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Cabinda (red), excwave of Angowa
|Awvor Agreement||15 January 1975|
|• Governor||Eugénio Laborinho|
|• Vice-Governor for de Economicaw Sector||Macário Romão Lembe|
|• Vice-Governor for de Powiticaw and Sociaw Sector||Awberto Paca Zuzi Macosso|
|• Vice-Governor for Technicaw Services and Infrastructures||Joaqwim Dumba Mawichi|
|• Totaw||7,270 km2 (2,810 sq mi)|
|ISO 3166 code||AO-CAB|
Cabinda (awso spewwed Kabinda, formerwy cawwed Portuguese Congo, known wocawwy as Tchiowa) is an excwave and province of Angowa, a status dat has been disputed by severaw powiticaw organizations in de territory. The capitaw city is awso cawwed Cabinda. The province is divided into four municipawities—Bewize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo.
Modern Cabinda is de resuwt of a fusion of dree kingdoms: N'Goyo, Loango and Kakongo. It has an area of 7,270 km2 (2,810 sq mi) and a popuwation of 688,285 (2014 census). According to 1988 United States government statistics, de totaw popuwation of de province was 147,200, wif a near even spwit between ruraw and urban popuwations. At one point an estimated one dird of Cabindans were refugees wiving in de Democratic Repubwic of de Congo; however, after de 2007 peace agreement, refugees started returning to deir homes.
Cabinda is separated from de rest of Angowa by a narrow strip of territory bewonging to de Democratic Repubwic of de Congo, which bounds de province on de souf and de east. Cabinda is bounded on de norf by de Repubwic of de Congo, and on de west by de Atwantic Ocean. Adjacent to de coast are some of de wargest offshore oiw fiewds in de worwd. Petroweum expworation began in 1954 wif de Cabinda Guwf Oiw Company, when de territory was under Portuguese ruwe.
Cabinda awso produces hardwoods, coffee, cacao, rubber, and pawm oiw products; however, petroweum production accounts for most of Cabinda's domestic product. Cabinda produces 700,000 barrews (110,000 m3) of crude oiw per day.[when?] Cabinda Oiw is associated wif Sonangow, Agip Angowa Lda (41%), Chevron (39.2%), Totaw (10%) and Eni (9.8%).
In 1885, de Treaty of Simuwambuco estabwished Cabinda as a protectorate of de Portuguese Empire, and Cabindan independence movements consider de occupation of de territory by Angowa iwwegaw. Whiwe de Angowan Civiw War wargewy ended in 2002, an armed struggwe persists in de excwave of Cabinda. Some of de factions have procwaimed an independent Repubwic of Cabinda, wif offices in Paris.
- 1 History
- 2 Economy
- 3 Municipawities
- 4 Secessionism
- 5 Geowogy
- 6 List of Governors of Cabinda
- 7 See awso
- 8 References
- 9 Externaw winks
Portuguese expworers, missionaries and traders arrived at de mouf of de Congo River in de mid-15f century, making contact wif de Manikongo, de powerfuw King of de Bakongo tribe. The Manikongo controwwed much of de region drough affiwiation wif smawwer kingdoms, such as de Kingdoms of Ngoyo, Loango and Kakongo in present-day Cabinda.
Over de years, de Portuguese, Dutch, and Engwish estabwished trading posts, wogging camps and smaww pawm oiw processing factories in Cabinda. Trade continued and de European presence grew, resuwting in confwicts between de rivaw cowoniaw powers.
Portugaw first cwaimed sovereignty over Cabinda in de February 1885 Treaty of Simuwanbuco, which gave Cabinda de status of a protectorate of de Portuguese Crown under de reqwest of "de princes and governors of Cabinda". This is often de basis upon which de wegaw and historicaw arguments in defense of de sewf-determination of modern-day Cabinda are constructed. Articwe 1, for exampwe, states, "de princes and chiefs and deir successors decware, vowuntariwy, deir recognition of Portuguese sovereignty, pwacing under de protectorate of dis nation aww de territories by dem governed" [sic]. Articwe 2, which is often used in separatist arguments, goes even furder: "Portugaw is obwiged to maintain de integrity of de territories pwaced under its protection". The Front for de Liberation of de Encwave of Cabinda (FLEC-R) argues dat de above-mentioned treaty was signed between de emissaries of de Portuguese Crown and de princes and notabwes of Cabinda, den cawwed Portuguese Congo, giving rise to not one, but dree protectorates: Cacongo, Loango, and Ngoio.
Through de Treaty of Simuwambuco in 1885 between de kings of Portugaw and Cabinda's princes, a Portuguese protectorate was decreed, reserving rights to de wocaw princes and independent of Angowa. Cabinda once had de Congo River as de onwy naturaw boundary wif Angowa, but in 1885, de Conference of Berwin extended de Congo Free State's territory awong de Congo River to de river's mouf at de sea.
Administrative merger wif Angowa
By de mid-1920s, de borders of Angowa had been finawwy estabwished in negotiations wif de neighboring cowoniaw powers and from den on, Cabinda was treated as part of dis cowony.
The Portuguese constitution of 1933 distinguished between de cowony of Angowa and de protectorate of Cabinda but in 1956 de administration of Cabinda was transferred to de governor-generaw of Angowa. The wegaw distinction of Cabinda's status from dat of Angowa was awso expressed in de Portuguese constitution of 1971. Yet, when Angowa was decwared an "overseas province" (Província Uwtramarina) widin de empire of Portugaw in 1951 (in 1972 de name was changed to "State of Angowa") Cabinda was treated as an ordinary district of Angowa.
Under Portuguese ruwe, Cabinda was an important agricuwturaw and forestry center, and in 1967 it discovered huge offshore oiw fiewds. Oiw, timber, and cocoa had been its main exports untiw den, uh-hah-hah-hah. The town of Cabinda, de capitaw of de territory, was a Portuguese administrative and services center wif a port and airfiewd. The beaches of Cabinda were popuwar wif Portuguese Angowans.
After independence of Angowa from Portugaw
A 1974 miwitary coup in Lisbon abowished de audoritarian regime estabwished by António de Owiveira Sawazar dat had prevaiwed in Portugaw for decades. The new government decided immediatewy to grant aww Portuguese cowonies de independence for which nationawist gueriwwa movements had been striving. In Angowa, de decowonization process took de form of a viowent confwict between de different gueriwwa movements and deir awwies. In 1975 de Treaty of Awvor between Portugaw and Nationaw Liberation Front of Angowa (FNLA), Peopwe's Movement for de Liberation of Angowa (MPLA) and Nationaw Union for de Totaw Independence of Angowa (UNITA) reconfirmed Cabinda's status as part of Angowa. The treaty was rejected by de Front for de Liberation of de Encwave of Cabinda and oder wocaw powiticaw organizations which advocated of separate independence. Since den, Cabinda has been, on de one hand, a normaw Angowan province, but on de oder hand, dere has been persistent powiticaw protest against dis status; de "Kabinda Free State" says de excwave was a Portuguese protectorate untiw Angowa invaded in 1974. They awso say dey controw 85% of Kabinda territory and invite proposaws for joint ventures. A number of guerriwwa actions have awso occurred in Cabinda.
Consisting wargewy of tropicaw forest, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee, cocoa, crude rubber, and pawm oiw. The product for which it is best known, however, is its oiw. Conservative estimates say dat Cabinda accounts for cwose to 60% of Angowa’s oiw production, estimated at approximatewy 900,000 barrews per day (140,000 m3/d), and it is estimated dat oiw exports from de province are worf de eqwivawent of US$100,000 per annum for every Cabindan, uh-hah-hah-hah. Yet Cabinda remains one of de poorest provinces in Angowa. An agreement in 1996 between de nationaw and provinciaw governments stipuwated dat 10% of Cabinda’s taxes on oiw revenues wouwd be given back to de province, but Cabindans often feew dat dese revenues do not benefit de popuwation as a whowe, wargewy because of corruption, uh-hah-hah-hah. The private sector, particuwarwy de oiw industry, has bof affected and been affected by de secessionist confwict. During de earwy days of Cabinda's struggwe, de oiw companies were perceived as sympadetic to, if not supportive of, Cabinda’s sewf-determination cause. The strategy used by de separatists to gain internationaw attention, was most evident in 1999 and 2000. During 1999, FLEC-R kidnapped four foreign workers (two Portuguese and two French citizens), but reweased dem after severaw monds, having faiwed to attract de attention of de internationaw community. FLEC-FAC awso increased its activities during 2000 wif de more widewy-pubwicized kidnapping of dree Portuguese workers empwoyed by a construction company, whiwe FLEC-R kidnapped anoder five Portuguese civiwians. These hostages were not freed untiw June 2001, fowwowing dipwomatic intervention by de governments of Gabon and Congo-Brazzaviwwe.
Cabinda is sub-divided into 4 municipawities, wisted bewow wif deir areas (in km2) and popuwations (in brackets) at de 2014 Census:
- Cabinda (city) 1,823 km2 (598,210)
- Cacongo 1,732 km2 (36,778)
- Buco-Zau 2,115 km2 (33,843)
- Bewize 1,600 km2 (19,454)
Ednic grounds for sewf-determination
The arguments for sewf-determination are based on Cabindans' cuwturaw and ednic background. Prior to de Treaty of Simuwambuco, dree kingdoms existed in what is now referred to as Cabinda: Cacongo, Ngoyo, and Loango. The Cabindans bewong to de Bakongo ednic group whose wanguage is Kikongo. The Bakongo awso comprise de majority of de popuwation in Uíge and Zaire provinces of Angowa. However, despite dis shared ancestry, de Cabindans devewoped a very different cuwture and distinct variants of de Kikongo wanguage.
Edno-cuwturaw uniqweness as a basis for sewf-determination has been vehementwy opposed in Angowa, by bof de government and by prominent intewwectuaws and civiw society personawities. The MPLA's Secretary-Generaw, for exampwe, has characterized de argument as "not enough to grant it independence, because aww de provinces in de country have specific cuwtures".
In de earwy 1960s, severaw movements advocating a separate status for Cabinda came into being. The Movement for de Liberation of de Encwave of Cabinda (MLEC) was formed in 1960 under de weadership of Luis Ranqwe Franqwe. Resuwting from de merger of various émigré associations in Brazzaviwwe, de MLEC rapidwy became de most prominent of de separatist movements. A furder group was de Awwiama (Awwiance of de Mayombe), representing de Mayombe, a smaww minority of de popuwation, uh-hah-hah-hah. In an important devewopment, dese movements united in August 1963 to form a united front. They cawwed demsewves de FLEC, and de weadership rowe was taken by de MLEC’s Ranqwe Franqwe.
In marked contrast wif de FNLA, de FLEC’s efforts to mobiwize internationaw support for its government in exiwe met wif wittwe success. In fact, de majority of Organization of African Unity (OAU) members, concerned dat dis couwd encourage separatism ewsewhere on de continent, committed to de sanctity of state borders and firmwy rejected recognition of de FLEC’s government in exiwe.
In January 1975, Angowa’s MPLA, FNLA and UNITA wiberation movements signed de Awvor Agreement wif Portugaw, to estabwish de modawities of de transition to independence. FLEC was not invited.
On 1 August 1975, at an OAU summit in Kampawa which was discussing Angowa in de midst of its turbuwent decowonization process, Ranqwe Franqwe procwaimed de independence of de "Repubwic of Cabinda",. Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko cawwed for a referendum on de future of de Cabinda.
FLEC formed a provisionaw government, wed by Henriqwes Tiago. Luiz Branqwe Franqwe was ewected president. Fowwowing de decwaration of Angowan independence in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of de Popuwar Movement for de Liberation of Angowa (MPLA), wif de support of Cuban troops. The MPLA overdrew de provisionaw FLEC government and incorporated Cabinda into Angowa.
For much of de 1970s and 1980s, FLEC operated a wow intensity guerriwwa war, attacking Angowan government troops and economic targets, or creating havoc by kidnapping foreign empwoyees working in de province’s oiw and construction businesses.
The Nationaw Union for de Liberation of Cabinda (Portuguese: União Nacionaw de Libertação de Cabinda; UNLC), a miwitant separatist group, emerged in de 1990s under de weadership of Lumingu Luis Gimby.
In Apriw 1997, Cabinda joined de Unrepresented Nations and Peopwes Organization, a democratic and internationaw organization whose members are indigenous peopwes, occupied nations, minorities and independent states or territories. In 2010, Cabinda became a charter member of de Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS).
An ad-hoc United Nations commission for human rights in Cabinda reported in 2003 dat many atrocities had been perpetrated by de MPLA. In 2004, according to Peter Takirambudde, executive director of de Human Rights Watch mission for Africa, de Angowan army continued to commit crimes against civiwians in Cabinda.
Awdough de Angowan government says FLEC is no wonger operative, dis is disputed by de Repubwic of Cabinda and its Premier, Joew Batiwa.
In Juwy 2006, after ceasefire negotiations in de Repubwic of Congo, António Bento Bembe - as a president of Cabindan Forum for Diawogue and Peace, and vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC - announced dat de Cabindan separatist forces were ready to decware a ceasefire. Bembe is de weader of de "Cabindan Forum for Diawogue", an organization which represents most Cabindan groups. The peace was recognized by de United States, France, Portugaw, Russia, Gabon, Democratic Repubwic of de Congo, Repubwic of de Congo, Japan, Souf Korea, de European Union and de African Union, uh-hah-hah-hah.
- "We're going to sign a cease-fire wif de Angowans who in return have accepted de principwe of granting speciaw status to Cabinda", he announced, impwying dat whiwe his group is resigned to be a part of Angowa, dey have gotten a promise of some form of autonomy.
From Paris, FLEC-FAC contended Bembe has no audority or mandate to negotiate wif de Angowans, and dat de onwy acceptabwe sowution is totaw independence.
Togo footbaww team bus attack
On 8 January 2010, de bus carrying de Togo nationaw footbaww team travewing drough Cabinda en route to de 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament was attacked by gunmen, even dough it had an escort of Angowan forces. The ensuing gunfight resuwted in de deads of de assistant coach, team spokesman and bus driver, and caused injuries to severaw oders as weww.
An offshoot of de FLEC cwaimed responsibiwity. Rodrigues Mingas, secretary generaw of de Front for de Liberation of de Encwave of Cabinda-Miwitary Position (Fwec-PM), said his fighters had meant to attack security guards as de convoy passed drough Cabinda. "This attack was not aimed at de Togowese pwayers but at de Angowan forces at de head of de convoy", Mingas towd France 24 tewevision, uh-hah-hah-hah. "So it was pure chance dat de gunfire hit de pwayers. We don't have anyding to do wif de Togowese and we present our condowences to de African famiwies and de Togo government. We are fighting for de totaw wiberation of Cabinda."
Four offshore oiw fiewds, de Wamba, Takuwa, Numbi and Vuko, are wocated in de greater Takuwa area, producing from de Upper Cretaceous, Cenomanian Vermewha sandstone deposited in de coastaw environment.:197
Cretaceous and Paweocene vertebrates, incwuding fossiw turtwes as Cabindachewys have been cowwected from Lândana.
List of Governors of Cabinda
|Name||Years in office|
|Evaristo Domingos Kimba *||(4) 1975–1978|
|Luis Doukui Pauwo de Castro *||(2) 1979–1980|
|Manuew Francisco Tuta aka Batawha de Angowa *||(3) 1980–1982|
|Armando Fandame Ndembo *||(3) 1982–1984|
|Jorge Barros Chimpuati *||(6) 1984–1989|
|Augusto da Siwva Tomás *||(6) 1990–1995|
|José Amaro Tati||(8) 1995–2002|
|José Aníbaw Lopes Rocha||(8) 2002–2009|
|Mawete João Baptista||(4) 2009–2012|
|Awdina Matiwde Barros da Lomba Katembo||(6) 2012–2017|
|Eugénio Laborinho||(3) 2017–|
- Up to 1991, de officiaw name was Provinciaw Commissioner
- "Cabinda: Governor fires and appoints new officiaws". Agência Angowa Press. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- Cowwewo, Thomas (editor) (1989) A Country Study: Angowa Federaw Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Appendix A, Tabwe 2, Cabinda, Archived March 2, 1999
- "Refugees from Angowa's Cabinda encwave cautious about returning". Retrieved 7 March 2005.
- United States State Department (11 March 2010) 2009 Human Rights Report: Angowa
- "Sport and terrorism: A deadwy game". Economist.com. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
- Cabinda, Angowa Archived 27 March 2009 at de Wayback Machine, ICE Case Studies Number 129, 2004 by Awan Neff
- "Portugaw's Constitution of 1976 wif Amendments drough 2005" (PDF).
- "Mambu Ma Nzambi Kabinda". Federaw government of Kabinda Free State.
- United States State Department (8 Apriw 2011), "2010 Human Rights Report: Angowa"
- Front for de Liberation of de Encwave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Encwave de Cabinda—FLEC) Gwobaw Security
- (Reuters): Cabinda separatists say ready to sign ceasefire Retrieved 2 November 2007.
- awwafrica.com - Subscription reqwired Retrieved 4 November 2006.
- Sturcke, James (11 January 2010). "Togo footbawwers were attacked by mistake, Angowan rebews say". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 Apriw 2010.
- Dawe, C.T., Lopes, J.R., and Abiwio, S., 1992, Takuwa Oiw Fiewd and de Greater Takuwa Area, Cabinda, Angowa, In Giant Oiw and Gas Fiewds of de Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Hawbouty, M.T., editor, Tuwsa: American Association of Petroweum Geowogists, ISBN 0891813330
- Myers, T. S., Powcyn M. J., Mateus O., Vineyard D. P., Gonçawves A. O., & Jacobs L. L. (2017). A new durophagous stem chewoniid turtwe from de wower Paweocene of Cabinda, Angowa. Papers in Pawaeontowogy. 2017, 1-16
- "Histórico dos Governadores" (in Portuguese). cabinda.gov.ao. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
|Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to Cabinda.|
- Officiaw website of province governor
- Information on dis province at de Angowan ministry for territoriaw administration
- Information on dis province at Info Angowa
- Officiaw "Repubwic of Cabinda" website
- Officiaw Website of Repubwic of Cabinda in Exiwe F.L.E.C (Engwish)
- US government statistics from 1988
- Encycwopædia Britannica. 15 (11f ed.). 1911. p. 623. .
- Expwoitation of peopwe of Cabinda awweged
- Province geographicaw info at geoview.info


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The Bishop in the Back Seat Author:Clarissa Watson With "The Fourth Stage of Gainsborough Brown," critics and mystery lovers everywhere enthusiastically welcomed the debut of Clarissa Watson and her artist/amateur sleuth, Persus Willum, "a witty, intelligent heroine with more than a touch of class." — Now in "The Bishop in the Back Set", Persis takes a reluctant leave from her art gallery to serv... more »e as board member of the troubled Waltheim Museum on Long Island--and soon discovers why her hesitation was justified. An astonished witness to the theft of a four-million-dollar Rembrandt from under the noses of museum security, she suddenly finds herself plunged into a whirlpool of art robbery, scandal and murder: a skein of crime that leads back over thirty-five years, across two continents...and along a trail of unexplained deaths. And one of those deaths, if she is not careful, may very well turn out to be her own.
Surrounding Persis with a marvelous gallery of supporting characters including dowagers, socialites, politicos, inspectors, some very unusual nuns, and all manner of denizens of the art world, Clarissa Watson concocts a fresh, charming, fast-moving puzzle filled with a wicked insider's view of the art scene. To the select rank of Ngaio Marsh and P. D. James as mistresses of the classy, sophisticated mystery thriller can now be added the name of Clarissa Watson.« less

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Kriti Sanon Has An Impromptu Outing With Her 'Girl Crush' Priyanka Chopra In New York
New York Fashion Week was a star-studded event and among those who attended it were Bollywood actresses Priyanka Chopra and Kriti Sanon. Now, Kriti took to Instagram to share a picture of her impromptu meeting with Priyanka Chopra and Natasha Poonawala last night
Priyanka Chopra Jonas Is A Monochrome Yummylicious Layered Cake In This Marchesa Number!
The Sky Is Pink: Priyanka Chopra Leads At The Red Carpet Of TIFF 2019 Along With Farhan Akhtar, Shonali Bose
Ahead Of TIFF Premiere, The Sky Is Pink Director Shonali Bose Posts Heartfelt Note On Son Ishaan’s 9th Death Anniversary
Kartik Aaryan Follows Nick Jonas' Footsteps; Holds An Umbrella For His Leading Lady Sara Ali Khan

domain: celebrity


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Landmark case to decide whether states can sue carbon intensive firms on the grounds they represent a "public nuisance"
The US Supreme Court began its landmark hearing yesterday on whether to allow individual states to impose limits on power plant carbon emissions. The Court is considering whether to allow six American...
From Ecuador's electric buses to Balearic climate laws, BusinessGreen rounds up all the green business news from the world this week
Low-cost, high-energy lithium batteries are already disrupting power as we know it — but there's even more in store
There's a schism between what shareholders are requesting and what's prioritized in the boardroom
Dr Rose Chard of the Energy Systems Catapult explores how to tackle the twin challenge of fuel poverty and heat system decarbonisation

domain: news


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What a blessing it is to stand alongside, before and behind my husband as he serves God. Last weekend I had the blessing of encouraging him as he ministered to many different people.
At a couple’s retreat he challenged couples in biblical marriage principles. I sat in front of him, prayed for him and smiled at him when he looked my way.
After the retreat when we had the fun of enjoying an Amish bakery, I laughed with him as he enjoyed his ice cream-filled donut! I also enjoyed two bites!
When he preached all day on the Sunday of that busy weekend, I devoured his message, nodded encouragement, and told him what a blessing it was to watch him encourage that flock of people.
When we got to stop at an old home place where we lived many years ago, we reminisced over memories made there – some good, some bitter sweet. We held hands and wept, and also thanked God for His blessings.
When he got to encourage a group of young believers, I rejoiced in my heart for his love for people. He has a shepherd’s heart that longs for Christians to stay close to the Good Shepherd,drink from His cool waters and feed on the grass of God’s pasture.
Ministry can be hard some days…some months even, but how grateful I am for the times when we can serve together and I can do my first calling – support this man that God has given as my life’s mate. I’m so proud to call him my husband. He has told me
As long as you’re behind me, I can withstand anything.
What has God called your husband to do? Stand behind him and encourage him in whatever that calling is. You and I will never do it perfectly, but the important thing is that we keep on encouraging. It’s what our husbands desperately need from us!

domain: literature


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Studies have repeatedly linked eating fruit to a reduced risk of several together, such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer 63, Instead, they design food combinations for weight loss and better health. By plating foods out, it provides a better estimate of how much you are eating. Add how protein Choose protein foods such as lean beef, pork, chicken, or turkey, and eggs, nuts, beans, or should. Couple shamed get ‘disgusting’ make-out session on plane – while wearing face masks Funny diet ha viral.
Some people change what they eat to lose weight. Others modify the amount they consume to slim down. But followers of the food combining diet change how they eat to get results on the scale. This diet’s rules allow certain food combinations and forbid others. Many health experts suggest eating protein with carbohydrates to stabilize blood sugar and provide satiation. This diet promotes distrust of our bodies and foods, and overly complicates eating. This diet is not a new weight loss fad. The ancient Ayurvedic diet includes some principles of food combining, and the macrobiotic diet, developed during the s, also aims to provide balance in the body through diet.
We’re all human, so it’s normal to get sidetracked when trying to eat healthy. But falling off the wagon doesn’t mean having to stay off. You told yourself it would be just one meal out with friends, but the next thing you know it’s been three days and you haven’t consumed one thing you consider healthy. It was faster to grab a pastry in the morning from the local coffee shop and your coworkers were ordering Chinese food for lunch, and suddenly the days just got away from you. Life happens, so it’s totally natural—and OK—to stray from our healthy habits. The important thing is staying motivated and having the tools to get yourself back on track, because you have the ability to reach your goals even with a little detour. Members of the Cooking Light Diet struggle with getting back on the road to health every day. Here’s what they had to say.

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Dr Oonagh McDonald1938 -
- Thurrock July 15, 1976 - June 11, 1987
First recorded, on July 26, 1976 PROCEDURE FOR RECOMMENDATION UNDER SECTION 8 Commons
Last recorded, on May 12, 1987 CHARGE OF INCOME TAX FOR 1987–88 Commons
Information presented on this page was prepared from the XML source files, together with information from the History of Parliament Trust, the work of Leigh Rayment and public sources. The means by which names are recognised means that errors may remain in the data presented.

domain: history


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It’s hard for me to believe I wrote a book on the Fear of the Lord. This book was actually never intended to be a book at all. It began as a short blog post I was writing on some truths that God was teaching me about the fear of the Lord. The problem I ran into though was I just kept on writing. To the point that I looked at my wife Kassy and said, “I don’t have a blog post, I have a book”. I kept writing for one simple reason. I was beginning to see just how prevalent and important the understanding of the fear of the Lord was in the Bible and how important it was that we as believers in Yeshua (Jesus) the Messiah learn to cultivate that fear, but I also found there was very little teaching and few resources on it within the corporate Body of Messiah. This book is my humble contribution as a teacher in the Body of Messiah to help fill that void. There is so much more to be understood about the fear of the Lord and so much more depth than I am able to share at the present time in this book, but I was determined to at least get started and offer the Body of Messiah what I was learning. Hence the title, “An Introduction to the Fear of the Lord”. In this book, I have sought to introduce and bring depth to certain aspects of the fear of the Lord in the most simple and clear way I am able. If the Lord wills, I will expand and write and teach more in-depth about the fear of the Lord in the future. For now, I hope and pray that this, “An Introduction to the Fear of the Lord” will bring understanding, clarity, faith, and healing in your journey as a pilgrim here on earth.
The Fear of the Lord is an absolute necessity in our journey as believers in Yeshua. There are numerous blessings promised to those who walk in the fear of the Lord so you would think it would be one of the most taught and important truths coming from pulpits all over the world. But it is not! It is rather difficult to find sermons and teachings on the fear of the Lord. The reason probably is becauase this is a misunderstood topic and therefore an avoided topic.
In “An Introduction to the Fear of the LORD” I saught to dispel the misunderstandings and confusion and lay out in a simple and clear way what the Fear of the LORD is and is not from the Scriptures. In this book, you will be: challenged in certain areas of your life; but not condemned, taught new things; but not put down for not knowing them, and given fresh perspective on the fear of the LORD in light of eternity.
Come and learn the fear of the LORD!
Read the feedback about the eBook below.
“Upon finishing the ebook, I had such a clearer understanding of the practical on-going application and a “I can do this” in my spiritual walk of “Fearing the Lord”. I don’t have that “ominous” feeling of unattainability or religious feeling of unworthiness to my Father God who loves me so much, but also is a King in a Kingdom, that I want to be a part of for my future. Why I say the above, is this ebook is written in a way that little children can understand the principles. It does not have large convoluted religious words, it’s clear and does not have confusion or condemnation, but truth, backed by the Scriptures. I can envision sitting down with my children or young children (3rd grader or even 2nd grade) and reading this ebook to them as a Bible study and provide instruction, so then this leads to others no matter the age also being able to understand and learn. As far as we are concerned you have hit it out of the park.” – Annonymous, WA
If you would like your own copy of this FREE eBook click HERE.


2,800 Palestinians held by Israel this year: NGOs
There are 5,500 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails, according to report
Around 2,800 Palestinians have been arrested by Israeli forces in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip since the beginning of this year, according to three Palestinian NGOs on Monday.
The detainees included 446 minors and 76 women, said a joint report issued by the Commission of Detainees and Ex-Detainees, the Palestinian Prisoner Society and Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association.
According to the report, 220 minors and 43 women are still held in Israeli prisons.
"Currently, there are 5,500 prisoners in Israeli jails," the NGOs said, adding that 500 Palestinians are currently held under Israel's policy of "administrative detention", under which prisoners can be held for renewable six-month periods without charge or trial.
The policy of administrative detention was first established by British colonialist forces during the British Mandate period (1923-1948) in Palestine.


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Tatanka Bison Ranch
MAY 19, 2024
Did you know Bison, the USA’s National Mammal, once roamed around South Carolina? They were quickly extirpated by Europeans, however thanks to Tatanka Bison Ranch, the Thunderbeast has returned to the Palmetto State! Join Capt. Zach and ranch owner Fred Ilse on a trip back in time as we head out into his pastures into the middle of Tatanka’s Bison herd and learn about the natural history of bison, what it takes to manage a herd of bison, and if we’re lucky we’ll experience the herd thunder across the pastures like back in the old days.
This adventure is a mix of ecotourism & agritourism as we encounter native wildlife, but since there are no wild prairie landscapes left in SC, there are members of this herd that are harvested and their products are sold by Fred which you can purchase at the end of the our tour. We do this trip twice a year so we can see newly born bison calves in the Spring & then come back in the Fall as it's nice & cool out after those brutal SC Summers.
Trip Length: Half Day
Tatanka Bison Ranch
8088 Kays Dr, York SC
*All payments subject to*
3% processing fee
We will meet outside the front gate to Tatanka Bison Ranch at 12:30pm. It is located in York, South Carolina, about a 1.5 hour drive from Columbia & an hour from Downtown Charlotte. I will be there to greet you upon arrival and check you in. Once we have all arrived, Fred will guide us to his pavilion on the ranch where we will start our adventure at 1pm. After a safety briefing and introduction, we will pile into Fred’s Bison Buggey and he will chauffer us around the ranch with brief stops to talk about the workings of the ranch. This tour lasts approximately 2 hours and we will return at the pavilion around 3pm. There are some souvenirs & bison meat products available for purchase at the end of our trip.
Guests who arrive late will be left behind and unable to receive a refund.
We require 5 DAYS NOTICE to cancel your reservation and receive a full refund. If you cancel within the 5 day period, you will not be refunded.
All cancellations must be made by email to firstname.lastname@example.org or by phone at 732-996-4732

domain: geography


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Friday, December 12, 2008
how I love giveaways!
My sister over at
is hosting personal hand drawn portrait to the winner and
a family one as well! GO check it out!
Annie likes what other crafters do
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domain: artistic


[Dshield] Vulnerability Issues in TCP
cbrenton at chrisbrenton.org
Thu Apr 22 21:29:54 GMT 2004
On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 06:44, Pete Cap wrote:
> Someone please correct me if I'm wrong, but,
> notwithstanding the AP news stories about this
> "vulnerability," is this not a problem with the
> IMPLEMENTATION of TCP rather than a problem with the
> underlying protocol itself?
Yes and no, here's the deal:
The vulnerability revolves around that fact that a TCP reset is
considered valid when it fits within the TCP window size. In order
words, an attacker does not have to match the current sequence number
exactly. So long as they use a number that is valid within the current
window, the connection will be reset. This was not a big deal "in the
old days" when the average window size was 8K. Its more of an issue now
that the average Window size is 32K-64K as as an attacker now needs to
make fewer guesses to find a valid sequence number because the window
size is so much larger.
Now, there is another component to this, the attacker also needs to know
the source & destination IP addresses and port numbers for the session.
If they can sniff the wire, this info is trivial to enumerate. If they
are not along the flow of the session, they have to guess at these
values. Source and destination IP is trivial of they know who they are
attacking. Destination port is also trivial as most services listen on
their well known port. The tricky part is the source port.
Some OS's make it easier than others to guess what source port is being
used. For example Windows, NetBSD and others hand out source ports
sequentially. So if you know how long the system has been up and how
busy it is, you can ball part what ports to hit. That or sniffing some
other outbound session will tell you the range of source ports currently
Also, the type of TCP connection is going to determine how easy this is
as well. For example Telnet would be pretty trivial as the session tends
to stay active for a long time. HTTP would be harder because sessions
are created and torn down so quickly.
So why all the hoopla about Cisco, Juniper & BGP? Well, Cisco and
Juniper are two of the OS's that use predictable source ports. BGP tends
to open an initial session and transmit all data through that one
session till its shut down or rebooted. Also, the IP addresses of BGP
peers is pretty well known and documented so picking targets is easy.
Finally, trashing BGP means that an attacker could make a good portion
of the Internet unreachable. Combine all these points together and this
obviously makes the issue pretty serious.
BTW, while we are focusing on BGP, in reality any long term session
based TCP application can be vulnerable, depending on the source OS.
So some of the problem is TCP, some is the vendor implementation, and
some of it is specific to the application using TCP. Its the combination
of all these things that really makes it an issue.
More information about the list


Internet news headlines and snippets of copy can be misleading.
Take, for example, a link I followed to Columbia County (Ore.) Buzz-Examiner story about a bald eagle that was recovering after being shot three dozen times! And seven times in the head!
After looking at an image of the bird’s hospital X-ray, however, it became clear that the bird had been shot once with a shotgun and had three dozen pellets in its body including seven in the head.
A more accurate version of the story can be found here.
I realize that I’m probably more familiar with firearms than most journalists, but for cryin’ out loud! There’s a heck of a difference in trauma between being hit once with three dozen shotgun pellets (apparently size 7 or smaller bird shot) and being shot three dozen times.
The bottom line is that the bird appears to be recovering. With any luck, someone will rat out the miscreant who pulled the trigger. A jail term and a $100,000 fine for violating the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act would make any scofflaw think twice about pulling the trigger again.


text:
Prolight Teeth Whitening System – Best Whiteners Review
Prolight Teeth Whitening System
Maybe you imagine having a smile so bright that it can be seen from room, or perhaps you are looking for something a little less blinding. Whether you desire an very intense smile or simply to remove the coffee discolorations, we have listed the best teeth lightening products for you. Prolight Teeth Whitening System
The reality is, we just obtain one collection of teeth to last us throughout our lives. Taking care of them and also maintaining them healthy is truly vital. Taking pride in the stamina of your teeth can be reflected in just how blemish complimentary you maintain them. Joy all who see you by attempting among these teeth lightening systems.
Best Teeth Bleaching Products Reviewed
Change your regular tooth paste with this Colgate Optic White Express tooth paste and you will certainly never ever look back. It assures results (whiter teeth) in as little as 3 days, and it is as straightforward as replacing your current tube. This Optic White tooth paste has two times of the teeth bleaching power of normal tooth paste, yet do not let its power transform you off. This toothpaste is safe to utilize each day.
This tooth paste contains one of the most well-recommended representative for whitening teeth by dental practitioners, hydrogen peroxide. It likewise has fluoride, offering the Optic White tooth paste an anti tooth cavity double whammy that will certainly be beneficial to your dental health and wellness.
Crest 3D White Professional Results Whitestrips 20 Therapies + Crest 3D White 1 Hour Express Whitestrips 2 Therapies – Teeth Bleaching Set
With these whitestrips you can get rid of up to fourteen years’ well worth of spots in less than one month. As opposed to the trouble and cost of going to get your teeth lightened by a expert in a busy office, you do not also have to leave your comfy home to use this and obtain the very same outcomes. Prolight Teeth Whitening System
Does the idea of using whitestrips and also being not able to utilize your mouth normally frighten you off? These whitestrips utilize an Advanced Seal Technology so you can talk with whomever you require to and even consume alcohol water! Various other beverages and also certainly food are not advised as this is, after all, suggested to lighten your teeth. They are additionally not advised for those with very sensitive teeth and also gums, as the lightening light can aggravate them.
This kit is a bit different from the majority of, in that it includes a unique brush. This brush is improved with the outstanding blue-light technology that is taking dentistry by storm. Now, it is the only tooth brush readily available on the marketplace that harnesses this blue light technology. The factor this blue light is so impressive when it involves dental hygiene is that it immediately eliminates all bacteria it finds.
Utilizing the tooth brush together with the tooth whitening gel suggests that you can see results to your teeth in a really brief amount of time. This is a sonic tooth brush, so it can give you approximately 33,000 strokes per minute, significantly decreasing your opportunities of coming down with gingivitis or various other diseases in your mouth. Using the two together makes for a better, extra radiant smile than just one item alone. It will certainly function truly quick, supplying lead to less than two days for most individuals, yet it can trigger inflammation to delicate teeth. Prolight Teeth Whitening System
This might resemble a really advanced gizmo, however it’s truly easy to use and also even comfy. It has a hands free expert top quality LED light that you can make use of even if you do not have any kind of assistance. Are you on the go a great deal? This lightening light will certainly collaborate with a smart device application so you can even do it
when you are not in the house. This is available in a really wonderful, light and awesome minty flavor so you are always certain of fresh breath when you use it. If you seldom go to get it done properly due to the discomfort brought on by it bothersome your delicate teeth, this coincides things, but at a much reduced dosage. You can get comparable outcomes without it troubling you.
A tooth lightening pen is developed for on the go use. Perhaps it is to brighten your smile after stain-causing agents like coffee or red wine. Since it is indicated to be scrambled, there is a much smaller amount of the active tooth bleaching ingredient, hydrogen peroxide. Nonetheless, a smaller sized quantity of the energetic component likewise means that it will not fluster sensitive teeth.
It has a soft brush tip to permit you to get to even more stubborn spots in between teeth, but this style of pen is not developed to offer extensive bleaching. It is much more a maintenance tool, keeping the luster of your smile when you swipe it on.
Inquiries concerning the most effective Method to Get Whiter Teeth
Are charcoal bleaching items good for your teeth?
While there is no evidence that charcoal has all-natural tooth lightening powers, it is unpleasant enough to rise some surface stains. Charcoal is risk-free to consume and also utilize periodically, yet it will not have any type of whitening advantages for your teeth.
What’s the most safe choice for delicate teeth?
If you have really sensitive teeth, using a whitening toothpaste rather than strips or lights might be your most safe choice. Find one that is particularly developed just for sensitive teeth.
Will teeth lighten items harm or transform the shade of a phony tooth?
You might be bothered with bleaching your teeth, believing the energetic representatives in tooth lightening systems could have an damaging result on fake teeth, yet they will have little to no effect. Just as they will certainly not damage a fake tooth though, they will deficient any brighter. Basically, when a fake tooth remains in your mouth, what you have is what you obtain. It will certainly not transform in color, lighter or darker. Prolight Teeth Whitening System
Exist any wellness advantages to whitening your teeth?
Whether you obtain your teeth skillfully whitened or you do it in your home, there are numerous benefits. One you may not think of is its emotional result on your health habits. Having whiter teeth will certainly offer you much more pride, so you will venture to care for them much better. It will also reinforce your teeth, which will, subsequently, be beneficial to the health and wellness of your gums.
Why are my teeth yellow?
The discoloration of teeth can be triggered by a excellent many points. When you consume alcohol things like soda or merlot, the materials can seep right into the enamel that is covering your tooth. Another usual culprit is making use of cigarette items. Hefty addition of fluoride has been shown to trigger yellow teeth in kids, but keep in mind, a little is still a good idea.
How do stars obtain their teeth so white?
Stars are understood for having a really white, straight set of teeth. The truth is, they typically have a group of experts who are paid to work with them. For daily maintenance, they snack on crispy veggies to wipe discolorations off the enamel securing their teeth.
What is the most effective Means to Get Your Pearly Whites White
Lightening your teeth is the very first step to a better, more confident you. Personally, I such as to do things while I get on the go, so the whitening pen would certainly be my recommendation. As soon as you have completed a more comprehensive lightening system, a pen can be made use of for simple maintenance, and it is so helpful. If you wish to take control of your oral health without cutting into your busy routine, take tooth care on the go with you!
- 1 Prolight Teeth Whitening System
- 2 Maybe you imagine having a smile so bright that it can be seen from room, or perhaps you are looking for something a little less blinding. Whether you desire an very intense smile or simply to remove the coffee discolorations, we have listed the best teeth lightening products for you. Prolight Teeth Whitening System
- 3 Best Teeth Bleaching Products Reviewed
- 3.1 Optic White Express White Whitening Tooth Paste
- 3.2 Crest 3D White Professional Results Whitestrips 20 Therapies + Crest 3D White 1 Hour Express Whitestrips 2 Therapies – Teeth Bleaching Set
- 3.3 Sonic Blue Smart Brush Whitening Package
- 3.4 Bright On Teeth Whitening Package
- 3.5 On The Move Teeth Whitening Pen
- 4 Inquiries concerning the most effective Method to Get Whiter Teeth
- 4.1 Are charcoal bleaching items good for your teeth?
- 4.2 What’s the most safe choice for delicate teeth?
- 4.3 Will teeth lighten items harm or transform the shade of a phony tooth?
- 4.4 Exist any wellness advantages to whitening your teeth?
- 4.5 Why are my teeth yellow?
- 4.6 How do stars obtain their teeth so white?
- 5 What is the most effective Means to Get Your Pearly Whites White

domain: health


As the calendar turns from March to April, we can’t help but remember what was happening exactly one year ago today, on April 1st, 2021.
A spark from a sagging power line southwest of Medora grew into a wildfire that tore across the rain-deprived Badlands. “It outran us at just about every corner,” remembers Doug Koester, the Maintenance Manager for the Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation.
The fire rapidly approached the city of Medora, as well as nearby locations with priceless history, like the Chateau de Mores and the Burning Hills Amphitheatre, home of the Medora Musical. It forced Medora’s residents to evacuate — to watch the cloud of smoke move and grow and fear the worst for their homes and livelihoods.
One year later, we remember those fearful feelings: but much more, we feel immense gratitude for the nearly 150 brave first responders who leapt into service to save Medora.
“It took everybody working together to fully execute the plan,” recalls Billings County Fire Chief Kyle Shockley.
“We were bound and determined to hold the line,” says Koester, who is also Medora’s Fire Chief.
The line held; once the blaze was extinguished, the fire lines viewed from the sky proved it.
“We do it because we love our community,” says Clint Rood, a member of the TRMF Maintenance Team who helped save the Burning Hills Amphitheatre. “I’m just here to lend a helping hand. I’m no better than the next guy down the line.”
“All the communities came together,” Koester says. Indeed, dozens of first responding agencies from not only western North Dakota, but statewide—and even as far as Colorado—heeded the call and helped save the city we love.
No amount of gratitude is too much for the people who make up those agencies and organizations. So one year after their heroic acts, all of us at the Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation say “Thank you” once again to the following groups (and everyone who stepped up to help on that fateful day):
- Medora Fire Department
- Billings County Rural Fire Department
- Billings County Highway Department
- Billings County Sheriff’s Office
- Billings County Ambulance
- Medora Police Department
- Medora Public Works
- Belfield Fire Department
- South Heart Fire Department
- Sentinel Butte Fire Department
- Beach Fire Department
- Golva Fire Department
- Wibaux Fire Department
- Golden Valley County Sheriff’s Department
- North Dakota Highway Patrol
- North Dakota National Guard
- National Park Service
- United States Forest Service
- North Dakota Forest Service
- Colorado Emergency Management Office
- Civil Air Patrol – North Dakota Wing
- State Radio Communications
- Stark County Dispatch
We invite you to watch this video, in which we interviewed many of the key people who worked diligently to save Medora from the April 1st wildfire:


text:
I had it all planned out, that I would get a card posted during the week last week. But, unfortunately, that never happened. Over the holiday weekend, we went on a road trip to Tombstone Arizona. We had a great time and did lots of driving. However, still no time to put up a card. So, finally here I am ready got get back into the swing of things.
I saw this tutorial on a criss cross card on Splitcoast Stampers. Thought I would try it out. I think the hardest part for me was getting the patterned paper cut for the triangles. It took a couple of tries before I finally had it the way I wanted.
I used Recollections patterned paper and the yellow card base is from Color Bok. For the stamped images I used Stampin' Up's Calypso Coral and Crushed Curry. All the images are from Stamin' Up's Party this way stamp set. I fussy cut out two of the balloons to make the foursome of balloons. I hand drew the strings...you probably didn't guess that did you? I stamped the sentiment and sponged the edges with the coral color.
On the front belly band I die cut the frame using a sizzix die. Then fussy cut out the banner and candle. The candle is popped up on foam.
This took a bit of time, but wasn't hard. I definitely will be giving this another try.


text:
About the property :
Surface area: 6 Ha in white
Production: 18 000 bottles of white wine
Geology : Graves on sandy clay subsoil
Ageing: White: 18 months (33% new barrels)
The Domaine de Chevalier has a very ancient origin. In the 18th century, it was called “Chibaley” (knight in Gascon). In 1983, the property was acquired by the Bernard family, French leaders in the brandy market and major merchants of fine Bordeaux wines. It has been managed since then by Oliver Bernard. In keeping with the history of Chevalier, he perpetuates the spirit of balance and the quest for perfection that has marked the production of this excellent wine for over 130 years.
Domaine de Chevalier white, a remarkable wine for ageing, is recognised as one of the greatest dry white wines in the world! “Only the great terroirs allow the vine to draw the quintessence necessary for the mineral, noble and authentic expression of a great wine. Rémi Edange
Environmental approach: more than 50% of the estate is biodynamically farmed, and part of it is under conventional organic farming. The rest is cultivated using conventional methods.

domain: agronomy


In a bizarre and dangerous episode, a 12-year-old car thief allegedly stole an SUV and took it on a chaotic joyride across several boroughs of New York City, using a child’s booster seat to see over the dashboard.
According to authorities, the incident took place on the night of October 30 in Staten Island after a minor swiped a Hyundai SUV while accompanied by a 16-year-old girl.
According to the New York Post, the “pint-sized car thief” managed to cross both the Verrazzano-Narrows and Brooklyn bridges, making his way into Manhattan.
Local law enforcement was able to locate the stolen vehicle the next day at approximately 11 a.m.
NYPD officers then attempted to pull the child driver over at Canal and Allen streets near Chinatown, but the young suspect fled, colliding with several vehicles in the process.
Shortly after, authorities were finally able to apprehend the boy after he crashed once again, this time at Ridge and Stanton streets on the Lower East Side.
Four injuries were reported among the vehicles struck by the young driver, including one pedestrian who was also hit during the reckless pursuit.
Fortunately, the victims were transported to local hospitals with minor injuries.
The NYPD has refrained from releasing the identities of the minor suspects involved due to their age.
Police noted that the suspect even used a car seat as a booster to see over the dashboard, adding to the absurdity of the situation.
Photos of the crash scene revealed the car seat positioned behind the wheel of the wrecked silver Hyundai.
Both the 12-year-old boy and his teenage companion now face charges of criminal possession of stolen property, reckless endangerment and unauthorized use of a vehicle without the owner’s consent.
Under New York state law, they will be tried as juveniles in Family Court.
Critics have expressed concern about the potential repercussions of such leniency for young offenders.
“The lackadaisical enforcement of and adherence to our laws has now trickled down to our schools, where children now think they can do whatever they want with no consequences,” one law enforcement source lamented to The Post.
“Elected officials have established a permission structure for kids to commit serious crimes that could potentially lead to the death of others,” another source added. “But God forbid we do car stops anymore. This innocent youth may have to be subject to the criminal justice system.”


text:
die Habsburgermonarchie, das Russländische Reich und die Sowjetunion
Research on Empires in the historiography on Eastern Europe
Since the 1990s, research in East European History has been deeply influenced by the concept of empire and reinvigorated by the growing interest in the complexities of the multinational and multi-confessional character of the area. It is the goal of this contribution not only to showcase the recent scholarship on the Habsburg Monarchy, the Russian Autocracy and the Soviet Union as empires, but also to address the most interesting questions that are currently pushing the field in new directions. All three cases reveal that neither the difference between maritime and continental empires, often overemphasized in earlier scholarship, nor the distinction between seemingly “modern” (Western) and “backward” (Eastern) empires can be sustained. The peculiarities of all three empires highlight rather the central question of to what extent these cases were empires at all, and of the development of the relationship between the national and imperial traits of the various states.


text:
S8272 flight schedule & details
Skywise domestic flight S8272 serves route Blenheim to Wellington. The flight departs one times per week (and Friday). Provided details are valid for the flight departing on 27th October, 2017.
Flight departure days
Select your flight departure date in the calendar. Note that some flights may have different arrival & departure times, terminals, durations and even airports depending on departure date. Selecting proper date ensures you get correct information.
Flight S8272: Blenheim - Wellington
|Departure day||27th October (Friday)|
|Departure time||13:00 (1:00 pm)|
|Airport IATA code||BHE|
|Arrival day||27th October (Friday)|
|Arrival time||13:25 (1:25 pm)|
|Airport IATA code||WLG|
|IATA carrier code||S8|
|Arrival day||Same day|
|Flight duration||0h 25m|
|Distance||81 km / 50 mi.|

domain: travel


On November 23, a Vietnamese mother jumped from the 18th floor of an apartment building holding her two children in her arms, in the southern port city of Busan in South Korea, informed the local police.
The mother, identified as 27-year-old Vo Thi Minh Phuong, jumped with her seven-year-old daughter and three-year-old son from the 18th floor, with all three meeting their deaths instantly.
After eight years of marriage, Phuong, from the southern province of Hau Giang, and her 47-year-old South Korean husband had recently filed for divorce, police said.
The husband said he failed to stop the suicide as the mother had locked herself in a room before jumping, the police informed.
The Vietnamese Embassy in Seoul has requested competent agencies in South Korean to launch an investigation into the three untimely deaths.
The Embassy also promised to assist Phuong’s relatives in receiving her body and repatriating it to Vietnam.
According to initial comments, family conflicts could be the cause of the woman’s suicide with her children.
Police are investigating whether domestic violence was behind the suicide, adding that investigators would look into a suicide note written in Vietnamese and question the husband for further details, released the local media.
In the two-page suicide note, Phuong wrote, “There are days when I can no longer endure being beaten ruthlessly by my husband who accuses me of being unfaithful.
My husband’s relatives also do not allow me to meet my children. Life is meaningless for me now”.
Phuong also petitioned the South Koreans to bury her along with her two children in the same grave in Vietnam.


text:
Golden Painting No1 Poster
₱559 VAT included25% discount will auto-apply at Checkout with min. spend of ₱1, 499
Gold is all about luxury, success, achievement, triumph, and fortune. Get this beautiful poster to your room and give it a lovely appearance.
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Share your referral link to a friend and give them ₱500 off their first order while you get ₱500 worth of voucher for every friend's order! *With minimum spend of ₱1000; Frames not included
Register now to get your referral link!


text:
The road to legalizing cannabis in America has been long and tedious. Even with dozens of states now allowing medical and recreational marijuana, cannabis reform activists are still fighting. One of the toughest hurdles they have faced so far is the stigma generated from decades of anticannabis propaganda and prohibition. Cannabis legalization opponents argued that, among other things, cannabis would increase drug use among the youth, boost criminal activity, and cause a general decline in society. However, several studies on the relationship between cannabis legalization, public health, and criminal activity have revealed that these fears were largely unfounded.
During a recent interview, National Institute on Drug Abuse director Nora Volkow said she hasn’t seen any evidence that proves sporadic cannabis use by adults is harmful. Speaking with FiveThirtyEight, she said that to her knowledge there is no proof that occasional cannabis use has negative health effects. The correlation still hasn’t been tested, she said, and more research needs to be done to better understand whether using marijuana intermittently will harm your health. Volkow also mentioned that she was surprised by research indicating that cannabis users tend to have a lower body mass index (BMI).
Given how troublesome a high BMI can be people get older, she says, this is another thing researchers need to look into. Volkow’s views on cannabis are relatively progressive; while she hasn’t declared her support for broad legalization, she prefers to approach cannabis from a scientific point of view.
Thus, she acknowledges that there is currently no proof that irregular cannabis use is harmful. However, marijuana use by young people absolutely concerns her, she says, adding that consuming high-THC products on a daily basis can harm even adult brains. Still, Volkow said that youth cannabis use has not increased in the wake of state cannabis laws in an August podcast.
She emphasized the need to look at drug addiction as a public health problem rather than a criminal issue. The stigma associated with addiction and drug abuse is preventing America from dealing with its current drug crisis, she wrote in an op-ed earlier this month, and the government bears significant blame for the proliferation of this stigma. Criminal justice policies, especially the failed war on drugs, punished scores of people who had medical conditions rather than give them the treatment they needed. Policies that promoted decriminalization and increased treatment would be a much better alternative.
As leading scientists, such as the head of NIDA, speak out against the misconceptions plaguing the marijuana industry, sector players such as American Cannabis Partners could end up with a less-hostile perception of the plant they cultivate.
NOTE TO INVESTORS: The latest news and updates relating to American Cannabis Partners are available in the company’s newsroom at https://cnw.fm/ACP
CNW420 spotlights the latest developments in the rapidly evolving cannabis industry through the release of two informative articles each business day. Our concise, informative content serves as a gateway for investors interested in the legalized cannabis sector and provides updates on how regulatory developments may impact financial markets. Articles are released each business day at 4:20 a.m. and 4:20 p.m. Eastern – our tribute to the time synonymous with cannabis culture. If marijuana and the burgeoning industry surrounding it are on your radar, CNW420 is for you! Check back daily to stay up-to-date on the latest milestones in the fast -changing world of cannabis.
To receive instant SMS alerts, text CANNABIS to 21000 (U.S. Mobile Phones Only)
For more information please visit https://www.CNW420.com
Do you have questions or are you interested in working with CNW420? Ask our Editor
CNW420 is part of the InvestorBrandNetwork.

domain: medical


text:
ENTICEMENTS TO REIGNITE YOUR SILKROAD PASSION
November 13th, 2012 - Joymax, leading online game developer and publisher, today announces a new and exciting expansion for their famous anchor MMORPG, Silkroad Online! For returning players, November promises to be an exciting month with huge benefits, new and exhilarating challenges, and amazing events!
Named "Ignite Silkroad", this enhancement will change the gameplay for both new and old players and is only the first of many new exciting changes to come. From system improvements, increase benefits and incredible events, players can expect a different experience when they jump back to the vast Silkroad universe; especially to those who have been away from the game for a while. “Ignite Silkroad” starts in just one week, on November 20th.
Joymax has set out the welcome mat for returning players with bountiful gift packets filled with helpful items that will ready them for a new exciting journey. These goodie packets are filled with items normally only available through the game's cash shop (max $129 worth!), and will be handed out for free to returning players! Starting on November 20th, all registered players who have been absent for at least a month will receive this unprecedented bounty. But hurry! This bonus only lasts only for three weeks. So, dust out your characters and jump into action next week.
Furthermore, players who wish to catch up to the glories of the high end gameplay will be happy to hear about the newly added system, "Rested Experience". When players are away from the game, players are able to stack special buffs that will nearly double their experience gain when they return. Added with the improved balance in leveling up, players will be able to reach their end goal in no time!
"As the name ‘Ignite Silkroad' suggests, Silkroad will return the burning excitement in the coming future and this update is only the tip of the iceberg," said Nam-Chul Kim, CEO of Joymax. “Rookie players and veteran, current players and those returning, will have much to look forward to throughout these changes.”
November 20th is not only a big day for Silkroad, but all of Joymax's titles! Named "Joymax Day", this shared one week event across all Joymax games will present every player with a whopping 1000% EXP Gain item! Players can earn more amazing prizes by joining the Joymax Day events at the Silkroad Online Official Website at http://www.joymax.com/silkroad/
To see the latest scoop on upcoming content, cash shop sales, find out what the GMs are doing, or want to connect with fellow Silkroad Online inhabitants; check out the official Silkroad Online Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/officialsilkroad or Twitter https://twitter.com/SilkroadOnline !
Silkroad Online is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game that puts the player deep into historical fantasy, joining the Chinese and European civilizations along the Silk Road trade route. Traveling across Jangan, from China to Constantinople, players can make their fortunes as merchants, prey on the rich as thieves, or be protection-for-hire as hunters.
Did you know? Silkroad Online was one of the first MMORPGs on the market to hit the coveted 100,000 concurrent logged in users, and at the time it was a plateau that was widely thought to be unreachable for any titles beyond a few big budget offerings. For a free to play to reach such a status was practically unheard of, but Silkroad's success continues to this day.
Since its establishment in April, 1997, Joymax has been developing and publishing quality games for the emerging online game industry of the 21st century. Based in Seoul, Korea, the company has published numerous titles for the PC market. With its first MMORPG, Silkroad Online, the game has grown to offer service in over 200 countries since its 2004 launch. Joymax is a proven global entertainment company, providing multimedia content for all. For more information, please visit,

domain: hobby


Giving in to pressure from both the opposition and allies of the Liberal Democratic Party to step down, Finance Minister Hiroshi Mitsuzuka announced Tuesday that he will resign to take responsibility for the arrests of two ministry inspectors accused of taking bribes.The decision was conveyed to Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto during an evening meeting after Diet deliberations came to a halt as opposition parties demanded that Mitsuzuka relinquish his post. Mitsuzuka told reporters after returning from the meeting that he will formally submit his resignation today.Two financial inspectors from his ministry were arrested Monday for allegedly being wined and dined by four major banks in return for information regarding ministry inspections of the banks. “I feel great responsibility for the (scandal) and would like to offer a deep apology to the public,” he said after acknowledging that he will step down.Tuesday’s delay in the Diet affected debate on several bills considered vital to the government of Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, including the supplementary budget for the current fiscal year. Also up for action are bills to make possible Hashimoto’s pledge of 2 trillion yen in pump-priming income and residential tax cuts as well as those to pave the way for the use of 30 trillion yen in public funds to stabilize the banking sector.In an effort to break the Diet impasse, the ruling camp, which comprises Hashimoto’s LDP, the Social Democratic Party and New Party Sakigake, had proposed that Mitsuzuka would resign if the opposition agreed to begin deliberations today. The ruling parties also called on the opposition parties to agree to a Lower House passage of the extra budget and tax cut bills today, as they need to be enacted as swiftly as possible.The timetable for the bills on public funding for the financial sector, originally expected to clear the chamber the same day, could be renegotiated, they suggested.Up until Tuesday morning, Mitsuzuka had indicated he would not step down, stressing that his responsibility lies in overhauling the Finance Ministry to prevent similar incidents from recurring. But as the day progressed, members from allied parties, such as SDP head Takako Doi, also began to demand that he resign.Doi said a thorough restructuring of the ministry should be sought in addition to Mitsuzuka’s resignation. She stressed during a meeting of SDP lawmakers that the current Diet session should be devoted to reform of the ministry and to cleaning up corruption in the bureaucracy through measures including a new law mandating discipline among government officials.In addition, many LDP lawmakers said Mitsuzuka’s resignation could not be helped given the tense situation in the Diet and strong public sentiment over the scandal. Hashimoto and the LDP had feared the possibility of a serious delay in the enactment of the extra budget and the tax cuts as both are considered to be important economic stimulus measures.The tax cut bills, in particular, were drafted to make possible a partial return of tax money by February, and rapid Diet clearance is a must, according to Finance Ministry officials.
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The restoration of democracy in Estonia, after the Soviet occupation had ended in 1991, was to become the pilot project of the newly established Jarl Hjalmarsson Foundation. In Estonia, the Foundation tried out, for the first time, its concept of development aid based solely on knowledge transfer and networking between parties in different countries.
Cooperation was established with the conservative liberal party Pro Patria Union (PPU). The party’s youth organisation was part of the project from the start and later the women’s organisation would also be involved.
Initially, knowledge transfer in terms of political handiwork and the structuring of party organisations was the most pressing matter. Later, education would focus on such topics as campaign strategy and techniques, the ideas of democracy and market economy, networking, media management and finally governmental work. The Foundation also helped to introduce the PPU on the European scene by mediating contacts with the European Democrat Union (EDU) and the European People’s Party (EPP). EU and NATO membership was high on the agenda.
At the early stages, Estonian politicians got to meet representatives of the Swedish Moderate Party, which allowed for the exchange of experiences and ideas. Later, the Jarl Hjalmarsson Foundation arranged visits to Sweden and Europe for politically active Estonians. PPU-politicians educated by the Jarl Hjalmarsson Foundation have in their turn educated their colleagues. The Foundation launched a summer school for students from, among other countries, the Baltic States and an academy for female politicians.
Looking back, it is evident that the idea of the Foundation – that education and networking for the benefit of democratisation – was a resounding success: Estonia is currently a democracy and since 2004, a member of the EU. Pro Patria Union is a member of the EPP and it is running its own democratisation projects in other former Soviet republics.

domain: sociology


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8 January 2007
The campaign group Transport 2000 today blamed the Government for the temporary closure of two community rail lines in the South West of England.
Julia Thomas, the group’s public transport campaigner, explains: "The Department for Transport removed a staggering 29 carriages from First Great Western’s franchise in December – down to 104 carriages from 133. Those trains are now just sitting in storage. The remaining trains are breaking down more and passengers are being forced to take replacement buses – causing them hassle and making their journeys longer."
"It’s an absurd situation – and an unnecessary one. The department should bring the carriages back, allowing First Great Western to run a decent service,"
says Julia Thomas.
First Great Western has stated that the lines should reopen Friday, a total of one week without service. The lines affected are in Cornwall: Liskeard to Looe and St.Ives to St Erth, where temporary bus services are running instead.
Transport 2000 is working hard to convince the Government it must do more to support our rail network. The group’s Growing the Railways campaign calls on Government to plan for a growing railway in its 30-year rail plan, due this year. The campaign’s South West launch will be held at the Government Office for the South West, Temple Quay, in Bristol on 19 January 2007 at 10:00 AM.
Notes to editors
Transport 2000 is an independent campaigning and research body that represents the key transport interests of around 40 environmental groups, transport organisations and transport unions. We bring together people who seek to reduce the environmental and social effects of transport through encouraging less use of cars, lorries and planes and more use of rail, buses, trams, cycling and walking.


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Singer-songwriter and illustrator who released his first LP, Your Prince Blue Fades, in 2002 as Shinoflow. He debuted as Carlos Sadness in 2011, with the EP You Attract Lightening. He signed with Sony Music in 2010
He design while he uploading songs onto Myspace. He worked as an illustrator and advertising designer. Carolina Herrera was one of his clients.
He published a book, Anatomías Íntimas, in 2016.
His parents were born and raised in Huesca.


Saying that he is “filled with regret,” Geraldo Rivera has penned a lengthy apology for having defended former Fox News chief Roger Ailes against accusations of years-long sexual harassment against several of the network’s female employees. The comments come days after the lawsuit filed by Gretchen Carlson against Ailes was settled for a reported $20 million.
Rivera was a staunch supporter of Ailes when Carlson went public with her allegations in July, tweeting at the time that “I’ve known him 40 years. He’s about as flirty as the grizzly in #TheRevenant. I stand with Roger Ailes.” The comments caused immediate controversy for Rivera, but he stood by them. However, in the months since, a many other women have come forward with their allegations of abuse at Ailes hands, among them former The Five co-host Andrea Tantaros, who has filed a nearly $50 million sexual harassment lawsuit.
“The man we knew as the blustering genius who invented our mighty Fox News Channel is a deceitful, selfish misogynist, if the charges against him are true,” said Rivera in the statement. And if they are true, then his shame and banishment are well earned.”
Admitting that a recent book deal fell through because of his defense of Ailes and that “I was wrong, and am paying the price,” Rivera was frank in his assessment of his behavior. Citing his personal and professional relationship with Ailes as the reason for defending him, he said “Now I am filled with regret for stubbornly discounting their various allegations. The Murdochs would not have turned the world upside down but for good cause. Moreover, I apologize for my skepticism. Like victims of sexual assault, those alleging harassment deserve the presumption of credibility.”
Rivera later concluded his statement with a message of support for victims of sexual harassment. “To all the victims of sexual harassment, direct and indirect, I am sorry for what happened to you. As the father of three daughters, including one in the news business, I urge all who have been offended to reach out. Similarly, if you see harassment, say harassment, even if the alleged offender is an old friend.”
Rivera recently offered support for colleague on the outs with Fox News, outgoing host Greta Van Susteren, who left the network Tuesday after 14 years owing to unspecified financial disputes.
Van Susteren tweeted back that the feeling was mutual.
See the full statement below.
The man we knew as the blustering genius who invented our mighty Fox News Channel is a deceitful, selfish misogynist, if the charges against him are true. And if they are true, then his shame and banishment are well earned.
Like virtually all my colleagues at Fox News, I was totally blindsided by his sexual harassment scandal, which is why I responded to Gretchen Carlson’s initial filing of her lawsuit with extreme skepticism. The man she described in her pleadings was unknown even to those of us who thought we knew him well.
Roger and I have known each other for decades. I always pictured him as a hail-fellow well met, a corporate barroom brawler, more likely to tear your throat out than engage in sweet talk, as my first Tweet on the matter indicates.
Geraldo Rivera @GeraldoRivera Jul 12Manhattan, NY
I’ve known him 40 years. He’s about as flirty as the grizzly in #TheRevenant. I stand with Roger Ailes
He hired me in 1994 when he ran CNBC, and I was looking for respectability after a decade in the daytime talk show business. Roger gave me a nightly public affairs show, but not before expressing his piercing skepticism. During our first meeting, he warned against my trying too hard to be legitimate. “I don’t want shows about crocheting,” he said peering as only he can, laser-like into my eyes, adding sharply, “If I want to watch ice melting I’ll tune in Sunday Morning on CBS.”
Putting it in direct competition with CNN’s Larry King Live, the dominant cable talk show of that era, Roger gave the CNBC show its name, Rivera Live, told me it was ok to wear my reading glasses on camera, and gave me free rein to chase O.J. Simpson’s white Bronco. When Larry later joked how we had ripped his show off, stealing his title, I countered that what we ripped off was his ratings.
Roger and I never really hung out or traveled together, but were close enough that even though he had gone on to create Fox News, and I was still at CNBC, Roger and Beth invited me to their intimate 1998 Valentine’s Day City Hall wedding, presided over by Mayor Rudy Giuliani. My wife Erica and I ache thinking about how she must be suffering.
Three years later, we reunited professionally in the awful aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. I left the comfortable confines of CNBC to rejoin him at Fox News as senior war correspondent assigned 22 times to cover the bloody battlefields of Afghanistan and later Iraq. Through that period, he had my back through thick and thin, and I knew he would be there for my family if anything befell me in the field.
His personal and professional loyalty over the years impelled me to Tweet again on Roger’s behalf, even as his scandal deepened.
Geraldo Rivera @GeraldoRivera Jul 19Cleveland, OH Don’t believe the crap about #RogerAiles. Only ones talking dirt are those who hate #FoxNews & want to hurt network that’s kicking their ass
Roger resigned two days later when it became apparent that Gretchen was not alone in alleging abhorrent behavior behind his closed doors. Now I am filled with regret for stubbornly discounting their various allegations. The Murdochs would not have turned the world upside down but for good cause. Moreover, I apologize for my skepticism. Like victims of sexual assault, those alleging harassment deserve the presumption of credibility.
Even Ailes’ personal Inspector Javert, Gabriel Sherman, the New York Magazine writer I have called a “nerd with a grudge” deserves my apology. He is on the right side of history. Might does not mean right. I was wrong, and am paying the price.
I learned Tuesday September 6th that after being enthusiastically received, because of my uninformed support of Mr. Ailes, and the relatively flattering portrayal of him in an early manuscript of my war memoir, “Geraldo of Arabia, From Tora Bora to Trump, ” as a direct result, HarperCollins has chosen not to publish.
So what happens now? For one thing, the Ailes scandal will continue to percolate at least in part because of the fear and loathing by competitors for Fox News, the ratings leader. Because it suits their perceived competitive advantage, CNN and other news networks will continue to report, repeat and regurgitate every detail in this melancholy saga. Now that Mr. Sherman has been hired by MSNBC, he will most assuredly be encouraged to stay obsessively focused.
Although that is understandable, it is not fair. Having worked at all the networks over the last 47 years I can say definitively that the social culture is industry wide. Our rivals would all be better served to clean their own houses.
For a lot of reasons, news is a flirty business. With its pressure cooker environment and long hours, it is sometimes the only place young professionals can meet. Just add up all the newsroom romances that have resulted in marriage over the years.
Management’s role is to keep the playing field level, professional and fair. As society evolved from the “Mad Men” era of the 1950-60’s, giant steps have been taken to protect subordinate employees from harassment and unwelcome advances, particularly by superiors. Sure, there is far to go, but as the seismic response to Gretchen and the other purported victims makes clear, the news business will no longer tolerate boorish conduct by anyone, however powerful. Strict policies including sensitivity training are in place. Perpetrators do so at tremendous peril to their careers and families.
To all the victims of sexual harassment, direct and indirect, I am sorry for what happened to you. As the father of three daughters, including one in the news business, I urge all who have been offended to reach out. Similarly, if you see harassment, say harassment, even if the alleged offender is an old friend.
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The Home Garden
The Home Garden seeks to emphasize the design possibilities of Australian plants while taking the visitor on a journey through Australian garden design history.
The garden comprises fragments of different gardens covering a variety of periods, styles and scales. The designs will feel familiar to many and have been adapted from gardens featured in Australian books, magazines and television makeover programs. By substituting the exotic plants used in many period gardens with native plants, we show how it is possible to use native plants in established and new home gardens to achieve many different results.
- Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn
- January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Prostanthera lasianthos, Victorian Christmas Bush, is a large shrub or a small tree that grows as a forest understory plant in SE Australia. In cultivation it is a hardy plant that benefits from an occasional watering during extended dry periods. Useful as a tall screening plant to 4m.
Backhousia citriodora, Lemon-scented Myrtle is gaining in popularity as one of the finest lemon scented plants available. It naturally occurs as a small tree in the forests of the east coast of Queensland and is proving to be quite hardy well outside its natural range when grown in a sheltered position protected from frosts. This plant produces attractive clusters of white flowers but it is predominantly grown for its lemon scented foliage which has a range of uses from a tea infusion, as a garnish, and in soaps and lotions. In cultivation it prefers a moist protected position in the garden and with regular pruning it can be maintained as a shrub.
There is a native plant for practically every application in the garden. The Home Garden is a wonderful example of substituting traditional garden plants with a native that will fulfil the same form and function. For example we have substituted the English Box hedge with a hedge of Lilly Pilly, a standard rose with a standard Grevillea, even the traditional backyard lawn can be a native grass lawn!
This is a garden that utilises Australian native plants in a number of different ‘garden rooms’. There is a section of the garden that focuses on a typical 1950 garden structure, a 70’s bush garden and a more contemporary garden. Landscape designer: Coomes Landscape Architecture & Urban Design

domain: design


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My aim in this paper is to highlight what is economic empowerment and what are the obstacles against women economic empowerment. First of all, it is important to sort out the different biased and gender stereotypes which lead to gender-based discrimination and economic inequality. There are various reasons for this, which one of them would be careful work which discussed in this paper in details.The last part of the paper would highlight the recommendation to overcome the gender gap in the job market or the economic status of women in general.
Women Economic Empowerment
Empowerment itself can be defined as multi-dimensional connotations which range from “development of personal instrumental competencies and skills, to the process of challenging existing power relations, to household decision-making, to gaining access and control over resources like credit, income, land, knowledge, etc. as well as to subjective variables like the sense of personal power of self-efficacy.” It is related to accessibility to modern development facilities and extends women participation in the social, economic and political process and decision making. It is not sufficient to define women economic empowerment as women employment and access to the paid job, but it is much more complex than that. Women empowerment has defined the improvement of women status in their family, community and society. Generating job market may change few women’s lives while the mass of them remain subjugated and subordinated even with their increased economic participation As Esplen and Brody (2007) rightly pointed out economic growth is not the panacea of development. Development is also fundamentally about well-being, rights and justice. As such, it is imperative that initiatives empower women to aim not only at bringing about financial gain but also, critically, at ensuring women’s rights, equality and dignity. So, Economic empowerment is a critical means of righting the imbalances between men and women that have so far marginalized. CESCO’s has a comprehensive definition of economic empowerment “It is a process that has two core dimensions: resources and opportunity. Productive resources can be all the assets which women need to achieve economic advancement and usually tangible assets such as financial resources which includes income, savings, credit and physical resources can be land, housing, and technology. Sometimes even women are equipped with productive and physical resources; this does not automatically mean that they are economically empowered. So there is a need to have the opportunity to use those assets. Opportunity facilitates to obtain valuable outcomes from economic activity. When a woman has greater productive resources and agency, there are the chances that she can have better education, health, housing, social and political participation, and physical security. Empowered women are better able to break out of the cycle of poverty and exercise a greater voice in political, economic and cultural spheres. Women’s economic empowerment needs to be a top priority in the work to reduce poverty in the world. They must be viewed, just as men are, as economic actors as well as obvious and necessary agents of change. Economic empowerment is not just limited to the women employment or getting job, but it relates to the enhancement of women’s capacity for strategic choice and agency in the economic spheres and the changes in others spheres of women’s lives. The economic empowerment of women is thus a matter of human rights and social justice. So I can conclude that women’s empowerment is about more than financial gain; it is about enabling women to live lives of well-being and dignity, based on equality, rights and justice.
According to the Beijing Declaration,
“Empowerment of women and gender equality are the prerequisites for achieving political, social, economic, cultural, and environmental security among all peoples.”
UNDP 2008 report highlights empowered women to contribute to the health, education, and productivity of whole families and communities. Thus, ensuring the economic empowerment of women is an integral step in advancing international development goals. It is not as income earning or work participation while neglecting other aspects of women’s lives. As Esplen with Brody (2007) rightly says there are the assumptions that men are more skilled or educated than women also served to legitimize and perpetuate inequities in pay. Pay differentials result not from differences in education or training, but from gender-based stereotype and discrimination. Without financial independence, it is difficult for women to defend their rights. They cannot be independent. According to the World Bank 2001 reports of the over 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty on less than $1 a day, the majority of them are women. Even more worrying: The gap between men and women caught in poverty’s cycle is widening, a phenomenon commonly referred to as the “feminization of poverty.” An extensive 2001 World Bank report found that countries with smaller gender gaps in areas such as education, employment, and property rights have lower poverty rates. Women’s economic empowerment can itself contribute to the changing discriminatory social practices. As women engage more substantially in economic activity gathering greater productive resources and economic opportunities there will be the chances they challenge and reconfigure unfair gender roles and create new social norms. Nonetheless, the gendered division of work results in men receiving the majority of income and recognition for their economic contribution. Women in spite of bearing double burdens of work remaining unpaid or less paid, unrecognized and undervalued due to the following obstacles:
The role-based stereotyping and gender division of labour that is prevalent in all categories of employment, irrespective of educational and skill development have remained the main obstacles for women economic empowerment. The factors contribute to these inequalities are discriminatory inheritance practices, unequal access to land markets and gender-biased land reform and discriminatory social and traditional practices and believes. As PreetRustagi (2005) rightly says gender-based discrimination is found in every culture and society in varying degrees and it is manifested in various domains of life and activities. As a result of gender discrimination, the status of women is subordinate to men and they have little access to education, food, nutrition, health care, employment and wages. The gender ideology defines women in lower position especially in certain domains, for instance, marriage, inheritance, divorce, control over women resource, body and sexuality. The domination and pervasive prevalence of gender ideologies subjugate women within families and assign the lower social status to them. It is a result of restricted social values, customs and norms and women are subjugated to the power of the male heads of households. The most dominant understanding of gender considers male as breadwinner (provider) and female as a caregiver even under changing situation. It is ironical that at times even the opposition to changing gender roles comes from women themselves who have internalized its social construction. In most countries, the interaction between religious, cultural beliefs and economic forces reinforce patriarchal cultures.
Research had shown the trade-off that many women have to make between economic and social costs between the need to earn a livelihood and the importance honour and social status in a context where social norms prescribe female seclusion.The ILO’s first Global Report on discrimination in 2003, described gender inequalities in pay as being among the most resilient features of labour markets across the world. The gender pay gap is underpinned by gendered norms and stereotype which assume that men are primary breadwinners and women are secondary or supplementary earners, women’s work has less recognition and value than the work done by men. There are three areas which highlighted by PreetRustagi(2005) as causes of women vulnerability and lower status assigned to their works. Firstly, there is the issue of invisibility, the non-recognition of women’s entire contribution to the economy, since it is a contribution toward the household or family and hence remains unaccounted. Secondly, is women’s excessive concentration in traditional or conventional tasks and occupations, many of which tend to be considered non-economic or extended economic activities which cannot be considered in GDP and most of them are unpaid. Thirdly, the role played by women in the care sector, predominantly their reproductive work bearing, rearing, nurturing children and household maintenance, falls outside the national accounting systems. Care works are crucial for household members’ well-being and effective participation in different spheres, economic, social and political, but they continue to remain non-economic activities and unpaid. By virtue of women performing these roles which are statistically not counted as economic and hence not monetarily valued, women’s roles and their contribution are assigned a lower status while women invest a higher proportion of her resources in her family’s welfare than her male counterpart. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development highlights if unpaid domestic work were assigned a monetary value, it would constitute between 10 percent and 39 percent of GDP. The gendered division of work results in men receiving the majority of income and recognition for their economic contribution, and women’s work remaining unpaid, unrecognized and undervalued. According to The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Two-thirds of women’s total work time is already spent on carrying out unpaid work. These obligations pose a serious obstacle to increasing women’s labour force participation and have a major impact on their well-being. There are some recommendations which help to some extent to cover this gap.
As Dr Prachi Singh, Mrs Shilpi Gupta suggests the struggle of gender equality should be carried at every level and it should overcome the barriers of caste, class, race and religion. We have to accept the fact that things are not going to change overnight, but because of this, we cannot stop taking action either. At this juncture, the most important step is to initiate ground level actions however small it might seem. The ground level actions should be focused towards changing the social attitude and practices prevalent in the society which are highly biased against women. There are many effective types of machinery and policies on women and gender mainstreaming, but none of them brought any change at the ground level. In many countries of the world, it has been proved that top-down approach did not work very well so instead the focus should be more on bottom-up approach and the voice from the ground should be heard. Women’s economic empowerment requires action at all levels of society (locally, nationally, and globally). No single initiative alone can independently fulfil the conditions for empowerment and not all strategies will yield results in all contexts. The most effective programs will be those that listen to the needs of potentially impacted women and carefully evaluate their resources, strengths, and vulnerabilities or in another word the ground level approach would be the best to overcome gender gap.Recognizing poverty’s gender dimension and protecting the economic rights of women must be at the heart of any poverty reduction initiative.
So in concluding remarks, I would say that women economic empowerment is the key to gender equality and it is not only about the question of gender equality, but it is the question of human right and human dignity. In addition to the gender stereotype, traditional and cultural barriers the unpaid care work would be the main challenge against women empowerment, women invest a large portion of their time in unpaid and less paid works and they formed the majority of the world poor population. The ground level action is required to reflect the voice of the most affected women so here all stakeholders should work together for removing the gender gap.
She has completed Masters degree in International Relations from South Asian University, New Delhi, India.


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Emergency works on part of the sea wall at Teignmouth are taking place this week.
The works are taking place on the sea defence wall at the Eastcliff Promenade where they are wanting to repair any loose masonry and prepare for any longer term maintenance.
A Teignbridge Council spokesman said: “Please be aware there are sea wall works this week and next at the Eastcliff end of Teignmouth sea front.
“The wave reflection face of a section of the sea defence structure on Eastcliff Promenade requires essential maintenance to reinstate the integrity of the elevation.
“Planned works started on Monday and last for a period of two week.
“Pedestrian access along the Promenade will not be interrupted during this time.”
They added: "The work involves repairing the mortar joints in the front of the seawall in front of Eastcliff, as the joints were weathering and open in some places. The job was scheduled to take two weeks and should be finished by Friday if this weather holds."
It comes as the council’s executive committee agreed on Tuesday morning that vital work that ensure the protection of the Teignbridge coast will continue to be funded by the council and the Environment Agency.
Teignbridge District Council have been working in partnership with the Environment Agency to develop a project to survey and record all of its coastal assets that provide a flood and erosion risk management function or that are in need to repair work.
A report that went to the committee said: “The information derived from this programme is used to identify the coastal changes and consequent planning and management needs of the responsible authorities. The recent and ongoing coastal defence schemes for Shaldon, Back Beach, The Point Sea Wall, Dawlish Sea Wall, Dawlish Warren, Cockwood and Shaldon have all relied on evidence from the programme to justify the business cases for those project.
“Our studies, from time to time, identify particular ‘hotspots’ where the defences need more investigation leading to possible urgent repairs; ‘The Point’ sea wall at Teignmouth is an example.
“The Council’s coastal engineers and scientists are working with the agency on a small number of assets in Devon and Cornwall that require various methods of investigation and, for economic and technical efficiencies, it is best to group the investigations and subsequent reports.
“One of the assets is the council owned section of sea wall at Eastcliff Teignmouth where we want to repair any loose masonry and prepare for any longer term maintenance. The Agency are funding all of the Council’s costs for project management and for any specialist contractor costs. The funding provided by the Agency for this project is currently £167k; this agency budget may increase if the investigations warrant further work.”
Cllr Mike Haines said: “I am very pleased to see this report as it is vital for Teignbridge. I support this work which enhances the profile of Teignbridge in this region and beyond.”
Cllr Gordon Hook added: “This work is important for the sea defences in Teignbridge.”
The recommendation to continue to work in partnership with the Environment Agency was unanimously approved.