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The National Peanut Council, which represents all segments of the U.S. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) industry, has identified preharvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) as the most serious challenge facing the industry. Lamb and Sternitzke (2001) estimated that aflatoxin contamination costs over $20 million in losses to the southeast U.S. peanut industry. Progress in developing resistant cultivars would represent a major advance for the U.S. peanut industry.
There are two requirements for developing cultivars with resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. First, there must be genetic variance for resistance in order to incorporate a gene or genes for resistance into cultivars. The second requirement is the availability and use of reliable and efficient screening techniques to identify plants containing genes for resistance. When this project was initiated, techniques were not available for large scale screening which is required for germplasm evaluations and/or plant breeding research. To be acceptable, the techniques must have a small number of escapes (uncontaminated susceptible samples) to avoid keeping susceptible types in the breeding program, and a relatively low coefficient of variation (C.V.) to accurately differentiate levels of resistance.
Development of Screening Techniques
Aflatoxin contamination in peanut is an extremely variable characteristic that primarily occurs under heat and drought stress (Wilson and Stansell, 1983; Cole et al., 1995). Holbrook et al. (1994) developed a large scale field system for screening peanut germplasm for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Yuma, AZ was chosen as a screening site because it consistently has hot and dry conditions. This study demonstrated that aflatoxin contamination would occur in peanut subjected to a late summer drought stress and the extreme soil temperatures which occur at Yuma. Also concluded from this study was that the use of subsurface irrigation during periods of drought stress resulted in higher and more consistent contamination.
A moveable greenhouse system (Atlas Greenhouse Systems, Inc., Alapaha, GA) was developed to provide a screening site at Tifton, GA. Thirteen large (9.1 m wide x 25.5 m long) rainout shelters were constructed on skids. These structures can be moved in the field with tractors and are parked on the test plots for the 40 d immediately preceding harvest to provide the extended period of heat and drought stress necessary for consistent aflatoxin contamination of susceptible genotypes. They also can be used with two planting dates each season. This system is being successfully used to screen for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination at Tifton.
Artificial inoculation is frequently used when screening germplasm for resistance. Artificial inoculation ensures uniform testing conditions which reduces the number of escapes and variation in the data which could mask genetic differences. The standard method for inoculating peanut with Aspergillus had been a spore suspension in water applied at midbloom. This provided a high initial fungal pressure; however, soil populations of Aspergillus rapidly declined shortly after inoculation. Will et al. (1994) developed a new inoculation method using cracked corn as a carrier and a food base for the fungus, thus resulting in more stable fungal inoculum on developing pods. This method resulted in significantly greater soil populations of Aspergillus at harvest than the use of water as a carrier. This inoculation technique should help reduce the inherent variability of preharvest aflatoxin contamination and is being used for our germplasm screening procedure.
Aflatoxin contamination is subject to a large amount of variability from the environmental effects of years and planting dates within years. To allow for comparisons across environments Relative toxin is calculated as follows:
Relative toxin = Entry mean PAC / Test mean PAC. Eq. 1
Relative yield is calculated as follows:
Relative yield = Entry mean yield / Test mean yield. Eq. 2
Genotypes that have relatively low toxin and/or relatively high yield are advanced in the breeding program.
Screening techniques for PAC in standard greenhouse facilities were developed by Anderson et al. (1996) by optimizing drought-stress and fungal infections. High amounts of preharvest aflatoxin accumulation were produced by completely isolating the pod zone and only providing restricted moisture to the root zone. These greenhouse methods have proven to be useful tools for identifying and studying sources of resistance to aflatoxin in peanut.
Screening for Sources of Resistance
Because of the large amount of field variation for PAC, very little was known about the amount of genetic variation in peanut before the 1990s. Genetic variation had been identified for resistance to seed colonization under laboratory conditions (Mixon and Rogers, 1973; Mehan et al., 1981; Mixon, 1986); however, there is not a strong correlation between this trait and resistance to aflatoxin contamination under drought and heat stress (Blankenship et al., 1985; Anderson et al., 1995).
The USDA maintains an extensive working collection of A. hypogaea germplasm consisting of more than 9,000 entries (Holbrook, 2001). This germplasm collection has served as a valuable source of diversity for resistance to many pathogens of peanut (Holbrook and Isleib, 2001). However, it is not feasible to evaluate this collection, in its entirety, for resistance to PAC using currently available screening techniques. Thus, a core collection (a subsample of an entire germplasm collection which has been selected to represent the genetic variability of the entire collection) consisting of 831 accessions was selected from the U.S. germplasm collection of peanut (Holbrook et al., 1993). All accessions in the peanut core collection were first examined for PAC in preliminary screens using five replications in one environment. Genotypes which had low contamination levels were then examined for a 2nd year using 10 replications in two environments. Nineteen core accessions were identified with low levels of aflatoxin contamination in multiple environments (Table 1). Some of these accessions also exhibited high relative yield.
The theory behind core collections is that the multivariate clustering procedure groups accessions that are genetically similar. We previously demonstrated that this clustering procedure was effective in clustering material that had resistance to late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)] (Holbrook and Anderson, 1995) and the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] (Holbrook et al., 2000b). Set, country, and cluster information for the 19 accessions with resistance to PAC is included in Table 1. These clusters should be promising places to search for additional sources of resistance to PAC. The three clusters that were represented by two resistant accessions (Cluster 3 from Japan set 4; Cluster 1 from India set 6; and Cluster 2 from China set 7) are particularly noteworthy and should be examined in their entirety for additional sources of resistance.
Aflatoxin contamination is an expensive characteristic to measure and is subject to extreme variability. The development of resistant cultivars could be accelerated if an effective characteristic for indirect selection was found. Holbrook et al. (2000a) evaluated the resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination in a set of genotypes that had been documented with varying levels of drought tolerance (Rucker et al., 1995) and determined the correlation of drought tolerance characteristics with aflatoxin contamination. Genotypes that exhibited drought tolerance also exhibited reduced aflatoxin contamination in Tifton. PI 196754, a drought-intolerant genotype had greater PAC than the check cultivar Florunner (Table 2). Two drought tolerant genotypes (PI 145681 and Tifton 8) had less PAC than Florunner. Other genotypes that had drought tolerance and relatively low PAC included PI 259639, PI 269106, PI 295722, PI 298836, and PI 315628 (Holbrook et al., 2000a). Significant positive correlations were observed between aflatoxin contamination and leaf temperature, and between aflatoxin contamination and visual stress ratings. A significant negative correlation was also observed between aflatoxin contamination and yield under drought-stress conditions. Leaf temperature, visual stress ratings, and yield are all less variable and cheaper to measure than aflatoxin concentration. These characteristics may be useful as indirect selection tools for selecting lines with reduced aflatoxin contamination.
Guo et al. (2006) identified a novel PLD gene in peanut, encoding a putative phospholipase D (a main enzyme responsible for the drought-induced degradation of membrane phospholipids in plants). PLD expression was induced faster by drought stress in the drought sensitive lines than in the drought tolerant lines, suggesting that peanut PLD may be involved in drought sensitivity responses, which could be useful as a tool in germplasm screening for drought tolerance. Liang et al. (2005, 2006) investigated the possible association of storage proteins with resistance to aflatoxin contamination and used total protein profiles to identify possible proteins as resistance “markers”. Identification of authentic resistance related protein markers and/or genes could lead to the enhancement of antifungal activities in peanut seeds through marker-assisted selection, but this methodology has not been successful to date.
Epidermal conductance was also evaluated as a potential drought tolerance trait (Cantonwine et al., 2006). Unfortunately, the genetic variation in epidermal conductance does not appear to be large enough to be useful in a breeding program. Use of the SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) as a possible selection criteria (Dong et al., 2002) did not result in significant correlations between SCMR and visual drought stress ratings or between SCMR and aflatoxin contamination. More promising results were observed in the use of ground-based remote sensing of canopy reflectance as a selection criteria for drought- and aflatoxin-resistant peanut genotypes (Sullivan and Holbrook, 2007).
Breeding Peanut for Resistance to PAC
Sources of resistance to PAC and/or drought have been crossed with high yielding cultivars and breeding lines that also have resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). These populations are advanced to the F4 generations using single seed descent. The seed from individual F4 plants are harvested and F4:5 progeny are grown in small plots and subjected to selection pressure for yield and resistance to TSWV. The selections are tested the following year under our drought shelters in Tifton using five replications. Progeny that exhibit high relative yield and/or low relative PAC are retested using 10 replications. This procedure has been used to develop late generation breeding lines with resistance to drought. Several of these lines also exhibited reduced aflatoxin contamination in multiple environments.
Breeding for resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode may also result in reduced aflatoxin contamination of peanut. Timper et al. (2004) demonstrated that infection of peanut by M. arenaria can lead to an increase in aflatoxin contamination of peanut seeds when the plants are subjected to drought stress during pod maturation. Holbrook et al. (2008) recently released Tifguard, a nematode-resistant cultivar with excellent resistance to TSWV. Research is ongoing to determine if this cultivar can be used as a tool to reduce aflatoxin contamination in the southeastern U.S.
Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , and Wilson D. M. 1996 Development of greenhouse screening for resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus infection and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Mycopathologica 135 : 115 – 118 .
Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , Wilson D. M. , and Matheron M. E. 1995 Evaluation of preharvest aflatoxin contamination in some potentially resistant peanut genotypes. Peanut Sci 22 : 29 – 32 .
Blankenship P. D. , Cole R. J. , and Sanders T. H. 1985 Comparative susceptibility of four experimental peanut lines and the cultivar Florunner to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci 12 : 70 – 72 .
Cantonwine E. , Maddie S. , Buchannon B. , Holbrook C. C. , and Kvien C. K. 2006 Evaluation of epidermal conductance as a potential drought tolerant trait of peanut. Proc. Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop 72 .
Cole R. J. , Dorner J. W. , and Holbrook C. C. 1995 Advances in mycotoxin elimination and resistance. 456 – 474 In Pattee H. E. and Stalker H. T. Advances in Peanut Science. Amer. Peanut Res. and Educ. Soc Stillwater, OK.
Dong W. , Holbrook C. C. , Guo B. , Luo M. , Wilson D. M. , Kvien C. K. , and Rowland D. L. 2002 Evaluation of physiological measurements of drought stress to indirectly select for reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Proc. Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop 145 .
Guo B. Z. , Xu G. , Cao Y. G. , Holbrook C. C. , and Lynch R. E. 2006 Identification and characterization of phospholipase D and its association with drought susceptibilities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Planta 223 : 512 – 520 .
Holbrook C. C. 2001 Status of the Arachis germplasm collection in the United States. Peanut Sci 28 : 84 – 89 .
Holbrook C. C. and Anderson W. F. 1995 Evaluation of a core collection to identify resistance to late leafspot in peanut. Crop Sci 35 : 1700 – 1702 .
Holbrook C. C. , Anderson W. F. , and Pittman R. N. 1993 Selection of a core collection from the U.S. germplasm collection of peanut. Crop Sci 33 : 859 – 861 .
Holbrook C. C. and Isleib T. G. 2001 Geographical distribution of genetic diversity in Arachis hypogaea. Peanut Sci 28 : 81 – 85 .
Holbrook C. C. , Kvien C. K. , Ruckers K. S. , Wilson D. M. , and Hook J. E. 2000a Preharvest aflatoxin contamination in drought tolerant and intolerant peanut genotypes. Peanut Sci 27 : 45 – 48 .
Holbrook C. C. , Matheron M. E. , Wilson D. W. , Anderson W. F. , Will M. E. , and Norden A. J. 1994 Development of a large-scale field screening system for resistance to pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci 21 : 20 – 22 .
Holbrook C. C. , Timper P. , Culbreath A. K. , and Kvien C. K. 2008 Registration of ‘Tifguard’ peanut. J. Plant Registrations 2 : 92 – 94 .
Holbrook C. C. , Timper P. , and Xue H. Q. 2000b Evaluation of the core collection approach for identifying resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut. Crop Sci 40 : 1172 – 1175 .
Lamb M. C. and Sternitzke D. A. 2001 Cost of aflatoxin contamination to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast United States peanut industry. Peanut Sci 28 : 59 – 63 .
Liang X. , Holbrook C. C. , Lynch R. E. , and Guo B. Z. 2005 Beta-1,3-glucanase activity in peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea) is induced by inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and copurifies with a conglutin-like protein. Phytopathology 95 : 506 – 511 .
Liang X. Q. , Luo M. , Holbrook C. C. , and Guo B. Z. 2006 Storage protein profiles in Spanish and runner market type peanuts and potential markers. BMC Plant Biology 6 : 24 .
Mehan V. K. , McDonald D. , Nigam S. N. , and Lalitha B. 1981 Groundnut cultivars with seed resistant to invasion by Aspergillus flavus. Oleagineux 36 : 501 – 507 .
Mixon A. C. 1986 Reducing Aspergillus species infection of peanut seed using resistant genotypes. J. Environ. Qual 15 : 101 – 103 .
Mixon A. C. and Rogers K. M. 1973 Peanut accessions resistant to seed infection by Aspergillus flavus. Agron. J 65 : 560 – 562 .
Rucker K. S. , Kvien C. K. , Holbrook C. C. , and Hook J. E. 1995 Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Sci 21 : 14 – 18 .
Sullivan D. G. and Holbrook C. C. 2007 Using ground-based reflectance measurements as selection criteria for drought- and aflatoxin-resistant peanut genotypes. Crop Sci 47 : 1040 – 1050 .
Timper P. , Wilson D. M. , Holbrook C. C. , and Maw B. W. 2004 Relationship between Meloidogyne arenaria and aflatoxin contamination in peanut. J. of Nematol 36 : 167 – 170 .
Will M. E. , Holbrook C. C. , and Wilson D. M. 1994 Evaluation of field inoculation techniques for screening of peanut genotypes for reaction to preharvest A. flavus group infection andaflatoxin contamination. Peanut Sci 21 : 122 – 125 .
Wilson D. M. and Stansell J. R. 1983 Effect of irrigation regimes on aflatoxin contamination of peanut pods. Peanut Sci 10 : 54 – 56 .
1 Research Geneticists, Crop Genetics and Breeding Res. Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793.
2 Research Plant Pathologist, Crop Protection and Management Res. Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793.
3 Dept. of Plant Path., Univ. of Georgia (Retired), Tifton, GA 31793.
4 Research Plant Pathologist, Crop Protection and Management Res. Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793.*Corresponding author: Email: firstname.lastname@example.org

domain: agronomy


text:
Meditation is important to me.
For a beginner, it can be intimidating. It doesn’t have to be. It can be frustrating too because there’s a misconception that you won’t have any thoughts, at all. Just so you know, this is what usually happens for most of us, especially at the beginning.
Here’s the easiest way to start and how I begin every yoga class I teach.
Find a way to sit comfortable, on a chair, sitting up in bed, sitting cross-legged. We aren’t going to be concerned about form right now.
Set a timer for 5 minutes and turn the volume down to a softer level. (Or use a meditation timer app.)
Read through the following and then do at least once a day.
Take a deep inhale through your nose, exhale through the mouth.
Close your eyes.
Breath in through your nose and out through your nose.
Mantra: “As you breathe in, notice you are breathing in. As you breathe out, notice you are breathing out.”
Continue until you hear your timer.
Stop repeating the mantra.
Notice any sensations in your body.
Let your eyelids flutter open.
You are done. Easy right? YES!!

domain: psychology


On Friday, Samsung announced the latest smartphone to join its mid-tier lineup in the US – the Galaxy A6. It's a pretty impressive device from Samsung, especially given the price. The Galaxy A6 sports a 5.6-inch HD+ AMOLED display, with a resolution of 1480×720. There's an Exynos 7884 chipset inside, paired with 3GB of RAM and 32GB of storage – there is also a micro SD card slot included for adding more storage, should you need it. There's also a 3000mAh capacity battery included, along with a micro USB port on the bottom for charging. There is also Android 8.0 Oreo here with the latest version of Samsung Experience, out of the box.
The Galaxy A6 also includes a pretty impressive set of cameras. There's a 16-megapixel sensor on the back, that sports a f/1.7 aperture, with the front camera having a 16-megapixel sensor as well but a slightly lower aperture of f/1.9. While the Galaxy A6 is not sporting a dual-camera setup like the Galaxy Note 9 or Galaxy S9 Plus, it does have a pretty good aperture, which should allow it to take some fantastic photos in low-light (like in bars and night clubs). There is a fingerprint sensor on the backside here, which is located just below that single camera. The Galaxy A6 sports a metal unibody, which is actually pretty impressive for this price point. Seeing as many smartphones under $400 – especially with these specs – are sporting plastic bodies. Samsung has also included NFC here for using Samsung Pay. There is no MST here, so this will only work on NFC-enabled terminals.
Samsung will begin selling the Galaxy A6 on its website on September 14 for a manufacturer's suggested retail price of $359.99. Samsung says that it will also be available at Sprint beginning September 14, with other carrier partners coming later on. Samsung also notes that the pricing at carriers will vary based on the carrier. Unlike with its flagship smartphones – Galaxy S9, S9 Plus and Note 9 – Samsung gives the carriers a bit more leeway on pricing.


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Remarks at 2013 Marketplace
Washington, DC – On Wednesday, May 29th, Reps. David Price (NC-04) and G.K. Butterfield (NC-01) teamed with representatives from several government agencies, as well as prime contractors to host Marketplace, a procurement workshop designed to help small businesses identify contracting opportunities with sponsors and other buyers. Hundreds of registrants attended the day-long workshop at the Sheraton Imperial Hotel and Convention Center in Durham's Research Triangle Park. Rep. Price will open the event with remarks. The text of his remarks is below.
Good morning! I'm pleased to be able to join you today to kick off Marketplace 2013! I want to extend a special thanks to Lisa Ruckdeschel and to Scott Daugherty, both for the introductory remarks and for their personal commitment and contributions to this event over the years.
In addition to Scott and Lisa and the Small Business Technology Development Center, I'd like to recognize our federal government co-hosts: the Small Business Agency, the EPA, and the Department of Health and Human Services, represented locally by NIEHS.
What began in 1989 as a fledgling idea to help small, local, and minority-owned businesses secure contracts with federal agencies has grown into an annual gathering that brings together dozens of government representatives and prime contractors with small businesses seeking to learn more about the procurement process.
Each year, Marketplace also provides an opportunity for us to take stock of our changing economy and changing contracting environment. One change of note is that Durham County's representation in Congress is now split among four members, including my co-host of this event, Congressman G.K. Butterfield, who will be joining you later in the day.
I unfortunately must be away part of the day, but I do look forward to joining the congressional briefing this morning. My longtime staff member Tracy Lovett—who has played an instrumental role in organizing this event as a member of the Marketplace Committee—will be on site all day, so please don't hesitate to let Tracy know how my office can be of assistance to you and your business.
Thanks to the hard work of Tracy and other members of the Marketplace Committee, this year we have 45 exhibitors, including 19 prime contractors.
We also have two concurrent seminars—one for participants new to the contracting process and one for experienced participants. This year's event will also feature seminars on Strategic Sourcing and International Trade, which are both increasingly important to businesses of all sizes.
For our small- and medium-sized business participants, I encourage you to take full advantage of these opportunities to connect personally with procurement officers, share best practices and strategies, and educate yourselves on new and emerging issues in federal contracting.
For our government and prime contractor representatives, I urge you to take full advantage of the wealth of talent, entrepreneurialism, and creative thinking that our Triangle small businesses have to offer.
There is simply no better place in the country to forge innovative public-private partnerships that make government smarter and more effective while creating jobs and growing the local economy. Indeed, this is the very spirit that has defined our region and made it one of the greatest places in the country to work, live, do business, and raise a family.
This year, your conversations will be occurring amid mixed economic signals. On the one hand, the economy continues to improve slowly but steadily. Unemployment is at four-year lows nationally and is finally below 9% in North Carolina, and the Triangle continues to lead the state in job creation and economic growth.
The challenges that have hampered small businesses in recent years—dried-up credit, rising energy costs, flagging demand—haven't gone away, but things are certainly better than they were a couple years ago.
At the same time, just as things are looking up in the economy as a whole, our elected leaders in Raleigh and in Washington seem bent on undermining the recovery with one self-inflicted wound after another. In Washington it's debilitating gridlock, in Raleigh "Katy bar the door!"
Of course, the most absurd and devastating self-inflicted wound imposed by Congress are the automatic, indiscriminate spending cuts known as sequestration, which are also the most directly relevant to many of you here.
We are beginning to feel the impact of these senseless cuts across the federal government—from air traffic controllers to Head Start to cancer research—and they are certainly affecting the contracting decisions of federal agencies, both by reducing procurement budgets and by creating perpetual fiscal uncertainty.
Sequestration was never intended to take effect—but now that it has, many in Congress seem to have lost their appetite for replacing it with a comprehensive deficit reduction plan. I am certainly not in this number, so you can be assured that I will continue to work with like-minded colleagues on both sides of the aisle to get us back on a more rational path. By That I mean continued attention to the economic recovery, a sustainable fiscal path, and investments for an expansive economic future in education and training, research, infrastructure, innovation and entrepreneurship. That's the formula that brought us both balanced budgets and a roaring economy in the 1990s, and we've got to find our way to a comprehensive approach once again.
In the meantime, it's more important than ever that North Carolina businesses are prepared to compete and win so that we can keep creating jobs and helping our companies grow, even in these uncertain times.

domain: news


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Visit the Official Website of the
Tri-Cities Cancer Center Foundation's 18th Annual Fundraising Breakfast
March 29, 2018, 7:30 am
No cost to attend! RSVP's Required
To RSVP, please call 509-737-3373
Our annual Fundraising Breakfast is held each spring to educate the community on the profress of the Cancer Center and to raise funds in support of cancer patients and their families. The morning event includes patient testimonials, a video presentation, reports from the CEO and Foundation Board, and a delicious breakfast. This event is generously sponsored by Mission Support Alliance (MSA). On March 16, 2017, our community raised a record breaking $105,000! We thank all of those in attendance! We welcome you to join us this year for the 18th Annual Fundraising Breakfast. There is no cost to attend the fundraising breakfast, the hope is that you will join in financially supporting our community Cancer Center.

domain: medical


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Jamaican Dancehall Reggae music from 2014 performed by the artist ASSASSIN @Jamie_Yungvibez @21sthapilos
Buy “Bad” on iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bad/id964323856?i=964323860
Subscribe to 21st Hapilos and be the first to hear the latest Dancehall, Reggae, and other Caribbean music: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=21sthapilosvideos
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About 21st Hapilos: 21st Haplios is the leading global distributor of Dancehall, Reggae, and other Caribbean Music. Co-Founded and operated by industry legend Johnny Wonder, we release the latest and greatest exclusive tracks from the biggest names in Reggae including Konshens, RVSSIAN, Elephant Man, Chronixx, QQ, Vybz Kartel, Tommy Lee Sparta, RDX and more. Make sure and subscribe to be notified daily when we release new music!

domain: artistic


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Torch Fuel Poisoning Danger
Published: Tuesday, July 5, 2022
OKLAHOMA CENTER FOR POISON AND DRUG INFORMATION
Contact: Scott Schaeffer (405) 271-5062; email@example.com
Oklahoma City – Using torches for your yard and patio is decorative and may help keep the mosquitoes away, but even a few drops of torch fuel introduced into the airway can produce severe chemical pneumonia.
Safe handling and storage can prevent serious injuries from happening. Torch fuel, sometimes called torch oil, comes in variety of containers and sizes. Once poured, the fuel looks similar to apple and other fruit juices. Store these products away from drinks, coolers, and snacks that children can access at campsite or picnic area.
According to Scott Schaeffer, managing director of the Oklahoma Center for Poison and Drug Information, “Hydrocarbons, including torch fuel and charcoal lighter fluid, can coat the lungs and create serious respiratory problems. These exposures are most common among young children who can easily mistake these products for drinks. Injury including chemical pneumonitis, respiratory distress, and death is possible following aspiration.” Petroleum-based products including gasoline and other hydrocarbons can produce similar health effects.
The symptoms of hydrocarbon poisoning may include difficulty breathing, persistent cough, low grade fever, chest pain, and lethargy. If an exposure occurs act quickly.
Don't make a fatal mistake:
• Do NOT put poisons into food containers.
• Put the child-resistant cap firmly back in place after using torch fuel or similar products.
• Always keep these products in their original container up and away from children.
• Store these products away from food and drinks.
• Don’t leave children unattended with torch fuel or similar products.
• Save the Poison Helpline number, (800) 222-1222, in your phone.
Pharmacists and registered nurses at the poison center are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week at (800) 222-1222. Please do not email the poison center or a member of the poison center staff, as poisoning emergencies are not handled through email.
The Oklahoma Center for Poison and Drug Information is a program of the University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy at the OU Health Sciences Center. For more information, log on to www.oklahomapoison.org.
OU College of Pharmacy at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
OU College of Pharmacy at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, in partnership with OU Health, offers the Doctor of Pharmacy professional degree program and graduate programs in the Pharmaceutical Sciences leading to Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Since 1896, the College of Pharmacy has had more than 5,300 graduates.
OU Health is the state’s only comprehensive academic health system of hospitals, clinics and centers of excellence. The flagship academic healthcare system is the clinical partner of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, one of the most comprehensive academic and research campuses in the country. With 10,000 employees and more than 1,300 physicians and advanced practice providers, OU Health is home to Oklahoma’s largest doctor network with a complete range of specialty care. OU Health serves Oklahoma and the region with the state’s only freestanding children’s hospital, the only National Cancer Institute-Designated OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center and Oklahoma’s flagship hospital, which serves as the state’s only Level 1 trauma center. Oklahoma Children’s Hospital OU Health was named one of the Top 50 Children’s Hospital for Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Gastroenterology by U.S. News & World Report in its most recent rankings. OU Health’s oncology program at OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center was named Oklahoma’s top facility for cancer care by U.S. News & World Report in its 2020-21 rankings. OU Health also was ranked by U.S. News & World Report as high performing in these specialties: Colon Surgery, COPD and Congestive Heart Failure. OU Health’s mission is to lead healthcare in patient care, education and research. To learn more, visit ouhealth.com.


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My new quilt descended in the family of Samuel Willard Bridgham, according to the antique picker who found it in New England and sold it to Maryland dealer Stella Rubin.
S.W. Bridgham (1813-1870)
There are several generations of Samuel Willard Bridghams,
but I am guessing it is this man with the pleasant air
who had something to do with the quilt.
A retired banker, he must have been aware of the initial call from Henry Raymond of the New York Times who called for a city soldiers's aid society to meet in his home a few days after Fort Sumter. Within a week the group multiplied as Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell and Louisa Lee Schuyler booked the Grand Hall of the Cooper Union School to organize the Women's Central Association of Relief for the Sick and Wounded of the Army.
Reports said 4,000 women showed up in the Grand Hall on
April 26, 1861. The engraving is from Harper's Weekly.
Is the room that big?
Anyway, a lot of interested people showed up.
Samuel Bridgham became Secretary of the WCRA and head of the Supplies Subcommittee.
Founders of the national Sanitary Commission, a Brady Studios Photo.
Dr. William Van Buren, George T. Strong, Henry Whitney Bellows,
Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew, and Dr. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs
Forceful and authoritative management
Local branches sprang up all over the Union with names like the Northwestern Branch of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago or the Ladies' Soldiers Aid Society of Columbus.
Office of the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio, Cleveland
with crates and barrels of supplies going to Leavenworth,
Kansas, Louisville and Tennessee.
Photo from Case Western Reserve Collection
The Women's Central Relief Association had a territorial problem with being absorbed by the larger Sanitary Commission (described as a more “forceful and authoritative" group) and they retained their initial name, acting as an arm of the national agency as lettered on their office window.
Crates on the sidewalk
Peter Cooper and his family must have been interested in the aid work as the WCRA set up shop in first floor offices of his school building. Rent may have been cheap or free at 7 & 11 Cooper Union.
The offices were behind the arched windows on the street, probably on the west side of the building.
My NYC geography is too rusty to say anything about location with any assurance other than it's in Greenwich Village.
Maybe the east side view on 3rd Avenue.
Women working in the office behind the window above.
The woman in the center is Ellen Collins, second to
Bridgham on the supplies committee.
Agents in the field
The major jobs of the Sanitary Commission were to motivate civilians to donate supplies like clothing, bedding, food, wine, etc., to collect those supplies, to ship them to field hospitals and long-term care facilities for soldiers, then to distribute them in the field. As head of the WCRA's Subcommittee on Receiving and Forwarding Supplies Samuel Bridgham must have collected and crated up many quilts made by soldiers' aid groups throughout the state.
In just two weeks in August, 1861 (after the Union's Bull Run loss)
Bridgham collected hundreds and hundreds of items, including 2 bed quilts,
all documented with thanks in the local newspapers.
Do note however, one "Box unknown, from whence"
with 6 shirts, 4 drawers, 11 wrappers, etc.
I noted yesterday the women students in the Engraving Department of the Cooper Institute made quilts in a soldiers' aid society managed by instructor Gulielma Field.
My guess on this particular quilt is that it was finished late in the war and sent downstairs to the WCRA offices. The Commission disbanded in the spring of 1866 and I have seen indications that the remaining supplies and equipment were sold for funds to buy U.S. Bonds. The bonds' interest paid for soldiers' post war relief.
Perhaps Samuel Bridgham bought this quilt after the war. Or it may have been a gift from the students in the Engraving Department. In any case, it went home to Providence eventually, where it looks to have been treated with a good deal of respect over the past 150 years, a souvenir of his war work.
The back is a small star print in chrome orange and madder.
I am quite pleased with my purchase.

domain: history


UPDATE: Rep. Liz Cheney (R-WY) said that former President Donald Trump tried to reach out to a January 6th Committee witness, who has not yet been heard from at the hearings, and that the incident has been reported to the Justice Department.
“We will take any effort to influence witness testimony very seriously,” Cheney said toward the end of Tuesday’s hearing.
Cheney said that the witness “declined to answer” Trump’s call, but instead referred the matter to their attorney, who then contacted the committee.
“This committee has supplied that information to the Department of Justice,” Cheney said.
She said that Trump made the call after the last committee hearing, in which Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to chief of staff Mark Meadows, testified.
At the committee’s last hearing, Cheney also warned of efforts to intimidate or influence committee witnesses.
BREAKING: Former Pres. Trump tried to call a witness in Jan. 6 committee investigation, Liz Cheney says.
"That person declined to answer or respond to Pres. Trump's call, and instead alerted their lawyer…This committee has supplied that information to the Dept. of Justice." pic.twitter.com/UjRIy4Gm3o
— ABC News (@ABC) July 12, 2022
PREVIOUSLY: The January 6th Committee once again delivered a riveting and disturbing narrative of the lead up to January 6th and the aftermath, in a nearly three-hour hearing that included vivid testimony about Donald Trump’s culpability for instigating the siege on the Capitol.
The hearing’s two witnesses, Jason Van Tatenhove, former spokesman for OathKeepers, and Stephen Ayres, who plead guilty to entering the Capitol on January 6th, bolstered the argument that Trump’s rhetoric mobilized extremist groups and faithful supporters to come to Washington on that date.
“We basically we just following what he said,” Ayres told the committee.
That included following Trump’s every tweet. Ayers told the committee that, had Trump called off his supporters from the Capitol earlier in the afternoon, “we wouldn’t be in as bad of a situation.” Instead, Trump waited until 4 PM, after the Capitol had been sacked, to call the crowd to disperse.
Ayres also said that he had not planned to go to the Capitol that day and instead just attend Trump’s speech at the Ellipse. But Ayres said that he went when Trump, in his Ellipse speech, called on his supporters to march there. Trump said that he would be there with them, but he did not go.
“The president got everybody riled up,” Ayres said.
Ayres said that he believed Trump’s election claims, but doesn’t “so much anymore.” Ayres plead guilty to a disorderly conduct charge and is due to be sentenced this fall. He described himself as captivated by social media, with pro-Donald Trump posts ultimately luring him to travel to Washington. He told the committee had he known that Trump had no evidence to back up his election claims, he may not have come to D.C.
“I consider myself a family man. I love my country,” Ayres said. “I don’t think any one man is bigger than any one of those.”
Van Tatenhove testified that the Oath Keepers was mainly a way for its founder, Stewart Rhodes, to create a paramilitary organization, warning that the attack on the Capitol “could have been spark that started a civil war.”
He warned that the threat isn’t over, either, telling the committee that if Trump is elected in 2024, “all bets are off at that point.”
The committee presented evidence that Oath Keepers and Proud Boys members were in contact with Roger Stone, who has been an informal adviser to Trump, and Michael Flynn, who served briefly as national security adviser. They each spoke at a rally near the White House on the evening of January 5. According to testimony from the committee, Trump was in the Oval Office at the time and had one of the doors opened so he could hear the noise from it.
The hearing also had a number of other revelations.
On the night of January 6th, Brad Parscale, who was Trump’s campaign manager in 2020 and adviser in 2016, sent texts to Katrina Pierson, who was involved in planning the rally at the Ellipse.
“This is about Trump pushing uncertainty in our country. A sitting president asking for civil war,” Parscale wrote. “This week I feel guilty for helping him win.”
Pierson responded, “You did what you felt right at the time and therefore it was right.”
“Yeah, but a woman is dead,” Parscale wrote back.
“You do realize this was going to happen,” Pierson wrote.
“Yeah if I was Trump and knew my rhetoric killed someone.”
“It wasn’t the rhetoric,” Pierson wrote.
“Katrina,” Parscale responded, “Yes it was.”
Pence pressure: Trump’s speech on January 6th originally did not include references to Vice President Mike Pence, whom he was pressuring to reject the electoral vote count. When Pence told Trump that he would not try to block the count because he did not have the authority to do so. Trump called him a “wimp” and other insults, and then his speechwriters were ordered to put references to Pence back in the speech. The speech was to include just one reference to Pence; Trump ended up calling out his vice president six times at the rally. At the Capitol, supporters were heard chanting “Hang Mike Pence!”
Planned march: Despite claims that Trump’s call for his supporters to march to the Capitol was spontaneous, the committee presented more evidence that it was, in fact, planned in advance. The committee showed a draft tweet in which Trump called for supporters to show up at the Ellipse for his speech and then there would be “march to the Capitol after. Stop the steal!!” The draft tweet, obtained from the National Archives, was marked with the words, “President has seen.” The committee is trying to establish that the attack on the Capitol was not some kind of spontaneous event, but pre-planned and fueled by Trump’s false claims that the election was stolen from him.
PREVIOUSLY: Steve Bannon spoke to Donald Trump twice by phone on January 5, the day before the attack on the Capitol, according to the January 6th Committee.
After the first, 11-minute conversation, Bannon said on his podcast, “All hell is going to break loose tomorrow.” They later spoke in the evening, according to the committee, for six minutes.
Bannon, former chief strategist to Trump, is facing contempt charges for rejecting the committee’s subpoena, but has recently agreed to appear before the committee.
PREVIOUSLY: A Twitter employee, whose face and voice was obscured, said that Donald Trump’s early morning Dec. 19 tweet, calling for a rally in Washington, D.C. on January 6, 2021, produced threatening responses that “felt as if a mob was being organized.”
“They were gathering together their weaponry and their logic and their reasoning,” the anonymous employee said, who was “shocked” over the responses to the then-president’s tweet. Trump tweeted for supporters to show up. “Be there, will be wild!” he wrote.
After the tweet was sent, Alex Jones, the far right conspiracy theorist, called for Trump supporters to show up on January 6th. Other supporters posted messages on far-right and racist message boards, advocating violence against police guarding the Capitol. Jody Williams, operator of the far right site Thedonald.win, said in his video testimony that other plans fell by the wayside and “anything else was going to be shut out and it was just on the 6th.”
The Twitter employee said that after Trump said, at his Sept. 29 debate with Joe Biden, that the Proud Boys should “stand back and stand by,” there was concern at the company because it was the first time Trump was “speaking directly to extremist organizations.” But no action was taken to change policy, as Twitter “relished in the knowledge that they were also the favorite and most used service” by Trump.
Trump wrote the tweet after a stormy, six-hour meeting in which Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Michael Flynn and Patrick Byrne, the former CEO of Overstock, clashed with members of the White House staff, including White House Counsel Pat Cipollone. It was unclear how the group, which some White House staffers referred to as “the crazies,” gained access to the White House and, for a period, met with Trump in private.
Cipollone got wind of the meeting and, when he entered the Oval Office, was “not happy” to see Powell and Flynn there. He said that he didn’t even know who Byrne was. “I told him, who are you?” Cipollone said.
In the meeting, they pressed their false election fraud claims, even as Cipollone and other White House officials challenged them to come up with evidence. They could not, and Eric Hershmann, a White House lawyer, said that they never could produce it. “It got to the point where the screaming was completely, completely out there,” Hershmann said in his video testimony. Rep. Jamie Raskin (D-MD), a member of the committee, said that the confrontations got so heated that there were challenges to come to physical blows.
Giuliani said that he told the White House advisers that they were “not tough” and “pussies,” while Trump complained that his White House staff was bereft of ideas to challenge the results. On Dec. 14, states certified their results, affirming that Joe Biden had won the election, while Trump’s legal team and other allies had lost dozens of legal challenges.
Powell had advanced the idea of Trump issuing an executive order, drawn up at the Trump International Hotel, to seize voting machines and appoint her a special counsel, one with a security clearance, but that was rejected by Cipollone and other White House officials.
“I was vehemently opposed,” Cipollone said in his testimony from last week. “I don’t think she should have been appointed to anything.”
He said the proposal for the federal government to seize voting machines was a “terrible idea for the country.” But Trump berated them
At the time, Cassidy Hutchinson, the aide to then-Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, called the meeting “unhinged.”
PREVIOUSLY: Rep. Liz Cheney (R-WY), the vice chair of the January 6th Committee, said that the hearing has had an impact in that, among Donald Trump’s defenders, “there appears to be a recognition that the committee has established key facts.”
The argument from team Trump, she said, has shifted to claims that Trump was ill served by advisers in the lead up to January 6th, including figures like attorneys Rudy Giuliani and Sidney Powell, and that the then-president “couldn’t tell right from wrong.”
But given that he was told repeatedly that his claims of election fraud were bogus, Cheney said, Trump cannot escape responsibility.
PREVIOUSLY: Two weeks after a surprise witness delivered devastating testimony about then-President Donald Trump’s conduct during the Capitol attack, the January 6th Committee returned with a hearing focused on the role of extremist groups in planning the siege.
But Tuesday’s hearing, once again carried across broadcast and cable networks, also is expected to shed some light on the closed-door testimony last week of Pat Cipollone, the White House counsel, with reports that he did not dispute what has been heard in past hearings. In an interview with NBC News, committee member Jamie Raskin, a Democrat from Maryland, said that he did not hear Cipollone contradict what Cassidy Hutchinson testified to earlier this month.
Hutchinson, former aide to Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, testified that Trump and Meadows had been warned about the possibility of violence on that day. She also testified that Trump was more concerned with his crowd size at the Ellipse rally on January 6, rather than concerns over his own security given that some of the demonstrators had weapons. “They’re not hear to hurt me,” Trump said, according to her account. She also said that Cipollone warned that they would be charged with “every crime imaginable” if Trump was allowed to travel to the Capitol after his rally.
The hearing on Tuesday is expected to include clips of Cipollone’s testimony from Tuesday.
A focus of the committee also was expected to be on ties that far right groups like Oath Keepers and Proud Boys had to Trump allies.
The hearings themselves have had a noticeable uptick in the number of reporters in the room as well as visitors watching in person. A couple dozen stood off to the side of the Canon Caucus Room. The interest is a contrast to the hearings that preceded Trump’s first impeachment, with gallery seats unfilled as the sessions went on.
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As a sewing enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the treadle sewing machine. These machines, which were once the primary sewing machine in many households, have a unique mechanism that allows them to operate without electricity. However, understanding the parts and functions of a treadle sewing machine can be overwhelming for beginners. In this article, I will break down the main components of a treadle sewing machine and their functions, so you can use your machine with confidence.
The treadle sewing machine is a vintage sewing machine that is still popular among sewing enthusiasts. It is operated by a foot pedal, which drives a belt that turns the machine’s flywheel. This, in turn, powers the needle and the bobbin, creating a stitch. The treadle sewing machine is a great option for those who want to sew without electricity, and it is also a beautiful piece of history that can be passed down from generation to generation.
- Treadle sewing machines are vintage machines that are still popular among sewing enthusiasts.
- The machines are operated by a foot pedal and a belt that turns the flywheel, powering the needle and the bobbin.
- Understanding the parts and functions of a treadle sewing machine is essential for using it with confidence.
Understanding the Treadle Sewing Machine
As someone who loves sewing, I find that understanding the parts and functions of a treadle sewing machine is essential. A treadle sewing machine is a mechanical machine that is operated by pushing back and forth a foot pedal manually. It is a reminder of America’s industrial knowledge and might and is still used by many people today.
The mechanism of a treadle sewing machine is quite simple. When you push the foot pedal, it rotates a flywheel, which in turn moves the main shaft. The main shaft then drives the needle and the shuttle, which forms the stitch. The design of the treadle machine is such that it is powered by your own foot, making it a great way to get some exercise while sewing.
One of the most important parts of a treadle sewing machine is the treadle itself. This is the pedal that you push back and forth with your foot to power the machine. The treadle is connected to a series of pulleys and belts that drive the machine’s mechanism.
Another crucial part of the treadle sewing machine is the shuttle. The shuttle is the part of the machine that holds the bobbin and thread and moves back and forth to create the stitch. The shuttle moves in a figure-eight pattern, which is why it is sometimes called a “boat shuttle.”
Isaac Singer was one of the pioneers of the treadle sewing machine. He designed a machine that was easy to use and maintain, making it accessible to people of all skill levels. Today, treadle sewing machines are found at antique shops, in auction houses, at garage sales, and even in junk stores. They are a testament to the ingenuity of the human mind and a reminder of a time when things were built to last.
In conclusion, understanding the parts and functions of a treadle sewing machine is essential for anyone who loves sewing. From the treadle to the shuttle, each part of the machine plays a crucial role in creating beautiful stitches. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced sewer, a treadle sewing machine is a great way to connect with the past and create something beautiful.
Main Parts of a Treadle Sewing Machine
As a sewing enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the intricate workings of a treadle sewing machine. Understanding the different parts and their functions is crucial to using the machine effectively. In this section, I will discuss the main parts of a treadle sewing machine, divided into two sub-sections: upper parts and lower parts.
The upper parts of a treadle sewing machine include the head, arm, and bed. The head houses the hand wheel, needle, needle clamp, and needle bar. The hand wheel is used to manually move the needle up and down. The needle clamp holds the needle in place, and the needle bar moves the needle up and down through the fabric.
The arm of the machine holds the thread guide, thread cutter, and bobbin winder thread guide. The thread guide helps to guide the thread through the machine, while the thread cutter is used to cut the thread after sewing. The bobbin winder thread guide helps to guide the thread onto the bobbin when winding.
The bed of the machine is where the fabric is placed for sewing. It also houses the thread take-up lever, tension disc, spool pin, and tension discs. The thread take-up lever moves the thread up and down, while the tension discs control the tension of the thread. The spool pin holds the spool of thread, and the tension discs keep the thread taut.
The lower parts of a treadle sewing machine include the belt guide, band wheel, legs, belt shifter, treadle motion, belts, and foot pedal. The belt guide helps to guide the belt around the band wheel, which is responsible for powering the machine. The legs provide support for the machine, while the belt shifter is used to engage or disengage the belt.
The treadle motion is what powers the machine, and it is controlled by the foot pedal. The belts connect the treadle to the band wheel, and the bobbin winder stopper is used to stop the machine from moving while winding the bobbin.
Other important parts of a treadle sewing machine include the feed dog, feed dogs, bobbin, bobbin case, bobbin cover, stitch regulator, stitch width dial, stitch length dial, reverse stitch lever, and power switch. The feed dog is responsible for moving the fabric through the machine, while the bobbin and bobbin case hold the thread for the bottom stitch. The stitch regulator, stitch width dial, and stitch length dial control the type and size of the stitch, and the reverse stitch lever is used to sew in reverse. The power switch turns the machine on and off.
In summary, understanding the main parts of a treadle sewing machine is crucial to using it effectively. From the upper parts, such as the head, arm, and bed, to the lower parts, such as the belt guide, band wheel, and foot pedal, each part plays an important role in the machine’s overall function.
Features and Functions
As a proud owner of a treadle sewing machine, I have come to appreciate the many features and functions that make it such a joy to use. Here are some of the key features and functions that you can expect to find on most treadle sewing machines:
One of the most important features of any sewing machine is the ability to adjust the stitch length. On a treadle sewing machine, this is typically done by adjusting the position of the stitch regulator. By moving the regulator closer to the needle, you can create shorter stitches, while moving it further away will result in longer stitches. This feature is essential for creating different types of stitches, such as the straight stitch or the zigzag stitch.
The presser foot is another essential component of a treadle sewing machine. This part of the machine helps to hold the fabric in place while you sew, ensuring that your stitches are even and consistent. The pressure of the foot can be adjusted depending on the thickness of the fabric you are working with, allowing you to sew through multiple layers of material with ease.
The straight stitch is the most basic stitch that can be created on a treadle sewing machine. This stitch is created by moving the fabric back and forth under the needle, creating a series of straight lines. It is the perfect stitch for creating seams and hems, and can be used on a wide variety of fabrics.
A reverse lever is a small lever located on the side of the machine that allows you to sew in reverse. This feature is particularly useful when you need to reinforce a seam or create a secure starting or stopping point.
Pressure Foot Lever
Sewing vs Embroidery: Which is the Best for Your Project? »
The pressure foot lever is used to control the pressure applied by the presser foot. By adjusting the pressure, you can ensure that your stitches are even and consistent, regardless of the thickness of the fabric you are working with.
Overall, the features and functions of a treadle sewing machine are designed to make sewing a joy. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced seamstress, a treadle sewing machine is a reliable and versatile tool that can help you create beautiful, high-quality garments and accessories.
Maintenance and Care
As a proud owner of a treadle sewing machine, I know that taking care of it is crucial to ensure its longevity and smooth operation. Here are some tips on how to maintain and care for your treadle sewing machine:
Oil Your Machine Regularly
One of the most important things you can do to keep your treadle sewing machine running smoothly is to oil it regularly. I recommend using a high-quality sewing machine oil and applying it to all moving parts of the machine. Be sure to wipe off any excess oil to prevent it from getting on your fabric.
Keep It Quiet
If your treadle sewing machine is making a lot of noise, it may be a sign that it needs some attention. Check to make sure that all screws and bolts are tightened and that there are no loose or worn parts. If the noise persists, you may need to take your machine to a professional for further inspection.
Maintain Treadle Motion
The treadle motion is what drives the sewing machine, so it’s important to keep it in good condition. Make sure that the treadle mechanism is moving freely and that there is no resistance or tightness. If you notice any issues, try cleaning the mechanism or adjusting the tension.
Keep a Steady Rhythm
The rhythm of your treadle sewing machine is important for creating even stitches. If you find that your machine is skipping stitches or creating uneven stitches, it may be a sign that your rhythm is off. Try practicing your footwork and adjusting the speed of your treadling until you find a steady rhythm.
Check the Tightness
It’s important to check the tightness of your treadle sewing machine regularly. Make sure that all screws and bolts are tightened and that there is no play in the mechanism. If you notice any looseness or play, try tightening the screws or adjusting the tension.
Use the Brake
Most treadle sewing machines come with a brake that can be used to stop the machine quickly. It’s important to use the brake when necessary to prevent damage to the machine or injury to yourself. Make sure that the brake is working properly and that you know how to use it before you start sewing.
By following these tips, you can keep your treadle sewing machine in great condition and enjoy many years of happy sewing.
Treadle Sewing Machines in Today’s Age
As a modern sewist, I often find myself drawn to the vintage charm of treadle sewing machines. These machines, which were once a staple in homes across the country, have now become a sought-after item for those looking to add a touch of history to their sewing space.
While it may seem like these machines are a thing of the past, they are still readily available if you know where to look. One great place to start your search is at garage sales and antique shops. You never know what hidden treasures you might find! Another option is to check out online marketplaces like Etsy, where you can find a wide variety of vintage sewing machines.
Not only are treadle sewing machines a unique addition to your sewing space, but they also offer a sustainable option for those looking to reduce their environmental impact. By using a treadle machine, you are able to sew without relying on electricity, making it a great option for those looking to live a more eco-friendly lifestyle.
When it comes to using a treadle sewing machine, there are a few things to keep in mind. First, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the different parts and functions of the machine. This includes the foot pedal, which is used to power the machine, as well as the various knobs and levers that control the stitching.
Overall, treadle sewing machines are a great option for those looking to add a touch of vintage charm to their sewing space while also embracing a more sustainable lifestyle. So why not give it a try and see what you can create on one of these beautiful machines?
Using Treadle Sewing Machines for Different Materials
When it comes to sewing, different materials require different techniques and tools. The same goes for treadle sewing machines. Here are some tips on how to use a treadle sewing machine for different materials:
Leather is a tough material that requires a sturdy sewing machine. A treadle sewing machine is perfect for sewing leather because it has a strong motor and can handle the thickness of the material. When sewing leather, it is important to use a heavy-duty needle and to adjust the tension of the machine accordingly. It is also recommended to use a walking foot to prevent the leather from slipping.
Staples are another material that can be sewn using a treadle sewing machine. Staples are thin and delicate, so it is important to use a fine needle and adjust the tension of the machine accordingly. When sewing staples, it is also important to use a work surface that is smooth and flat to prevent the staples from getting caught.
Sewing in a groove can be challenging, but a treadle sewing machine can make it easier. When sewing in a groove, it is important to use a foot that is designed for the job. A groove foot has a small groove in the center that allows the needle to move smoothly through the material. It is also important to adjust the tension of the machine accordingly.
The work surface is an important part of using a treadle sewing machine. It should be smooth and flat to prevent the material from getting caught or wrinkled. It should also be sturdy enough to support the weight of the machine and the material being sewn. A good work surface can make all the difference when using a treadle sewing machine.
In conclusion, a treadle sewing machine can be used to sew a variety of materials, including leather, staples, and grooves. It is important to use the right tools and techniques for each material, and to have a smooth and sturdy work surface. With the right setup, a treadle sewing machine can be a versatile and reliable tool for any sewing project.
How to Find and Purchase a Treadle Sewing Machine
As a lover of all things vintage, I have found that searching for a treadle sewing machine can be a fun and exciting adventure. Here are some tips on where to find and purchase a treadle sewing machine.
Garage Sales and Antique Shops
One of the best places to find a treadle sewing machine is at garage sales or antique shops. These places often have hidden gems that are waiting to be discovered. When searching for a treadle sewing machine, be sure to keep an eye out for any signs of rust or damage. It is also a good idea to test the machine to ensure that it is in working condition.
Etsy is a great online marketplace where you can find a variety of vintage and antique items, including treadle sewing machines. When searching on Etsy, be sure to read the seller’s description carefully and look at all of the photos provided. It is also a good idea to check the seller’s reviews to ensure that they have a good reputation.
Join Lists and News Groups
Joining lists and news groups is a great way to connect with other vintage enthusiasts who may have a treadle sewing machine for sale. These groups often have members who are knowledgeable about treadle sewing machines and can provide helpful advice and information.
When purchasing a treadle sewing machine, be sure to ask the seller about the machine’s history and any maintenance that has been done. It is also a good idea to research the brand and model of the machine to ensure that it is a quality machine that will meet your needs.
In conclusion, finding and purchasing a treadle sewing machine can be a fun and rewarding experience. By keeping these tips in mind, you can find a quality machine that will provide you with years of sewing pleasure.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the different parts of a treadle sewing machine?
A treadle sewing machine consists of several parts, including the treadle, the belt, the flywheel, the needle, the shuttle, the bobbin, and the feed dogs. Each of these parts plays a crucial role in the functioning of the machine.
How do the different parts of a treadle sewing machine work together?
The treadle is used to power the machine, while the belt connects the treadle to the flywheel, which turns the needle. The needle then passes through the fabric, and the shuttle and bobbin work together to create the stitch. The feed dogs help to move the fabric along, ensuring a smooth and even stitch.
What are some common issues with treadle sewing machines and how can they be fixed?
Some common issues with treadle sewing machines include broken or slipping belts, dull needles, and tension problems. These issues can often be fixed by replacing the broken or worn-out parts, cleaning and oiling the machine, and adjusting the tension as needed.
What are some tips for maintaining a treadle sewing machine?
To keep your treadle sewing machine in good working order, it is important to clean and oil it regularly, use high-quality replacement parts when needed, and store it in a dry and dust-free environment. It is also important to use the correct needle and thread for the type of fabric you are working with.
How can I identify the model of my old treadle sewing machine?
To identify the model of your old treadle sewing machine, you can look for identifying marks or serial numbers on the machine itself, or consult a reference book or online resource for vintage sewing machines. You can also reach out to a local antique dealer or sewing machine repair specialist for assistance.
What are some resources for finding replacement parts for an old treadle sewing machine?
There are several resources available for finding replacement parts for an old treadle sewing machine, including online retailers, vintage sewing machine dealers, and sewing machine repair specialists. It is important to ensure that any replacement parts you purchase are compatible with your specific make and model of treadle sewing machine.


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International Jazz Festival
International Jazz Festival (view technical specs)
The Gibraltar International Jazz Festival is the first to be organised on the Rock and has been produced by Gibraltar’s Ministry of Culture in conjunction with the Gibraltar Jazz Society. The Jazz Festival is held at the centrally located Casemates Square, Gibraltar on the 28th, 29th and 30th June 2012. The headline performer
is Avishai Cohen ‘Seven Seas’, bassist, vocalist and recording artist of international acclaim. Cohen’s signature sound is a blend of Middle-Eastern, eastern European and African-American musical idioms. The New York Times describes his 2006 album Continuo as conjoining “heavy Middle Eastern groove with a delicate, almost New Age lyricism”(text by wikipedia.org).
Other major artists at the Gibraltar International Jazz Festival include saxophonist Dan Moretti, recording artist and Professor at Berklee College of Music in Boston, USA; the University of London Big Band; Elie Massias; Kirsty Almeida and her band, the Juan Gallardo Quintet; Arturo Serra and Gibraltar-based George Posso trio plus guests. Street music will be performed by the New Orleans Jump Band.
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1957 Alfa Romeo 1900C SS Coupe by Touring
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RM Sotheby's - Amelia Island
12th Mar 2016
1957 Alfa Romeo 1900C SS Coupe by Touring
AR 1900C 10596
115 bhp, 1,975 cc DOHC inline four-cylinder engine with Weber carburetors, five-speed floor-shift manual transmission, independent front suspension with double A-arms, coil springs, and hydraulic shock absorbers, live-axle rear suspension with trailing links, coil springs, and hydraulic shock absorbers, and four-wheel drum brakes. Wheelbase: 95 in. The 1900 was Alfa Romeo’s first all-new post-war model and featured a number of highly innovative features, including a unitary chassis and a twin-cam inline four-cylinder engine with hemispherical combustion chambers and aluminum-alloy cylinder head. Most examples were built as sedans, but a handful of special-bodied Sprint and Super Sprint coupes were built featuring stylish bodies by Bertone, Castagna, Touring, Vignale, and Zagato. The five-window coupe by Touring was among the most attractive of these, of which 949 examples were built between 1951 and 1954, using this coachbuilder’s famous Superleggera construction. Most were fitted to Super specification chassis, but a handful were fitted to cars of the most desirable Super Sprint specification, with twin downdraft Solex carburetors and a five-speed gearbox. The Touring-bodied 1900C SS offered here is confirmed by Alfa Romeo’s Automobilismo Storico Centro Documentazione as being a matching-numbers car, completed on July 27, 1957, and sold new on December 18th to Hoffman Motor Car Company of New York. As a late-production example, one of 854 examples built, it features the desirable SS equipment including Borrani wire wheels, five-speed floor-shifted manual transmission, and twin carburetors. It was originally finished in red. In more recent years, the car has seen a comprehensive restoration in 2013, which included paint, chrome, engine, transmission, clutch, brakes, and engine ancillaries such as the starter and generator. Various consumables, such as brake hydraulic components, brake shoes, hoses, and belts, were also replaced. Included is a binder of invoices showing the attentive care the car received during its restoration. Today, the Alfa presents beautifully and also runs and drives equally well. The interior was equally well done, with high quality upholstery and carpet. The carpet is nearly unmarked, and the leather has the slightest mellowing, which is extremely attractive. The dashboard is excellent, including the instruments, which have been nicely restored. The bright trim throughout the interior is very nice, including the polished kick panels and door jambs. The car is fitted with the desirable Nardi steering wheel and vintage Autovox radio. The engine compartment was beautifully restored and has a highly polished valve cover and refinished intake plenum. The engine itself, along with the intake system, ancillaries, and inner fenders, are all excellent as well; the engine block is matching to the car. The trunk was also restored with a new rubber mat and restored spare with new matching tire. This is an excellent opportunity to acquire an event-eligible coachbuilt Alfa Romeo—in particular, a beautifully restored late-production model—and is a genuine CSS with desirable equipment.
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Tupac was the first U.S. artist to have an album reach Billboard #1 while still in prison. It was his third studio album, titled “Me Against the World”.


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On-location filming in greater Los Angeles achieved its second-best year on record in 2017, according to a FilmL.A. report released Jan. 23.
According to FilmL.A, the official film office for the city, Los Angeles County and 23 other jurisdictions, 2017’s on-location filming decreased 3.4 percent from 2016. The data also said that L.A. area sound stage occupancy remains above 92 percent.
The numbers paint a rosier picture for television and commercial location shooting than for feature film shooting
Commercial production increased 9 percent last year to 5,548 shoot days over 2016, the highest FilmL.A. has observed. While TV location production dropped 7.6 percent to 15,218 shoot days over 2016, the category finished last year 2.1 percent above its five-year rolling average.
Meanwhile, on-location feature film production plummeted 19.8 percent in 2017 to 3,901 shoot days over 2016. Analysts note in the report that while the total number of shoot days is down, the economic value of feature film projects may be increasing over time.
“Our ability to achieve and sustain a high level of production over the past few years is substantially due to the California Film and Television Tax Credit, which is creating thousands of jobs and returning high economic benefits to California,” FilmL.A. President Paul Audley said in a statement.
Media and entertainment reporter Diane Haithman can be reached at email@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @dhaithman.
For reprint and licensing requests for this article, CLICK HERE.
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domain: geography


text:
One of the officials held is believed to be the Indian Olympics Association secretary general Rajeev Mehta who is part of the Indian contingent at the Commonwealth Games. The incidents are understood to be separate and unrelated.
A spokeswoman for Police Scotland said: "On Saturday 2nd August a 49-year-old man was arrested on suspicion of assault in Glasgow city centre and a 45-year-old man was held for alleged assault in west Glasgow.
"Both men are expected to appear at Glasgow Sheriff's Court on Monday."
The Commonwealth Games closing ceremony takes place on Sunday night at Glasgow's Hampden Park.
Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond has praised the people of Glasgow, spectators and the athletes for helping to deliver what he said were the "best and friendliest Commonwealth Games ever".


The CRP said it is continuing to review use of the refrigerant. "The CRP continues to populate the fault trees to insure completeness of the risk assessment through pragmatic and factual input based on the latest and most accurate data available," the CRP said. "Fault tree analysis as conducted by the CRP is the most appropriate approach for evaluating risks of new alternative refrigerants. This approach has been recommended and employed by numerous public and private organizations including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Energy, the International Electrotechnical Commission, the European Union Joint Research Centre and the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive."
The latest CRP included European, North American, and Asian automakers, including Chrysler/Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar Land Rover, Mazda, PSA, Renault and Toyota.
HFO-1234yf is being adopted by automakers in part to meet the European Union's MAC Directive, which aims to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of air-conditioning systems in passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. The directive requires that refrigerants in all new type vehicles sold in Europe after Jan. 1, 2013, have a global-warming potential (GWP) below 150 and that all cars sold after 2017 meet the lower GWP requirement.
SAE International, formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers, is an independent, global association of more than 133,000 engineers and related technical experts in the aerospace, automotive and commercial-vehicle industries.
Under rare conditions, HFO-1234yf exhibits mild flammability, at levels significantly lower than highly flammable materials already present under the hood of an automobile, including motor oil, automotive transmission fluid, radiator antifreeze, brake fluid, and compressor lubricant – not to mention fuel. For a video on this topic, which includes a comparison of HFO-1234yf vs. HFC-134a and other materials, visit www.1234facts.com/resources or www.1234fakten.de/ressourcen.
SAE International is a global association committed to being the ultimate knowledge source for the engineering profession. By uniting over 138,000 engineers and technical experts, we drive knowledge...
Honeywell Products specializes in the design, manufacture and sale of personal protective equipment.
Technical experts from numerous car manufacturers evaluate HFO-1234yf.
Honeywell claims most OEMs do not believe new information will lead to change in risk assessment.


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We tried Lady Gaga's "Applause" makeup.
Photo: Splash News/MTV
It was only a matter of time until we did this, right? Lady Gaga's "Applause" single art—which spotlights just her face in colorful, smeared face paint—was released in late July, but it's taken us until NOW to try it on ourselves.
Part of that is because she hadn't started wearing it IRL until earlier this week to promote her new single (which she's performing at the 2013 VMAs, BTW). The other part is that this beauty look is very heavy on the "ART" aspect of ARTPOP. It's rare that we stray from the daily makeup mainstays of black liner, a little mascara, and some kind of lip situation (I know, bare bones), so we knew we had to enlist in the help of professionals (a.k.a. the nice folks at the Sephora across the street from our offices) for this one.
artist magician Ashlee Sadler hooked us up, and (along with a Vine and a ton of mental snapshots of hilarious reactions) we took down meticulous notes on what she did. Just in case you want to recreate the look yourself.


In the construction sector, facing setbacks and delays can lead to significant financial repercussions and considerable extensions in project timelines.
Setbacks resulting from inadequate communication and overbooking are consequences of human error and are entirely preventable.
However, there are delays that arise from factors beyond the contractor’s control, with adverse weather conditions being a prominent example.
Reducing impact of weather on construction
Each season brings distinct weather patterns, such as spring’s rainfall, summer’s dry heat, fall’s cooler temperatures, and winter’s snow and ice.
These conditions pose threats to materials and machinery, create potential safety risks for workers, and disrupt the timely completion of projects.
While weather is uncontrollable and occasionally unpredictable, its negative impacts and disruptions can be effectively managed. Here are several recommendations to mitigate the effects of adverse weather on construction projects:
Keep abreast of current weather patterns and reports. Despite the occasional inaccuracies in weather forecasts, it is crucial to remain vigilant on the job site, watching for ominous clouds and responding promptly to any suspicious signs.
Preventing Weather Delays:
Proactive measures can mitigate weather-related disruptions in construction projects. Monitoring weather reports, scheduling critical activities on clear days, storing materials strategically, and initiating trenching activities during dry periods are effective strategies. Installing windows and exterior facades early in the construction process safeguards interior work from potential damage.
Assessing Weather Events:
Not all weather events warrant time extensions for construction delays. Construction contracts play a pivotal role in outlining recourse for weather-related delays. Criteria such as the event’s occurrence within the original timeline, its impact on the critical path, adherence to contract terms, and proper documentation are crucial in validating a weather delay.
Planning and Preparedness
Develop comprehensive plans for potential severe weather events. Communicate these plans clearly to all team members, ensuring they are well-prepared and knowledgeable about emergency procedures.
Weather delays rank among the top external causes of schedule disruptions in construction projects. Cold temperatures and early snowstorms during the earthwork phase, for instance, hinder concrete pours due to minimum curing temperatures. This delay subsequently affects activities like placing support columns or concrete footings, thus impacting the entire project timeline.
“Topping-out ceremonies,” marking the completion of vertical construction, initiate a rush to install the roof and make the building weathertight. Until this stage is achieved, interior construction is limited to prevent exposure to the elements, emphasizing the interdependence of weather and construction progress.
Reporting Unsafe Conditions
Establish a system that facilitates anonymous reporting of unsafe working conditions by employees. This system enables supervisors to respond promptly and implement necessary solutions.
Rainy weather with driving winds leading to water infiltration inside a building can have cascading effects. Prolonged delays due to water-related damage, such as mold growth, impact subsequent activities like flooring, cabinetry, and painting. Such delays not only affect project completion but also impact the contractor’s profit if weather delays were not accounted for in contract negotiations.
Prioritize Weather-Independent Tasks
Identify tasks that can be performed away from the elements or indoors. Schedule the completion of these tasks on days when adverse weather is anticipated.
Site Protection Measures
Move equipment indoors during inclement weather to prevent damage. Secure and cover materials and equipment that cannot be relocated.
Heat-Related Illness Prevention
In the summer, when temperatures can be extreme, ensure workers stay hydrated and use appropriate sun protection. Install water stations throughout the job site for easy worker access.
In rainy or wet conditions, ensure all electrical cords are shielded from exposure to prevent accidents.
Despite the challenges posed by unfavorable weather conditions, proper planning and training can minimize the impact of Mother Nature on project completion.
Construction companies in Portugal, like their counterparts globally, grapple with the impact of weather on project timelines and overall progress. The meticulous coordination of construction activities, adherence to pre-construction meetings, and the implementation of proactive measures to mitigate weather-related disruptions are paramount.
Whether dealing with the construction of high-rise apartments or other vertical structures, the need for constant weather monitoring and strategic planning remains crucial in the Portuguese construction landscape. By aligning with effective project management practices and considering the specific weather patterns in Portugal, construction companies can navigate challenges and optimize their processes for successful project completion.
Weather delays pose challenges in construction projects, impacting cost, schedule, and quality. Prudent communication about potential weather risks among stakeholders, workers, vendors, and suppliers can contribute to effective mitigation and alleviate the consequences of delay claims caused by weather events during construction.


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ERIC Number: EJ1020471
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2014-Jan
Abstractor: As Provided
Gender Differences in Predictors of School Wellbeing?
Løhre, Audhild; Moksnes, Unni K.; Lillefjell, Monica
Health Education Journal, v73 n1 p90-100 Jan 2014
Objective: Although welfare in childhood and adolescence is of great public concern, individual or other resources have not been extensively studied in relation to wellbeing in schools. In this longitudinal study, factors that may promote girls' or boys' school wellbeing as well as factors that may have an adverse effect were assessed. Methods: Altogether, 149 boys and 119 girls in public primary and secondary schools completed questionnaires twice, two years apart (T1 and T2). The impact of potentially promoting and potentially adverse factors at T1 were investigated in relation to school wellbeing at T2 using logistic regression. Results: No gender differences were revealed in self-rated school wellbeing whereas factors associated with school wellbeing showed substantial gender differences. Boys who experienced necessary academic help from teachers were 2-3 times more likely to report good school wellbeing compared to other boys. For girls, perceived loneliness at school demonstrated a strong and negative association with school wellbeing both in crude and multivariable analyses. Conclusions: There may be gender differences in predictors of students' school wellbeing that health-promoting strategies need to take into account. Academic support from teachers, an example of resources in close surroundings, appears to be of great importance for boys. Among girls, perceived loneliness may indicate reduced school wellbeing. Later research must aim at identifying resources that prevent loneliness in school or ease the burdens of lonely students.
Descriptors: Gender Differences, Well Being, Predictor Variables, Elementary School Students, Secondary School Students, Questionnaires, Regression (Statistics), Longitudinal Studies, Psychological Patterns, Teacher Student Relationship, Foreign Countries, Student Attitudes, Academic Achievement, Victims, Help Seeking, Educational Environment, Parent Child Relationship, Recess Breaks
SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; Web site: http://sagepub.com
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Secondary Education
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Location: Norway
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A

domain: sociology


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The day I saw her, I fall in love with her. It was love at first site. She mesmerized me completely. The dream of getting her launched me into a different world. I was bubbling with joy. I sat in my room concentrating as to how would I approach my dad and seek permission. I made few strategies. I prepared myself to answer all the possible questions that my dad could ask. The thought of rejection from dad, made me kind of low. But I was determined to try. I decided to start with my mom.
The strategy was to first get the easy 50% vote and then pitch for the difficult one. One afternoon, I and mom were having lunch together. My mom was in good mood and the situation looked perfect.
I started in a low voice, hesitantly. “Mom I want to tell you something important.”
Mom replied instantly, “Yes beta, I have been observing you from last 2-3 days. Your moves are unusual. Something is bothering you since couple of days. What is the matter? Is everything alright?”
I didn’t say anything. I was thinking how to begin. I took another bite of chapatti with aalo gobi sabji. I looked at mom she was staring at me. “Kya hua beta?”
“Mom listen. Listen to me completely and then give your comments. Don’t get hyper in between, please. Let me explain you everything first.”
“Go ahead” a firm voice beamed.
“I am in love with someone. She is beautiful. Lovely and I think I along with her will be a good companion…” I went on to describe her till I got a positive expression on my mom’s face. I told her that my love would take care of her as well as dad. I also told that I had already made necessary enquiries.
“Do you have a picture or something? Even I would like to have a look at her!” Mom asked. She seemed excited.
I opened my laptop and showed her photo.
“She is beautiful. I like her and I would like to meet her as well” mom said with a smile.
The state of my mind was beyond description. Half the battle was won. The first strategy worked.
“Mom, what about dad? Will he give his permission?” My cheerful face became tensed in a split second.
“You know your dad beta. You have to initiate the talks yourself. I will support you but the convincing part is up to you”. She continued after a pause, “And I also want to warn you that it cannot happen without your dad’s acceptance. I am with you but I can’t be against your dad. If he says no, I would try to convince him but final decision would be his!” Mom looked firm.
I just picked up my iPod, plugged it into my ears and vanished from there. My actions passed on the message to her that I would try and convince dad but I can’t sacrifice her if he expresses something else.
When you have to convince your parents, the timing has to be right. Their mood, work load, everything needs to be checked.
The perfect moment arrived soon. It was a Sunday morning. It was raining heavily. Dad was reading newspaper sitting in balcony overlooking the sea. Mom had made ‘Pakode, Samosa and chutney’ for breakfast. Dad loved every bite of it. He had a hearty meal, it seemed. He got engrossed in the newspaper again.
“Dad, I want to talk to you about something” I said to him confidently.
He had a look at me. He finished his article hurriedly in few seconds, folded the newspaper nicely and kept it on the centre table. While removing his spectacles he asked me to sit.
“How is your work going my son?” he asked.
“It is going good dad. I am doing a lot better now.” I replied.
“Tell me what is the matter. What is bothering my son? Tumhe pyar toh nahi ho gaya?”
All my planned strategies failed. Dads always put bouncers. They are always a step ahead.
“Uff!” I thought. I opened my laptop kept next to me. I showed him the photograph.
“It is her dad. I like her. She is beautiful. I interacted with her a number of times. I think that’s a good match if you think so.” I replied examining each and every facial expression and changing lines on his forehead.
“I would like to meet her first” dad replied in a firm voice closing the laptop flap and handing it back to me.
His lines gave me a big boost. The idea was sold to him!
The very next day, we all went to her place in the evening. We were greeted very well. They had made excellent arrangements. After initial talks and queries, my dad seemed happy. He scanned her biodata. Had a look at her. He looked at me and smiled. “Good choice!”
I hugged him and he congratulated me.
Today, I am happy with my companion Honda Civic for last two years!
fOoD fOr ThOuGhT: Everything in the article is art of fiction. Just wanted to highlight few beautiful relationships and make the readers smile.

domain: literature