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How To Become a Cinematographer
“A Cinematographer is a visual psychiatrist, moving an audience through a movie…making them think the way you want them to think, painting pictures in the dark.” — Legendary Cinematographer Gordon Willis (The Godfather, Annie Hall)
To learn more about becoming a working Cinematographer, we talked to:
- Adrian Peng Correia (Ramy, GLOW, The Flight Attendant, Love Life)
- Leland Krane (Chappelle’s Show, Separation, Love Life)
- Nicholas Matthews (Music videos for Ice Cube, Rise Against, and Thrice)
- Sandi Sissel (Salaam Bombay!, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World)
The logistics of a Cinematographer’s position come down to the fundamentals of film production: pre-production, principal photography, and post-production. The film is essentially conceived three times and it’s the Cinematographer’s job to help shepherd the project through the first two stages and then provide input on the final one.
Pre-production involves strategizing with the Director, getting inside their mind, and figuring out how to craft something that fulfills their interests and wants, even if it’s in unexpected ways. Much of this is listening and taking notes before making suggestions. It’s getting to know the box before it’s possible to step outside of it. Therefore, these in-depth artistic conversations are integral to making decisions later in the process.
The next step is to scout locations with the other department heads and begin to analyze what the potential problems may be. From there, the Cinematographer collaborates with the Director on making a shot list and storyboards that convey the style and structure of the film.
They also depict the color palette, lighting, and camera movement. Most aesthetic ideas are mulled over until production is ready to begin. The other responsibilities of pre-production for a Cinematographer are to work with the Camera, Lighting, and Grip Departments to get the proper gear.
Production is all about management. It’s all about determining what the shooting order is and figuring out how to best collaborate with other department heads. It’s also about staying connected to the moment being capturing and not getting too far ahead or stuck in the past.
Compromises will always have to be made so a lot of the job is looking at the day and realizing what is vital to capture. The easiest way to communicate with the Grip and Electric teams is through making lighting plots and revising them as necessary. It’s the Cinematographer’s job to make sure every shot is usable and flag them when they’re not.
During post-production, in the interim before color correction begins, the Cinematographer reviews images and tries to imagine what they should become. Sometimes creative ideas shot during production will change in the edit so it’s crucial to remain flexible. When it comes time to color the footage, a lot of it is out of the Cinematographer’s control but it’s important to be present and give creative ideas.
A Cinematographer’s main duty is to represent the story visually, whether it’s television, a short film, a feature, or anything else that’s on the page. The conduit for that is the Director: your job is to understand their vision for the story and help them realize it photographically.
They might be the type of Director that has everything in their head and you’re there to help them execute their vision, point by point, moment by moment. Or it might be something where you’re more of an integral collaborator and contributor to the nature of the vision in prep.
It’s an interesting paradox in that it’s a position that demands focus and artistic intent, but also the ability to put aside your wants and desires for the betterment of others. You have to be both a determined, focused artist with a perspective, and a person who can sublimate their own desires sometimes to be able to tell a story. Leland Krane (Chappelle’s Show, Separation, Love Life)
When people think of a DP, they think of the creative part and the technical part, which are big parts of being a DP. But the part that people tend to forget is the managerial part. You’re in command of a group of people that you have to get good work out of; work that suits both your vision and the Director’s vision.
You need to communicate what it is you’re trying to do. That’s really important. You have to coordinate with your crew and your managers–the Director, the Producers, post-production–and that’s all about communication. You need the same type of skills they would in any managerial role.
In business school, people take classes on how to manage people and how to manage teams. You’re doing the same thing as a DP. You’re interfacing with other teams. You’re interfacing with production design, post-production, costume design, hair, makeup, wardrobe, etc.
For smaller projects, maybe it’s just you and a Director, or you and a Producer and Sound Man. But when you get to more complex stuff, you’re going to have to think about the communication part. And that’s something that pretty much everybody in film school is going to do. They’re all going to make a short film, or a music video, or something like that. Sandi Sissel (Salaam Bombay!, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World, Wonder Years)
There’s a philosophical and logistical aspect of working as a Cinematographer. They create part of the emotional throughline of the film by trying to capture both the Director’s and characters’ perspectives in the film.
The visual exploration of themes creates lots of logistics necessary to do the job well. One of the biggest challenges is how to turn creative ideas into effective realities. The audience never knows how much prep was taken or how much change happened on the day of shooting. They only see the final image.
What a Cinematographer earns will depend on their level of experience and the nature of the job. For example, a Cinematographer working on a feature film will certainly earn more for their time and talent than a Cinematographer working on a short film or commercial.
Currently, the national average salary for a Cinematographer is around $65,000.
Cinematographers working on indie or low-budget projects will also earn less than those working for established production companies. At the top of the hierarchy are the “name” Cinematographers who work on studio films or network television shows. Cinematographers who have achieved this level of success are generally part of the International Cinematographers Guild, which likewise helps to determine base rates for their members.
It’s important to keep in mind that due to the ebb and flow nature of the entertainment industry, a Cinematographer may go weeks or months without a job. As a result, those seeking a career in cinematography must learn how to budget for those times when they might not be bringing in much or any income.
The average Cinematographer makes, I think, $65,000 a year. I believe that’s around the average, but that also takes into account several Cinematographers who make millions of dollars a year. There is a very vast range between people who barely make it by and people who do incredibly well.
The base salary for a union Cinematographer on a television show minimum is $5,500 a week. Typically if you work features you make a little bit less or a little bit more depending on the budget of the film, which is usually about 1% of the budget.
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A great Cinematographer will always be in demand. And as many longtime Director-Cinematographer collaborations can attest–think Steven Spielberg and Janusz Kamiński or Wes Anderson and Robert Yeoman–consistent work can happen for those who find the right collaborative fit.
That being said, like many other specialties in the entertainment industry, most Cinematographers simply go where the jobs are and may collaborate with a Director only once and never work with them ever again.
Outside of the rare circumstance where a Cinematographer may work exclusively in-house at a production or commercial company, those who pursue this field are freelancers. That also means that the hours and length of days for a given job depend on the nature of it. In most cases, the typical day for a US-based Cinematographer will go 12 hours.
Having both the technical and artistic skills central to this line of work is critical for any Cinematographer hoping to enjoy a long and successful career. But before they can show exactly how their expertise can elevate a film or television show, they need to book that job.
As a result, a critical part of any Cinematographer’s career is being able to make connections within the industry and continually hustling for that next gig. While having an impressive reel will certainly help a Cinematographer in finding work, they must also be proactive in securing those gigs through the professional relationships they develop and nurture.
That being said, it’s easy to get caught up in the busyness of being a Cinematographer, which is why those in this field recommend being mindful of not letting their profession take over to the detriment of other parts of their lives.
Says Matthews, “It’s important to take time to develop, have a life, and network with filmmakers, even though it doesn’t pay upfront. In the long run, keeping a balance will save a person from burning out and getting stuck in the same level of projects.”
It takes a lot of time. It took me probably 10–12 years of working in production to really understand the job and then progress to shooting full time. But during that time, I was working in film, making money, and building my career. So, it’s not like you’re gonna be doing nothing, and then suddenly you’re a Cinematographer.
You’ll be working in Grip, Electric, Camera, or some other discipline within the industry, and you work toward becoming a Cinematographer. So as you move up the ladder … you’re building skills that eventually help when you become a Cinematographer.
I didn’t go to film school, but I studied extensively on my own.
Understand that this is an industry where you build the foundations of your career over a good deal of time. Your goals should take into account the fact that you need to have perseverance over the course of a number of years.
When I was signed by my first Agent, the first thing that she asked me was, “Where do you see yourself in five years?” That was something that kind of crept up on me because I realized I needed to have a plan that was much more long-term. I had to understand that if I wanted to become a Cinematographer, there were going to be a number of years where I maybe wasn’t doing the exact things I always wanted to do.
You need to have perseverance and maintain perspective. There will always be ups and downs in terms of where you think you wanna be as opposed to where you are, but you have to understand the nature of the work. If it’s something that you really, really love, then disappointment and the up-and-down nature of it is gonna just be part of the journey. You need to be able to keep fighting. Leland Krane (Chappelle’s Show, Separation, Love Life)
It’s a process. For me, I worked first as a Gaffer. I went to film school at The New School. I already had some photography skills before I started. For a number of years, I worked as a Grip. I did a little camera assisting, but mostly grip electric and lighting. Then at some point around ‘96, I just said, “I’m going to stop doing everything else and just shoot.”
So there’s a moment for most DPs, and for some people, that’s right out of film school because they’re in a position financially where they’re able to just shoot. I wasn’t. I had to work. Eventually, I thought, “Now I’m in a position where I don’t have to make that much money. I have a roommate, I’m not married, I don’t have kids. I’m going to be able to take a step back, work for free or for low pay, and build my way up again.”
I got out of college in ‘91 and was shooting my first 35 mm feature, which was released in ‘99. So it took about 8–10 years. That’s including film school. For a lot of people, it might take less than that.
Then there are people who work their way up through the Camera Department. That could take 10 years or more. But I would think after 10 years, you’re probably not going to make that switch. If you’re making a living, you’re now 31 instead of 21, and you’re starting to think of a family and so forth–it’s a harder switch to make.
A lot of it is just life stuff. It isn’t anything to do with cinematography in general. Another thing I tell my students is, they need to realize that what they’re choosing isn’t a terribly healthy lifestyle. They need to understand that they’re going to have to work very weird hours.
The light is the light. Sometimes we have to shoot nights. We may go weeks without a job, and then be super busy. It’s bad for relationships. It’s bad for everything. It’s a big sacrifice to do this.
They have to be ready and willing as filmmakers, whether they’re DPs or Directors or whatever. This is not an ordinary job. Most people are aware of that and think it’s sexy to be doing these crazy hours and all that, but when you’re 31, it’s not as sexy anymore.
At 21 you can work all day and stay out until two in the morning, then come home the next day and do it all over again. But when you get a little bit older, it becomes more difficult.
I was still doing overnights up until the whole COVID thing hit. Sometimes I’d get a call saying, “Hey, can you come shoot something right now?” and it would be an overnight. And I’d already have a job for the next day, but I would say yes because it was good money and a good job. Even though It meant I’d be working 36 hours straight. You gotta have some sort of intestinal fortitude. Sandi Sissel (Salaam Bombay!, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World, Wonder Years)
Cinematographers often need a degree from a film school to begin work. In these programs, you would learn the basics of lighting and camera techniques. Most often one begins as a Camera Assistant and then becomes a Cinematographer.
As soon as a person does the cinematography on a commercial, short film, music video, or documentary then technically you are a Cinematographer. To become a master of light, shooting feature films can take years. One must start somewhere but the learning of one’s craft and becoming a respected artist can take one’s entire career. As techniques and styles change then so must the Director of Photography’s knowledge.
In addition to understanding and bringing to life the emotional and visual aesthetic wanted by the Director for a film or TV show, a Cinematographer must also have very technical expertise, including knowing what kind of camera and lighting gear is needed to achieve that aesthetic.
For this reason, the career path of many Cinematographers begins in film school or photography school. Here is where these emerging technicians and artists can learn what it means to use a particular lens for a shot or how the placement of a light will affect the look of a scene.
That being said, it is possible for aspiring Cinematographers to learn on the job. In such cases, they’ll likely come on board a project as an Intern or Production Assistant and soak in as much as they can while simultaneously carrying out their tasks. As someone in this role gains more experience, they might be able to work as part of the Grip or Camera Departments where they will be even more fully immersed in the various aspects that a Cinematographer oversees.
Going to school to become a Cinematographer allows an emerging professional to get their start on student films. But even in the absence of a formal learning institution, those wanting to enter this career can gain expertise on small projects like the student projects of those going to school locally or just short films or web series being shot in the area.
Whether school is part of the equation for an emerging Cinematographer, a significant part of their career path will entail finding as many opportunities as possible to learn and hone their craft.
And don’t forget–it’s never too soon to start developing those professional relationships! As early as college or that first PA position, begin making connections. These are your peers and the individuals who will be coming up through the ranks with you.
As an emerging Cinematographer takes on more responsibility and gains more expertise, they’ll likely be asked to work on bigger and potentially more complicated shoots. They may also find themselves overseeing increasingly bigger Camera, Grip, and Electrical Departments, especially if the day comes when they’re shooting a feature film for a major studio.
From there, many Cinematographers (no matter how long they’ve been in the business) will continually educate themselves on the ever-evolving nature of filmmaking–film to digital, anyone?–and how to create the images desired by a Director.
Great DPs are those who are liked, respected, and feared. They’re people that know when not to say anything, when to listen, and when to say the right thing to people so as not to offend them but to still get what they want.
The DP has also turned into a firewall against poor quality since we can all see what we’re getting now. Back when I started filming, the videotapes we used were just a representation of what was going to be the final image. Now we’re pretty much seeing what the final image is, or at least close to it.
So there’s a tendency for people on set to say, “That’s good enough, let’s go.” But the DP has to be the firewall and say, “No, this is not good enough. Trust me here. We need consistency. We need to give post [production] what they need.”
We have to satisfy all these different requirements. You want to have integrity in your work and say, “This is something I’m proud to shoot,” no matter what the level of it is. If it’s a corporate video with a talking head, it doesn’t matter if the background is out of focus and nondescript. But if you’re making a short film where it’s important that the background reflects your character’s mood, there’s a different set of restrictions.
You can’t bring the same sensibilities needed for a feature film to the set of a corporate video, because you’re going to take all day and they’ll hate you. And you can’t bring the corporate video sensibilities to the feature film set, because it’s going to look like crap and then they’ll hate you. So you have to work at the appropriate level of each project.
Not everything you shoot is going to be amazing. But if you’re successful, everything you shoot is going to get you hired again. That’s the ultimate goal–to keep working. And that’s mostly about satisfying the client’s expectations and not yours. But you also have to have the integrity to say, “No, I’m not going to shoot this. It just looks bad.”Sandi Sissel (Salaam Bombay!, Master and Commander: Far Side of the World, Wonder Years)
A Cinematographer, also called a Director of Photography, is the crew chief that is responsible for the camera and light crews. Cinematographers are masters of light and image—the art of visual storytelling used in films and television shows. Anytime the visuals speak to the story of a film then the Cinematographer did a good job. Adrian Peng Correia (GLOW, The Flight Attendant, Love Life)
It’s important to be a considerate person. Cinematography is something that values being able to improvise and create moments of inspiration and insight on the fly. But it also demands someone who is pensive and considerate of not just the artistic elements of a script, but also the practical notions of production. How to execute something within the confines of a budget and a schedule.
You need to be able to honestly assess things with a sense of responsibility in terms of money and time. You need to be somebody who is empathetic to almost everybody. There might be a sound person who’s trying to do their job and you have to compromise some things in order for them to get the proper sound. Or there’s an Actor who needs a certain freedom, and you need to compromise in a way to allow them to deliver the best performance.
It’s complicated — it’s incredibly simple in some ways, then an incredibly complicated job all at once. That’s what makes it so exciting for me.
Experience & Skills
As mentioned, Cinematographers are both technicians and artists.
They must have a mastery of various types of cameras and lighting equipment. At the same time, they must understand the more abstract and sometimes ephemeral aspects to filmmaking, such as what emotion they hope to elicit with a single shot or how what is framed in a given shot can help to inform character, tone, plot, or all of the above.
These skills–namely the technical ones–can be learned in school and/or on set. However, because technology is always changing, this aspect to being a Cinematographer is a lifelong one. They must continually read up on and become familiar with the most current advances in cameras and lighting equipment.
Those less concrete skills must be somewhat inherent to the sensibilities of a Cinematographer, but much can still be learned simply by watching other films and evaluating how others who came before were able to elicit emotions or create indelible images with a lasting imprint.
It’s this unique combination of skillsets that makes Cinematographers so valuable to a film set. It’s also what makes gaining a considerable amount of experience crucial to developing those skills and becoming a Cinematographer whom studios, production companies, and Directors want to work with.
- An eye for detail and a mind for fast invention.
- Thorough understanding of lighting techniques, light color, shade, and manipulation.
- Strong technical knowledge of cameras and the film production process.
- Strong communication skills.
- Strong team management skills.
- Excellent listening ability.
- An ability to remain calm during stressful situations.


In 1996 we presented the Series 4000 to the public for the first time. Even then it was clear: These engines are something really special. As the very first large diesel engines, they were equipped as standard with the common-rail injection system - and as a result, were ten years ahead of the current status of development. Right at the start we specifically designed the engines to be powerful, universally deployable and yet efficient. That's how you can still recognize a Series 4000 even today. Because we strive continuously to convert our customers' requirements into reliable, clean and durable technology. As a result the Series 4000 engines will also stand the test in future in the toughest applications: in boats, rail vehicles, industrial and mining vehicles, in energy systems as well as pump drives for the oil and gas industry.
|Engine type||4000- 00/01, 4000- 03|
|Number of cylinders||8V/ 12V/ 16V/ 20V|
|Bore/Stroke||165/190 - 170/210 mm|
|Rated power||700 - 2000 - 746 - 3490 kW|
|Speed max. 1/min.||1800 - 2100 rpm|


Law360, New York (March 14, 2008, 12:00 AM EDT) -- An adviser to the European Court of Justice said Thursday that companies that do not intentionally cause damages could possibly be excluded from liability. The opinion could toss a lifeline to oil giant Total SA as it fights a French court ruling blaming it for one of Europe's worst environmental disasters.
In a nonbinding opinion, Advocate General Juliane Kokott contended that the “polluter-pays” principle in European Commission waste law could justify pinning Total with liability from heavy fuel oil discharge.
Financial Services Law360 UK provides breaking news and analysis on the financial sector. Coverage includes UK and European Union policy, enforcement, and litigation involving banks, asset management firms, and other financial services organizations.


We’re still months away from 2012, but AARP Utah is already looking for ways to expand our reach to members next year through our programs, education, and advocacy. We know that the debt ceiling debate and concerns over Social Security and Medicare have dominated the news, and we will continue our advocacy to make sure no cuts are made to these essential programs. But there are many other issues we know are important to you, and we want to make sure we have your interests protected.
See Also: Connect to Serve with AARP Utah
Many people are worried about having enough money for retirement or their job security. One of our priorities in the state is to continue our work with the Utah Securities Division to eliminate fraud and abuse from the financial marketplace. We will also work with Utah legislators to eliminate unfair or misleading practices and products, such as payday loans. The legislative session doesn’t being until next January, but we are already working with legislators to help protect consumers.
Although Medicare is often highlighted as an area of major concern, Medicaid also needs to be strengthened and protected. Medicaid provides a lifeline to many older people, as well as those with disabilities, and AARP Utah is working with other organizations to make sure people have a safety net when they desperately need it. This includes long-term care services as well as more basic health care needs.
We are also working with our volunteers to find more ways to help educate people about health care reform, the wise use of medications, brain fitness, and identity theft. There are still too many people who don’t know the benefits available to them under the Affordable Care Act, and we want to make sure the public knows where to go for resources and assistance. We’ve been going to communities across the state, with the help of our volunteers, to reach people where they live and hear their individual concerns. We’ve also partnered with local organizations on these issues – such as city councils – so that people can find help close to home. We want these relationships to grow in 2012. Volunteers provide a crucial link between members and AARP Utah programs and advocacy, and we want to explore ways we can build upon our wonderful volunteer base.
We also want to offer ways for people to connect and have fun. This year, we invited members to an “AARP Utah Night at the Bees” game, and had over 150 people join us! We’ll be looking to partner with the Salt Lake Film Center for movies at historic theaters around the state next year. We’re also looking for opportunities to provide local discounts so that you can take advantage of the many wonderful activities Utah has to offer.
If you have ideas for how we can better serve you or want to know about volunteer opportunities, please contact Jill Duke at firstname.lastname@example.org. We appreciate our members and want to make sure your experience with AARP Utah is valuable and worthwhile.


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Posts Tagged ‘haiti’
The country was hit by a 7.0 magnitude earthquake yesterday. It seems all the hospitals in Port-au-Prince fell, so those injured are not able to get the medical attention they require.
Our hearts go out to the people of Haiti.
“We are devastated by the news from Haiti. We will work closely with our good friend Wyclef Jean to support the humanitarian efforts on the island and help those who have been injured and left without homes and shelter.”
It’s great to see celebrities putting those millions to good use and helping others.

domain: news


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Friday, April 1, 2005
According to several press reports (Fox, Jurist, NYTimes), former National Security Advisor from the Clinton Administration, Sandy Berger, will be pleading guilty to a misdemeanor. He will be admitting to the removal of documents from the National Archives. The material pertained to information on terrorist threats. Initially he stated that "he was reviewing the materials to help determine which Clinton administration documents to provide to the independent commission investigating the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks." (Fox). His act, however, caused no harm to the Commission's investigation as "[o]fficials with the Archives and the Sept. 11 commission ultimately determined that despite the incident, the commission had access to all the material needed in its work."(NYTimes).
As with all plea agreements, once entered in court it will up to the judge to decide whether to accept the agreement. Berger's cooperation with the government should significantly assist in having this plea to a misdemeanor accepted by the court. Additionally, he immediately acknowledged his mistake when he stepped down as an advisor to John Kerry's campaign.
It sounds like Sandy Berger tries to help friends. But this time it looks like he may have tried too hard.

domain: law


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Over a dozen were seen while walking through the oak woodlands and scrub this day.
This individual was eating a clam brought up from below Wharf II in Monterey.
I saw a Hummingbird Moth like this flitting from flower to flower at about 2:00 p.m. in my garden. Unfortunately I did not have my camera with me and haven't seen it again (yet!). Through the power of the internet, I put in "bumblebee moth" as that is what it looks like at first glance...and surprise, the search engine found it! Here is one of the sites I found it on: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/hummingbird_moth.shtml
The photograph is by Hugh Christy.
And here is another interesting website showing the stages of life of the Hummingbird Moth/Snowberry Clearwing Moth
Went out at about 3:30 and while standing by some valerian, the snowberry clearwing came back..and so I was able to get these photos!
Apologies for the crappy cell phone pics, it's all I had on me.

domain: biology


Latest News - Emily Blewett
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Two industry experts on how the safe haven rush has forced 10-year paper to take historic turn into negative territory.
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Citywire Selector spoke to leading fund managers, asset allocator and industry expert for their views on the ground-breaking study.
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Marc Faber believes there is little room left for the natural resource to drop despite oil producers butting heads over output.
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Citywire Selector asked leading managers what the long-awaited debt deal means for Argentinian, defaults and the outlook for EMD.
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Citywire A-rated corporate and high yield bond specialist ends 12-year stint with investment firm, Citywire Selector can reveal.
BlackRock’s Krautzberger: expect major moves at ECB’s March meet
Fixed income chief believes expansion of programme is only way forward with Europe set to undershoot inflation.
Skagen's Weintraub seeks defensive solace in small-cap names
The high conviction global equity manager is searching out more solid foundations amid smaller players following last summer's market struggles.
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Asset management firm announces appointment on thematic strategy for sector specialist hired from rival firm last year.
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PIMCO's head of high yield expects markets to experience more pain before a meaningful recovery can be achieved.


物理化学学报 >> 1985, Vol. 1 >> Issue (02): 193-195.doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB19850211
黄敏海; 叶明库; 田昭武
Huang Minhai; Ye Mingku; Tian Zhaowu
Abstract: The suitably doped polyacetylene film can be used for the conversion of sun- light energy into electrical or chemical energy. A new electrochemical technique was introduced for obtaining polyacetylene film by cathodic initiation of the poly- merization process. The advantage of this technique is that the polymerization process can be controlled by the wave form of electrode current and the composi- tion of the solution. Polyacetylene films of different properties and thickness can be conveniently prepared in this way.The catalyst was dissolved in certain organic solvent and introduced into the electrolytic cell. The solution was then cooled down to low temperature and saturated with acetylene gas before cathodic polymerization. Several transition metals and other electric conducting materials have been used as electrodes. On passing suitable current, red color appeared at the cathode/solution interface and the polyacetylene film formed gradually....
黄敏海;叶明库;田昭武. 用电化学技术制备聚乙炔薄膜[J]. 物理化学学报, 1985, 1(02), 193-195. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB19850211
Huang Minhai; Ye Mingku; Tian Zhaowu. POLYACETYLENE FILM FORMED BY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 1985, 1(02), 193-195. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB19850211
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When, how, and why should sinus Rhythm be restored in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation?
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The results of the AFFIRM (Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management) trial indicate that the rate control strategy is preferred for the majority of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). If the patient remains symptomatic despite adequate rate control or if rate control cannot be achieved, then rhythm control therapies are indicated. The most likely explanation for the disappointing results of the AFFIRM trial is the poor efficacy and excessive toxicity of rhythm control medications, because the presence of sinus rhythm was associated with a favorable prognosis in AFFIRM. As a result, there is currently great interest in nonpharmacologic therapies such as AF ablation and development of new drugs for AF with a more favorable efficacy and toxicity profile. AF ablation should be reserved for patients who fail an initial trial of a rhythm control medication until additional clinical trial information is available to justify the use of AF ablation as first-line therapy. When rhythm control therapy is indicated, the choice of antiarrhythmic medication should be dictated by the presence or absence of structural heart disease, congestive heart failure, renal dysfunction, or other comorbidities in order to maximize efficacy and minimize the chance of proarrhythmia or extracardiac toxicity.
- Ali S, Hong M, Antezano ES, Mangat I: Evaluation and management of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2006, 6:233–244.
- Geraets DR, Kienzle MG: Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Clin Pharm 1993, 12:721–735.
- Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, et al.: Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:469–473. CrossRef
- Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al.: Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001, 285:2370–2375. CrossRef
- Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB: Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147:1561–1564. CrossRef
- Crenshaw BS, Ward SR, Granger CB, et al.: Atrial fibrillation in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I experience. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:406–413 CrossRef
- Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, et al.: Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:695–703. CrossRef
- Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al.: A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1825–1833. CrossRef
- Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J: Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation—Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomized trial. Lancet 2000, 356:1789–1794. CrossRef
- Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeleer J, et al.: Randomized trial of rate control versus rhythm control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41:1690–1696. CrossRef
- Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al.: A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1834–1840. CrossRef
- Opolski G, Torbicki A, Kosior DA, et al.: Rate control vs rhythm control in patients with nonvalvular persistent atrial fibrillation: the results of the Polish How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) Study. Chest 2004, 126:476–486. CrossRef
- Marshall DA, Levy AR, Vidaillet H, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of rhythm versus rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141:653–661.
- Relationship between sinus rhythm, treatment and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study [no authors listed]. Circulation 2004, 109:1509–1513.
- Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, et al.: Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:659–666. CrossRef
- Pappone C, Oreto G, Rosanio S, et al.: Atrial electroanatomic remodeling after circumferential radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation: efficacy of an anatomic approach in a large cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001, 104:2539–2544. CrossRef
- Nademanee K, McKenzi J, Kosar E, et al.: A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:2044–2053. CrossRef
- Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al.: Pulmonary vein denervation enhances long-term benefit after circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004, 109:327–334. CrossRef
- European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA); European Cardiac Arrhythmia Scoiety (ECAS); American College of Cardiology (ACC); American Heart Association (AHA); Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), et al.: HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert Consensus Statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures and follow-up. A report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2007, 4:816–861. CrossRef
- Hsu LF, Jais P, Sanders P, et al.: Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2373–2783. CrossRef
- Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al.: Worldwide survey of the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005, 111:1100–1105. CrossRef
- Olshansky B, Rosenfeld LE, Warner AL, et al.: The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study: approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:1201–1208. CrossRef
- Volgman AS, Carberry PA, Stambler B, et al.: Conversion efficacy and safety of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous procainamide in patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1414–1419. CrossRef
- Lown B, Perlroth MG, Kaidbey S, et al.: Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1963, 269:325–331. CrossRef
- Morris JJ, Peter RH, McIntosh HD: Electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation. Immediate and long-term results of and selection of patients. Ann Intern Med 1966, 65:216.
- Rashba EJ, Bouhouch R, Koshy S, et al.: A new algorithm for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation based on body weight. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:1043–1045. CrossRef
- Kawabata VS, Vianna CB, Moretti MA, et al.: Monophasic versus biphasic waveform shocks for atrial fibrillation cardioversion in patients with concomitant amiodarone therapy. Europace 2007, 9:143–146. CrossRef
- Boriani G, Biffi M, Cervi V, et al.: Evaluation of myocardial injury following repeated internal atrial shocks by monitoring serum cardiac troponin I levels. Chest 2000, 118:342–347. CrossRef
- Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK, et al.: Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1956–1963. CrossRef
- Mittal S, Ayat S, Stein K.M, et al.: Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 2000, 101:1282–1287.
- Lown B: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias. Br Heart J 1967, 29:469–489. CrossRef
- Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P, et al.: Anterior-posterior vs. anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Lancet 2002, 360:1275–1279. CrossRef
- Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, et al.: External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 1999, 82:726–730.
- Kirchhof P, Mönnig G, Wasmer K, et al.: A trial of self-adhesive patch electrodes and hand-held paddle electrodes for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (MOBIPAPA). Eur Heart J 2005, 26:1292–1297. CrossRef
- Rashba EJ, Gold MR, Crawford FA, et al.: Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies. Am J Cardiol 2004, 94:1572–1574. CrossRef
- Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al.: Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1849–1854. CrossRef
- Rashba EJ, Shorofsky SR, Peters RW, et al.: Optimization of atrial defibrillation with a dual-coil, active pectoral lead system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004, 15:790–794. CrossRef
- Rashba EJ, Shorofsky SR, Scheiner A, et al.: Coronary sinus electrode does not reduce atrial defibrillation thresholds. Heart Rhythm 2006, 3:647–652. CrossRef
- European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society; et al.: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:854–906. CrossRef
- Rx List: 2007 Corvert (Ibutilide). Available at it http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ibutilide.htm. Accessed May 1, 2007.
- Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, et al.: Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Lancet 1997, 349:667–674. CrossRef
- Kober L, Bloch Thomsen PE, Moller M, et al.: Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Danish Investigators of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND). Lancet 2000, 356:2052–2058. CrossRef
- When, how, and why should sinus Rhythm be restored in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation?
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 9, Issue 5 , pp 372-378
- Cover Date
- Print ISSN
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- Current Science Inc.
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domain: medical


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One the most reputed Jazz music festivals in France, this event programmes, for eight days in a row, live concerts from some of the best international performers of these vibrant sound, specially swing and “New Orleans” vibes.
Sancy SnowJazz concerts start early in the afternoon and end late at night, taking place in several venues in Le Mont Dore and other neighbouring towns. The performances take place in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere, the orchestras playing in places where nothing separates them from a public welcomed free, except for the special sessions. Besides the concerts, activities include exhibitions, street parades and a big Mardi Gras closing party at the prestigious Casino
In 2019 Sancy Snow Jazz reachs it’s 30th anniversary, consagrated as one of the top Jazz events in France, known for its excellence.

domain: artistic


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The Journey Information provides an version from 2022 as a 292-page paper or digital model.
To organize our subsequent weekends, journeys and holidays, Le Petit Futé continues its mission of rewriting travels, discoveries, good plans and leisure actions and invitations us to journey round France with the France assortment (63 annual titles) and particularly the Côte d’Or division, whose new version has simply appeared.
Acknowledged for its wine high quality, gastronomy, heritage and know-how, the Côte d’Or has every thing it takes to grow to be a number one pure and heritage heart between Paris and Lyon. The numerous faces of the Côte-d’Or will delight you and you can be seduced by this land that nurtures sociability as a lot as authenticity. Le Petit Futé encourages you to wander gently to benefit from the expertise higher.
The “Savoir-Faire 100% Côte-d’Or” model will information you in discovering the division’s typical merchandise, and Petit Futé invitations you to debate with the women and men concerned within the course of to raised perceive their attachment to their land. The climates of Burgundy, included within the UNESCO World Heritage Listing, are additionally a assure of distinctive know-how.
A land of historical past, the division will also be found due to its distinctive architectural and cultural heritage. MuséoParc Alésia, Fontenay Abbey, Hospices de Beaune, Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy and the Museum of High-quality Arts in Dijon, Trésor de Vix on the Musée du Pays Châtillonnais, Buffon, Pompon … are locations and eminent names that evoke energy. school historical past. Wait no extra, go to the Côte-d’Or for a captivating, tasty and rejuvenating keep!
NEW FORMULA, ALWAYS MORE GOOD TIPS AND EXPERIENCES TO SHARE …
Utterly redesigned, Petit Futé’s important French journey guides now provide readers a brand new technology of journey guides which might be extra interactive and centered on native experiences. Midway between the information and the journal, Petit Futé is as soon as once more innovating, providing distinctive content material within the journey information market in 4 foremost axes: Encourage, Uncover, Go to and Manage your journey, in addition to further multimedia content material: movies, photographs, playlists and web sites simply accessible by way of smartphone.
INSPIRE or the best way to make the reader wish to come out with extra visible and provoking content material. Like instantaneous dive, this primary half provides a 360-degree panorama of the whole vacationer provide of your vacation spot. The chance to find concepts for stays (for instance lounging on the Burgundy Canal), to know when and why to go there, but in addition to seek out audio and / or video interviews (similar to writer Magali MASSON), in addition to this and editorial favorites similar to just like the Château de Saulon in Saulon-la-Rue, the Grand Hôtel La Cloche MGallery in Dijon and even the Château & Spa Nuxe in Courban for lodging; when it comes to restoration, l’Essentiel in Dijon, Loiseau des Sens in Saulieu or la Delicacies de Fontaignotte in Semur-en-Auxois; Château du Clos de Vougeot in Vougeot, Muséoparc Alésia in Alise-Sainte-Reine and even Leuglay Nationwide Forest Park for rest and so forth.
DISCOVER, which is the best way to shortly determine the principle strengths of the area: nature, historical past, gastronomy, and so forth. but in addition some focus extra on the vacation spot similar to Wines and Vineyards and so forth, all adorned with further content material to go additional when it comes to data, visits, actions and even encounters with personalities and so forth. Right here the reader-traveler will be capable to discover every thing that she or he can count on to see and uncover (POIs: locations of curiosity) due to a constant and alphabetical tree construction.
VISIT, or the best way to optimize your keep whereas immersing your self as near the inhabitants of your vacation spot as doable to reside like a neighborhood. From Auxonne to Serre by way of Fontaine Française in Val de Saône and Vingeanne; from the south of Auxois to Vallée de l’Ouche by way of the Pays du Châtillonnais or these of Seine and Tilles, Beaunois or Auxois and Morvan, not forgetting Dijon and its environment and the grands crus area of Gevrey-Châtillonna or Nuits-Saint -Georges, discover the very best with the Côte d’Or and what makes it distinctive. The entire thing is enriched with quite a few sensible info and good addresses (to see, eat, sleep, relaxation or play and do procuring).
ORGANIZE YOUR STAY, i.e. the best way to greatest handle your keep when it comes to administration, logistics, transport, and so forth. The latter, wealthy in sensible recommendation, additionally contains the specificity of the vacation spot when it comes to stays, number of recommendation, and so forth. by varied sections: journey, stays and journeys, lodging , getting round and getting info.
With a brand new technology of journey and leisure guides, Le Petit Futé reaffirms its pioneering, revolutionary spirit and strengthens its roots within the twenty first century whereas conserving its basis: good suggestions and experiences to share!
Le Petit Futé – Journal France – digital model provided
292 quadri pages – Format: 120 L x 205 H
Public value: Print: € 11.95 – Digital: € 5.99
Coming quickly from the Petit Futé on-line retailer
Discover Gold Coast on the Web,
Your smartphone and pill: www.petitfute.com

domain: geography


Error-prone goalkeepers certainly are remembered by fans for all the wrong seasons. A terrible mistake threatens to derail the career of even the most experienced and skilled goalie.
With Andre Onana’s unfortunate and costly UCL errors fresh in our memories, we’ve decided to look at some of the goalkeepers who made headlines in recent years for some unfortunate on-field incidents.
Loris Karius‘ story is one of tragedy and relative redemption. Famously, the German started for Liverpool in the Champions League final due to the injury of regular starter Alisson Becker. A concussion incurred early on in the game affected Karius’ decision-making, and his errors led to Real Madrid winning the UCL crown.
Karius struggled to keep his career on track with moves to Besiktas and Union Berlin, not delivering on initial promises. He has joined Newcastle for the 2022/23 season. And, even though he has yet to start a game, the player seems more content at the moment, having put the famous 2018 game in the past.
Andre Onana was one of the former Ajax Amsterdam players that Erik Ten Hag demanded that Manchester United transfer. The Cameroonian was deemed an upgrade over long-time goalie David de Gea because of his excellent distribution skills.
Onana’s first season at Old Trafford may well be remembered for the wrong reasons. At the moment, the goalie has the highest short-stopping rate in the entire Premier League at 78%, and he has improved United’s ability to distribute from the back. But a number of costly errors in the EPL and Champions League, most recently against Galatasaray, have added to another disappointing season from the Red Devils.
Hugo Lloris was an absolute hero for Tottenham supporters. However, his decline was slow and, unfortunately, without remedy. The World Cup champion’s errors increased during the 2022/23 season. It was during a match against Arsenal when Lloris‘ inability to stop Bukayo Saka’s cross led to a goal and, likely to Tottenham’s decision to part with one of the club’s legends.
As of now, the Frenchman is still in the Tottenham squad but has lost his starting position to Guglielmo Vicario. Ange Postecoglou doesn’t seem very anxious to give the former #1 a fresh start. A transfer may be on the cards soon enough.
Alisson Becker is one of the finest goalkeepers in the world. So, it feels rather unfair to name him on our list. However, going by the book, Alisson has been responsible for a number of opposition goals over the past twelve months. The most recent one came in a match against EPL rivals Manchester City, of all places. Yes, it is true that what Alisson gifts Jurgen Klopp’s side in terms of clean sheets and ball distribution generally outweighs the problems. But cutting out the errors might be a great help, too.
Kepa Arrizabalaga has one of the strangest and most interesting careers in professional football. Transferred by Chelsea in 2018 from Athletic Bilbao, Kepa was deemed to be the next great keeper in the Premier League. Performances oscillated, however, and Arrizabalaga’s time must be best remembered by an incident when he refused to be substituted by then-manager Maurizio Sarri, as well as by the awkward sharing of the starting position with fellow goalie Edouard Mendy. Oh, there were also a number of unforced errors that led many to question the Spaniard’s abilities.
But, in 2023, Kepa seemed to be falling upwards. Thibaut Courtois’ injury meant that Real Madrid needed a new goalkeeper fast, and the Spanish giants took to loaning Kepa. He has made ten appearances so far, losing some of his playing time to Andriy Lunin. Still, being employed by Chelsea and playing for Real Madrid is certainly not the worst career situation for Arrizabalaga.


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If Vanlife is becoming a strong consideration for you, it's time to go down the rabbit hole that is: van build how-tos, vanlife stories, and travel tips. The vanlife space is full of great content creators who have chosen to share their experiences, best practices, and mistakes to avoid.
Here's a list of just some of our favorite blogs and YouTube channels in the vanlife space!
Levi has a really interesting channel and his T1N Sprinter build series is super fun to watch. Full disclosure, we've become friends. But before then, he has been one of my favorite creators to watch. He's a guy that is not afraid to try anything and his creative skillset with editing and putting together his videos is like watching a movie. Sit back and enjoy!
The Living the Vanlife channel does a really good job at sharing what vanlife is really like. After spending years in a Vanagon he's now travelling around in a 4x4 Sprinter and he's not afraid to see what he can handle in an off-road environment.
Here are a few accounts that do a really good job at documenting tips & tricks you should think about when building your van.
I might be a little bias here.... But I think I do a pretty good job at passing along information on what I've learned through out my last two van builds. You'll find a ton of information on our blog, my van build guide, or my YouTube channel.
Ken has documented his 144 Sprinter Van Build which uses 8020 (extruded aluminum). I think he was one the first people to really document all the unique ways you can use these material to frame a really strong and lightweight conversion. Make sure to check him out!
George at Humble Road has become the go-to guy for 8020 (extruded aluminum) builds. He's become a boutique van builder creating some one of a kind creations and you can tell his attention to detail and customer service are second to none. I highly recommend checking his channel.
Nate and Steph from Explorist Life have a lot of really good van build videos and have now carved out a niche in the van build electrical space. They even sell pre-made electrical packages, which is something that a lot of people really struggle with. So if you are looking for help with your van electrical system make sure you check out his videos and contact him.
Alex & Sara over at Custom Crafted vans have become good friends of mine and have done a great job documenting their builds and growing their van build business from San Diego to Boise Idaho. I can't wait to check out their new shop! In their videos and written content, you'll uncover different van layouts that could suit your needs.
These accounts do a good job at highlighting many different vans and the possibilities that exist when converting a van.
Jarrod has made it his mission to share all the most unique camper van conversion projects on his channel. His van tours highlight a wide variety of DIY Builds to Custom Upfitter builders, giving you a really good idea of what's possible.
Advanced RV do a really great job at showing what's possible on the Sprinter van chassis. Definitely check them out!
For those of you who prefer their info in a written format, here are some blogs that do a great job at outlining things ranging from DIY Van Building, to Nomadic working, traveling, and general vanlife tips and tricks
This is my Blog over at The Wanderful and I do my best to share everything that I've learned from 7+ years of being in this community.You'll find a lot of little tips and tricks, as well as things I wish I had known ahead of time.
Bearfoot Theory is an amazing resource for all things vanlife, hiking, and overall travel. I believe Kristen is working on her third van (second with Outside Van) and spends a lot of her year running her business and lviing in the van. Consider this blog a must-read before stepping into the world of vanlife.
Farout Ride has one of the most detailed Van Build Blogs on the internet Top 5 I'd say. They completed a really nice build and did an excellent job at documenting everything they had learned throughout. I have found myself referencing his electrical layout more than once.
Well these are some of my favorite resources in the community. If you have any that I've forgotten or should take a look at make sure to reach out and let me know!

domain: hobby


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In an effort to address the shortage of primary care physicians in Georgia (currently totaling 200 physicians per 100,000 population), an additional $2 million in the Board of Regents budget to allow a tax-deduction for $1000 for community-based physicians who take physicians and nurse-practitioner students into their practice for required clinical rotations (Senate Bill 391). House Bill 998 allowed the Physicians Workforce some latitude to establish population and sparcity rules for medical student scholarships without legislative approval.
The General Assembly added $2 million in additional funds for residency program development and increased the number of rural loan repayments to 26 and approved an additional $333 per capitation payment for contracted students. The FY15 Budget also added an additional $300,000 in housing and travel funds for medical students performing community-based rotations.
(Information from Senator Jack Hill’s “Notes from the Senate,” June 6, 2014).
See also “STEM Prioritization, Program Cuts” by Alexis Hart.


Owner: Salem Metal, Inc.
Architect: Eugene T. Sullivan
Area: 105,000 sqft
Duration: 12 Months
Project Type: New
Building Use: Manufacturing
This custom-built metal manufacturing facility features a variety of high-tech manufacturing areas including machine shops, paint booths, welding rooms, and laser equipment.
The building features multiple loading docks, with shipping/receiving rooms as well as 12,000 sqft of custom office space that utilizes high end finishes, offices, open office space for cubes, conference rooms, restrooms, and a stunning two-story atrium.
For more information on this project, or to discuss your project, contact:
Kenco Development • 591 North Ave • Suite A2 • Wakefield, MA • 781-587-3497 • firstname.lastname@example.org


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Following a junior year that featured 3,528 passing yards, a whopping 40 touchdowns and only seven interceptions, USC quarterback Matt Barkley was considered a lock to be selected in the top five of the 2012 NFL Draft. He decided instead to forgo those millions and stay in school in hopes of leading the Trojans to the national title.
However, USC — and Barkley — flamed out in historic fashion. The Trojans tumbled from No. 1 in the nation to well out of the rankings and finished with six losses. Barkley finished up his career on the sidelines, nursing a shoulder injury.
The tumultuous season and poor individual showing wound up costing Barkley a first round draft selection and the millions of dollars that go with it. On Thursday, Barkley signed his four-year rookie contract after the Philadelphia Eagles took him way down in the fourth round.
The fall, again, cost him quite a bit of money, but that doesn’t mean he needs you bringing it up — especially if you are tweeting it out more than two million of your followers, a la Mr. Adam Schefter.
— Matthew Barkley (@MattBarkley) June 13, 2013
Absolutely legendary play right there, Barkley.
Now just got out on to the field and prove your changed signature is worth a little more money.
Eagles fans are hoping for it.


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Hong Kong police on Friday arrested prominent pro-democracy activist Chow Hang Tung for allegedly promoting an unauthorized assembly on the 32nd anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre.
The arrest of Chow, 37, vice-chairwoman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China, came as thousands of police were deployed to patrol the city’s streets to halt any “unlawful assemblies.”
Before Hong Kong authorities banned residents from participating in events in memory of the 1989 pro-democracy protests for the second year in a row, the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China had organized annual vigils.
Authorities cancelled the event on June 1, again citing the ongoing CCP (Chinese Communist Party) virus pandemic as grounds for doing so. Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam said on June 1 that all agencies, groups, media outlets, and schools should conform to the Beijing-imposed National Security Law.
After the ban was announced, Chow had encouraged people to privately commemorate the event by lighting a candle wherever they are.
“She [Chow] only wanted to go to Victoria Park, light a candle and commemorate,” Chiu Yan Loy, Executive Member of the Alliance, told Reuters, adding he believed the arrest was meant to strike fear into those planning to attend the vigil.
Barrister Chow, who was detained by four officers outside her office according to AFP, told Reuters this week before her arrest that June 4 was a test for Hong Kong “of whether we can defend our bottom line of morality.”
“As long as they haven’t said candles are illegal, we will light a candle,” she said.
Hong Kong police senior superintendent Terry Law confirmed the arrest of Chow, as well as a 20-year-old food delivery man, but declined to elaborate on specifics, noting that it’s part of an ongoing investigation.
Thousands of Hong Kong citizens last year defied the ban and took part in the traditional candlelight vigil at Victoria Park. At the same time, activists and groups who were once vocal and critical of the CCP have grown increasingly silent and fearful of repercussions since Beijing imposed its sweeping National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Beijing’s rubber-stamp legislature, the National People’s Congress (NPC), bypassed Hong Kong’s local legislature in late May 2020 to enact the legislation that would criminalize activities connected to subversion, succession, terrorism, and foreign interference.
In May, prominent pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong was sentenced to 10 months in prison after pleading guilty to participating in last year’s vigil, while three others were handed four-to-six-month sentences. Twenty more are due in court on June 11 on similar charges.
“A regime can ban an assembly but it can never ban the indelible grievances in people’s hearts,” Lee Cheuk-yan, a now-jailed pro-democracy activist, wrote on his Facebook page on Thursday.
“I hope everyone can find your own way to light a candle by the window, on the road, wherever that can be seen by others, to continue our mourning,” he added.
The CCP has never released a full account of the violence that occurred on June 4, 1989.
On June 3-4, 1989, the CCP ordered its troops to open fire on protesters, following weeks of student-led protests that started on April 15, 1989, centered at Tiananmen Square. Activists were advocating for more freedoms, economic and democratic reforms, among other changes.
Days later, the CCP announced a death toll of about 300, most of them soldiers. However, rights groups and witnesses say thousands of people died. Unnamed sources within the CCP say at least 10,000 people were killed, according to a declassified British diplomatic cable and declassified White House documents.
The United States said Thursday that Beijing’s Tiananmen Square is now “synonymous with the brutal actions” of the CCP in 1989.
“These individuals had a noble and simple request: Recognize and respect our human rights, which are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Instead of meeting this request with dignity and open debate, [People’s Republic of China] authorities responded with violence,” Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a statement.
“The courage of the brave individuals who stood shoulder-to-shoulder on June 4 reminds us that we must never stop seeking transparency on the events of that day, including a full accounting of all those killed, detained, or missing,” he added.
Mimi Nguyen Ly and Reuters contributed to this report.
From The Epoch Times


India is a land of varied topography and has one of the most varied terrains in the entire world. Come monsoon and the country starts exhibiting its full scenic beauty — with rivers swarming with life, mountains graced with mighty, gushing waterfalls, and lush, blue lakes. Among all these marvels of nature, one of the wonderful and amazing specimens are our powerful waterfalls — where water flows down at full speed and crashes down into beds of jagged rocks.
In fact, India is home to some of the highest waterfalls in the world. Most of these magnificent water bodies are found in and around the northeast region — such as the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills. Due to these regions’ diverse topography and unique landscape, climatic conditions, and heavy rainfall, they house the biggest waterfalls in the country. Some of the best examples of such spectacular waterfalls from our country are the Dudhsagar, Seven Sister Falls, and Jog Falls.
Table of Contents
Below, we have listed 10 of the highest waterfalls in India.
1. Kunchikal Falls highest waterfall in India (Karnataka)
Image Credits- Pixabay Highest waterfall in India
Located in Shimoga District of Karnataka in the Agumbe rainforests, Kunchikal Falls is the highest waterfall in India and the second biggest waterfall in Asia. Since Agumbe receives a heavy amount of rainfall every year, this is the ideal location for Kunchikal, which has a height of 455 meters. Formed by the Varahi river and gracing the evergreen Western Ghats, the road to Kunchikal gives you options to see several unique species of wildlife — such as the Giant Indian squirrel, Indian bullfrog, and other rare birds, reptiles and wild animals.
2. Barehipani Falls (Odisha)
Image Credits- Pixabay Barehipani Falls 2nd highest waterfall in India
The Barehipani Falls, with a height of 399 meters, is situated in Simlipal National Park in Mayurbhanj. Surrounding this second highest Indian waterfall is dense, green forests, making it the perfect spot for trekkers and nature enthusiasts. Gracing the Budhabalanga river which flows into the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the most attractive tourist spots in Odisha.
3. Nohkalikai Falls (Meghalaya)
Image Credits- Pixabay Barehipani Falls 3rd highest waterfall in India
The third highest waterfall in India, with a height of 340 meters is the Nohkalikai falls, located near Cherrapunji on the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. The entire landscape is quite famous for its heavy rainfall, suspended bridges, and citrusy oranges. Other notable mentions in Meghalaya are the Nohsngithiang falls and Kynrem falls, which also fall among the highest waterfalls in India.
4. Nohsngithiang Falls (Meghalaya)
Image Credits- Pixabay Khasi Falls 4th highest waterfall in India
Nestled amidst the scenic East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, the Nohsngithiang Falls is another one of the largest waterfalls in India. It has a height of 315 meters and is located at a distance of around one kilometer from the Mawsmai village. Also called the Mawsmai Falls, these stunningly spectacular waterfalls are divided into seven parts.
5. Dudhsagar Falls (Goa -Karnataka)
Image Credits- Pixabay Dudhsagar Hills 5th highest waterfall in India
The fifth entry on our list is the milky Dudhsagar waterfalls or The Sea of Milk. Showcasing a rare, spectacular trajectory, it is the fifth highest waterfall in India, having a height of 310 meters. Since it falls in the state of Goa, it makes for a popular tourist destination, alongside the state’s many beaches. Moreover, if you visit this falls during the monsoons, you will be awed by its amazing power and strength.
6. Kynrem Falls (Meghalaya)
Image Credits- Pixabay Kynrem Falls 6th highest waterfall in India
Boasting a height of 305 meters, the Kynrem Falls are located in the scenic Thangkharang Park in Meghalaya. It occupies the sixth position among the highest falls in India and is a popular attraction of Cherrapunjee in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya.
7. Meenmutty Falls (Kerala)
Image Credits- Pixabay Meenmutty Waterfalls 7th highest fall in India
Meenmutty waterfalls, with a height of 300 meters, is the tallest waterfall in Kerala. Extremely beautiful and located in Kerala’s Wayanad district, it is also one of the most frequented spots in south India. Showcasing a wide variety in flora and fauna, Meenmutty Falls offers wonderful trekking opportunities and is a treat for bird watchers.
8. Thalaiyar Falls (Tamil Nadu)
Image Credits- Pixabay Thalaiyar Waterfalls 8th highest fall in India
Located in Tamil Nadu and with a height of 297 meters, the Thalaiyar waterfalls are also known as Rat Tail falls. It is situated in the Dindigul of the state. One of the tallest falls in Asia, it is the eighth highest waterfall in India. Sporting a wild terrain and a crisscross of massive, dark caves, it is located in an unexplored region because there are no direct roads to reach there.
9. Barkana Falls (Karnataka)
Image Credits- Barkana Waterfalls 9th highest fall in India
Having a height of 259 meters, the Barkana Falls is created by the Seetha river in the Agumbe reserve of the Shimoga district of Karnataka. You can see it only during the rainy season. Surrounded by thick forests in the Western Ghats, it is also termed as the Cherrapunji of South India.
Related Read-Dudhsagar Falls in Goa- A hidden Gem
10. Jog Falls (Karnataka)
Image Credits- Jog 10th highest fall in India
The last entry on our list is the Jog waterfalls, with a height of 253 meters, located in Shimoga, Karnataka. Formed by the Sharavathi river in the Sharavathi valley, this high plunge waterfall is the perfect spot for sightseeing — especially from the viewpoint constructed by the state’s tourism department.
Apart from the above 10 waterfalls, here are some notable mentions:
- The Barkana falls, which is formed by the Sita river is another highest waterfall in
Karnataka. Khandadhar Falls at Sundagarh district of Odisha is again a spectacular water
body, which is a horsetail type, plunge waterfall.
- Vantawng Falls in, Mizoram is located in the Serchhip district of Mizoram, that is
surrounded by thick, dense forests, that offers a beautiful view of layers of bamboo trees.
- The Kune Falls of Maharashtra is situated in the Lonavla-Khandala valley in Pune.
- Soochipara Falls Wayanad, Kerala
- Magod Falls Uttara Kannada, Karnataka
- Joranda Falls Mayurbhanj, Odisha
- Hebbe Falls Kemmangundi, Karnataka
- Duduma Waterfalls, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
The states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh also are also home to some of the most breathtaking waterfalls in India. A few examples are the Lodh falls, Chachai falls, Teerathgarh falls and Chitrakot Waterfall. So, how many have you visited? You should at least visit one of these falls during your lifetime. Only then you will realize that the picture-perfect images you see on Google or postcards, in fact, exist in reality!ï»¿


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Journey, SandRegular price $ 5.00
Hand-painted watercolor flow across the paper, designed to bring restfulness to a room, adding a delicate and decorative touch.
Pricing & Measurements
• Priced by the square foot: $17/sqft, please email email@example.com for a custom quote
• Repeat: Made to measure
• Printed to order, 6-8 week lead time.
• 100% Non-woven paper, pearlescent finish
• Printed panel width: 51" + 1" pattern overlap
• Fire Rating: Fire Rating: Class A, ASTM E84
• Environment: Our non-woven paper is sourced from sustainable forest sources and printed using non-toxic inks.
White illustration on neutral background.
Emma Hayes Textiles is a New Zealand based design company with a vision to create beautiful textiles for beautiful spaces. Designs are an amalgamation of artistic techniques – hand made marks, drawings, paintings or experiments – and digital processes. Founder and Creative Director Emma Hayes lives and works in New Zealand, a place from where she draws much of her inspiration. All of her designs start by hand – from paintings, drawings and mark-marking generated in response to the patterns and textures of the surrounding landscape.
The brand works with heritage manufacturers to create its non-woven paper wallcoverings. It treats its environmental responsibility seriously with papers sourced from FSC® or PEFC™ certified forests and inks made from organic pigments that are free from heavy metals.


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X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xIAP) deficiency is a primary immune deficiency disorder associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. About 17% of xIAP-deficient patients present with very early onset severe colitis with high mortality. We hypothesized that xIAP deficiency leads to defective generation and/or survival of T regulatory cells (Treg) through its involvement in transforming growth factor-β signaling.We used a T-cell transfer model of chronic colitis and observed a mild increase in colitis severity induced by naïve CD4+ T cells from xIAP0/− mice compared with colitis induced by naïve CD4+ T cells from WT mice. We did not observe any significant difference in the induction of Treg cells in these studies. We next tested whether xIAP is required for Treg cell function by co-transferring xIAP−/0 or WT Treg cells with naïve WT CD4 cells in this model. We demonstrate that XIAP-deficient Treg cells were able to prevent disease similarly to WT Treg cells. In these experiments we, however, found a significantly decreased percentage of IL–17A-producing CD4+ T cells in mice receiving Tregs from xIAP0/− mice.xIAP appears dispensable for the generation of induced Treg cells as well as function of natural Treg cells. There appeared to be a role of xIAP in generation of IL–17-producing cells from either naïve CD4+ T cells or Treg cells. Further research is needed to explore the role of xIAP in generation of IL–17-producing cells.


New computers are whisper quiet, seeming to run on pure magic, but after a while, computers can start making some pretty weird noises. Clicks, clunks, and about-to-take-off jet noises are the most common, but when should you worry? Your computer has a number of moving parts and even some stationary parts that can make noises. If you’re listening, your computer might be telling you about its current health and how you can help it run smoother, for longer.
When you hear a clicking noise: This could be normal if it’s more like a soft tick. Mechanical hard drives work a bit like a record player with a needle and platter, so you might simply be hearing it spin up and move the needle around. When it starts sounding like a loud click it’s usually the needle hitting the platter too hard or bouncing around. If your hard drive has started making alarming noises, you should bring it in as soon as possible. Just like a record player, scratches that ruin your data are possible, and if ignored for long enough, it doesn’t just skip and have trouble reading the drive, the whole thing can become unusable.
Our technicians can copy the files onto a new drive before it gets to that point, but retrieving data from a destroyed hard drive is rarely achieved without CSI-level expenses. It’s easier and much cheaper to replace the hard drive at the first sign of failure.
When you hear a clunking noise: Unsurprisingly, this one causes a certain alarm. Computers aren’t meant to go clunk! It may be a simple matter of a cable having shifted into the path of a fan and getting clipped during the spin. Remember when you pegged a card between your bicycle spokes? It might sound a little like that, skipping every now and then as it’s pushed away and drops back again. If that’s the case, our technicians will quickly secure the cable back where it belongs.
When you hear a jet-engine noise: Most computers and laptops have fans to keep them cool. The fans have to spin to move the air around, and the faster they’re spinning, the more noise they make. We start to worry when the jet-engine noise gets out of hand and it’s not just while you’re playing a resource-intensive game or doing some video editing. Constant jet-engine noise indicates your computer is struggling to cool itself down, perhaps because the fan vents are clogged with dust, your computer is in a poorly ventilated space, or the fan itself is worn. Each fan has ball bearings inside that wear out over time, making extra noise while it does the best it can. Our technicians can replace individual fans quickly and give your system a checkup to make sure nothing else has been affected.
When it’s beep city: Your computer’s friendly beep as you switch it on actually has multiple meanings. It’s not just saying hello. The single beep you normally hear indicates that it’s run a self-test and everything is fine. When your computer is very unwell, you might hear more beeps than usual. This is because each beep combination is a code to technicians, letting us know what’s gone wrong.
Certain beep combinations mean the memory is loose or damaged, others that the video adapter has a problem, etc. If your computer has started beeping differently, let our technicians know so we can decode it and repair the problem for you.
Some noises your computer makes will be normal, others a sign of deeper issues. Even if your computer seems to be operating correctly, a sudden onset of weird noises could mean failure is just around the corner. Taking early action ensures problems don’t escalate, costs are kept low, and your files remain where they belong.
Got some weird noises coming from your computer? Give us a call today at 515-422-1995


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Central Medical Center is a Los Angeles-based dispensary that specializes in supplying the finest mmj strains to those patients who need it most.
The company offers Indica and Sativa strains as well as some cannabis-infused products. The product range is constantly changing, so please check out the menu before placing the order.
The dispensary collaborates only with well-established and credible farms and so all the mmj products are properly tested for mold, pesticides and toxic chemicals.
At Central Medical Center patients may receive a free consultation on choosing the right cannabis grades to match their needs – the friendly personnel are ready to assist you at any time. What is more, all first-time visitors will be treated with a special offer.

domain: health


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Ed Belfour made 23 saves against his former team and Martin picked up his 450th career victory in Florida's 4-2 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs on Thursday night. "I think the satisfaction is for us: we needed this win," said Martin, the 13th coach to reach the milestone in the NHL. "We're not playing again until Wednesday. We don't want to fall too far behind and I think that's the most important thing."
Rostislav Olesz and Olli Jokinen scored in the first period, Joel Kwiatkowski scored on a breakaway and Chris Gratton added an empty-net goal with 36.9 seconds left for Florida.
"It's definitely nice to have a good game against the fellas," said Belfour, who played the previous three seasons with Toronto. "To come out on top is definitely a bonus."
Jean-Sebastien Aubin lost for the first time since joining the Maple Leafs in March, dropping to 10-1-3. He made 39 saves and fell to 1-1-1 this season.
Toronto's Bryan McCabe scored on a slap shot at 7:19 of the third to end Belfour's shutout bid. It was McCabe's second goal. Mats Sundin scored his sixth goal at 14:09 of the third.
"We didn't have the legs Florida had," Sundin said. "We were playing back-to-back, and Florida was sitting there waiting, and they were the desperate team needing points. We needed to match that, but we waited until the third period and you can't do that in this league."
Florida lost the previous six meetings dating to March 9, 2004, while being outscored 21-10 overall. The Panthers were coming off a shootout loss against the New York Islanders and a one-goal home loss against San Jose.
"When you're on the road, you need to play smart on those nights when you don't have the edge," Toronto coach Paul Maurice said. "We didn't have the edge tonight, and we didn't play smart."
Kwiatkowski scored unassisted on a breakaway down the left side at 3:19 of the third to give the Panthers a 3-0 lead. It was Kwiatkowski's third goal.
"You don't get breakaways every day, and you just try to keep it simple," Kwiatkowski said.
Goals by Olesz and Jokinen gave Florida a 2-0 lead after one period. The Panthers took 23 shots, a season high for a period.
Olesz scored his first goal, at 1:07, when he backhanded in the rebound of Ruslan Salei's shot from the right point. Jokinen scored his sixth goal when he one-timed a cross-ice pass from Nathan Horton at 10:03.
Notes: Jokinen has 13 points in seven home games. ... Toronto has played back-to-back games three times this season, and has split all three times. The Maple Leafs won at Tampa Bay on Wednesday night. ... Florida right wing Todd Bertuzzi underwent lower back surgery and will be re-evaluated in seven to 10 days. ... Martin's career coaching mark is 450-347-119-33.

domain: sports


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Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar is a popular item for all ages to use because of its many health benefits. The old bottle of Bragg’s Apple Cider Vinegar was cluttered and used harsh colors. I wanted to design something that represented the companies historical past, but looked clean and appealing to all ages. I hand lettered the Bragg logo to show the history in a bold and unique typographic style. I took all of the important and charming information from the bottle and moved it to a removable tag. This allows the customer gets the information while leaving the bottle looking clean and beautiful, it also adds a personal touch, that is clearly so important to the old company.
Awarded: Gold Student ADDY Award, ICDE Silver Medalist


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Anna Ochmann, president of the ARTeria Foundation, was invited to join the Critical Friends group. This is a group of friends that have worked with each other previously. We are a rich mix of highly experienced leaders, educators and creators and represent very specific personal and professional cultural contexts of artistic and/or educational practice. We share the belief that this diversity of cultural contexts enhances the value of the international perspective of the arts. We came together organically, and we hope to continue to grow in the same organic way, with a clear focus on greater diversity, so as to be more representative of the societies we live in. With Critical Friends the Art Futures Foundation brings together people, not institutions, from the arts (all creative, performing and design disciplines) and arts education. In times of precariousness, populism and fragmentation we want to create a space of care for one another and for society, a safe space to exchange concerns, ideas and work. We want to strengthen and empower each other with respectful, inspiring and radical conversations that open up new horizons of thought and perspectives of development. With courage and precision we can play a modest but important role in sharpening the self-image of the arts, the artists, and the impact the arts has on society. With whatever themes we identify as urgent, our projected – image as a sector and how we represent ourselves will be the point of departure for future impact.
On 6-7 October 2023, the group met in Athens, Greece. After a brief introduction about the Art Futures Fellowship Programme – an artist residency run by Critical Friends, the participants visited the National Museum of Contemporary Art of Athens (EMST) – https://www.emst.gr/en/), where they were welcomed by the director of the institution – Katerina Gregos. The EMST director Xenakis’ exhibition was shown around the group by the curator – Stella Kourbana.
The first day of the meeting was mostly devoted to the development of the group and the artist residency programme, and an important part of it was the presentation of the art of two artists who participated in the programme last year – Tami Izko and Federico Clavarino. This was followed by an introduction by Ron Burnett, with Sarah Bennet responding to his theses.
The second day was dedicated to revising and clarifying the provisions of the artist residency programme, with participants working in groups on SOLIDARITY (Anna Ochmann also participated in this group), HOSPITALITY and RESPONSIBILITY. It was agreed to include relevant provisions in the call for applications for the Art Futures Fellow 2024 artist residency.


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Haywood County Recreation will be hosting a bike rodeo on Saturday, May 11 from 3-5 p.m. on Brook Street behind the Folkmoot Center.
The event will be held in conjunction with Strive Not to Drive Open Streets event from 3 – 8 p.m. Safety checks will begin at 2:45 p.m. to teach young riders how to properly inspect a bike, fit a helmet and pump tires if needed. The event will also include a learn to ride course for young or inexperienced riders and a bike skills course for more familiar riders to hone their skills. Bring your bike, or borrow one on site.
Free helmets and lights will be given away to all registrants. While registering, participants can enter a raffle to win a bike of their size (must be present to win raffle). For more information contact Ian Smith at firstname.lastname@example.org or call 828-452-6789.
For more information about Open Streets go to: https://www.facebook.com/events/614763038994127/


One of the bloggers known as Johnny Young on Facebook has been removed from the list of first respondents after it was found the account did not have the real identity of the person behind the Facebook account.
This now leaves Sonja Barry Ramoi and three other bloggers as the first respondents in the defamation suit.
Lawyer Representing Konga Edward Wamp appeared before Justice Ere Kariko today(August 28) with the application to remove Johnny Young.
Wamp also went before Justice Kariko seeking to dismiss the National Executive Council and the State from the proceeding that was later allowed.
This means that Konga will no longer be seeking to restrain the NEC and the State from acting on his position after censored nude pictures of him were circulated on social media by the bloggers.
The matter will return to court on September 14 where Konga will file an application to consolidate the National newspaper and its reporter (Clifford Faiparik) as one respondent.
Currently Clifford Faiparik is the second respondent and The National is the third.


John Esienberg, of CSNBaltimore.com, joins The Haynie and Zinno Show with an update live from Ravens training camp.
Vinny and Rob opened the show with a description of what they saw at training camp.
Bryant McKinnie who was the starter did not report to training camp because of a “personal issue”, and with that the Ravens are moving Oher from the right side to the left.
The Ravens are feeling the heat. The first full squad practice of training camp was held on Thursday.
Ravens RB Ray Rice spoke to the media for the first time since signing his new five year, 40 million dollar contract extension. Ray Lewis (entering his 17th season) arrived slimmer than ever before , “Under 240 pounds “…
It’s report day for the Ravens veterans, but did they all show up for training camp?
The team has just a little over two weeks before the first preseason game against Atlanta, to get ready. Coach Harbaugh appeared pleased with the start of camp.
Training camp kicking off in the NFL and the latest NFL news.
Mike Harmon of FoxSports.com and his blog, SwollenDome.com, joins Haynie & Zinno to discuss the latest sports news.
Since the practice next week will be mandatory for the players, everybody should be on board- except Ray Rice(franchised) – and they should continue to build team strength and chemistry as they get ready for Training Camp.
The Ravens conducted their first full organized team activity (OTA) workout at the Castle this week – however, most of the veteran players were not there
Harbaugh recognizes the significance in sports, and particularly, the success of a franchise, to the people in a community.