ASUS K501LB Drivers Review - ASUS K501LB Drivers made of aluminium and plastic. Metal is closed and the sole surface, plastic frame around the screen and below. With this combination, the laptop is light enough (2 kg) and attractive. The lid is made of dark blue in colour, in the midst of the company logo in the mirror. The laptop is a matte surface and the tendency for fast fingerprint, which, however, only enough to be discarded.
Upgrade your laptop You might be talking about increasing the amount of RAM and replace your hard drive with a larger, if not removed, the SSD. Since we mentioned the weight of the device, it is time to change to size. Fortunately, they did not disappoint: 382h255h22 mm, which means the Asus K501LB can be taken on a business trip, to work; He will fit in the backpack and handbag without Special efforts.
Asus K501LB Display
15.6 inches the screen has a resolution of pixels and matte surface of the PCB. The last means that you can work on a laptop on the road, and is near the window in the room, but you don't want to abuse of direct sunlight, but it can significantly degrade image quality. Brightness and contrast-not to say "Wow," but if you are not using a laptop, say, to work with photos, it should be enough. Note the presence of a built-in ASUS splendid technology tools, as well as the Asus Eye Care, which reduces the harmful effects of blue is visible.
ASUS K501LB Keyboard and Touchpad
Island-type keyboard has a standard layout. It is full and the button is rectangular and white. The buttons themselves are black, and the keyboard is a bit on the surface. "Walk through" the function keys is called a user uses most often for work. So we have the straight [enter], under it, small [shift]. On the opposite side of [shift] is obviously larger, [caps Lock] and [tab]-He was under.
Under space, touchpad, a little to the left, which, however, has no effect on function. Manipulators have a smooth surface, which is convenient to drive with a finger. There is support for ASUS Smart motion technology, which means the support for a range of motion of the body, including the two fingers.
Asus K501LB Performance
ASUS K501LB for sale with DOS. The base is based on next-generation Intel Core i3-5010u Broadwell, now somewhat missed. Chip executed according the process 14-nm, has 3 MB level 3 cache, and power consumption maximum 15 watts. This is the CPU clock frequency of 2.1 GHz, and it didn't improve. But there is support for Hyper-threading technology.
Graphics play an equally important role than processors, especially in this case, when two video cards. Integrated Intel HD Graphics 5500 work with 850-950 MHz frequency, supporting OPENCL and DirectX 11.2 2.0. It can not have a good performance, but it is entirely appropriate for everyday tasks to be taken. As discrete booster video-nvidia GeForce 940m with 2 GB of DDR3 video memory itself,. Built on the architecture of Maxwell, produced according to the standards of the 28 NM process, it has 384 shader block. The video card is operating at a frequency of 1072-1176 MHz, supports DirectX 11, shader 5.0.
- Processor : Intel Core i3-5010U 2.1 GHz.
- Graphics adapter : NVIDIA GeForce 940M.
- Memory : 4096 MB .
- Display : 15.6 inch 16:9, 1920x1080 pixel, glossy: no.
- Weight : 2 kg ( = 70.55 oz / 4.41 pounds) ( = 0 oz / 0 pounds).
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Canine Sleep Disturbed by Snoring? Discover the Surprising Impact
Snoring, a prevalent occurrence among people, naturally raises the question of its impact on our beloved canine companions. With the power to elicit diverse responses, this nighttime noise may leave certain dogs unfazed, while others demonstrate heightened sensitivity and react accordingly.
The Sensitivity of Canine Hearing
When it comes to hearing, dogs possess an exceptional ability that surpasses that of humans. Their acute sense of hearing allows them to pick up sounds that are imperceptible to us. Dogs can detect high-frequency sounds and are attuned to even the slightest changes in their auditory environment. As a result, loud and intrusive noises, such as snoring, can potentially impact them more significantly than it does humans.
The Impact of Snoring on Dogs
While each dog is unique and may respond differently to various sounds, it is generally accepted that snoring can bother our canine companions. The loudness and consistency of snoring can disrupt their sleep, affect their sense of calmness, and potentially lead to stress or anxiety. Here are a few ways in which snoring can impact dogs:
- Disturbed Sleep: Just like humans, dogs need quality sleep to rest and rejuvenate. Snoring can interrupt their sleep patterns, causing them to wake up frequently throughout the night. This disruption can result in fatigue, irritability, and an overall decline in their well-being.
- Increased Stress Levels: Dogs are highly sensitive creatures, and loud noises like snoring can induce stress and anxiety in them. Persistent exposure to loud snoring sounds can lead to elevated stress levels, which can have negative effects on their mental and physical health.
- Behavioral Changes: Some dogs may exhibit behavioral changes when consistently exposed to snoring sounds. They may become more restless, exhibit signs of aggression, or engage in excessive barking as a response to the disturbance caused by snoring.
- Decreased Quality of Life: When snoring becomes a regular occurrence, it can significantly impact a dog’s overall quality of life. They may experience chronic stress, disrupted sleep, and reduced enjoyment of their daily activities, leading to a diminished sense of well-being.
Helping Dogs Cope with Snoring
If you or a family member snores and you’re concerned about its impact on your furry companion, there are a few steps you can take to help them cope:
- Provide a Comfortable Sleeping Environment: Ensure that your dog has a cozy and quiet place to sleep, away from the source of the snoring. Create a calm atmosphere by using white noise machines or soothing music to mask the sound.
- Consult a Veterinarian: If you notice significant changes in your dog’s behavior or suspect that snoring is negatively affecting their well-being, it is advisable to consult a veterinarian. They can assess your dog’s health and provide guidance on managing any potential issues arising from the snoring.
- Address Underlying Health Conditions: Snoring can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying health condition, such as obesity, allergies, or respiratory issues. By addressing and managing these conditions, you may be able to alleviate the snoring and reduce its impact on your dog.
- Consider Behavior Modification Techniques: Working with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist can help you implement techniques that reduce your dog’s stress levels and improve their overall response to the sound of snoring.
By taking these steps, you can help your beloved canine companion navigate the challenges posed by snoring and minimize any adverse effects on their well-being.
In conclusion, it is clear that dogs can indeed be bothered by snoring. Given their heightened sense of hearing and sensitivity to noise, the loud and intrusive nature of snoring can disrupt their sleep, increase stress levels, and negatively impact their overall quality of life. As responsible pet owners, it is essential for us to be mindful of the potential effects of snoring on our furry friends and take proactive measures to mitigate any adverse consequences. By creating a calm and comfortable sleeping environment and addressing any underlying health conditions, we can help our dogs enjoy a peaceful and restful sleep. Remember, a well-rested and content dog is a happy dog!

domain: pet


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In the area
Once you've visited the places to see in Lostwithiel, don't miss the world-class attractions within a few miles of the town.
Lanhydrock is a magnificent late Victorian country house just 5 miles from Lostwithiel with extensive servants' quarters, gardens and wooded estate. With 50 rooms open to the public it offers the ultimate 19th century "upstairs/downstairs" experience. Of particular interest is the 17th century gatehouse and long gallery.
The grounds are particularly stunning in spring with bluebells throughout the woods and a large collection of magnolias.
- owned by the National Trust
- car parking at entrance (disabled parking at house)
- shop and restaurant
- adventure playground for children
- Church service every Sunday at 9:45
- dogs allowed in grounds
The world famous Eden Project is hugely popular all year round and located just 3 miles away from Lostwithiel. Two vast artificial biomes have been created in a reclaimed clay-mining pit housing a tropical rainforest in one biome (the largest greenhouse in the world) and a Mediterranean environment in the other biome.
There's much more to the Eden Project than the biomes: world famous architecture and art, drawing inspiration from nature, in The Core building, interactive displays to educate and inspire, workshops, demonstrations and many other sights and activities to enjoy. It's an ideal destination for families with children as there are great facilities, a huge site to explore and plenty of places to grab a snack or a full meal.
In the summer the Eden Project is home to the Eden Sessions for intimate concerts with world class bands. Visit the Eden Project website to see what's on at the moment.
- car parking with buses to entrance
- toilets throughout the site
- several cafes, restaurants and a large gift shop
Dogs are allowed into Eden Project, but not into the restaurants or Biomes. They are welcome in the external gardens which make up two thirds of the Project and there are customised dog shelter car ports where they can be left safely in the car, as long as windows are left open for air circulation and water provided.
Fowey (pronounced Foy) is a charming town with stunning views across the estuary. Its narrow winding streets are home to top quality shops, galleries, cafes, restaurants and pubs along the water's edge. The natural deep water harbour allows mooring for boats of all sizes and there are many activities available including sailing, kayaking and swimming at Readymoney Cove.
Visit the Love Fowey website for what to see and do in Fowey.
Great authors have been drawn to Fowey including Daphne Du Maurier, Sir Arthur Quiller Couch (known as "Q") and Wind in the Willows author Kenneth Grahame.
The Fowey Festival of Words and Music is an internationally popular event based at the spectacular Fowey Hall.
Fowey is steeped in history. In Tudor times it had a reputation for buccaneering and the pirates who sailed from there were called the Fowey Gallants (now the name of the sailing club). The 15th century church dedicated to St Fimbarrus is located in the centre of town. The Esplanade, with fine views across the estuary, leads to St Catherine's Castle built by Henry VIII.
- main car park at top of town; additional car park at Caffa Mill
- shuttle bus to car parks in summer (limited winter service)
- car ferry from Bodinnick; passenger ferry to Polruan
- numerous cafes, restaurants, pubs and take-aways
Lerryn, a village three miles from Lostwithiel, is situated on the Lerryn creek, a tributary of the Fowey river. Like Lostwithiel, the river is tidal at Lerryn and at low tide you can cross the river via stepping stones.
Kenneth Grahame is said to have based The Wind In The Willows in and around Lerryn; to this day it is surrounded by ancient woodland and is home to a wealth of birdlife such as egrets and kingfishers. There are beautiful walks along both banks of the river, including National Trust woodland at Ethy which leads to St Winnow. Encounter Cornwall run kayak trips starting from Lerryn at high tide.
- free car park
- picnic area
- public toilets
- village shop sellings ice-creams, teas and coffees and pasties
- Ship Inn public house
Bodmin is the original County town of Cornwall, located on the edge of Bodmin Moor. It's the largest town close to Lostwithiel and has several large supermarkets and shops.
Bodmin has a long history dating back to St Petroc in the 6th century. The town flourised as a religious centre in medieval times and became an important market town. It was the centre for three Cornish rebellions in the 15th and 16th centuries which saw armies of Cornishmen marching on London.
Bodmin is the start of the Camel Trail, a traffic free route for walkers and cyclists along a former railway line which leads to Wadebridge and Padstow.
Luxulyan Valley has been designated a World Heritage site due to the extensive 19th century industrial remains set in a boulder strewn, thickly wooded valley which is now a tranquil haven for wildlife.
Joseph Treffry was the man responsible for the development of mining in the valley and the infrastructure constructed around it. Notable features of the former industry which remain to this day include the iconic Treffry Viaduct across the valley, a system of leats to provide water power, and Ponts Mill water turbine which has been restored and now generates electricity.
The Friends of Luxulyan Valley conduct talks and tours in the valley throughout the year. Visit their website for further details on the history of the area and latest events.
- car parks at both ends of the valley
- pulblic toilets in Luxulyan village
- King's Arm pub in Luxulyan village
- dogs allowed
Images by Cathy Connolley, Mat Connolley and Tomhannen

domain: geography


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Longtime Coyotes captain Shane Doan has announced his retirement in a letter to fans in Phoenix.
It’s December, and holiday festivities are in full swing.
The NHLPA’s 3 proposals dismissed by the NHL during negotiations on Thursday
Don Fehr speaks to the media following CBA negotiations in Toronto on October 18th, 2012.
Shane Doan continues to lead the Coyotes towards the Western Conference playoffs
The King Clancy Award recipient's commitment to his team & community does not go unnoticed
Veteran centre is leading the Coyotes to success in 2010

domain: sports


Jacob Terrell who is currently doing an internship with Safe Havens has been conducting considerable research to prepare himself for a career in school safety. In his research, Jacob has found a number of helpful documents and other resources including some that, though they were published a while back, are still helpful today. Jacob recently sent me a link to an excellent resource from The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) regarding school fires. The document is titled School Fires – Topical Fire Research Series, Volume 4 – Issue 6. We felt that this document would be helpful to practitioners in the field of school safety.
Latest posts by Michael Dorn (see all)
- Violence, Literacy and Hope in Trinidad – Tobago - February 10, 2017
- Safe Havens Team Chosen to Author University Textbook on Extreme Violence - January 11, 2017
- South Carolina Department of Education Train-The-Trainer Program - December 15, 2016


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This title may not be available to watch from your location. Go to amazon.com to see the video catalog in United States.
THE WOLF OF WALL STREET
IMDb 8.22 h 59 min2013R
Sex. Money. Power. Drugs. Brace yourself for a true story from legendary filmmaker Martin Scorsese. Leonardo DiCaprio stars as a young stockbroker hungry for a life of non-stop thrills, where corruption was king and more was never enough.

domain: entertainment


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BONN (Jan. 7)
The Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party believes that West Germany’s “special relationship” with Israel has become obsolete and should be replaced by a relationship based on the democratic institutions the two countries hold in common. Martin Bangemann, who just returned from a visit to Israel, said he discussed this and other points of German-Israeli relations with Israeli Foreign Minister Yigal Allon.
Bangemann also said that West Germany “should take a more realistic attitude toward the Palestine Liberation Organization,” He said that while Israel was justified in rejecting any international recognition of the PLO as long as Yasir Arafat refuses to recognize Israel, “a word of clarification from Arafat” on this subject would ensure the PLO of observer status at the planned European-Arab dialogue on future relations with Israel.
Regarding West Germany’s special relationship with the Jewish State, stemming from the Nazi past, Bangemann said that “a moral obligation to maintain a special relationship based on the past” was “inadequate and fragile.” He said efforts should be made to put German-Israeli policy on the basis of what the two countries had in common, such as similar democratic constitutions and support for Israel’s right to exist. The maintenance of special relations was “correct and reasonable” in the past but in the future this could become merely a “hollow phrase,” Bangemann said.

domain: news


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Here is the brand new Dittos Fall Winter 2014 Look Book for the ladies. For this coming season, Dittos have gone back to the classic blues of denim, featuring lighter to darker washes as well as denim jackets for double denim looks.
There’s also a denim jumpsuit, a denim skirt and some denim overalls! Of course it wouldn’t be a Dittos look book without a pair of flares in there too! I was quite happy to see there were no prints this time around either, just the basics! Which pieces do you like? I love the overalls! Check out the new styles in the gallery below!

domain: design


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I don't know why is it some one plz tell me its for school
The Andes Mountains
Of course they have schools in Rio de Janeiro. They have many schools there!
How many miles is it to Rio DE Janeiro from Miami Florida
LOCATION OF RIO DE JANEIROBacked by coastal mountains and forests, Rio de Janeiro, also commonly referred to as Rio, is the capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro and the second largest city of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is located in the south-east portion of Brazil on a strip of the Atlantic coast, close to the Tropic of Capricorn.
The Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro
Rio de janeiro - in Brazil
5,890 air miles (Glasgow Intl, Glasgow, GB (GLA) to Rio De Janeiro Airport, Rio De Janeiro, BR (RIO).
Rio de Janeiro has many hotels including the Hilton Rio de Janeiro Copacaban.
· Located around Rio de Janeiro, Brazil · Surrounded by unique mountains and formations · Also known as Guanabara Bay · Largest bay in the world based on volume of water · Rio de Janeiro translates "river of January" in Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro is not in the United States. Rio de Janeiro is located in Brazil, South America.
Latino was born on February 2, 1973, in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro is a city itself.


Flashback! JLo Struts Versace Runway In Green Dress Inspired By Infamous Grammys Gown
Nearly two decades after Jennifer Lopez's jaw-dropping appearance at the 2000 Grammys in a now infamous green Versace dress, she's bringing sexy back with a modern twist.
RadarOnline.com obtained photos of the 50-year-old actress as she walked the Versace runway in Milan wearing a frock that seems to be inspired by the one she wore years ago.
It's no surprise that the "Waiting For Tonight" hitmaker can still rock a cleavage-exposing dress nearly twenty years later. The in-shape Hollywood star has been known to take her health and fitness seriously and has proudly flaunted her body in the outfits she wears during everything from mundane outings to glamorous red carpet appearances.
During the filming of her new movie Hustlers, she even gave some fans a behind the scenes look at how she approaches her workouts, one of which included pole dancing!
Earlier this month, just in time for the film's premiere at the Toronto Film Festival, she showed off her legs and cleavage in a mustard yellow dress.
J.Lo's fit body has often inspired fans, like her soon-to-be husband, Alex Rodriguez, to hit the gym. As RadarOnline.com reported, ahead of the Met Gala, he went to extreme lengths to lose weight and fit in his suit just so he could look good alongside his dazzling fiancée.
At the time, the New Yorker met his goal by restricting himself to a no carbs or sugar diet, sticking to an extreme exercise routine — which included yoga, jogging, and running stairs — wearing a sauna suit and fasting 24 hours before the Met Gala.
Fixer Upper star Joanna Gaines has also admired J.Lo's ripped body. When she helped the singer rebuild her dream house in Malibu, she was promised a bit of assistance from Lopez herself.
“Now when they get together it always includes a gym workout or a hike,” an insider told RadarOnline.com at the time.
Check out the photos of J.Lo strutting her stuff down the runway like it's 2000!
J.Lo is aging like fine wine!
The singer-actress brought back a sense a nostalgia with a modern twist when she wore this dresses to walk in Versace's runway show in Milan.
The original green dress was a Versace design that she wore for the Grammy Awards back in 2000.
Six Pack Exposed
The green tropical long sleeved dress exposed her toned midsection.
The new dress is even more revealing.
It is a sleeveless number that shows off her midsection and her sides.


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Tom Davies is a prestigious eyewear brand without parallel, built on the principles of fit, form and function. Like the finest tailors they specialise in made-to-measure eyewear that is handcrafted for the individual.
We are now able to offer you a unique service where eyewear is tailored to your facial measurements and designed just for you.
If you struggle finding glasses that fit correctly, wear glasses that are constantly falling down your nose or simply cannot find eyewear in the exact colour and design that you want, we can design your perfect pair with Tom Davies custom eyewear.
The Tom Davies custom service allows us to take your face shape and measurements into consideration. We will be able to adjust the size of your frames, temple arm lengths and distance between lenses, making the frame a perfect fit for you.
Tom Davies was founded in London in 2002 and soon became established as one of Britain’s leading custom spectacle brands. They work exclusively with the highest quality materials; principally Silver 925, natural horn, pure titanium and premium acetate and produce all of their frames by hand in their London factory. This means that every step of the process is meticulously controlled and ensures flawless quality and the highest level of craftsmanship.
Finally, all custom frames are finished with your name engraved discreetly on the inside of the temple arm making each frame truly exclusive and one of a kind.
To book an appointment to see our new collection of Tom Davies frames and to learn more about the custom service please contact us today.


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domain: game


text:
The concept of chloroplast transformation, conceived in the mid-80s [23
], has recently blossomed into a safe and environmentally friendly technology [8
]. When the first transgenes were introduced via the chloroplast genome, it was believed that foreign genes could be inserted only into transcriptionally silent spacer regions, amidst divergent chloroplast genes [26
]. However, Daniell et al
] advanced the concept of inserting transgenes into functional operons and transcriptionally active spacer regions. This approach facilitated the insertion of multiple genes under the control of a single promoter, enabling the coordinated expression of transgenes [13••
]. Earlier reports, based on in vitro
studies of chloroplast mutants, established a definite requirement for the processing of dicistrons to monocistrons before translation [28
]. To test this hypothesis, multiple transgenes were inserted into the rRNA operon of chloroplast genomes to study their transcription, RNA processing and translation. Contrary to previous reports, the following examples unequivocally demonstrate that polycistrons are efficiently translated in transgenic chloroplasts without any requirement for RNA processing. The fact that several foreign proteins are synthesized in large quantities without any detectable monocistrons support this conclusion.
Expression of a protein-based biomedical polymer as a dicistron in transgenic chloroplasts demonstrated, for the first time, the potential of this technology to engineer biopharmaceuticals [31••
]. Recently, human serum albumin (HSA), expressed under the regulation of the optimal chloroplast ribosome-binding site (GGAGG), could not be easily detected (<0.02% tsp) in transgenic chloroplasts. In the past, the same regulatory sequence has resulted in accumulation of large quantities of several other foreign proteins (up to 21% tsp) [27•
]. HSA was, however, successfully hyper-expressed in transgenic chloroplasts as a dicistron or polycistron, by manipulating the 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences of the transgene (A Fernandez-San Millan, A Mingo-Castel, H Daniell, unpublished results) [33
]. HSA accumulated in such large amounts that inclusion bodies formed and increased the size of transgenic chloroplasts (). HSA inclusion bodies were readily purified by simple centrifugation and solubilized to functional monomers. Regulatory sequences used in this study should serve as a model system for enhancing the expression of foreign proteins that are highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation and in addition should provide major advantages in purification. This study reports the highest level of pharmaceutical protein ever observed in transgenic plants. This is the first report to provide direct evidence for translation of transgene polycistrons, without any requirement for processing to monocistrons. Also, this study identifies a heterologous untranslated region (UTR) that could be used in non-green plastids, free of nuclear control. Searches for such non-green UTRs have been elusive so far.
Figure 1 Examples of the highest level of transgene expression. Electron micrographs of the hyper-expression of foreign proteins in transgenic chloroplasts. (a) Inclusion bodies of HSA, the most widely used intravenous protein in human therapies. (b,c) Immunogold-labeled (more ...)
To combat a disease like cholera that often assumes epidemic proportions and poses a threat as an agent of bioterrorism, there is a need for producing vaccines on an agricultural scale. Therefore, cholera toxin β subunit (CTB) was expressed in transgenic chloroplasts as a dicistron. As the quaternary structure and disulfide bonds of many pharmaceutical proteins are essential for their function, we demonstrated, using CTB, the assembly of functional oligomers in transgenic chloroplasts. Expression of the native β subunit gene (ctx
B) was 410-fold higher than in nuclear transgenic plants and there were no pleiotropic effects, in contrast to nuclear transgenic plants that showed stunted growth [16•
]. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) showed that several independent transgenic lines expressed the same amount of CTB, except for physiological variations [16•
]. Engineering CTB in transgenic chloroplasts, along with recent success in the chloroplast transformation of edible crops and the availability of plant-derived selectable markers, augur well for producing edible vaccines in transgenic chloroplasts on a cost-effective basis [16•
Chloroplast transformation has also been employed to confer resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Expression of an antimicrobial peptide, MSI-99, as a dicistron in transgenic chloroplasts was shown to inhibit the growth of several plant pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae, Aspergillus flavus
, Fusarium moniliformae, Verticillium dahliae
and the multidrug-resistant human pathogen Pseuodomonas aeruginosa,
when tested using in planta
and in vitro
]. Lysis of transgenic chloroplasts at the site of infection resulted in high-dose release of the antimicrobial peptide (800 μg MSI-99, inhibitory concentration 1 μg MSI-99 for 1000 bacterial cells or fungal spores). In another recent report, the integration of a yeast trehalose-6 phosphate synthase (TPS) gene as a dicistron in transgenic chloroplasts was shown to confer drought tolerance, as evidenced by growth of transgenic plants on 6% polyethylene glycol and ability to rehydrate after dehydration [15•
]. Whereas nuclear transgenic plants accumulating trehalose in the cytosol showed stunted growth, sterility and other pleiotropic effects, chloroplast transgenic plants showed normal growth and physiology and no pleiotropic effects (). Chloroplast transgenic plants showed 16 699% more tps
1 transcripts than the best nuclear transgenic plants, alleviating the possibility of gene silencing in transgenic chloroplasts ().
Figure 2 Alleviation of pleiotropic effects. Comparison of the phenotypic effects of trehalose accumulation in the cytosol and chloroplasts of transgenic plants. (a) Untransformed wild type (1); nuclear transgenic plants from different, independent transgenic (more ...)
Figure 3 Elimination of gene silencing. Northern blot analysis of nuclear and chloroplast transgenic plants expressing the trehalose phosphate synthase (tps1) gene. (a) Steady-state transcript levels of tps1: (1) untransformed wild type; (2) and (3) highly expressing (more ...)
Perhaps the most significant accomplishment, which has made chloroplast transformation technology safe, is the use of a plant-derived selectable marker, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), to obtain chloroplast transgenic plants by expression of a dicistron [18••
]. The selection process involves conversion of toxic betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine by BADH; glycine betaine also serves as an osmoprotectant. The BADH gene derived from spinach not only eliminates the need for the use of antibiotic resistance genes but is also 25-fold more efficient than antibiotic resistance genes, exhibiting rapid regeneration of transgenic shoots within two weeks. These developments should help to allay public concerns and make genetically modified foods more acceptable.
Ever since chloroplast technology was conceived, it was anticipated that the prokaryotic nature of the organelle should allow the expression of bacterial operons. This promise was realized when expression of the B. thuringiensis cry
2Aa2 operon in transgenic chloroplasts led to the formation of insecticidal crystals () [13••
]. The 4.0 kb operon consists of three genes, with cry
2Aa2 being the distal gene. The open reading frame, orf
2, immediately upstream of the gene codes for a putative chaperonin that is necessary for folding the protein into cuboidal crystals (that are resistant to proteolytic degradation). Expression of the operon in transgenic chloroplasts resulted in the accumulation of Cry2Aa2 protein at 46.1% of tsp, even in senescing bleached old leaves. Such high levels of insecticidal protein were instrumental in combating insects that are normally difficult to control, including the 10-day old cotton bollworm and beet armyworm. Observed hyper-expression of Cry2Aa2 protein argues against any possibility of gene silencing in transgenic chloroplasts.
The possibility of expressing a pharmaceutical protein, which involves multiple genes, has been explored using the Guy’s 13 monoclonal antibody. This antibody against the surface protein of Streptococcus mutans
, which is the causative agent of dental caries, was successfully expressed and properly assembled in transgenic chloroplasts [14
]. This is the first demonstration of expression of a multisub-unit foreign protein that is assembled with disulfide bridges. Application of Guy’s 13 monoclonal antibody to the dental surface prevented recolonization of the bacterium for up to two years [39
]. This multisubunit antibody has been expressed via the nuclear genome by generating independent transgenic lines, followed by subsequent breeding [40
]. For commercial application, however, expression levels should be increased further in nuclear transgenic plants.
Phytoremediation is evolving as a safe technology to address the increasing problem of the pollution of soil and water bodies. One of the most toxic pollutants that threatens our health and ecosystem is mercury. In the environment, mercury is rapidly methylated by bacteria producing a 10-fold more toxic organomercurial, owing to its ability to cross lipid membranes [41
]. Over 90% of methylmercury is absorbed in blood compared with only 2% of inorganic mercury, causing neurological degeneration in birds, mammals and humans. In photosynthetic organisms, mercury inhibits the oxygen-evolving enzyme (OEE) complex, binds to thylakoid membranes [42
] and removes EP33 (one of the proteins of the OEE complex [43
]). Mercury reduces the variable fluorescence (which provides a measure of photosynthetic efficiency) owing to additional inhibitory sites on the donor side of photosystem II, causing damage to the light-harvesting complexes and structural changes in the antenna pigments that affect the primary photochemistry; mercury also inhibits plastocyanin [44
]. Nuclear codon optimized mer
A (mercury ion reductase) and mer
B (organomercurial lyase) genes were used to obtain transgenic plants that are resistant to mercury and organomercurials, respectively (up to 10 μM) [45•
]. The low level of tolerance observed might result from the low levels of nuclear expression, compounded by the fact that these enzymes were not targeted to chloroplasts, where mercury is most toxic, requiring continuous detoxification. Therefore, the mer
operon has been expressed via the chloroplast genome to overcome these problems [46•

domain: literature


text:
“There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people – and the environment – suffer badly.”
-World Water Vision Report-
H2O, the transparent, odourless and tasteless liquid, forms one of man’s priority needs.
It wasn’t until 2010, that the United Nations general assembly saw the need to define the human right to water and sanitation (HRWS).
And even so, the majority of earth’s population fail to recognize that water, is at a risk of being sufficiently available. Over the past decade, countries all over the world have begun to experience shortages in freshwater supply.
In 2015, Cape Town experienced severe water shortage. In the early months of 2018, the water crisis repeated itself. This time around, the water dashboard was counting don to Day Zero (now moved to 2019).
The shortages alone are not the only problem. Throughout history, water shortages have caused conflict and the deaths of many. In 2004 for instance, 23 people died as a result of the fight for control of a single water well by to Somalian clans: Murusade and the Duduble.
Between 2004 and 2006, 250 people died in the Ethiopian water conflict. In 2010, over a 100 deaths would be recorded as a result of a Pakistani tribal dispute. The list goes on…
Again, these threats continue to rest on the ears. The majority of earth’s population continue to waste freshwater.
One can argue that this unsatisfactory trend might be carried out unknowingly. A state of ignorance, the majority of humans on earth might suffer severe consequences from if care is not taken. What ignorance calls for is exposure_ creating loud awareness that if we cannot save water, the next few decades might become unbearable in terms of water accessibility.
Inculcating simple habits like turning off taps while brushing, using buckets to ration water usage, are priorities to master.
Water as we know it will become the gold of the 21st century if we do not take care. Already investors are buying into the market of this potential valuable.
Image Credits: Water, Pexels


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text:
U.S. Government collaborates with Egyptian partners to support women business owners
Cairo – Fifteen business mentors and over 30 entrepreneurs engaged in a one-on-one mentoring event sponsored by the U.S. Government’s Global Entrepreneurship Program (GEP) and the Association for Women’s Total Advancement and Development, in cooperation with the Women Business Development Centre.
“Supporting women business owners is crucial to promoting increased prosperity for Egypt’s families,” said Mary Ott, Mission Director of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) which is funding the GEP program. “Mentoring helps new entrepreneurs to address barriers they face in growing their businesses in realistic and powerful ways. It provides them with valuable networks to build their businesses and create jobs.”
Mentoring brings experienced women business owners together with new entrepreneurs to provide a deeper understanding of the business world. It helps them address challenges such as lack of business skills and lack of access to modern technologies, market linkages, and financing. It can help women across Egypt who have entrepreneurial ideas and inspiration turn those ideas into successful businesses.
Through USAID’s Global Entrepreneurship Program, the United States supports Egypt’s economic growth by providing training, mentoring, and links to financing for entrepreneurs – men and women. Since 2011, this program has helped launch 46 start-up companies in Egypt, 18 of which are owned by women, and has supported those businesses to create 166 new jobs.

domain: economics


text:
In the past, I’ve mentioned that I never really got into sports games that didn’t have “Mario,” in the title, but there’s a lot more depth to that statement than you might think. It was back in 2000, when I first played Mario Tennis on the N64 that I became obsessed with tennis, eventually convincing my parents to let me take lessons.
While I’ve always enjoyed golf games—finding them particularly interesting, spending the odd afternoon with Great Golf on my cousin’s Sega Master System—probably the only reason I enjoy it as much as I do now is because of how much I got into Mario Golf on the N64, even going so far as to pick up the game IRL a few years ago.
So you can imagine my excitement when Nintendo announced Mario Golf: Super Rush for the Nintendo Switch. I had long been awaiting a new Mario Golf—especially after Mario Golf: World Tour on the 3DS being particularly excellent. However, after spending countless hours hitting the links in this newest outing, I find myself feeling less enamoured by what was added, and left more frustrated by what they removed.
For the most part, Mario Golf: Super Rush is a pretty fun game. Players will know exactly what to expect here—jump in, choose a player, select a course, and start golfing. While players will have 16 characters to choose from (17 if you count the Story mode Mii character), only two courses are available at the start; although more can be unlocked by completing 18 holes in free-play, or progressing through the story.
Gameplay has been changed a bit this time around though. Instead of the standard “two-button golf” players might expect—press A to set your power, A again to set your accuracy—Mario Golf: Super Rush has simplified the process, now only requiring a single button at your desired power (although players can press A or B again quickly to set Topspin or Backspin). Hooking or Slicing your bar is now somewhat left up to chance, as shooting from bad terrain will increase the power bar’s “risk zone,” which can increase the chance of a bad shot.
Although, one unique thing they did with the power bar that I do like has to do with spinning the ball. If a character has a high enough Spin stat, it can split the power bar into multiple sections, allowing the player to add different directions of spin as the ball travels; which is actually a really useful technique for navigating around certain obstacles.
Each course is uniquely designed and offers a decent challenge—from the scenic landscapes of Bonny Greens, to the sandswept hills of Balmy Dunes. Each course is bursting with colour and life, and looks beautiful rendered in HD, and there is a lot of Super Mario charm in each one, both in environmental details and even Mario enemies acting as course hazards. Furthermore, there’s a connectedness to each hole that makes you feel like you’re on a real golf-course—unlike previous games where each hole felt like individual levels.
Although, if you’re not interested in standard Stroke Play, there’s the new interpretation of “Fast Golf.” Unlike in previous Mario Golf games where “Fast,” or “Speed,” Golf would have players playing regularly, while shooting for their best times; Mario Golf: Super Rush reinvents this mode into a much more frantic, almost party-like mode where players all shoot at the same time, and then run to their balls for their next hit. Players can try to slow each other down with Power Moves, or Power Shots that can knock opponents balls around.
But it’s not simply chaos—players still need to play effectively as each stroke adds 30 seconds to your overall time, so players will still need to aim for Birdies or Pars, while trying to get to their ball as safely as possible. In addition to the Fast Golf mode, there is the Battle Golf mode, which plays similarly, but with a twist. Instead of playing individual holes, players all play on one giant course; the first to sink three balls wins.
Then of course, there’s the Golf Adventure. Similar to that of Mario Golf on the Game Boy Color, Mario Golf: Super Rush allows players to use a chosen Mii to compete in an RPG-style…well, golf adventure! Starting off as a rookie, players will compete in tournaments of varying play-styles in order to make it to the pros—leveling up their character and building them according to their play style.
There’s a lot of charm in the Golf Adventure, with many NPCs having a lot of humorous dialogue and personality. Furthermore, I would recommend Golf Adventure as it acts as the game’s playable tutorial—there is a sort of digital manual book in the “Golf Guide” section, but for players like me who learn better through playing, it’s a lot more helpful.
And now we come to the dreaded, “however.” Mario Golf: Super Rush has made a lot of changes, and worst of all, in my opinion, is the camera—actually, the whole UI is a bit of a mess. Simply put, the camera controls in this game are a mess and make the game incredibly frustrating to play.
In previous Mario Golf games—Mario Golf World Tour most immediately—where you were shown the full trajectory of your shot, with a terrain grid at the end to give you an idea of how your shot would land; and you could move the camera with pretty lenient freedom in order to scope out your shot, Mario Golf: Super Rush only allows you an overhead view of your shot path. Furthermore, if you try to zoom in to get a better idea of how your shot will travel, it will only zoom in to the projected end-point of your shot. This is the same for putting—you can’t pan the camera around the green, just an overhead camera that only zooms on the hole, made worse by a UI that actively gets in the way of the overhead view.
Even more baffling is how the terrain grid appears where the player is standing, which is pointless since you can clearly see the slope of the land you’re standing on, and the power-bar curves if you’re standing on a slope. In fairness, the game tries to offset this with the “Range Finder,” but even this is fairly useless since, while it will show you an expanded terrain grid of the scanned area, players are unable to line up their shots while in this view. Furthermore, if there’s a hill or any obstacle in the way of where you want to scan, then you’re basically stuck.
“…a lot of Mario Golf: Super Rush feels flat, or undercooked compared to its predecessors.”
This might not sound like a big deal, but it really is. Golf is a very technical game, with every shot needing to be set up in a precise way in order to get the best shot. With such an abysmal camera and UI, Mario Golf: Super Rush forces players to do a lot of guesswork in setting up their shots. Furthermore, it is actually at odds with Fast Golf, since the mode wants you to play fast, but kind of forces you to meticulously set up your shot, since there’s so little information being provided on how it’s going to land.
In fact, a lot of Mario Golf: Super Rush feels flat, or undercooked compared to its predecessors. Outside of the three game modes, there’s no real variety in challenges—no Ring or Coin Challenges, simply Score Attack or Time Attack. Even though each character has different stats, they all feel pretty much identical, sand gone are the unique animations for Birdies, Pars, and Bogeys—which is kind of baffling, since Mario Golf: World Tour kind of popularized the Waluigi Rose that Nintendo loves memeing now.
What’s more, the game can be a bit of a technical crapshoot as well. While gamers might initially be impressed when they boot up the game and it launches with some PS5 load-times, and it plays pretty solid both on and off the dock for the most part, there were a few moments of some pretty noticeable framerate drop in some of the more dynamic courses. Also the motion controls are an absolute joke—there’s no indication of how much you need to wind up to get certain powers, putting is a complete nightmare, it’s easily the least fun way to play the game. Did no one play Wii Sports before designing this?
None of that is to say I’ve been hating my time with Mario Golf: Super Rush. There’s definitely an enjoyable golf game here that is more approachable, and less serious than something like PGA Tour 2K21. I think it would definitely have been made much better by a camera and UI that reflected that of its predecessors, and maybe had a little more to offer. Even if you’re a stickler for things like this, such as myself; if you can look past these flaws, I think you’ll enjoy Mario Golf: Super Rush.

domain: hobby


PASCAL-S is a dataset for salient object detection consisting of a set of 850 images from PASCAL VOC 2010 validation set with multiple salient objects on the scenes.
250 PAPERS • 3 BENCHMARKS
DUTS is a saliency detection dataset containing 10,553 training images and 5,019 test images. All training images are collected from the ImageNet DET training/val sets, while test images are collected from the ImageNet DET test set and the SUN data set. Both the training and test set contain very challenging scenarios for saliency detection. Accurate pixel-level ground truths are manually annotated by 50 subjects.
239 PAPERS • 5 BENCHMARKS
HKU-IS is a visual saliency prediction dataset which contains 4447 challenging images, most of which have either low contrast or multiple salient objects.
200 PAPERS • 3 BENCHMARKS
The DUT-OMRON dataset is used for evaluation of Salient Object Detection task and it contains 5,168 high quality images. The images have one or more salient objects and relatively cluttered background.
190 PAPERS • 4 BENCHMARKS
The Image Shadow Triplets dataset (ISTD) is a dataset for shadow understanding that contains 1870 image triplets of shadow image, shadow mask, and shadow-free image.
66 PAPERS • 2 BENCHMARKS
SBU-Kinect-Interaction dataset version 2.0 comprises of RGB-D video sequences of humans performing interaction activities that are recording using the Microsoft Kinect sensor. This dataset was originally recorded for a class project, and it must be used only for the purposes of research. If you use this dataset in your work, please cite the following paper. Kiwon Yun, Jean Honorio, Debaleena Chattopadhyay, Tamara L. Berg, and Dimitris Samaras, The 2nd International Workshop on Human Activity Understanding from 3D Data at Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (HAU3D-CVPRW), CVPR 2012
66 PAPERS • 4 BENCHMARKS
SOC (Salient Objects in Clutter) is a dataset for Salient Object Detection (SOD). It includes images with salient and non-salient objects from daily object categories. Beyond object category annotations, each salient image is accompanied by attributes that reflect common challenges in real-world scenes.
28 PAPERS • 1 BENCHMARK
The Extended Complex Scene Saliency Dataset (ECSSD) is comprised of complex scenes, presenting textures and structures common to real-world images. ECSSD contains 1,000 intricate images and respective ground-truth saliency maps, created as an average of the labeling of five human participants.
25 PAPERS • 5 BENCHMARKS
Includes 5000 spatially aligned RGBT image pairs with ground truth annotations. VT5000 has 11 challenges collected in different scenes and environments for exploring the robustness of algorithms.
21 PAPERS • NO BENCHMARKS YET
There exist several datasets for saliency detection, but none of them is specifically designed for high-resolution salient object detection. High-Resolution Salient Object Detection (HRSOD) dataset, containing 1610 training images and 400 test images. The total 2010 images are collected from the website of Flickr with the license of all creative commons. Pixel-level ground truths are manually annotated by 40 subjects. The shortest edge of each image in HRSOD is more than 1200 pixels.
14 PAPERS • 1 BENCHMARK
To enrich the diversity, we also collect 92 images which are suitable for saliency detection from DAVIS , a densely annotated high-resolution video segmentation dataset. Im- ages in this dataset are precisely annotated and have very high resolutions (i.e.,1920!1080). We ignore the categories of the objects and generate saliency ground truth masks for this dataset. For convenience, the collected dataset is denot- ed as DAVIS-S.
7 PAPERS • 1 BENCHMARK
Aiming Detect small obstacles, like lost and found.
6 PAPERS • 2 BENCHMARKS
HS-SOD is a hyperspectral salient object detection dataset with a collection of 60 hyperspectral images with their respective ground-truth binary images and representative rendered colour images (sRGB).
4 PAPERS • NO BENCHMARKS YET
Recent salient object detection (SOD) methods based on deep neural network have achieved remarkable performance. However, most of existing SOD models designed for low-resolution input perform poorly on high-resolution images due to the contradiction between the sampling depth and the receptive field size. Aiming at resolving this contradiction, we propose a novel one-stage framework called Pyramid Grafting Network (PGNet), using transformer and CNN backbone to extract features from different resolution images independently and then graft the features from transformer branch to CNN branch. An attention-based Cross-Model Grafting Module (CMGM) is proposed to enable CNN branch to combine broken detailed information more holistically, guided by different source feature during decoding process. Moreover, we design an Attention Guided Loss (AGL) to explicitly supervise the attention matrix generated by CMGM to help the network better interact with the attention from different models. We cont
3 PAPERS • 1 BENCHMARK
A salient object subitizing image dataset of about 14K everyday images which are annotated using an online crowdsourcing marketplace.
2 PAPERS • NO BENCHMARKS YET


Development of choreographic skill and/or performance quality and skill through choreographing or performing in dance faculty supervised productions. Does not meet fine arts breadth requirement. Two or more dances, average of 8 hours of rehearsal per week. May be taken twice for credit.
Prerequisite(s): Eligibility by audition. Permission of instructor. Course Credit: 1.0 Offered: Every year
Please refer to the course schedule on the Scripps Portal for current course offerings and details.


text:
- Open Access
Health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance versus radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, prostate brachytherapy and reference population: a cross-sectional study
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes volume 17, Article number: 11 (2019)
The purpose of this study is to describe Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of localized prostate cancer patients in an Active Surveillance (AS) program, and to compare them with those undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP), external-beam radiotherapy (XRT) and brachytherapy (BT).
Multi-institutional pooled cross-sectional analysis on patients in an AS protocol: < 75 years old; pathologically confirmed LPC (maximum of three positive cylinders); Gleason score < 3 + 4; clinical stage T1a-T2b; and PSA < 15 ng/ml. Exclusion criteria for this study were: less than 6 months in AS, termination of AS protocol, or incomplete data. Patients in AS were matched with those treated with RP, XRT or BT from the ‘Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer’ cohort according to risk group, time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey, and age. Prostate-specific (EPIC) and generic (SF-36) HRQoL instruments were completed. Analysis was stratified by HRQoL survey moment (>or < 2.5 years from treatment selection), and age (>or < 70 years old).
Median of time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey in the total 396 patients (99 per treatment group) was 2.4 years (range 0.5–8.3). Patients in AS presented higher (better) urinary incontinence scores than RP ones in both stratus of time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey (92.6 vs 67.0 and 81.4 vs 64.4, p < 0.01). Patients in AS for < 2.5 years presented greater sexual scores than any active treatment (p < 0.01), but only statistically higher than RP for those in AS for longer than 2.5 years. The magnitude of the differences between AS and RP groups in both EPIC domains ranged from moderate (0.7 SD) to large (1.0 SD).
Regardless of treatment applied, patients presented similar and slightly increased SF-36 scores than US general population reference norms. Nonetheless, patients in AS for < 2.5 years reported worse outcomes than other treatment groups on physical health domains, especially in bodily pain (0.5–0.6 SD), and vitality (0.6–0.8 SD).
Considering patients’ well-being, AS can be a good therapeutic option due to the low impact caused on urinary continence and sexual function. However, longitudinal studies are required to take into account HRQoL evolution over time.
Prostate cancer (PC) is overdiagnosed and overtreated due to the increased utilization of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) . The PIVOT trial demonstrated no decrease in prostate cancer mortality with the use of surgical treatment, compared to observation, for localized PC, except for the high-risk population . Available curative treatments for localized PC [radical prostatectomy(RP), external-beam radiotherapy(XRT) and brachytherapy(BT)] may decrease the patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [3, 4]. Active Surveillance(AS) has been postulated as a safe alternative for patients with favourable-risk PC in order to reduce treatment side effects, with no impact on short-term survival. Several published series have demonstrated its validity reducing overtreatment [5,6,7,8].
Although living with cancer may cause psychological disorders, several studies proved that the impact of AS on patient’s mental health is low or null [9,10,11]. Previous studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18] have evaluated the impact of AS using generic HRQoL measures, with results consistently demonstrating minimal declines in comparison to active treatments. The English ProtecT study, the first randomized clinical trial comparing treatments for localized prostate cancer in the PSA era, showed that patients allocated to the arm of AS presented similar sexual dysfunction and sexual bother than those allocated to radiotherapy at the 3rd year of follow-up . These results are consistent with findings from a previous population-based Australian prospective cohort study , and with a longitudinal study from USA . However, another USA study showed significantly less sexual dysfunction among AS patients than those treated with radiotherapy at the 3rd year of follow-up . It is important to highlight that, since these studies evaluated the treatments’ efficacy and effectiveness, the AS arm included also patients who underwent RP or XRT at some point during follow-up: 14% at the 2nd year in the Australian study ; 19% at the 2nd year  and 24% at the 3rd year  in the USA studies; and around 20, 40 and 55% at 2nd, 5th and 10th year, respectively, in the ProtecT trial . This ‘intention to treat’ analytical strategy prevents a clear picture of patients who remained on AS without radical treatment.
The main purpose of this study was to describe HRQoL of patients with localized PC in an AS program, without any other treatment. In order to compare them with those undergoing RP, XRT and BT, data from the ‘Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer’ [23, 24] was used. Physical and mental health components were also compared to general population [25, 26]. Our hypothesis are that: 1) HRQoL of localized PC patients in an AS program is better than in those treated by available curative treatments, since they presented less side effects; and 2) Patients in AS have poorer mental health, in comparison to those undergoing available curative treatments or general population, due to the uncertainty regarding their disease’s progression.
Cross-sectional study of patients undergoing AS in two hospitals, matched with patients treated with RP, XRT or BT from the ‘Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer’ [23, 24] cohort, according to risk group, elapsed time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey (+/− 1 year), and age (+/− 5 years old).
Patients who entered in the AS protocol at the host institutions (Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - l’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain - and Hospital del Mar - Barcelona, Spain) with primary diagnosis of PC between January 2008 and June 2015, were included (n = 180). The institutional review board at each institution approved the AS protocols independently, and written consent from the participants was obtained. AS protocol criteria were: < 75 years old; pathologically confirmed PC (maximum of three positive cylinders); Gleason score < 3 + 4; clinical stage T1a-T2b; and PSA < 15 ng/ml. Exclusion criteria for this study were: less than 6 months in AS, termination of AS protocol, incomplete data, or refusal to participate. Risk stratification was performed according to d’Amico criteria .
Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics were collected at the pre-assessment visit (age, PSA level, clinical stage, Gleason grade). From a total of 180 patients registered in the AS program: 23 were excluded because they did not meet protocol criteria, 22 because they had switched to active treatment due to clinical progression, and 25 due to missing data (Fig. 1). Finally, during 2016, the HRQoL survey was administered centrally by telephone interview (see below “HRQoL instruments”) to 110 patients at a median of 2.4 years after entering AS (range 0.5–8.3).
‘Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer’ cohort
Data for comparative active treatment groups were extracted from the “Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer”, which included patients treated with RP, XRT and BT, while not in AS since it was not a usual option in Spain when the study was designed in 2000. Details of this cohort have been described previously [23, 24]. Briefly, a total of 704 patients diagnosed of low/intermediate risk PC were recruited between 2003 and 2005. Patients were prospectively enrolled in the protocol and followed subsequently. Treatment was elected at patient-physician choice: 193 underwent RP, 194 XRT and 317 BT (Fig. 1). HRQoL data were collected by telephone interview before treatment and at one, three, six and twelve months post-treatment the first year, and annually thereafter.
Of the 704 patients, 26 had died at the third year after treatment - only 4 deaths related to PC. From the 678 alive, 500 completed the HRQoL assessment at three years after treatment (74% HRQoL completion rate), and only 87 (12.8%) missed the consecutive interviews (years 4 and 5). Those 500 patients were matched with the 110 in AS by randomized selection according to risk group, elapsed time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey (+/− 1 year), and age (+/− 5 years old).
Supplementary data related to non-matched patients is also described (See Additional file 1: Table S1).
A single trained nurse performed the telephone interviews and data collection, avoiding potential internal differences due to interviewer bias. Total telephone interview time took between 45 and 60 min.
The disease-specific instrument used to evaluate the impact of treatment side effects on HRQoL was the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) . It contains 50 items from five domains (urinary incontinence, urinary irritative-obstructive, bowel, sexual and hormonal). All EPIC items have a reminder period of four weeks, and are answered on a 5-point Likert scale. Scores are transformed linearly to scales from 0 to 100.
The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) version 2 [25, 29] contains 36 items covering 8 domains (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and mental health). Two additional component summaries were generated (physical and mental). All domains and summary scores were obtained following the authors’ recommendations  by standardization to a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10 for the US general population. These standardized scores were developed to facilitate interpretability [30, 31] by allowing the direct comparison with the mean of the US general population, and an easy translation of score differences in terms of effect sizes given its SD = 10.
In both HRQoL instruments, EPIC and SF-36, higher scores imply better quality of life. The magnitude or clinical importance of score differences can be interpreted using the standard categorization of effect size , whereby 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 of the SD represent small, moderate and large differences, respectively.
Each of the 110 patients undergoing AS was matched to one patient from each attempted curative treatment group by randomized selection according to pre-defined attributes (risk group, elapsed time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey, and age), giving priority to patients with less potential pairs. The matching process allowed to pair 99 patients treated by AS with patients under each treatment group from the ‘Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer’ cohort (total n = 396). The statistical power was 80%, with a type I error of 5% to detect differences of twelve points (effect size of 0.5 SD) on the sexual score of EPIC questionnaire between groups with 50 patients.
To describe baseline characteristics, mean (SD) was calculated for quantitative variables or frequencies, and percentages for categorical variables. Comparisons among four treatment groups were tested using Chi squared test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), depending on the variable’s nature. Post hoc comparisons to test differences between AS and any other treatment were performed by the Tukey Studentized Range (HSD) test for continuous variables or by Chi squared test for categorical variables.
Taking into account that HRQoL may differ according to the elapsed time from treatment selection to survey and age, we performed the analyses stratifying by them. In order to obtain two groups of similar size, the cut-off that approximated the median was selected for each of these two variables. Figures were constructed to show mean and 95% confidence interval of HRQoL scores by treatment group, and also the mean of men aged 65–74 years old in the general population reference norm of the SF-36.
Relevant baseline characteristics of the 396 patients (99 per treatment group) are described in Table 1. No differences were found among groups on the variables used in the matching process, except for age: patients in the AS group were older than RP ones (70.6 vs 68.2 year) and younger than XRT ones (70.6 vs 73.2 year). The median (range) of time elapsed from treatment selection to the HRQoL survey was: 2.4 (0.53–7.32) in the AS group, 3.1 (0.45–8.32) in the RP group, 2.0 (0.46–8.32) in the XRT group and 3.0 (0.48–7.06) in the BT group.
EPIC results are described in Fig. 2. AS patients reported higher urinary incontinence scores (higher scores mean better continence) related to RP in both stratus of time from treatment selection to HRQoL survey (92.6 vs 67.0 and 81.4 vs 64.4, p < 0.01). Patients in AS for 2.5 years or less presented increased EPIC sexual domain scores than the rest of the treatment groups (p < 0.01), but only statistically higher than RP for those in AS for longer than 2.5 years (Fig. 2a). Moreover, differences in hormonal scores between AS and the other treatment groups were only statistically significant among those with time longer than 2.5 years since treatment selection. No differences were found among the other domains (urinary irritative-obstructive and bowel). Figure 2b, with EPIC results stratified by age at HRQoL survey, shows a similar pattern of differences.
Most of SF-36 physical health dimensions (Fig. 3a) presented statistically significant higher scores for RP groups than among patients in AS for < 2.5 years, while no differences were found among those with more than 2.5 years from treatment selection. Figure 3b, with results stratified by age, only shows a difference between AS and RP for physical functioning among patients < 70 years old.
No differences were found in SF-36 mental health dimensions among treatment groups (Fig. 4a nd b), except for lower (worse) scores in vitality among patients in AS for < 2.5 years or < 70 years of age (p = 0.001).
Figures 3 and 4 show that patients of all treatment groups reported similar or even better SF-36 scores than the general population reference norm (men aged 65–74).
Patients in the AS group presented better sexual outcomes than any active treatment at short term, difference which persisted only with the RP group beyond 2.5 years after treatment selection. The magnitude of the differences between AS and RP groups was large in both stratums of elapsed time to HRQoL survey (1.0 and 0.74 SD). This is explained by the well-known erectile dysfunction that RP may cause in some cases [3, 4]. Our good sexual results for patients in the AS program are similar to those reported in the USA observational study showing their statistically significant better sexual function than RP and XRT groups at 3rd year of follow-up . Sexual dysfunction for patients in AS reported by ProtecT trial , the Australian cohort , and a USA study  could be partly explained by the ‘intention to treat’ analytical approach applied in these studies, and their worse results be caused by those patients who underwent radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy at some point during follow-up (14% , 19% , and 20%  at the 2nd year). A longitudinal study of predictors of sexual dysfunction in men on AS only identified age, diabetes and PSA as the factors independently associated .
In our study, patients in AS group reported higher urinary incontinence scores (better continence) compared to RP, with large differences regardless of time elapsed from treatment selection (0.99 and 0.74 SD). It may be explained by the loss of continence associated to surgery, although it usually improves over time [3, 4]. These results are in line with the lack of sexual and urinary continence side effects showed in a study that compared patients in AS with men without cancer after a prostate biopsy .
Regardless of the treatment applied, our results proved that physical and mental components of health are very similar to those reported by US general population, indicating a good health status in patients with favourable-risk PC. These results are consistent with those obtained in the ProtecT  and in a systematic review , which concluded that there was no major perturbation of HRQoL and psychological well-being in men undergoing AS in comparison to radical treatments. Nonetheless, patients in AS reported worse outcomes than other treatment groups at short term on physical and mental health domains: especially in bodily pain (0.46–0.63 SD) and vitality (0.55–0.77 SD). The magnitude of these differences was moderate. Pain-related effects of repeated prostate biopsies in the AS group could explain, partly, bodily pain differences. They can be also explained by differences at baseline between AS and RP groups: younger and healthier patients may tend to choose more active treatments like RP, with better subsequent recovery. In fact, differences between treatments in the physical health domains do not appear after stratifying by age.
Our main strengths are the HRQoL evaluation, which included two of the most widely used generic and disease-specific instruments at this moment, and the matching of patients in the AS program with the “Spanish Multicentric Study of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer” cohort. Moreover, the cross-sectional design of the study clearly shows us the real HRQoL status of the patients remaining in the AS group, without contamination of those who switched to active treatments.
Our matching process reduced baseline differences, providing comparable groups. Statistically significant differences were found on mean age at diagnosis: The AS group’s mean age was intermediate between RP and XRT (see Table 1). Besides, patients in the AS group were more likely to be diagnosed in T2 stage in comparison to other treatments, which may surprise since AS is a strategy to delay or avoid curative treatment in localized PC [5,6,7,8], but we should bear in mind that AS patients are more likely to be defined by NRMI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), with consequent staging as T2. All groups were equivalent in terms of PSA and Gleason score.
The main limitation is that this is a cross-sectional study, not enabled to assess patients’ evolution or to avoid selection bias. Patients in AS for longer than 6 months assessed in this study were those who tolerate it well physically and mentally, and those who did not have progressive disease or symptoms resulting in termination of AS protocol. The study could also overestimate differences between AS and active treatments, especially because treatments in the interventional arms (RP, XRT and BT) were performed during the 2003–2005 period, so techniques and procedures have evolved. Nowadays, functional outcomes in these attempted curative treatments have progressed: slightly smaller declines in erectile function with robotic radical prostatectomy than with open technique [35, 36], and slightly better bowel results for IMRT than for older 3D conformal radiation therapy [37, 38]. Furthermore comorbidity, which could be a major factor in choice of therapy, was not collected for patients in AS. Finally, the SF-36 reference norms used were from the US general population. However, as the Spanish and US reference norms of SF-36 were very similar [25, 31] both of them are suitable and US reference norms facilitate international comparisons.
In conclusion, considering treatment side effects and patients’ well being, AS can be a good therapeutic option due to the low impact caused on HRQoL. Moreover, patients undergoing AS do not seem to suffer major negative psychological effects in comparison to active treatments or general population. Our results provide a first approximation of AS patient-reported outcomes in HRQoL. However, longitudinal studies may be required to take into account HRQoL evolution over the years, in order to make clear recommendations showing the percentage of patients who remain in AS without radical treatment and their HRQoL at different follow-up times.
Health-Related Quality of Life
Localized prostate cancer
Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite
36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)
Prostate specific antigen
The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
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We would like to acknowledge Aurea Martin for her help in the English proofreading and editing process.
This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER (PI11/01191 and PI13/00412); DURSI-GENCAT (2014-SGR-748 and 2017 SGR 452); AATRM 086/24/2000 and 436/05/2008.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All recruitment and research protocol were approved by the ethics committee, CEIC- Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain. Eligible patients signed an informed consent form.
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All authors reviewed, contributed and approved the final manuscript.
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Sureda, A., Fumadó, L., Ferrer, M. et al. Health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance versus radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, prostate brachytherapy and reference population: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 17, 11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1082-4
- Active surveillance
- External-beam radiotherapy
- Health-related quality of life
- Radical prostatectomy

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ATLANTA — The Senate unanimously passed Senate Bill 66, sponsored by Sen. Steve Gooch (R – Dahlonega), last week. This bill, also known as the “Streamlining Wireless Facilities and Antennas Act,” would address the use of public rights of way by wireless providers. SB 66 would streamline wireless broadband deployment by allowing for a standardized application process for 5G companies to collocate small wireless facilities (antennas) on existing or new poles.
“Senate Bill 66 is the result of years of hard work and compromise with local governments, telecommunications conglomerates and members of the General Assembly,” said Sen. Gooch. “With the growing demand for internet access for purposes greater than entertainment, this bill, which similar legislation has already been passed in 22 other states, will ensure that we do not fall behind in meeting the needs of Georgians. I was proud to see Senate Bill 66 pass with unanimous support coming from both sides of the aisle, and I look forward to seeing the House continue moving this important piece of legislation forward.”
Senate Bill 66 is one of three bills (the others being SB 2 and SB 17) introduced this session to address the expansion of broadband into rural parts of Georgia. After its passage in the Senate, SB 66 has been sent to the House of Representatives for consideration. The full text and progress of SB 66 is available at this link: http://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/en-US/Display/20192020/SB/66.
Sen. Steve Gooch serves as Majority Whip of the Senate Majority Caucus. He represents the 51st Senate District which includes Dawson, Fannin, Gilmer, Lumpkin, Union and White counties and portions of Forsyth and Pickens counties. He may be reached at 404.656.9221 or via email at email@example.com


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Tesla announces ‘delivery event’ for the Semi
Following the start of production of the Tesla Semi in October, Tesla has now confirmed the date for the start of deliveries of the electric truck: Tesla will host a special “delivery event” on 1 December at its factory in Nevada.
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The week is not over yet, but we can already say that Quantstamp (QSP) is the coin of the week. After very successful ICO it was listed on Binance.com and trading started on November 21. Price first dropped to 530 satoshis, but after that it jumped to 2,695 satoshis in just two days! That is over 400% which is really great increase. Result hard to achieve even in the crypto space.
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