BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to bushing rings; and, more particularly, to a method of forming bushing rings which encircle the shank for a bolt and allow the bolt to be disposed in a hole where the overall diameter of the bolt can be adjusted.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Bushing segments or rings are known in the art which are used to encircle a bolt shank to fill the spacing between the bolt shank and the hole in walls of a panel in which the bolt is installed. These bushing segments are thus adjustable between the bolt shank and hole and such segments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,820 to Pitzer. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,192,820 to Pitzer, there is disclosed a quick release pin having a plurality of male and female rings or bushings which, when compressed axially as a result of a compressive force applied to one end of the bushings, forces male rings to contract and the female rings to expand to assume a larger diameter. That is, the effective diameter of this quick release pin can be increased after the pin is installed in a hole or opening in an installation. In like manner, the effective diameter of the pin can be reduced (or returned to its original diameter) when it is desired to remove the pin from the installation.
In my U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956, commonly assigned, there is disclosed a self-retaining adjustable diameter bolt having an adjustable nut including a bolt having a head, a shank, and a threaded end adapted to be inserted into a hole in an installation for subsequent coupling to a nut assembly. The bolt includes a pawl with a plurality of bushing segments mounted on the bolt shank, the pawl extending through an opening in the bolt adapted to engage the segments to stop withdrawal from the bolt. The nut assembly has a first portion threaded onto the threaded end driving the segments forward and filling the spacing between the hole and bolt shank. The nut assembly includes a second portion rotatable on the first portion which can be tightened against the panel installation. In this manner, full radial expansion of the segments takes place before the first nut portion bottoms out against the installation and the second nut portion can be then tightened against the installation.
The bushing segments used in the assembly disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956 requires both female-type and male-type bushing rings or segments. These rings or segments must be carefully manufactured to predetermined tolerances. The spacing between the split ring ends must be carefully slotted or machined. There is much waste of the inner material of such segments. Known manufacturing processes for forming such rings or segments are expensive, time consuming, and result in much material waste. There is a need for a method of forming such rings or segments inexpensively, quickly, and with little waste.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a method for forming bushing rings or segments.
It is a further object of this method to carry out the foregoing object wherein the rings or segments so formed are either male-type or female-type rings or segments.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a method for forming bushing rings or segments wherein the necessary inventory for male-type and female--type rings or segments can be reduced.
These and other objects are preferably accomplished by the steps of drawing wire of round cross-section and predetermined diameter through a die forming said drawn wire in a wire having a generally trapezoidally-shaped cross-section. The drawn wire is then bent about a rigid cylindrical form of a predetermined diameter until the elongated sides of said drawn wire are adjacent but spaced from each other a predetermined distance Subsequently, the bent drawn wire is cut into segments of predetermined lengths.
Male-type or female-type bushing segments can be so formed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an elevational view illustrating the cold drawing of a wire through a die in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view taken along lines 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a view taken along lines 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cylindrical form used in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 5 is an elevational sectional view combining the wire form of FIG. 3 with the form of FIG. 4 illustrating one step in the formation of male-type bushing segments in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a view taken along lines 6--6 of FIG. 5, the form being omitted for convenience of illustration;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a male-type bushing segment formed in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 8 is an elevational sectional view combining the wire form of FIG. 3 with the form of FIG. 4 illustrating the one step in the formation of female-type bushing segments in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a view taken along lines 9--9 of FIG. 8, the form being omitted for convenience of illustration;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a female-type bushing segment formed in accordance with the teachings of the invention; and
FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 3 showing a modification thereof.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawing, a wire 10 of a predetermined length and diameter, round in cross-section, is shown being drawn through a die 11. Die 11 has a tapered opening 12, shown in dotted lines, leading into a trapezoidally shaped chamber 13 (see also FIG. 2). Thus, wire 10 is drawn in the direction of arrow 14 (FIG. 1) into opening 12 in die 11, then through chamber 13 therein, as is well known in the wire drawing art. Of course, instead of a single die, a plurality of successive dies of smaller and smaller thicknesses of chamber 13 may be used as also is well known in the cold wire drawing art.
The drawn wire (see wire portion 15 in FIG. 1) has the trapezoidally shaped cross-section shown in FIG. 3. Thus, wire portion 15 has a base 16', vertical spaced sides 16, 17 and tapered portions 18, 19 (portion 18 interconnecting side 16 to top or apex 20 and portion 19 interconnecting side 17 at top or apex 20). Top 20 is horizontal and parallel to base 16'. Wire portion 15 is of course of any suitable length.
A rigid cylindrical mandril or form 21 is shown in FIG. 4. If it is desired to form male-type bushing segments or rings, such as segments 39, 40 in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956, the wire portion 15 is cut into segments of a predetermined length along its length and these segments are bent about cylindrical form 21 as shown in FIG. 5 with base 16' abutting against form 21. As seen in FIG. 5, a spacing 22 is formed between sides 16, 17 of wire portion 15. The final formed male-type wire portion, now portion 23, is shown in cross-section in FIG. 6 (form 21 having been removed). As seen in FIG. 6, the apices 20 are toward the outside of male-type wire portion 15. These male-type bushing rings or segments 24 (FIG. 7) can be used in conjunction with the assembly shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956, or for any other suitable use calling for such bushing segments or rings.
If it is desired to form female-type bushing segments or rings, such as segments 42, 43, and 44 as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956, a cut segment of wire portion 15 is bent about cylindrical form 21 as shown in FIG. 8 with apex 20 abutting against form 21. As seen in FIG. 8, a spacing 25 is formed between sides 16, 17 of wire portion 15. The final formed female-type wire portion, now portion 26, is shown in cross-section in FIG. 9 (form 21 having been removed). As seen in FIG. 9, the apices 20 are toward the inside of the female-type wire portion 15 and base 16' to the outside. These female-type bushing rings or segments 27 (FIG. 10) can be used in conjunction with the assembly shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,956, or for any other suitable use calling for such bushing segments or rings.
Any suitable materials or dimensions may be used. For example, wire 10 may be stainless steel about 0.218 inches in diameter. Referring to FIG. 3, wire portion 15 may be about 0.3107 inches long, about 0.058 inches high (sides 16, 17 being about 0.010 inches high, and top or apex 20 being about 0.047 inches long). The angle of taper of sides 17, 18 may be about 20°.
Referring to FIG. 5, the formed bushing portion 15 may be about 0.492 to 0.495 inches in diameter and spacing 22 may be about 0.01 to 0.02 inches (varying outwardly from form 21). As seen in FIG. 7, bushing portion 23 may be about 0.3087 to 0.3127 inches wide and have an inner diameter of about 0.378 inches. The final segment 24 in FIG. 7 may be about 1.535 inches long.
As seen in FIG. 8, the formed wire portion 15 may be about 0.492 to 0.496 inches in diameter and spacing 25 varying from 0.01 inches to 0.02 inches outwardly from form 21. The formed female-type wire portion 26 in FIG. 9 may be about 0.3087 to 0.3127 inches wide with an inner diameter of about 0.378 inches. The final female-type bushing segment 27 in FIG. 10 may be about 1.535 inches long.
Although the formed wire 15 (FIG. 3) has been disclosed as of generally trapezoidally-shaped in cross-section, sides 18, 19 may taper to base 16' forming end walls 16, 17 that are relatively small in height (or even tapering to a point). Thus, the cross-section shown in FIG. 3 may be generally a truncated triangle. This is shown in FIG. 11 wherein like numerals refer to like parts of the embodiment of FIG. 3. Here, instead of sides or end walls 16, 17, the formed wire 15' has sides 18, 19 which extend to base 16' forming points 16", 17'.
The formation of bushing segments 24, 27 in this manner reduces the cost of manufacture since the bushing segments can be inexpensively manufactured to predetermined tolerances. Waste of material is reduced since there is no loss of inner material in forming the segments.
The process of manufacturing the bushing segments disclosed herein is faster and allows standardization of parts. That is, the need for maintaining a large inventory of predetermined lengths of male-type and female-type bushing segments is eliminated.
Although a specific embodiment of the invention has been disclosed, variations thereof may occur to an artisan and the scope of the invention should be determined only by the scope of the appended claims.


text:
The former Navy sailor that President Trump pardoned after serving one year in federal prison for taking photos of classified sections of his submarine filed a lawsuit on Monday against Barack Obama and members of his administration, alleging that he was subject to unequal protection of the law.
“They interpreted the law in my case to say it was criminal, but they didn’t prosecute Hillary Clinton,” Mr. Saucier told Fox News in June. “Hillary is still walking free. Two guys on my ship did the same thing and weren’t treated as criminals. We want them to correct the wrong. … My case was usually something handled by military courts.”
Fox News reports:
In his federal lawsuit, filed in Albany, N.Y., Kristian Saucier alleges that the U.S. government was overzealous in prosecuting him mishandling classified information, while going easy on former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for more serious violations of the same law.
Saucier’s lawsuit names as defendants former President Barack Obama, former U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch, former FBI Director James Comey, former FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe, and Peter Strzok, the FBI agent who led the inquiry into Clinton’s email account.
Saucier told Fox Newshe was scapegoated by Obama officials who found themselves under fire for not aggressively responding to Clinton’s handling of classified information through her private email servers.
“I could have just taken the pardon by President Trump and gone on with my life,” Saucier said to Fox News, adding that he feels an obligation to get to the truth of what he sees as a double standard that let Clinton get off scot-free.
“The U.S. Constitution clearly states that all citizens are born with inalienable rights to be free from persecution by the government,” Saucier said. “My conviction and subsequent sentence for a minor military infraction compared to the treatment of politically connected individuals is a glaring example of a violation of the rights of all Americans to have equal protection under the law.”
Saucier is preparing a Freedom of Information Act request to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Department of Justice seeking all correspondence relating to his case.
Saucier pleaded guilty in 2016 to unauthorized detention of defense information for taking photos inside the USS Alexandria while it was stationed in Groton, Conn., in 2009.
My conviction and subsequent sentence for a minor military infraction compared to the treatment of politically connected individuals is a glaring example of a violation of the rights of all Americans to have equal protection under the law.
Saucier, of Arlington, Vt., was a 22-year-old machinist mate on the nuclear-powered attack submarine when he took the photos. His lawyers said he knew the photos would be classified but he wanted to show his family what he did in the Navy. He denied sharing the photos with any unauthorized recipient. Federal investigators said in court proceedings that they had no evidence that Saucier showed, or intended to show, the photographs to foreign agents.
“I am by no means the first person to be subjected to unfair treatment by the justice system,” Saucier said. “If I were to accomplish anything by this action I would hope to make me the last.”
During his presidential campaign and since taking office, Trump several times held up Saucier’s punishment and the investigation into Clinton by the FBI as an example of a double standard. Trump pardoned Saucier in March.
Earlier this year, Trump tweeted: “Crooked Hillary Clinton’s top aide, Huma Abedin, has been accused of disregarding basic security protocols. She put Classified Passwords into the hands of foreign agents. Remember sailors pictures on the submarine? Jail! Deep State Justice Dept must finally act? Also on Comey & others.”
A poll in December showed that a majority of Americans believed that Clinton committed a crime when she used her private email server for State Department business.
Read the full story at Fox News.

domain: politics


text:
CLOVIS, N.M. - Financing options for the not-yet-built Clovis Cheese Company dominated a joint meeting Tuesday of the Clovis City Commission and the Curry County Commission and a separate special session of the Curry County Commission.
In May, a group of area dairymen announced plans to build and operate the Clovis Cheese Company and said they expected that the plant would be fully operational by early this year.
However, project organizers are still trying to secure financing for the $26 million Clovis Cheese Company project before ground can be broken, interim project coordinator Hoyt Pattison said.
"We can't say when we will be able to break ground or start building now," Pattison said. "We've still got lots of bridges to cross before we get to that point."
Pattison said the 11 eastern New Mexico dairymen in Curry and Roosevelt counties who are involved with the Clovis Cheese Company are committed to supplying 20 percent of the project's financing, which will be about $5 million.
Farmers Electric Cooperative and Eastern New Mexico Rural Telephone Cooperative have offered to be the conduits for $900,000 in U.S. Department of Agriculture no-interest, 10-year, economic development loans to the Clovis Cheese Company - if Curry County and the city of Clovis will co-sign the loans.
For the bulk of the necessary financing, an estimated $20 million, Clovis Cheese Company organizers are trying to work on arrangements with other lenders, but no deals have been secured yet, Pattison said Tuesday.
On Thursday night, the Clovis City Commission decided to guarantee $450,000 worth of the USDA loans.
But at Tuesday's joint city-county meeting, Clovis City Commissioners were told that they might be asked to guarantee even more because the Curry County Commission cannot guarantee the other half of the $900,000 based on legal restrictions.
Curry County Attorney Brian Brack and Clovis City Attorney Dave Richards said New Mexico state law states that local government entities cannot pledge more than 5 percent of each entity's annual general fund expenditures to guarantee another debt.
Based on the state law, Curry County would be limited to pledging a guarantee of only about $238,622, Brack said.
The city of Clovis legally could pledge up to about $594,215 if commissioners decided to increase the amount of their guarantee, Brack said.
Even if Clovis City Commissioners decided to pledge the full amount allowed under state law, which they have not agreed to do, that still would leave slightly more than $67,000 not guaranteed by either the city or county.
Lance Adkins of Farmers Electric Cooperative said co-op members met Tuesday morning and decided they would be willing to accommodate the monetary gap. ENMR board members have not met yet on the issue, however, Adkins said.
After the combined city-county meeting, Curry County Commissioners held a special session Tuesday afternoon and decided to postpone their decision about whether to co-sign part of the loan to gather more information.
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domain: economics


Founded in 2009, ZCast Live is an online streaming service with its roots firmly planted the field. By bringing innovative and customizable streaming solutions to small businesses, film producers and events both big and small, we’ve strived to become the most reliable, appealing and ad-free broadcasting service available. Flexibility, integrity and reliability are our motto and reflect how our customers have come to know us. We’ve never failed to deliver a project, and we’re always on the lookout, eagerly awaiting the next big challenge. Our partnership with major satellite broadcasting services in the East and Midwest guarantees that our clients receive the best possible response times, quality footage and world-class streaming they deserve.
Over the years Zcast Live has met more great people, worked on more projects and shared in visions than we can count. Whether it be covering live sporting events, working on movie sets or helping direct a feature film across international borders, our team is no stranger to turning even the most out of this world idea into a reality. Where we come from, there’s no such thing as a bad experience, only great memories.
This is a testmonial. It’s pretty awesome.


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In 1961, General Motors installed the first industrial robot, Unimate, in one of its factories. It was essentially a robotic arm that relieved human workers of the dangerous task of picking up die castings from an assembly line and welding these parts onto vehicle chassis.
Physically, traditional stationary robots like Unimate can be tremendously powerful, with the modern equivalent being a robot arm fixed in place, working with large, heavy objects, and performing repetitive precision tasks.
Unfortunately, the “power” most industrial robots exhibit is combined with limited intelligence and little-to-no understanding of their surrounding environment. Because these robots are not equipped with sensors that allow them to detect the presence of humans and other obstacles, nor control systems that enable them to react if they were to encounter an obstruction, they must be isolated to confined spaces and very specific functions. This is a drawback for today’s digital use cases that prize efficiency, agility, flexibility, and mobility, not just in the connected factory but in logistics, smart retail, and other automated applications as well.
Nearly 60 years later, collaborative robots (cobots) integrate the sensing, intelligence, and mobility needed to operate autonomously within open environments and even interact with human counterparts working in close proximity.
Today manufacturers are seeking to build safe systems where robots and human operators can work together in the same space, at the same time.
But before these revolutionary cobots can be deployed at scale, new functional safety (FuSa) standards and technologies that comply with regulatory requirements are needed.
The platform includes all the interfaces needed for integration, eliminating the need for a separate safety controller and reducing cost and complexity.
Safety on the Smart Factory Floor
FuSa involves assurances that machinery operates correctly—or fails in a fail-safe manner—in a wide variety of scenarios. These scenarios include problematic input signals (including human errors), hardware failures, software errors, and stress caused by environmental and operational conditions. To address these issues, robotic devices like cobots must meet complex FuSa standards.
Although cobots are cutting-edge technology, industry standards organizations have been working on new technical FuSa specifications such as ISO 10218-1/2 and ISO 15066 for some time. These build on existing standards to define the safety requirements for cobot system designs. Some of the myriad safety standards and requirements defined by those organizations (Figure 1).
Implementing all of the required standards from the ground up for every part of the system is expensive, time-consuming, and resource-intensive. One way to mitigate these issues is to implement the robot’s control safety- related system using hardware and software that have been designed with FuSa capable components.
One such technology stack can be found in NEXCOM International’s NexCOBOT SCB 100 safety control board (SCB), which is based on Intel Atom® x6000E Series processors. It provides a robust safety capability for next-generation autonomous robot controllers.
Autonomous Cobot Safety, Off-the-Shelf
The Intel Atom® x6427FE and x6200FE Processors—previously known as Elkhart Lake—contain multiple processing cores. These processors simplify the design of FuSa-compliant systems with an integrated Intel® Safety Island, a set of technical documentation, and FuSa Software capable components to support customer designs.
The SCB100 robotic control board provides a single platform that enables addressing functional safety in cobot systems. It is IEC 61508 SIL2/SC3 ready, and enables the support requirements of new safety standards like ISO 10218-1/2 and ISO 15066 from the hardware level and up the stack. When accompanied by an appropriate safe real-time operating system (RTOS), the SCB 100 allows developers or systems integrators to add their own safety-related application software and hardware components to provide differentiated, quick-to-market cobot designs.
The platform includes all of the interfaces and I/O needed for integration to a robotic system design. Its content of all the aforementioned components makes it a prime element of a robot controller system. This eliminates the need for a separate, discrete safety controller, and reduces cost and complexity.
Cobots: The Future Is Now
As Fourth Industrial Revolution pioneer Nicky Verd famously said, “The future is closer than you think.” It really is. In fact, with the advent of the Fifth Industrial Revolution and the current development of cobots, the future is now.
To deploy cobots and have them interact with humans in close proximity, often in a shared workspace, it is necessary to equip these machines with sophisticated control and safety processing platforms. The SCB 100 is one platform helping accelerate the transition from GM’s Unimate to 21st-century cobot designs.
Not all SKUs include every feature.
Not all features are supported in every operating system.
Not all SKUs support real-time computing, time-sensitive computing, or time-synchronous networking.


text:
TAUNTON — For nearly four centuries, the 150-acre plot has served as Colonial farmland, the sooty neighborhood of Industrial Revolution factories, and most recently, a high-tech office park.
But a stroke of a pen late last year made the parcel something never seen before in Massachusetts: a Native-American reservation decreed in Washington and plunked down many miles away from the tribe's current home.
Now, its owners, the Mashpee Wampanoag, plan to start work on "First Light," a $500 million casino envisioned to be so massive and so opulent that tribal leaders have been referring to it as the Taj Mahal of New England casinos.
But the bid is running into resistance on two fronts. An anticasino group has enlisted local landowners to challenge the federal decision awarding the land to the tribe. And a second tribe lays claim to that land, saying the Mashpee are interlopers. The historical connection of the Cape Cod Mashpees to this corner of East Taunton, both groups argue, is tenuous to nonexistent.
"The tribe went reservation-shopping and settled on Taunton after taking serious looks at places in Middleborough and Fall River," Tracy Marzelli, a casino opponent who heads the citizens' group Preserving Taunton's Future, said last week.
It is a delicate historical question, and if the challenge to the federal government's decision goes to court, it could take years to resolve. At stake are both a tribe's dreams and the state's ambition for a smooth rollout of its bid to collect revenues on gambling, an effort that has already been dealt a series of setbacks.
The 3,000-member Mashpee have spent decades and millions to get federal recognition of their tribe, the necessary first step to the right to open a casino, and $35 million to purchase the East Taunton plot. They now vow to take on all challengers to their intention to open a gambling resort.
The Mashpee do not dispute their opponents' point that they picked this central site for its promise to deliver customers from Providence, Fall River, New Bedford, and Boston. But they argue that it is well within the tribe's "aboriginal footprint," which the Mashpee define as most of Eastern Massachusetts, from Cape Ann to Narragansett Bay.
"We are getting back only a small piece of what is rightfully ours," said Mashpee chairman Cedric Cromwell.
The dispute extends beyond any written titles to the land, which began with the arrival of European settlers in the early 1600s. At its foundation are clashing ancestral claims to the site from the Mashpee Wampanoag and the Pocasset Pokanoket tribes.
Cromwell said Wampanoag people have always lived in and around Taunton. "They are our ancestors and that gives us a direct tie to the land," he said.
But Edward Page, chief of the Pocasset Pokanoket, a tribe based in Southeastern Massachusetts, said that his tribe's ancestors inhabited the land before the 1600s and that they were a distinct people from the ancestors of the Mashpee Wampanoag.
"It was our land," Page said.
Page argues that the true ancestors of the Mashpee never ventured past what is now the Cape Cod Canal and that the modern-day Mashpee "stole" their history to support their drive for a casino in a place better suited for it than on the traffic-clogged Cape.
This argument did not sway the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the agency empowered to peer into the past and decide which groups deserve to be recognized as tribes and which lands as reservations. It concluded the Mashpee are descended from a loose confederation of Indian "sachemdoms" that dotted the mostly undisturbed 17th century landscape. This Indian nation, under the command of Chief Sachem Massasoit, included the village of Cohannet, in what is now Taunton.
The bureau accepted the version of history that the Wampanoags were then known as the Pokanoket and most of their tribes were driven out of Taunton and other areas after the disastrous King Philip's War, which was waged by Indians against settlers over land grievances. Some took refuge in Mashpee, a swampy area already sanctioned for Indian inhabitation.
But James Lynch, a researcher who presented the case of the Pocasset Pokanoket to the Bureau of Indian affairs, said the Mashpee Wampanoag had failed to make their case.
"The political influence of the law firms and lobbyists hired by the tribe carried the day for the Mashpee," he said.
In recognition of the high stakes and complicated history, federal law allows opponents of such decisions by the Bureau of Indian Affairs up to six years to file an appeal in court.
Marzelli in December said her citizens group may need all of that time to raise enough money to wage a court battle. The Mashpee respond that they will soon break ground, whether a suit is filed or not.
The possibility that the Mashpee may be locked up in legal limbo for years to come has become a selling point for developers who want to build a casino in Brockton, about 20 miles from the Taunton site.
They argue that the quickest way for the state Gaming Commission to generate revenue for the state is to approve their proposal. The commission is expected to consider whether to issue a commercial license for a casino in that region this winter.
The Mashpee, as a sovereign tribe, are outside state jurisdiction and don't need such a license.
They have raised a flag over their land on Cape Cod, but their East Taunton office park bears no tribal symbols.
"We are now on tribal land," said Derek Boomer, vice president of a small engineering company that, like all the businesses here, must relocate in deference to the march of history.
"It's unfortunate that we have to give up this place," he said. "But what can you do?"
Sean P. Murphy can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow him on Twitter @spmurphyboston.

domain: news


According to a report in The Telegraph, U.S. officials have formally apologized to the U.K. for claiming that British intelligence agencies spied on President Trump during the election campaign at the behest of President Obama. The British newspaper reports that British intelligence sources say the apology came directly from White House press secretary Sean Spicer and Gen. H.R. McMaster, the U.S. national security adviser. A spokesman for Prime Minister Theresa May said the U.S. had assured its closest ally that the claims would not be repeated. In a highly unusual public statement, the United Kingdom’s intelligence agency had earlier denied Trump’s allegations that it helped to spy on the then-candidate during the 2016 in cooperation with former President Obama. The statement from the Government Communications Headquarters described the claims, which were reiterated Thursday by Spicer, as “utterly ridiculous” and urged the public to dismiss them: “They... should be ignored.” The British agency rarely if ever comments on specific allegations or cases, and it is especially rare that Friday’s comments came in the form of such blunt language. Spicer said during his daily press briefing: “Judge Andrew Napolitano made the following statement, quote, ‘Three intelligence sources have informed Fox News that President Obama went outside the chain of command [to spy on Trump]. He didn’t use the NSA, he didn't use the CIA ... he used GCHQ.’” Napolitano at the time implied that such a choice would have been to keep “American fingerprints” off the spy operation.
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Irish Water Spaniel Info & Irish Water Spaniel Breeders
The Irish Water Spaniel is a breed of dog that is the largest and one of the oldest of spaniels. The Irish Water Spaniel is one of the rarer breeds with the AKC in terms of registrations.
Like most dogs of the AKC Sporting group, the Irish Water Spaniel is essentially an active, willing and energetic companion. Because it has been bred from stock used to fetch game and return it to hand without a fuss, it has the natural instinct of wanting to please. Its keen sense of working as a team makes it a relatively easy dog to train and discipline. Because of its great intelligence and quizzical nature, it has the reputation of being the clown of the spaniel family and will do ordinary things in extraordinary ways to achieve that which is asked of it. Some individual dogs can be very wary of strangers and not every IWS can be trusted to get along with other pets. Early socialization and training is a must.
Irish Water Spaniels may make good family dogs, as they are usually excellent with respectful children and with other pets. They can make good guard dogs if they have been trained to do so, and will protect their human families. Not usually an aggressive dog, yet the IWS may have a deep, fierce-sounding bark.
All Irish Water Spaniels require a grooming regimen that includes maintaining healthy ears, teeth and nails. The tight double coat of the IWS sheds slightly, however many allergy sufferers have found them to be a comfortable pet with which to live. The texture of the hair prevents the coat from becoming tightly woven into fabric and upholstery and any stray hairs are easily removed as they will gather together to form "dust bunnies". The coat can be maintained by even the novice owner if a regular effort is maintained to keep it clean and free of mats. A thorough combing to the skin should take place every 1–2 weeks to promote healthy skin and to remove any objects from the coat. Scissoring will be required every 6–8 weeks to neaten and shape the coat while regular exposure to water will promote the correct "ringlets" over the body coat.
Although happy to curl up and sleep at home, regular walks and exercise are essential for a healthy, contented water spaniel. An unexercised IWS may mean a naughty, mischievous IWS. An ideal home though would be a working environment, where the dogs' minds as well as bodies are exercised. Many IWS owners work their dogs in the shooting field, in obedience tests, in agility competitions, or in the conformation show ring.
We welcome helpful comments and contributions to information about this breed by email or below...

domain: pet


text:
Church in the margins; church in the halls of power…
I remember standing in the catacombs of Salzburg, when the church had to hide in the early Roman Empire before Constantine. I was struck by the humble, hidden and yet determined and tenacious work to create worship and burial as saints of the Living God. It was overwhelming. I have that same wonder at the church persecuted… and their impact. If you could hear the stories I am privileged to hear from the Middle East, and North Africa. Something changed. We stand for something different in the west, as the church.
I read a variety of sources during my prayer offices (scheduled times with God each day) or devotionals…whichever you are most comfortable with. From writings of MacCloed, and church fathers and mothers, to the Benedictine prayer book, the Common Book of Prayer and a new work, Common Prayer, a Liturgy for Ordinary Radicals. In reading the latter early this morning, I read,:
American preacher Howard Thurman wrote, “Too often the price exacted by society for security and respectability is that the Christian movement in its formal expression must be on the side of the strong against the weak. <Please stop and reread that sentence!> This is a matter of tremendous significance, for it reveals to what extent a religion that is born of a people acquainted with persecution and suffering has become the cornerstone of a civilization and of nations whose very position in modern life too often has been secured by a ruthless use of power applied to defenseless peoples.
The church began in the margins and the words written repeatedly was that the Christians loved sacrificially, loving when Romans fled due to plague. The Christians stayed to care for the Romans, Jews and Christians to their own loss…sacrifice. The depiction of Christians in the first century was one of a people who bless at all costs. Today most western Christians shun those at the bottom, on the margins, opting for the side of power, individual rights (to be greedy and pursue self advancement) and blame the broken state of the marginalized on themselves, co-opting a nationalism religion that defends empire, corporate invasions and even boasts of our supremacy as a nation. I find it absolutely amazing that we can link the humble Lamb of God to that life.
May we become a humble sacrificial people bent on manifesting Christ in our serving, sacrificing, loving, healing, advocating for the defenseless, and bringing the Kingdom to our world now, that His name might be made renown, that people will e undeniably compelled from the heart to know Him as we do, not as we rule with the powers of this world. Amen.

domain: literature


Tips on Keeping Your Home Cool During the Summer
A good thing to do is to put a reflective type cover over your windows. An example would be like a car shade. You can cut these to fit the insides of your house windows. It really helps on keeping the temperatures down. Aluminum foil also works well and is less expensive than car shades.
Heat comes inside through walls and ceiling. So, it would be a good idea to water the terrace just before noon. Get some old cloth sacks, wet it and place all over the terrace. This will retain dampness for a long time. Water them each day in your spare time.
Awnings placed over the East or South facing windows will cut down on the heat from the direct sun. If you can't afford awnings, try using thermal blinds or curtains. They will block out all light, but they will also reflect the heat back out the windows.
I keep cool in the summer by staying in a room with no sunlight. I open the windows and a cool breeze comes in. I also try to move as little as possible since moving makes me hot.
Ceiling fans make a huge difference. I spent years trying to persuade my husband to put one in our family room. We used to keep all the doors and windows open praying for a cross breeze. Now with a fan on the ceiling we are comfortable even in 100 degree weather.
I do all of the above, turning window fans off and on as the sun moves during the day. I also will put a large block of ice in front of a fan. This cools the air as it blows across, and acts like a miniature swamp cooler.
I cover skylights too. Mine face south, and get direct sun most of the day. With a reflective cover, it helps keep the upstairs cooler. I am also planting ground cover and/or shrubs around the house. They are good for the environment!, and don't absorb and radiate heat like rocks or cement. In the interests of conservation, though, all the plants are drought-tolerant and require minimal water once established.
In order to keep cool in the summer in my house, we make sure that during the hours when the sun is moves to come in through certain windows we make sure that the blinds are closed as well as the curtain drawn. If there is a nice breeze out we'll open the blinds but still leave the curtains drawn so that the sun doesn't heat all the cool air. In the draftier parts (near the door leading out of the basement and the like) we put down an insulator that keeps the hot air from leaking in and the cold air out under the door. We like the others above have posted also keep the ceiling fans running to keep the air circulating. These are just the main things we do in order to keep our home cool during the summer.
To keep our house cool, we always make sure, before leaving home in the morning that all the windows and of course the doors are close, also keeping the shores all the way down to avoid the sun comming in during the day, and keeping the curtains drawn. It's important to cheek often de
Postpone using appliances until late in the evening, so the house can cool before morning.
We open the windows only when the temps are cool. Lots of fans also help. We have a window air conditioner, but no good way to install it. If you use a window a/c make sure you have it properly vented so that you don't waste a lot of energy having both cool and hot air (from the vent) blowing into the room at the same time.
Painting your roof white is an effective way to reduce the amount of heat coming in through your ceiling, flat roofs benefeit the most from this.
Instead of buying an air conditioner, buy small fans. We have 2 fans in each room in the house, and the house is always cool. It is very cheaper and less electric using than the air conditioners. Open the windows so you can freshen the air, too.
Robert J Frederick
Keep the upper part of your house cool, by leaving the windows ajar and curtains shut. This keeps the room in the shade keeping it cooler.
I live in Las Vegas so it gets extremely hot here. But I do not like paying for the high electric bill during the summer months. I keep my A/C at 78 or above and turn on the ceiling fans so the air gets circulated in the room. I also keep all the shades down and closed so the heat doesn't come thru the windows. I have a 2 story house and my house stays pretty cool. But I cant wait till summer is over... =)
In order the home to keep cool during summer. It should have curtains or background inside that will make the surrounding cool when be sighted ,an example for the color is blue. Another thing is that there should be bonsai or any plants inside the house so that it will refresh your feeling or mind when you saw it. It might just a little thing to do but surely it will really help you to feel comfortable inside your home when it is summer.
Ways to keep the house cool during summer time. Open the window early in the morning as soon as you wake up coz early morning breeze is always cooler than afternoon breeze. After 12 noon, open windows and door that facing to the to keep my home cool insideshaddy area, like yard with lots of trees, ponds, woods these will brings the cool breeze to the house and close windows that got afternoon sunlight. Use light color thick not shiny fabric for your curtain. Light or pastel color give cool feelings. If you like to use Air Conditiong, keep it "on" all the time with the temperature arround 76-78 F to avoid high electric charges as the machine takes more power to start. Put an aquarium, water cool down abit a temperature inside. More further, if budget possible and you like to do house make over, paint your wall with light color too. Turn on the fan like ceiling fan is always useful.
A good thing to do to keep cool is try to keep the lights off. Also if you have a fan it is put to better use if you put it up against a window so that the air blows cooler air inside the house.
usually in summer it is better to live in the ground floor so that the direct sun effect will not be on your house. And better not to off the A.c when you go out . Just adjust the temperature to medium so the temperature does not go too high by the time you come home. and at the same time A.C will not run unnecessarily. you can even save time to get the house cool down after coming home from work.I hope this tip will definitely help everyone.
During the summer, I usually open all the windows in the house very early in the morning to let the fresh morning air come in, then when the sun starts getting hot, I close all the windows and turn on the ceiling fans. This keeps my house fresh and helps me save energy and money.
Ceiling fans have been a godsend for us in the summer months - we can easily keep the thermostat set several degrees higher because just having the air moving makes such a difference in comfort. I also open the upstairs windows overnight which really cools things down nicely. Insulated draperies also work just as well for keeping the "cool" in during the summer as they do for keeping the cold out during the winter.
To keep home cool during summer,I would prefer a thermocol roofing i.e,putting thermocol under the ceiling of our home.It is very cheapest work and it will make our home cool.
During summer it is always advised to be inside the house rather than roaming in the sun. Drink lots of water and also eat fresh fruits to keep urself cool.
1- If you use any light color for the outdoor paints of the home, it will get less absorption of heat from the sun and the house remains cool.
One way to keep your home cooler in the summer is to put styrofoam in your windows. You can buy large pieces of styrofoam (insulation type) at home building type stores. Then, measure your windows and cut the styrofoam to fit inside the windows from either the inside or outside, whichever you prefer. This will keep the house cooler and save lots of money on your electric bill.
Simple task to follow during summer is to let the fresh air ventilate through the rooms.So windows need to be opened at 6 in the evening and closed at 6 in the next day morning.Roof and ceiling absorb heat in the hot sun and when ceiling fans are used it's going to blow air in accordance with humidity of the roof and ceiling.Therefore,alternative fans or coolers need to be used at noon to keep your home cool in summer.
Put the air on in the evening. Then turn it off and open your windows when you go to sleep.
In order to keep the house cool in the summer:
At night when its a little cooler make sure to open the windows. Let all the cool air in. When you get up the next morning close them all to KEEP it in!
An easy way to keep your house cool in the summer is to pull your shades on sunny days. I have fans in three of the windows in my house so the shades are pulled to where they sit. All of my other windows (besides the bathroom window) are shut and have the shades drawn. It keeps things about 3-5 degrees cooler!
There are a lot of good suggestions here. One thing is to caulk any places that the air leaks through especially if your using air conditioning. Have your air conditioning unit in good operating condition. Having some attic ventilation to let out the heat buildup of the day may also be helpful.
I like the caulking idea. But how do I determine leaks?
Reflective curtain quilts are the best treatment for windows. They reflect the sun and insulate the glass. I am using aluminum foil also in three large west windows. Insulation in the walls and attic makes such a difference, and remember that insulation will settle after a few years, so it needs to be checked. Bake in the early morning. Keep the outside doors shut as you do in the winter. Fans can really help to distribute the cool air. Keep lights in the house to a minimum, especially if it is hot. Use your grill to cook your meal outdoors. That keeps the kitchen cool (and clean)>
Two things I do to keep my apartment cool include black out curtains which provide insulation keeping the cool air in and the hot air out. There is also a UV film sold at home depot that I put on the sliding glass door to keep the heat out.
Get some good window shades. During the day when the sun is coming in through your windows, close the shades on the sunny side of the house. This will keep a good portion of the heat from the sun out. During the evenings if it is getting cool outside, open windows throughout your house to create a cross-breeze and let nature cool your house for you.
Turn off unused appliances and items that use electricity as tehy give off heat.
I would definitely either keep the window blinds closed or plant lots of trees to provide shade for the house if possible. You could also use one of the window tinting products available to tint your windows as well. Would definitely make sure insulation is installed properly as well, since thats not just a winter thing. You should also have an audit done of your house to find any drafts that will let your cold air out (just like they let the cold air in during the winter).
1) use a fan to circulate air to/from the basement, where it's always cooler.
We hang wet clothes inside inside of using the dryer. The dampness with the wind blowing thru the open windows
1. Fill in water in big mud pot and place it near the sofa where you rest and ensure the window is open, this will ensure the place is cool.
1.plant tree near your home so that house will be cool
To keep our home cool we use a window fan and an oscillating fan in every room in our house. The window fans are in the output position in the morning and in the input position at night. The oscillating fans help circulate the air in the room. The temperature stays about 85 degrees. Our electric bill has gone down from $200 to $80 a month thanks to the fans.
Florida = heat, therefore, I am quite familiar with this topic!
We keep the curtains closed to keep the sun out. We keep all our ceiling fans going and use floor fans to strategically circulate the air from our window ac units. We also keep the plastic we use in the winter to keep the cold air from coming in on all windows that we do not open during the summer. This keeps the cool air from escaping, and by keeping curtains closed, the plastic does not heat the room any more than a window would.
In the morning, keep the sun out by covering windows, keep doors closed, and minimize use of electrical appliances. In the evening you want to open the windows, uncover them, and create an air current with use of fans, (a forgotton one is the fan on your furnace, it will circulate the air and draw cooler air from the basement if you have one). A dehumidifier also helps cool by lowering moisture in the air.
I use tower fans. They are cheaper then installing cealing fans. Also they look better then the old style box fan. I found some at Target for $25.
If you have thermopane (i.e. double paned) windows, do not put any refelcctive coating on the inside, becaus ehtis can cause a heat buildup in the space between teh panes that could cause cracking. Since most homeowner's associations won't allow reflective material on the outside, you can simply *filter* incoming light by cutting open a white trash bag and "stick" it to the window by rbiing it to build up static electricity. A better method is to insert a temporary insulator - this can be done in two ways: 1) carefully measure the interior of the window and use simple 1"X1/2" moulding to build a wooden frame, adjusting the size to allow the addition of some foam-tape insulation (to hold it in the frame), and use bulk double-stick foam tape of each side to affix clear plastic to each side (it can be "prettied up" by attaching thin white molding to the side you'll see); 2) obtain what's called "corrugated plastic", seal the ends with silicone or tape to create "dead air spaces", and surround with foam-tape insulation or gasketting to hold it in the window - but keep in mind that this will obscure the view.
Good tips beacuse this summer is really hot. I will be sure to use this tips this summer. Especially the car tint over the windows.
Here are a couple of tips to keep your home cool in the summer. Maker sure your home is insulated properly. This includes proper insulation in the walls of your home and the attic. Also, check for gaps in the windows and door of your home. If you notice a gap where cool air may escape, repair it or use weather stripping, which can be purchased at your local hardware store.
we have an air conditioner in the living room and we hang a sheet that seperates the dining room and the living room, which keep the living room very cool.
What I like to do is to use air conditioner at night. Keep all the windows closed tightly so that even after your turn off your AC in the morning, the house will stay cool. I also use windows treatment like shades, they allow some lights in and also protection from sunlight.
Planting shade trees around your house can make a big difference in keeping your home cool. Not only do they help filter the air you breath and make a home more inviting, but some studies show that planting trees around your home can reduce your energy bill by 5% while doing so. That's nothing to be scoffed at, plus if your yard if shaded you don't have to worry about sunscreen quite as often.
A good thing to do is to put a reflective type cover over your windows.
Install white window shades, drapes, or blinds to reflect heat away from the house. Close blinds, shades and draperies facing the sun east-facing windows in the morning and west-facing windows in the afternoon to keep the sun's heat out and help fans or air conditioners cool more efficiently. Always remember that the best way to keep your home cool is to keep the heat out.
Avoid dark (deep) colour painting. Fix your air conditioner. Fix your air cooler. Grow trees in surrounding area.
I would say close all windows, blinds, and curtains by 8:00am Keerp all fans going this should keep your home cool. Also do not forget to open everything up in the evenings, and place your fans in the windows to generate cool air.
I suggest listing to Micheal Jackson songs and just not moving at all lay still put alot of fans on and buy a 6 pack of beer and chill. best way to beat the summer heat
I typically wait till 1 or 2 AM, when the outside air is about 10 degrees cooler than the inside. Then I turn off the air conditioner and open up all the windows. I might run fans in individual rooms. That brings the temperature in the house down dramatically. In the morning, I close all the windows and all the shades and run the air conditioner when we are home.
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text:
We at Bollywood Hungama had organised a Meet N Greet with Kalki today. She was a bit nervous as it seemed she hadn't had a direct interaction with her fans before this. Once she started interacting, it went well. Yes she was wearing her Yellow Boots. Later in my interview, we took a few fan questions. It will be interesting to see how her career shapes up considering she has those western looks and maybe there can be limited roles for her. She is super talented and smart at handling herself. Let's wait and watch.
Later in the day I interviewed Tigmanshu Dhulia. For me he'll always be the director of 'Haasil', a superb film on college campus politics and mad love. Irrfan Khan earned recognition through this film and went on to carve a place for himself both in Indian as well as international cinema. Dhulia's next film 'Sahib Biwi Aur Gangster' starring Jimmy Shergill, Randeep Hoods and Mahie Gill is enticing attention. Another film 'Paan Singh Tomar' has been completed for over an year. Dhulia told me that it will now release in March 2012.

domain: artistic


text:
Drawing for a better brain (Sponsored by Knight Foundation)
Can learning to draw improve your writing and reporting skills? Can you, a reporter who is good with words but only able to draw a stick figure, learn to draw? Yes, you can! To prove it, come take this hour-long drawing lesson from a Time Magazine reporter/writer turned professional artist and art teacher. You'll walk away with a finished drawing and a newfound understanding of how exercising the right side of your brain can help you in your professional life. All materials provided. No drawing experience necessary!
Leah Kohlenberg is an artist, art teacher and former journalist who has developed a drawing curriculum that helps improve writing and reporting skills, called "Art for Journalists." She's is an internationally collected painter, and in her former life, worked for news organizations such as Time Magazine and ABCNEWS.com, among others. She teaches art globally, including Thompson Reuters reporters in NY, the REVEAL newsroom in CA, and the Portland Business Journal.
How Drawing Exercises Your Brain
Leah Kohlenberg explains the value of brain exercise through drawing for journalists.


text:
As usual, Rob flinched, but this time he felt a pulse of hope. Maybe it would work if he asked permission to go for a weekend out camping with the boys right now. Father was always in a generous mood when he talked of pleasure.
Work is worship, Father replied instead, handing him a pair of ratty old gloves that did nothing to save his hands from blisters, Get to work, and no breaks till lunchtime. And remember, happiness, my boy! Look alive! He strode out with a crackle of dead leaves under his feet.
Rob got rid of his jacket, set to work.
I’m happy, he said with each stroke, his arms straining as he lifted the hatchet, One day I’ll be truly happy, he continued as he brought it down. The day it is your head right here Father, he said, setting the next log for splitting, that day I would labor like I need nothing else.
If you liked this story you might like some of the stories I wrote for my A to Z last year.
3. Leave a link to you when you comment.
Thanks everyone, again, for the time you took to comment on the piece.
The boy was abused by Father, and I just let the undercurrents remain as they are, to be guessed at bythe reader—I guess when (if) I come back to it again, I'll try and decide if I was too subtle (as Isabella pointed out)
This one describes the generation gap very aptly…be it chopping woods or other things kids don't like to be forced at.
Hope the kid's last thoughts were a mere expression of his anger and frustration and he didn't actually mean them!
Ha nice one! Got the subtle hint of dark intentions/deeds on the dad's part, but wonder if it was maybe too subtle?… Hmmm, still, a very good piece!:)
Fairytale Review: 'Fanta-Ghiro the Beautiful'
Great job Damyanti!
I've always maintained that good, honest, hard work never killed anybody… but your piece lends a twisted meaning to that philosophy!
It had a very creepy third reichish feeling to it…
That glove looks that its really used for a long time 🙂
Egad! What fantastic writing and veeery ominous. The ending positively surprised me. Eerie man! 🙂
I got a sinister feeling when the father stroked Rob's back, rubbed his behind. Off with his head!
The first thing that struck me is that you aren't using quotation marks. I wonder why.
Visiting for the A to Z Challenge. We're doing guest post writing tips.
i had to read it twice…
and even knowing the ending, i was still chilled at the end…
i always say "no one ever said on their deathbed, i wish i had worked one more day, and just a little bit harder"
The father in your story reminds me of my own father! 🙂
Very intense. I sensed his pent-up anger and bitterness.
Now that's some anger issues !! Very apt for Fri 13th !
Awesome! I've felt that way when working as a kid, and I'm sure mine feel that way now! Ha!
Love this moody piece! Thanks for sharing!
Dark story. Very Friday the 13th appropriate.
Yikes! What a cliffhanger! 🙂
Some Dark Romantic
Wow, harsh. Didn't expect that ending. I knew he hated the work he was doing but not that much.
Yes chilling indeed. Reminds me of a drunk that taught the one creative writing class I ever took, he made hints of attraction to young boys – gross.
Chilling – a family secret only hinted at. well done, and a great wrap-up.
wow i guess that is what it means to provoke your children to wrath
Labor lessons for no pay…hard ones to learn especially when the payoff is given and taken as punishment and bitterness….or at least that's my take. I'm sure there's more one could read into the ending. Well done.
OK, your story made me worry. I live in northern Michigan and cutting and stacking wood is a family exercise. Of course, we have a mechanical log splitter, so it should be OK.
My husband is excellent at chopping wood. There is a style to it that involves sliding the hands to get maximum impact. If you do it well, you can also do really good at those hammer games at fairs.
Ooo, that had a dark ending.
Dark story, enjoyed reading it.
Oh, powerful! Very well written–you (meaning me, of course) can definitely feel the emotions of both characters.
Cool story! What a nice way to start my day.


text:
October is the month of the fight against breast cancer. Up to 25% of all cancers in women are breast cancer. In Russia, about 54,000 women hear this diagnosis every year. None of us is immune from this disease, and public awareness around the problem is growing every year: celebrities take part in charity events, women who survived cancer decide to take photos and openly talk about their struggle, and their loved ones turn daily support into social utterance.
In the case of detecting breast cancer at the earliest stages, the probability of recovery is about 94%, therefore it is extremely important to know what kind of disease it is and whether its risk can be reduced, how to recognize cancer in the early stages and when to see a doctor. Our questions are answered by a gynecologist, candidate of medical sciences Tatyana Rumyantseva.
What is breast cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor, which means that it can grow into nearby tissues or spread (metastasize) to other organs. The vast majority of breast cancer cases occur in women, but this disease also occurs in men. The development of breast cancer is a long process that takes years. It all starts with a change in a single cell: it differs in structure from normal cells of the mammary gland, becomes "uncontrollable" - it begins to actively divide, forming a growing tumor. It is believed that with palpation of the mammary gland it is possible to determine formations with a diameter of one centimeter or more, but it takes an average of nine years to reach this size (the growth rate is different for all patients and ranges from two to eighteen years). In some patients, the growth rate is so slow that the tumor will not cause trouble for the rest of their lives.
Breast cancer is the most dangerous of all breast diseases, but benign growths are much more common. They can increase the risk of developing cancer, but by themselves they do not threaten the health of a woman and in most cases do not require treatment. At the same time, it is extremely important to correctly diagnose the condition in order not to miss breast cancer in the early stages. Actress Cynthia Nixon, known for her role in the TV series "Sex and the City", found out that she had breast cancer during another mammogram (her mother had this disease, because Nixon had regular check-ups).
However, with this diagnostic method, it is not always possible to say for sure whether the disease is benign or requires more attention. In many cases, a biopsy is recommended - taking a small piece of breast tissue. It is also almost impossible to predict in advance how a cancer tumor will behave in a particular patient. Without the use of screening (prophylactic) studies, detection of breast cancer is possible only in the later stages. An annual examination cannot guarantee 100% prevention of the disease, but it will significantly increase the patient's chance of recovery due to earlier detection of a tumor.
Although modern preventive measures (we will talk about them later) make it possible to detect breast cancer before any symptoms appear, there are also clinically pronounced forms - from gland lumps and swelling to skin retraction and thinning, redness, and so on. In some cases, the disease spreads to the lymph nodes in the armpit or in the clavicle and causes them to enlarge or harden even before the tumor in the breast itself grows and can be felt.The listed symptoms can also be detected in benign formations, but if any of them appear, a thorough examination is necessary.
How to Minimize Your Risk of Disease
Immediately, we note that these factors increase the likelihood of the disease, but do not cause it. Most women have one or two risk factors for breast cancer, but they will never have breast cancer. Conversely, breast cancer patients do not have any of the known risk factors other than gender or age. One way or another, it is important for everyone to know about these markers. There are indicators that cannot be influenced. In addition to gender, it is also age: the older the woman, the higher the risk of developing breast cancer (approximately 12.5% of cases are recorded in women under 45 years old, and after 55 years - about 66% of all cases). The average age of male patients is 68 years. In addition to common risk factors - from family history and gene mutations to obesity or radiation treatment - they also have specific ones, such as Klinefelter's syndrome and some testicular diseases.
Heredity also plays a role: 5-10% of breast cancer cases are associated with mutations in genes, the most studied and significant of which are BRCA1 and BRCA2. When they are detected, the risk is about 50%. Today, tests can be done to identify mutations in these genes. It is important to remember that detecting a mutation is not a diagnosis, but a sign of an increased likelihood of developing cancer. This is also influenced by a burdened family history: if a mother, sister or daughter has been diagnosed with breast cancer, the woman's risk of developing the disease doubles; if the disease affects two close relatives, the risk triples. Caucasian women are most prone to this disease. Among the risk factors are some benign diseases of the mammary glands, and early onset of menstruation (before 12 years), and late menopause (after 55 years). It has been proven that the level of female sex hormones estrogen and breast cancer are closely related: the longer estrogens act on breast tissue and the higher the level of these hormones in the blood, the higher the risk of breast cancer. Moreover, estrogens are able to accelerate the growth of cancer cells that have already appeared.
If a mother, sister, or daughter has been diagnosed with breast cancer, the woman's risk of developing the disease doubles; if the disease affects two close relatives, the risk triples
There are also risk factors associated with lifestyle, and they just can be influenced. Many of these are also determined by the level of estrogen production. Adipose tissue is capable of producing these hormones, therefore, with a significant amount in the body, the effect of estrogen on the tissues increases - even after menopause, when the ovaries stop producing this hormone. According to research results, the absence of pregnancy and lactation also increases this indicator. Many people avoid oral contraceptives for fear of cancer, but this caution is not entirely justified. To summarize the available research, it does appear that women who take hormonal contraceptives have an increased risk of developing breast cancer compared to those who have never used them. True, this increase is insignificant (only 1.08 times), and after stopping the use of contraceptives, the risk of developing breast cancer returns to its initial value.
Taking hormonal drugs after menopause to replace hormones previously produced by the ovaries also slightly increases the risk of developing breast cancer, while taking estrogen drugs without progesterone does not increase the chances of getting sick. In addition, alcohol abuse and physical inactivity are among the risk factors. In turn, even small, but regular exercise has a beneficial effect on predisposition: for example, regular walking at a fast pace (only 75-150 minutes per week) reduces the risk of developing breast cancer by 18%.The influence of some phenomena on the development of breast cancer remains unclear: among them, chemical carcinogens in cosmetics or smoking. Despite numerous studies, the link between these substances and breast cancer remains speculative, but not proven. There are also obvious myths: antiperspirant use, underwired push-up bras, medical abortion, silicone implants, and topless tanning do not lead to breast cancer.
What methods of prevention and diagnosis are the most effective
There is no 100% effective way to prevent breast cancer, but there are ways to reduce your risk of developing the disease. Minimize alcohol intake, eat plenty of vegetables and fruits, create a balanced diet for yourself with a restriction of fatty and fried, monitor its total calorie content in order to prevent an excessive increase in body mass index. Exercise: 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week can help reduce your risk of illness.
If a woman is at risk, there are several ways to reduce it. First you need to consult with a specialist before deciding which method to choose and whether there is a need for it. Today you can undergo genetic testing, which will determine by a blood test whether you have mutations in the BRCA genes. These mutations cannot appear or go away during life, so testing is possible at any age, so a single analysis is sufficient. However, the result of genetic testing does not allow us to make an unambiguous conclusion: the absence of a mutation does not guarantee the absence of cancer, just as the presence of a mutation does not guarantee its development.
There are hormonal medications to reduce the risk of breast cancer. They have many side effects, and therefore they should only be used in very high risk groups after careful examination and under the supervision of doctors. Women at high risk of developing cancer may opt for mastectomy (removal of the breast) or oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries) as a preventive measure, as did actress Angelina Jolie and journalist Masha Gessen. We had material about the features and pitfalls of these procedures. It is important to understand that even in the case of a high risk, there can be no certainty that a woman will develop breast cancer, while postoperative recovery and possible side effects can be quite severe in both physiological and psychological terms. In any case, the decision to carry out such an intervention remains with the patient and his doctor.
The main methods for examining the mammary glands are mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mammography - an X-ray of the mammary glands - is a generally accepted option for early detection of breast cancer and allows you to identify the tumor even before it reaches palpable size. Although mammography is not 100% sensitive, it can reduce breast cancer deaths by 15-20%. During mammography, the body is exposed to radiation, but its dose is significantly lower than in standard X-ray equipment, and also almost 10 times lower than the radiation that we encounter in a year of our life without any medical intervention.
Women who are at extremely high risk of developing cancer may prefer mastectomy or oophorectomy as a preventive measure
In case of pregnancy, at the time of the examination, it is necessary to notify the doctor about this: although the risk to the baby is minimal, mammography is usually not performed during pregnancy. Do not schedule your mammogram the week before your period. the procedure can be uncomfortable and the interpretation of the results can be difficult.Doctors also advise against using deodorant on the day of the procedure: some of them can leave marks on the skin, which will be visible in the picture as spots.
There are drawbacks to mammography as well. According to various sources, X-rays "miss" from 6 to 46% of breast cancer cases. There is also a danger of "false positive" results: in addition to groundless excitement, the result will be further unnecessary examinations, often costly. Plus, mammography often reveals benign changes that do not appear in the patient in any way and do not threaten her life. In many cases, if they are found, doctors may prescribe hypertreatment, including surgery.
Another diagnostic method, ultrasound, is most often used for additional visualization of changes detected during mammography. The most reliable method of examination is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): the sensitivity of the device reaches 97-100%. MRI helps to detect more cases of cancer than mammography, but it is worth remembering an important disadvantage of the method: it shows many more "false positive" results (about 60% of cases).
Preventive examinations are shown for all women, regardless of the risk group. True, the recommendations regarding the frequency of the survey differ not only in different countries, but sometimes within the same country. For example, in the United States, the College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends an annual examination for women 40 years and older, while the American Cancer Society shows an annual examination for women 45-54 years old, and for women 55 years and older - every two years. … In Russia, this issue is regulated by two orders of the Ministry of Health, and although the recommendations in these documents also differ, the main method of preventive examination, mammography, remains in common.
Why and how exactly you need to independently examine the breast
In about 20% of cases, breast cancer is detected not by mammography, but by palpation (probing) of the breast by the woman herself or by the doctor, therefore it would be good to introduce regular self-examination into the habit of each of us. Palpation should be performed once a month, the optimal time for this is a few days after the end of menstruation. At this time, the presence of swelling and soreness in the chest area is least likely. After menopause, it is convenient to choose the first or last day of the month. It is important to remember that most lumps in the breasts are benign, besides, the density and heterogeneity of the tissue can be different in different places, new nodules and lumps within the normal range may appear during the menstrual cycle. Attention is demanded by those formations that are felt throughout the entire cycle. In any case, if you are feeling the breast for the first time and you are not sure whether your feelings are normal, be sure to contact a specialist - a mammologist or gynecologist.
For men, palpation and physical examination are the main methods of examination, but mammography is not recommended: for male patients, the study is not so informative. In men, breast cancer manifests itself very quickly, since the volume of the tissue of the gland itself is very small, so that the tumor is either easily palpated or visually visible. In such cases, it is better to contact a surgeon, mammologist or endocrinologist (usually you have to go through all of them), and if a malignant tumor is detected, an oncologist will take care of it. Be that as it may, the earlier the education is identified, the more chances to avoid serious consequences.
Photos: photoprofi30 - stock.adobe.com, Mamuka Gotsiridze - stock.adobe.com, Jiri Hera - stock.adobe.com

domain: medical


Second person infected by West Nile virus in Monmouth
WALL Monmouth County will spray for mosquitoes tonight in Belmar, Wall and Spring Lake Heights as state reports show a second person in the county has tested positive for West Nile virus.
In its most recent report, the New Jersey Department of Health lists a second confirmed cased of West Nile virus in Monmouth County. The first was a Wall woman who died on Sept. 9.
It's not clear where in Monmouth County the second confirmed case happened. The person is still alive, according to the state report. Overall, New Jersey has had 16 confirmed human cases of West Nile virus, including two fatalities.
While there has not been a human case, Ocean County has had seven birds and 21 mosquito pools positive for West Nile virus, according to the state report.
Monmouth County had multiple sames of the Culex mosquito pools test positive for West Nile virus in the area since it sprayed on Sept. 9 in Wall and Spring Lake Heights, a county spokesman Tricia Wajda wrote in an email.
"While these mosquitoes are typically non-aggressive, this indicates that the virus is still in the area and the County is spraying again as a precaution," she wrote.
Monmouth County Regional Health Commission has also sent a dead bird to be tested for West Nile virus, Health Officer David Henry said. Four birds have already tested positive for West Nile virus in Monmouth County so far this season, according to state health records.
The ground spraying operations will happen from 9:30 p.m. until 12:30 a.m. in the following areas:
- residential streets from 16th Avenue north to 11th Avenue and west of the railroad in Belmar
- residential streets north of Allaire Road between Old Mill Road and Route 71 in Spring Lake Heights
- residential streets south of the Belmar border, north of the Spring Lake Heights border and between Route 35 and the railroad in Wall.
As a precaution, residents and their pets should remain inside during the spraying. The spraying will not take place if there is excessive wind or bad weather.
The pesticides used are Duet and Zenivex. More information about them are available at the county's website, www.visitmonmouth.com.
West Nile virus is transmitted to humans from the bite of an infected mosquito, which contracts the virus from infected birds, according to the state Health Department.
Henry warned that mosquitoes continue to bite until the first frost of the season and residents should take precautions to prevent mosquito bites.
Most people bitten by infected mosquitoes don't develop symptoms. But symptoms can develop within five to 15 days of a mosquito bite. About 20 percent of people infected with West Nile virus may experience low-grade fever, headache and swollen lymph glands, according to information from the Monmouth County Regional Health Commission. More severe symptoms include high fever, stiff neck, muscle weakness, disorientation and brain inflammation.
Residents can reduce their risk of contracting West Nile virus by wearing insect repellent, long-sleeved shirts and pants, and avoiding outdoor activity at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
Officials also asks residents to remove standing water in and around their property to eliminate mosquito breeding areas. That can include water from discarded tires, blocked gutters, dirty bird baths and other containers with decaying organic material.


text:
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text:
One of just a few books on the subject, Mosaic of Winnipeg Street Names, by Jaroslav Bohdan Rudnyckyj, was published by the Canadian Institute of Onomastic Sciences (now the Canadian Society for the Study of Names) in 1974, as a way of marking Winnipeg’s centennial year. Rudnyckyj was a Canadian linguist whose speciality was etymology and onomastics (or onomatology; the study of names). While Mosaic of Winnipeg Street Names, which inspired this post, contains the history and explanations behind many street names in Winnipeg, this post will go beyond that; it will also consider statistical and geographical properties of streets.
In keeping with the previous Winnipeg Trivia post, some of the questions that have come to mind are the extremes – the shortest and longest street names, the shortest and longest streets, the most valuable street. Some questions depart from that theme, of course. There are any number of questions that can be considered, but I have again limited myself to a fairly standard ten items.
As with the previous post, one of the obstacles of determining these kinds of facts is having adequate data. Thankfully, again, the City of Winnipeg has created an Open Data Portal (data.winnipeg.ca) which provides sufficient data for producing answers.
The data used to arrive at the ten facts below is from the road network (City of Winnipeg, 2020a) and assessment parcel (City of Winnipeg, 2020b) datasets. Given that these datasets are updated every so often, it should be noted that the road network and assessment parcel datasets I used were downloaded on April 12, 2020.
Longest street name
The longest street name in Winnipeg is Jean-Baptiste Lavoie Place, in the Maginot neighbourhood, at 20 characters long excluding the street type. Dr. Michael K. Grace Way, in the Peguis neighbourhood, is also 20 characters long without the street type. However, including the street type in the length calculation allows for the tie to be broken (26 characters versus 24 characters, including spaces). According to the City of Winnipeg’s Planning, Property & Development document on street naming (2018a, para. 8): “street names should not generally exceed 20 characters in length, including spaces between words, but not including cardinal direction letters and abbreviations for street types.”
In contrast, the longest street name in the world is possibly Dwudziestego Pierwszego Praskiego Pułku Piechoty imienia Dzieci Warszawy, in Warsaw, Poland, at 72 characters long, including spaces (Mason, 2005; Portal Płock, 2017). The approximate translation from Polish is “Twenty First Prague Infantry Regiment named after Children of Warsaw.” That said, the street appears on Google Maps as “21 Pułku Piechoty Dzieci Warszawy”.
Shortest street name
The shortest street name in Winnipeg is Rh Way, at the University of Manitoba, at 2 characters long excluding the street type. It’s also the only street with two letters in its name. Rh Way is named for the research conducted by Bert Friesen, which was directed towards eliminating Rh disease, where blood Rh factors differ between a mother and her baby (Davies, 2019).
The shortest street name in the world is technically 0 characters, and belongs to any number of streets lacking official names. A good example of that would be streets in Arctic communities in Canada, such as Sanikiluaq (CBC News, 2015, para. 2). The next shortest would be a single character. There are a number of examples worldwide, but a notable one would be several streets in Washington, D.C., USA. Washington, D.C. uses an alphabet system (though, skipping some letters) for its east-west streets (Johnson, 2009) – for example, K Street.
This depends on what is considered a street. Under consideration are streets that are entirely within city limits, maintained by the city, and without name changes (e.g. Grant Avenue to Roblin Boulevard).
The portion of the Perimeter Highway (Provincial Trunk Highways (PTH) 100 and 101) within city limits is the longest non-contiguous length of road in the dataset. However, it is not maintained by the City of Winnipeg, but rather Manitoba Infrastructure. It is also not entirely within city limits. The longest non-contiguous street maintained by the City, and entirely within city limits, is Waverly Street at 18,455 meters long. The longest contiguous street maintained by the City, and entirely within city limits, is Lagimodiere Boulevard at 18,279 meters long.
For several years, the Guinness Book of World Records listed Yonge Street, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, as being the longest street in the world, at 1,896,290 meters (Young, 1998, p. 81). In 1999, however, this record was removed (Perra, 2011, para. 3). In reality, the portion of Yonge Street within Toronto city limits is 17,811 meters long. Other claims as to the longest street in the world include Western Avenue, in Chicago, Illinois, USA, at 38,463 meters long (e.g. Leroux & Reardon, 2008).
This again depends on what is considered a street. The streets under consideration are entirely inside city limits and are maintained by the City. Streets that do not have an exit (i.e. only one inlet or outlet) are included. In the dataset, cul-de-sacs are represented by a single line (as opposed to a loop, particularly in the case of those with central ‘islands’). This tends to under-measure the length of the street. Streets that are cul-de-sacs (denoted by e.g. “Court”, “Place”, “Cove”) were re-measured as loops.
The shortest street is Riverside Drive East, in the Point Road neighbourhood (Fort Garry), at 36.06 meters. A close second is Habitat Place in the Lord Selkirk Park neighbourhood (Point Douglas), at 38 meters.
The shortest street without addresses is Wood Street, in the Osborne Village neighbourhood, at 41.55 meters. (The street signs for Bell Ave and Wood St appear to be switched, going by the dataset.) A close second is Behnke Road in the Worthington neighbourhood (St. Vital), at 41.8 meters. The dataset reports the length as 21.95 meters, though the paved area is quite a bit longer than that.
There is another short street in the dataset that lacks addresses: Moody Street. However, it does not, strictly speaking, exist. It was amongst a number of streets created in 1907, in preparation for a housing development but, as a City of Winnipeg Rights-of-Way Closing (DAC) application notes, the “rights-of-way have never been paved or used for any other public purpose” (City of Winnipeg, 2007, p. 7).
In comparison, the shortest street in the world is Ebenezer Place in Wick, Caithness, Scotland, UK, at 2.05 meters (Glenday, 2008, p. 83). Despite its length the street has one address, 1 Ebenezer Place, which is home to a restaurant called No 1 Bistro (BBC News, 2006, para. 2; Reincke, 2013, p. 532).
Single length of road with the most name changes
A continuous length of road not broken by any turns that also has the most name changes. Turns are departures from the flow of traffic requiring the use of a turn signal. Lane changes are not counted as turns, but merges are. A simple example of this is the transition from Grant Avenue to Roblin Boulevard. More substantial examples are Riddle Avenue to Denson Place to Wolever Avenue, or Brookside Boulevard to Oak Point Highway to King Edward Street to King Edward Street East to Century Street to Academy Road to Sherbrook Street. The most name changes for a single length of road is the sequence of: Dakota Street, Dunkirk Drive, Osborne Street, Osborne Street North, Memorial Boulevard, Colony Street, Balmoral Street, Isabel Street, Salter Street (for a total of nine names, excluding bridges).
Number of street types
The Statistics Canada Road Network File Reference Guide lists a total of 170 street types (2019a, pp. 10-14). There are quite a few street types that Winnipeg does not have, though some may be used in the future (e.g. knoll), while others are unlikely to ever be used (e.g. wharf). In total, there are 40 street types currently used in Winnipeg (though, the dataset lists 35). The most common are (unsurprisingly) Street (788), Avenue (758), and Place (528). The least common include Common (1), Freeway (1), Garden (1), Hill (1), Run (1), Cercle (1), Green (1), Meadow (1), Stroll (1), and Mews (1).
There are a number of streets in Winnipeg that do not have a street type. A notable example is Broadway. A webpage of the Manitoba Historical Society notes that Broadway was created in 1873 and was “named by the Hudson’s Bay Company as the primary east-west thoroughfare through its Reserve in Winnipeg” (Goldsborough & Kramer, 2020). Rudnyckyj seems to refer to Broadway as Broadway Avenue (1974, p. 42), as do several maps of Winnipeg in the first half of the 20th century, however, its official name is still simply Broadway. Other streets that do not have a street type include: Sturgeon Access, Wayfarer’s Haven, Blairmore Gardens, Kingsway, The Glen, The Promenade (denoted on signs as “Portage Place Promenade”), or the one-way streets Eastway and Westway. Despite their names, West Gate, Middle Gate, and East Gate (all in Armstrong Point) do not have a street type – both the dataset and the street signs indicate that “Gate” is part of the street name. On the other hand, Appleford Gate is an example of a street that does in fact have a street type of “Gate”.
There are a few streets that the dataset appears to incorrectly label as having no street type – that is, the street sign itself indicates a street type. For example: Cercle Moliere (the street type is “Cercle”), Kinsbourne Green (“Green”), Millwood Meadow (“Meadow”), Southlawn Stroll (“Stroll”), Ruines du Monastere (the street sign has “Rue Des Ruines du Monastere St”), and lastly both Craglea Corner and Crittenden Corner (“Corner”). Interestingly, “Corner” is not listed in the Road Network File Reference Guide (though, “Corners” is).
Total number of streets in Winnipeg
This question could be re-phrased as “how many unique street names are there?”, as an underlying assumption is that street names in Winnipeg are unique. Given that assumption, there are in total 4,729 streets in Winnipeg.
In comparison, New York City, New York, USA, has 10,522 streets (City of New York, 2020), Los Angeles, California, USA, has 11,096 streets (City of Los Angeles, 2020), Chicago, Illinois, USA, has 2,077 (City of Chicago, 2017), and Paris, France, has 6,513 (Ville de Paris – Direction de l’Urbanisme, 2020).
Total length of all roads in Winnipeg
There are few different ways this question could be answered.
A City of Winnipeg Public Works web page states that there are: “1720 lane-kilometers of Regional streets, 5030 lane-kilometers of Local and Collector streets, 900 lane-kilometers of alleys” (2020c, para. 1). (NB: A kilometer of road with two lanes is 2 lane-kilometers.) On the other hand, a City of Winnipeg infrastructure report stated that Winnipeg has 1,939 lane-kilometers of regional streets and 5,396 lane-kilometers of local streets, which excludes alleys (2018b, p. 6). This would indicate that the streets of Winnipeg have a total length of between 6,750,000 lane-meters and 7,335,000 lane-meters (excluding alleys).
Adding up the length of all streets in the dataset, which does not consider lanes, results in an answer of 3,164,107 meters. The mean street length is 669 meters and the median length is 345 meters. However, as an example, this does include streets that do not technically exist (e.g. Moody Street; see “Shortest street” above). Thus, the answer is not completely accurate.
As an approximate comparison, Canada as a whole has about 1,126,000,000 two–lane equivalent meters of public roads (Statistics Canada, 2019b, p. 99). Of that, Manitoba represents 7.8% (or 87,800,000 two–lane equivalent meters). Despite being 3.78% of the land area of Canada, Japan has 1,222,319,000 meters of public roads (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism – Road Bureau, 2018, p. 3).
Street with the highest mean value of residences
The definition of a home used here is one whose property use code (PUC) was one of the following:
- RESDU – DUPLEX
- RESMC – MULTIFAMILY CONVERSION
- RESRH – ROW HOUSING
- RESSD – DETACHED SINGLE DWELLING
- RESSS – SIDE BY SIDE
- RESTR – TRIPLEX
As could be expected, streets vary in the number of homes associated with them. To balance out that effect, several thresholds were examined. The values used here are the assessed values, from the parcel dataset. The results were the following:
|> 5||Kerslake Place||1,362,000||6||821,000||3,174,000|
|> 10||Rose Lake Court||1,209,285||21||870,000||1,417,000|
|> 25||Handsart Boulevard||1,121,568||44||420,000||3,330,000|
|> 100||Park Boulevard||1,070,280||139||479,000||4,753,000|
|> 200||Wellington Crescent||807,133||233||241,000||2,800,000|
*The values of several homes on Wellington Crescent are not available.
Though not a direct comparison, what may be the most exclusive street in the world is that of 57th Street, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York, USA (Warren, 2020, para. 3). 57th Street, which is considered as part of a “mini-neighbourhood” called Billionaires’ Row, has seen an average real estate sale value of $38.5 million USD since 2015 (Warren, 2020, para. 4).
Street with the highest total value of property
The street for which the total combined assessed values of all addresses is the highest is Portage Avenue, at $2,691,032,000. The total number of addresses is 529. If the addresses from Portage Avenue East are excluded (removing 8 addresses), the total combined assessed values of all addresses on Portage Avenue is $2,666,321,000.
This sum is greatly increased by the presence of Polo Park shopping mall (CF [Cadillac Fairview] Polo Park) which, at an assessed value of $691,663,000, is the highest value property in Winnipeg. In comparison to other large malls, this is a relative bargain. As an example, West Edmonton Mall is currently assessed at a value of $1,266,911,500 (City of Edmonton, 2020).
Portage Avenue was named in 1880; Rudnyckyj writes of it: “According to Hislop, ‘Portage Avenue is said to be the longest street in the world, having a well defined tract of over 800 miles, being the oldest trail to Edmonton'” (Rudnyckyj, 1974, p. 245). According to the Manitoba Historical Society, however, Portage Avenue was named for the fact that “it was the road to the town of Portage la Prairie, west of Winnipeg” (Goldsborough & Kramer, 2020).
BBC News. (2006, November 1). Street measures up to new record. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6101968.stm
CBC News. (2015, March 4). No street names, but Street View for Sanikiluaq, Nunavut. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/no-street-names-but-street-view-for-sanikiluaq-nunavut-1.2981217
City of Chicago. (July 11, 2017). Street center lines [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved from https://data.cityofchicago.org/Transportation/Street-Center-Lines/6imu-meau
City of Edmonton. (2020). Property assessment data (current calendar year) [CSV]. Retrieved from https://data.edmonton.ca/City-Administration/Property-Assessment-Data-Current-Calendar-Year-/q7d6-ambg
City of New York. (September 3, 2020). NYC street centerline (CSCL) [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved from https://data.cityofnewyork.us/City-Government/NYC-Street-Centerline-CSCL-/exjm-f27b
City of Winnipeg. (2007, October 24). Council regular meeting minutes. Retrieved from http://clkapps.winnipeg.ca/DMIS/ViewPdf.asp?SectionId=196763
City of Winnipeg. (2018a, March 6). Street naming. Retrieved from https://www.winnipeg.ca/ppd/LandDevelopment/StreetNaming.stm
City of Winnipeg. (2018b). 2018 State of the infrastructure report. Retrieved from https://www.winnipeg.ca/infrastructure/pdfs/State-of-Infrastructure-Report-2018.pdf
City of Winnipeg. (2020a). Road network [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved April 12, 2020, from https://data.winnipeg.ca/City-Planning/Road-Network/2eba-wm4h
City of Winnipeg. (2020b). Map of assessment parcels [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved April 12, 2020, from https://data.winnipeg.ca/Assessment-Taxation-Corporate/Map-of-Assessment-Parcels/rt7t-3m4mOpens in new window.
City of Winnipeg. (2020c, February 7). Transportation. Retrieved from https://winnipeg.ca/publicworks/trafficControl/default.stm
City of Los Angeles. (September 4, 2020). Street centerline [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved from https://data.lacity.org/A-Livable-and-Sustainable-City/Street-Centerline/7j4e-nn4z
Davies, J. (2019, February 7). Meet biotechnological entrepreneur, Bert Friesen. Retrieved from https://www.sci.umanitoba.ca/chemistry/news-and-events/news/meet-biotechnological-entrepreneur-bert-friesen-bsc-hons-69-msc-71-phd-81-who-helped-eliminate-rh-disease
Glenday, C. (2008). Guinness world records 2008. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Goldsborough, G., & Kramer, N. (2020, May 5). History in Winnipeg streets. Retrieved from http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/winnipegstreets/index.shtml
Johnson, M. (2009, August 7). Washington’s systemic streets. Retrieved from https://ggwash.org/view/2530/washingtons-systemic-streets
Leroux, C., & Reardon, P. T. (2008, July 27). Taking city’s pulse on a 24-mile artery. Retrieved from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-07-27-0807260719-story.html.
Mason, C. (2005, November 24). The world’s longest street name. Retrieved from http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long187.html
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism – Road Bureau. (2018). Roads in Japan 2018. Retrieved from https://www.mlit.go.jp/road/road_e/pdf/ROAD2018web.pdf
Perra, M. (2011, April 14). The ‘myth’ of Yonge Street being the world’s longest road lives on. Retrieved from https://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/dailybrew/myth-yonge-street-being-world-longest-road-lives-20110414-124435-380.html
Portal Płock. (2017, July 14). Radna: Mieszkańcy nie chcą nowej nazwy ulicy. Jest za długa. Retrieved from https://portalplock.pl/pl/11_wiadomosci/15989_radna-mieszkancy-nie-chca-nowej-nazwy-ulicy-jest-za-dluga.html
Reincke, M. (2013). Schottland. Germany: Baedeker.
Rudnyckyj, J. B. (1974). Mosaic of Winnipeg street names. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canadian Institute of Onomastic Sciences.
Statistics Canada. (2019a, November 13). Road network file, reference guide, 2019. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/92-500-g/92-500-g2019001-eng.pdf
Statistics Canada. (2019b). Transportation in Canada 2019 – Statistical addendum. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada.
Ville de Paris – Direction de l’Urbanisme. (September 6, 2020). Linéaires des voies [ESRI Shapefile]. Retrieved from https://opendata.paris.fr/explore/dataset/voie/information/
Warren, K. (2020, January 8). The 10 most expensive streets in the world, ranked. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2019-12
Young, M. C. (1998). Guinness book of world records 1998. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

domain: geography