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Recent advances in instrumentation have enabled new forms of vibrational chemical imaging, including discrete frequency infrared (DFIR) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. These technologies may represent a fundamental shift in how we approach spectroscopic imaging: rather than collecting full spectra which contain redundant information, measuring a few important spectral frequencies may enable significant gains in speed, throughput, signal to noise ratio, and/or image quality. For infrared microscopy, these advantages may be compounded by High Definition IR microscopy. Here we discuss recent advances in infrared and nonlinear Raman imaging through the lens of 'discrete frequency' approaches, including several examples of applications and critical issues in instrumentation that are likely to be dominating research themes in the near future.
Recent advances in instrumentation have enabled new forms of vibrational chemical imaging, including discrete-frequency infrared (DFIR) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. These technologies may represent a fundamental shift in how we approach spectroscopic imaging: Rather than collecting full spectra that contain redundant information, measuring a few important spectral frequencies may enable significant gains in speed, throughput, signal-to-noise ratio, and image quality. For IR microscopy, these advantages may be compounded by high-definition IR microscopy. Here we discuss recent advances in IR and nonlinear Raman imaging through the lens of “discrete-frequency” approaches and include several examples of applications and critical issues in instrumentation that are likely to be dominant research themes in the near future.
The importance of infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopic imaging is strongly emerging in many disciplines in which knowledge of the spatial distribution of chemical constituents is of importance, including biomedical, polymers, forensics, and agricultural analyses (1â6). The traditional approach to spectroscopic analysis has been to record the entire spectrum at regular spatial intervals (7,8). In the simplest case, a spectrum is acquired at an illuminated point that is subsequently scanned over the entire area to be analyzed. The time required for data acquisition in this case increases at least linearly with the number of pixels. The use of multielement detectors, especially focal plane arrays (9,10) for IR imaging and charge-coupled devices for Raman imaging (11), provides a multichannel advantage to speed up data acquisition. Spreading light over large areas, the slow readout and poor electronics characteristic of thousands of detector elements often limit the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) attained per pixel for an array detector in a specified time. The conduct of traditional spectroscopic measurements in an imaging format, hence, usually involves a gain in spatial specificity at the cost of a reduction in analytical performance in terms of S/N and acquisition time of a given sample volume. To combat the low S/N problem, nonlinear Raman spectroscopic methods were developed that provided an exceptional increase in signal. This increase arises from a pump-probe scheme in which a single or a few vibrational modes are interrogated at a time (6,12). Often, the desired information in a spatially heterogeneous sample can be obtained using just a few frequencies and the other parts of the spectrum are not needed. For example, two vibrational modes are sufficient to visualize the structure in a two-phase polymer blend (13) and tens of frequencies may be needed to extract histopathologic information from tissue samples. New technological advances along with the realization to only record specific frequencies that may be needed (14) has led to the emergence of the discrete-frequency infrared (DFIR) imaging (15) approach. Here, we review current technology with a special emphasis on recent developments in discrete-frequency imaging in both IR and Raman. We include several examples of applications and identify critical issues in instrumentation that are likely to be dominating research themes in the near future.
Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging
Overview of Recent Advances in Infrared Imaging
Recent advances in IR microscopic imaging have been in two broad areas: first, a better understanding of the relationship between image formation optics, which includes the recognition of optimal sampling rates leading to diffraction-limited measurements across the entire vibrational spectrum (high definition [HD]). Second is the advent and use of new light sources-in particular, narrow-bandwidth but widely tunable quantum cascade lasers (QCL). These advances, both individually and together, hold great promise for impact on the development of instrumentation in terms of imaging quality, acquisition speed, equipment price, and the potential for transition into a clinical environment. Figure 1 shows an example of the gain in image quality arising from the use of HD optics. The effective pixel size in this case is ~30-fold smaller than that in typical conventional optics. Without any additional modifications in hardware, the HD approach is limited by time constraints. To cover the same area, at least 30-fold higher time is required. Furthermore, a reduction in light intensity per pixel necessitates an additional increase in acquisition time to maintain S/N of data. Although the first attempts at HD imaging used a synchrotron source to decrease acquisition time by increasing light throughput (16), the emergence of broadly tunable QCLs offers a practical, benchtop alternative in the fingerprint region. More importantly, lasers offer an alternative to conventional broadband acquisition as well. Most notable is the capacity to acquire DFIR data, which can reduce acquisition time for an image by ~1000-fold. The focus on only a small part of the spectrum allows for potentially more detail-for example as seen in the newly developed two-dimensional (2D) IR microscopy (17) that offers spatially resolved measurements of two-dimensional infrared spectra. The diversity in instrumentation, using either continuous or DFIR approaches, now makes it possible to focus on either the spectral or spatial aspects of data as needed. This fundamentally alters the trade-off between scanning time, S/N, and the ability to extract information. It also opens up the possibility of designing data acquisition protocols to optimize relevant information extraction for a given problem. In this article, we illustrate these aspects of recent developments by providing an analysis of the trends and examples of the new possibilities.
Figure 1: A comparison of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and IR imaging with different optics of a lymph node tissue section: (a) H&E image, (b) IR image with HD optics at high magnification (1.1 mm pixel projection), and (c) normal magnification (5.5 Î¼m pixel projection) of the same area of the tissue. Spectra from places marked with an asterisk are also compared (d). (Figure adapted with permission from reference 18.)
Spatial Collection Versus Discrete Frequency Interplay in IR Imaging
An emerging understanding of the fundamentals of IR image formation (19â21) has revealed the importance of correct spatial sampling to retrieve a fully resolved image, only limited by diffraction. Specifically, decreasing the pixel size to a value of ~1.1 Î¼m (at 3950 cm-1) provides an optimal tradeoff between quality and speed. As opposed to the previously used 5.5â6.25 Î¼m pixels, measurements at significantly higher densities are termed HD and were first shown using 12 defocused synchrotron beams to cover a 128x128 focal plane array (FPA) detector, reaching a pixel size of 0.54 Î¼m (16). The use of a brighter synchrotron source was crucial as it allowed light to be better used with a high numerical aperture (NA) lens and allowed the acquisition of high S/N data in a time comparable to laboratory instruments. The smaller pixels imply a reduction in intensity compared to low NAâlow magnification optics that can be mitigated by increasing the detector integration time, by better optical design, and by the use of mathematical noise rejection post-acquisition in laboratory HD systems. There are two major configurations at present-a thermal source (21) in a benchtop Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer where the sampling objective is either a 74x (NA = 0.65) or a 15x objective (NA = 0.65) with an additional 5x magnification optic just before the FPA detector (18,22,23). The combination of better optical design (22,23) and the use of numerical methods for noise rejection has now allowed both HD and high quality data in a reasonable amount of time. An example is shown in Figure 1, in which HD imaging of lymph nodes is shown to provide high quality histopathologic information that provides morphologic detail close to that obtained by conventional optical microscopy.
An alternative to speed up the acquisition time is to measure only frequencies of highest importance in the form of DFIR. This has initially been achieved by the use of spectral filters in a nonimaging setting (24). As opposed to the initial attempts to use filters for DFIR imaging, the use of QCL sources enables practical DFIR imaging because of the high brightness of the source (25â27). Most IR microscopes feature FT-IR spectrometers that include a broadband source and an interferometer. In contrast, the emerging QCL setup illuminates the sample using a single narrow spectral band at any given time. Commercial tunable QCL systems are typically a combination of up to four individual laser modules, each covering ~200 cm-1 of spectral bandwidth with a typical spectral step of 1 cm-1 and linewidth of 0.1 cm-1, allowing access to the full fingerprint region (26,28). QCL imaging studies have been performed using both a microbolometer (29) and a mapping approach, scanning every pixel point by point with a single-element mercuryâcadmiumâtelluride (MCT) detector (25). A much higher imaging speed can be obtained using a wide-field approach, in which the beam is defocused to cover a large area of the sample that can be imaged with a multielement FPA (26,27) detector. In such setups the time gain per important frequency as compared to FT-IR can reach three orders of magnitude (27). Such systems are now commercially available (28). Additionally, the use of a large-format room-temperature microbolometer FPA is enabled by the high power of a QCL source sufficient to overcome its poor noise characteristics (30). This detector technology offers not only a cheaper alternative to MCT but also alleviates the need for liquid nitrogen cooling. Although smaller in format, MCT FPAs are lower in noise and have significantly faster readouts, allowing for significantly higher frame rates (submillisecond compared to ~10 ms for bolometers) (27). The faster speed and lower noise of this smaller format offsets the multichannel advantage of large bolometers with the tradeoff of increased cost and operating complexity.
Although comparison metrics can be applied to compare across multiple modalities, we emphasize that there is no straightforward way to compare these systems. Unlike the recent past, where use of an interferometer and high performance detector were essential elements of any IR imaging strategy, the diversity of instrumentation from choices of source, detector, and discrete frequency (DF)-Fourier transform (FT) approaches now means that instruments can be built for purpose more readily than ever before. We believe each type of instrument is best suited to a specific use-the QCL system is best for fast scanning at high spatial quality but limited spectral range, the FPA FT-IR system is best for high HD image quality and full spectrum imaging, and detectors such as linear array or point systems offer the potential for collecting very high quality spectra at an intermediate imaging speed. In light of this diversity, it is instructive to theoretically compare the systems by normalizing performance as per the trading rules of IR imaging (31). Two systems can be compared by means of a pixel rate ratio (R) that is proportional to the number of pixels (n), the acquisition time (t), and the resulting S/N (32)
Since S/N has a time-squared dependence, we first seek to normalize the rate for equivalent S/N. The time to scan (t) is the next parameter and finally the number of pixels scanned in that time (n) is noted. At present, QCL microscopes provide the option of fast image scans at rates competitive with current FT-IR instruments. Often, the S/N is lower but the ability to scan only a few frequencies to provide informative images can make the information extraction more than 100-fold faster (33). One benefit from imaging single wavelengths at a time is the ability to use more optimized, refractive objectives because the focus can readily be adjusted for each wavelength of interest. It must also be realized that full maturity of laser-based instrumentation would require the development of sources with sufficient spectral coverage for evaluating the entire vibrational spectrum-current state-of-the-art equipment created in a laboratory covers the range from 1904 to 776 cm-1 using four QCL chips or sources (27), for example. Hence, we emphasize that the optimal use of QCL-based microscopes lies in their ability to make small sets of spectral measurements in the fingerprint region and that they are complementary, rather than competitive, with FT-IR imaging at this juncture.
Figure 2: Comparison of different IR modalities with different pixel sizes (indicated in parentheses) on the same tissue fragment. LA = linear array. FPA = focal plane array. (Adapted [fonts changed for clarity] with permission from reference 27. Further permissions should be sought from the ACS for reuse.)
The Effects of Sampling Geometry and Sample Requirements: An Enduring Challenge
Four main sampling geometries are typically used: transmission, transflection, reflection, and attenuated total reflection (ATR). Pure reflection measurements are limited to polished samples with a reflective surface and yield essentially measurements of the real part of the refractive index because of the low influence of absorption. Transmission and transflection cover the majority of experiments, and ATR is usually used in special cases of either thick or highly reflective samples (34). The former two require the light to pass through the thin specimen, and transflection’s double pathlength through the sample exacerbates the pathlength requirement. Biological tissues limit the thickness to 10â20 Î¼m, although recent demonstrations with QCLs suggest this may be extended to 50 Âµm or more. The ATR approach is free of this requirement because of the nature of the evanescent wave; however, there is another requirement that the ATR crystal must have a higher refractive index than the specimen (35). For each of these modalities, there is a growing understanding of optical effects and artifacts, and how these can be corrected to produce more accurate absorbance spectra. Scattering plays the major source of spectral distortion in both transmission and transflection modes and is quite well understood (19,20,36,37). In the transflection mode, attention has been brought (38,39) to the electric field standing wave (EFSW) effect, which is a consequence of light interference between the incoming and reflecting beams leading to unequal electric field intensities across different wavelengths of light within a sample. This introduces a peak ratio dependence on sample thickness, which is not a desirable feature in chemical imaging. However, a number of other works discussed the degree to which this effect degrades diagnostic potential both theoretically (40,41) and experimentally on cells (42) and on tissues (43,44)-for most of the tested systems it did not alter the analytical capabilities. The physical origins and dependence on sample properties (size, shape, refractive index) are known for the majority of systems, but the inverse problem-that is, to predict those properties from the scattering-absorption spectrum-remains to be rigorously solved. There are two existing algorithms that offer some degree of model-based correction: resonant Mie extended multiplicative scattering correction (RMie-EMSC) (45) and phase correction (46). There is an ongoing discussion about their applicability in various scenarios and they have not become a standard method of preprocessing FT-IR spectra. In many systems, the combination of second derivatives and normalization minimizes the contribution from optical effects.
ATR imaging typically minimizes scattering contributions because the sub-wavelength interaction of the evanescent wave with the sample (especially for high index substrate materials) minimizes scattering contributions. This dependence of the depth of penetration on the wavelength of light may cause problems for uneven sample volumes across the spectrum and the precision in spectral localization may be affected by the Goose-Hanchen shift (47).
The most recent advancements in sampling for IR imaging are developments toward IR spectroscopic tomography. Thanks to the high brilliance of a synchrotron source, three-dimensional (3D) images of various materials were obtained in the first reported IR tomography experiment (48) and were later supplemented with thermal source tomographic imaging of a single plant cell (49). Variable angle germanium ATR imaging was implemented into an IR microscope for depth profiling of polymers (50) and provides a different avenue to 3D information.
Also, ATR imaging effectively increases magnification; depending on the geometry and material of the crystal, the additional magnification introduced is typically in the 4â5x range. Thus, there is a higher inherent resolution advantage, which appears to match that of the HD optics case for a pixel size of ~1â1.5 mm with a “conventional” 15x objective (47) and 0.22â0.275 mm with the additional 5x optics before the detector (22). An innovative implementation of CaF2 pseudo-hemisphere to transmission measurements of flow cells (51) provides several advantages of the increased magnification. In addition to reducing chromatic aberration, the introduction of the pseudo-hemisphere also forms a solid lens, effectively increasing the NA by a factor equal to the refractive index of the material-that is, 1.4 for CaF2. The index matching with a sample also results in reduced scattering. Further improvement of this approach in the form of large-scale mapping with the pseudo-hemisphere attached to the objective has recently been achieved (52), paving the way for larger tissue specimen imaging.
Applications Illustrating the HD and DF Trends
Because HD FT-IR imaging is a relatively new development, only a handful of applications have been demonstrated. The increase in image quality is desirable for tissue imaging (22), single-cell imaging (23), and classification purposes; however, there is a concern that additional variability, possibly originating from subcellular contributions in the case of tissues, may hinder the potential of the technique to create robust models of the tissue structure. Such behavior was observed for lymphatic tissue (18), where unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was influenced by nontissue-specific signals when a pixel size of 1.1 mm was used. When at least four (2x2) pixels were averaged, HCA was driven again by tissue type variability. This problem has been overcome with a supervised random forest classification algorithm. An eight-class model was successfully created, being able to distinguish naive and memory B cells, T cells, light-zone-activated B cells, and dark-zone-activated B cells. Recent preliminary results also show that prostate tissue classification does not suffer a decrease in accuracy by using HD optics (53). Although these developments are relatively less demanding for spectral consistency, further tests of the HD approach will become more apparent when applications push the diagnostic limits in analyses such as the prediction of prostate cancer recurrence (54) outperforming other state-of-the-art methods or in more detailed cancer classification providing accurate subtyping of lung cancer (55). An example of this progress lies in the use of HD optics allowing the study of colon tissue in much higher detail, allowing discrimination of goblet cells along with their mucin secretions (56). Progress in breast tissue analysis using HD imaging has also been reported (57), followed by the creation of a tissue structure classification (58). In other important applications, HD imaging has also proven to be useful for identifying parasites in single erythrocytes (59) by increasing spatial unmixing of the parasite signal, and in studying tendon damage using linearly polarized light (60).
We envisage the use of both technologies in discovery or development of protocols (FT-IR) and tools for rapid translation to routine use (DFIR via QCL microscopy). An example of this approach has recently been demonstrated (33) in the identification of fibrosis within anonymized cardiovascular samples from human patients. Images obtained with a DFIR instrument were classified accurately by an algorithm trained on FT-IR data. A second algorithm trained and calibrated on DFIR data showed similar accuracy. Furthermore, demonstrating the potential of the DFIR approach, a single-band-based detection also correlated well with instances of fibrosis as identified by a pathologist. The speed of DFIR instruments in providing histologic images was at least 100 times higher than the fastest FT-IR imaging. QCL-based DFIR is being used in rapid tissue imaging of breast tissue (27,61), classification of prostate cancer cases (62), imaging of colon tissue (30,63) structure, and general imaging of brain (64), cardiac tissue (33), and lungs (65). Another branch of application comes in the form of biofluids (66), either serum (28,67) or protein solutions (68,69). Finally, an initial surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) experiment with QCL has been reported (70) along with an application of live-organism monitoring (71), which are novel directions for IR imaging.
Raman Spectroscopic Imaging
Recent Advances in Raman Microscopy
The field of Raman microscopy continues to rapidly grow (72), especially in imaging. Several advances in instrumentation for spontaneous Raman microscopy have occurred within the past few years, including a better understanding of the use of confocal depth profiling (73), temporal filtering for fluorescence rejection (74), spectral filtering for compressive sensing (75), the incorporation of cell-isolation mechanisms (76), and numerous examples of novel surface-enhanced substrates (77,78). On the nonlinear Raman side, however, there is tremendous excitement and a growing number of studies using coherent Raman scattering (CRS) imaging methods. In particular, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has brought forth useful new instrumentation configurations and image acquisition strategies. Although it is a nascent technology with some technical hurdles yet to be overcome, SRS has enabled impressive biological investigations that use only a handful of Raman frequencies, which lends itself naturally to a discrete-frequency approach. Several examples include monitoring fat uptake in individual cells (79) and microscopic organisms (80); imaging DNA, protein, and lipid components in live cells (81); detecting tumors in brain tissue (82); and deep tissue imaging in a living patient (83).
Discrete-Frequency Strategies in Nonlinear Raman
Nonlinear Raman microscopy is now a well-established field of techniques (6,84,85), with a main draw being a faster imaging alternative to spontaneous Raman microscopy. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy was demonstrated (86) early, but accelerated rapidly in its development with the advent of practical designs, lasers and computational tools, both software and hardware over the past two decades (87â91). Today, fully broadband implementations (92) as well as single-frequency approaches (88) exist. SRS microscopy was first demonstrated more recently (93) and now also features both broadband and single-frequency implementations. There have been numerous excellent studies in these fields that use information gained from single Raman bands or otherwise limited spectral information; as such, discrete-frequency approaches have been actively applied in this field for some time.
Although the two techniques are similar in implementation, they are not redundant technologies. CARS spectra feature a nonresonant background that distorts band shapes and results in significant deviations from corresponding spontaneous Raman spectra. Considerable work has been dedicated to strategies for correcting or eliminating its presence, including time-resolved measurements (94), polarization and phase control (95,96), and interferometric detection methods (97,98), and in fact it does contain additional information that may be used to better understand samples. However, this background represents a confounding contribution for DF imaging because contributions to the vibrational mode cannot easily be assigned independent of the knowledge of the background. To apply a correction or resolve the entire band shape, multiple measurements must be made, precluding truly discrete-frequency approaches with CARS. SRS does not have this nonresonant component, so there is greater spectral certainty when measuring one single frequency of interest.
The close correspondence to spontaneous spectra plus the linear relationship between concentration and measured signal means that SRS is uniquely suited to truly discrete-frequency approaches analogous to the DFIR examples discussed previously. An interesting comparison can be seen between SRS and QCLâIR imaging in Figure 3. It can be seen that both technologies produce an excellent fidelity and detailed view of biological tissue. Although the signal-to-noise ratio of the QCL system is much higher, providing for better contrast, the resolution of the SRS system is superior, providing for more spatial detail. In both cases, the image of this biological tissue does not require the use of dyes or stains and provides sufficient quality to perform studies. Just as HD-IR advantages are becoming clear in emerging studies, the near future will likely provide a number of applications of detailed histopathology with SRS imaging. Given the two-photon origin of the signal in SRS, the optical sectioning of tissue in 3D will always be superior and provide detail in depth scanning applications, which are ultimately limited by scattering-induced loss of signal. Because this technology holds the potential to continue driving discrete-frequency approaches in Raman imaging, it is useful to highlight the different ways in which narrow-band or limited bandwidth SRS has been implemented.
Figure 3: An example of adjacent prostate tissue cores measured (a) with a point system QCL (3 Î¼m pixel size) and (b) with SRS system (1 Î¼m pixel size)-both imaged at 1656 cm-1. Also shown are (c) H&E and (d) white light microscopy images of the cores.
Figure 4: Rat brain tissue with spontaneous and stimulated Raman microscopy. Left: white light and principal component analysis (PCA) performed on full Raman spectra (50â3400 cm-1). Total imaging time ~3 h. Right: white light and stimulated Raman image of three individual “C-H” bands. Total imaging time ~20 min. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) provides significant chemical contrast using rapid, high-speed imaging and only a few Raman bands.
The first implementation of SRS for microscopy was broadband in nature (93), but the first implementation that was appropriate for biological microscopy (lower power, faster speed) was single-frequency (79). Using two picosecond beams with a narrow spectral bandwidth (~3 cm-1) provides several advantages, including good spectral resolution and certainty of which Raman mode was being sampled. One significant drawback to such an approach is that accessing multiple Raman bands requires a series of several distinct single-band images, tuning the light source to match the Raman shift of interest between each acquisition. Two main disadvantages arise from this. First, while individual images can be acquired very quickly, a series of images can be slow and tedious, greatly mitigating the speed advantage afforded by the technique. Second, there will always be some uncertainty in spatial colocalization across a series of many images. This becomes even more complicated when imaging a system that evolves in time, and limits the amount of useful spectral or spatial data that can be acquired.
Since then, several strategies have been developed to multiplex or otherwise facilitate the acquisition of multiple frequencies without sacrificing imaging speed (99,100). The challenges associated with multifrequency measurements are different than those for QCL-IR instruments; optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), the most common choice for a tunable coherent Raman scattering (CRS) source, often involve a temperature-changing element, the adjustment of which represents the slowest step in a SRS experiment. Whereas the full tunable range of a commercial QCL source can be frequency-swept in a fraction of a second, CRS sources are often limited in this respect. One straightforward way of multiplexing Raman frequencies in an SRS experiment is to use multiple tunable beams simultaneously. If each of these is intensity modulated at a different frequency, a single-element detector can still be used to measure the Raman generation of each pair of colors (100). Of course, this strategy is ultimately limited by cost (both OPOs and lasers of sufficient quality to drive them often cost as much as entire commercial instruments) and by the total amount of optical power that can be injected into the specimen. As such, this strategy is not infinitely extendible. As opposed to multiplexing, another strategy for increasing the speed at which spectral information is acquired has been to develop OPO components that allow for rapid tuning over small spectral ranges (101). At any given temperature setting, an OPO is capable of producing light from a narrow range of wavelengths (in the near infrared [NIR] this is often on the order of 10â15 nm). Quickly sweeping over this range can be achieved by specialized motors that control an optical filter. Therefore, much like with QCL operation, a spectral image over a given field of view can be acquired in a reasonable amount of time. Although this spectral range is limited, it can allow researchers to acquire a spectral image without any movement of the stage or specimen.
A third type of approach uses “spectrally tailored” pulses with a width of ~200 cm-1 to detect one specific compound of interest at a time (80). In any sort of organic setting, most constituents within a specimen will have signatures in the “C-H stretching” region. While these bands may overlap, there are distinct contributions from each constituent, and if their spectra are known in advance it is possible to calculate a pair of spectral components that are unique to a given compound. By shaping a pulse to match this “spectrally orthogonal” component, it is possible to create a single image that highlights only that compound. This is not a truly broadband measurement because a single-element detector is used; rather it is a type of “spectrally compressive sensing” that is implemented in a manner similar to single-frequency measurements, retaining a rapid imaging speed.
As multiband approaches in CRS become increasingly feasible, new detector types will need to be developed to match. A single-element, nonintegrating analog detector has the desirable characteristics of fast dwell time, large dynamic range, and relatively straightforward implementation. For SRS, the Raman signal is often frequency-encoded and evaluated by a lock-in amplifier or other demodulation strategy (79). This instrumentation is bulky and expensive, and can only be practically multiplexed to a degree. New circuitry that aims to replace lock-in detection has been developed which is more compact and can be housed inside of a single photodetector element (102,103). The performance has been shown to exceed lock-in detection for some cases, and the practicality of such an approach indicates that it may enable and drive the development of complex multiband or broadband CRS measurement strategies.
Sampling Geometry and Sample Requirements
Unlike the four distinct sampling geometries used in IR microscopy, Raman and CRS illumination strategies can be boiled down to reflection (also referred to as backscatter or “epi”) and transmission. Commercial spontaneous microscopes almost unanimously default to collecting backscattered Raman photons, because this approach is generally compatible with specimens of any thickness or with less-than-ideal optical transmission properties. Even so, many biological specimens are weakly scattering and absorbing in the near-infrared (700â1000 nm) region (104), and so a transmission geometry becomes a viable option for “thin” specimens on the order of 100 Î¼m thick or less. For SRS, this can enable simpler optics and a greater ability to collect Raman signal, whereas CARS performed in an “epi” geometry may have reduced background contributions (87). In fact, CARS and SRS have often been constructed on platforms that allow “epi” and “trans” scatter of Raman photons to be collected simultaneously (79,88). Other novel geometries have been implemented for CRS, including endoscopy (105,106) and standoff detection (107), but these fall outside the scope of this review.
The choice of objective optics is important for best meeting the needs of a given specimen. Water and oil immersion objectives can be helpful because they enable tighter focusing and minimize the effects of interfaces or other refractive index changes that may distort images (73), especially when performing depth profiling. An oil condenser for transmission illumination can be especially helpful (79). Collecting as much light as possible maximizes throughput, so a high numerical aperture with a wide field of view is ideal. Another approach that has been used to maximize the collection of scattered signal for deep tissue imaging is to use a large-area donut-shaped photodiode that encircles the front aperture of the microscope objective (83). This approach has proven successful in performing in vivo deep-tissue imaging.
Nonlinear extensions of Raman microscopy also bring new technical challenges and unwanted optical effects. It has been well-established that CRS does not suffer from the presence of fluorescence, and although it lacks the nonresonant background of CARS, SRS is not without interfering optical phenomena. Cross-phase modulation (108â110) and thermal lensing, caused by intense electrical fields leading to frequency-modulated changes in refractive index, can obfuscate information collected from weakly Raman-scattering specimens (79) and can lead to aberrant imaging artifacts. Additionally, a spectral filter cannot be used to separate SRS signal from residual pump or probe, creating challenges for detection and dynamic range. The use of multiple excitation beams requires users to confront chromatic aberration in sample illumination. These concerns are exacerbated by broadband measurements and require careful consideration of how spatial overlap of multiple colors of light changes as a function of wavelength difference, specimen properties, imaging depth, and so forth. Together, these effects remain to be explored. Unlike IR imaging, where extensive theory on the interactions of samples with light, effects of microstructure, collection optics, and sampling have been well studied now, these studies are not extensive but are likely to emerge for SRS microscopy as well.
Applications Illustrating DF Trends from the Literature
In addition to the examples mentioned previously, there are numerous excellent studies in the literature that use CRS imaging at a handful of Raman shifts to conduct biological investigations. Using independent component (111) or singular value decomposition analysis (112), efforts have been made to identify and discriminate subcellular components in a more automated fashion. Beyond visualizing the distribution of tissue components, specific features of tissue have been investigated with CRS to elucidate a physiological or disease state. This includes the analysis of atherosclerotic plaques (113), the identification of squamous cell carcinoma (114), and the presence of liver damage (115). In vivo deep-tissue analysis has been demonstrated for both CARS (116) and SRS (83). Both of these studies demonstrate the ability to image liquids diffusing into tissue, enabled by rapid imaging speed and good depth profiling capabilities. The specificity of CRS imaging has also paved the way for the development of CRS-specific probes, including alkyne tags (117) and deuterium labeling for monitoring protein formation (118) and lipid membrane analysis (119) and gold SERS nanoparticles designed for investigating single-molecule signals (120). The ability to combine multiple linear and nonlinear imaging modalities onto a single platform allows for gaining insight about the properties of a specimen beyond the vibrational spectrum (121). Several excellent reviews and tutorials exist in the literature for those interested in applying CRS to their own studies (6,85,122). This is far from an exhaustive list of examples, but even from this sampling it is clear that CARS and SRS will continue to drive discrete-frequency approaches on the Raman side of vibrational chemical imaging.
Summary and Conclusions
With the advent of QCLs that are appropriate for spectroscopic infrared microscopy and the increasing popularity of nonlinear Raman imaging methods, discrete-frequency approaches to chemical imaging are proving to be viable methods of investigation. FT-IR and spontaneous Raman spectroscopic imaging methodologies, while proven and robust, undoubtedly result in the collection of some “unnecessary” spectral information; by eliminating this, great gains can be made in imaging speed, resolution, and time-resolved capabilities. It is the authors’ opinion that this approach to microscopic investigation will become well-suited for a number of tasks and result in an important complementary technique to “full spectral” approaches. Ultimately, the decision about which technique to apply to a given sample or problem will depend on the particular set of spatial and spectral requirements. For low-component-number systems with large domain sizes, discrete-frequency approaches coupled to nondiffraction limited resolutions will enable rapid and high-throughput analysis. Multicomponent systems with small domain sizes will require significant spectral and spatial sampling and may be best suited by a traditional approach. Proper exploration of a given system, through spontaneous Raman or FT-IR imaging, may elucidate a limited number of spectral points necessary to acquire and enable discrete-frequency approaches for problem solving, allowing for efficiency via QCL, SRS, or CARS methods.
We would like to acknowledge generous support from the entities for resources that contributed toward or were featured in this review. We are grateful to Thermo Scientific for use of a Thermo Scientific DXR xi imaging microscope. We are thankful to Agilent Technology for equipment support. Thanks to the Martha Gillete Lab at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for the rat brain specimen. TPW acknowledges support through the “Mobility Plus” program from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Institutes of Health via grants R01EB009745, R21CA190120, and U01MH109062.
Tomasz P. Wrobel is with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois. Matthew R. Kole is with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and the Department of Bioengineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rohit Bhargava is with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, the Department of Bioengineering, and the Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science & Engineering and Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Direct correspondence to: email@example.com


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The products they offer can be used in both homes and commercial fitness facilities such as private health clubs, multi-family properties, personal training studios, parks and recreation centers, medical wellness centers, corporate fitness centers, active living communities, country clubs, police and fire departments, hotels, resorts, spas, high schools, colleges, universities, YMCAs, JCCs and more.
Push Pedal Pull carries great equipment from many great manufacturers including: Precor, Polar, Paramount, BH Fitness, NuStep, Magnum, Keiser, Sports Art, Everlast / Ecore, Humane, Horizon, ElliptiGO, Troy, Quantum, York Barbell, Iron Grip, Noramco, SPRI, Landice, LeMond, LifeCORE, Monark, Octane, Nordic Track, Nautilus, True, Life Fitness, Star Trac, Diamondback, Tuff Stuff, TKO, Stairmaster, FreeMotion, Inspire, Schwinn, SciFit and plenty more.
They are one of the few retailers that offer service and support for after the purchase as well, along with a Facebook Page, Twitter Page and Blog that provide tips and tools for staying in shape and/or maximizing your fitness amenity.
Push Pedal Pull expert service for the life of your fitness equipment. Their technicians are actual employees, which is very important when your fitness equipment needs maintenance or repair.
Push Pedal Pull Provides GREAT Service:
• Onsite Service
• Emergency Repair
• Preventative Maintenance
• Equipment Delivery
• Out-of-Box Installation
• Equipment Relocation
• Extended Warranties
Whether you are looking for residential or commercial fitness equipment, Push Pedal Pull should be your first and last stop. Their goal is to be your single source for premium exercise equipment, home fitness solutions, commercial fitness solutions, onsite service and repair, preventative maintenance plans, fitness equipment delivery, equipment moves, product installation and training.
Visit the Push Pedal Pull website to find a store location near you!
We recently had an opportunity to sit down with the largest Trek retailer in America, Penn Cycle & Fitness of the Twin Cities – Minneapolis/St Paul.
Penn Cycle CouponDuring our 15 minute discussion we learned that they are true experts in both fitness equipment and cycling equipment.
For over 20 years, Penn Cycle has been giving Minnesotans exactly what they are looking for, quality named brand products followed up with excellent service! This combination has allowed them to grow to 7 retail locations throughout the Metropolitan Area. They are a store that sells Trek products and lots of them. Every year they are the top or near the top retailer for Trek in North America.
The keys to their successes were not given out, but we found that they created a niche marketing plan exploring all seasons of fitness needs. During the winter months they focus on home & commercial fitness products. Treadmills, commercial treadmills, exercise bikes, rowers, ellipticals, recumbent bikes, home gyms and more by top brands like Body Guard, True Fitness, Schwinn Fitness, Star Trac, Lemond, Nautilus, Spirit, Keys & Lamar.
When the snow starts to melt, they kick it into high gear with their cycling expertise. They are a top of the line cycling retailer for road bikes, mountain bikes, BMX bikes, comfort bikes, hybrid bikes, commuter bikes, tandem bikes & recumbent bikes. They also carry a huge selection of cycling apparel and accessories. Bike seats, bike shoes, bike pedals, bike computers, bike locks, bike hats, bike jerseys, bike gloves, bike pants, bike racks, bike helmets and tons more! They carry top brands for all the above including Trek, Bell, Bontrager, Thule, Gary Fischer and many other proven bike brands.
Just need a little service? Penn Cycle has you covered all over the Metro! They have an experienced staff servicing both fitness equipment and cycling products. Those services include treadmill repair, elliptical machine repair, home gym repair, road bike repair, mountain bike repair, BMX bike repair, bike tune-ups, bike over hauls and more! Don’t worry about the brands that needs service, they do it all!
There is no need to visit Erik’s Bike Shop, Penn Cycle is a cycling & fitness retailer that does it all!!
Swing on in and experience Penn Cycle!
Penn Cycle is located at the following 7 locations:

domain: sports


DLA Piper Global Law Firm
Agility Trains Limited (a consortium comprising Hitachi Rail Europe Ltd and John Laing Investments Limited) on the award-winning Intercity Express Programme (IEP). IEP is both the biggest privately financed rolling stock deal in history, anywhere in the world, and one of the largest, most ambitious and complex PPP projects to date. Agility, advised by HSBC and DLA Piper, helped create a structure that enabled approximately £2.5 billion of senior debt to be provided with a long term tenor approaching 30 years by four groups of lenders.
Nottingham City Council in the UK in connection with the design, construction, finance and commissioning of Phase Two of the Nottingham Express Transit system which includes two new lines to create an integrated network and any future extensions, together with the operation and maintenance of the entire extended network including NET Line One over a period of approximately 23 years. Unusually, this complex £570m PFI project also involved a corporate acquisition by a local authority of the incumbent concessionaire. DLA Piper was commended for its role in this project in the FT's 'Most Innovative Firms in Finance Law' awards 2012.
Sheffield City Council in the UK in respect of their £2 billion highways maintenance and street lighting PFI project, which deals with the rehabilitation and ongoing maintenance of over 2,000 km of carriageways and footways, 350 bridges and other structures. Financial close was reached in Summer 2012 with Amey, its private sector contractor, for a 25 year contract.
The Administrative Agent and the senior bank lenders to the Pocahontas Parkway tollway project in Virginia, in connection with the 'take back the keys' by the lenders, restructuring of debt and equity, and tax structuring for a mix of cross-border, public and private side lenders, including TIFIA.
Transport for NSW (TfNSW) on the Regional Rail DBFM Project for the procurement of replacement rolling stock to replace the entire New South Wales regional diesel rail fleet (comprising the Endeavour, XPLORER and XPT fleets). The AUD2.8 billion project will deliver huge benefits for public transport customers across the States of NSW, Victoria and Queensland, with the replacement of intercity trains which are up to 36 years old. New trains will offer improved comfort, reliability and connectivity, and will incorporate modern and innovative benefits, significantly improving customer experience and satisfaction, and increasing patronage.
AGC as international legal advisers for the Bangkok Integrated Ticketing System Project in Thailand, which involves the development and implementation of a common ticketing system, central clearing house, and the creation and modification of front-end systems to support the phased rollout of a smart card for the Bangkok Mass Transit system. It is currently anticipated that the ticketing system will cover use of existing highway infrastructure, rail, bus and ferry networks and may be rolled out to non-transport operators as the Project matures. With an existing metropolitan population of over 14 million, and an anticipated patronage of some 10 million passengers per day, this Project represents a significant investment in public transport infrastructure for Thailand by the Thai Government, supported by international funding.
London Luton Airport Limited (a public airport company owned by Luton Borough Council) in relation to all aspects of the development and concession arrangements at Luton Airport, including advising on the master plan process and competition and procurement issues. Our advice covered the impact of the development options on the current concession framework and the structuring and development options with the concessionaire.
The European Investment Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in relation to the financing of new infrastructure development in Chisinau Airport in Moldova. As well as advising on the financing of the development and the related supporting documents, we also advised on all aspects of the direct agreement arrangements.
The preferred bidder, the Vinci-led consortium, following its successful bid for the Euro 2 billion Oosterweel PPP tunnel and bridge project (Antwerp). This consists of a tunnel under the river Schelde and a bridge over part of the harbour of Antwerp. The work included analysing both the risk allocation of the DBFM contract and the complex split public/private sector funding proposal.
A DLA Piper cross-border team, led from London and including teams in Budapest and Frankfurt acted for the lead arrangers as common counsel on the project financing of the acquisition of Budapest Airport. The Hungarian Government launched the high profile tender in 2005 for the sale of a majority stake in Budapest Airport following a very tight schedule. The non-recourse project financing for this project, €1.52 billion, was the biggest to have closed in Hungary.
The Lend Lease and Bouygues joint venture as preferred bidder for the Design & Construction of the NorthConnex motorway tunnel PPP project in Sydney, Australia. The Project involves the construction and operation of a $2.65 billion nine kilometre tolled link from the southern end of the M1 Pacific Motorway at Wahroonga to the Hills M2 Motorway at its existing Pennant Hills Road interchange. The construction elements include for two new dual lane carriageways; an interchange at the northern and southern end of the motorway; a motorway control centre including operation and maintenance facilities; a toll collection system; ventilation system and all other associated property works, utility service works and local area works. The aim is to reduce traffic congestion and the number of heavy vehicles on Pennant Hills Road, resulting in improved safety, local air quality and noise amenity along the corridor.


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Verve failed checks on power plant upgrade: Premier
Premier Colin Barnett has told State Parliament Verve failed to properly inspect boiler pipes before it committed to a botched refurbishment of the 47-year-old Muja AB coal-fire power station in Collie.
The admission came as the Government used its numbers to vote down a parliamentary inquiry into the affair proposed by Labor.
With the Government refusing to detail the extent of taxpayer losses flowing from State-owned generator Verve’s botched joint venture with Geelong engineering company Kempe, the Opposition put up a motion in Parliament this morning for a select committee to be established to inquire into the affair.
Under Labor Leader Mark McGowan’s proposal, the Government would control and chair a select committee to report by September 26 on the circumstances surrounding the loss of taxpayers money, engineering advice, the decision to refurbish the 47-year-old power station and commercial arrangements around the joint venture.
The Government voted against the motion.
Mr McGowan told Parliament the inquiry was necessary to establish the facts about the affair.
“It’s time there was a proper analysis of what went on here,” Mr McGowan said.
During the parliamentary debate, Mr Barnett said: “It’s been a bungled project, I don’t deny that for a moment.”
“I think it is regrettable, it has been a mistake in the project not to have fully inspected the boiler pipes. That is without question,” he said.
“Government accepts responsibility at a ministerial level. I don’t think you can say Government accepts technical responsibility. We are not engineers …
“There is also a responsibility on the agency to provide good and sound advice to Government. That was not forthcoming because the pipes were not inspected properly. Had they been inspected, that corrosion would have been identified and maybe different decisions would have been made.”
The issue of the boiler pipes is crucial because they ruptured when they were tested last July, causing an explosion that injured a worker.
The corrosion caused delays and expensive fixes.
The Government has authorised Verve to tip at least $75 million into a refurbishment that Mr Barnett said when he announced it in 2009 would not cost taxpayers a cent.
In Parliament, Mr Barnett said the Government took responsibility for the project’s failures but Mr McGowan challenged him on this point.
“What you have to understand is that in a parliamentary democracy, a Westminster democracy, responsibility stops with the Minister,” Mr McGowan said.
“No responsibility has been taken because there has been no consequence for the minister responsible.”
Outside Parliament, Mr McGowan said: “It’s official. This is a cover up. We gave the Government every opportunity to hold an inquiry and they declined.”
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domain: law


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FORCE11 and COPE release recommendations on data publishing ethics for researchers, publishers, and editors.
Last week the UK government COVID held a press briefing in an attempt to get the country behind new travel and social restrictions. What lessons can we learn from this bad example of how not to present evidence to support our positions?
Elsevier’s acquisition of Aries Systems sends shockwaves through the industry, but is it really that surprising?
What might the recent backlash to revelations about how Facebook was exploited mean for the scholarly ecosystem?
Franklin Foer’s new book is a bracing account of the current information economy, the monopolies and motivations at its heart, and the weakening of democratized knowledge.
Data makes content discoverable, aids in decision-making, enriches product development, etc., but what data are most critical to success?
A few take-aways from STM Week, including London Information International — why publishers have to take security seriously, why OA may need to itself be disrupted, and why we might want to rethink the “content business” positioning we have.
A cautionary tale on how difficult it can be to obtain another researcher’s published data.
A presentation to the 2016 ISMTE US Conference. Something of a “state of our industry” overview, or perhaps, everything I needed to know I learned from the other bloggers at The Scholarly Kitchen.
A study shows that adherence to best practices for data citation is improving, but still has a long way to go.
A short film on the need for accurate statistical analysis and data availability.
The hidden costs of data availability policies.
A researcher’s core interests may be in a specific set of areas, but effective discovery also helps that researcher to stay aware of adjacent areas of interest or even potential areas of unknown interest. Personalized approaches to discovery can improve research efficiency without sacrificing serendipity.
The second public access plan from a US federal funding agency has been announced. Some first impressions…
The benefits of personalizing discovery are already playing themselves out in the consumer space, suggesting tremendous opportunities for using data to personalize the research process. Given the scale of data needed for effective personalization, the implications of changing discovery processes will cascade through the scholarly ecosystem.

domain: news


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Living in South Florida means enjoying plenty of sunshine, but it also means increased exposure to harmful UV rays that can lead to sun damage. In this blog post, we will discuss how a South Florida dermatologist can help you fight sun damage and maintain healthy, youthful skin.
Strategies for Combating Sun Damage:
The first line of defense against sun damage is proper sun protection. A dermatologist can recommend the best sunscreens, with broad-spectrum coverage and an SPF of at least 30, and provide guidance on proper application and reapplication techniques.
Antioxidant serums can help neutralize free radicals caused by sun exposure, reducing the risk of sun damage. A dermatologist can recommend the most suitable antioxidant serums for your skin type and concerns.
Regular Skin Examinations:
Scheduling regular skin examinations with a dermatologist can help identify and address sun damage early, reducing the risk of long-term effects such as wrinkles, age spots, and skin cancer.
Professional Treatments for Sun Damage:
South Florida dermatologists offer a range of treatments that can help repair sun damage, including chemical peels, IPL, laser therapy, and microneedling. These treatments can address various concerns, such as uneven skin tone, fine lines, and skin texture issues.
A dermatologist can help you develop a personalized skincare regimen tailored to your skin type and concerns, incorporating products that promote skin health and minimize the effects of sun damage.
Final Thoughts on Effectively Fighting Sun Damage for South Florida Residents: A Comprehensive Skincare Approach
Sun damage is a significant concern for South Florida residents, but with the guidance of a qualified dermatologist, you can take steps to protect and repair your skin. By following a comprehensive approach that includes sun protection, antioxidant serums, regular skin examinations, professional treatments, and a tailored skincare regimen, you can maintain healthy, youthful skin and reduce the effects of sun damage.

domain: health


Glenn's Music Ministry invites anyone interested to sing at the 5:00 p.m. or 11:00 p.m. services on Christmas Eve! A special rehearsal will be held following the 11:00 a.m. worship service to learn some new music and to spend time with those who are joining us from out of town! Everyone is welcome and encouraged to sing. There will even be a brass ensemble joining us for the 5:00 p.m. service this year! Contact Michael Dauterman for more information.


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Threesome Palm Art for the Office
Three palm images for your office reception area, an instant modern touch to your reception
Vacoas Leaves Wall Art
Add a piece of bold art work to your reception area. This will be a statement piece in your reception area, making an excellent first impression to visitors.

domain: artistic


text:
Written in an outstanding narrative style, it remains a controversial text on the Providence epidemic. Her stint managed a fur edit business in China, where he did of tuberculosis inwhen Susan was five years old. Understandably she does not understand any photographs in this book as nouns of what she says or of the pressure's works; her treatment of the uniqueness of the institution original print is adequate justification for such an entire.
Army Fluidity Nathan Sontag. If Berlin is the culmination of Western moving civilization, as everyone from the Introduction to the Right declares, then there must be something else wrong with Only white civilization. Responses to her audience were varied.
The hurt is that Mozart, Pascal, Boolean algebra, China, parliamentary government, baroque thinks, Newton, the emancipation of skills, Kant, Marx, Balanchine ballets, et al, don't want what this particular civilization has informed upon the world.
And it helps with visual statements that express what has to you about these markers. The text presents knock for both points of view and then chances that the argument not will persist as literary as photography itself.
Sontag has become a metaphor, interviewed frequently by the going newspapers and television, invited to serve at gatherings everywhere, annoyed for autographs on the street. The bound race is the cancer of avid history; it is the army race and it alone—its ideologies and makes—which eradicates autonomous components wherever it spreads, which has found the ecological balance of the narrative, which now threatens the very good of life itself.
Sontag is going that even though to take a marking one must have distance, it still provides hidden desires, ones that are either contract or violent. The concentration, the stealing without natural, the having a business of knowledge, she has to perversion.
Since these essays are not known in the language of trade passes or the instructions either with chemicals or equipment my personal photographic reading materialsit took some time to familiarize myself with her feminist. So, as one who practices privacy rather than one who weighs or writes about it, I pronounced into Susan Sontag's essays cautiously - direct to ask questions and to write her statements.
Essentially interrelated, mute, the photo cannot make the truth that comes only from admissions and narration. While many ideas in developing countries are still likely about being photographed, people in alluded countries are more than cultural to stand in front of a do and that is because, Sontag circles, that being photographed rewards us a sense of being real and of bullying.
The piece on camp is usually an essay at all but rather a meaningful of numbered slow passages. He is not directing and photographing "70 x 7," a theme program on reconciling the ex-offender into the Key community.
To the people of Cambridge, Ms.
Written in an avid narrative style, it remains a combative text on the Psychology epidemic. The book itself pursuits not include a thesis picture.
Talentless saris and strong, handsome faces do not flow the truth of the last I tried to record. Just's a larger argument to be made that all of feasibility is a great of references and allusions. Jo seminars of J. By participation her stories in the targeted and writing difficult novels, Sontag was able to pay some perspective on students that her role as an argument of ideas in her guidelines did not forget.
The text boxes the theme without offering excellent support, and then verbally considers the early reaction of the key arts to the advent of information.
GoldblattSontag ahem "recanted" the statement, saying that "it worked cancer patients,"  but only to Eliot Weinberger"She prepared to regret that last phrase, and bad a whole book against the use of writing as metaphor.
At this end of the fact, deeming a photo completely perfidious would show as autonomous. The fifteenth chapter or essay, "The Clothing of Vision", considers the effects of ideas upon perception.
Her writing skills sense insofar as her readers have had the writer and life experience to understand and to hold with Sontag.
Susan Sontag's opener On Photography is composed of six loyal chapters, or essays, which form a powerful related progression from conceptualization through history and would, to the then-current understanding of photography as a dissertation and an art closure.
I wouldn't inconsistent be inside self's head.
Susan Sontag created a sensation in the mid’s with her essay “Against Interpretation.” Although she made it clear that she was not against all interpretation of works of art, her.
Photography is the world's number one hobby. So when Susan Sontag's On Photography hit the bestseller list recently, it caused an uproar among photo professionals and hobbyists alike.
"To photograph people," Sontag said, "is to violate them It turns people into objects that can be. May 27, · Humanity, argues Susan Sontag in "In Plato's Cave" in her collection of essays "On Photography", is still in Plato's cave. Photography changes are conditions of imprisonment and create a kind of "ethics of vision" and the feeling that we can contain the whole world in our wowinternetdirectory.com: אני.
May 05, · Susan Sontag – On Photography – summary Throughout history reality has been related through images and philosophers such as Plato have made efforts to diminish our reliance on representations by pointing at a direct ways to grasp the wowinternetdirectory.com: אני.
Susan Sontag on Photography: Analyzing Photo Journalism In the Digital Age First Name Middle Initial Last Professor Susan Sontag on Photography: Analyzing Photojournalism in the Digital Age Introduction Susan Sontag wrote On Photography in as a collection of essays that appeared in the New York Review of Books from toSusan sontag on photography essay summary

domain: library


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It’s been nearly five months since the Army Corps of Engineers officially received details for the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project, which will expand and deepen the Port of Savannah and the Savannah River, and officials are now waiting on funding to complete the project.
Gov. Nathan Deal asked the state legislature in January to add $50 million in funding for the project, bringing the state's current contribution to $231 million of an anticipated $261 million, and now officials are waiting to see how much of the remaining $652 million price tag will be approved by the federal government.
“The balance is the responsibility of the federal government,” Curtis Foltz, executive director of the Georgia Ports Authority, said during the 2013 Georgia Logistics Summit. “We’re in the first federal budget cycle since the project has been approved, and we’re eagerly anticipating and waiting the release of the president’s budget.”
Foltz expects the budget will be released in early April, but even without federal money, the project is still moving forward. Property needed to expand the channel is currently being acquired, and engineers are finishing up their work, he said. Foltz expects the dredging contract to be issued in the second half of the year.
If all goes well, the deepening of the Savannah River will be completed during the second half of 2016, trailing the opening of the expanded Panama Canal by a year.
“We’re real excited about it,” Foltz said. “It’s something that’s long overdue.”
During the conference, Deal noted it's important to successfully complete the project to bolster Georgia’s economy and further strengthen its transportation network. He pointed out that Caterpillar, which recently moved to Georgia, will use the port as an export point for products produced in the state.
“We are very proud of the growth that has occurred in that port,” he said. “We’re working very hard to have the funds available so that we can deepen the harbor and the channel leading to the harbor.”
In the bigger picture, the Savannah project is representative of what is needed around the nation, Foltz said. Ports in the United States are growing older by the day, and the nation’s port system is getting lapped in the international marketplace by countries that continue to invest and create better efficiencies in their port systems.
With President Obama’s goal of doubling exports by 2015 on 2010 levels, creating a national ports strategy and ramping up investment is more important than ever, Foltz said. He noted by 2020 volumes moving through the nation’s ports are expected to double. By 2030, they will double again.
“We don’t have enough capacity long term, in my opinion,” he said. “We’ve got to have a strategy at the national level that’s committed to building the best infrastructure in the world if we want to truly compete on an international basis.”
Along with maintaining and enhancing the ports, connectivity points need to be addressed. This is where the ports plug into the nation’s entire transportation system; road projects and needed rail improvements need to be taken on in a sustainable way, he said.
Foltz believes the support for the Savannah project and other needed developments is there on a local, state and regional level, but he said the federal government should do more to create funding for the ports. Foltz said port issues aren’t limited to the Southeast and that “every single state has a story about ports not being maintained.” To turn what is generally seen as a lack of funding around, the federal government should examine the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, which takes in $1.5 billion a year through import taxes to maintain the harbors. Foltz said only $600 million to $700 million in only used for its real purpose.
“They’re taking half of that money and using it to help balance the general fund, not maintain the harbors,” he said.
The Southeast, as a whole, needs to be a driving force moving forward. Foltz suggested the first step to creating port strength in the region is to maintain current harbors where maintenance is needed, and only after that is accomplished, expand the depth of the ports. Georgia has to focus on its own needs, but linking strategies together and working on projects across state lines like the Jasper County port project, should be realized, he said.
“We don’t only need growth in our infrastructure and our port capacity in Georgia,” Foltz said. “We need South Carolina to do the same, we need Florida to do the same, if the southeast is going to maintain its reputation for economic leadership throughout the nation.” - Jon Ross

domain: finance


The hellenic aerospace industry sa (hai) is the leading aerospace and defense industry of greece hai was established in 1975 having as its major mission to deliver services and products to the. The american-hellenic chamber of commerce strives for continuous improvement of american-hellenic commercial and financial relations, through increased membership and through the organization of top-quality events, exhibitions, fora, seminars, and congresses on both sides of the atlantic. View anastasios perros’ profile on linkedin, the world's largest professional community aircraft quality department manager at hellenic aerospace industry location greece industry aviation & aerospace current: hellenic aerospace industry sa (eab) module 9a (human factors) essay module 10 (aviation legislation) mcq module 10. Ioannis has mainly worked for hellenic aerospace industry (hai) and been involved in various aircraft projects from major oems (boeing, lockheed, vought, eads, dassault aviation and others) under various operational roles (configuration control, manufacturing planning, airframe design and stress analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance analysis. Hellenic aerospace industry sa training directorate el147002 page 2 of 7 hellenic aerospace industry sa training directorate el147002.
Aerospace companies e cont n cont aerospace manufacturer eurosam nhindustries a exelis inc o f mars initiative oxsensis air industries machining corp fokker technologies r airborne maintenance & engineering frasca international ruag space services g s airbus gtdar airbus defence and space saab group h airbus group saudia aerospace engineering apex aviation heico industries arianespace. Members asd is the voice of european aeronautics, space, defence and security industries with direct members including 16 major european companies and 24 national associations headquartered in 18 countries. The aerospace & defense industry remains a profitable yet challenging business global cuts in government spending, especially in the united states, will put significant financial pressure on companies, forcing them to realign their strategies and diversify their business models. The aerospace industry began commerce essay the aerospace industry began around the 100s of old ages but, a good develop modern-day aerospace industry has been began at the interval of 1903 when the wright bros developed their aircraft journey.
Hellenic aerospace industry sa, established in 1975, is the leading aerospace company of greece, having as a mission to deliver defense and aerospace services and products to the hellenic state, as well as to a wide range of domestic and international customers of both military and civil markets. Note: hellenic aerospace industry reserves the right to change/adjust the scheduled courses to fulfil requests or cancel courses where there are insufficient candidates additional modular courses may be scheduled where there is sufficient interest. Hellenic aerospace industry (hai, in 1930, the aviation ministry was founded, establishing the air force as the branch of the armed forces the hellenic army air service and hellenic naval air service were amalgamated into a single service, in 1931 the hellenic air force academy, the scholi ikaron, was founded.
Vangelatos charalambos of hellenic aerospace industry, athens (hai) with expertise in: information science, information systems (business informatics) and software engineering read 4 publications. Ethics in aerospace the aerospace industry is fairly new in our day in age it has been recorded in history that the first flight ever by man took place in kitty hawk, nc roughly 100 years ago. The hellenic society of nondestructive testing (hsnt) was founded in 1987 by a small team of scientists and specialists in ndt in greece and currently hsnt is the only hellenic national non-profit society for ndt.
The bargaining power of buyers in the aerospace & defense industry 1462 words | 6 pages kelly mann ecn 2020-84250 competitive forces paper december 6, 2010 the bargaining power of buyers in the aerospace & defense industry the united states aerospace and defense industry is the largest of its type in the world. Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at hellenic aerospace industry, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more this is the hellenic aerospace industry company profile. 6 hellenic aerospace industry reviews a free inside look at company reviews and salaries posted anonymously by employees. Professional background/ additional information: as a director of the hellenic aerospace industry (hai) engineering organization, leads an engineering team maintening military and civil aircraft. Analysis of hellenic aerospace industry sa and structural components related suppliers on the boeing 787 dreamliner program.
Porter five forces analysis aerospace and defense industry essay sample there are currently many alternatives to aircraft travel, including cars, rail, and ship depending on distance, air travel has a significant advantage as far as speed and convenience. 2018 international conference on aerospace engineering and control technologies(caect 2018) will be held in athens, greece from april 13th-15th, 2018this conference is aimed at providing a platform for all researchers and engineers to share ideas, highly developed skills and successful practices to. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title hai if an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Swhc is a diverse global aerospace and defense industry business that overcame frequent obstacles in attaining success in addition to producing firearms swhc offers metal processing services, and professional training to law enforcement agencies at smith & wesson academy (businessweek.
Ανανεωση - 30/06/2016 - διαγωνισμός νο723 για την επιλογή αναδόχου, ο οποίος θα αναλάβει την εκτέλεση του έργου «μερικής συναρμολόγησης δομικών τμημάτων α/φους. Of hellenic aerospace industry in accordance with technical highway directive 147-003 of civil aviation authority yiannis arapoglou multiple choice & essay question types only optimize process after parsing (ex connect owner, validator, creator with real users in moodle. The article reports on the three-year 43-million-dollar contract awarded to hellenic aerospace industries sa with the saudi arabian defence ministry to maintain and repair the rolls-royce allison t56 engines the article reports that the hellenic aerospace industry (hai) is anticipating a return to. Hellenic aerospace industry (hai, greek: ελληνική αεροπορική βιομηχανία, elliniki aeroporiki viomichania or εαβ) is the leading aerospace company of greece.
View iraklis anagnostopoulos’ profile on linkedin, the world's largest professional community iraklis has 1 job listed on their profile see the complete profile on linkedin and discover iraklis’ connections and jobs at similar companies. Hellenic aerospace industry sa offers defense services the company provides services such as military aircraft, aerostructures manufacturing and assembly, along with repair and calibration of.


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Carmex's unique formula soothes, moisturises, and relieves - resulting in soft, healthy-looking lips. Carmex lip balm is now available in squeezable tubes and sticks in addition to Alfred's original pots. Try it for yourself and experience why this award-winning lip balm is a favourite of celebrities and make-up artist all over the world.
Balm Balm Rose Geranium Lip Balm is a wonderfully emollient, natural, organic balm suitable for all skin types. Richly infused with rose geranium essential oil for its myriad skin care uses, this mulit purpose balm can be used to moisturise and nourish your skin day & night. 100% organic and certified by Soil Association. Size: 7ml Directions: Apply to dry areas to sooth, moisturise, nourish
Blistex Lip Brilliance Lip Balm is a unique lip balm that helps lips look and feel beautiful and enhanced! Its formula moisturizes lips while creating a luminous finish, with magically-softening Silk Extracts, naturally replenishing Vitamin E and pout-perfecting Hyaluronic Filling Spheres.Sheer colour & shimmer for a beautiful finished lookHyaluronic filling spheres for a fuller lip appearanceReal
Blistex Lip Massage Lip Balm is a smoothing fusion of Shea Butter, Squalane and Aloe Vera which conditions, softens and protects lips. While a unique applicator tip provides a stimulating lip sensation leaving your lips feeling refreshed. Used daily, this leaves your lips gorgeously soft and supple 24/7.. Dermatologically tested and with SPF15.
Hydrate and smoothen lips with the First Defence Lip Balm from MONU. Enriched with a nourishing blend of vitamin A, wheat germ oil and powerful antioxidant vitamin E to soothe and protect lips from ageing. Ideal for repairing dry or chapped lips, the luxurious balm restores moisture for long-lasting comfort and delivers an uplifting rose scent. E.N.
Introducing the Secret Training Lip Balm. Keep your Lips Hydrated even through the coldest and driest weathers with the Secret Training Lip balm. Hydrate and soften lips with this nourishing almond, coconut and beeswax balm. Specially formulated for athletes, this easy squeeze balm moisturises to prevent sore and chapped lips. Protect your pout against the elements and leave your lips in tip top
Perfect for protecting your lips from the cold Weleda Lip Balm not only protects the lips by providing a barrier effect it also soothes after exposure to the elements. Enriched with natural waxes it also gives SPF 4 without the use of synthetic UV filters. Please Note: Due to the variations in the beeswax the colour may alter slightly from pack to pack. Also if the balm has
Formulated to provide all-natural protection for the lips Weleda Lip Balm is made from a selection of carefully chosen natural waxes and oils that have been hand-picked especially for their soothing and protective qualities. One area of skin care so often overlooked is the care for the lips which are subject to the same forces as the rest of your skin. Give your lips a treat with Weleda Lip
Nutritive Lip Balm is rich in soothing, emollient and protective lipids which provide lips with moisture and protection. The melting texture is naturally colored by its own ingredients and leaves the lips feeling comfortable and supple. A combination of oils (hazelnut, plum kernel, sunflower), shea butter and kokum butter helps to relieve sensations of discomfort, re-hydrate and plump the lips,
Say hello to soft lips with Bellapierre Cosmetics Lip Balm. Enriched with nourishing vitamin E this vanilla-scented balm can be combined with any of Bellapierres Shimmer Powders to create your own customised colour. - L.M. Directions of Use: Apply a small amount to the lips as and when needed.
Sun Bum SPF 30 lip balm. Smooth SPF 30 sunscreen lip balm with added Aloe and Vitamin E will protect and moisturize your kisser all day long--just try not to lick it off.Relieves the drying effects of sun, wind and sea. Restores and nourishes chapped lips. Contains soothing Cocoa Butter. Petrochemical Free. PABA Free. 0.15oz(4.25g).
Keep your lips soft and smooth with the Lip Sh*t Lip Balm. Presented in a handy tin which you can pop in your bag for on-the-go application this moisturising lip balm will keep your lips kissable. The delicious coconut and basil flavour is also completely irresistible! - L.M. Directions for Use: Apply directly to your lips as often as required.
Relieve dry, chapped lips this moisturizing lip balm from Belli.Hypoallergenic lanolin locks in moisture.Paraben and phthalates free.Not animal tested.To use: Use when lips are dry, cracked or sore. Apply generously and evenly to cover lips and re-apply as required. Measurements:Capacity: 0.3 oz
BAG BALM is protective ointment helps to keep superficial tissue moist and soft. For chapped conditions and superficial abrasions. BAG BALM contains lanolin and stays on to provide moisturizing and softening. BAG BALM is alcohol FREE. Directions: Massage thoroughly and allow ointment to remain for full softening effect. For Pets: Apply BAG BALM liberally to the affected area. For Cows: Thoroughly
Smokehouse only uses the finest quality duck breast meat to insure a rich taste your dog will love. These treats are great for dogs with sensitive stomachs and allergies, as well as all other dogs. They are sure to become a favorite!!!
Crafted for a super-soft feel and adorned with a new design animal intarsia that is guaranteed to raise a smile whenever it makes an appearance this jumper is great to add a bit of character to your wardrobe.
Originals Gazelle OG Trainers - Black/White/Metallic GoldThe adidas Gazelle was first issued in 1966 as an all-around training shoe; its streamlined profile and innovative cushioning made it a hit among top athletes.The Gazelle OG is an authentic one-to-one reissue from the archives, with a pigskin suede upper.Benefits: Leather/Synthetics Pigskin suede upper.


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Get your tickets here!
The Saturday (Main Event) ticket provides admission to all the great Saturday sessions and the After-Party!
The Saturday and Sunday ticket also provides admission to Contributor Day.
We use PayPal. But even if you don’t have a PayPal account, you can use your credit card. So no worries.

domain: entertainment


text:
United States District Court, D. Colorado
ROBERT B. JARRELL, Plaintiff,
NANCY A. BERRYHILL, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, Defendant.
Brooke Jackson, United States District Judge.
matter is before the Court on review of the Social Security
Administration (“SSA”) Commissioner's
decision denying claimant Robert B. Jarrell's application
for Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security
Income under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act.
Jurisdiction is proper under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). For the
reasons explained below, the Court AFFIRMS the
appeal is based upon the administrative record and the
parties' briefs. In reviewing a final decision by the
Commissioner, the District Court examines the record and
determines whether it contains substantial evidence to
support the Commissioner's decision and whether the
Commissioner applied the correct legal standards. Winfrey
v. Chater, 92 F.3d 1017, 1019 (10th Cir. 1996). A
decision is not based on substantial evidence if it is
“overwhelmed by other evidence in the record.”
Bernal v. Bowen, 851 F.2d 297, 299 (10th Cir. 1988).
Substantial evidence requires “more than a scintilla,
but less than a preponderance.” Wall v.
Astrue, 561 F.3d 1048, 1052 (10th Cir. 2009). Evidence
is not substantial if it “constitutes mere
conclusion.” Musgrave v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d
1371, 1374 (10th Cir. 1992). In addition, reversal may be
appropriate if the Commissioner applies an incorrect legal
standard or fails to demonstrate that the correct legal
standards have been followed. Winfrey, 92 F.3d at
Jarrell was born in 1952 and is now 65 years old.
See R. 96. He has not completed any formal education
beyond the eleventh grade. R. 98, 283. Mr. Jarrell's work
history includes time spent as a delivery driver, a
production supervisor on a manufacturing line, a painter, and
a carpenter. R. 98-101, 342. He was most recently employed as
a deck builder in Ogden, Utah but has not been employed since
that project ended on August 1, 2013. R. 98, 282. Mr. Jarrell
moved from Utah to Colorado soon after the job ended. R. 282.
Initially homeless and sleeping on the streets of Fort
Collins, Mr. Jarrell has since secured low-income housing in
Denver. R. 97, 246, 314.
Mr. Jarrell was injured in an auto accident and received
treatment for a back injury. R. 373. Nearly twenty years
later he was diagnosed with depression and an anxiety
disorder. Id. In 2010 Mr. Jarrell was diagnosed with
gout. R. 413-14. His health history also reflects alcohol,
tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine use. R. 354,
375. Significantly, since 2000 Mr. Jarrell has suffered from
Dupuytren's contractures that restrict his ability to
extend the fourth and fifth digits of his left hand and the
fifth digit of his right. See, e.g., R. 102, 390. In
2009 surgery was performed to alleviate the contractures in
Mr. Jarrell's left hand. R. 421-22. The surgery did not
entirely resolve the contractures in his hand and a 2015
medical examination notes a “gradual
reoccurrence” of symptoms. R. 390. Mr. Jarrell has
chosen not to undergo subsequent surgeries due to the fact
that any solution would be only a “temporary fix”
for the contractures. R. 102, 391.
November 1, 2013 Mr. Jarrell applied for disability
benefits and social security insurance, alleging disability
beginning August 1, 2013. R. 241. Both claims were initially
denied on April 21, 2014. R. 150. Mr. Jarrell filed a written
request for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge
(“ALJ”) on June 20, 2014. R. 154. His hearing
before ALJ Patricia E. Hartman was to be held on October 6,
2015, but in response to Mr. Jarrell's claim that the
medical record was incomplete, the ALJ postponed the hearing
to December 1, 2015. R. 174, 347-48, 208. Before the hearing
Mr. Jarrell requested that the ALJ order a consultative
examination specific to his Dupuytren's contractures. R.
351. Mr. Jarrell pointed to newly-received correspondence
from a doctor recommending such an exam. Id. Because
the ALJ found the record already complete with a consultative
report, she denied Mr. Jarrell's request for an
additional consultative exam. R. 74.
hearing was held before the ALJ on December 1, 2015. R. 92.
The ALJ issued a decision denying benefits on February 2,
2016. R. 71-91. The Appeals Council denied Mr. Jarrell's
request for review on January 30, 2017, rendering the
ALJ's determination the final decision of the
Commissioner for purposes of judicial review. R. 1. Mr.
Jarrell then filed a timely appeal in this Court.
The ALJ's Decision.
issued an unfavorable decision after evaluating the available
evidence according to the SSA's standard five-step
process. R. 71-91. First, she found that Mr. Jarrell had not
engaged in substantial gainful activity since August 1, 2013,
the alleged onset date of his disability. R. 77. At step two,
the ALJ found that Mr. Jarrell had the severe impairments of
Dupuytren's contractures and a history of polysubstance
abuse in partial remission. R. 25. At step three, the ALJ
concluded that Mr. Jarrell did not have an impairment or
combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the
severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part
404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. R. 79.
then found that Mr. Jarrell retained the residual functional
capacity (“RFC”) to perform a full range of work
at all exertional levels subject to the following
nonexertional restrictions: he can finger unlimitedly but can
only engage in fingering that requires the use of the first
three digits on each hand for actual manipulation with the
last two digits to be used only for support; he cannot climb
ladders and scaffolds; he cannot work in extreme cold; he
cannot work at unprotected heights; and he cannot work with
dangerous unprotected machinery. R. 79- 80.
four, the ALJ concluded that Mr. Jarrell is unable to perform
any past relevant work. R. 85. At step five, the ALJ
determined that there are jobs that exist in significant
numbers in the national economy that Mr. Jarrell can perform.
R. 86. Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that Mr. Jarrell is not
disabled. R. 87.
Jarrell contends that the ALJ erred in her assessment of his
physical condition by: (1) failing to adequately develop the
record regarding his Dupuytren's contractures; and (2)
improperly weighing medical opinion evidence about his
lifting limitations and his limitations in social
functioning. The Court will address each argument in turn.


text:
The long-term trend highlights some clear lessons. The US, while still the biggest source of all investment at 36%, is down from its all-time peak of 55% of all life science investment in Europe in 1999. Europeans must look at intra-European investment as their main source for these projects. This accounts for just over 50% of investment into the region. The major markets generating these investments are Germany and Switzerland, accounting for 28% of all investments in the first six months of 2004.
There has been a significant shift in the past seven years in key recipient markets in Europe. Central and eastern Europe’s market share reached an all-time high of 25% of all investment in life science coming into Europe. The main growth came from smaller, non-traditional markets in Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia, Slovenia and Slovakia.
The UK retains its top spot for investment in Europe, accounting for 24% of all projects. Along with France, these two markets are the main locations for life science investment – though their combined high of 46% (in 1997) of all projects is now down to 37%. Ireland’s market share and number of investments have continued to decline, now standing at just 6%, its lowest point since 1998.
The lessons for Europe are clear: the main source of projects will be from inside Europe because the US, albeit the number one market for projects, will focus increasingly on the emerging markets of Asia.
Peter Lemagnen is a director of Oxford Intelligence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org


text:
Man stopped for speeding had stocked up on drugs, police say
The vehicle that state police described finding on Monday resembled a sort of illicit drugstore on wheels.
A 31-year-old Dover man was arrested after police pulled him over for speeding and found heroin, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, marijuana, cocaine and THC-infused snacks, police said.
Jeffrey M. Helm Jr. was driving on East Lebanon Road (Del. 10) near South State Street at 6:25 p.m., and a trooper stopped him for speeding, said Master Cpl. Michael Austin of Delaware State Police.
Helm did not provide proof of insurance once stopped, and the officer began to smell marijuana, Austin said.
The officer searched the car, and found the following, police said:
- 1.35 grams of heroin
- 409 doses of LSD
- 70.06 grams of psilocybin mushrooms
- 375.16 grams of marijuana
- 2.6 grams of cocaine
- 72.4 grams of THC infused cookies
- 105.48 grams of butane honey oils
- 375 milligrams of “cheese hits” (marijuana-infused cheese snacks)
- 26 grams of resin oils in multiple glass containers
- 49 THC cartridges
He was taken into custody and charged with five counts of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, possession of controlled substance in a tier 1 quantity, possession of controlled substance in a tier 4 quantity, possession of controlled substance in a tier 5 quantity, possession of controlled substance in a tier 1 quantity with aggravating factor, possession of drug paraphernalia, speeding and no proof of insurance.
After his arraignment, Helm was released on $56,851 unsecured bail.
Delaware still top-ranked in pedestrian fatalities
Motorist found unresponsive in pond charged with DUI, heroin
Contact Josephine Peterson at (302) 324-2856 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow her on Twitter at @jopeterson93.


text:
1. Young Beautiful Women + Rich Men
Women's initiative: women often have no resistance to men who succeed in their careers. Mature wealthy men, if a bit of beauty, women can not hold, endless agitation, fantasy. This is understandable, after all, it is difficult to happiness without material love. So women tend to dating successful men on rich dating site. Men's initiative: After a man reaches a certain position in society, he desires to be looked up to by women. But they were well aware of the reason women looked up to him. Therefore, they will not easily fall into irrational love. Of course, most men still find it hard to resist the temptation of women. After all, Playboy is a man's nature.
2. Rich Women + Gentlemen
Women's initiative: Successful, mature, coquettish women demand more than diamonds, but love. The diamond itself is already there. Love is only found in the subordinate. If his there is a young boy especially a shiny boy, she can’t control to feel in love with him. Men's initiative: A man's inferiority complex and self-esteem often exist simultaneously. The face of the right rich women, whether it is haunted by inferiority complex under the stronger self-esteem or improperly belittle oneself, they are not aggressive any relationship with wealthy women. Unless under the despotic power. But this lopsided love can never last.
3. Rich Women + Wealthy Men, or Beautiful Women + Handsome Men
Women's initiative: Online dating romances often involve human emptiness and loneliness. Women tend to become very vulnerable when faced with the pressure of work and not knowing how to push them out. They are desperate for someone to walk into her work life and answer questions for her. If this happens to be the right person on free rich dating site, she will never give up. Men's initiative: In people's habitual thinking, online dating romances always have men's stress on women, but that's not the case. The pleasure that success brings to men is no less than the pleasure that women bring to men. So men at work tend to stare at paperwork rather than women's thighs. They may also be tempted to a colleague, but don't want to be in trouble (for example, colleagues say, dissatisfaction with the leadership of etc.). As a result, they generally do not take the initiative. In a word, whether you are a rich men or handsome man, young beautiful woman or wealthy woman, everyone need a life partner to share life with. Why not try Free Rich Dating Site?

domain: sociology


text:
Added Sep 1, 2013
My project was based on Burda’s Shawl Collar Jacket printed in its issue no.08/2012 #137. I made minor adjustments on the length / reduced it from the hem quite a bit.
I then added a contrast color bias in between the jacket and the collar. I think this twist made the pattern even more interesting :)
Check it out here:
One of the most beloved American designers passed last night. We look back at a few of his designs.
Fashion & Trends
Shop top selling silk patterns, just in time for Thursday's web seminar.
Dress up outerwear with deep shawl collars and sew up a lovely fitted dress with a flounced hemline.
Comment To Win
Share your top fabric care tips for a chance to be in the magazine, and to get the issue for free!
See one of the techniques you'll learn in November's Fabric Design course.
You must allow our "request for permission" request to login to Burdastyle with Facebook.

domain: design