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Justin Verlander wants to get in on the action. Large contracts are being handed out to Major League Baseball’s best pitchers like candy.
Verlander’s newest teammate, Annibal Sanchez was given a five-year, $80 million deal by the Detroit Tigers over the winter. Felix “King” Hernandez then broke a record with his $175 million contract just a few weeks later.
That led Verlander to talk to Yahoo! Sports about the kind of contract he’d like to receive one day in they very near future. Verlander told the site that he would like to become baseball’s first $200 million pitcher, while adding that winning is still the most important thing to him saying:
“I don’t play this game to make the most money. But I do feel like it would be nice to be compensated for what I feel like I’ve been: one of the best, if not the best, the last few years. In my career, I feel like I’ve been one of the top. But the last two years, I’ve kind of separated myself, me and a handful of other guys. It’s not a thing where I’m like, ‘Hey, I want to be the highest-paid player,’ where that’s the chief goal. It innately comes with my competitiveness. That’s just me. That’s not why I play the game. I’m good at the game because of that side of me, because I’m competitive at everything I do.”
Verlander talked about how free-agency is “cool” in that you can get those kind of contracts, but he also mentioned that you don’t have to be a free agent to get those. The King Felix situation seems to prove that out.
The Sporting News points out that Verlander has indeed been one of the best pitchers in the league that last few years. Verlander won the AL Cy Young in 2011 and posted a 17-9 record in 2012. The Detroit Tigers ace led the American League in strikeouts both seasons.
Will Justin Verlander get his $200 million contract?


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The GivingTuesday United States + Canada Hub supports leadership, collaboration, and innovation throughout the GivingTuesday movement’s network in the region. The Hub also plays a key role in expanding GivingTuesday’s collaborative data work to better inform and inspire the social sector in the United States, Canada, and around the world.
Celeste Flores directs GivingTuesday's United States + Canada Hub.Learn More
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Dante Plush works on GivingTuesday's youth engagement strategy, empowering young people across the globe to take action on important social issues.Learn More
Get all the latest GivingTuesday news, plus innovative tactics for growing generosity.

domain: geography


Millennial employees get all the press these days. But here’s a fun fact – they’re not the only generation you need to worry about. There’s another two-thirds of working people who also have key roles to play. And each brings (and needs) something different.
Millions of employees are caring for elderly parents. But nearly half of managers are in the dark. And that’s just one business side effect of the current eldercare in the workplace crisis.
A lot of blogs talk about the modern working father as a changed man. But is he really? Hear what some Millennial dads have to say.
Not long ago, my daughter needed a really important medical procedure. Long before it could even start, we needed hours of prep from a team of experts.
It’s often said that people with children have the hardest time balancing work and personal lives. Guess who else has a hard time? People without children. And the battles between the two camps are hurting productivity.
Did you hear? Wonder Woman cleaned up at the box office. What will it take for women to be equally successful at work? How about a man who can pick up the kids?
On this Memorial Day, Bright Horizons celebrates the return of a colleague. And sends our heartfelt thanks.
For the first time ever, women in their 30s are having more babies than women in their twenties. It’s part of a shift that employers shouldn’t ignore.
It’s no surprise that in today’s talent market, it’s tough to find and keep employees. What might be surprising is what those employees are looking for. Hint: it’s not just money. Here’s a recruitment-and-retention checklist for the hot talent market
In honor of Mother’s Day, we ask, what’s it like to be a working mother? It’s out of this world.


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Sports drinks are popular for good reason – they hydrate and fuel active bodies. If you have ever dreamed of making your own, this article explains how to craft a professional-grade sports beverage from scratch. Follow the key steps for ingredients, mixing, quality control, packaging, regulations, scaling up, and more. With some care and creativity, you can blend up a deliciously nourishing formula tailored to your tastes. Let’s start cooking up your own sports drink.
Getting Started with Sports Drinks
Sports drinks are specially formulated to help athletes rehydrate and re-energize. They contain water, electrolytes like sodium, and carbs for fuel. Popular brands on the market include Gatorade, Powerade, and Allsport. With some kitchen chemistry skills, though, you can create your very own custom sports beverage. It gives you total control over crafting the flavors, textures, and nutritional profile. Start by whipping up small experimental batches to perfect your ideal recipe. Once you have it down, learn how to produce your drink professionally. Follow this guide to make thirst-quenching sports drinks at home or potentially for commercial sale. When ready to scale up, consider working with a professional sports drink copacker. They can assist with larger production runs while you focus on marketing your innovative beverage.
Choosing the Right Ingredients
The ingredients chosen make all the difference in crafting a properly hydrating and energizing sports drink. Always use fresh, purified water as the base. Add key electrolytes like sodium and potassium to replenish the essential minerals and nutrients sweated out during exercise. Also, blend in carbohydrate sources such as sucrose or glucose to provide quick muscular fuel. Citric acid can add some tartness and fruity flavor, while sodium citrate helps balance the acidity. Then, customize and enhance the beverage’s taste profile with your choice of natural fruit or plant flavor extracts and non-artificial sweeteners. Avoid synthetic dyes. When first developing recipes, begin by mixing small amounts of each ingredient, incrementally adjusting portions through rigorous taste testing until you perfect the ideal nourishing and great-tasting formula.
Mastering the Mixing Process
Blending up a sports drink with consistent results every time requires precision. Always carefully measure out all ingredients by weight or volume using digital kitchen scales and measuring tools:
- Thoroughly sanitize all equipment that will contact the beverage with very hot, soapy water.
- Blend the purified water, sugars, electrolyte salts, and citric acid in a large mixing container until everything is fully dissolved.
- Incorporate any natural flavors, juices, or plant-based colorings as desired for color and taste enhancement.
Through repeated taste tests and samples, judiciously adjust the ingredient ratios to achieve your personal preferred optimal flavor balance and mouthfeel. Closely adhering to exact ingredient measurements between separate batches is essential for maintaining consistently high product quality from one mix to the next.
Ensuring Quality Control
Consistently achieving quality standards with every production batch of sports drinks is crucial for professional-level quality control. After mixing up a batch, draw test samples from the finished product when cool. Flavor and sweetness should closely match previously approved batches. Use inexpensive pH test strips to verify the beverage falls into the target pH range, ideally between 3-4, which is optimum for sports drinks. Also, test amounts of included carbohydrates and electrolytes match desired levels using commercial food lab test kits available online. Carefully record all testing data for monitoring. If any significant variances in results arise, thoroughly examine your mixing process to pinpoint if procedures need improvement. Maintaining tight consistency between batches is imperative for achieving professional-grade end products every time.
Appropriately packaging freshly produced sports drinks is vital for maintaining safety and consistent quality. For homemade recipes, reusable squeezable plastic sports bottles work perfectly fine. Larger volumes for family use can be kept fresh in sealed stand-up foil pouches. If producing for retail sale, choose food-grade BPA-free plastic bottles sized in amounts consumers expect and prefer to grab from store shelves. Design product labels that clearly display all ingredients, detailed nutrition facts, manufacturing details, proper storage information, and credible expiration dates. Also, make sure branding and bottle graphics catch the shopper’s eyes with an appealing, bold look that stands out.
Any beverage being produced and sold commercially must comply with all applicable food safety laws and regulations. Carefully research what licenses, production facility standards, expiration date labeling, and other legal requirements apply based on your location. For example, sports drinks in the United States fall under FDA oversight and codes. Your beverage preparation and bottling kitchen must pass rigorous facility inspections. Also, submit final products to certified laboratories for testing to fully validate safety. Closely follow all mandated food-grade sanitization and preservation protocols.
Scaling Up Production
Expanding sports drink production capacity requires careful planning. Consider shifting production to larger third-party co-packing facilities rather than entirely in-house. You’ll need bulk supply agreements with ingredient vendors. Larger industrial mixing and bottling equipment maintains consistency when producing higher volumes. Collaborate closely with packaging vendors suited for increased output rates. Very gradually scale up recipes and processes but maintain rigid quality control at every step. Realistically factor in all equipment and recurring material costs for your projected production quantities.
Marketing and Distribution
Once fully satisfied with your winning sports drink formula, shift focus to marketing and sales. Develop bold, eye-catching packaging and branding to make your bottles stand out on store shelves. Seek partnerships with gyms, fitness influencers, and athletes to organically reach the active target market. Pitch your beverage to retail chains and specialty nutrition stores to gain wide mainstream distribution and trial. Promote strategically by sponsoring local sports teams, races, and events. Build consistent brand awareness through engaging social media campaigns. Spread the word far and wide so health-conscious consumers actively seek out your sports drink by name at stores near them.
Creating a pro-caliber sports drink from the ground up takes dedication but pays off. Start with quality ingredients, precision mixing, and flavor testing. Maintain controls and sanitary production conditions. Bottle, label, and market your drink skillfully. Follow regulations at every step and scale wisely. With a passion for great taste and nutrition, you can craft an exceptional sports beverage. Let this guide help you blend up success.

domain: food


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False Intentions (False Series #2) by A. Cramton
Release Date: October 6, 2016
He took my life.
I wanted it back.
I was going to get it back. But then this dark eyed beauty decided to take me on a detour that changed my life.
I knew better.
He was persistent. I gave in.
I never meant to hurt anyone. I never meant to have false intentions. I never meant to fall.
But when he finds out. When they find out.
Will I lose it all?
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False Illusions (False Series #1)
Madison had it all; the wealth, the amazing condo and engaged to the boxing Heavy Weight Champion of the World.
But in reality all she had was loneliness.
Until he showed up.
Yoel’s plan was bulletproof.
Get in and get out, win the title.
He did his homework but not well enough.
He wasn’t prepared for her.
One night changes everything.
One lie blurs the lines.
When the lust and smoke clears will everything just be a false illusion?
Or will it be the biggest fight of all?
About the Author
A. Cramton is a wife, and mother who was born, raised, and is still a resident of Sunny, San Diego, California. When A. is not working a full-time job and attending to her son and husband, she loves to indulge in a juicy romance novel. A. is a hopeless romantic who is in love with love, and has a guilty pleasure for celebrity gossip. After being a part of Naughty Smutty Book Blog, and reviewing multiple love stories, A .decided to pursue her own dreams of being a published author.
Connect with A.
Facebook Author Page: http://bit.ly/2deCb3z
Goodreads Author Page: http://bit.ly/2d2E7A3
Amazon Author Page: http://amzn.to/2d2EKtf

domain: literature


Development of a continuous wave front lamp with 5W laser
Panasonic has developed a blue violet semiconductor laser with higher optical output power for lamp, industrial lighting and laser processing machine. The oscillation wavelength is 405nm, and it can continuously oscillate for 4.5w at the working temperature of 60 ℃. According to Panasonic, this optical output power is 1.5 times of the original. In terms of efficiency, WPE (the ratio of optical output power to input power) is 33%. Panasonic aims to make the product practical by 2019.
In order to improve the optical output power, two main measures are taken. One is the cooling channel is formed on both sides of the laser element. The original is only in the single side (below) to form a heat channel. The thermal resistance is reduced from 10.5k/w to 6.6k/w by double-sided heat dissipation.
Another measure is to use AlN (aluminum smothering) on the "heat sink" used as the upper surface cooling channel. The thermal conductivity of AlN is high, and the coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to that of GaN semiconductor, which makes AlN easy to restrain thermal stress. When the difference of thermal expansion coefficient is large, it will be affected by the temperature change when the laser element works, and the laser element is easy to produce crystal defects.
Although it has the advantages of high resistance. However, Panasonic solved this problem by forming a through hole. (reporter: Gen Jinzhen)


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This paper presents a framework for the three-dimensional structural analysis of full scale, geometrically complex rubble masonry structures from point clouds generated from Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry or terrestrial laser scanning. According to the method, a point-based voxelization algorithm was adopted, whereby a dense point cloud was down-sampled into equidistant points, bypassing the need for conventional intensive processes, such as watertight mesh conversion, to obtain the geometric model of the rubble masonry for structural analysis. The geometry of the rubble masonry structure was represented by a sum of hexahedral rigid blocks (voxels). The proposed “point cloud to structural analysis” framework was implemented to assess the structural stability of the southwest leaning tower of Caerphilly Castle in Wales, UK. Simulations were performed with the three- dimensional computational software 3DEC, based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) of analysis. Each voxel of the rubble masonry was represented as a rigid, distinct block while mortar joints were modelled as zero thickness interfaces which can open and close depending on the magnitude and direction of the stresses applied to them. The potential of the automated procedure herein proposed has been demonstrated to quantitatively assess the three-dimensional mechanical behaviour rubble masonry structures and provide valuable information to asset owners in relation to the structural health condition of assets in their care.
This paper examines the effect of subduction zone and basin amplified motions on the accuracy of using a simplified method to analyze Friction Pendulum Systems, which is the basis for many international code provisions. This method estimates the maximum displacement demand for Friction Pendulum System isolated structures from analyzing a single degree of freedom system with equivalent period and damping coefficient. Friction Pendulum Systems with equivalent natural period between 1.5 s and 5 s and equivalent damping ratio from 16% to 32% were considered when subjected to over 400 motions. The considered ground motions include crustal and subduction zone motions, with and without basin amplification effect. Ratios of analysis-to-design maximum displacements corresponding to each ground motion are computed. A displacement-spectrum shape correction factor is proposed to improve the accuracy of the simplified method. This correction factor takes into account the irregularity of the 5% damped displacement spectrum that depends on the equivalent period and damping ratio at design displacement of the isolation system.
In this paper, an effective placement of viscoelastic dampers on single-layer reticulated shell structures is proposed to mitigate seismic response. For comparison, an existing placement of viscoelastic dampers is also investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed placement of viscoelastic dampers is investigated from both deterministic and probabilistic perspectives. The single-layer reticulated shell structure is driven by the stochastic seismic ground motions, which are modeled via the random function based spectral representation method. The probability density evolution method is then implemented for probabilistic response and reliability analyses of the shell structure. A series of deterministic numerical simulations are first implemented under different earthquake excitations, including both actual and artificial seismic ground motions, to compare the control effects in deterministic sense. Then, the control effects of the proposed placement and the existing placement are compared in probabilistic sense, where the probabilistic responses, equivalent extreme value distributions and failure probabilities are extracted. Numerical results demonstrate that the seismic performance of the shell structure can be greatly improved by arranging the viscoelastic dampers with the proposed placement.
This study develops a novel unwelded, unbolted, ultrahigh-performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) grouted connection for prefabricated square tubular composite columns. Herein, eight full-scale columns with UHPFRC grouted connections are tested to investigate their ultimate tensile and compressive resistance. The test results show that the novel connections exhibit good tensile and compressive resistance and structural stiffness. The primary failure modes are punching shear of the end plate, welding fracture at the inner tube, tube yielding and local buckling of the steel tube. The test specimens are simulated using finite element (FE) analysis in ABAQUS. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement, indicating that the FE simulations can capture the observed failure modes and ultimate tensile and compressive resistance. Thereafter, existing analytical design formulas are evaluated to assess their suitability to predict the compressive and tensile resistance of prefabricated tubes with/without the novel grouted connections. A good agreement between the formula predictions and the test results are observed. These analytical formulas have the potential to be used in the design of the novel unwelded, unbolted, UHPFRC grouted connections for prefabricated steel, reinforced concrete and steel–concrete composite columns.
Using a radial active air jet ejected from the slot surrounding a circular exhaust hood opening can increase the air speed generated by the hood as well as achieve a larger capacity to exhaust pollutants. Critical parameters of the Aaberg hood have been identified to ensure the positive effect of the active jet. This paper proposed a novel type of enhanced exhaust hood using the rectangular opening in place of the circular one in Aaberg hood to meet the needs of different shape and size of exhaust hood. To understand the performance of this kind of exhaust hood and to determine the critical velocity of the active air jet, the flow characteristics and the centerline velocity are investigated by changing the exhaust rate, hood size, jet angle, jet velocity and jet slot width via experimental and numerical methods. Results show that the critical jet velocity exists between two working modes of the novel exhaust hood, one is the ineffective mode with the short-circuit jet, and the other is jet-enhanced mode with the developed radial jet. The near-wall circulation along the hood opening perimeter is not attributed to the existence of the jet. The suggested equation which error is proven to be within 12.5% for the critical velocity presented in this paper is simple in structure, and will help to facilitate the choice of the energy-efficient exhaust hood design in residential and industrial buildings to save energy that would be wasted on increasing the exhaust rate.
Modern automation systems play an important role in improving building energy efficiency. However, some evidence shows that occupants are often dissatisfied with automation systems and may intervene, e.g., by manually adjusting automated shading or air conditioning. Therefore, the concept of occupant-centric buildings has been proposed by some scholars to solve the abovementioned problem. As the basis for realizing occupant-centric buildings, personalized occupant behavior should be identified dynamically. Thus, this study proposes a systematic procedure for establishing a personalized occupant behavior model with cost sensitivity analysis (POBM–CSA). The CSA can improve the identification performance of the model while considering the personalized preferences and attitudes of target occupants. By taking shading behavior identification as an example, the total cost and area under the cost curve were used to evaluate this consideration. The results showed that the POBM–random forest with cost-sensitive classification has the best cost sensitivity performance. By establishing a customer rule library, personalized behavior patterns with reduced misclassifications can be output by the POBM–CSA to improve the operation of occupant-centric buildings.
In this work, the use of waste dust filter of secondary aluminum industry (DFA) to obtain geopolymer foams has been studied. The waste was used as source of alumina and foaming agent. As precursor and principal reactive silica supplier rice husk ash was used. Precursors were chemically activated by means of a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and a commercial sodium silicate solution. The influence of the DFA content or Si/Al molar ratio (4–7) were determined by keeping the Si/Na molar ratio of 0.7 M constant and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the activating solution equal to 8.5 M. The geopolymer foams obtained were studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), adsorption/desorption of nitrogen, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The results indicated that geopolymer foams presented low values of bulk density (643–737 kg/m3) high values of apparent porosity (62–70%), low, but sufficient values of compressive strength (0.5–1.7 MPa) and good values of thermal conductivity (0.131–0.157 W/mK). Lower values of thermal conductivity were obtained for Si/Al = 4 and 5 M ratios, due to the highest apparent porosity and the highest total pore volume. These geopolymer foam materials have similar properties to other construction materials sector such as gypsum boards, foamed concrete, or insulating materials. In addition, its use in other applications of interest such as catalyst support or gas filtration materials could be investigated.

domain: design


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[Editor's note: A correction ran concerning this story; see end of article.]
The idea of the 10-minute play has an intrinsic appeal to anyone who has experienced posterior numbness past the two-and-a-half-hour mark in a theater seat. But the gimmick also has very obvious limitations. The play is extremely short, for one. It is a smart decision, then, that Love, Laundry & Theoretical Physics, staged by the Original Theatre Company, presents six short works that revolve around can't-miss themes: adultery, seduction, nudity, and unspeakable offstage carnage.
But the urge to go easy on the hindquarters doesn't always mean satisfying the forebrain. The opening play, "Quarks," sees a traveling computer salesman (Eric Webster) attempt to seduce a beautiful physicist (Angela Dalton) in a bar. While the actors evince a nice, easy chemistry, Dalton is called upon to recite a batch of scientific silliness that made me wish writer William Borden had gotten wind of my proposed moratorium on using quantum physics as a metaphor for life. I'm as interested as the next guy in the prospect of our 4-D universe floating in a ten-dimensional super-construct, but getting from that to Eugene O'Neill, or even David E. Kelley, has resulted in enough dramatic shipwrecks for now.
Sam Post has better luck with his "Love Poem," a slight little thing about two young people grappling with responsibility and romance. (Webster and Dalton again turn in appealing performances.) Post also writes "Ignition Switch," a barbed vignette that takes place in a repair shop's waiting room. A laconic mechanic (Patrick Coyle, who directs all six shorts) offers impromptu carpal-tunnel advice to a brittle wife (Helen Chorolec) who, we soon discover, is on the verge of applying emotional dynamite to her life. Post's dialogue is clipped and funny: This is the work one can most imagine stretching into the dimensions of a full-length drama.
Not that that's the only goal at work here, of course. Lily Baber Coyle's "Homeland Security" puts Chorolec and Webster in the airport security line for something ominously called Bare Air. They proceed to make small talk until, we realize, we are in a near future in which strip searches are de rigueur for boarding that commuter flight to Chicago. The idea is funny as far as it goes, which is approximately 10 minutes.
Something more meaty emerges from Sheri Wilner's fascinating "Little Death of a Salesman," which applies a Rosencrantz and Gildenstern Are Dead treatment to Arthur Miller. Chorolec plays Willy Loman's mistress waiting for him in a hotel out there on the American road, not knowing that her lover has been written out of the story. She grows increasingly panicked with a nonplussed desk clerk (Coyle) until the script teases out memories of Willy's affair and its squirm-inducing end—Coyle slips into the role of Willy at one point, to pleasingly creepy effect.
Though stilted in its performance, "Little Death" hints at the possibilities of the form: Economical dialogue, blazing pace, and a high-speed story arc. No less well-crafted is Stan Peal's "Interrupted," which finds a couple showing up at their friends' house unannounced. The homeowners inside are participating in a private moment, though not of the sort that first comes to mind: Coyle and Chorolec have a secret in their bathroom that makes Dalton erupt in shrieks and sends Webster to the toilet to download his lunch. (Or maybe "upload" is the right word for it.)
Of course we never learn the details of the horror in the bathroom, nor should we—nothing this low-budget show could produce could match Dalton's look of repulsion and horror when she returns from seeing it. It ends the night on a high note, appropriate in a program that asks its audience merely to absorb a series of scenarios without investing too heavily in them. With the amount of time you've devoted to reading this article, you could have digested a complete and original work of contemporary American theater. To make it any easier, they'd have to stage it in your living room.
Correction published 7/1//2006:
In the review of Love, Laundry and Theoretical Physics, the name of Stan Peal was incorrectly identified as Stan Paul. The above version of the story reflects the corrected text. City Pages regrets the error.


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Hello again! Welcome back to another Just Add Ink challenge. This week (#JAI450) is a theme challenge – Just Add Babies!
For my creation, I used a card base of thick Whisper White. On Crumb Cake, I stamped the floral heart image repeatedly from Meant To Be, with Whisper White Craft ink. Once dry, I used Watercolor Pencils to colour the details.
Using the Be Mine Stitched Framelits, I cut hearts from Vellum and Melon Mambo cardstock. These were layered on the card front and finished with a bow of Linen Thread and a sentiment label stamped with Melon Mambo ink, using Fable Friends. I also used some retired Metallic Sequins and White Polka Dot Tulle ribbon to add final details.
Thank you for popping in to have a look at my creation. Don’t forget to pop over to Just Add Ink and take part in #JAI450 as well.
‘Til next time x


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TechTarget provides enterprise IT professionals with the information they need to perform their jobs - from developing strategy, to making cost-effective IT purchase decisions and managing their organizations' IT projects - with its network of technology-specific Web sites, events and magazines


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- Minnesota Breeding Bird Distribution
- Breeding Habitat
- Population Abundance
- Literature Cited
A regular breeding resident and migrant; regular in winter, as birds linger in the state before migrating south. The American White Pelican was a common species during the Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas (MNBBA).
Primarily restricted to the interior of western North America, the American White Pelican breeds in scattered and often widely dispersed colonies from British Columbia east to southwestern Ontario and south through the western United States. A few year-round populations are found along the Texas Gulf coast and in central Mexico. The core of the species’ breeding population is located in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Manitoba (Figure 1).
Assigned a Continental Concern Score of 9/20 by Partners in Flight and designated a species of Moderate Concern by the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. Officially listed as a Special Concern Species in Minnesota since 1984, designated a Species in Greatest Conservation Need by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and designated a Stewardship Species by Audubon Minnesota.
A medium-distance migrant that winters on coastal waters and, rarely, on inland lakes and rivers.
Feeds primarily on rough fish caught by dipping its bill and scooping the prey into its pouch. Often employs a cooperative feeding strategy, where a group of pelicans drive fish into shallow waters, where they are easier to catch. Pelicans also are adept at stealing fish from other waterbirds, including other pelicans.
A shallow depression constructed in bare soil, sand, or gravel; may be lined with adjacent vegetation. A colonial nesting species.
One of the largest birds in North America, the American White Pelican has a rich and long history of place-names and accounts from Native Americans, early explorers, and naturalists. They provide a glimpse of its former distribution and abundance and its virtual disappearance at the end of the 19th century. DiMatteo (2016) details these accounts in an excellent and comprehensive history of the American White Pelican in Minnesota, dating from the late 1700s to the present. The following includes a few highlights from his work.
The preponderance of geographical places that are named for the pelican is testament to the species’ presence in the state long before European settlers arrived. Lake Shetek, in southwestern Murray County, for example, incorporates the original Ojibwe term for pelican, shetek. More than 200 miles to the north, Pelican Island in Leech Lake also was named by the Ojibwe in recognition of the lake’s nesting American White Pelicans. Then there are the Pelican River, Pelican Point in Heron Lake, six Pelican lakes strewn across northern Minnesota, and the town of Pelican Rapids!
Although such place-names provide a clue to the pelican’s abundance and distribution, DiMatteo (2016) found it difficult to accurately assess the bird’s historical status and distribution in the state. Prior to 1850, various accounts make mention of its presence on Lake of the Woods, on the Red River, and throughout west-central and north-central Minnesota. In the latter half of the 19th century, several accounts also broadly describe the species as a common summer breeding resident (e.g., Bullis 1892; Hatch 1874, 1881; Farrar 1880; Roberts 1932). Specific references to nesting colonies are uncommon, but Roberts (1919, 1932) identified the following: (1) a colony on Pelican Point on Heron Lake, which was abandoned in the 1870s but was reported active again in 1914; (2) a colony on the Mustinka River in Grant County, which was abandoned in 1878; (3) a colony on Pelican Lake in Grant County, which was present until 1895; (4) a colony on Lake Shetek in 1899; and (5) a colony in the vicinity of Leech Lake in 1902. As Roberts (1932) points out, however, “these reports were more or less in the nature of rumors and, as no actual nests were found, were probably based on the presence of non-breeding birds, spending the summer on various lakes.”
Most visitors to the state in the early 1900s commented on the pelican’s dramatic decline and virtual absence from the state (e.g., Chapman 1908; Bent 1922). The last and only confirmed nesting account was in 1904, when two young, pre-fledged pelicans were shot on the shore of what is now known as Big Sandy Lake in Aitkin County (Lano 1922).
Factors responsible for the pelican’s demise nearly 100 years ago included human disturbance at nesting colonies and the loss of suitable nesting sites (Knopf and Evans 2004). Although some pelican skins appeared in eastern markets, the birds were not a real target of the millinery trade. As Bent (1922) noted, “the demand did not seem to warrant the risk involved.”
In addition to their disappearance as a breeding species, sightings of migrant pelicans heading to and from their breeding grounds in Canada continued to be a rare enough occurrence in Minnesota that birders and wildlife biologists often made special note of the birds they did observe. Lee (1951), for example, documented numerous records in the spring of 1950 of flocks numbering from 5 to 2,000 birds. That same fall, he documented an unprecedented count of at least 15,000 birds at Heron Lake in Jackson County. The birds were still unusual enough in 1966 that wildlife biologist Bob Chesness (1967) wrote about the spectacle of watching 3,500 to 4,000 pelicans on a small wetland in Watonwan County in October. But it was 1968 before there was undisputable evidence that the birds were once again breeding in the state. Approximately 65 to 75 pairs were found nesting on an island in Marsh Lake in the Lac qui Parle game refuge (Breckenridge 1968).
In the years that followed, this small colony grew exponentially to support an average of 13,365 breeding pairs during the 10-year period from 2004/05 to 2015 (Hamilton and Cuthbert 2016). Other colonies also gradually appeared, including colonies on Lake of the Woods (Hirsch 1981), Leech Lake (Mortensen 2000; Mortensen and Ringle 2007), Pigeon Lake in Meeker County, and Minnesota Lake in Faribault County.
In recent years the statewide population appears to have stabilized at 16,000 to 22,000 nesting pairs breeding at 15 to 17 sites across the western two-thirds of the state (Hamilton and Cuthbert 2016). Observations of nonbreeding birds are very common throughout the state during the summer months, as are large concentrations of migrant birds at staging areas. Fredrickson has done an exceptional job of documenting a major staging site at the head of Lake Pepin from 2009 to 2014. During these years, the site supported 1,800 to 5,000 birds from late summer through fall (Fredrickson 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015).
The initial return of the American White Pelican to Minnesota waters is attributed to the growth and expansion of the Chase Lake colony in east-central North Dakota. Established as early as 1905, when 500 adults were reported nesting on the lake, the site has distinguished itself as the largest American White Pelican colony in North America, supporting just over 17,000 nesting pairs (Sovada et al. 2005; Drilling 2015). Because pelicans do not breed until at least their third year, and perhaps their fifth, young, nonbreeding adults often wander over wide areas until they reach sexual maturity (Knopf and Evans 2004; DiMatteo 2016). Although many will eventually return to their natal breeding colony, if the site is already at carrying capacity, they will explore other suitable sites.
The growing abundance of pelicans was well documented during the MNBBA. Participants reported 1,270 American White Pelican records in 14.7% (697/4,749) of the surveyed atlas blocks and in 16.9% (395/2,337) of the priority blocks. Breeding evidence was confirmed in only 13 blocks (Figures 2 and 3; Table 1). Statewide, however, pelicans were observed in 67 of Minnesota’s 87 counties, a sight that would have been unimaginable 100 years ago! Breeding evidence was documented in a total of 11 counties (2 blocks straddled 2 counties each: Lac qui Parle/Big Stone and Dakota/Goodhue).
The robustness of the atlas data was aided immeasurably by the addition of data from the 2010 statewide survey of American White Pelicans and Double-crested Cormorants by Wires and her colleagues (2011). Their survey data insured that known breeding colonies in difficult to reach localities were represented in the atlas. Readers will also note that all pelican records were coded either as Observed or as Confirmed (Figures 2 and 3; Table 1). Although volunteers initially coded over 200 records as Possible, and a handful as Probable, they all were recoded to Observed records. All observations away from the known breeding colonies were likely either foraging breeding adults from nearby colonies or nonbreeding adults.
*Note that the definition of confirmed nesting of a species is different for Breeding Bird Atlas projects, including the definition used by the Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas, compared with a more restrictive definition used by the Minnesota Ornithologists’ Union. For details see the Data Methods Section.
|Breeding status||Blocks (%)||Priority Blocks (%)|
|Confirmed||13 (0.3%)||1 (0.0%)|
|Probable||0 (0.0%)||0 (0.0%)|
|Possible||0 (0.0%)||0 (0.0%)|
|Observed||684 (14.4%)||394 (16.9%)|
|Total||697 (14.7%)||395 (16.9%)|
The American White Pelican is a colonial nesting species. In the northern Great Plains, most colonies are located on islands found on freshwater lakes, rivers, or impoundments. Nesting islands are typically flat with little or no vegetation and may be located 50 km or more from favorable foraging sites (Figure 4). The latter include a wide range of shallow water habitats in marshes, lakes, or rivers that supply an abundance of forage fish.
Colonies usually support hundreds to thousands of breeding birds. An examination of nearly 60 colonies across North America in the 1980s showed an average colony size of 957 breeding pairs. Within each colony, there may be several, smaller subcolonies averaging about 150 nests each (Knopf and Evans 2004). Pelicans often nest in association with other waterbirds, particularly Ring-billed Gulls and Double-crested Cormorants.
In Minnesota, pelicans find suitable habitat in a wide range of landscapes, from the intensively cultivated farmlands of south-central Minnesota to the remote islands on Lake of the Woods. As long as suitable islands are available, lakes as small as 114 hectares (e.g., Pigeon Lake in Meeker County) to as large as 435,000 hectares (Lake of the Woods) may be selected.
Minnesota’s largest colony site, Marsh Lake, is an impounded river floodplain in the upper reaches of the Minnesota River. Over time, the birds have nested on four different islands and one peninsula at the site. Nesting densities within the colonies approximate 1,000 nests per ha (DiMatteo 2016). Nesting islands located in the middle of the river tend to be more low-lying than sites nearer to or on the mainland. DiMatteo (2016) found that annual variability in nest site selection and reproductive success are highly correlated with the river’s flow levels in April. When river levels are high in the spring, the low-elevation sites in the middle of the river are flooded, forcing the birds to select the higher-elevation sites close to or on the mainland. The birds experience lower reproductive success on the mainland due, in part, to higher rates of nest predation.
In recent times, pelicans have attempted nesting at one other mainland site, in south-central Minnesota in Faribault County. Discovered in 1994, the birds were using an island in Minnesota Lake in 1994 (Fall 1994). During the 2010 nesting season, high water levels forced the birds to relocate to farmland on the adjacent shore. They attempted to renest at the same site in 2011, establishing a colony of nearly 1,500 nesting pairs. Unfortunately a farmer who was renting the land destroyed many of the nests, forcing the adults to abandon the colony. Having violated the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the farmer was subsequently sentenced and fined $12,500 (U.S. Department of Justice 2011).
Not only are pelicans very sensitive to disturbance, they adapt quickly to changing conditions, a frequent occurrence in the Great Plains. Their low site tenacity is an adaptation that enables them to relocate if a site becomes unsuitable due to changing water levels, disturbance by humans or predators, or changes in food availability (Knopf and Evans 2004).
To date, a comprehensive assessment of the distribution and size of American White Pelican colonies throughout North America has not been conducted. Efforts to assess the size of the population have been incomplete at best.
In 1933, Thompson estimated the continental breeding population was a minimum of 30,000 adults nesting at 7 primary sites. In 1964, the estimate was approximately 40,000 breeding adults (Lies and Behle 1966). By 1985, the estimate had risen to 109,000 breeding adults nesting in 55 colonies (Sidle et al. 1985). The most recent estimate was compiled in 2005 and generated an estimate of 134,000 breeding adults at 42 colonies (King and Anderson 2005). Unfortunately each of these estimates is only a rough approximation. Many colonies have not been surveyed for years, and the status of even major, well-established colonies can change quickly.
Although biologists tracked the state’s largest pelican colony at Marsh Lake, on the border of Lac qui Parle and Big Stone County, for decades, a comprehensive, statewide survey was first launched during the 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons. It has been repeated approximately every five years (Wires et al. 2006; Wires et al. 2011; Hamilton and Cuthbert 2016). Additional surveys were added in 2011 and 2012 to assess the potential impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on Minnesota waterbirds that winter in Gulf coast waters. The statewide survey was specifically designed to inventory Double-crested Cormorant and pelican nesting colonies. Since cormorant control began at selected sites in the state in 2005, it was important to collect baseline data on cormorant populations and to assess the impacts of control efforts on co-nesting species, including pelicans.
Data from the past five surveys are presented in Table 2. Statewide, the Minnesota population of pelicans has ranged from 15,610 nests in 2004/2005 to a high of 22,506 nests in 2011, or a breeding population of approximately 31,220 adults to 45,012 adults. In any given year, the colonies at Marsh Lake contribute from 63% to 84% of the total statewide breeding population. The decline observed in 2015 was attributed largely to the absence of nesting on two key sites on Marsh Lake due to water level fluctuations (Hamilton and Cuthbert 2016). These estimates are of breeding adults only and do not include the large number of nonbreeding birds that are observed throughout the state each summer.
Even if the population estimate for North America is low, the continental significance of Minnesota’s breeding population is clear. Marsh Lake is considered one of the largest breeding colonies in North America, second only to the colony at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota. The most recent census conducted at Chase Lake documented a total of 17,217 nesting pairs, or 34,434 adults (Drilling 2015). The importance of Minnesota to the continental population of White Pelicans is also obvious in Figure 1.
Pelican populations throughout North America were on the decline from the late 1800s through the first half of the 20th century (Knopf and Evans 2004). Since then, they have been gradually expanding, essentially growing in numbers at well-established colonies and recolonizing portions of their previous range (Wires et al. 2006). Although the federal Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is not always an effective monitoring tool for colonial-nesting species, including pelicans, Minnesota BBS data clearly demonstrate the rather dramatic population increase since the survey began in 1967, with numbers increasing at an annual rate of 12.60% per year (Sauer et al. 2017)!
A long-lived species with low annual reproduction, the American White Pelican took many years to recover from the persecution it experienced in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Legal protection has certainly aided the species’ recovery, but other factors have contributed as well, especially broad-scale efforts to protect and restore wetland habitats. Today, many of the large colonies are located on state or federally protected wildlife refuges. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry in the southeastern United States may also be improving the overwinter survival of birds that winter along the Gulf coast (King and Anderson 2005).
Partners in Flight (2017) has assigned the American White Pelican a Continental Concern Score of 9/20 and the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan designated it a species of Moderate Concern (Kushlan et al. 2002). In Minnesota the species has been officially classified as a state Special Concern Species since 1984 (Coffin and Pfannmuller 1988) and has been designated a Species in Greatest Conservation Need (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2015). Recognizing the continental importance of the Minnesota population, Audubon Minnesota identified the American White Pelican as one of 12 Minnesota Stewardship Species (Pfannmuller 2012), underlining the state’s unique responsibility to insure the long-term sustainability of the pelican population.
Given the importance of the northern Great Plains to breeding pelicans, the potential impacts of warming temperatures on the region’s wetlands are a concern. Climate change models predict that the number of wetlands in the region could decline by two-thirds, having a direct impact on the availability of suitable foraging sites (North American Bird Conservation Initiative 2010). In addition, rain events may be intense, leading to more frequent flooding of critical nesting sites. An analysis of the potential impacts of climate change on the American White Pelican predicted a loss of 91% of its current summer breeding range from 2000 to 2080 and resulted in its classification as “climate endangered” (Langham et al. 2015; National Audubon Society 2016).
In the short-term, protection of nesting colonies from human disturbance is one of the most important management concerns. Pelicans are sensitive to disturbance, particularly early in the nesting season, when an entire colony may abandon their eggs and young chicks. Given the proportion of the continental population that is concentrated in a small number of colonies, such disturbances can have a major impact on reproductive success in any given year.
Unfortunately, as pelican numbers increase, there are more opportunities for conflicts with landowners on sites that are privately owned. The incident in Meeker County in 2011 is one such example. There also are an increasing number of voices expressing concern about the impact of pelicans on local fish populations. Diet studies, however, have repeatedly demonstrated that the birds’ diet is comprised primarily of rough forage fish with relatively low economic value to the fishing community.
With proper protection measures in place, the spectacular sight of a flock of American White Pelicans soaring in the sky hopefully will remain a part of Minnesota’s natural heritage for years to come.
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domain: biology


text:
Benjamin Netanyahu is going to be a happy man.
On Wednesday evening, the United States just took a massive stand for Israel by voting unanimously to move the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem.
The vote actually was 90-0, with Sens. Michael Bennet of Colorado, Cory Booker of New Jersey, Tammy Duckworth of Illinois, Jeff Flake of Arizona, Bob Menendez of New Jersey, Jeff Merkley of Oregon, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, Dan Sullivan of Alaska, Thom Tillis of North Carolina, and Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania – an assortment of both Republicans and Democrats – not voting.
While the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 calls for the move to Jerusalem, which would be seen worldwide as a resounding affirmation of Israel’s link to, presence in and responsibility for Jerusalem, it also provides for six-month waivers that presidents could use if they felt that politically they should not make the move.
That waiver has been used by both Democrats and Republicans ever since, including President Trump just days ago.
However, at the time he renewed his commitment to moving the Embassy, he just said it would happen right now.
So while the call for the law to be followed is seen by many as a call for the establishment of the Embassy in Jerusalem, technically it simply states that the law should be followed.
Now the senators, on a 90-0 vote, commemorated the 50th anniversary of the reunification of Jerusalem by adopting S. Res. 176.
SHARE on Facebook and Twitter if you stand with Israel!

domain: news