therefore, have even numbers of carbon atoms. When synthesis is complete the free fatty acids are nearly always combined with glycerol (three fatty acids to one glycerol molecule) to form triglycerides, the main storage form of fatty acids, and thus of energy in animals. However, fatty acids are also important components of the phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayers out of which all the membranes of the cell are constructed (the cell wall, and the membranes that enclose all the organelles within the cells, such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus).
The "uncombined fatty acids" or "free fatty acids" found in the circulation of animals come from the breakdown (or lipolysis) of stored triglycerides. Because they are insoluble in water, these fatty acids are transported bound to plasma albumin. The levels of "free fatty acids" in the blood are limited by the availability of albumin binding sites. They can be taken up from the blood by all cells that have mitochondria (with the exception of the cells of the central nervous system). Fatty acids can only be broken down in mitochondria, by means of beta-oxidation followed by further combustion in the citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. Cells in the central nervous system, although they possess mitochondria, cannot take free fatty acids up from the blood, as the blood–brain barrier is impervious to most free fatty acids, excluding short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids. These cells have to manufacture their own fatty acids from carbohydrates, as described above, in order to produce and maintain the phospholipids of their cell membranes, and those of their organelles.
Variation between animal species edit
Studies on the cell membranes of mammals and reptiles discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, omega-3 fatty acid) than reptiles. Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1/3rd less omega-3 fatty acids as compared to omega-6 for a given body size. This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain. This maintenance cost has been argued to be one of the key causes for the high metabolic rates and concomitant warm-bloodedness of mammals and birds. However polyunsaturation of cell membranes may also occur in response to chronic cold temperatures as well. In fish increasingly cold environments lead to increasingly high cell membrane content of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, to maintain greater membrane fluidity (and functionality) at the lower temperatures.
Fatty acids in dietary fats edit
|Palm kernel oil||81.5||11.4||1.6||0||3.80|
|Wheat germ oil||18.8||15.9||60.7||0||136.65|
Reactions of fatty acids edit
Fatty acids exhibit reactions like other carboxylic acids, i.e. they undergo esterification and acid-base reactions.
Fatty acids do not show a great variation in their acidities, as indicated by their respective pKa. Nonanoic acid, for example, has a pKa of 4.96, being only slightly weaker than acetic acid (4.76). As the chain length increases, the solubility of the fatty acids in water decreases, so that the longer-chain fatty acids have minimal effect on the pH of an aqueous solution. Near neutral pH, fatty acids exist at their conjugate bases, i.e. oleate, etc.
Solutions of fatty acids in ethanol can be titrated with sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. This analysis is used to determine the free fatty acid content of fats; i.e., the proportion of the triglycerides that have been hydrolyzed.
Hydrogenation and hardening edit
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is widely practiced. Typical conditions involve 2.0–3.0 MPa of H2 pressure, 150 °C, and nickel supported on silica as a catalyst. This treatment affords saturated fatty acids. The extent of hydrogenation is indicated by the iodine number. Hydrogenated fatty acids are less prone toward rancidification. Since the saturated fatty acids are higher melting than the unsaturated precursors, the process is called hardening. Related technology is used to convert vegetable oils into margarine. The hydrogenation of triglycerides (vs fatty acids) is advantageous because the carboxylic acids degrade the nickel catalysts, affording nickel soaps. During partial hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids can be isomerized from cis to trans configuration.
More forcing hydrogenation, i.e. using higher pressures of H2 and higher temperatures, converts fatty acids into fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are, however, more easily produced from fatty acid esters.
In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of time, relevant to structure elucidation.
Auto-oxidation and rancidity edit
Unsaturated fatty acids and their esters undergo auto-oxidation, which involves replacement of a C-H bond with C-O bond. The process requires oxygen (air) and is accelerated by the presence of traces of metals, which serve as catalysts. Doubly unsaturated fatty acids are particularly prone to this reaction. Vegetable oils resist this process to a small degree because they contain antioxidants, such as tocopherol. Fats and oils often are treated with chelating agents such as citric acid to remove the metal catalysts.
Digestion and intake edit
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein just as other absorbed nutrients do. However, long-chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. Instead they are absorbed into the fatty walls of the intestine villi and reassemble again into triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron.
From within the cell, the chylomicron is released into a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal, which merges into larger lymphatic vessels. It is transported via the lymphatic system and the thoracic duct up to a location near the heart (where the arteries and veins are larger). The thoracic duct empties the chylomicrons into the bloodstream via the left subclavian vein. At this point the chylomicrons can transport the triglycerides to tissues where they are stored or metabolized for energy.
Fatty acids are broken down to CO2 and water by the intra-cellular mitochondria through beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle. In the final step (oxidative phosphorylation), reactions with oxygen release a lot of energy, captured in the form of large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose, but fatty acids release more energy per gram. Fatty acids (provided either by ingestion or by drawing on triglycerides stored in fatty tissues) are distributed to cells to serve as a fuel for muscular contraction and general metabolism.
Essential fatty acids edit
Fatty acids that are required for good health but cannot be made in sufficient quantity from other substrates, and therefore must be obtained from food, are called essential fatty acids. There are two series of essential fatty acids: one has a double bond three carbon atoms away from the methyl end; the other has a double bond six carbon atoms away from the methyl end. Humans lack the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbons 9 and 10, as counted from the carboxylic acid side. Two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). These fatty acids are widely distributed in plant oils. The human body has a limited ability to convert ALA into the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids — eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can also be obtained from fish. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are biosynthetic precursors to endocannabinoids with antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and neurogenic properties.
Blood fatty acids adopt distinct forms in different stages in the blood circulation. They are taken in through the intestine in chylomicrons, but also exist in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) after processing in the liver. In addition, when released from adipocytes, fatty acids exist in the blood as free fatty acids.
It is proposed that the blend of fatty acids exuded by mammalian skin, together with lactic acid and pyruvic acid, is distinctive and enables animals with a keen sense of smell to differentiate individuals.
The stratum corneum – the outermost layer of the epidermis – is composed of terminally differentiated and enucleated corneocytes within a lipid matrix. Together with cholesterol and ceramides, free fatty acids form a water-impermeable barrier that prevents evaporative water loss. Generally, the epidermal lipid matrix is composed of an equimolar mixture of ceramides (about 50% by weight), cholesterol (25%), and free fatty acids (15%). Saturated fatty acids 16 and 18 carbons in length are the dominant types in the epidermis, while unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids of various other lengths are also present. The relative abundance of the different fatty acids in the epidermis is dependent on the body site the skin is covering. There are also characteristic epidermal fatty acid alterations that occur in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and other inflammatory conditions.
The chemical analysis of fatty acids in lipids typically begins with an interesterification step that breaks down their original esters (triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids etc.) and converts them to methyl esters, which are then separated by gas chromatography or analyzed by gas chromatography and mid-infrared spectroscopy.
Separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by silver ion complemented thin-layer chromatography. Other separation techniques include high-performance liquid chromatography (with short columns packed with silica gel with bonded phenylsulfonic acid groups whose hydrogen atoms have been exchanged for silver ions). The role of silver lies in its ability to form complexes with unsaturated compounds.
Industrial uses edit
Fatty acids are mainly used in the production of soap, both for cosmetic purposes and, in the case of metallic soaps, as lubricants. Fatty acids are also converted, via their methyl esters, to fatty alcohols and fatty amines, which are precursors to surfactants, detergents, and lubricants. Other applications include their use as emulsifiers, texturizing agents, wetting agents, anti-foam agents, or stabilizing agents.
Esters of fatty acids with simpler alcohols (such as methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, isopropyl- and butyl esters) are used as emollients in cosmetics and other personal care products and as synthetic lubricants. Esters of fatty acids with more complex alcohols, such as sorbitol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol are consumed in food, or used for personal care and water treatment, or used as synthetic lubricants or fluids for metal working.
See also edit
- Moss, G. P.; Smith, P. A. S.; Tavernier, D. (1997). "IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology". Pure and Applied Chemistry. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67 (8–9): 1307–1375. doi:10.1351/pac199567081307. S2CID 95004254. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- Chen, Lin (2012). "Biodiesel production from algae oil high in free fatty acids by two-step catalytic conversion". Bioresource Technology. 111: 208–214. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.033. PMID 22401712.
- Chevreul, M. E. (1813). Sur plusieurs corps gras, et particulièrement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis. Annales de Chimie, t. 88, p. 225-261. link (Gallica), link (Google).
- Chevreul, M. E. Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale. Levrault, Paris, 1823. link.
- Leray, C. Chronological history of lipid center. Cyberlipid Center. Last updated on 11 November 2017. link Archived 2017-10-13 at the Wayback Machine.
- Menten, P. Dictionnaire de chimie: Une approche étymologique et historique. De Boeck, Bruxelles. link.
- Cifuentes, Alejandro, ed. (2013-03-18). "Microbial Metabolites in the Human Gut". Foodomics: Advanced Mass Spectrometry in Modern Food Science and Nutrition. John Wiley & Sons, 2013. ISBN 978-1-118-16945-2.
- Roth, Karl S. (2013-12-19). "Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency". Medscape.
- Beermann, C.; Jelinek, J.; Reinecker, T.; Hauenschild, A.; Boehm, G.; Klör, H.-U. (2003). "Short term effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers". Lipids in Health and Disease. 2: 10. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-2-10. PMC 317357. PMID 14622442.
- "C:D" is the numerical symbol: total amount of (C)arbon atoms of the fatty acid, and the number of (D)ouble (unsaturated) bonds in it; if D > 1 it is assumed that the double bonds are separated by one or more methylene bridge(s).
- Each double bond in the fatty acid is indicated by Δx, where the double bond is located on the xth carbon–carbon bond, counting from the carboxylic acid end.
- "IUPAC Lipid nomenclature: Appendix A: names of and symbols for higher fatty acids". www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk.
- In n minus x (also ω−x or omega-x) nomenclature a double bond of the fatty acid is located on the xth carbon–carbon bond, counting from the terminal methyl carbon (designated as n or ω) toward the carbonyl carbon.
- Pfeuffer, Maria; Jaudszus, Anke (2016). "Pentadecanoic and Heptadecanoic Acids: Multifaceted Odd-Chain Fatty Acids". Advances in Nutrition. 7 (4): 730–734. doi:10.3945/an.115.011387. PMC 4942867. PMID 27422507.
- Smith, S. (1994). "The Animal Fatty Acid Synthase: One Gene, One Polypeptide, Seven Enzymes". The FASEB Journal. 8 (15): 1248–1259. doi:10.1096/fasebj.8.15.8001737. PMID 8001737. S2CID 22853095.
- A common mistake is to say that the last carbon is "ω−1".
Another common mistake is to say that the position of a bond in omega-notation is the number of the carbon closest to the END.
For double bonds, these two mistakes happen to compensate each other; so that a "ω−3" fatty acid indeed has the double bond between the 3rd and 4th carbons from the end, counting the methyl as 1.
However, for substitutions and other purposes, they don't: a hydroxyl "at ω−3" is on carbon 15 (4th from the end), not 16. See for example this article. doi:10.1016/0005-2760(75)90089-2
Note also that the "−" in the omega-notation is a minus sign, and "ω−3" should in principle be read "omega minus three". However, it is very common (especially in non-scientific literature) to write it "ω-3" (with a hyphen/dash) and read it as "omega-three". See for example Karen Dooley (2008), Omega-three fatty acids and diabetes.
- Rigaudy, J.; Klesney, S. P. (1979). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. Pergamon. ISBN 978-0-08-022369-8. OCLC 5008199.
- "The Nomenclature of Lipids. Recommendations, 1976". European Journal of Biochemistry. 79 (1): 11–21. 1977. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11778.x.
- Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier.
- Mariod, Abdalbasit; Omer, Nuha; Al, El Mugdad; Mokhtar, Mohammed (2014-09-09). "Chemical Reactions Taken Place During deep-fat Frying and Their Products: A review". Sudan University of Science & Technology SUST Journal of Natural and Medical Sciences. Supplementary issue: 1–17.
- Anneken, David J.; Both, Sabine; Christoph, Ralf; Fieg, Georg; Steinberner, Udo; Westfechtel, Alfred (2006). "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2.
- Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Fatty acid metabolism.". Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 603–628. ISBN 978-0-7167-2009-6.
- Ferre, P.; Foufelle, F. (2007). "SREBP-1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis: Clinical Perspective". Hormone Research. 68 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1159/000100426. PMID 17344645.
this process is outlined graphically in page 73
- Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith G.; Pratt, Charlotte W. (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 547, 556. ISBN 978-0-471-21495-3.
- Zechner, R.; Strauss, J. G.; Haemmerle, G.; Lass, A.; Zimmermann, R. (2005). "Lipolysis: pathway under construction". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 16 (3): 333–340. doi:10.1097/01.mol.0000169354.20395.1c. PMID 15891395. S2CID 35349649.
- Tsuji A (2005). "Small molecular drug transfer across the blood–brain barrier via carrier-mediated transport systems". NeuroRx. 2 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.1.54. PMC 539320. PMID 15717057.
Uptake of valproic acid was reduced in the presence of medium-chain fatty acids such as hexanoate, octanoate, and decanoate, but not propionate or butyrate, indicating that valproic acid is taken up into the brain via a transport system for medium-chain fatty acids, not short-chain fatty acids. ... Based on these reports, valproic acid is thought to be transported bidirectionally between blood and brain across the BBB via two distinct mechanisms, monocarboxylic acid-sensitive and medium-chain fatty acid-sensitive transporters, for efflux and uptake, respectively.
- Vijay N, Morris ME (2014). "Role of monocarboxylate transporters in drug delivery to the brain". Curr. Pharm. Des. 20 (10): 1487–98. doi:10.2174/13816128113199990462. PMC 4084603. PMID 23789956.
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are known to mediate the transport of short chain monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and butyrate. ... MCT1 and MCT4 have also been associated with the transport of short chain fatty acids such as acetate and formate which are then metabolized in the astrocytes .
- Hulbert AJ, Else PL (August 1999). "Membranes as possible pacemakers of metabolism". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 199 (3): 257–74. Bibcode:1999JThBi.199..257H. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1999.0955. PMID 10433891.
- Hulbert AJ, Faulks S, Buttemer WA, Else PL (November 2002). "Acyl composition of muscle membranes varies with body size in birds". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 205 (Pt 22): 3561–9. doi:10.1242/jeb.205.22.3561. PMID 12364409.
- Hulbert AJ (July 2003). "Life, death and membrane bilayers". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (Pt 14): 2303–11. doi:10.1242/jeb.00399. PMID 12796449.
- Raynard RS, Cossins AR (May 1991). "Homeoviscous adaptation and thermal compensation of sodium pump of trout erythrocytes". The American Journal of Physiology. 260 (5 Pt 2): R916–24. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.5.R916. PMID 2035703. S2CID 24441498.
- McCann; Widdowson; Food Standards Agency (1991). "Fats and Oils". The Composition of Foods. Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Altar, Ted. "More Than You Wanted To Know About Fats/Oils". Sundance Natural Foods. Archived from the original on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- "USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- Klaus Schumann; Kurt Siekmann (2005). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_247.
- Anneken, David J.; et al. "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
- Bolsover, Stephen R.; et al. (15 February 2004). Cell Biology: A Short Course. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 42ff. ISBN 978-0-471-46159-3.
- Ramsden, Christopher E.; Zamora, Daisy; Makriyannis, Alexandros; Wood, JodiAnne T.; Mann, J. Douglas; Faurot, Keturah R.; MacIntosh, Beth A.; Majchrzak-Hong, Sharon F.; Gross, Jacklyn R. (August 2015). "Diet-induced changes in n-3 and n-6 derived endocannabinoids and reductions in headache pain and psychological distress". The Journal of Pain. 16 (8): 707–716. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.04.007. ISSN 1526-5900. PMC 4522350. PMID 25958314.
- "Electronic Nose Created To Detect Skin Vapors". Science Daily. July 21, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- Knox, Sophie; O'Boyle, Niamh M. (2021). "Skin lipids in health and disease: A review". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 236: 105055. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105055. ISSN 0009-3084. PMID 33561467. S2CID 231864420.
- Merleev, Alexander A.; Le, Stephanie T.; Alexanian, Claire; et al. (2022-08-22). "Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes". JCI Insight. 7 (16): e159762. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.159762. ISSN 2379-3708. PMC 9462509. PMID 35900871.
- Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Ormazabal M, Vallejo A, Olivares M, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, et al. (January 2015). "Optimization of supercritical fluid consecutive extractions of fatty acids and polyphenols from Vitis vinifera grape wastes". Journal of Food Science. 80 (1): E101-7. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12715. PMID 25471637.
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- Breuer, B.; Stuhlfauth, T.; Fock, H. P. (1987). "Separation of Fatty Acids or Methyl Esters Including Positional and Geometric Isomers by Alumina Argentation Thin-Layer Chromatography". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 25 (7): 302–6. doi:10.1093/chromsci/25.7.302. PMID 3611285.
- "Fatty Acids: Building Blocks for Industry" (PDF). aciscience.org. American Cleaning Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 22 Apr 2018.

domain: chemistry


text:
Adventurous Jewelry Set
Genuine Ruby and Clear Quartz lovingly wrapped in brass wire.
This jewelry set includes a stunning necklace and pair of earrings with two bonus rings!
The necklace is 16.5 inches around.
Earrings have 2.5 inch drop.
Bonus rings are size 4 and size 7.
This set is an absolute steal.

domain: artistic


Return to Space
Updated: Jul 2, 2020
I wasn’t born to see NASA launch the Saturn V rocket almost 50 years ago from the famous Launch Complex Pad 39 A in Cape Canaveral. I’ve watched the videos, hung up posters, built models and obsessed over how awesome this must have been for humanity to witness. The last US spacecraft to launch humans into orbit was the Space Shuttle Atlantis back on July 8, 2011, almost a decade ago.
What SpaceX and NASA just accomplished with this take-off and insertion into orbit of
crewed astronauts Doug Hurley & Robert Behnken is no small feat.
Strapped into the new Crew Dragon variant on top of the Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from SpaceX.
Deails on the Falcon 9 block 5 are as follows:
- Stage 1 - 9 x Merlin 1D engines
- Stage 2 - 1 x Merlin Vacuum engine
- 70 meters tall
- Little over 3.5 meters in diameter
- 7,600 kN of initial thrust
Stage 1 of the rocker also landed successfully on the autonomous spaceport drone ship “Of course I still love you” autonomous spaceport drone ship", which still amazes me every single time I witness it.
SpaceX also is doing this at an almost half of the per-seat cost at $55m vs Boeing's $90m.
So SpaceX beat Boeing with less, money, charges less per a seat and has a far more capable vehicle. That’s disruptive for a privately held company beating out the incumbents at all odds.
Launching rockets is hard, building a rocket that can make it to orbit is hard, reusing a first stage and having it land on drone ship at sea is hard, sending humans into space – doing all of the above is way beyond risk, but it is the disruption we all cherish.
Starship is going through its spaces with static fires, explosions and rapid engineering and manufacturing. This iterative process and approach to space is not only less risky, but extremely disruptive from a cost, manufacturing and accelerated improvement standpoint. Blue Origin is also on its way in the coming years with it's massive rocket and moon lander. The bar is now being pushed from earth orbit, back to the moon where we where in the 1960s to now Mars. We live in very exciting and disruptive times when it come to space exporation and I can't wait for what the future holds for commercial industries disrupting government entities.


text:
Foroyaa has been contacting the Department of State for Health and the MRC to find out the status of the Ebola vaccine and to further ascertain whether anything has changed in the operations of the medical research institution.
So far all lips are tight. We are yet to get anyone from either the Government or the MRC to comment. The rumours are rife but we would not want to spread them. In the absence of a Press Release from Government and MRC or a parliamentary question from a bold member of Parliament, the air is still polluted with rumour.
MRC is a major institution whose potential in the promotion of tropical medicine has not been fully tapped. The Gambia could be a major centre for International research in tropical medicine which could have given the medical school a boost in the quality and relevance of the education it delivers.
The authorities should grant interviews or issue Press Release to clarify the issue of the Ebola Vaccine and the status of the MRC.

domain: news


text:
Making Your Tax Bracket Work
Have you explored all your options when it comes to managing your taxable income?
Replacing Your Medicare Card
Learn how to replace your lost, stolen, or damaged Medicare card in this helpful article.
Dreaming Up an Active Retirement
When you retire, how will you treat your next chapter?
Should I Pay Off Debt or Invest?
This calculator will help determine whether you should invest funds or pay down debt.

domain: economics


text:
The role of the School Board is that of involvement in the governance of the school. This means taking part in the shaping and monitoring of the school’s objectives, priorities and general policy directions.
The Beachlands Primary School’s Board enables parents and members of the community to engage in activities provided by Beachlands Primary School that will benefit the education of the students.
Our School Board consists of the Principal and several parent, community, and school staff representatives.
Currently, the Board consists of the following 7 members:
|Principal||Ms Helen Barnes|
|Community||Mr Eric Behiels|
|Staff||Mr Paul Bonavia|
|Mrs Michelle Morley|
|Ms Maryka Connelly|
|Parents||Mrs Kelly Band|
|Mrs Sarah Bishop|
|Mrs Patricia Lee|

domain: sociology


|Publication number||US6425894 B1|
|Application number||US 09/614,362|
|Publication date||Jul 30, 2002|
|Filing date||Jul 12, 2000|
|Priority date||Jul 12, 2000|
|Also published as||DE60107329D1, DE60107329T2, EP1172070A1, EP1172070B1|
|Publication number||09614362, 614362, US 6425894 B1, US 6425894B1, US-B1-6425894, US6425894 B1, US6425894B1|
|Inventors||Gregory Brucker, William Penny|
|Original Assignee||Biosense Webster, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (58), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention concerns catheters used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel ablation catheter having an electrode temperature monitoring system.
Cardiac arrhythmias are often caused when portions of the heart form alternative conduction pathways which transmit electrical signals that interfere with the normal conduction of electrical signals which regulate the beating of the heart. In order to treat cardiac arrhythmias stemming from this problem, the cells which comprise these alternative conduction pathways must either be destroyed or the conductive pathways from these cells be blocked from transmitting electrical signals to the rest of the heart.
One way to treat this ailment is through the use of a procedure called Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA). The procedure entails first mapping the heart in order to determine where these alternative conduction pathways are located. Once these alternative conduction pathways are located, radio frequency (RF) waves are then used to create lesions in the heart which either destroys the cells that comprise these alternative conduction pathways or which blocks the conduction of electrical signals from these cells.
RFA typically involves the use of specialized ablation catheters which are designed to be inserted vascularly into a person and maneuvered into the heart. These ablation catheters carry electrodes which transmit RF waves to the tissues at an application site. The RF waves generate heat at the application site which in turn causes the cells at the application site to rupture forming a lesion in the heart tissue.
A common problem among prior art ablation catheters is the formation of coagulum around the electrodes during an RFA. As the RF waves are being delivered at the application site, both the electrode and the surrounding tissue are heated. The heat generated by the RF waves sometimes cause the electrode to overheat, causing the blood surrounding the electrode to coagulate on the electrode. The coagulum that collects on the electrode causes the impedance between the electrode and the application site to increase thereby reducing the effectiveness of the electrode to deliver the RF waves. As a result it is often necessary to stop the RFA in order to remove the coagulum from the electrode.
There are ablation catheters which currently have multiple electrodes for delivering RF energy to an application site. Many of these catheters deliver RF energy by sequentially activating the electrodes so that a linear lesion is created. The temperature of each electrode in these catheters should be monitored in order to ensure that the electrodes do not overheat and cause excess coagulum to build up. However, monitoring an electrode would typically require a temperature sensor located at the electrode and two conductive wires to relay information from the sensor. Consequently, as more electrodes are carried by the ablation catheter, more and more of the catheter's internal area is taken up by conductive wires. The amount of conductive wires which need to travel through an ablation catheter can put limitations on the size, flexibility and maneuverability of the ablation catheter.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an ablation catheter which is capable of monitoring the temperature of its electrodes.
Accordingly, it is also an object of this invention to provide a means for measuring the temperature of a plurality of electrodes that occupy minimal space in an ablation catheter.
To achieve these objectives, and in accordance with the purposes of the present invention the following ablation catheter is presented. As will be described in greater detail hereinafter, the present invention provides the aforementioned and employs a number of novel features that render it highly advantageous over the prior art.
In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, an ablation catheter is provided which comprises an elongated catheter body, a plurality of electrodes, and a thermal monitoring circuit. In order to minimize the number of wires needed to monitor the temperature of the electrodes, the thermal monitoring circuit is comprised of a plurality of thermocouples joined in series. The thermal monitoring circuit will require only two wires to travel through the elongated catheter body in order to monitor a plurality of electrodes. In contrast, the prior art would typically require two wires to travel to and from each electrode.
For purposes of illustration, an embodiment of the thermal monitoring circuit is presented wherein the thermocouples are connected in series with a sensing junction and a reference junction of each thermocouple thermoconductively coupled to different electrodes. Once an electrode is activated the heat from the electrode will cause the reference or sensing junction thermoconductively coupled to the activated electrode to generate a voltage from which a temperature for the activated electrode can be calculated therefrom.
Also for the purposes of illustration, an alternative embodiment of the thermal monitoring circuit is presented. This alternative embodiment has the sensing junctions thermoconductively coupled to the electrodes while the reference junctions are disposed in a central lumen in the elongated catheter body. Once again, if only one electrode is activated, the activated electrode will cause a thermocouple to generate a voltage from which the temperature of the activated electrode can be calculated therefrom.
A more detailed explanation of the invention is provided in the following description and claims, and is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side section view of the distal end of an ablation catheter embodying employing a thermal monitoring circuit in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic side section view of the distal end of an ablation catheter with an alternate configuration for the thermal monitoring circuit.
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a thermocouple.
Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the present invention is comprised of an elongated catheter body 10, a plurality of electrodes 11 carried on the distal end of the elongated catheter body, and a thermal monitoring circuit 12 comprised of a plurality of thermocouples connected in series. In order to minimize the number of wires needed to monitor the temperature of the electrode 11, the thermal monitoring circuit 12 is comprised of a plurality of thermocouples joined in series. The thermal monitoring circuit will require essentially only two wires in order to monitor a plurality of electrodes. In contrast, the prior art would typically require two wires to travel to and from each electrode.
Referring to FIG. 2, the plurality of electrodes 11 are preferably coupled to an RF generator 31 by a single RF lead (not shown). The RF generator 31 is preferably capable of delivering RF energy to each electrode independently and synchronously. The preferred RF generator 31 also has a processing means connected in circuit to the thermal monitoring circuit 12 and a visual display 32 for displaying electrode temperature. The processing means calculates the temperature from the voltages at a terminal 23. The terminal 23 is preferably connected to the processing means 31 through the use of a T-type connector, but it is understood that a variety of different connecting means can be utilized to connect the terminal 23 to the processing means 31.
For purposes of illustration, the thermocouples shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 are comprised of alternating lengths of copper (CU) and constantan (CO) wire, and the wire segments comprising these materials are labeled as such. However, thermocouples can be made from a variety of metal pairs and is not necessarily limited to copper and constantan. It should be understood that thermocouples employing a metal pair other than copper and constantan can be used with the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 3, a thermocouple 20 operates on the thermoelectric principle that when two dissimilar metals are joined together, an electrical voltage is generated which is proportional to the metal composition and junction temperature (Seebeck effect). A thermocouple 20 is typically comprised of a sensing junction 21 and a reference junction 22 and a terminal 23. The reference junction 22 and the sensing junction 21 will produce DC voltages having opposite polarities and in proportion to the temperature at each junction. Consequently, if there is a difference in temperature between the sensing junction and the reference junction, a DC voltage will be produced at the terminal 23. If there is no difference in temperature between the sensing junction 21 and the reference junction 22, the voltages from the reference junction and the sensing junction will cancel each other out and there will be no voltage across the terminal 23. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of thermocouples 20 connected in series will generate a voltage at the terminal 23 equal to the sum of the voltages generated by each thermocouple.
Referring to FIG. 1, in this embodiment of the thermal monitoring circuit 12, the thermocouples are connected in series with the sensing junction 21 and the reference junction 22 of each thermocouple 20 thermoconductively coupled to different electrodes 11, preferably attached thereto. Once the elongated catheter body is inserted into the body, both the reference junctions and the sensing junctions are kept at relatively the same temperature, namely body temperature. Once an electrode 11 is activated, the heat from the electrode will cause the reference 22 or sensing junction 20 thermoconductively coupled to the activated electrode to generate a voltage, either positive or negative. If only one electrode is activated, the voltage at the terminal 23 is generated by the activated electrode. The absolute value of this voltage is reflective of the temperature at the activated electrode, and a temperature for the activated electrode can be calculated therefrom.
Referring to FIG. 2, in an alternative embodiment of the thermal monitoring circuit 12 50% of the thermocouple junctions will be attached to an electrode 11 while the other 50% will be thermally isolated from the electrode 11. This can be achieved by thermoconductively coupling the sensing junctions 21 to the electrodes 11 and thermally isolating the reference junctions 22 from the electrodes 11. In this configuration, a baseline voltage will be generated at the terminal 23 due to body heat. If only one electrode 11 is activated, an additional voltage at the terminal 23 is generated by the activated electrode, and a temperature for the activated electrode can be calculated therefrom. If all the electrodes are activated in unison, an additional voltage attributable to the activated electrodes 11 is generated at the terminal 23. An average temperature for each electrode can be calculated therefrom by dividing the additional voltage by the number of electrodes and calculating the average electrode temperature therefrom.
One way of thermally isolating the reference junctions 22 from the electrodes is by disposing the reference junctions in a central lumen 30 in the elongated catheter body 10. By disposing the reference junctions in the central lumen 30, the reference junctions 22 can be placed in the path of the irrigation flow which runs through the catheter. The irrigation flow can provide a relatively stable reference temperature. The reference junctions 22 can also be thermally isolated from the electrodes 11, by thermally sealing and insulating the reference junction 22 from the catheter environment.
It can be seen that the ablation catheter which has been provided above allows for improved temperature monitoring while minimizing the space required for such monitoring. Although illustrative embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it is not intended that the novel device be limited thereby. It is to be understood that this novel invention may be susceptible to modifications and variations that are within the scope and fair meaning of the accompanying claims and drawings.
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|US20110092969 *||Dec 28, 2010||Apr 21, 2011||Huisun Wang||Ablation electrode assembly and methods for improved control of temperature|
|US20110160716 *||Dec 29, 2009||Jun 30, 2011||Assaf Govari||Measuring weak signals over ablation lines|
|US20130338467 *||Nov 18, 2011||Dec 19, 2013||St. Jude Medical, Atrial Fibrillation Division, Inc.||Electrode catheter device with indifferent electrode for direct current tissue therapies|
|US20140276562 *||Mar 14, 2013||Sep 18, 2014||Biosense Webster (Israel), Ltd.||Catheter with spray irrigation|
|EP3158961A1||Oct 14, 2016||Apr 26, 2017||Biosense Webster (Israel) Ltd.||System and method for controlling catheter power based on renal ablation response|
|WO2006044794A3 *||Oct 14, 2005||Nov 2, 2006||Ablation Frontiers||Ablation catheter|
|U.S. Classification||606/41, 607/102, 607/101|
|Cooperative Classification||A61B2018/00797, A61B2018/00821, A61B18/14, A61B2018/124, A61B2018/00898, A61B2018/00214, A61B18/1492, A61B2018/00654|
|Sep 26, 2000||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: BIOSENSE WEBSTER, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BRUCKER, GREGORY;PENNY, WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:011143/0203;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000609 TO 20000628
|Dec 19, 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 30, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 2, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
With around 100 million heads (85% sheep and 14% goats) and a total annual production of about 1 million tonnes carcass weight, the EU is not self-sufficient for this sector.
Sheep and goats are often kept in economically vulnerable areas like mountain regions. Heavy lambs are produced in UK and Ireland, light lambs are reared in southern regions like Greece and Italy in combination with milk production. Production is mixed in Spain and France.
Main goat producers are Greece, Spain, France and Romania.
EU imports account for 20% of the EU’s consumption. About 80% of EU imports of sheep meat originate in New Zealand followed by Australia and Mercosur countries.
EU exports are around 10% of its total production. Where live sheep are traded mostly to the Middle East and North Africa, sheep meat is shipped to the Far East.

domain: geography


text:
Walk for Mankind •
September 1972. It was the first week of eighth grade, and I sat alone near the back of the school bus: a short, scrawny honor-roll boy with small hands and big ears. The route home meandered through Los Altos Hills, with its large houses sitting in the shadows of old oak trees and dense groves of eucalyptus. Finally we came down out of the hills and arrived in Stanford, where the last twenty or so of us lived, in houses built close together on land the University leased to its faculty. A couple of stops before mine, a clump of kids rose and moved up the aisle, and that’s when I saw her, a new girl sitting up near the front.
To my surprise, she shouldered her backpack at my stop. I waited until she was off the bus and then made my way up the aisle, keeping my eyes away from Bruce Cavanaugh and Tony Halpern, who’d been my friends back in elementary school. Down on the bright sidewalk, she was headed in the direction I had to go, and I followed after her, walking slowly so I wouldn’t overtake her. She was small-boned like me, with thick red hair spilling halfway down her back and covering part of her backpack, which was decorated with at least a dozen McGovern buttons, rather than the usual one or two. There was even a Nixon button with a giant red X drawn over his ugly face.
She stopped suddenly and turned, and I got my first glimpse of her face: pale and peppered with freckles. “Who are you?” she said.
“Sorry.” I was afraid she thought I was following her when I was just heading home.
She came forward and offered me her hand. “Hi, Sorry—I’m Sasha. Or maybe I should say ‘I’m New.’ We can call each other Sorry and New, and then when we get to know each other better we can switch to something else. Shy and Weird, maybe.”
I had never met anyone who talked like this, and it took me a moment to respond. “My name’s Richard.”
She rolled her eyes. “I know that. I didn’t mean who are you what’s your name—I meant who are you who are you. Your name is Richard Appleby and you live around the corner from me, in the house with all the ice plant.”
Now I got it: she was part of the family renting the Levines’ house. Teddy Levine was spending the year at the American Academy in Rome, and the Levine kids were going to go to some Italian school and come back fluent and probably strange. The Jacksons had spent a year in London, and afterward Helen Jackson had been such an oddball her parents had taken her out of public school.
The girl’s hand was still out, and though I’d never shaken hands with another kid before, I held mine out for her, and she pumped it up and down. She had blue-gray eyes with very light lashes, and a long, pointy noise.
“Sasha Horowitz,” she said. “Happy to know you. I was waiting for you to come over, but it’s just as well we met like this—if you’d come over I’d’ve probably been a freak. Plus my parents would’ve co-opted the whole thing. Do your parents do that? Co-opt everything? When I was really little my dad would always try to play with me and my friends—he’d give us rides on his back like a horse, and he’d kind of buck sometimes, and one time a friend of mine fell off and broke her wrist. Her parents were really overprotective—she was never allowed to come over again.” Still looking at me, Sasha shrugged off her backpack and ran her fingers through her heavy, carrot-colored hair. She gathered it into a thick ponytail and secured it with a rubber band from her wrist. She said, “There, that’s better. So do you love San Francisco? We had a picnic in Golden Gate Park on Saturday, and we saw a guy on an acid trip—my little brother thought he was in a play. The only thing is, I’m expecting to be miserable about missing winter.”
“Are you from somewhere cold?” I said. “Did you have snow?”
“New Haven. And God, yes—we had mountains of it. It was a huge pain in the ass. Do you want to come over? You should, because my mother’ll ask me to tell her about school otherwise and I really don’t feel like talking to her.”
She stood there looking at me, waiting for me to answer, and I thought of my mother, in her shabby apartment across the bay in Oakland, where she had lived alone for the last seven months, an exile of her own making. I looked at my watch. In two and a half hours my father would bike home from his office on campus, and after he’d had a drink we would sit down to a dinner that Gladys, our new housekeeper, had left us in the oven. Telling him about school was my job, just as asking about it was his.
“Sure,” I said. “I’ll come over. For a little while.”
Within two weeks I had eaten dinner at Sasha’s house three times, had gone with her and her father to buy tiki lamps for the backyard, had driven to San Francisco with all four Horowitzes to have Sunday morning dim sum. On election night, the five of us squeezed onto the living room couch and yelled at the television set together. In December I ate my first ever potato latkes at their house, and on New Year’s weekend my father allowed me to skip a visit to my mother in favor of an expedition with the Horowitzes to Big Sur.
But I’m getting ahead of myself. That first day, once I was home again and my father and I were in the kitchen just before dinner, I found out what had brought Sasha’s family to Stanford. According to my father, her father had been denied tenure by the English Department at Yale and had accepted a one-year renewable appointment at Stanford—which, my father said, was “quite interesting.”
“Usually you’d stay on for a year or two, try to publish some work, get your CV in order, then go on the job market for a tenure track position somewhere else.” He paused and drew his lips into his mouth, as he often did in thoughtful moments. He was a straight-backed man with neat gray hair and hazel eyes: handsome enough. But when he did this thing with his mouth his chin took over, and he looked like a ventriloquist’s dummy.
He let his lips go. “Maybe there was some bad blood. There often is in a case like this.”
I said, “Maybe he just wanted to leave.” I had met him—Dan—on my way out, and he’d seemed far too friendly for whatever my father might have in mind. “Richard Appleby!” he’d said. “Excellent to meet you! Tell me, are the natives amicable? May we count on you for guidance? You must tell us what the customs are. The customs of the country. You’ll help us, won’t you? Correct our clothing, teach us the vernacular?” And all the while Sasha stood there rolling her eyes but unable to keep from smiling.
“I could ask Hugh Canfield,” my father said. Hugh Canfield was my father’s closest—really, his only—friend outside the History Department. They’d been at Princeton together. Hugh was chair of the English Department and therefore someone who’d have information about Dan.
“You don’t have to ask,” I said. “I don’t care.”
“No, of course not,” my father said. “Though it’s curious. To have been at Yale, he must be very promising.”
He was far more than promising to me. He was promise fulfilled, one of those people who makes the most ordinary occasion brilliant. Build a blanket fort in the living room, which Peter, Sasha’s little brother, loved to do? With Dan’s help we built Peter a blanket civilization, with a theater and a civic center and a mausoleum for Peter’s stuffed hippopotamus, whom we named Hippocritz, the Czar-King of Egypt-Arabia.
He was tall and skinny, Dan, with Sasha’s frizzy red hair and a great beak of a nose. He played endless games of Risk with us, literally yelling when he lost hold of a continent; and he was fond of showing up at our school at dismissal time with the car packed full of quilts and announcing that he was taking us to the beach to watch the sunset. Joanie, Sasha’s mother, possessed quieter charms, but she had a knack for making things special, too: on Halloween night, a little too old for trick-or-treating ourselves, we shepherded Peter around the neighborhood wearing caps she’d made for us, with badges that said “Official Halloween Escort—Will Say Yes to Candy.” At home, she did quick charcoal sketches of anyone who happened to be nearby, and when she thought they were good she wrote a caption on them and taped them to the kitchen walls. There were a lot of Sasha and Peter, of course, but within a few months there were a couple of me, too, one in which I was holding a deck of cards in my hand, labeled “The Schemer,” and another, in which I was looking off to the side, that said “Richard waiting.” “He looks like a retard in that one,” Sasha said. “Take it down.” But Joanie didn’t, and though I didn’t say so to Sasha, I was glad.
Sasha. She had a little of each parent in her, Dan’s gaiety, Joanie’s warmth, plus something essential and not altogether pleasant that was entirely hers, like a back note of pepper in a rich chocolate dessert. It was a quality that made her—that gave her permission to—insist on what she wanted. We played Truth or Dare a lot, and her dares invariably had me taking risks that just happened to have as their end points some small reward for her: a stolen candy bar, the details of an overheard—an eavesdropped-upon—conversation.
“Someone has a sweetheart,” Gladys said, but it wasn’t that. For one thing, we hardly spoke at school, Sasha having found a niche among some...
--Ce texte fait référence à l'édition
Praise for Ann Packer’s Swim Back to Me
“As funny as it is sad. . . . Full of revelations . . . near perfection. . . . [A] lovely, masterful collection.”
—Mameve Medwed, Boston Globe
“Most readers know Ann Packer from her best-selling debut novel. Swim Back to Me
is even better, richer, more insightful. Packer can break your heart—and she can mend it, too. Easing readers in with recognizable characters facing familiar situations . . . she then injects a detail that makes us see the situations in a whole new light. . . . This fine work [is] surprising and absolutely true.”
—Karen Holt, O, The Oprah Magazine
“Astute. . . . Anyone intrigued by the ways we both fail and save one another will find ample food for thought here.”
—Kim Hubbard, People
“Ann Packer has a talent for creating authentic, absorbing characters—and it’s on full display in Swim Back to Me.’
—Ladies’ Home Journal
“[Packer] illuminates the instant, in the darkest hour of grief, when the heart opens wider than ever before—and shows us a new way of being.”
—Pam Houston, More
“A novella and five stories limn with acuity and empathy the intricate negotiations and painful losses of family life. . . . [Packer’s] prose is deceptively simple, her insights always complex. . . . Touching, tender and true. . . . As rich and satisfying as Packer’s two fine novels.”
“[A] sterling collection. . . . Packer’s talents are evident. . . . Packer presents complex human relationships with unsentimental compassion.”
“Stunning. . . . Well-crafted and engaging. . . . These California stories are expansive and open-ended. It’s hard to let them go.”
—Sue Russell, Library Journal
Praise for Songs Without Words
“Packer’s voice [has] extraordinary authority . . . Compassionate, rich in solace.”
—Liesl Schillinger, The New York Times Book Review
“Engrossing, forgiving and quietly wise, Songs Without Words
never makes a false step as Packer keeps both the pages and her readers’ minds turning until the very end.”
—Jill Smolowe, People
“As in The Dive from Clausen’s Pier,
Packer makes the ripples from one act so involving you can’t pull away.”
Praise for The Dive from Clausen’s Pier
“Ann Packer knows just how to make a story build: the novel reveals a sure sense of pace and pitch, a brilliant ear for character . . . She has brought to intractable questions the energy of a humane novel that possesses, at its center, a searching emotional generosity.”
—Rob Nixon, The New York Times Book Review
“An intricately detailed, deeply felt, compelling and ultimately surprising portrait of a young woman . . . [whose] struggles with the demands of loyalty are moving and realistic . . . [A] wonderfully satisfying novel.”
—Jane Ciabattari, San Francisco Chronicle
“The trick to what Ms. Packer does lies in the utterly lifelike quality of her book’s everyday detail, and the secret, graceful ways in which that detail becomes revealing. . . . Her ear for dialogue is unerring.”
—Janet Maslin, The New York Times
--Ce texte fait référence à l'édition


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In England, about 16% of all pregnant women are obese from conception. The United States boasts 60% of women being overweight while pregnant. Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that can be linked to the rising number of diabetes cases, increases in health care costs, and gestational diabetes. Experts once claimed weight loss during pregnancy was detrimental to the fetus, but when weighing the pros versus the cons, weight loss is far more beneficial than remaining obese for the duration of the pregnancy and risking gestational diabetes and potentially life threatening events for baby or mom.
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has established a website to help health care providers work with obese mothers, or potential mothers, in terms of diet, food choices, portion control, and caloric intake. Exercise is also listed as an important part of pregnancy, even if the mother is obese at conception. The interesting point is a recommendation by NICE not to support dieting while pregnant.
No Dieting? That’s Not What Your Information Suggests
The list of recommendations by NICE includes eating fresh fruit and vegetables, choosing starches that are high in fiber, and exercising daily. These are the same suggestions most people follow when starting a new dieting plan. For an obese woman, making lifestyle and dietary changes of this caliber could be defined as “dieting”.
WebMD, a trusted source of online medical information, defines a healthy pregnancy diet as one that is rich in iron, vitamin C, calcium, fiber, and folic acid. They also suggest limiting caffeine intake, fats, and sweets. These are also very common goals for women trying to lose weight.
Changes in Diet Could Cause Weight Loss Even When You’re Not Dieting
An obese woman that changes to a healthy pregnancy diet may lose weight. This weight loss could last the entire pregnancy leaving her weighing far less after baby is born than when conception occurred. Though NICE and WebMD do not support dieting during pregnancy, their guidelines can be defined as just that for the obese pregnant woman.
Babycenter.com may define the difference better than any other pregnancy expert online. According to Babycenter, “Overweight women have an extra reserve of calories in stored fat, so as your baby grows, it’s not harmful to maintain or even lose a little weight at first. What’s not okay is losing weight because you’re intentionally cutting calories (and, as a result, limiting nutrients).”
Losing weight will reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, but weight loss in its basic form is not supported during pregnancy. There is a fine line between dieting and eating healthy for many obese women. If a daily diet consisted of 3000 to 4000 calories before becoming pregnant and is reduced to 1500 to 2000 calories during pregnancy, weight loss will occur without risking nutritional deficiency in the process – add in daily exercises and the additional calorie burn could cause even more weight loss.
The Solution is a Focused Approach Tailored to Obese Pregnant Women
Many suggestions, recommendations, and healthy pregnancy diets are written by doctors, registered dieticians, or nutritionists. While educated, many have no personal link with obesity and its effect on the body. When a pregnant woman of normal weight is told to exercise, the effect on calorie burn will be minimal compared to the number of calories burned when the same exercise is performed by an obese woman. Guidelines for healthy diet, exercise, and nutritional intake should be tailored to the obese woman – defining specifics about how intense exercise should be, how often exercise should be performed, and how high heart rate should rise to stay within healthy limits. The same specific guidelines should be offered for healthy pregnancy diets.
Reducing the risk of gestational diabetes improves fetal and pregnancy health. Widespread guidelines created with the obese pregnant woman in mind may be more effective than general recommendations, expectations, and warnings.
“Rising Obesity In Pregnancy Causes Concern For Gestational Diabetes.”Medical News Today: Health News. 30 July 2010. Web. 30 July 2010.
“Creating a Pregnancy Diet: Healthy Eating During Pregnancy.”WebMD – Better Information. Better Health. Web. 30 July 2010.
“Plus-size and Pregnant: How to Manage Your Weight during Pregnancy | BabyCenter.”BabyCenter | Homepage – Pregnancy, Baby, Toddler, Kids. Dec. 2009. Web. 30 July 2010.

domain: health


text:
20 May Street, North Sydney
North Sydney, NS B2A 1H6
Welcome to 20 May street , North Sydney . If you are looking for a starter home or a potential rental , you need to check this out . The main floor features a large eat in kitchen , large living room , 4 piece bath and 2 good size bedrooms .
45916 Cabot Trail, Indian Brook
Indian Brook, NS B0C 1H0
Oceanview bungalow, located on the Cabot Trail is waiting for new owners!! This one level home is perfect for someone downsizing, looking for rental income or a vacation home that is perfectly situated between Baddeck and Ingonish. The home provides its new owner with a large open living area, two bedrooms and a full bath with separate laundry.
91 Ridgevale Drive, Westmount
Westmount, NS B1R 0C2
Move into your BRAND NEW HOME in a desired Westmount subdivision! With just under 2000 square feet of living space, this stunning one level home is nearly ready to welcome it's first owners. Step inside and be greeted with a modern, open concept living room/kitchen/dining area with an impressive island, stainless steel appliances and sliding patio doors leading to the back yard.
63 Maple Avenue, New Glasgow
New Glasgow, NS B2H 2B3
Exceptionally well maintained 1.5 storey style home in HIGH DEMAND west side New Glasgow location. Three bedroom, 1.5 bathroom layout and design on the interior. Move in condition and waiting nice new family. A must to see.
12699 Highway 4, Soldiers Cove
Soldiers Cove, NS B0E 3B0
Large acreage with 275 feet of waterfront on the Bras D'or Lakes with a sandy/rocky beach. This 43 acre property fronts on the Bras D'or and backs on small lake. The 4 bedroom farmhouse can be easily updated or used as a secondary home while you build your dreamhome by the water. The house has a newer roof and spring fed well. Property is already divided for future development.
1630 Havre Boucher Road, Havre Boucher
Havre Boucher, NS B0H 1P0
Welcome to 1630 Havre Boucher Road! This pristine property is awaiting its new owners. Located in a small community nestled on the shores of St. George's Bay, here you can enjoy local beaches, kayaking, boating and hiking trails. There is a slipway at the wharf where you can launch your recreational watercraft.
38 Highland Street, Glace Bay
Glace Bay, NS B1A 2T5
This beautiful bright property sits on a corner lot and awaits it's new owners to make it a home. When entering from the back deck past the porch area, you are greeted with a delightfully updated eat-in kitchen. To the right of the kitchen is the living area, with freshly laid flooring, painted walls and a large front window allowing much natural sunlight to shine through.
6604 Highway 3, Lower Woods Harbour
Lower Woods Harbour, NS B0W 2E0
Enjoy the ocean views from this beautiful, 4 bedroom, 2 bathroom home, completely renovated in the early 2000s with quality and character in mind! If you’re looking for a move-in ready home with gorgeous hardwood floors throughout, this home might be for you! and… it’s being sold fully furnished! The main floor is a nice open wrap around floor plan.
3 Ryan Lane, Chegoggin
Chegoggin, NS B5A 5G8
Move-in-ready with many nice renovations! Both levels of this 2 bedroom, 1.5 bath are bright and cheery with a heat pump on each level for efficiency and comfort all year round. Location is superb being just minutes from town. The main floor has a cozy living room, dining room, and kitchen with new flooring.
27 Lake Charles Drive, Dartmouth
Dartmouth, NS B2X 2T1
Welcome to 27 Lake Charles Drive in sought after Waverley. This updated 2 story home is located on a large lot and a quiet cul de sac with beautiful views of Lake Charles which can be enjoyed from your covered veranda. The home's exterior is well landscaped with a double exposed aggregate concrete driveway. The private backyard with large deck is ready for year round family enjoyment.
359 Seligs Road, Prospect
Prospect, NS B3T 2A8
Here we have a stunning 42 Acres of land, and a spacious freshly renovated farm style bungalow home. With just a short drive into downtown Halifax. It features an amazingly spacious kitchen, with ample counter and cup board space.
173 Beveridge Road, Melbourne
Melbourne, NS B5A 5J8
Imagine owning 40 acres of beautiful riverfront land on the Chebogue River. Captivating sunsets and sailboats from the Chebogue yacht club can be seen from the comfort of your kitchen every day. Located under 10 minutes to all the amenities the seaside town of Yarmouth has to offer is this completely revamped century farmhouse that sits prominently at the end of the road.


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Earl Casey Accessions
Scope and Contents
Archival materials received from journalist and former CNN senior vice president, Earl Casey. Casey, a longtime friend of Jerry Jeff and Susan Walker, served as the chief researcher and writer/consultant on Jerry Jeff Walker’s autobiograpy, Gypsy Songman, 1999. The bulk of the material in this collection dates 1964-1990 and consists of research documents and taped interviews with transcipts conducted with Jerry Jeff Walker, Walker’s family, friends and other musicians for the book Gypsy Songman. Research documents include photocopies of Walker’s arrest records for his infamous, 1964 New Orleans public intoxication charge, correspondence between Walker, his family and friends, newspaper clippings pertaining to Walker’s childhood in Oneonta, New York and his subsequent musical career, a PhD dissertation pertaining to the songs of Jerry Jeff Walker, photographs, drawings, partial draft manuscript for Letters from the Road (original working title for Gypsy Songman) and a copy of Ben Jennings’ unpublished memoir. Color coded stickers on cassette tapes and transcripts along with color coded spreadsheet reflect Casey’s original numbering system. Folder titles preceding a semicolon reflect Casey’s original descriptions. NOTE: BOX 3664 FOLDER 1 IS RESTRICTED UNTIL 2035 WITHOUT CURATOR OR DIRECTOR’S PERMISSION.
- Casey, Earl (Person)
Conditions Governing Access
Collection is open for research excluding Box 3664-NOTE: BOX 3664 FOLDER 1 IS RESTRICTED UNTIL 2035 WITHOUT CURATOR OR DIRECTOR’S PERMISSION.
Conditions Governing Use
Materials from the Wittliff Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study. The user assumes responsibility for determining copyright status, obtaining permission to publish, and abiding by U.S. copyright laws. https://www.thewittliffcollections.txstate.edu/research/visit/policies/publication.html
Earl Casey is a journalist, former CNN senior vice president and longtime close friend of Jerry Jeff and Susan Walker. Casey served as the chief researcher and writer/consultant on Jerry Jeff Walker’s autobiograpy, Gypsy Songman, 1999.
2 Linear Feet
4 boxes (Audio and digital files on cassette tapes and thumb drives)
Language of Materials
Metadata Rights Declarations
- The descriptive data created for this finding aid is licensed under the CC0 Creative Commons license and is free for use without restriction.
This collection consists of research documents and taped interviews with transcipts conducted with Jerry Jeff Walker, Walker’s family, friends and other musicians. Materials were compiled by Earl Casey as research for the book Gypsy Songman.
Materials may be stored off-site. Advance notice is required for use: https://www.thewittliffcollections.txstate.edu/research/makearesearchappointment.html.
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Gift of Earl Casey 2021
- Guide to the Earl Casey Accessions
- Sherri Turner-Herrmann
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Script of description
- Language of description note
- Finding aid written in English.
- 2021: Revised for ArchivesSpace by Sherri Turner-Herrmann.

domain: library


text:
'Gully Boy' to release in Japan in October
Mumbai: Filmmaker Zoya Akhtar's critically-acclaimed movie, "Gully Boy", featuring Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt, is set to release in Japan in October.
Ranveer is thrilled that the audience in Japan would now get to see the story of the rap revolution in India.
"I am very happy, very proud that 'Gully Boy' is releasing in Japan. I have never been to Japan but only learnt, heard and seen the most wonderful things about the land of the rising sun. I hope to come there someday," the actor said in a statement.
Ranveer said the film's release in Japan is a proud moment for everyone who worked on "Gully Boy".
"... Our film has travelled to the vast nation of Japan and we hope that you all see it and you all like it," he added.
The film, which had its world premiere at the 2019 Berlin Film Festival, featured Ranveer as an up-and-coming rapper who sets out to achieve his dream by rhyming about his life on the Mumbai streets. PTI


Japan marked the 75th anniversary of the first-ever atomic bomb attack in the world amidst the COVID 19 pandemic. The celebrations were muted because of the pandemic situation to remember the victims of the ghastly attack by the US in 1945. Details Survivors, relatives and a handful of foreign dignitaries attended the main event in ..
Hiroshima: GK, General Studies and Current Affairs
NASA published the photos of the most poerful meteor explosion, 10 times than that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The explosion appeared just above the Bering sea. Previously such a huge meteor explosion occured in 2013 in a Russian ton injuring 1000s of people. This explosion that occured in the water is said to be ..


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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]TreeZone Loch Lomond have just launched a photo competition to find out what talented photographers there are in the area. TreeZone are looking for funny, original, silly, well-composed photos from customers that have a go on the course.
At the end of September when the competition closes, we’ll choose the photo that we like best and award the photographer a couple of free passes. If you can’t make it along again to use them, we’d be happy to donate them to a local charity.
In the meantime, you’ll be able to see all the cool photos that people post of them having a laugh.
So what are you waiting for, let’s have your photos!
Tag them on Facebook with #treezonelochlomond19 and post them @treezone2atlochlomond
or you can post them on Instagram @iye_scot using the same hashtag.


text:
$130K — $170K
The Senior Benefits Consultant, Account Executive is the truest definition of a strategist and directly positioned as the team quarterback between the sales executives and the service team. A one-of-a-kind, strategic position with one of southern New England’s most respected insurance brokers, you can infuse the role with your consultative philosophy and build a long-term career with great earning potential. A newly created position, as the risk advisor you bring leadership skills and technical expertise around client strategy to the entire team.
Here is a snapshot of the job details:
Health and welfare financial analysis, analytics, and modeling.
At least ten (10) years of health and welfare insurance industry experience; background must include tenure with a retail brokerage
Ability to complete medical, prescription drug, stop loss and ancillary product analyses including:
$135k-$175k salary target range with annual bonus potential
Valid through: 3/18/2021
$90K — $100K + performance bonus

domain: finance