Uvify’s Draco HD racing drone wins our pick for the best racing drone for a few different reasons, but the first and most important is that it is modular and customizable. This means that you’re free to upgrade or swap any of the components (like the camera, the motors, the video transmitters, etc.) you’re free to. Don’t get us wrong — this sucker is outrageously quick and nimble even in its stock configuration, but being able to upgrade is crucial if you don’t want your racing rig to become obsolete in a year or two.
Best Drones Under $100: Looking for the best camera drone under $100? Check out the 10 best drones with camera under $100 of 2019 with reviews, pros & cons. This article is dedicated to the 10 best cheap drones with camera that costs $100 or less. The camera drones are no longer just for the supreme enthusiasts, as these devices have penetrated the world of technology and many businesses expect to use the capabilities of these machines to obtain the best effects. These are some very basic uses of drones with camera, while there are also some really creative ideas that you can use. We know how important the Drones images are for us, the images of our buildings, the farms, the environment, the events and the scenic performance. Climbing stairs or lifting a tall building to take a general view or aerial photographs is no longer necessary. With the many options available in the world of technology and the high cost of acquiring this device, many of us have not seen it as achievable.
Small drones might be super for indoor and low-level outdoor flying, but if you’re planning to pilot your drone in more difficult weather conditions it’s worth considering how well your flying machine will fare. Petite drones are generally more affected by crosswinds than larger quadcopters, though advanced stabilisation tech can sometimes reduce the effects of a strong breeze.
If you’re looking for quality, the Inspire 2 is the best camera drone you can buy that comes ready to fly out of the box. The next best option is the Phantom 4 Pro and after that, the Mavic Pro. If you’re concerned about video quality, just pick one of the three drones mentioned above (which ever one matches your price point) and you’ll be more than satisfied. There are really no other drones that come close to what these three can do. Some people who shoot videos for a living will buy the Mavic Pro, Phantom 4 Pro, and the Inspire 2, because each of them can be useful for different situations.


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Question : If traveling from PRG to ORY, how long can you expect to be in the air?
Answer : The average flight duration between PRG and ORY is one hour and 55 minutes.
Question : How often is the Vaclav Havel Airport Prague (PRG) to Paris Orly Airport (ORY) route delayed?
Answer : This particular route gets passengers to Paris Orly Airport on time 87% of the time, which puts it in the top 25% of the world. If a flight is delayed, though, expect an average of less than 15 minutes added to your flight time.
Question : Which airline is offering the cheapest flight from PRG to ORY?
Answer : KLM is offering the best deal at $254. Better take a look quickly because prices range up to $289 over the next three months.
Question : Is there another local airport to fly into besides Paris Orly Airport (ORY)?
Answer : Paris Orly Airport is a great airport, but there is a cheaper option – Charles de Gaulle Airport. It’s just 21 miles away and flights are being booked 40% cheaper over the coming two months.
Question : How many days should you spend in Paris?
Answer : The average time spent in Paris by passengers from Prague is about one week.
Question : Looking for the shortest flight from PRG to ORY?
Answer : Transavia France currently holds the shortest travel time with one hour and 55 minutes. For example, you would arrive in Paris at 11:10 AM CEST if you left Prague at 9:15 AM CEST.
Question : Can you cut down on flight costs by changing the day of the week you travel to Paris?
Answer : For the month of August, Tuesday is your lowest-cost day to fly. Having flexibility in your travel plans means you can save more, so be sure to plan ahead when possible.

domain: geography


At both national and state levels, politicians on both sides of the aisle are treating teachers as
assembly line workers. Kansas was the second state to lose due process (“tenure”). These first two efforts were driven by mean-spirited conservatives whose behind-the-scenes motivation was clearly “fire ‘em.”
A month later, California was the third state where teachers lost tenure. But this time, it was by court ruling, and the pressure came from the left as liberals argued that students in poor schools suffered because it was impossible to fire incompetent teachers. This same attack on due process is now being made in New York—and again from the political left.
Before 1965, education was not a political issue. The U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare merely kept national statistics. Then as a part of his “War on Poverty,” President Lyndon Johnson established the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to provide funding, mostly in block grants, for equal access to education. However, the E.S.E.A. did not force states to follow a national education policy. Indeed, it includes wording that forbids the establishment of a national curriculum.
That changed in 2001 when the E.S.E.A. was re-authorized as the No Child Left Behind Act. While it was named and developed by President George W. Bush, it had bipartisan support including Senator Ted Kennedy as co-sponsor. Because there is nothing in the U.S. Constitution providing the federal government with jurisdiction in schooling, and public schooling is mostly funded by states, the only way the federal government can extort state compliance with federal education initiatives is by making receipt of federal E.S.E.A. money dependent on meeting federal educational policy, requirements that now drive teaching-to-the-test and standardizing curricula. Unfortunately, both political parties are so addicted to this federal money that neither is willing to stand up for teacher professionalism.
After eight terrible years of No Child Left Behind tyranny, teachers welcomed the election of President Obama in hopes that N.C.L.B would finally bite the dust. Instead, our president put Education Secretary Duncan in the role of Coach-in-Chief and we ended up with “N.C.L.B. on steroids”—to quote Chester Finn, President Bush’s architect of accountability.
Ironically, today’s political right forgets that President Bush was the main promoter of the federal education mandate. They oppose the “core curriculum” as a national forced curriculum and equate “Obama Core” with “Obamacare.”
The political left responds with a knee jerk reaction to conservative proposals against standardized education and shutting down the U.S. Department of Education with little more reasoning than: if they are ‘agin it, we are for it. Look at the liberal position statements on education at national or state levels and you will discover empty words but no support for teacher professionalism. I envision the late MisterRogers saying “Children, can you say ‘platitude’?”
It takes a competent administrator to fire an incompetent teacher. But just where is that administrator going to find a supply of competent teachers to fill that vacancy? Just how I am supposed to recruit new young teachers when they had best rent all of their life and be treated with disrespect?
When are we going to get a candidate who will end the external standardized testing and let teachers teach different student populations differently? Rural Kansas is not urban Chicago nor California.
Where is the candidate who will consider looking at giving back the federal money that allows Washington, DC to dictate educational policy in our schools? Yes, there will be a cost to educational freedom.
Students come to us as unique individuals and should graduate as unique individuals. Where is the candidate who will let teachers promote creativity and imagination rather than memorization and standardization?
The anti-teacher actions of the current governor and legislature are clear. Kansas teachers clearly have many candidates to vote against. But where are the candidates teachers can vote for?


So, I do see that steel is somewhat cheaper regarding 9mm and 5.56. Is brass better for the firearm or is that hearsay?? I have heard that steel can really gum up your rifle or pistol, but I have also heard it's no big deal and fine for training. Would you guys mind chiming in with your experience and help me get some education? I have only run steel through my AR some months ago because it was given to me and it seemed to perform just fine, but have only run brass since then. I have never run steel through my Glock. I am pretty good about cleaning my weapons, so if it's just a matter of staying on top of it, I can do that, but not sure it's worth the cost savings in the long run. I mean 2-3 cents less per round doesn't seem like a big deal, but 1000 rounds per month can warrant savings where you can, right? Anyways, appreciate any input you guys have.


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All of us started our sporting journey from a running background so Run247 was the obvious choice to take us back to our roots. The running market is so diverse that anyone and anybody can run. The website is aimed at all ages and levels of running ability and will be looking to bring you the latest news, events and running information to help you however you run.
The objective of Run247 is to produce the most comprehensive, professional and independent resource for running in the UK – 24 hours a day, seven-days a week. Source

domain: hobby


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Pierce the Veil will embark on a headlining tour next month in continued support of their new album, Misadventures. The trek, dubbed the Rest in Space tour, kicks off February 17 in Eugene, Oregon and will conclude March 10 in Tuscon, Arizona. Visit PiercetheVeil.net for ticket info.
Joining Pierce the Veil on the Rest in Space tour will be fellow three-word bands Falling in Reverse and Crown the Empire.
Following the headlining run, Pierce the Veil has a variety of festival dates lined up, including appearances at Rocklahoma, Rock on the Range and Carolina Rebellion.
Here are Pierce the Veil's Rest in Space tour dates:
2/17 -- Eugene, OR, McDonald Theatre
2/18 -- Spokane, WA, Knitting Factory Concert House
2/20 -- Vancouver, BC, Vogue Theatre
2/22 -- Calgary, AB, MacEwan Hall Ballroom
2/23 -- Edmonton, AB, Shaw Conference Centre
2/25 -- Saskatoon, SK, O'Brians Event Centre
2/26 -- Winnipeg, MB, Burton Cummings Theatre
2/28 -- Grand Rapids, MI, The Intersection
3/1 -- Toronto, ON, Danforth Music Hall
3/3 -- Montreal, QC, Metropolis
3/5 -- Clifton Park, NY, Upstate Concert Hall
3/7 -- Memphis, TN, Minglewood Hall
3/9 -- Albuquerque, NM, El Rey Theater
3/10 -- Tuscon, AZ, Club XS
Copyright © 2017, ABC Radio. All rights reserved.


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Pure Encapsulations Thyroid Support Complex | Hypoallergenic Supplement with Herbs and Nutrients for Optimal Thyroid Gland Function* | 120 Capsules
(as of Feb 06,2023 09:26:47 UTC – Details)
This comprehensive thyroid support formula contains vitamins, minerals and herbal extracts to nourish and support thyroid gland function. Healthy vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc and selenium status have been associated with maintaining healthy thyroid cell metabolism as well as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormone function. Iodine and l-tyrosine are key components in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Coleus extract contains forskolin, which has been shown to promote adenylate cyclase activity, supporting thyroid hormone metabolism. Research indicates that ashwagandha and guggul are also key factors for helping to sustain healthy thyroid function. Vitamins A and C, along with selenium, guggul and curcumin, help moderate free radicals that affect iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase enzyme activity, the limiting factor in the conversion of T4 to the more active T3 hormone.
Is Discontinued By Manufacturer : No
Product Dimensions : 5.1 x 2.4 x 2.4 inches; 4.7 Ounces
Item model number : 001
Department : Unisex-adult
Date First Available : July 3, 2008
Manufacturer : Pure Encapsulations
ASIN : B001688DZ4
Healthy Thyroid Function: Thyroid Support Complex helps maintain healthy thyroid metabolism and thyroid hormone function.*
Free Radical Defense: Vitamins A and C, as well as selenium and guggul, combine with curcumin for antioxidant support in neutralizing free radicals.*
Pure Quality: Our supplements are made with only premium ingredients sourced from trusted suppliers and guided by our nutritional experts, then carefully manufactured and tested to verify their potency and purity.
Pure Difference: What makes us different isn’t just our process or what goes into our supplements — what we leave out matters, too. Pure Encapsulations products are FREE FROM wheat, eggs, tree nuts & peanuts, gluten, artificial colors, flavors & sweeteners, coatings and shellacs, GMOs, and unnecessary binders, fillers & preservatives.

domain: medical


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Starbeach is one of Europes biggest party destinations, where people & music fuse together in paradise!
The perfect mix of long, hot sunny days, the beach, bars, pools, cool vibes, insane parties, tunes spun by some the hottest DJs in the world & all surrounded by a hip crowd all after one thing - to have the best party holiday experience ever. A perfect endless summer!
Jump to a DJ
OtherView’s performance uniquely combines their own mainstream dance mash-ups and original songs with live Vocals and instruments, followed by an electrifying DJ set.
In 2009, their remake of Michalis Hatzigiannis (A list local pop artist) great hit “Eisai Edw” was digitally released, accompanied by a video clip, and was included in the repackaged version of the artist’s album “7”.
2010 could be considered a milestone year in their career, with major single releases & video Clips for So Long and La Luna (Dance Cover of Belinda Carlisle’s hit single of the past), as well as outstanding performances in Fashion Shows, TV Shows, Key Corporate events, major clubs in Greece and last, but not least, the prestigious Mad Video Music Awards.
In September 2010, Otherview released their 3rd single titled “Kane Me”. The song was included in their debut album, “So Long”, which was released in December 2010 by MY Group and Sony Music. The studio album includes 6 tracks in English and 4 in Greek and features collaborations with star guest artists of the local and international pop and dance scene, such as Vegas, Mark F. Angelo and Davide Rivaz.
In March 2011, Otherview released their 4th single, “Runaway”, a smash dance hit and a video clip with an avant garde feeling, that helped boost the single in the charts (TOP 30). Two months later, they released 1 more single and a –summer mood- video clip named “I’m The One”, in collaboration with Mark F. Angelo. OtherView performed the song at MAD Video Music Awards 2011, alongside the popular local artist Kostas Martakis. Their performance was a medley of “Summer Jam” (The Underdog Project) and “I’m The One”. The song went as high as #3 in the National Airplay Chart.
At the beginnining of summer 2011, OtherView went on tour all over Greece, performing live for thousands.
Last fall they released their 5th consecutive single, titled “Mi Hatheis”, a mellow, autumn-feel track. Their current single is “See You Again”, with English lyrics. The track entered top-40 immediately after release and keeps climbing higher!
Vassilis (DJ Fence)
- Used to forget his headphones so he discovered how to mix music without them!
- Never lets the sound engineers do their job because he does everything on his own.
- Always writes lyrics while driving!
- Likes to cook, his favorite dish being spaghetti with lobster.
- His mobile phone is always set to ring really loud, giving the hard time to everyone around! And the real problem is that… it never stops ringing!
- The gorgeous female of the group!
- Studied classic piano and currently still a student at the Department of French Language and Literature, but we doubt that she’s ever been there for anything else but to attend a party!
- After performing, fans usually ask her whether her vocals were live or playback!
- You will never see her wearing flat shoes, and if you did, it’d probably mean all her high heels were stolen or got fire or something… But she does actually walk barefoot on the beach…
- Was recently photographed wearing Jeffrey Campbell shoes and was featured on the blog of www.jeffreycampbellshoes.com, as the hot fashion icon from Greece!
- Her favorite place is the studio, when recording new songs. The lights at the studio are always turned off and instead there are lit candles everywhere.
- The “Guru” and godfather of OtherView!
- Goes all around even where he isn’t allowed to… Always doing what he shouldn’t really do, always out of his limits. He doesn’t do it on purpose, put the blame on coincidence.
- Witnessed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Centre collapsing, from his own house, only a few blocks away.
- Didn’t quit, nevertheless. He stayed in Manhattan for a few years, composing music for Off Broadway shows, indie films and working as a DJ at the boutique hotels of Philippe Starck (Hudson, Royalton)!
- His favorite island is Elafonisos and every summer he throws amazing “OtherView” parties at his house there.
- Shared a few bottles of wine with Armin Van Buuren, in a Greek restaurant at Malia, where Armin told them everything there is to know about writing “In & Out of Love”!
- Have collaborated with Akcent, Max Zotti & Davide Rivaz!
- Always rehearse their shows while travelling, using Vassilis’ high tech cell phone…!

domain: entertainment


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SELECTIONS FROM BLAKE'S WRITINGS.
demon, with a key, has the charge of Sin, and is dragging her down by the hair. Beside them a figure is seen, scaled with iron scales from head to feet, precipitating himself into the abyss with the sword and balances: he is Og, king of Bashan.
On the right, beneath the cloud on which Abel kneels, is Abraham, with Sarah and Isaac, also with Hagar and Ishmael on the left. Abel kneels on a bloody cloud, descriptive of those Churches before the Flood, that they were filled with blood and fire and vapour of smoke. Even till Abraham's time the vapour and heat were not extinguished. These states exist now. Man passes on, but states remain for ever: he passes through them like a traveller, who may as well suppose that the places he has passed through exist no more, as a man may suppose that the states he has passed through exist no more: everything is eternal.
Beneath Ishmael is Mahomed: and beneath the falling figure of Cain is Moses, casting his tables of stone into the deeps. It ought to be understood that the persons, Moses and Abraham, are not here meant, but the states signified by those names; the individuals being representatives, or visions, of those states, as they were revealed to mortal man in the series of divine Revelations, as they are written in the Bible. These various states I have seen in my imagination. When distant, they appear as one man; but, as you approach, they appear multitudes of nations, Abraham hovers above his posterity, which appear as multitudes of children ascending from the earth, surrounded by stars, as it was said: 'As the stars of heaven for multitude.' Jacob and his twelve sons hover beneath the feet of Abraham, and receive their children from the earth. I have seen, when at a distance, multitudes of men in harmony appear like a single infant, sometimes in the arms of a female. This represented the Church.
But to proceed with the description of those on the left hand. Beneath the cloud on which Moses kneels are two figures, a male and a female, chained together by the feet.

domain: artistic


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Abysses it’s a photographic work, a serie of images of vegetation and water on a river shore.
The pictures are real photos but the ambiguous atmosphere recalls a remote space, an indeterminate elsewhere, and it’s not clear if what we see occurs naturally.
The limit between natural and unnatural, emerged and submerged, pure and decomposed is uncertain. Contrasting aspects coexist and the images can be perceived at the same time as welcoming and unsettling.
The unpleasant appears sublimated. The time transcended into a suspended meditative atmosphere.


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Pocket-sized art with more uses than you can wave a Bic at. Birthdays, thanks yous, Valentines or even Wednesdays, there’s always an occasion for a stunning card. From promotional weapon to distant friend-contactor, our cards are more versatile than Optimus Prime.
Cards are designed to suit the most common image ratio of 3:2, but any image size can be printed—we just leave a white border.
Grows in wet ditches and seeps in northwest Florida.
florida, plant, carnivorous, sundew
Author, poet, freelance writer, rescuer of dogs and cats,animal welfare advocate, hookbill owner, occasional wildlife rehabilitator, chaser of bugs who just loves photography.
such an amazing bug eater! i so want to visit down where u’r at just to see all the wildlife!
This is terrific, great detail showing
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Resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation are effective strategies to activate muscle cell anabolic signaling and ultimately promote increases in muscle mass and strength. In the current study, 46 healthy older men aged 60–75 (69.0 ± 0.55 years, 85.9 ± 1.8 kg, 176.8 ± 1.0 cm) performed a single bout of unaccustomed lower body resistance exercise immediately followed by ingestion of a noncaloric placebo beverage or supplement containing 10, 20, 30, or 40 g of whey protein concentrate (WPC). Intramuscular amino acid levels in muscle biopsy samples were measured by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) at baseline (before exercise and WPC supplementation) plus at 2 h and 4 h post exercise. Additionally, the extent of p70S6K phosphorylation at Thr389 in muscle biopsy homogenates was assessed by western blot. Resistance exercise alone reduced intramuscular branch chain amino acid (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine, and valine) content. Supplementation with increasing doses of whey protein prevented this fall in muscle BCAAs during postexercise recovery and larger doses (30 g and 40 g) significantly augmented postexercise muscle BCAA content above that observed following placebo ingestion. Additionally, the fold change in the phosphorylation of p70S6K (Thr389) at 2 h post exercise was correlated with the dose of whey protein consumed (r = 0.51, P < 001) and was found to be significantly correlated with intramuscular leucine content (r = 0.32, P = 0.026). Intramuscular BCAAs, and leucine in particular, appear to be important regulators of anabolic signaling in aged human muscle during postexercise recovery via reversal of exercise‐induced declines in intramuscular BCAAs.
- mammalian target of rapamycin
- mass spectrometry
- muscle mass
- protein synthesis
Skeletal muscle mass is tightly regulated by the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). Increases in MPS induced by both resistance exercise and protein feeding are thought to be mediated primarily though the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a major downstream component of the mTOR pathway which is responsible for the initiation of protein translation and is thus often used as a proxy measure for MPS (Drummond et al. 2009). Amino acids (AAs), and leucine in particular, have been proposed to be the primary nutritional regulators of the mTOR signaling pathway cumulating in increases in MPS (Smith et al. 1992; Atherton et al. 2010). MPS appears to be much more tightly regulated when compared to MPB, and for this reason, MPS and associated anabolic signaling often serve as the primary measures in relation to the influence of protein feeding and resistance exercise on muscle protein turnover (Glynn et al. 2010). In many cases, acute p70S6K phosphorylation correlates with long‐term changes in muscle size (Baar and Esser 1999; Terzis et al. 2008; Mayhew et al. 2009; Mitchell et al. 2013). However, there are also reports of a lack of correlation between acute MPS or p70S6K and hypertrophy responses within the same subject, suggesting that additional mechanisms may be involved (Mitchell et al. 2012, 2014). Nevertheless, multiple studies which have tested the acute (MPS and p70S6K phosphorylation) and chronic (hypertrophic) effects of the same exercise or nutritional manipulation in different subjects do tend to show very similar patterns of group changes (Hartman et al. 2007; Wilkinson et al. 2007; West et al. 2009a,b; Burd et al. 2010a,b; Mitchell et al. 2012, 2013).
The ingestion of graded amounts of high‐quality protein such as whey after resistance exercise has been shown to increase MPS in a dose‐dependent manner. In young men (20–30 years), there appears to be a ceiling above which no further augmentation of MPS occurs in response to protein ingestion. For example, a plateau in MPS occurs following ingestion of 20 g of either egg (Moore et al. 2009) or whey (Witard et al. 2014) protein in young male subjects, with no greater MPS response observed in response to surplus ingestion of 40 g protein. However, multiple studies have shown that older adults (>60 years) exhibit a lower anabolic signaling and MPS response to protein feeding, resistance exercise, and the combination of feeding and exercise when compared to young men (Cuthbertson et al. 2005; Fry et al. 2011; Burd et al. 2013). This phenomenon termed “anabolic resistance” is exemplified by a recent study by Yang et al. (2012b) which showed that MPS in older men following resistance exercise increased to a greater extent after the ingestion of 40 g of whey protein when compared to the response elicited by 20 g whey protein (Yang et al. 2012b). Nevertheless, the magnitude of the MPS response to feeding 40 g of protein was slightly less in older men than that which was observed in young men who were fed a maximally effective 20 g dose of protein (Yang et al. 2012a; Churchward‐Venne et al. 2013b). It appears that deficits in feeding‐induced p70S6K phosphorylation may at least partially underpin anabolic resistance in aged skeletal muscle (Cuthbertson et al. 2005). Much less is known about the effect of graded whey protein ingestion on p70S6K phosphorylation in older human subjects, which is the putative mechanism underlying nutrient‐induced increase in MPS.
It is well established that ingestion of amino acids (AA) or intact protein leads to dose‐dependent increases in circulating plasma essential amino acids (EAAs; Bohe et al. 2003; Moore et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2012b; Witard et al. 2014). On the other hand, much less is known about the effect of resistance exercise and protein feeding on the concentrations of AAs within the muscle tissue itself. A classic study by Bohé et al. showed a stronger relationship between plasma EAAs and MPS when compared to intramuscular EAA concentrations (Bohe et al. 2003). However, the concentrations of the individual EAAs were not reported independently in this study (Bohe et al. 2003). The authors hypothesized that MPS was primarily regulated by extracellular rather than intracellular EAA availability. However, it has since been demonstrated that among the EAAs, leucine one of the three Branched‐Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs), appears to be the primary trigger of amino acid‐induced anabolic signaling and MPS (Atherton et al. 2010). Moreover, recent mechanistic work suggests that the activation of mTOR in response to leucine is sensed through intracellular proteins such as the leucyl‐tRNA synthetase (Han et al. 2012) and/or the ragulator (Zoncu et al. 2011). Consistently, recent work has also suggested that the pattern of change in BCAAs in response to resistance exercise and protein feeding may be different when compared with the other EAAs (Drummond et al. 2010, 2011; Churchward‐Venne et al. 2012, 2014).
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the changes in intramuscular levels of EAAs and BCAAs in response to resistance exercise and graded ingestion of whey protein in older men. A secondary aim was to determine the effects of graded intakes of whey protein on the extent of exercise‐induced phosphorylation of p70S6K at Thr389 as a marker of mTOR pathway activation in the muscle of older men and to examine the relationship between intramuscular EAA/branch chain amino acid (BCAA) levels and growth signal transduction via the mTOR pathway.
Subjects and ethical approval
Forty six healthy elderly untrained men (60–75 years of age) volunteered to participate in this study, subject characteristics are reported in Table 1. Individuals participating in any regular resistance exercise training program (two or more days per week) and/or with preexisting metabolic or cardiovascular diseases were excluded. Individuals who engaged in aerobic exercise up to three times per week and/or were taking anticoagulation or antihypertensive medication were not excluded from participation, however, those on aspirin/fish oil supplements were requested to abstain from these medications throughout the experimental trial. Prior to any experimental procedures, subjects were provided with oral and written information regarding the experimental protocols and potential risks involved and written consent to participate was obtained. Randomization to place immediately after consent was obtained. All experimental procedures employed by this study were carried out in coherence with the Helsinki declaration and were formally approved by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee.
Approximately 1 week prior to the experimental trial day, participants performed a familiarization session during which one‐repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing was also performed to determine the experimental exercise load (80% of 1RM). The maximal weight that subjects could lift for 3–6 repetitions (3–6 RM) on the bilateral barbell squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises was determined and participants 1RM was estimated using the Brzycki equation (1RM = 100 × load rep/(102.78–2.78 × reps completed; Reynolds et al. 2006). Participants were instructed to abstain from any vigorous physical activity in the week between the familiarization and the experimental trial day. The evening before the trial, participants ingested a standard evening meal (2103 kJ, 54% carbohydrate, 29% fat, 17% protein) before 10 pm and were instructed to eat nothing afterward. The following morning, the subjects arrived at (~7 am) in a fasted state. Participants were randomly allocated into one of five treatment groups; noncaloric placebo (n = 15), 10 g whey (n = 7), 20 g whey (n = 7), 30 g whey (n = 7), and 40 g whey (n = 10).
Resistance exercise and supplementation trial
Upon arrival at the laboratory, individuals rested in a supine position for ~30 min prior to collection of resting muscle biopsy samples (see below section). Participants then rested supine following collection of resting muscle biopsy for approximately 10–15 min after which time the exercise protocol commenced. The exercise protocol began with a 10‐min warm‐up involving light cycling on a bicycle ergometer and a single low load warm‐up set for each of the three resistance exercises. Participants then completed three sets of 8–10 repetitions of bilateral barbell smith rack squat, 45° leg press, and seated knee extensions at 80% of their predetermined 1RM. The exercises were performed in a circuit manner with 1 min rest between each exercise and 3 min rest between subsequent sets, the exercise protocol took approximately 20 min to complete. Following completion of the exercise protocol, subjects were immediately provided with a fixed‐volume (350 mL) beverage, containing a flavored noncaloric placebo, or one of the four doses of whey protein concentrate (10 g, 20 g, 30 g, or 40 g). Subjects were instructed to ingest the beverage within 2 min and were required to ingest the total volume provided. Following consumption of the supplements, subjects rested in a supine position throughout the 4 h of postexercise recovery with additional muscle biopsy samples collected at 2 and 4 h post exercise.
Muscle biopsies (~100 mg) were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle under local anesthesia (1% Xylocaine) using a Bergstrom needle modification of manual suction. All three biopsies were collected from the same limb starting distally and moving proximally. A gap of at least 2–3 cm between sequential biopsies was maintained in order to avoid any potential confounding effects caused by repeated sampling for the same location. Biopsies were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until further analyses.
Muscle tissue (~50 mg) was homogenized in ice‐cold RIPA lysis buffer (50 mmol/L Tris‐HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 0.25% deoxycholic acid, 1% NP‐40, 1 mmol/L EDTA supplemented with a cocktail of protease and phosphatase inhibitors including 1 mmol/L PMSF, 1 μg/mL aprotinin, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, 1 mmol/L Na3VO4, and 1 mmol/L NaF). The resulting homogenates were agitated for 1 h at 4°C, centrifuged for 15 min at 13,000 g, and the protein content of the supernatant was determined using a BCA‐protein assay kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL) following the manufacturer's instructions. Aliquots of protein homogenate containing 50 μg of total protein were prepared, mixed with Laemmli buffer, boiled, and subjected to SDS/PAGE. Proteins were separated on an 8% gel and wet‐transferred to a polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membrane. Following transfer, membranes were blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA)/Tris Buffer Saline/0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibody against p‐p70S6K (Thr389; 1:1000, Cell Signalling, Danvers, MA). The following morning, membranes were washed for 30 min with TBST and probed with a goat anti‐rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) secondary antibody (1:2000) for 1 h at room temperature. Membranes were then washed for 30 min in TBST and protein bands were visualized using Western Lighting‐enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA). Signals were captured using a Kodak Digital Science Image Station 440CF (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY), and densitometry band analysis undertaken with Kodak Molecular Imaging Software (Version 4.0.5; Eastman Kodak Company). Phospho‐p70S6K (Thr389) probed membranes were stripped and reprobed for Total p70S6K (1:1000, Cell Signalling) using Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer (Pierce). Due to large changes observed in the electrophoretic mobility of the Total p70S6K protein in highly phosphorylated postexercise and supplementation muscle samples it was difficult to accurately quantify total p70S6K. This large magnitude mobility shift in total p70S6K in samples with large degrees of p70S6K phosphorylation has been previously described (Karlsson et al. 2004). Total ERK2 (ERK1/2 Cell Signalling, 1:1000) was thus used as a loading control because it did not change in any condition. Loading normalized western blot data was calculated as fold change against subjects respective baseline sample which was always ran in contiguous lanes on the same gel.
Muscle tissue (~50 mg) was homogenized in 500 μL of ice‐cold 50% methanol spiked with 20 μL of 10 mmol/L D‐4 Alanine (as an internal standard) using 2.8 mm ceramic beads and a bead mill homogenizer (OMNI RUPTOR 24, 5.65 m/sec, 30 sec). The muscle homogenate was transferred to a new tube, vortexed vigorously for 1 min, and frozen rapidly on dry ice. This process was repeated through two more freeze–thaw cycles. Samples were then centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min, the supernatant was collected in a 15 mL falcon tube and placed on dry ice. The remaining tissue pellets were resuspended in 500 μL of 80% methanol and vigorously vortexed for a further 1 min. The suspension was centrifuged at 8000 g for 10 min and the resulting supernatant was pooled with that from the first centrifugation and the remaining pellet was discarded. The volume of the pooled supernatant was increased to ~5–6 mL using milli‐Q water, thoroughly mixed, and were frozen at −80°C. Frozen samples were evaporated to dryness overnight using an SC250 Express SpeedVac Concentrator and RVT4104 Refrigerated Vapor Trap (Thermo Scientific Savant, San Jose, CA). Dried sample extracts were stored at −80°C until subsequent derivatization in preparation for GC‐MS analysis.
Methyl chloroformate (MCF) derivatization
Methyl chloroformate derivatization was based on the previously optimized protocol (Smart et al. 2010). Freeze‐dried samples were resuspended in 200 μL of 1 mol/L NaOH. Resuspended samples were transferred to silanized reaction tubes to which 167 μL of methanol and 34 μL of pyridine and 20 μL of MCF were then added. Samples were vortexed for exactly 30 sec, and this process was repeated once. To separate the MCF derivatives from the reactive mixture, 400 μL of chloroform was added to the mixture and vortexted for 10 sec. Thereafter, 400 μL of 50 mmol/L NaHCO3 was added and vortexed for 10 sec. The upper aqueous phase was removed with a glass Pasteur pipette and 100 mg of anhydrous Na2SO4 was added to dry the organic solution. Once dried, the remaining chloroform solution was transferred to a Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) vial.
GC‐MS analysis and metabolites identification
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) instrument parameters were based on those reported by [Smart et al. (2010)]. The instrument used was an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph coupled to an MSD‐5975C inert mass spectrometer with a split/splitless inlet. Using a CTC PAL autosampler, 1 μL of sample was injected into a glass split/splitless 4 mm ID straight inlet liner packed with deactivated glass wool (Supelco). The inlet was set to 290°C, pulsed splitless at 180 kPa for 1 min, pressure of 56.76 kPa, and column flow of 1.0 mL/min, which gave a calculated average initial linear velocity of 35 cm/sec. 1.1 min after injection, the purge flow was set to 25 mL/min. The capillary column used was ZB1701 (Zebron, Phenomenex, North Shore City, New Zealand) with 30 m × 250 μm × 0.15 μm film thickness. (86% dimethylpolysiloxane, 14% cyanopropylphenyl, Phenomenex). Carrier gas was ultra‐high‐purity grade helium (99.9999%, BOC). GC oven temperature programing started isothermally at 45°C for 2 min, increased 9°C/min to 180°C, held 5 min; increased 40°C/min to 220°C, held 5 min; increased 40°C/min to 240°C, held 11.5 min; increased 40°C/min to 280°C, and held 2 min. The transfer line to the MSD was maintained at 250°C, the source at 230°C and quadropole at 150°C. 5.5 min into the run, the detector was turned on and ran in positive‐ion, electron‐impact ionization mode, at 70 eV electron energy, with electron multiplier set with no additional voltage relative to the autotune value. To monitor instrument carryover, N‐hexane blanks were run for every 10–12 samples. Identification of compounds was carried out using mass spectra acquired in scan mode from 38 to 550 amu, with detection threshold of 100 ion counts (Smart et al. 2010). The raw values from the GC‐MS were corrected to the spiked internal standard (D‐4 Alanine) and the wet mass of the tissue samples. Values are expressed as a fold change from the rested and fasted values because internal standards of each amino acid were not used and it was not possible to calculate absolute concentrations of AAs.
Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Outliers were removed using automated stringent outlier testing (ROUTs 0.1%) in GraphPad Prism6 software (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA) (Motulsky and Brown 2006). Cleaned data were analyzed using a two‐way analyses of variance (ANOVA; treatment × time) with repeated measures over time. Following significant main or interaction effects, Holm–Sidak post hoc tests were used for pairwise comparison between time points and supplement groups. In addition to quantitative statistical analysis, a heat map of the data showing percentage change in various amino acids from fasting levels was generated using the R program gplots package (heatmap.2 function) to identify patterns of relative changes in amino acids over time in each supplementation group. Pearson product moment coefficients were calculated to assess the relationships between variables; a linear regression was used to determine the relationship between whey protein dose and P70S6k phosphorylation. ANOVAs and correlations were calculated using Sigmaplot 12.5 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA) Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 level.
Intramuscular amino acids
Figure 1 displays a heat map of the changes in intramuscular amino acids in response to resistance exercise and whey protein ingestion which we were able to resolve by GC‐MS. Significant changes in the EAAs were limited to histidine and the three BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine and valine. Intramuscular leucine decreased below fasting levels at 4 h post exercise in the placebo group (P < 0.05), with a strong trend toward a decrease at the 2 h time point (P = 0.06) as well (Fig. 2A). The significant drop in muscle leucine during postexercise recovery was not observed in the protein supplemented groups, and leucine levels were elevated intramuscularly in the 30 g and 40 g protein supplemented groups when compared to the placebo group at 2 h post exercise (P < 0.05), as well as for the 40 g group only at 4 h post exercise (P < 0.001). Similarly, intramuscular isoleucine levels (Fig. 2B) were elevated in the 40 g whey group compared to the placebo group at 4 h post exercise (P < 0.001), with similar trend observed for the 30 g whey condition (P = 0.06). In the placebo group, there was a drop in intramuscular valine below fasting levels at both 2 and 4 h post exercise (Fig. 2C). The decline in intramuscular valine during postexercise recovery was reversed by graded protein intake and achieved levels greater than the placebo group at the 4 h post exercise time point for those receiving in the 40 g whey supplementation group (P < 0.001).
Small but significant changes were observed for the NEAAs ornithine, alanine, and proline. There was significant main effect (P = 0.024) for greater ornithine concentrations at 4 h after exercise compared with 2 h. Elevated proline intramuscular levels were observed within the 40 g whey group at 4 h compared to 2 h post exercise (P = 0.002). Similarly, proline showed significantly greater levels in the 40 g whey group compared to the placebo at the 4 h post exercise time point (P = 0.006). At 4 h post exercise, intramuscular alanine levels were greater in the 20 g whey group compared with the placebo (P = 0.003) or the 10 g whey (P = 0.014) groups. At 4 h post exercise, intramuscular alanine levels were greater in the 20 g whey group compared with the placebo (P = 0.003) or the 10 g whey (P = 0.014) groups There was also a decrease in intramuscular glutamic acid at 2 h (P < 0.001) post exercise regardless of the supplement condition (Fig. 3A). Similarly, resistance exercise alone induced a decrease in intramuscular aspartic acid at both 2 and 4 h post exercise (P < 0.001) in all the supplement conditions (Fig. 3B). 4‐Methyl‐2‐oxopentanoic acid (or α‐ketoisocaproic acid, α‐KIC) was unchanged with the exception of lower intramuscular levels at 2 h post exercise in the 10 g whey group only (data not shown). The heat map (Fig. 1) also shows that the mean concentrations of some AAs did also tend to increase in whey supplemented groups during postexercise recovery as indicated by a red color, however, if not noted above these changes did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05).
Strong correlations were observed among intramuscular levels of the BCAAs in response to resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation. At the 2 h postexercise time point, significant linear correlations were observed between intramuscular leucine and isoleucine (r = 0.98, P < 0.0001) leucine and valine (r = 0.95, P < 0.0001), and between isoleucine and valine (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001). These correlations indicate that the BCAAs display similar kinetics and are metabolized in a similar manner.
p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation
Figure 4 displays the fold change in p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation during postexercise recovery in response to graded intakes of whey protein. There was a significant time × group interaction; post hoc testing revealed that p70S6K phosphorylation was significantly elevated above fasting levels at 2 h post exercise only for groups receiving ≥20 g of whey protein supplementation. The fold change from baseline in p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation was additionally significantly greater at 2 h post exercise in response to 40 g whey intake when compared to either the placebo or 10 g whey groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ingestion of 30 g of whey protein was found to result in significantly greater p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation when compared to the placebo condition only (P < 0.05). Overall, linear regression analysis revealed a significant dose‐dependent relationship at 2 h post exercise between whey protein dose ingested and the extent of p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation (r = 0.51, P < 001).
Intramuscular levels of leucine at 2 h post exercise were found to be significantly and positively correlated with the extent of p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation (r = 0.32, P = 0.026; Fig. 5) at 2 h of recovery. Similarly, this relationship was found to be significant for isoleucine (P = 0.017, r = 0.33, data not shown), and exhibit a trend toward significance for valine (P = 0.063, r = 0.27 data not shown).
This study shows that the dose–response relationship between whey protein intake and p70S6K phosphorylation in the muscle of older men during exercise recovery follows a similar pattern to that of the previously reported between whey protein intake and MPS (Yang et al. 2012b). Furthermore, the present study is the first to characterize the changes that occur in intramuscular BCAA concentration following resistance exercise with or without graded intakes of whey protein. The results show that an acute bout of resistance exercise results in a decrease in intramuscular BCAA concentration in older men during postexercise recovery and that the whey protein supplementation can reverse this decline.
The reduction in intramuscular BCAA content after resistance exercise observed in the present study may be explained by three different, but not mutually exclusive, fates: (1) utilization for protein synthesis; (2) conversion to their respective branched‐chain α‐keto acids and subsequent release into the bloodstream; or (3) oxidization for energy. (Shimomura et al. 2004; Brosnan and Brosnan 2006). In a murine model, high‐resistance muscular contractions performed in the fasted state have been shown to promote an influx of BCAAs, especially leucine, into the muscle (MacKenzie et al. 2009). Conversely, we found that the resistance exercise performed by older men in the fasted state in the absence of postexercise protein provision results in a decrease in intramuscular BCAA levels. The lack of change observed in intramuscular 4‐Methyl‐2‐oxopentanoic acid (or α‐ketoisocaproic acid, α‐KIC) might indicate that BCAAs were being used for protein synthesis. However, it is also possible that BCAA metabolites were released from the muscle or were oxidized locally at a similar rate to which they were produced. Indeed, at the whole body level, protein supplementation has been shown to increase leucine oxidation during postexercise recovery (Yang et al. 2012b). Because we did not measure α‐KIC in other tissue pools or leucine oxidation in the current study, we cannot make definitive claims about the final metabolic fate of the elevated intramuscular BCAAs.
There has been a considerable interest into the optimal dose of protein ingestion required to maximize muscle anabolism during postexercise recovery (Moore et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2012b; Witard et al. 2014). We found that as little as 10 g of whey protein was able to prevent the significant decline in intramuscular BCAA levels during postexercise recovery. However, only the larger doses of whey (30 and 40 g) were able to increase BCAA levels significantly above that seen in the placebo condition. Wijekoon et al. (Wijekoon et al. 2004) have shown a strong correlation among the concentrations of all three BCAAs in plasma of rats. We extend this finding by showing a similarly strong correlation between the levels of the individual BCAAs in human muscle tissue, suggesting that they share similar kinetics.
We found that whey protein supplementation also increased the phosphorylation of p70S6k at Thr389 in a dose‐dependent manner. Although not statistically significant, there was ~15% greater p70S6K phosphorylation after the ingestion of 40 g of whey compared to 30 g suggesting that a plateau may not have been reached. Additionally, the dose‐dependent relationship beyond a 40 g dose was supported by the overall significant linear relationship between p70S6K Thr389 phosphorylation and whey dose ingested. The linear relationship between whey protein dose and muscle p70S6K phosphorylation is in agreement with the previously reported MPS data showing an increasing anabolic response up to 40 g of whey protein after resistance exercise in older men (Yang et al. 2012b). These data are in contrast to postexercise whey supplementation data in young men showing an apparent plateau in MPS response after the ingestion of whey protein dose in surplus of 20 g (Witard et al. 2014).
Among the BCAAs, leucine is thought to be the primary trigger of mTORC1 signaling (Drummond et al. 2009). Indeed, phosphorylation of p70S6k at Thr389 was found to significantly correlate with intramuscular leucine content in the present study. This correlation is in line with mechanistic data showing that intracellular leucine sensors are obligatory for mTOR pathway activation (Zoncu et al. 2011; Han et al. 2012). Muscle protein synthesis has previously been correlated to plasma leucine concentration following protein ingestion in previous studies (Pennings et al. 2011). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a correlation of p70S6K with intramuscular leucine levels in humans. Interesting however, p70S6K phosphorylation tended to be increased during postexercise recovery in the placebo group, despite a significant reduction in muscle leucine content, suggesting that resistance exercise alone in the fasted state is capable of stimulating this pathway through a leucine independent mechanism (West and Baar 2013). Nevertheless, the replenishment of intramuscular leucine during postexercise recovery appeared to promote an even greater activation of mTORC1 pathway as evidenced by heightened p70S6K phosphorylation. While p70S6K phosphorylation has been found to correlate with changes to MPS in young adults, evidence suggests some disconnect in the muscle of older subjects (Kumar et al. 2009; Fry et al. 2011). Therefore, anabolic resistance within senescent muscle may be related both to the ability of leucine to activate p70S6K (Cuthbertson et al. 2005) as well as disconnect between mTOR pathway activation and the resulting MPS response. The impairment of MPS in the muscle of elderly subjects in response to feeding and contraction has been controversial, with different studies reporting opposing findings (Fry et al. 2011; Burd et al. 2013; Kiskini et al. 2013). This heterogeneity in study findings may be due to a number of lifestyle factors such as long‐term diet and physical activity patterns which may promote dissociation between chronological age and anabolic sensitivity (Churchward‐Venne et al. 2013a).
While the plasma amino acid response to protein feeding, with or without resistance exercise, has been routinely measured, intramuscular amino acid responses have received much less attention. Bohé et al. (Bohe et al. 2003) concluded that at rest the infusion of amino acids led to a large rise in plasma EAA content, but a decrease in the levels of EAA locally within the skeletal muscle tissue. These results were extrapolated to hypothesize that extracellular, rather than intracellular EAA content, are the primary regulators of the anabolic response to protein feeding. Nevertheless, Bohé et al. measured only aggregate EAA responses and did not report changes in individual AAs or BCAAs (Bohe et al. 2003). This study also shows greater intracellular EAA concentration compared with plasma EAA levels suggesting that EAAs must travel up a concentration gradient to enter the muscle cell. More recent studies have replicated the finding of greater EAA concentration intramuscularly compared to in circulation but have found that BCAAs, and in particular leucine, are found at higher concentrations in the plasma when compared with the muscle sarcoplasm (Churchward‐Venne et al. 2012, 2014). Taken together, these results suggest that BCAAs are regulated in a different manner than the other EAAs. On this basis, it is important to consider the concentration of the BCAA independent from other EAAs.
Previous studies have shown that in young and older men, (Drummond et al. 2011) resistance exercise in the fasted state reduces intramuscular leucine content. Furthermore, in young men the provision of protein containing leucine after resistance exercise has been reported to result in the maintenance of intramuscular leucine content during postexercise recovery (Churchward‐Venne et al. 2012, 2014). The present study expands on these findings by showing that in older men the provision of whey protein reverses the drop in intramuscular leucine and other BCAAs caused by resistance exercise. Intramuscular leucine did not increase in a clear linear fashion with increasing doses of whey protein, but did appear to explain ~10% of the variance in p70S6K phosphorylation. There are two likely explanations for the relatively low proportion of the variance explained in p70S6K phosphorylation by intramuscular leucine levels. Firstly, recent work suggests that the lumen of the lysosomes may be the cellular location where amino acids (primarily leucine) are sensed, so the direct measurement of this subcellular concentration might yield a stronger correlation with anabolic response (Zoncu et al. 2011). Secondly, while aging results in an anabolic resistance to feeding, it is likely that related decreases in physical activity and increased inflammation mediate this anabolic resistance rather than the chronological age per se (Churchward‐Venne et al. 2013b). This assertion is partially supported by the relationship between intramuscular leucine and p70S6K phosphorylation (Fig. 5) observed in the present study, which appeared to show that some subjects (those falling above the trend line) appear to possess a higher anabolic sensitivity and are able to mount a larger p70S6K phosphorylation response to smaller changes in intramuscular leucine levels. On the other hand, there was a subset of subjects (below the trend line) who exhibited more modest augmentation of the p70S6K response in the presence of a high intramuscular leucine levels.
Only very minor changes were observed in most of the nonessential amino acids measured in human muscle in the present study. However, both aspartic acid and glutamic acid were found to be reduced intramuscularly following resistance exercise, even following the ingestion of the maximally tested 40 g dose of whey protein. This is a somewhat surprising result given that glutamic acid and aspartic acid are two of the most abundant amino acids in whey protein. The unresponsiveness of intramuscular aspartic and glutamic acid to protein supplementation may be explained by the fact that most of dietary aspartic acid and glutamic acid are retained and utilized by the gastrointestinal tissues such that they may not be available to the muscle in large amounts following feeding (Stoll and Burrin 2006). Nevertheless, despite low intramuscular aspartic acid and glutamic acid availability, subjects were still able to mount a robust anabolic response as assessed by p70S6K activation suggesting a disconnect between these particular NEAAs and muscle anabolic signaling during postexercise recovery.
This study shows that in older men resistance exercise in the fasted state results in a decrease in intramuscular BCAA content, but does not appear to influence the local levels of the remaining EAAs. As little as 10 g of whey protein supplementation was able to prevent the decrease in intramuscular BCAAs that occurred when resistance exercise was performed in the fasted state. While our results suggest that larger doses 30–40 g of whey protein were required to significantly increase intramuscular BCAA levels above those seen with only placebo ingestion, p70S6K phosphorylation was increased in a dose‐dependent manner by ingestion of up to 40 g of whey protein. This result is in agreement with recently reported MPS data which show that in contrast to young men, older subjects may require more than the 20 g of high‐quality protein in order to maximize the muscle anabolic response during the postexercise recovery.
The authors would like to thank the study volunteers. The authors are also exceptionally grateful for the medical support supplied by A. Garnham, who undertook all muscle biopsy procedures and M. Frankish who assisted with the clinical study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from The National Dairy Council/DMI (Australia), Deakin University and the Liggins Institute.
- Manuscript Received: May 28, 2014.
- Manuscript Revised: July 14, 2014.
- Manuscript Accepted: July 16, 2014.
- © 2014 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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text:
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Akron Council OKs new development projects
DOWNTOWN AKRON — Akron City Council stamped its approval on several new development projects in the city Nov. 19.
Following public hearings, Council unanimously approved three conditional-use permits. The first was for a transmission control facility for Ohio Edison, which will be constructed on the north side of Mull Avenue, east of White Pond Drive.
The $35 million project will involve construction of a building designed to withstand tornadic winds of up to 200 mph and to operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year no matter the conditions, according to project officials. It will house electrical control transmission for Northeast Ohio and the eastern United States.
Approximately 150 high-tech jobs are expected to be brought to Akron as a result of this addition to FirstEnergy’s West Akron campus, said Planning Committee Chairman Jeff Fusco (D-at large).
There will be additional parking constructed, and a new drive and entry way, with a new traffic light, will be constructed off of Mull Avenue.
Also following public hearings, two pieces of legislation related to planned multi-use development near The University of Akron were unanimously approved.
The University Square Urban Renewal Area was amended to include an area bounded by East Exchange, Torrey, Allyn and Sumner streets. The area was declared blighted to make way for new development, which will include retail, parking and student housing.
Also at the meeting, Council approved a measure to vacate a portion of Locust Street, Pine Street, Pine Alley and West Buchtel Avenue in Ward 3 in the area of Akron Children’s Hospital. According to Fusco, the relatively routine move will make way for approximately $200 million in development projects related to a major expansion of the hospital.
In other legislative action, Council approved:
• a reuse plan and accepted the deed for 800 Dan Street, a Navy Marine Corps Reserve Center no longer needed by the federal government that will be utilized by the city as a police training facility;
• legislation authorizing $41,747 in assessments for a $1.88 million resurfacing project on Copley Road between Interstate 77 and the Medina County line;
• legislation authorizing the collection of $84,694 in assessments for the projects already completed under the city’s 2012 City-Wide Sidewalk Program, total cost for which was $224,911;
• $140,000 in tree trimming services; and
• $25,273 to purchase new ambulance cots.
The next Akron City Council meeting will take place Nov. 26 at 7 p.m. in City Council Chambers on the third floor of the Akron Municipal Building, located at 166 S. High St. Committee meetings are set to begin at 2 p.m. that afternoon, also in Council Chambers.
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Department of Morphological Disciplines, Kuban Medical Institute, Russia
Shaposhnikov Veniamin Ivanovich, Department of Morphological Disciplines, Professor of the Department
of Surgical Diseases, Vice Rector for Science of the Noncommercial educational private institution of higher education “Kuban Medical
Received:January 20, 2020 Published: February 04, 2020
The article is devoted to the topical problem of modern medicine - diverticular disease of the colon. Her pathogenesis, clinic,
diagnosis and treatment are described. The importance of age and nature of nutrition in its development, as well as the violation
of the innernery of the colon, which is often manifested in childhood, is noted. In the correction of the pathological process, special
importance is attached to the complex of medical and preventive measures, which should be formed at a young age. The article has
some interest not only for doctors of different specialties, but also for the population engaged in a different field of activity. This will
allow to actively influencing the life expectancy of people, as the main cause of their aging is associated with this disease.
The aim of the study
Determine the importance of nutrition, age and impaired colon inertia in the development of diverticular disease.


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Dr. Robert Bodlaj | Practice for Ears-Nose-Throat Medicine
Various diagnostic procedures are available in Dr. Bodlaj’s practice for the safe diagnosis of the causes of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. One of them is sleep endoscopy with precise control of the depth of sleep while recording of brain waves and using a computer-controlled medication pump. Sleep endoscopy is carried out in our practice as an out-patient procedure.
What is actually done in sleep endoscopy?
In this examination, an anaesthetist places the patient into a deep sleep using medications. The precise monitoring of the depth of sleep is done by recording brainwaves (EEG) and using a computer-controlled medication pump.
Along with REM-sleep, which unfortunately cannot be artificially generated, Stage III and IV sleep are especially important. In these sleep stages the base tension of musculature drops especially low.
With the aid of video-nasopharyngoscopy and a microphone it is possible to record the vibrations of the soft palate, base of the tongue, the epiglottis and the larynx as well as the snoring noise itself on a DVD so that the record can be viewed later even by the patient.
In the case of sleep apnoea, it is also possible to record the collapse of these structures that are also part of the upper airways.
Even in this procedure the use of the most modern technology is indispensable. The decisive factor in the success of this diagnostic procedure is EEG-guided control of the depth of sleep since anaesthesia that is too deep can completely lower the muscle tension. The measurement would then be falsified and would be completely worthless.


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Exploring with Bob
Personally I think Culvert Street could make a fantastic modern rival to Sesame Street.
I hadn’t managed to get out exploring for a couple of weeks and wanted to do something with a bit of northern charm. I knew @elhomer12 was up this neck of the woods and since he’d done the notable Medlock culverts downstream, we hooked up to do the notable culverts upstream. Cracking to meet up with another drainer again, having originally met on Punk’s Megatron excursion.
I'll mix history, facts and shenanigans for this explore, if you don't mind .
The Majestic Culverts are a series of three culverts that set the Medlock River off on its way to becoming the well explored and documented stretch of water that flows from Strinesdale above Oldham to meet the River Irwell in Manchester.
The culverts are named after the mill that presides over the third culvert, the fact it was originally explored on coronation day, and because your crown jewels get a good dipping. Twice as it happens on this trip, in what I'm told would be known as a double dipper.
The mill looking up from the approach to the outflow of the final culvert.
In choosing my weapons, I selected wellies, as I wanted to recreate the experience of the original explorers Ojay and TLR.
The original water works is now occupied by the RSPCA. Elhomer and I checked the inflow and decided to make our way downstream to the outflow. There we were met by an outflow that would make the world limbo champion baulk at the thought of wriggling under. It was undeniably a stoopy start. A quick flash of the torch suggested it wasn’t going to be terribly far, but now would not be a good time to crack open the safety brews. We waddled awkwardly inward. My crown jewels got their first dipping of the proceedings. From here we explored upwards checking out the series of tributaries that connected to the main flow, before meeting the first inflow, a series of small waterfalls taking the excess from the reservoirs above us.
Making our way back down, the culvert is lined with stone blocks. There are a couple of pipes running from somewhere into the main flow. But fuck knows where from. All over would be my best guess.
There is a very nice feature that follows; a pipe that creates a gushing waterfall from the ceiling of the culvert. Sadly my snaps did not come out because of water spray, so hopefully elhomer has a nice capture.
The stone lined culvert carries on until it reaches the newer (and considerably lower) brick extension.
It get's progressively smaller and smaller, like the room in Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. But you are greeted with a beautiful outflow. Albeit it small. Size never matters.
And that was the end of culvert one. On to culvert two, which now runs under the school. I decided to walk along the river. Elhomer took the sensible option; walking along the embankment. I was stung, bitten and scratched walking down the river. But I kinda felt like I was in a jungle, so it's all good.
We went in the inflow this time, assuming the outflow would remain unblocked. This involved a climb down a surprisingly grippy (not slippy) but short waterfall, and into my first standing wellie breach (my limbo under the stoop of the first culvert had resulted in much water breach already). The water was warm though, so it was just like having a paddle.
A snap looking back up the inflow.
As others have said, the stone lined culvert has been subject to a sprinkling of spraycrete and this starts from, more or less, as soon as you enter the second culvert. It's fair enough I guess because it now supports an academy on top. Happily, some of the spraycrete is starting to form into prettier features. There seemed to be this perma-mist as well, which was fucking annoying.
It was again like Roald Dahl was penning our adventures, as the culvert shrunk and we started to stoop, the spraycrete masking the beauty of the stone. On we went, unable to drink our safety brews (of epic proportion).
We knew we'd hit the road that ran in front of the school when we discovered the first man hole. And this was a welcome respite from the second bout of stooping. Bit of a fucker to snap, but snapped all the same!
And then another nice couple of features a few meters up - a pipe waterfall and an older manhole.
So the story goes, you need a selfie to demonstrate scale. So here I am demonstrating scale without being narcissistic. This is one of my favorite features to be fair, where the stone lined arched culvert meets this awesome stonelined tube.
The outflow of the second culvert was in sight, with two balls from the school caught in some branches. Time for a quick snap before heading off into deep silt and water for another dip of the crown jewels.
Out of the second culvert we made our way to the final section, running under the mill. We weighed up the best plan of attack and while we were doing that a remarkably grey looking man collared us from the pub next to the inflow. He was so grey looking in fact his skin matched the plumes of smoke exhaling from his lungs. Death probably looks a lot healthier. "You're not going under that bridge are you", he sneered. Cheeky fucker. A short exchange followed where he mocked, "...and that's your hobby, is it?" Cheeky fucker. But he stopped sneering at the mention of cave spiders. He winced in fact. And he wasn't bothered we were going in, more perplexed because of, "the smell", and, "rats". But he gave a wry smile and a nod when I said, "It keeps out of trouble, well kinda". And off he scuttled back in the pub.
We made our way downstream and in the outflow, exploring the very interesting set of culverted sections that run under the mill. The first section is a bridge that has been modified to act as a culvert. This then morphs into rectangular stone lined sections supported by rusting beams. As you walk towards the outflow on the right is a sewer (notably so because of the toilet paper snagged at it's mouth). I'm quite surprised to find stuff like that connected to rivers. Really never would have thought it before exploring and reading the reports on here.
This carries on, with most of the water running through a central channel. A look back up towards the inflow.
This section runs into one of the prettiest parts of the whole series (in my opinion); a brick and stone lined arched culvert.
Elholmer working his magic.
As we find our way towards the final outflow, the culvert changes shape and form again. Rusted beams support the concrete slabs above us, and a mix of concrete and stone hold them up.
And the final outflow of the day. Some silt (but not crown jewel dipping deep), a bit of a stoop, but not that bad. And that was that. A few hours spent exploring the best culverted sections at the top of the Medlock.
We hadn't had chance really to crack open the safety brews until we got to the embankment. So we cracked them open at last and drank them on the way up to the inflow. A cracking evening explore in good company.
This report was brought to you by the letter M and the number 3.
Thanks for reading.


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Based on the two probes "Viking 1" and "Viking 2" focusing on Viking 1. Two successful probe launches, both equipped with a lander. Starts of very exciting with a hint of suspense, because every launch is. Viking 1 was shot up August 20th, 1975. The lander landed on Mars 11 months later, on July 20th, 1976. The end of the piece represents the sad deactivation of both the lander in 1980 and 1982.
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This track was just a major experiment. I was trying to make something very suspenseful and intense without using too many instruments. I wanted it to be very ambient. If this piece is placed on top of a suspenseful scene I wanted the viewer to be caught in the suspenseful moment without even paying too much attention to the music.
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Essie Fox’s Top Three Books Set In Cornwall
To celebrate the paperback release of A Cornish Stranger on the 23rd of April and Under A Cornish Sky of the 7th of May I’ve asked several of my favourite authors to share their top three Cornish reads.
Here’s what Essie had to say…
Thanks for the opportunity to choose my favourite books set in Cornwall, Liz – although it’s very hard, because once I started to think about this I realised just how many wonderful novels are set there, and how many of them are also my favourite all time reads. Here are just a few …
THE CAMOMILE LAWN by Mary Wesley
I can still almost smell that fragrant grass and see its slope down to the edge of the cliffs that drop to the glittering sea below. This is the captivating story of five cousins who gather at their aunt’s idyllic Cornish home to spend a last dizzying, simmering summer before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story does move to a war-torn London, but always at its heart and those of the central characters is the house with the camomile lawn.
THE HOUSE ON THE STRAND by Daphne Du Maurier
I love all of Daphne Du Maurier’s books, but this one is quite different – and perhaps the one that haunts me most. It’s said to be her sixties ‘psychodelic’ novel, and it’s the story of Dick Young who visits a house in Cornwall’s Kilmarth that belongs to his biochemist friend, Magnus. Magnus has been developing a new drug and when Dick becomes his guinea-pig, he finds himself ‘tripping’ back into the past – as far back as the fourteenth century, where he experiences the turbulent loves, deceits and tragedies of people now dead, but who were once strongly connected to the house. As Dick becomes more immersed in those lives, to the point of endangering his own, the novel takes on an increasing sense of dramatic suspense, confusion and peril.
INGO by Helen Dunmore
I adore Helen Dunmore’s writing so much that I found myself reading her YA Ingo as well, and was entirely seduced by the enchantment of place that she creates through her graceful, vivid prose. This is a mermaid tale with an absolute foothold in the reality of everyday ‘land’ life too, as a child struggles with the loss of her father, and the discovery of a heritage that means the only way she’ll ever find him again is by daring to search beneath the sea.
Essie Fox writes Victorian novels. Her first, The Somnambulist was featured on the Channel 4 TV Book Club and was shortlisted for the National Book Awards. Her latest The Goddess and The Thief is a gothic oriental set in Victorian England and India.
Please drop by tomorrow for Henriette Gyland’s top three books set in Cornwall…

domain: library


judge john ark Monroe County Democratic leaders head back to court over Board of Elections appointment By James Brown • Aug 12, 2020 James Brown / WXXI News State Supreme Court Justice John Ark is scheduled to hear an update Friday on a lawsuit filed this spring about the process of appointing a Democratic Monroe County elections commissioner. Listen Listening... / 1:21 A motion in the Monroe County Legislature put City Councilmember Jackie Ortiz’s bid to help lead the Board of Election on hold, at least for now. WXXI’s James Brown explains... That update takes new importance after the last Monroe County Legislature meeting. Ernest Flagler-Mitchell, who is assistant Democratic minority leader, successfully stalled City Councilmember Jaclyn Ortiz’s appointment to the post at Tuesday night's meeting. Five Democrats, including Minority Leader Vincent Felder, and all Republicans in the Legislature supported a motion to not have a vote, 20 to 9. Rochester Police Accountability Board ruled unlawful By James Brown • May 7, 2020 New York State Supreme Court Judge John Ark said that Local Law Number 2 which created the board for the city of Rochester will not stand. That law was passed by City Council last May and overwhelmingly approved by voters in November. Police Accountability Board can't punish police officers By James Brown • Jan 28, 2020 Emily Hunt for WXXI News Rochester’s Police Accountability Board will not be able to punish police officers -- for now, anyway. Listen Listening... / 0:38 Rochester’s Police Accountability Board will not be able to punish police officers, at least for now. WXXI’s James Brown has details. State Supreme Court Judge John Ark ruled Tuesday that the newly created board can operate, but he is strictly limiting what they can do.


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Akra Barut is a worthy example of 5-star hotels in Antalya offering annex rooms overlooking Taurus Mountains and Bey Mountains.
This traditional property is 20 minutes' walk to Dallas Rafting, Konyaalti Beach and Shemall AVM. The venue is located within 30 minutes' walk from Antalya center.
Antalya Museum is 4.7 km from the hotel and Broken Minaret is about 2.8 km away.
For a comfortable stay Akra Barut Hotel offers 470 rooms on 9 floors featuring satellite TV, a minibar, an in-room safe, free Wi-Fi and direct dial phone. Many rooms come with a wonderful view over the ocean. Bathrooms are fitted with a shower, a hairdryer and a spa bathtub.
Breakfast is offered in the restaurant every morning. A broad variety of Mediterranean dishes is served at the non-smoking restaurant. Guests can savor refreshments and cocktails in the lobby bar. Offering different delicacies, Donkisot Borek And Manti and Tapas Papas & Movida are situated in a mountain area, about 150 meters from the venue.
The property enjoys beautiful location within a 10-minute drive to Antalya airport.
Bicycles and limousines are available for rent at Akra Barut Hotel.
Guests will benefit from Turkish steam bath, hammam and reflex massage. The hotel offers a gym, a fitness center and aerobics classes as well as water skiing, windsurfing and lawn tennis for guests to keep fit.

domain: travel


text:
Help for Heroes feedback:
"We wanted to hold this workshop as poetry/creative writing can often be a good recovery activity for our wounded, injured and sick; enabling those who might have difficulty in expressing themselves through normal conversation and sharing their experiences. Sarah communicated with us very early on in the process, wanting to make the workshop as relevant as possible to our audience so that they got as much as possible out of the session. On the day of the workshop it was delivered exactly as promised. Sarah clearly and concisely set out the principles of writing a poem. She then kept the group fully engaged throughout the practical sessions and was responsive to their questions. Feedback from the veterans involved has been extremely positive. One veteran told us “It’s helped me put things in order and to see my life in a very different way”. Another veteran said: “Through poetry I felt able to talk about my past; I feel liberated to have shared my experiences with others”. Its really inspired those who attended to start writing poetry or helped refine their current poetry attempts. We have even had some submit their poetry into a national competition and to a local exhibition. Its been so popular we would look to do this again”."

domain: literature


text:
Aruna Partnership is a 501(c)3 nonprofit with tax-exempt status in the United States. Our tax ID is EIN 04-3106756.
100% of your donations go directly to India to the people and programs you want to support.
“In life, it often seems that the spirit of complacency, passivity and despair is the mightier power. But the spirit of truth, commitment and compassion has always the longer breath.”
Dr. Hugo Maier and Mrs. Anne Maier
Founders of Shanthimalai
Aruna Partnership supports projects that have proven sustainable over three decades.
Inspired by the Maiers’ deep love for the poorest of the poor, we are volunteers who pay all of our own costs. Our programs in the Tiruvannamalai district of Tamil Nadu, South India, empower women and economically challenged families to discover their strengths.
All three of our partner organizations in India arose from the original Shanthimalai Trust, founded by Dr. Hugo Maier and his wife, Mrs. Anne Maier. Today, as independent nonprofits, our partners are mutually supportive and share one vision. They are now run by local leaders from the Indian community.
Aruna Partnership is a charitable organization independent of any denominational or political interest. It was established in 1995 to support the work of Shanthimalai Trust in South India.
We respond to the needs of those we serve in India, making sure that 100% of your donations go directly to the people and programs you want to support.
“When you truly feel this equal love for all… you will feel the whole world is your home.”
Sri Ramana Maharshi
Sage of Arunchala
Emergency News Title Can Go Here

domain: sociology