Eucalyptus is an open-source software for building AWS-compatible private and hybrid clouds. It offers an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) product that allows users to provision compute and storage resources on-demand. Some of the features of Eucalyptus are:
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- Multi-cloud management: Eucalyptus provides a single interface to manage multiple clouds, including public and private clouds.
- Hybrid cloud support: Eucalyptus allows you to build a hybrid cloud by connecting your private cloud with a public cloud like AWS.
- Customizable: Eucalyptus is highly customizable and can be configured to suit your specific needs.
Some of the advantages of using Eucalyptus are:
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- Control: With Eucalyptus, you have full control over your cloud infrastructure, which allows you to customize it to suit your specific needs.
- Security: Eucalyptus offers a secure and isolated environment for your cloud infrastructure.
Some of the use-cases for Eucalyptus are:
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Some of the downsides of using Eucalyptus are:
- Complexity: Eucalyptus can be complex to set up and configure.
- Limited support: Eucalyptus is an open-source project, which means that support is limited compared to commercial cloud providers.
You can install Euclyptus by running:
bash <(curl -Ls https://get.eucalyptus.cloud)
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Rock climbing is among the outdoor activities that have undergone the highest growth since the second half of the 20th century. As a result, cliff habitats, historically one of the least disturbed by human colonization worldwide, are facing more intense human pressure than ever before. However, there is little data on the impact of this activity in plant-communities, and such information is indispensable for adequate manager decision-making. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of rock climbing on plant communities in terms of cover, richness, and composition in relation to climbing intensity on typical Mediterranean limestone cliffs. Three rock-climbing sites were selected in the Baetic range (SE Spain), corresponding to qualitative categories of climbing frequentation: i)“low” (low frequentation with intermittent climbing), ii)“medium” (high frequentation without overcrowding), and iii) “high” (high frequentation with overcrowding). Within each site, we selected climbing routes and adjacent areas free of climbing, then we carried out a photoplot-based sampling by rappelling. We analysed the images to calculate: richness, species cover, and total cover. This study shows that rock climbing negatively affected the cliff plant community at all three study sites. A significant decrease in plant cover, species richness and a shift in the community composition were recorded for climbed areas, the cover being the variable most sensitive to rock climbing. Impact observed proved to be related to the frequentation level. Low-frequentation sites, with usually more specialized climbers, underwent relatively mild damages, whereas at high frequentation sites the impact was severe and the conservation of the species, especially rare ones, became jeopardized. Our study is the first one available to investigate climbing impact on plant communities in Mediterranean areas, but more research on the impact of rock climbing is needed to assess the regulation of this activity. Regarding management guidelines, we propose a management guideline protocol to evaluate climbing routes and design: i) “Sites free of climbing”, ii) “Strictly regulated climbing routes”, iii) “Mildly regulated climbing routes”, or iv) “Free climbing routes”.
Citation: Lorite J, Serrano F, Lorenzo A, Cañadas EM, Ballesteros M, Peñas J (2017) Rock climbing alters plant species composition, cover, and richness in Mediterranean limestone cliffs. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0182414. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182414
Editor: Lorenzo Brusetti, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, ITALY
Received: February 17, 2017; Accepted: July 18, 2017; Published: August 2, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Lorite et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Funding was provided by the Regional Government of Andalusia (Junta de Andalucía, Proyectos de Excelencia, P11-RNM-7061).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Since the 1950s, recreation and tourism have expanded exponentially in natural areas worldwide, both in the number of practitioners as well as in the number of activities practised . This explosion in visits has caused disturbances and, accordingly, environmental impact, which in turn raises concerns as to whether recreation and tourism activities in protected areas can be sustainably managed . Consequently, there are growing efforts to understand the ecological effects of this trend. In fact, a specialized field of study called Recreation Ecology has emerged to examine the impact of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in natural or semi-natural environments . As a result, a range of direct and indirect consequences of recreational activities has been documented mostly in North America, Europe, and Australia . However, most of the repercussions are far from being fully understood , and therefore more research is needed to ensure the sustainable management of these activities.
Rock climbing is one of the outdoor activities that has most increased over the second half of the 20th century [5,6,7]. For example, climbing increased 8% in the USA between 1980 and 1984, 12% between 1985 and 1990 , and 10% between 1999 and 2009. This number is expected to rise 50% by the year 2050 . As a result, cliff habitats, previously regarded as one of the least anthropogenically disturbed worldwide , are facing greater human pressure than ever before . At the same time, the relative inaccessibility of these habitats has largely prevented biologists from performing research, resulting in a relative scarcity of information on the impact of rock climbing until today [4, 11], leaving a gap in knowledge needed for adequate manager decision making to this regard .
Research in Germany [12,13,7], Switzerland [14,6,15], Canada [9, 16,17,5], and the United States [18,19,20] has helped evaluations on the ecological effects of rock climbing, focusing on changes in the structure and composition of cliff-face vegetation. Almost all studies on the impact of rock climbing have found consistent negative effects on plant species (see  for a review), including i) reduction of plant cover; ii) decreasing of species richness; iii) extinction of species sensitive to disturbances and of specialist species adapted to these extreme habitats; and iv) expansion of ruderal-colonizer or alien species [5,7]. These changes in plant community may also alter soil properties (i.e. soil texture, fertility, and productivity) or microclimate, resulting in a cliff area more prone to disturbances . These mechanical effects begin with the establishment of new climbing routes, which results in trampling, or pulling most of the plants (commonly referred to as “cleaning” or “gardening”; [21, 22]). Then, trees and shrubs are used as rappel or belay anchors, causing damages at the medium term . Rock climbing also mechanically damages plants by partially or fully eliminating them [6,17]. In the absence of disturbances, these plant species are usually long-lived because of low mortality rates linked to a harsh environment but with low disturbances  Therefore, these areas may undergo arrested recovery when disturbed.
This pressure is especially harmful for rare and/or endemic species that are particularly frequent in these habitats. This has played a key role in the loss of biodiversity at the local and regional scale .
Within the Mediterranean hotspot  cliff faces have acted as anthropogenic and environmental refuges, resulting in unique habitats with a high number of rare and endemic species [26,27], particularly on limestone cliffs. Polunin (see  p. 44) stated that “each gorge or cliff will have its own collection of species and many rarities are only to be found in such habitats”. Scientifically, these habitats have proven highly useful in addressing a great number of ecophysiological  and evolutionary issues , thereby constituting a priority for biodiversity conservation .
However, the characteristics of cliff-face habitats, as mentioned above, make it difficult to apply sampling and monitoring methods, usually developed for more accessible areas . Therefore, the surge in climbing activity is not matched by proportional monitoring and evaluation of the impact . In fact, no research is available on the ways in which climbing affects plant communities in the Mediterranean hotspot. Within this area, the Baetic range (south-eastern Spain) has high plant diversity, not only in flora as a whole [32, 33], but also in chasmophytes (i.e. plants that grow in rock crevices) , making the area ideal to study the effect of rock climbing.
In Spain, as in other Mediterranean countries, the number of climbers has risen some 25% in the last decade, with ca. 99,000 climbers. The south of the country being particularly attractive to climbing activities for climatic reasons (i.e. few rainy days and mild winter temperatures) (www.fedme.es). In many protected areas, managers are facing increasing pressure in the existing climbing routes and a growing demand for establishing new ones. Managers are making contrasting decisions, from closure of existing routes, to the approval and even the promotion of the opening new ones. All these decisions are made without proper evaluation to support them , and have been contested by climbers. Therefore, it is crucial to generate scientifically sound information that facilitates and provides criteria for decision-making processes among managers. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of rock-climbing on the cover, richness, and composition of plant communities growing on typical Mediterranean limestone cliffs.
Material and methods
We selected three rock-climbing sites: Salto de la Cabra (“Cabra” hereafter), Alfacar and Cahorros (see Table 1 for further details) located in the Baetic range (SE Spain), a recognized biodiversity hotspot within the Mediterranean hotspot . Selected areas were located between 650 and 1000 m asl. The climate type is continental Mediterranean, with relatively cold winters, hot summers, and four months of water deficit. The mean annual temperature ranged between 14.1°C and 16.9°C, with an average monthly minimum temperature in January (5.6–11.8°C) and a maximum in August (22.1–24.8°C). Annual rainfall averages ranged from 479 to 760 mm, occurring mainly in winter. The sites occupy part of the Baetic-Rif geological complex, the cliffs studied being composed mainly of limestone and dolomite .
Plant communities living on cliff-faces in the study area are typically composed of plant species of Mediterranean origin with some rare and/or endemic cases, the most abundant and/or typical being Sarcocapnos pulcherrima, Teucrium rotundifolium, Chaenorhinum villosum, Chiliadenus glutinosus, Ceterach officinarum, Polygala rupestris, Sedum dasyphyllum and Phagnalon rupestre .
Sampling design and data collection
In the absence of detailed data on the number of climbers per site, the frequentation was assigned using expert judgement (according to  and A.J. Herrera, pers. com.), resulting in three qualitative categories: i) “low” (low frequentation with intermittent activity) for Cabra, ii) “medium” (high frequentation without overcrowding) for Alfacar, and iii) “high” (high frequentation with overcrowding) for Cahorros (see Table 1).
Within each of the three sites, we selected climbing routes and adjacent areas with the same conditions at least 5 m away from the climbing routes and without any sign of climbing activity. We sampled the transects matched in pairs (climbed/unclimbed) in order to avoid differences in exposure, inclination, etc. The selected climbing routes sampled here represent medium climbing-difficulty standards (lower than 6b in the French scale; UIAA: http://www.theuiaa.org), and style (i.e. sport climbs with fixed-bolt protection). These are the most commonly used for rock climbing at the sites, and therefore supporting the greatest impact [9,6]. No permission was required because sampling was performed in non-regulated climbing routes and we did not collected specimens of protected plant species.
We established 34 transects with 410 quadrats (206 unclimbed, 204 climbed), 110 for Cabra, 120 for Alfacar and 180 for Cahorros (see Table 1). We sampled each transect by rappelling. The climbing rope was fixed to safe elements such as rocks, or trees, and the sampling was made in the descent (partially adapted from ). We carried out a photoplot-based sampling , taking pictures with a digital camera of 0,25 m2 quadrats, placed every 2 m along the transect, resulting in 10–15 quadrats (= photos) per transect (adapted from ).
We analysed the images with ImageJ 1.47v software . In each photograph we marked the orthogonal projection of each individual plant, for each plant species separately. The following variables were calculated: i) richness, as the number of different species encountered per quadrat, ii) species cover, as the percentage of the total surface covered by a given species, and iii) total cover, as the sum of all species cover per quadrat. We identified plant species in the photographs, collecting some specimens in order to identify them in the laboratory under a binocular microscope when necessary. For identification and classification, we followed Flora of Eastern Andalusia .
All statistical analyses were implemented in R version 3.3.0 . First, we explored differences in cover and richness by use (climbed/unclimbed) and by site, fitting generalized linear models (GLMs) with a Poisson error and log-link function distribution. Multiple comparisons were performed using the R “multcomp” package . For the 14 most abundant species, GLMs with a Poisson error distribution were also fitted to explore the effect of climbing on cover by species and, n2 to test the differences in presence (i.e. % of sampling plots where the species is present).
Afterwards, to test differences in cover and richness among sites (Cabra, Alfacar and Cahorros) combined with the use (i.e. climbed vs. unclimbed), we fitted Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) using “glmer” function (R “lme4” package; , with a Poisson error distribution. These GLMMs enable us to deal with the different levels of pseudoreplication inherent to the sampling. Therefore, we nested quadrats in plot and site as random factors in the models. In the final models, we removed the interaction between sites (Cabra/Alfacar/Cahorros) and use (climbed/unclimbed) that were not significant either for cover or for richness. Afterwards, we calculated the variance explained by the models (as R2) using “r.squaredGLMM” function  implemented in MuMIn R package .
We also explored changes in the composition of plant communities by means of multivariate analyses. First, we explored the influence of the categorical factors (site and use) over the matrix of species per transect by means of a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (permanova), performed with the “adonis” function in R package vegan 2.0–10 . Then, we used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to examine whether the composition of plant species differed between climbed and unclimbed areas and the relationship with the plant cover and richness. For CCA analysis, the data were averaged per transect and then transformed using Wisconsin double standardization (i.e. species abundance are first standardized by maxima /by species maximum, and then samples by total, and by convention multiplied by 100), which improves the gradient-detection ability, especially in zero-inflated matrices, as typically occurs in rock-crevice sampling . Also, for this analysis, the factor “site” was transformed into three variables (one per site) taking 0/1 values. Finally, we fitted environmental variables, both categorical and continuous, onto the CCA ordination using the function “envfit” in the R package vegan.
A total of 391 individual plants of 34 species were recorded in the 410 quadrats sampled (113 individuals from 20 species in the climbed quadrats and 278 individuals from 25 species for the unclimbed ones). The most frequent species were chasmophytes such as Teucrium rotundifolium, Chiliadenus glutionosus, Sedum dasyphyllum and Chaenorrhinum villosum.
The overall cover of the quadrats was low (7.29±0.61%), being significantly higher in unclimbed areas in comparison with climbed ones (11.36±1.02% vs. 3.17±0.49; p<0.000; Fig 1A). Richness showed the same pattern, with 0.97±0.04 species per quadrat (unclimbed = 1.38±0.06 vs. climbed = 0.72±0.05; p<0.000) (See Fig 1B). Within the three studied sites, both cover and richness were significantly higher in all cases for unclimbed areas (Fig 1C and 1D). Going one step further, we found that for unclimbed areas, cover was significantly higher in Cabra compared with the other two sites (Fig 1C), while richness was significantly higher in Alfacar than in Cabra, Cahorros having intermediate richness (without significant differences with the other two sites). In the climbed sites, both cover and richness drastically decreased, with significant differences related to the climbing frequentation level, this being lower in Cabra, higher in Cahorros, and intermediate in Alfacar.
Mean (± SE of the mean) of climbed vs. unclimbed areas of a) plant cover b) richness, c) cover per area and d) Richness per area. Significant codes above the bars indicate the p-values obtained after the GLMs as follows: n.s. (not significant) p>0.05; * p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001. Different letters in c) and d) indicate significant differences across the sites with the same use (climbed or unclimbed) at p<0.05 in the post hoc Tukey tests.
GLMMs revealed that cover differed depending on the use (climbed vs. unclimbed) while no differences were found among sites (Table 2). For richness, unclimbed areas also registered significant differences. Moreover, climbed areas in Cabra differed with respect to the other sites, indicating that richness was better preserved in these routes with lower climbing frequentation. Cahorros, with a high climbing intensity showed marginally significant differences, richness being negatively influenced (Estimate = -0.41686) by this high frequentation.
The permanova analysis indicated that Site exerted the greatest influence over the species composition (F = 2.7180; R2 = 0.13843; p = 0.002), but also climbing had a significant influence (F = 3.9305; R2 = 0.10009; p = 0.001), and there was a significant interaction between these two factors (F = 1.4517; R2 = 0.07394; p = 0.044; see S1 Table for further details). This suggests that species composition changes among sites, and are being influenced by their use (climbed vs. unclimbed), consistent with the results shown in Fig 1.
Canonical ordination was performed based on 19 species that appeared at least in 5% of transects. The first two axes of the analysis accounted for 56.31% of the variance (see Fig 2 and S2 Table). Composition varied among the three study sites (climbing intensity). Cover and richness were both positively correlated between them and negatively correlated with climbed areas. Most of the species appeared in association with the variables cover and richness and also with Cabra and Alfacar sites and negatively associated with climbed areas. This result was especially noteworthy for species with larger size, such as Rhamnus lycioides, Ulex parviflorus or Rosmarinus officinalis, which are usually removed during climbing routes conditioning, and/or damaged by climbing, especially in route with high frequentation.
Transects climbed marked with black circles and unclimbed by triangles. Species (in grey): Bi_bit = Bituminaria bituminosa, Bu_gib = Bupleurum gibraltaricum, Ga_luc = Galium lucidum, Ch_glu = Chiliadenus glutinosus, La_mar = Lavatera maritima, Me_min = Melica minuta, Ph_rup = Phagnalon rupestre, Po_rup = Polygala rupestris, Rh_lyc = Rhamnus lycioides, Rh_myr = Rhamnus myrtifolius, Sa_pul = Sarcocapnos pulcherrima, Se_das = Sedum dasyphyllum, Se_sed = Sedum sediforme, St_ten = Stipa tenacissima, Ch_vill = Chaenorrinum villosum, Ul_par = Ulex parviflorus, Ro_off = Rosmarinus officinalis, Sa_rup = Sanguisorba rupicola, Te_rot = Teucrium rotundifolium, Th_oro = Thymus orospedanus, He_hel = Hedera helix, Ce_off = Ceterach officinarum, So_ten = Sonchus tenerrimus, Me_sat = Medicago sativa, Si_bor = Silene boryi.
Differences in cover per species, despite being low, were significant for 13 of the 14 most abundant species (see Table 3), the greatest being in unclimbed areas. Exceptions were Chaenorhinum villosum, which was significantly higher in climbed areas, and Sanguisorba rupicola, which showed no significant differences.
Regarding species presence (i.e. % of sampling plots containing the species), significant differences between climbed and unclimbed areas, were found only for Chiliadenus glutinosus, Melica minuta, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Teucrium rotundifolium. The presence of these species was consistently higher in unclimbed areas, generally showing a sharp reduction in climbed areas (see Table 3).
The present study shows that rock climbing negatively affected the cliff plant community at the three study sites. A significant loss of plant cover, species richness, and a shift in the community composition were recorded for climbed areas. Similar climbing-related changes in vegetation have been reported in other studies [47,12,19,18,20,9,5,6,11]. In the present study, these changes were consistently related to the level of climbing frequentation, being especially severe for Cahorros, the site with highest frequentation and greatest overcrowding. The same pattern for overcrowded areas has been observed by other authors .
Cover was the most sensitive response variable to rock climbing. Damages were due to route-conditioning (via eliminating taller plants and creating additional hand and foot holds) as well as for the climbing activity itself (i.e. mechanical damage) [9,18,6].
Richness decreased in overcrowded areas following the same pattern as for cover. However, the pattern was not so sharp. In fact, the plant individuals remained even in overcrowded areas, but with a marked decrease in cover. In this sense, microsites formed by rock irregularities can play an important role in terms of the resilience of the plant community , constituting safe sites for plant survival. However, overcrowding can drastically reduce these safe microsites . In this sense, in the areas with threatened species, restrictions (in terms of climbing period or climbing frequentation) or even closure of areas might be necessary in order to guarantee their conservation [10,48].
The plant community at sites with highly frequent climbing also underwent major changes. In particular, hardwood or spiny shrubs and dwarf shrubs are often removed in the preparation of climbing routes, while dwarf sub-shrubs often remain . Also, species that can be easily harmed (i.e. herbaceous or weak stems) are more prone to disappear. In particular, Chiliadenus glutinosus, Sarcocapnos pulcherrima or Teucrium rotundifolium, show pronounced differences, both in abundance and cover in comparison with other less fragile dwarf shrubs, as also pointed out in other research .
The most significant changes in the community composition were observed in terms of frequentation. In particular we detected a decline in several rare and endangered species with climbing activity, this being particularly clear for Sarcocapnos pulcherrima. The same was found by other authors [5,6], affecting also their population genetic structure . However, as opposed to other researchers, we did not detect any replacement by ruderal-colonizers or alien species . Contrasting results concerning changes in the grass and colonizer abundance have been reported by different authors. For example, Farris  and McMillan & Larson  found greater grass abundance, while Nuzzo  and Camp & Knight  reported lower grass abundance due to climbing activities. Later, other authors suggested that the abundance of grasses increased under low climbing intensity, but decreased at very high climbing intensity . These differences with previously published work might be caused by variation in floristic pools and environmental conditions across studies. In our study can also be inherent to Mediterranean rock crevices.
The impact observed was related to the climbing-frequency level. At sites with low levels, and usually more specialized climbers (with usually more demanding routes and/or difficult access), the damages were relatively low. In contrast, at overcrowded sites such as Cahorros, the impact became severe, jeopardizing the conservation of species, especially rare ones.
Our study is the first one available devoted to climbing impact on plant communities in Mediterranean areas. Much research is needed to shed light on this issue. Our study is restricted to beginner–intermediate climb difficulties, as most of previous studies (up to 6b in French scale or 5.9 YDS; e.g. [5,9]. Some authors have noted the strong influence of microtopography, in relation with the intensity of the use and with the potential damage to plants [9,11]. Therefore, the potential damage in the more technical routes is presumably lower. Moreover, we have not considered annual species in this study, because sampling was partly performed late in growing season, and this could introduce artificial differences/sampling artefacts between early and late sampled areas . However, we presumed that these annual species are less abundant in the Mediterranean cliff habitats that are subject to comparatively harsher environmental conditions.
Despite that limestone is the most frequent rock type in climbing routes, there are other rock types in the climbing area including marble or schist. Many authors agree that the impact on plant communities over different rock types could be quite different [10,11]. As such, these studies need to be extended to include different rock types.
In the present study, several variables often measured as indicators or proxies of climbing disturbance such as limb removal, bark abrasion, reductions in average leaf size, or in flower number or size, or differences in growth rate, colony size, or reproductive rate  were disregarded because of the sampling design used. That is, we selected transects by pairs (i.e. climbed/not climbed) in order to avoid differences involving the uncontrolled environmental factors (both biotic or abiotic ones). In contrast, climbed and unclimbed areas were sampled separately in most of the studies [10,9], so that the differences between climbed and unclimbed plots could be explained only by a combination of rock morphology, environment, and climbing pressure , hindering the evaluation of the impact of climbing activities alone. However, in a second step we might include some environmental key factors (e.g. rock type, soil nutrients, soil moisture, etc.). Evaluating the influence of these environmental factors over plant community enabled us to use them as predictor variables to foresee the impact of climbing activities and to make management decisions accordingly.
There is an enormous increase in requests for new climbing routes in protected areas in Spain, especially the Mediterranean part (, A.J. Herrera and D. Cuerda pers. com.). However, in many climbing areas, conservation problems have been detected, which urgently need to be addressed based on scientifically sound evidence as demanded by climber associations (e.g. FEDME; www.fedme.es).
We propose a protocol to evaluate climbing routes (Fig 3). All the existing and proposed routes need to be assessed for their impact on biotic and abiotic elements. Also, the impact on endemic/threatened/rare species need be established. Based on these results, managers can decide, following a pathway decision scheme (see Fig 3), whether the impact is significant for species or environmental factors (i.e. key species or soil erosion). Then, if the route affects singular species (i.e. threatened or rare species) or other particular elements (i.e. specific rock types, geological forms, etc.), managers should recommend route closure or deny permission to open new ones (Decision 1). If not, then the following step is to decide whether the impact needs regulation (limiting climbing period, frequentation or specific sites), resulting in a strictly regulated climbing route (Decision 2). Even if the impact does not need regulation, any other specific regulations might apply, as in protected areas or other land-planning measures. For this situation a mildly-regulated climbing route is proposed (Decision 3). Finally, in areas that do not fulfil the former questions (i.e. cliffs in peri-urban areas) climbing intensity or type could be more flexible, becoming “free climbing route” (i.e. climbing routes with high potential for frequent climbing, even the more accessible equipped routes for climbers and walkers called "Via Ferrata")(Decision 4). In regulated climbing routes (strict and mild regulated ones) and free climbing routes stakeholders must play an important role in establishing specific regulations, in proposing and accepting commitment to good practices, and in preparing and disseminating user-friendly information about regulations and good practices. These might be established by means of participation process guided by administration managers.
On the basis of this study, we conclude that the impact of rock climbing on the plant community (in terms of cover, richness, and composition) is detrimental and that it strongly depends on climbing frequency, being especially worrisome for overcrowded routes. Closure or controlled access to frequently climbed areas would be necessary to prevent species loss and avoid changes in cliff plant communities. However, implementing unpopular measures such as total or partial closure of existing climbing routes, must be supported by solid information and assessment. Managers would need to make an initial assessment of the impact before giving permission for a route. For this reason, studies might relate the effect to several predictor variables that allow managers the impact to be foreseen in a given area. On this basis, managers could make a decision or request more data. This is a particular need in areas with relict, and/or endemic, and/or threatened plants. Therefore, it is necessary to study more sites, with different rock types and different environmental conditions in order to clearly define the patterns of impact and the peculiarities concerning this growing management challenge that is jeopardizing the conservation of this original and fragile Mediterranean habitat.
S1 Table. Results of permanova analysis.
Significant values in bold (formula = data_ species ~ Site * Use; permutations = 999). Significant codes for p-values obtained after the GLMMs:. p< 0.1; * p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001.
S2 Table. Results of the permutation test performed after the variables of CCA.
CCA1-CCA2 = CCA scores of the first two canonical axes. R2 of the model. P-values obtained after permutation test (n permutations = 999) as follows: **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001.
The administration of National Park of Sierra Nevada provided logistic support for the sampling. A.J. Herrera helped to select the sampling areas, provided information and made very useful comments on the manuscript. We also would like to thank David Nesbitt for linguistic advice.
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Every now and again, I get to venture outside the OINK area to play golf. It doesn’t happen very often; so when it does, I try to capture the moment.
So far, my travels have been limited to Florida, South Carolina, and New Mexico. I also played a decent course in Pennsylvania, but unfortunately didn’t take many pictures during that round. In fact, before my trip to Florida in 2004, I was still using actual film to record my shots. So if I do any reviews of those courses, I’ll have to scan my pictures to a digital format. How old school of me.
Eventually, I’ll get around to posting the pictures of all my trips. For now, this is my list:
Eagle Creek Golf Club – 2004
The Club at Eaglebrooke – 2004
World Woods (Pine Barrens) – 2004, 2011
World Woods (Rolling Oaks) – 2004
Keller Golf Course – 2015
Midland Hills Country Club – 2015
Town & Country Club – 2015
White Bear Yacht Club – 2015
Windsong Farm Golf Club – 2015
Atlantic City CC – 2013
Greate Bay Country Club – 2015
Linwood Country Club – 2015
Seaview Resort (Bay) – 2014
Twisted Dune – 2013
The Vineyards at Renault – 2014
Oak Island Golf Club – 2012
Wilmington Municipal Golf Course – 2016
Hershey Country Club (East) – 2007
Arcadian Shores Golf Club – 1996, where apparently the golf bug didn’t bite hard enough.
Daufuskie Island (Melrose) – 2005. Boy, oh boy, have things changed to that course and resort since I visited. Read this gem for more details. I really need to do a write up of this course to remember what it was like in its prime.
Kiawah Island (Cougar Point) – 2002, where it all began
Kiawah Island (Oak Point) – 2003
Kiawah Island (Turtle Point) – 2003
Wild Dunes (Harbor) – 2005

domain: hobby


text:
Revolver Rani review: Kangana Ranaut shines in a disappointing film
The film however, disappoints just as much as it entertains. The ending leaves things open for a possible sequel and one hopes that Revolver Rani returns in the style of The Bride.
Warning: Spoilers ahead
It takes all of fifteen minutes to realise that you are watching a desi version of Kill Bill in Revolver Rani. Its got Quentin Tarantino written all over each and every sequence, the director having broken the film down into just that — a series of well-orchestrated sequences. And in tune with director Sai Kabir's aesthetic inspiration, Revolver Rani exudes Tarantino style pulpy kitsch, much to the amusement of an unsuspecting Indian audience.
The first half is absolutely delightful. Weird would be an understatement to describe just how absurd the film's treatment is. And I mean that as a compliment.
The dialogues are rooted to the setting of the Chambal valley, tapping into a treasure trove of local lingo and humour. Similarly, the music and background score make no pretences to being mainstream and necessarily melodious. Aarti Bajaj's clever editing is in the style of typically B-grade cinema, adding much to the narrative of the film. And the star of the film, Kangana Ranaut, who seems to be having a great year, hits another home run with her performance as the feisty and slightly deranged Alka Singh who is scary, naughty, unabashedly sexual, just and professionally speaking quite a fighter.
She champions the rights of adivasis, fighting opposition party leader Udaybhan Tomar (Zakir Hussain) who she claims took money from a mining company called Siddhanta (obviously referring to Vedanta's dirty politics in Orissa). She falls in love with Rohan (Vir Das) a wannabe hero, and there is a very obvious gender role reversal between the two. She's the one who defends him from local goons who have him tied up just like Hindi film heroines are usually.
She earns the money, pays for his upkeep and even funds a film for him to act in. How many times have we seen heroes do the exact same thing for their girlfriends, never quite the reverse. It is she who exhausts him with her sexual incorrigibility and insatiability and not the other way around. He tries his best to instil romance into their relationship, mouthing all the typical Bollywood dialogues that lovers exchange on screen, but she is far removed from the sanitised world of cinematic love.
"Jawaan hote hee ise bandook chalana sikha dena theek rahegi," she tells a young girl's mother, offering a glimpse into how she survives and thrives in a world dominated by men and patriarchal attitudes.
The film however, disappoints just as much as it entertains. Right before the interval we are told that Alka is pregnant and I sat through the interval wondering whether the film would judge her for her sexual independence and go about taming her in the second half.
My fears were unfortunately confirmed with the rest of the film turning into a sob story about how Alka was forced to pick up a gun even though she really always wanted to be a housewife packing tiffins for her husband. Her errant “dabangg” attitude is corrected by a call to her maternal instincts and she decides to abandon the world of guns and politics because "Baby ko stress ho jaata hai. "
Choosing a better life and love over dirty politics is fine, but why must this only become possible through motherhood? She is the kind of woman who seems to always get what she wants, so why does she wait for a baby she never wanted to finally shape her life in the image of her dreams? It's a rather unexpected and sudden character change that seems to come out of nowhere and therefore remains unexplained throughout.
The story also smacks of sexism at another level. So long as Alka is a slave to her Shakuni-esque Mama's (a very menacing Piyush Mishra) commands, she is hailed as the Queen of the region. But as soon as she starts to assert her own individuality ( no matter how problematic) she is shunned and attacked.
The ending leaves things open for a possible sequel and one hopes that Revolver Rani returns in the style of The Bride to avenge the wrongs done to her. Till then, this part of her story remains a rather failed and half-hearted attempt to make a hero out of a heroine.
Tribeca Film Festival 2021: Pan Nalin’s Last Film Show is an ode to how we interact with cinema as kids
Pan Nalin's Gujarati film is an ode as much to movie-going as to movie-making. He romanticises the 35mm experience but stops short of decrying digitisation as the death of cinema.
Chaos Walking movie review: Tom Holland-Daisy Ridley starrer wastes sci-fi premise on typical survivalist chase plot
Chaos Walking misses a chance to tell a compelling and resonant story in spite of having all the ingredients to do so.
Those Who Wish Me Dead movie review: Angelina Jolie thriller hews to genre clichés, but wins with its setting
Those Who Wish Me Dead has no surprises, aside from why a bunch of A-list actors decided to take up such old wine-old bottle roles, even if Oscar nominee Taylor Sheridan is at the helm.

domain: artistic


The Future of Urban Connectivity
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- Two 55” digital displays for advertising, community messaging, and real-time hyperlocal information
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People love Link
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Intersection uses advertising to underwrite digital services for consumers. Link provides advertisers with a real-time, localized platform—fed by data-driven APIs—to connect with their audiences with more relevance, in the context of their journeys throughout the city. This business model allows for both investment in the continuous innovation of Link’s free services and revenue share with our partners. In the case of New York, LinkNYC will generate over $500 million in revenue for the City.
LinkNYC will help cement our place as a global leader in technology, innovation, and equity.
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Link was born from former Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s challenge to reinvent the New York City payphone. Our vision was to create a network of modern, iconic street furniture that provides a platform for connectivity, communication, and digital services for the City and its residents and visitors. The result was a sleek, modular and programmable kiosk that can be deployed in cities around the world.


text:
Martin Freeman who was recently confirmed to reprise his role as Everett Ross in Black Panther 2 was interviewed by Uproxx. In the interview he had pointed out the production year for Black Panther 2 and also the fate of his character after the Thanos Snap in the Infinity War.
Videos by Cast
Bamba Disguises Himself as Towa on Towa's Day (October 8th)
Uhr Says to Visit Kamen Rider Zi-O: Final Stage

domain: news


text:
Homemade Whoopie Pie Recipe
Hi, this is Michaela and I am cooking again! I wanted to share my Homemade Whoopie Pie Recipe with you and Dian thought it was a great idea, so here you go!
I decided to make cookies from a cake mix, but in the middle of doing it, I changed my mind and made homemade whoopie pies!
Surprisingly, a lot of people are not familiar with Whoopie Pies. If you’re curious about what they are and how they got their name, let’s start with a little background yummy treat!
You might also like: 12 Must Have Pie Baking Supplies Under $16!
What Is A Whoopie Pie?
Perhaps the best and easiest way to describe a classic whoopie pie to someone who has never had one is that it’s like a chocolate cake sandwich shaped like a cookie.
In the middle there’s a creamy filling, a traditional filling is usually made from a marshmallow cream. But many people substitute buttercream instead of the marshmallow filling used in the traditional style.
Apart from different filling options, the whoopie pie flavor can also be changed. If you’re not a fan of chocolate, you can make vanilla, red velvet whoopie pies or pumpkin whoopie pies.
The cookie or cake part of delicious whoopie pies is made of a soft cake mix batter.
In a nutshell, these cookies should taste like a frosted chocolate cake.
Where Did The Whoopie Pie Come From?
This delicious snack and delicious treat hails from Pennsylvania Amish tradition but is also considered a New England classic. These sandwich cookie also a favored treat in Maine.
Because of its popularity, however, people from around the world now enjoy these pies.
Commercially, the whoopie pie has been sold since 1925. Even today, you can find it still being sold in many stores.
Why Is It Called A Whoopie Pie?
There are a variety of theories about how the Whoopie Pie got its name. One such theory is that it came from the Whoopee! Musical play held in Boston in the late 1920s.
During one of its songs, “Makin’ Whoopee”, the cast members threw out chocolate pies to the audience.
Another theory is that the Amish men would shout “Whoopie!” everytime their wives made this pie.
You might also like: Easy Fudge Pie Recipe!
Is It Cake Batter Or Cookie Dough?
One debate that people have about the whoopie pie is whether it’s made from cake batter or cookie dough. Traditionally it’s made from cake batter. But you can see how a cake made to look like delicious cookies that you call a pie can be confusing.
Whoopie Pie Filling Variations
The most common filling people use when they make a whoopie pie is Marshmallow Fluff. Apart from this, there are plenty of other options you can choose from, depending on your preference and what’s available in your pantry.
Other than Marshmallow Fluff, you can use the following:
- Vanilla Buttercream Frosting
- Swiss Meringue Buttercream
- Cream Cheese Frosting
How Long Can You Store Whoopie Pies?
The good news about whoopie pies is that you can refrigerate them in a covered container or airtight container for up to 10 days and they should keep in the freezer for up to 2 months. Just be sure to allow warm up to room temperature before you serve them.
ISome Whoopie Pie Recipes Can Use These
- Brown sugar
- Egg whites
- Vanilla extract
- Unsalted butter
- Unsweetened cocoa powder
- Baking soda
- White sugar
- All purpose flour
- Peanut butter
- Vegetable oil
Supplies You May Need With Other Recipes
- Electric mixer
- Wire rack
- Parchment paper
- Medium bowl
- Ice cream scoop
- Small bowl
- Rubber spatula
- Electric hand mixer
- Piping bag
Our recipe calls for very little and they make up easy and quick:
- A regular box cake mix
- One tub of icing
- And the ingredients that the box cake calls for
- Prepare the cake mix as called for on the box
- Spoon tablespoons full of batter on greased cookie sheet
- Bake in the oven at 350 degrees for 5-8 minutes depending on your oven. Check with a toothpick and if there is batter on it, put them back in.
- Put cookies on wax paper to cool.
- Once cooled, take 1 cookie and spread a little of your icing on the flat side.
- Take another cookie and place the flat side on top of the icing making a sandwich. Ice the top of the sandwich with icing too. Optional: Sprinkle with powdered sugar.
- Repeat until you run out of cookies. Display them on a tray.
- Stick a toothpick in each one then put plastic wrap over them until ready to serve.
- Enjoy the yumminess with your family and friends! These whoopie pies would be great for parties!
As an Amazon Associate and member of other affiliate programs, I earn from qualifying purchases.
Nutrition InformationYield 5 Serving Size 1
Amount Per Serving Calories 461Total Fat 7gSaturated Fat 2gTrans Fat 0gUnsaturated Fat 3gCholesterol 10mgSodium 806mgCarbohydrates 96gFiber 1gSugar 53gProtein 4g
This calculation is intended for informational purposes only. I am not a doctor or dietitian. This calculator is a guide, but makes no guarantee of being exact or fully accurate.
Click here for more Amazon Deals!
The price(s) listed here was the current price(s) at the time this post went live. Prices at Amazon change quickly. So, always know that when you go to Amazon, you will need to check the price before you purchase.

domain: food


text:
Weight Loss Vegetable Soup Recipe
Prep Time 10 minutes
Cook Time 18 minutes
Total Time 28 minutes
Servings 14 servings
Course Main Course
This Weight Loss Vegetable Soup Recipe is one of our favorites! Completely loaded with veggies and flavor and naturally low in fat and calories it’s the perfect lunch, snack or starter!
- 1 small onion diced
- 2 cloves garlic minced
- 1 cup diced carrots
- 4 cups chopped cabbage approx. 1/4 head of cabbage
- 1 cup green beans 1″ pieces
- 2 whole bell peppers chopped
- 1 can 28 oz low sodium diced tomatoes
- 6 cups low sodium beef broth
- 2 tablespoons tomato paste
- 2 bay leaves
- 1/2 teaspoon each thyme & basil
- pepper to taste
- 2 cups broccoli florets
- 2 cups sliced zucchini
In a large pot cook onion & garlic over medium heat until slightly softened.
Add carrots, cabbage & green beans and cook an additional 5 minutes.
Stir in bell peppers, undrained tomatoes, broth, tomato paste, bay leaves and seasonings. Simmer 6-7 minutes.
Add in zucchini & broccoli. Simmer an additional 5 minutes or until softened.
Remove bay leaves before serving.
Calories: 41, Carbohydrates: 7g, Protein: 3g, Sodium: 265mg, Potassium: 498mg, Fiber: 2g, Sugar: 4g, Vitamin A: 2320IU, Vitamin C: 49.3mg, Calcium: 37mg, Iron: 0.8mg
© SpendWithPennies.com. Content and photographs are copyright protected. Sharing of this recipe is both encouraged and appreciated. Copying and/or pasting full recipes to any social media is strictly prohibited. Please view my photo use policy here

domain: health


text:
Tooele Communities That Care is launching a community-wide underage drinking prevention campaign. While most kids in Tooele don’t drink, Tooele CTC is committed to ensuring all kids have a healthy brain and the opportunities for a bright future that it provides.
Partnering with the statewide campaign, ParentsEmpowered.org, Tooele CTC will unveil on Thursday, December 5, new messaging that will appear on school buses countywide. The messaging will travel throughout local neighborhoods, reminding parents about the dangers associated with underage drinking and their role in preventing it. Buses will sport messages such as “Parents, Here’s Your Homework: Set clear rules about underage drinking” and “Your kids have a busload of friends. Knowing them prevents underage drinking.”
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Listen to Pierino Ronald If MP3 song. If song from the album Some Enchanted Evening is released on Mar 2020 . The duration of song is 03:04. This song is sung by Pierino Ronald.
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During the first half of 2020, investors were on a rollercoaster - bracing themselves during the lows of the fastest bull-to-bear market ever and riding the highs of potentially the most rapid recession recovery in history. Our institutional clients managed through the chaos by staying the course with long term strategic allocations and rebalancing at or near the end of Q1the first quarter. Russell Investments' exposure management platform allowed clients not only to strategically rebalance but also to maintain market exposures throughout trading.
- Market dynamics insights from the first and second quarters
- Two rebalancing approaches
- Case study revealing different outcomes

domain: economics


text:
I love the hexes and the colors, but the detail are truly incredible! She handprinted the leaves and the embroidery details are perfect! She also sent some cute ribbons and buttons, which was a nice little extra. Ribbon is one of those things that I think is really fun, but never buy for myself.
Then, Nichole (from Indie House) from snip.sew.send had us work on her "Midnight in the Garden" quilt. The idea was to randomly place 1-3 flowers from our stash on this awesome "Thunder" shot cotton that's almost iridescent. It seems to have threads that are blue and purple and it's just stunning. The blocks are 16.5" square.
When I read the instructions, I was worried since I didn't think I had many floral prints. But it turns out that I don't have many florals, but I have lots of flowers anyway! So I ended up with more than enough for two blocks and sent a few extras with the blocks. I think Nichole is going to end up with a great quilt!
I'm working on another block for Spinster Sister from the Traveling Threads quilting bee and I think that's going to have flowers too! I'll post it soon!

domain: design


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The address of the venue is:
Moor Hall Conference Centre
Please see here for a map.
If travelling by train you will need to get a train to Cookham and the venue is a 10 minute walk from the train station. From central London you will need to take a train from Paddington to Maidenhead and another train from Maidenhead to Cookham. From Heathrow you will need to take a train to Hayes and Harlington (final destination Paddington), then a train to Maidenhead, and then a train to Cookham. For more information on travelling by train, including journey and departure times, please see here.
There is plenty of parking space at the venue for anyone driving to the workshop.

domain: geography


text: Polish enigmatic black metal outfit Blaze of Perdition have premiered their forthcoming record, Near Death Revelations, over at Decibel. The record will officially be released this Friday, June 26, via Agonia Records. Pre-orders can still be placed at this location. The album is a furious slab of black metal that was birthed in the most treacherous pit of Hell and will appease any fan of Valkyrja, Deathspell Omega and the like. Stream it for yourself at this location.


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New Delhi: Amazon Web Services (AWS), the cloud services division of Amazon Inc., has put on offer free cloud hosting credits of up to $5,000 for government-recognized start-ups under a partnership with the Start-up India programme.
Start-ups registered with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, currently 2,865 , can avail hosting fee rebate of $1,000 valid for two years. Those that are part of an incubator or have received venture capital funding are eligible for credits worth $5,000.
AWS has also thrown in limited-period technical support as part of the promotional offer.
Start-ups need servers to host their websites and mobile applications. Last several years have seen the rise of cloud computing where companies with massive investments in data centers offer storage space on pay-as-you-use basis. The popular platforms in use are: AWS, Microsoft’s Azure and Google Cloud Platform, besides those operated by software majors IBM, SAP and Oracle.
“We aim to deliver a tangible value proposition for start-ups by providing a low cost, easy-to-use cloud infrastructure. This is important as they scale and grow their business," AWS India head Bikram Singh Bedi said in an emailed response to Mint’s queries. Over 90 of India’s top 100 start-ups, who’s who in the ecosystem including Paytm, Delhivery and Ola, use AWS, he added.
AWS is one of the most profitable divisions within Amazon globally. In the quarter ended 30 June, sales of AWS grew 42% to $4.1 billion, or 10.8% of total revenue in the quarter, according to a Reuters report.
In the last one year Amazon has opened five data centers in Mumbai. Since then, its customer base has grown to 120,000, Bedi told Forbes India Magazine this month.
AWS has a strategy in place to catch new companies when they are young. According to one person working on this piece, AWS is partnering with VCs to push AWS services to their portfolio firms. The person did not wish to be identified as he is not allowed to speak to reporters.
AWS credit, live on the newly launched Start-up India Hub, is part of a slew of pro-bono benefits the government has lined up for start-ups.
New companies can use App Builder to build Android apps for their business on discounted rates or use accounting and enterprise management tools from Zoho free for one year. They can also get legal documents such as lease, employment, and service contracts made using VakilSearch.


New Delhi: Telecom regulator TRAI on Monday said it will review the registration process for consumer advocacy groups to bring in more transparency and facilitate more effective communication with them.
Any organisation registered under Societies Registration Act 1860 or any other Act for promotion of education and protection of interest of consumers registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956 would be eligible for registration, TRAI said in the draft 'Registration of Consumer Organisations Regulations 2012' said.
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) added that the organisation should have at least three years' experience in handling consumer complaints, advocating cause of consumers, research and survey on consumer issues to be eligible for registration.
It further said the organisation seeking registration have to submit an affidavit of it being non-profit and non-political as well as defining its role and obligations.
"The review of the existing framework for registration of consumer organisations has become necessary with a view to bring in more transparency in registration process and to facilitate close and effective interaction with consumer organisations," Trai said.
It added that the renewal of registration of the organisations would depend on their performance.
At present, there are about 90 consumer advocacy groups registered with the Authority.
The last date for receiving comments from stakeholders is December 10, 2012.


text:
Hill, Patrick; Holland, Simon and Laney, Robin
An introduction to aspect-oriented music representation.
Computer Music Journal, 31(4) pp. 45–56.
Full text available as:
This paper introduces Aspect Oriented Music Representation (AOMR), and its application to create tools offering new kinds of flexibility to musicians. Psychologists have demonstrated the diversity of composers' approaches, but existing computer-based tools support this diversity poorly. Current tools generally require musicians to work with pre-established abstractions and operations. AOMR systematically allows composers to create and work with musical viewpoints of their choice. This paper uses simple case studies to analyse a prototype AOMR implementation and characterise the new kinds of flexibility it affords to musicians.
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24 Whensoever I take my journey into Spain, I will come to you: for I trust to see you in my journey, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, if first I be somewhat filled with your com
25 But now I go unto Jerusalem, to minister unto the saints. 26 For it hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. 27 It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are.
For if the
Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things.
28 When, therefore, I have performed this, and have sealed to them this fruit, I will come, by you, into Spain.
29 And I am sure that, when I come unto you, I shall come in the fulness of the blessing of the Gospel of Christ.
30 Now I beseech you, brethren, for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake, and for the love of the Spirit, that ye strive together with me, in your prayers to God for me;
31 That I may be delivered from them that do not believe in Judea ;
24 to come to you: I will, when I take my journey to Spain, take you in my way; for I hope then to see you, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, when I have, for some time, enjoyed your company, and pretty well satisfied 25 my longing on that account. But, at present, I am setting 26 out for Jerusalem, going to minister to the saints there. For
it hath pleased those of Macedonia and Achaia to make a 27 contribution for the poor among the saints at Jerusalem. It hath pleased them to do so, and they are indeed their debtors. For, if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, they are bound, on their side, to minister to them, 28 for the support of this temporal life. When, therefore, I have despatched this business, and put this fruit of my labours into their hands, I will come to you in my way to Spain. 29 And I know that, when I come unto you, I shall bring with me to you full satisfaction, concerning the blessedness which 30 you receive by the Gospel of Christ. Now I beseech you, brethren, by our Lord Jesus Christ, and by the love which comes from the Spirit of God, to join with me in earnest 31 prayers to God for me, That I may be delivered from the
29 He may be understood to mean here, that he should be able to satisfy them, that by the Gospel the forgiveness of sins was to be obtained. For that he shows, chap. iv. 6-9. And they had as much title to it, by the Gospel, as the Jews themselves; which was the thing he had been making out to them, in this epistle.
and that my service, which I have for Jerusalem, may be accepted of the saints;
32 That I may come unto you with joy, by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed.
33 Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen.
unbelievers in Judea; and that the service I am doing the 32 saints there may be acceptable to them: That, if it be the will of God, I may come to you with joy, and may be re33 freshed together with you. Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen.
CHAPTER XVI. 1-27.
THE foregoing epistle furnishes us with reasons to conclude, that the divisions and offences that were in the Roman church, were between the Jewish and Gentile converts, whilst the one, over-zealous for the rituals of the law, endeavoured to impose circumcision and other Mosaical rites, as necessary to be observed by all that professed Christianity; and the other, without due regard to the weakness of the Jews, showed a too open neglect of those their observances, which were of so great account with them. St. Paul was so sensible, how much the churches of Christ suffered, on this occasion, and so careful to prevent this, which was a disturbance almost every where (as may be seen in the history of the Acts, and collected out of the epistles) that, after he had finished his discourse to them, (which we may observe solemnly closed, in the end of the foregoing chapter) he here, in the middle of his salutations, cannot forbear to caution them against the authors and fomenters of these divisions, and that very pathetically, ver. 17-20. All the rest of this chapter is spent, almost wholly, in salutations. Only the four last verses contain a conclusion, after St. Paul's manner.
1 I commend unto you Phoebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Kenchrea:
2 That ye receive her, in the Lord, as becometh saints, and that ye assist her, in whatsoever business she hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and myself also.
3 Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my hielpers in Christ Jesus:
4 (Who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.) 5 Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epænetus, who is the first-fruits of Achaia unto Christ. 6 Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us.
7 Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. 8 Greet Amplias, my beloved in the Lord.
9 Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys, my beloved. 10 Salute Apelles, approved in Christ. Salute them which are of Aristobulus' household.
11 Salute Herodian, my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.
1 I commend to you Phoebe, our sister, who is a servant of the 2 church which is at Kenchrea", That you receive her, for
Christ's sake, as becomes Christians, and that you assist her in whatever business she has need of you; for she has assisted 3 many, and me in particular. Salute Priscilla and Aquila, my 4 fellow-labourers in the Gospel, (Who have, for my life, ex
posed their own to danger, unto whom not only I give thanks, 5 but also all the churches of the Gentiles.) Greet also the church that is in their house. Salute my well-beloved Epæ6 netus, who is the first fruits of Achaia unto Christ. Greet 7 Mary, who took a great deal of pains for our sakes. Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsfolk and fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were Christians be3fore me. Greet Amplias, my beloved in the Lord. Salute
Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys, my beloved. 10 Salute Apelles, approved in Christ. Salute those who are of, 11 the household of Aristobulus. Salute Herodian, my kinsman.
1 a Kenchrea was the port to Corinth. 2 bПgosáτis," succourer," seems here to signify hostess, not in a common inn, for there was no such thing as our inns in that country; but one whose house was the place of lodging and entertainment of those who were received by the church as their guests, and these she took care of. And to that posάgıç may be very well applied. But whether St. Paul was induced to make use of it here, as somewhat corresponding to waposTE, which he used in her behalf just before, in this verse, I leave to those who nicely observe St. Paul's style.
12 Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.
13 Salute Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.
14 Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren which are with them.
15 Salute Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints which are with them.
16 Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.
17 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them.
18 For they that are such, serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.
19 For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that which is good; and simple concerning evil.
Salute all those of the household of Narcissus, who have em12 braced the Gospel. Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who take pains in the Gospel. Salute the beloved Persis, who laboured 13 much in the Lord. Salute Rufus, chosen or selected to be a 14 disciple of the Lord; and his mother and mine. Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the brethren 15 who are with them. Salute Philologus and Julia, Nereus and
his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them. 16 Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.
17 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark those who cause divisions
and offences, contrary to the doctrine which you have learned, 18 and avoid them. For they serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own bellies, and by good words and fair speeches, insinuating themselves, deceive well-meaning, simple men. 19 Your conversion and ready compliance with the doctrine of the Gospel, when it was brought to you, is known in the world, and generally talked of: I am glad, for your sakes, that you so forwardly obeyed the Gospel. But give me leave to advise you to be wise and cautious in preserving yourselves steady in what is wise and good; but employ no thought, or skill, how to circumvent or injure another be in this re
18 Such as these we have a description of, Tit. i. 10, 11.
19 See chap. i. 2.
A direction much like this you have, 1 Cor. xiv. 20, and Eph. iv, 13-15,
20 And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.
21 Timotheus my work-fellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you.
22 I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.
23 Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus, the chamberlain of the city, saluteth you, and Quartus, a brother. 24 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. 25 Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my
20 gard very plain and simple. For God, who is the giver and lover of peace, will soon rid you of these ministers of Satan', the disturbers of your peace, who make divisions amongst yous. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. 21 Timothy my workfellow, and Lucius and Jason, and Sosi22 pater, my kinsmen, salute you. I Tertius, who wrote this 23 epistle, salute you in the Lord. Gaius mine host, and of the
whole church, saluteth you. Erastus, the chamberlain of the 24 city, saluteth you; and Quartus, a brother. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
25 Now to him that is able to settle and establish you in an adherence to my Gospel, and to that which I deliver, con
20 f So those who made divisions in the church of Corinth are called, 2 Cor. xi. 14, 15.
"Shall bruise Satan," i. e. shall break the force and attempts of Satan, upon your peace, by these his instruments, who would engage you in quarrels and discords.
25h My Gospel." St. Paul cannot be supposed to have used such an expression as this, unless he knew that what he preached had something in it, that distinguished it from what was preached by others; which was plainly the mystery, as he every where calls it, of God's purpose, of taking in the Gentiles to be his people, under the Messiah, and that without subjecting them to circumcision, or the law of Moses. This is that which he here calls τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰησοῦ Χρισού, "the preaching of Jesus Christ;" for without this he did not think that Christ was preached to the Gentiles as he ought to be: and therefore in several places of his epistle to the Galatians he calls it "the truth," and "the truth of the Gospel" and uses the like expressions to the Ephesians and Colossians. This is that mystery which he is so much concerned that the Ephesians should understand and stick firm to, which was revealed to him according to that Gospel, whereof he was made the minister; as may be seen at large in that epistle, particularly chap. iii. 6,7. The same thing he declares to the Colossians in his epistle to them, particularly chap. i. 27-29, and ii. 6-8. For that he, in a peculiar manner, preached this doctrine so as none of the other apostles did, may be seen Acts xxi. 18-25. Acts xv. 6, 7. For though the other apostles and elders of the church of Jerusalem had determined, that the Gentiles should only keep themselves from things offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication; yet it is plain enough from what they say, Acts xxi. 20-24, that they taught not, nay, probably did not think, what St. Paul openly declares to

domain: literature


text:
New Zealand biotech tools company takes major step towards DNA testing at home with mobile device
SAN DIEGO and AUCKLAND, New Zealand, Oct. 19, 2018 -- Ubiquitome Limited today announced the launch of the Liberty16 at the American Society of Human Genetics conference in San Diego, the latest product in its range of mobile real-time PCR systems. Designed to give users access to mobile, cutting-edge DNA testing, the Liberty16 offers DNA quantitation capability whenever and wherever it's needed.
''We've had fantastic feedback on the ground-breaking, handheld Freedom4 we launched in 2014 and we've brought the same mobile design philosophy to the Liberty16,'' says founder and CEO Dr. Paul Pickering. "We're offering it at an accessible price to researchers as an important step on our journey to making DNA testing available in every home."
Ubiquitome is taking pre-orders from researchers on a "first-come first-served" basis for the device at http://www.ubiquitomebio.com/Liberty16preorder
Holly Bowers, of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, a Liberty16 early access tester, Freedom4 user and marine science researcher said, "The key benefit of both devices is that you don't have to be in the lab."
"They're mobile and flexible and allow you to look at your samples in the field. With the Liberty16 device you have more wells to work with. That allowed us to do more screening of our cultures."
The Liberty16 comes with built in lithium ion batteries for two to three hours of mobile running time, Bluetooth enabled which paired with an iPhone app means you can run your samples anywhere. The device is sized to fit with whatever space a researcher has, and is easily transported from site to site. It acts as a personal qPCR device, because it:
An open platform, the Liberty16 is compatible with industry standard consumables and chemistries such as Taqman® and SYBR®. Researchers will have an opportunity to see it at the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) conference in San Diego, October 16 – 20. Ubiquitome is showcasing the device at Booth 1143 in the San Diego Convention Center.
Ubiquitome is a New Zealand-based developer of handheld, cloud-connected, real-time PCR devices. Ubiquitome's mission is to enable universal access to genomic information through ubiquitous cloud connected, genetic analysis devices.
In 2015, Holly Bowers was a post-doctoral fellow with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), and was a finalist in the Freedom For You grants program. Her prize was a Freedom4 device, which allowed Holly to perform real-time analysis in the field for different algal bloom species.
This is one of the key strengths of the Freedom4. It’s mobile, flexible, and allows researchers to conduct analysis and testing in the field, rather than having to store up samples (some of which might not be needed) for a trip back to the laboratory.
It can be used on a boat, dockside, the flatbed of a truck or sitting on a beach. Holly is one of many researchers whose work frequently takes them out of the lab, and being able to use this battery-powered device anywhere, anytime has had a major impact on their ability to streamline their research processes and make better use of their resources.
It’s easy to transport with a durable casing, which means it’s not going to suffer unduly if it’s getting knocked about while in the field. The whole idea is to free the researcher from the laboratory to a location where their studies are best performed.
This has certainly been the case for Holly and her colleagues, who have seen major savings in time and resources. It’s real-time PCR in the field, and it’s been designed to offer the gold standard performance of laboratory-based platforms anytime, anywhere.
If you’re keen to find out more about the Freedom4 and how it can benefit your research, we’d love to discuss it with you.
Ubiquitome CEO, Dr Paul Pickering, will be attending the 69th AACC Annual Scientific Meeting & Clinical Lab Expo in San Diego from 30 July to 3 August 2017.
The meeting and expo presents an ideal opportunity for Ubiquitome to connect with global leaders in clinical chemistry, molecular diagnostics, mass spectrometry, translational medicine, lab management, and other areas of breaking science in laboratory medicine.
In conjunction with this event, Ubiquitome has made available the Freedom4 Ebola Application Note.
Here is an excerpt from it:
“Comparable performance by the Freedom4, a mobile real-time PCR device, to the QuantStudioDx (Life Technologies) was demonstrated in these experiments. It is concluded that the Freedom4 gives the same performance and sensitivity as in laboratory instruments.”
To download the full application note, click here.
Garage Technology Ventures’ managing director Bill Reichert recently spent four weeks in New Zealand as entrepreneur in residents at AUT. He travelled around the country, met with startups and produced an Innovation Report on what he found.
Reichert is a renowned member of the technology community in Silicon Valley. As an entrepreneur, venture capitalist, mentor, speaker and advisor, he has been in the industry for decades and understands innovation and what it takes to build a successful tech venture.
He found New Zealand a surprising home of innovation with some clever, talented minds at the helm of some exciting businesses. While there is room for improvement within the innovation space, there were 10 businesses that really impressed him with their products and execution.
One of these is Ubiquitome. Featured in his report here, he says his jaw dropped when he heard the Ubiquitome story of developing “what may be the platform that enables genetic analysis to become a ubiquitous standard diagnostic device.”
Ubiquitome are proud to be included in a list of such prestigious New Zealand companies such as Xero, RocketLab and Soul Machines.
Read Bill Reichert’s full report (split into Part One and Part Two) to gain his full perspective on New Zealand innovation.
Ubiquitome is exhibiting the 2017 BIO International Convention being held in San Diego, California from 20th to 22nd June, 2017. We will be exhibiting in the Digital Health Zone, booth #538.
The BIO International Convention attracts 16,000+ attendees from 5,000+ companies including the leading biotech and pharma companies, top 20 CROs and CMOs, more than 300 academic institutions including the major research labs and government agencies, as well as leading consultants and service companies.
Ubiquitome will be showcasing the Freedom4 at the event. The Freedom4 is a major advance in qPCR systems: the first commercially available handheld, battery powered real-time PCR device. Light and compact, the Freedom4 operates on battery for up to six hours and delivers you remote gold standard qPCR performance in as little as 50 minutes.
We are looking forward to meeting potential partners and attendees.
If you want to see the smallest commercially available qPCR machine in the world, stop by our booth #538 in the Digital Health Zone!
Where: San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, California
When: 20th to 22nd June, 2017
Ubiquitome: Booth #538 (in the Digital Health Zone)
If you would like to discuss partnering opportunities or want to see the Freedom4 up close, please visit our booth #538 at BIO 2017. Contact Paul Pickering by email firstname.lastname@example.org to set up a time to meet.


Former White House Director of Events
As the White House Director of Events during the Clinton Administration, Laura created events that represented a nation and inspired the world. At just 19, she arrived at the White House with no political connections and volunteered answering phones in the press office, quickly climbing her way up the ranks as a Staff Assistant, the Midwest Press Secretary, the Director of Television and ultimately the White House Director of Events. Today, Laura shares the secrets to building powerful, effective partnerships in our companies, communities and beyond.
2. 40pm | Friday 8th February 2019
Creating an innovative culture of Engagement
Laura will chronicle the positive and challenging influential moments of engagement that shaped her life from growing up in a small Midwestern town to The White House, throughout its powerful events in times of celebration, gravity and scandal, to her life today as a speaker, television host, author. She will demonstrate that these are the very same forces of engagement that exist in your lives and those of which you influence every day through your powerful events no matter their size, budget, goal or purpose.


text:
Jamaica is located in the Caribbean Sea and is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles.
Jamaica is one of the most breathtaking destinations in the world with the beautiful turquoise Caribbean Sea. It has beaches protected by natural reef barriers, crystal clear waterfalls that flow into the sea, paradisiacal lagoons and limestone cliffs that contrast with the blue of the ocean.
Interesting facts: There is a beach called James Bond Beach; its fame comes from the fact that it served as a source of inspiration for Flemming to write stories about James Bond, the most famous spy of fiction.
NO American visa:
WITH American visa:
American Airlines, Delta Airlines, United Airlines.
Anvisa Vaccination Card
Yellow fever vaccine
Jamaica requires no visa of any kind.
Warm and tropical, the maximum temperature is rarely below 30ºC [86°F].
We work to make our couples' dreams of having the white sands and the stunning Caribbean Sea as the setting for their big day
We will take care of all the details for your perfect event, from locations for the ceremony to the choice of invitations, music and costume guidelines for your guests.
Your guests are advised on all details, from documentation, flights, vaccines, accommodation, service schedules and transfers.
We will understand what type of tour fits your profile and that of your guests and carry out all the organization procedures, such as scheduling the date and times.
Cheers Travel is the number one in knowledge and experience in Destination and Honeymoon in the Caribbean, bringing comfort and security to your wedding and honeymoon, taking care of every detail.
Fill out the form below so we can assemble a personalized itinerary and then reach you back.
In addition to paradisiacal beaches, exotic cuisine and natural beauty, the Caribbean region has much more to offer!
I have no words to explain what our week was like. The incredible team is always willing and present at all times, we were just concerned with enjoying the party. All of our guests were delighted…
It was magical to feel that energy and feeling that was created in the group. We had the support of Thairine and Adriana. They were incredible. From the moment of arrival, assisting the guests, in our luau and wedding…
...To be able to plan and organize the whole wedding, we researched and found Cheers Travel, a company that provides all the advice in Brazil and helps with the preparation of the ceremony, party and the organization of the guests’ trip…
Guys, we are leaving the hotel now (I mean PARADISE), it was a magical week, it exceeded all our expectations, the team that was with us is simply charismatic, helpful, and helped us a lot these days.
More than 500 weddings
More than 30.000 guests
More than 1.000 wedding rings exchanged
More than 8.000 toasts
We work with more than 100 caribbean hotels


text:
Ok, so this is a short and sweet post, at like 2AM, but just to let you know, that you can now shop from the FABULOUS Autumn / Winter catalogue NOW!
Click the catalogue below for a digital download of the book
If you want a physical copy of the catalogue, I do still have some available – just drop me a message with your name and address (UK only) and I will drop one into the post for you ASAP!
To purchase any of the items featured in my projects please use the links above. To join my team of Stampin’ Friends select ‘Join My Team’ or send me a message!
Please support StampinByHannah, and join my Code Club, by using the Hostess code featured in the top right hand of my blog. For orders of over £150 please do not use this code, as you are entitled to your own Hostess benefits!
Sign up to my newsletter here – http://eepurl.com/2if59
Stampin’ Up! UK Independent Demonstrator


Populates two <Vec> objects with the minimum and maximum extent of a face in a <Mesh>.
int32 GetFaceExtent( int32 p_nFaceIndex, Vec a_vMin, Vec a_vMax )
|The index of the face to calculate extents for.
|A pointer to a <Vec> object in which will be stored the minimum extent of the face in 3D coordinates.
|A pointer to a <Vec> object in which will be stored the maximum extent of the face in 3D coordinates.
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None published. Please look for an example in the Scenome Scripting Language code base.