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The importance of early and regular screening for breast cancer
First, the sobering news: One in eight women in the United States will develop breast cancer at some point in their lives, per the National Breast Cancer Foundation. Next to skin cancer, it's the most common cancer that affects American females.
The good news? According to Cancer.net, the average five-year and 10-year survival rates for women with invasive breast cancer are 91% and 84%, respectively. Best of all, the five-year relative survival rate can be 99% if breast cancer detection occurs early.
The operative word here is “detection,” which puts the onus on women to get screened regularly and as recommended for breast cancer, the experts agree.
“The importance of having regular interval screenings is to catch breast cancer at its earliest stage before it is palpable,” says Dr. Rebecca Yang, medical director of breast surgery at Overlook Medical Center in Summit, New Jersey. “Early detection translates to long-term survival as well as minimization of medical and surgical treatments.”
Today's recommended screening methods involve high-tech tools as well as careful self-exams.
“The most common screening test is digital mammography, which has virtually taken the place of film technology,” says Dr. Cecily Havert, a board-certified family medicine physician who practices in Alexandria, Virginia. “It still uses X-ray technology, but the digital images are stored in computers and are easier for the radiologist to manipulate and interpret.”
An advanced type of X-ray mammography that has increased in popularity is tomosynthesis, which takes multiple breast images from various angles.
“Breast MR is an additional tool best used for high-risk screening and newly diagnosed cancers. It uses the power of a large magnet to create exceptionally detailed images of the breast and is extremely sensitive, detecting close to 100% of invasive cancers,” explains Dr. Paul Friedman, radiologist and medical director at Morristown Medical Center in Morristown, New Jersey.
Sonography (also known as ultrasound), a technology that employs high-frequency sound waves to create images, is another method doctors rely on to help screen the breasts.
“I had a mammogram, ultrasound and biopsy done earlier this year to confirm the reason for a lump discovered in my left breast. Luckily, it was benign,” says Nadia Malik, a 36-year-old mother of three from Dallas. “Getting screened early is highly recommended. Go with your gut, because nobody knows your body better than you.”
Breast cancer screening has become quite confusing for patients as the guidelines differ from organization to organization, says Dr. Monisha Bhanote, founder and CEO of Integrative Medicine Well-being in Jacksonville Beach, Florida.
For example, the American Cancer Society recommends getting your first mammogram by age 45, repeat annually between ages 45 and 54, then repeat every one to two years if you're older than 55. The American College of Radiology/Society of Breast Imaging advocates starting mammography by age 40 and repeating yearly for the rest of your life. And the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises initiating mammograms at age 40 and repeating every one to two years, stopping by age 75.
If in doubt, it's best to follow your doctor's advice.
“The recommended age for women to start breast cancer screening is often a controversial topic,” Friedman says. “But it's pretty universally agreed upon that you begin to start mammograms approximately 10 years prior to when a primary relative was first diagnosed with breast cancer. So if your mom had breast cancer at 45 that means you should start screening at 35.”
Havert says years ago, all women were recommended to have a baseline mammogram at age 35.
“But this fell out of favor about 10 years ago, and the intervals have lengthened somewhat from annual screenings to every one to two years for low- to average-risk women,” says Havert. “The reason the intervals and recommended starting age changed was that mammograms, especially in younger women, were often picking up on many false-positive abnormalities, necessitating more invasive diagnostic procedures to evaluate benign lesions. The act of going through additional testing caused more stress and lower quality of life in some patients.”
Additionally, don't overlook the importance of manual breast exams that you and your doctor can conduct.
“Women should try and get familiar with their breasts by performing self-breast exams daily or every other day,” says Bhanote.
First, inspect your skin for indurations (hardening of soft tissue) or reddening, checking your nipples for discharge or retraction, and observe the symmetry of your breasts, Bhanote advises.
“Then, palpate each breast while lying down or in the shower. Use two fingers from your hand that's opposite the breast; start in the center and proceed clockwise, feeling for any nodules, lumps or bumps,” she says. “Palpate into your armpits, too, to check for enlarged lymph nodes.”
If you're preparing to schedule and receive a breast exam or screening procedure in a hospital or medical office, note that you'll need to take pandemic-related precautions, even if coronavirus concerns are lessened by the time you read this article.
“You'll likely need to wear a mask to your visit and have your temperature checked,” says Bhanote. “Follow the CDC recommended guidelines for precautions and any local protocols given by your hospital or doctor.”


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Dog Walking in El Mirage
Book a dog walker to give your dog a 30-minute walk around your neighborhood.
“Benjamin A. was awesome! He took my dog Woody for a run three time. He was always on time. We will definitely use his services again. My dog gets out almost eve…” (more)
“I have had the pleasure of this woman taking care of my dogs in the past; whether it was my Dachshund, Pug, or my fearful of the outside world American Bulldog-…” (more)
About: I grew up taking care of all different kids of dogs. I’ve always had sooo much love for animals all shapes and sizes. I currently have a little 5 yea… (more)
About: We have a dog safe house an enormous fenced in yard for play. The dogs have the run of the house and furniture. Our playful, rescue boxer/lab mix lov… (more)
“Daniella is awesome! We had a great meet & greet and the dogs loved her. She was right on time, sent pictures and was very friendly. Would definitely use her ag…” (more)
About: Hello, Our names are Jordan & Sierra. Our 2 fur babies are Blue & Bailey. We are fairly new to the El Mirage area and offer a welcoming stay, playtim… (more)

domain: pet


Ask a question with multiple choice answers. Can you build a game of 20 questions?
input/output, delays, basic math, conditional loops
- Amazon Rainforest Ruhani
- Ask a question with multiple choice answers. Can you build a game of 20 questions?
- is a baby toucans bill big from birth?
- what is an issue that we do to get paper?
- which is the highest layer in the amazon rainforest?
- what type of trees are there in the emergant layer?
- which layer gets the least sunlight?
- what does it recieve more?
- where is it located
- youre a genius at amazon rainforest
- islands trees large
- island trees small
- background scene - AbstractBubbleBackground
- background scene - adventure open
- background scene - fantasy red
- background scene - fantasy stage
- Kid - cartoon kids 07
- forest tree 1 - forest tree 1
- islands trees large - islands trees large
- island trees small - island trees small
- island tree 2 - island tree 2
- island bush 1 - island bush 1
- island bush 2 - island bush 2
- dirt platform - dirt platform
- island bush 21 - island bush 2
- island bush 11 - island bush 1
- cartoon kids 03 - cartoon kids 03
- mountain 2 - mountain 2


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Private Trip from Hakone to Mt Fuji by Chartered Vehicle
Make your trip to Japan and even more special one with this tour!
After your relaxing trip of Hakone, why don't you take a trip to Mt. Fuji, Japan's pride and joy.
You don't have to stress about the transportation. Everything will be organized from our side.
On the day, the driver will pick you up from your hotel your staying in Hakone and take you Mt. Fuji, The Hyoketsu Ice Cave, and the Kawaguchiko Lake, and at the end of the trip the driver will drop you off at the Mishima Station where you can take the bullet train back to Tokyo or to Kyoto.Itinerary
This is a typical itinerary for this productPass By:
Mishima, Mishima, Shizuoka Prefecture, Tokai, Chubu
The Driver will pick you up at the hotel your staying in Hakone and from there the start of your adventure to Mt. Fuji. After this day trip the driver will take you to Mishima station where you can take the bullet train to Tokyo or to Kyoto for your next adventure!Pass By:
Mount Fuji, Chubu
First Destination - Mt. Fuji 5th Station Mt. Fuji many know as the symbol of Japan, with the height of 3,733 meters, it is considered the tallest mountain in Japan. The 5th station you will be going to is about 2,305 meters up the mountain, and you can enjoy this height without the need of climbing. From the observatory area you can see the beautiful five Fuji lakes from a top. Another thing that is worth trying is that you can send a postcard from the postbox on top! This is considered to be the highest postbox in Japan! Pass By:
Hyoketsu（Ice Cave）, Saiko, Fujikawaguchiko, Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi 401-0332, Japan
Second Destination - Hyoketsu Ice Cave Over 1150 years ago, a flank volcano of Mt. Fuji erupted causing hot lava flow to descend between ancient parasitic cone, creating two-tunnel caves. Contrary to the name the Ice cave has an average temperature of 3°C with ice that don't melt even in the summer time. Do not worry though you will be able to use their rentals jackets when going inside.Pass By:
Lake Kawaguchiko, Fujikawaguchiko-machi, Minamitsuru-gun 401-0300 Yamanashi Prefecture
Third Destination - Kawaguchiko Lake One of Fuji Five Lakes, the Kawaguchiko is about 1000 meters above sea level, its the place place to view Mount Fuji with the lake if the skies permits it. After finishing with the Kawaguchiko Lake the driver will take you to Mishima Station where you can ride the train to Tokyo or Kyoto if you would like to continue your journey of Japan.
"Confirmation will be received within 48 hours of booking, subject to availability"
"Not wheelchair accessible"
"Children must be accompanied by an adult"
"Travelers should have a moderate physical fitness level"
"This is a private tour/activity. Only your group will participate"
"Face masks required for travelers in public areas"
Hora de Inicio:
Duración: 8 Hours
Lugar de comienzo:
Traveler pickup is offered
We pickup from any hotel in Hakone.
Cancelaciones y devoluciones:
All sales are final and incur 100% cancellation penalties.

domain: geography


What is the max size wire spool for the Miller 180 welder. I think it's 8". If so, what is the weight of the full spool. My Miller 150 will take 44lb spools and I like that.
No announcement yet.
What size spool for 180 mig


On Saturday, Jun 12th, the Columbus Saints hosted their first clinic in nearly two years. This unique marching music clinic featured a variety of educators from HBCUs, DCI World Drum Corps, WGI World Ensembles, and more. Featured Clinician, Tim Snyder; Brass Caption for DCI’s Troopers, and Mandarins, joined the corps for the day, providing a unique experience directly from elite drum corps, targeted towards local students of all ages.
The corps began the day with a short meet and greet, then moved into a drum corps styled visual block. Students learned a basic visual warmup sequence that combined dance, and marching into an easy to remember block. A short session on the basics of physical fitness, conditioning for marching, and basic marching positions was covered. Color Guard continued their fundamentals, then learned a high intensity routine for the clinic.
Students moved to their first sectionals of the day, where instructors covered basic to advanced techniques. For brass, clinician Tim Snyder, discussed the details and fundamentals behind the tone and power found in elite drum corps. Stephen Ingram; director of bands at CCS’ Linden-McKinley High School, discussed the specifics of tone found in HBCU styled bands. Together the clinicians educated students on the similarities in styles, connections in music fundamentals, and demonstrated aspects of each. The hornline then worked to mold their tone, build power, and performed additional breathing exercises building student fundamentals.
Percussion made big moves, welcoming students from a variety of local Columbus public schools, many who’d not played on a marching drum in over a year. Students broke down ensemble techniques, developed good attack fundamentals, and better integrated marching technique into their playing. Front ensemble welcomed a student for drum set, dedicating time to teaching ensemble basics, time-keeping, playing for front ensemble and more.
The corps hosted a roundtable discussion focused on bridging the gap between our communities, and different marching styles. Lead by the Saints director; Le Ron Carlton, the discussion charted the tradition of modern marching bands from it’s military routes, and moved into the divergence in genre and style. Students learned the basics of each style, history of Historical Black Colleges (HBCUs), the growth of drum corps, and the similarities amongst all styles. The roundtable ended with alumni of Central State, Talladega College, Tennessee State, University of Akron, Top Hats WGI, and more sharing their experiences as performers, and how drum corps is a great activity to bring all the styles together.
Our hearts are full with joy after bringing many in the community together for this event. With the recent pandemic, challenges facing our city with youth violence, and the adapted drum corps season, we’re happy to provide this experience. The Saints are committed to fostering friendship, fellowship, and excellence in the performing arts, by continually providing grassroots performance opportunities, scholarships for students to participate, and ways to utilize the performing arts as alternatives to violence, for a successful path forward. If you or someone you know would like to get involved as a member of the corps, staff, or volunteer, please visit our website at columbussaints.org or email us at info @ columbussaints . org .


Both Prime Minister Scott Morrison and opposition leader bill shorten are trying to woo voters online. At the same time, Clive Palmer is hoping spending tens of millions of dollars on television ads.
But overall the majority of the 48 undecided voters in the debate, run by the Seven Network and The West Australian newspaper in Perth, gave the night to Mr Shorten.
Undecided voters have given labor leader bill shorten the win in the first leaders’ debate with Prime Minister Scott Morrison.
Bill Shorten has narrowly won the second leaders debate but Scott Morrison can take heart from the 16 per cent of voters who couldn’t decide. The two leaders clashed over tax, climate change and.
A majority of 48 undecided voters at the first televised leadership debate of the 2019 election campaign sided with Labor leader Bill Shorten over Prime Minister Scott Morrison, marking a small.
Facing off against the Prime Minister in front of 109 undecided voters, Mr Shorten won 43 per cent of the room, while Scott Morrison took 41 per cent. 16 per cent remain undecided following the.
Carlos Hopkins: Preventing veteran suicides is mission one Carlos Hopkins, a fellow Army veteran, even told reporters of Richmond’s dog tests, “That’s certainly not something that we’re supporting here in Virginia.” And the Richmond Society for the Prevention.Here’s the Difference Between Memorial Day and Veterans Day It asks all Americans to pause at 3 p.m. local time on Memorial Day each year to remember the dead. Veterans Day. When it is: Nov. 11 every year. Its original name: armistice day. The armistice or.Rep. Tulsi Gabbard: Burn pits, the Agent Orange of our generation [Opinion: Facebook’s Honest Ads Act is a way of evading the real issue] She added, “SBA List has faced repeated censorship over the last few weeks and now our ad supporting Marsha Blackburn has been.
Bill Shorten and Scott Morrison in Brisbane earlier in May. Photo: Getty.. some undecided voters told reporters they were concerned about where Labor would get money to fund promises – a sign.
Mayor who was refugee from Liberia plans run for US Senate Collins is Montana’s first and only black mayor – a veteran, a father, and a refugee from Liberia. Democrats have hoped that Governor Steve Bullock would launch a Senate campaign. seven months.
The gloves have come off in the second leaders’ debate in Brisbane, with a loose and relaxed Bill Shorten heckling Scott Morrison, and the prime minister getting in the opposition leader’s face.
We would need to look at that closely," he told reporters in Sydney. Mr Morrison and Mr Shorten clashed over tax, climate change and education during a sometimes heated second debate on Friday. Of the audience of undecided voters, 43 per cent picked Mr Shorten, 41 per cent picked the prime minister, and 16 per cent had not made up their mind.
Undecided voters have given the first leaders’ debate to Bill Shorten, as a record number of early votes were cast three weeks from the federal election. prime minister Scott Morrison targeted Labor’s tax and climate policies with questions about how much they would cost – which resonated with some voters at the debate.


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- Effort to nullify the candidacy of President Buhari has been quashed by the Appeal Court
- In its ruling on Friday, July 12, the court said the application was brought outside the specified period of time
- Kalu Kalu, Labaran Ismail and Hassy Kyari el-Kuris had asked approached the court, claiming Buhari lied on oath about his educational qualifications during the last general elections
The suit seeking to nullify the candidacy of President Muhammadu Buhari on academic grounds has been dismissed by the Court of Appeal, Abuja Division, on Friday, July 12, Premium Times reports.
Kalu Kalu, Labaran Ismail and Hassy Kyari el-Kuris, had approached the appellate court after a Federal High Court dismissed their application.
According to the Appeal Court in a judgement read by Mohammed Idris, the high court was right in its decision that the application was brought outside the specified period of time.
It consequently struck out the motion.
Recall that Legit.ng had reported that three litigants asked the Appeal Court to determine whether President Muhammadu Buhari lied over his educational qualifications in the form submitted to INEC.
The president, the All Progressives Congress (APC) and INEC were cited as defendants in the matter.
NAIJ.com (naija.ng) -> Legit.ng: Same great journalism, upgraded for better service!
Nigerians react as Buhari fails to deliver inauguration speech - on Legit TV:

domain: news


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Clinical Psychologist - providing expert reports for Criminal Proceedings, Court of Protection and Mental Health Tribunals.
Chartered Psychologist (British Psychological Society)
Clinical Psychologist registered with the Health and Social Care Professions Council
Best Interest Assessor for Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
Clubs and Associations
Member of the Court of Protection Practitioners Association (CoPPA)
Member of Burwain Sailing Club, Royal Welsh Yacht Club, Sadler and Starlight Association

domain: psychology


NEWARK, Ohio - The midsummer windstorm that knocked out power for days and left much of central Ohio miserable had one good effect: It got Dawes Arboretum to finally clean out that old forest.
NEWARK, Ohio — The midsummer windstorm that knocked out power for days and left much of central Ohio miserable had one good effect: It got Dawes Arboretum to finally clean out that old forest.
For a decade, officials at the Licking County arboretum discussed harvesting trees from the Arboretum East woodlands, a patch of forest across from the main grounds that is popular with hikers.
Such selective harvests are common; they allow younger, smaller trees to thrive and improve the overall health of the forest.
The trees in Arboretum East were so dense and overgrown that a driver on nearby Rt. 13 couldn’t begin to see through them.
That changed on June 29, when 80 mph winds swirled the canopy and snapped hundreds of trees.The woods were trashed; the arboretum had to close its 4 miles of hiking trails. There was no choice but to clean it up.
“The June 29 storm just kind of sped up the harvest,” said conservation director Lori Totman.
As a result, there was Totman at Arboretum East yesterday, slogging through the muddy forest as chain saws whirred in the background. Every so often, a massive tree would crash to the ground with a splintering thud. Totman and Paul Helser, the consulting forester on the project, seemed used to it. Neither jumped.
They’d also grown accustomed to the horses, stepping off trails to let the beasts pass.
Most of the 629 trees that will be pulled from the forest and sold for timber will be removed by man and machine. But 71 of them — in areas where there is no concern about damaged trees toppling — are being dragged out by teams of horses that can maneuver through the woods better and do less damage than large equipment.
The harvest, which will bring in more than $100,000 to the arboretum from timber sales, is expected to be finished this year.
“The process takes longer,” Totman said, “but horses don’t cause near the compaction that heavy machinery does.”
Two of the horses at work yesterday were Jim and Doc, 16-year-old Belgians driven by their 81-year-old owner, Charles Adams. Adams, of Delaware, guided Jim and Doc out of the forest, their hooves carving a muddy path as they dragged a massive log to a nearby field.
“We’ve all lost some power,” Adams joked about himself and his aging horses. But he said Jim and Doc seemed to like it out there in the woods. As for the load they were pulling, he wasn’t sure about the weight. Only that it was a lot.
“It’s all I can pull, almost,” he said, but his horses trudged along. “They’ll give you all they got at this.”


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Finance Sector Jobs Taskforce
The Finance Sector Jobs Taskforce was established to co-ordinate efforts across Scotland to ensure maximum levels of employment are retained within the financial services industry - focusing on understanding the needs of the industry as it adjusts to the future structures which will emerge as a result of the current climate.
Public sector interventions have included matchmaking affected staff with recruiting companies and working with financial services organisations seeking to identify and capitalise on opportunities to grow other areas of business within Scotland.
In terms of individual financial services employees, the principal intervention has been delivered through the Partnership Action for Continuing Employment (PACE), a cross-public sector initiative which provides skills, training and employability support for people affected by redundancy.
The Taskforce meets at regular intervals throughout the year and in this section you will find agendas, minutes and papers for these meetings.
Taskforce Terms of Reference
Taskforce 2011 Meetings
Taskforce 2010 Meetings
Taskforce 2009 Meetings
The membership includes Scottish Government, Scottish Enterprise, Scottish Development International, Skills Development Scotland and The Scottish Funding Council. The industry and its workforce need to be represented - Unite the union and Scottish Financial Enterprise are also members. Local councils are represented by CoSLA.

domain: economics


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A year into the June in Siberia tour, Mark Berube and the Patriotic Few keep on keeping on
I first heard Mark Berube some five years ago. I was sitting in the kitchen of an old friend. She had on What the River Gave the Boat. By the time it reached its final track, Barber Shop, a spoken-word monologue accompanied by sad-bastard piano and strings, I found myself on the verge of tears. Soon after I picked up the album. A year or so later I saw Berube at Pop Montreal, in the intimacy of Cagibi. He was accompanied by his band, the Patriotic Few. They had just put out an LP, What the Boat Gave the River. I wondered then why they weren’t getting the attention that, say, Patrick Watson did.
Now Mark Berube and the Patriotic Few are set to play a concert at Théâtre Outremont, a year after releasing their latest album, June in Siberia. There’s that melancholy piano, those oh-so-moving strings, the same spirit, really. But also some different colours, unexpected rhythmic structures, new influences… Wonderful stuff. Once again I wonder: Why aren’t they recognized as one of the brightest lights in Montreal’s musical skies yet?
"We’ve kind of asked ourselves the same question!" admits Berube with a laugh. "But you know, Montreal’s a real hotbed, there’s a lot of music coming out of here, and the bar is high. So you just keep working…"
June in Siberia was recorded at Hotel 2 Tango, the mythic Mile End studio where everyone from Godspeed You! Black Emperor to Arcade Fire, The Dears and Wolf Parade has cut records. "When we went into Hotel and did a trial day with Howard [Bilerman] and saw the potential of the room, it just made so much sense. It doubly confirmed what we wanted to do," says the singer-songwriter, who wanted a more direct sound for this album. "For the other albums we always had a string quartet and horns, we tried to do the big thing. But for this one, outside of the guest vocalists [Dan Mangan, Emily Loizeau, C.R. Avery, Hattie Webb], it was just the four of us and what we could do. It was live off the floor; either we got it or we didn’t!"
"This album was kind of the first time I had a set group that I’d been on the road with," Berube goes on, referring to cellist Kristina Koropecki, bassist Amélie Mandeville and drummer Patrick Dugas. "For a good 70 percent of the songs, we tried them live before we recorded them. Everybody had time to kind of massage their parts… I gave a lot more liberty for the other three to come up with their own parts, and they really shined through."
Unlike the vast majority of rock and folk records, June in Siberia features absolutely no guitars. "Initially it started out as a bit of, ‘I’m gonna have a band without a guitar, ha ha.’ Then I just started realizing how much space you have when you take that out. When you take that colour out, there’s something interesting that happens."
THE ROAD GOES EVER ON
Mark Berube and the Patriotic Few spend a lot of time on the road, doing 75 to 200 shows a year throughout Quebec and the rest of Canada as well as Europe. The toll of touring is apparently one of the reasons why Patrick Dugas recently left the band to go to acupuncture school (Tonio Morin-Vargas has replaced him on drums). "When you get to your early 30s, it’s just how it goes; some people have different ideas of what they want to do with their lives, even if they love music," says the Manitoba-born, Swaziland-raised Berube, who himself might prefer not always being on the road.
"I’ve got a daughter now, she’s almost a year old, and being away for long stretches doesn’t interest me," he says, though he quickly adds that he really loves to perform. "It’s just that when you have a family, you want to see them too. It’s about finding a middle ground."
Mark Berube and the Patriotic Few
w/ Harvest Breed
At Théâtre Outremont
Free (or pay-what-you-can) downloads for the next 7 days at www.markberube.bandcamp.com

domain: artistic


Studying Galactic interstellar turbulence through fluctuations in synchrotron emission. First LOFAR Galactic foreground detection
Aims: The characteristic outer scale of turbulence (i.e. the scale at which the dominant source of turbulence injects energy to the interstellar medium) and the ratio of the random to ordered components of the magnetic field are key parameters to characterise magnetic turbulence in the interstellar gas, which affects the propagation of cosmic rays within the Galaxy. We provide new constraints to those two parameters.
Methods: We use the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to image the diffuse continuum emission in the Fan region at (l,b) ~ (137.0°, +7.0°) at 80'' × 70'' resolution in the range [146, 174] MHz. We detect multi-scale fluctuations in the Galactic synchrotron emission and compute their power spectrum. Applying theoretical estimates and derivations from the literature for the first time, we derive the outer scale of turbulence and the ratio of random to ordered magnetic field from the characteristics of these fluctuations.
Results: We obtain the deepest image of the Fan region to date and find diffuse continuum emission within the primary beam. The power spectrum displays a power law behaviour for scales between 100 and 8 arcmin with a slope α = -1.84 ± 0.19. We find an upper limit of ~20 pc for the outer scale of the magnetic interstellar turbulence toward the Fan region, which is in agreement with previous estimates in literature. We also find a variation of the ratio of random to ordered field as a function of Galactic coordinates, supporting different turbulent regimes.
Conclusions: We present the first LOFAR detection and imaging of the Galactic diffuse synchrotron emission around 160 MHz from the highly polarized Fan region. The power spectrum of the foreground synchrotron fluctuations is approximately a power law with a slope α ≈ -1.84 up to angular multipoles of ≲1300, corresponding to an angular scale of ~8 arcmin. We use power spectra fluctuations from LOFAR as well as earlier GMRT and WSRT observations to constrain the outer scale of turbulence (Lout) of the Galactic synchrotron foreground, finding a range of plausible values of 10-20 pc. Then, we use this information to deduce lower limits of the ratio of ordered to random magnetic field strength. These are found to be 0.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for the LOFAR, WSRT and GMRT fields considered respectively. Both these constraints are in agreement with previous estimates.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Pub Date:
- October 2013
- ISM: general;
- ISM: magnetic fields;
- ISM: structure;
- radio continuum: general;
- radio continuum: ISM;
- techniques: interferometric;
- Astrophysics - Galaxy Astrophysics
- 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&


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- Very well balanced
- Garden spices and pepper
- Creamy mouthfeel
Region: Kapsokwony town, Bungoma County, Mount Elgon
Altitude: Various heights, up to 1950 masl
Importer: 32 Cup Coffee Merchants
Rob Says: This coffee became world famous after coffee guru Tim Wendelboe bought it for several years. The location is far away from the well known coffee fields around Mount Kenya and is location nearby the Uganda border. The climate and soil is this North-Western part of Kenya is totally different and that’s also how this coffee tastes. The lower acidity and spices will probably work very well for espresso brewing.
note: this coffee will probably come and go during the rest of 2017, starting the beginning of June.

domain: agronomy


text:
Trump and Cruz memorably exchanged some sharp - and personal - barbs during their 2016 White House battle. "Very late into the campaign and I said don't worry about it, it's only a question of time, and then it became very nasty and then it was over and, when it was over, we got along great".
"He's not Lyin' Ted anymore".
During the 2016 Republican primary, Trump assailed Cruz as a liar and "dishonest politician", insulted his wife's appearance and promoted unsubstantiated claims that Cruz's father had links to President John F. Kennedy's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald. "What I told the president the week after the election, I said, "Mr. President, I want to do everything humanly possible to roll up my sleeves and lead the fight in the Senate to deliver on our promises'". "It all worked out, very nicely". "Once he was elected president, we had an opportunity, an opportunity to do historic good for the country, for the state of Texas", Cruz said during a campaign stop in his hometown of Houston on Sunday.
Sen. Cruz's challenger, Democratic Congressman Beto O'Rourke, is also in Houston visiting polling stations. "I think the kind of bitterness and name-calling and partisanship that has, unfortunately, defined so much of the national conversation".More news: NY police remove nearly 3,000 body cameras after one explodes
More news: Paula Abdul Falls Off Stage During 'Straight Up' Tour
More news: Trump Administration Reportedly Trying To Take Transgender Protections ‘Out Of Existence’
"That was a real concern because he had just endorsed two weeks earlier", said former Trump campaign aide Andy Surabian. Abbott now mentioning all of the California money that's funding O'Rourke and says O'Rourke is "hostile to Texas values". "This is a decision that will be decided by and for the people of Texas, and I feel really confident in that". "When I first heard about him, I thought he might be a little special".
"I don't know it makes sense to respond", O'Rourke replied.
"I like him a lot".

domain: politics


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Happy Halloween Say Cheese Style!
If you were excited to see the Say Cheese 4 collection, the new Say Cheese Halloween collection is going to bewitch you. It’s Dorymar today and I want to present my most recent project with this super colorful and fun collection. This album has a lot of space to take pictures of all your family and friends, you can’t leave a photo without documenting because this album is perfect for the occasion.
I decide to use the New Teal 6x8 Sn@p Binder to make this album because the collection has some super bright colors, and this gives the perfect touch to make it a super cute Halloween project. For the cover I wanted to recreate a Halloween scene and for this I used the “Spooktacular” and the “Boo to You” papers as a base. I fussy cut the haunted house on the Spooktacular paper, all match with the fun elements and stickers of the collection. This make the cover looks perfect!
These binders have a lot of space for pictures and document stories, but this time I want to share with you how I make additional space in the album and give it an interactive touch. This gives me the opportunity to have fun finding pockets and opening flaps to find the chilling elements.
Another important detail of this project is how I used the beautiful stamps of the collection to make borders and personalize journaling cards. In the pictures below you can see how they complement perfectly.
The children in this collection are super adorable the more I see them the more I love them. They allow me to create funny scenes inside the album, perfect for documenting my pictures soon.
I hope you have enjoyed this project and I hope it will inspire you to create beautiful projects this Halloween! Thanks for stopping by!

domain: hobby


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FOLLOW ZOLA HASHATSI ON
COPYRIGHT ZOLA HASHATSI 2018 FINESSED BY CANTGIT
WHICH RASTA PAINTING ARE YOU?
When it comes to artistic Masterpieces, nobody quite does them like Rasta. Play the quiz below to find if he has created a Masterpiece of you.


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Nursing papers end of life care
Papers on nursing ethics ending life support term in their article end-of-life decision making for nursing home when everything else about health care has. 2 safety and quality of end-of-life care in acute hospitals – a background paper executive summary you cannot cure everybody but you can care for everybody. Because of nursing research: end-of-life care in the icu spotlight on end-of-life and palliative care research papers, event materials, and. End of life care krissy torkelson okwu end of life care as a person grows older the thought of death and dying begins to be more realistic everyone wants. Improving end-of-life care: a public health call to action this paper, therefore, will articulate why end-of-life care is a end-of-life care is rarely. Summary of evidence report on end-of-life care and outcomes.
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domain: health


NEW YORK – Rocky “Soulman” Johnson, a WWE Hall of Fame wrestler best known as the father of actor Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson, has died. He was 75 years old.
WWE made a statement on Johnson’s death on Wednesday evening. Johnson and Tony Atlas became the first black world champions in WWE history when they defeated The Wild Samoans on December 10, 1983.
The statement contained no details of the cause or location of Johnson’s death.
“Rocky Johnson was a loss for every @ WWE fan and a groundbreaking artist. Our thoughts are with his family during this time, ”tweeted WWE manager and wrestler Paul“ Triple H ”Levesque.
Johnson later helped raise his son, who took the nickname Rocky from his father. Johnson came to his son’s aid after a match at WrestleMania in 1997. The Rock introduced his father to the WWE Hall of Fame in 2008.
Former professional wrestler Brian Blair, another 1980s WWE star, had been friends with Johnson for decades and they still went to church in Tampa, Florida together. Blair told The Associated Press on Wednesday that Johnson has recently complained of an unspecified illness and has missed the church he attended with Blair and other former wrestlers. Blair said Johnson’s wife Sheila was upset about her husband’s death.
“He was just under the weather, he thought he had the flu or something,” Blair said over the phone. “I said,” You have to be checked out, Rocky. “He said he would be fine. Then he missed this Sunday a few days ago. When I spoke to him again, he said he still doesn’t feel well and he still misses the church. He still did not checked out. I spoke to Sheila and she said he was just stubborn. He died at home today. “
Johnson was born Wayde Douglas Bowles and started his wrestling career in the mid-1960s. He spent most of his career in the National Wrestling Alliance and later joined the then World Wrestling Federation in the 1980s. He founded a tag team known as “Soul Patrol” with Atlas and became one of the most popular teams of the era. Johnson retired in the early 1990s but helped introduce his son to WWE officials.


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This is a friends little boy who became my favorite subject at my daughters birthday party. He stole the show!! He had been eating cheese-puffs.
Thank you Guendalyn!
– Sandy Dunn
LOL! Priceless portrait, Sandy! And look at those brilliant blue eyes. What a wee charmer.
Thank you Mike! He is a cutie with the cute little personality to go with it all!
Great capture, stunning eyes and curly hair =D
Thank you Barbara for stopping by!
really!!..hard to tell…….lol
Thank you for stopping by and taking a look!!! :)
Amazing capture, Sandy! Those eyes….awww!
Thank you Lana! He was a pleasure to capture. :)
Can certainly see why he stole the show. So….adorable. Incredible eyes. You sure captured his priceless expression beautifully, Sandy.
Thank you Deborah for your lovely comment.
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Hey guys, a new edition of The Arcade is opening up on March 1st.
You’ll find bolo ties in 4 animal styles. The ram, the eagle, the deer and the bull. The commons are available with a back plate in three metal tones, silver, gold and black. They have 4 leather straps and 8 gem options all changeable via the included HUD.
There are 4 animal styles in the rare salvaged bone material. They don’t have the gem piece backing but they can be texture changed into silver, gold and black.
The ties are also material enabled so turn on your advance lighting model to see them shine!
Cheers :) - xoxo Harry

domain: design


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I see this argument thrown around occasionally, especially by atheist pro-choice people. It's not a serious objection. It's merely meant to trap religious pro-life people. The argument goes like this: If babies who are aborted go to Heaven, then why do you oppose abortion if those babies are going to a better place? I've even seen one atheist pro-life person assert that if she was religious, she wouldn't have any reason to oppose abortion because they went to Heaven. She'd find some other cause to join because abortion wouldn't be that bad. Needless to say, there is absolutely no substance to this argument at all.
It's not absolutely clear in Scripture that children go to Heaven. I believe that they do, because I believe that God is just and I feel it would be unjust to hold someone accountable for their actions if they were incapable of understanding right from wrong. Also, after David's seven-day-old child died, he was confident that he would one day see his child again (see 2 Samuel 12). And we know that Jesus loves children, even to the point of telling us that the kingdom of Heaven belongs to such as them (Matthew 19:14). I think there is good Biblical support that children go to Heaven, but there are those who disagree. The problem is it's just not explicitly spelled out in Scripture, so we can't take a dogmatic position on it. At least not one in which we should feel confident enough in having an abortion because of where we think the child will end up.
God has also commanded us not to murder. This surely includes those who are bound for Heaven. In fact, if this was a good argument, why not take it a step further and say that as soon as someone converts to Christianity, we should kill them to speed their journey along, or to make sure they don't fall away? We are not justified in murdering someone to get them to Heaven.
We are to stand up for those without a voice (Proverbs 31:8). It's the right thing to do. Jesus even said that we have an obligation to be the "good Samaritan," to help those who cannot help themselves, even if other people think that their personal business is more important (Luke 10:25-37).
This is one of those arguments that someone who is seriously invested in the abortion issue wouldn't make. It's as bad as some of the other ones we hear, like "why don't pro-lifers adopt all the unwanted children." Not only is it unsubstantive, but it's also a red herring. Abortion is wrong because an innocent human being is killed. That is reason alone to oppose it.

domain: sociology


Articles in regional publications that pertain to a wide range of North Carolina-related topics.
for Watershed management--Research Triangle Metropolitan Area
Currently viewing results 1 - 3
Falls Lake, built to supply drinking water for Raleigh, could be threatened by controversial mapping and a vote by the Durham County Commissioners to allow Treyburn Industrial Park to build in the water quality critical area.
The City of Raleigh has proposed a stormwater management policy to address the effects of increased runoff on structures and other components of drainage systems that carry storm runoff to larger streams and rivers. It also addresses the effects of stormwater discharges on water quality in receiving streams and rivers.
Officials of local governments in Wake, Durham, Orange, Person and Granville counties are considering a study to determine measures needed to protect Falls of the Neuse Reservoir, the sole water supply for the City of Raleigh and several smaller municipalities. Commissioners emphasize the need for some objective basis for adopting a watershed protection ordinance for Falls Lake.


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HBO Max is the streaming home of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and countless other characters from DC Comics. With the DC Hub on HBO Max, you can watch thousands of hours of content from the DC Universe, from classic movies like Richard Donner’s groundbreaking Superman, to the animated series you grew up on, to brand new original shows.
For a limited time, DISH subscribers can add HBO Max to their package for just $12 per month for one year. As part of our series on the best content on HBO Max, here’s a brief rundown of 12 DC movies and shows you can watch on the service. Make like The Flash and act fast; this offer won’t be available for long, so click here to add HBO Max (which also includes HBO’s live channels and On Demand content) to your DISH package now!
Not Just For Kids
Lest you have any lingering preconceptions, comic books and their adaptations aren’t just for teenagers and kids. Exhibit A: Joker, a dark reimagining of the origin of the clown prince of crime, which stars Joaquin Phoenix in an Oscar-winning performance.
HBO Max’s newest DC addition is The Batman. Matt Reeves’ take on the iconic character was a box office smash that emphasized the caped crusader’s rep as the “World’s Greatest Detective.” Robert Pattinson gives the title character a tortured edge, but it’s Paul Dano’s self-righteous take on The Riddler that steals the show. His performance washes away any lingering memories of Jim Carrey’s more cartoonish take on the villain (no judgments if that’s your thing, Batman Forever is also available on the service).
We also have to shout out Peacemaker, James Gunn’s follow-up to 2019’s fun and subversive The Suicide Squad. If you were a fan of Gunn’s 2021 film, you’ll find lots to love in Peacemaker. John Cena is perfectly cast as a self-deluded “hero” who is so committed to peace, he doesn’t care how many men, women, and children he must kill to achieve it. The complete first season is now available, and a second season has already been ordered.
Starting with 2013’s Superman reboot Man of Steel, director Zach Snyder started crafting what was known colloquially as the DCEU, an integrated cinematic universe featuring DC’s best-known superheroes. To describe the reception to his films as “mixed” is like describing the Joker as a clown: Factually accurate yet missing important details. We won’t rehash the drama here, but following Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (the R-rated “Ultimate Edition” is available on HBO Max), the tepid reception to Justice League seemed to pull the plug on his version of a DCEU.
Then a funny thing happened: Snyder’s supporters were able to successfully lobby for the “Snyder Cut” of Justice League, which would honor his original vision after he stepped down due to personal tragedy. Even crazier? Zach Snyder’s Justice League—a six-part, four hour comic book movie— is absolutely phenomenal. It’s a creative vindication for Snyder and a personal one for his fans.
DC Deep Cuts
Whether or not you’ve read a single comic book in your life, you’re most likely familiar with all the aforementioned characters. But for DC diehards who are looking to dive a little deeper into the catalog, Doom Patrol has the roster of deep-cut characters you’ve been waiting for. Crazy Jane, Elasti-Girl, and Negative Man are all there, along with countless cameos from the far corners of DC’s rogue’s gallery.
We wouldn’t blame you for rolling your eyes at the premise of Pennyworth, an action-heavy origin story about Batman’s butler. But the show is surprisingly fun, incredibly stylish, and unpredictable in all the best ways. And for fans of the more adult-oriented DC imprint Vertigo Comics, the new miniseries DMZ is an adaptation of one of its most popular titles. Ava DuVernay directs the pilot episode, which centers on a Manhattan medic (Rosario Dawson) who is attempting to find her missing son amidst the second Civil War.
Finally, we have to shout out the myriad family-friendly titles targeted toward younger audiences. Following Zach Snyder’s grittier take on the superhero genre, 2019’s Shazam! was a welcome change of pace that felt more inspired by the Tom Hanks classic Big than conventional superhero stories. The long-running Cartoon Network series Teen Titans Go! has a fun animation style and clever, deconstructionist writing; the film adaptation Teen Titans Go! To the Movies is also on the DC Hub on HBO Max.
And finally, many of us were first exposed to the Batman mythology via the ‘90s series Batman: The Animated Series, which borrowed the gothic design flourishes of the Tim Burton films to create one of the most stylish shows of its era, animated or otherwise. In addition to the original series, spin-offs like Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League are also available, and a new series from the show’s co-creator Bruce Timm has been ordered.
To watch all these titles and dozens more, add HBO Max to your DISH subscription for just $12! Act now, this offer* ends on May 26, 2022.


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Durango is a small city located in southwestern Colorado at 6,500 feet above sea level. It's surrounded by the San Juan Range of the Rocky Mountains. Sunny days average 266 per year. The downtown is historic and also fun and vibrant. There are trails all over and many have downtown trail heads. Our RV Park was 5 miles from the center of town which made it convenient to trails, restaurants and shopping.
The mountains make for great scenery everywhere you look. Most tourists come to Durango because of all of the athletic activities - hiking, mountain biking, fishing, skiing, kayaking and others. There are rapids on the Animas River close to town.
Our first hike was on the Animas Mountain Trail. It was just challenging enough and the views were great. After our first hike we joined other grubby hikers and bikers at a restaurant downtown on Main Ave. It was nice to see that the woman at the next table had more mud on her legs than I did.
As it is said, pictures are worth a thousand words.
The RV Park
One View From The RV Park
Our First Hike - Animas Mountain Trail
The upper part of the mountain was closed. This is to protect the elk and deer that come to lower elevations during the winter. Picture #2 shows Durango down in the valley. Picture #5 has two rock climbers, one is at the top. The Animas Mountain area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) under the US Department of the Interior. The BLM manages 247 million acres in mostly western states.


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The inmate mistakenly released from the Bi-State Justice Center Wednesday is back behind bars, after turning herself in late Wednesday night.
Tonokla Patterson, 31, was 1 of 2 female inmates with the same name being held at the facility.
Bowie Sheriff James Prince says the other one was supposed to be released, but when the name was called, the wrong inmate stepped forward and signed out Wednesday. She took the other inmate's clothes and walked free.
"I promised her if she would come and turn herself in under the circumstances, I would not charge her with escape," says Bowie County Sheriff James Prince.
Prince says the mistake was made by a new correctional officer working the release desk. "It was a mistake that she made, but it was also a mistake of her training officer for not making it sure that the job was done properly. We are not pointing the blame to any particular person."
The sheriff says there will be no disciplinary action taken by his department. If anything, Prince says, it will be left up to the company that manages the facility, LaSalle Corrections.
Prince says if nothing else, the incident has proven to be a learning experience. "This incident is embarrassing. It happened. We can make all type of excuses. None of them is any good. It happened. What we have to do is learn from it and correct it."
Billy McConnell, managing member of LaSalle Corrections, confirms that there is an ongoing investigation into the inmate's release. McConnell says no disciplinary action has been taken as of yet.
Sunday, August 31 2014 3:28 PM EDT2014-08-31 19:28:29 GMT
Disturbing pictures of an injured kindergartner from Pascagoula have made a mother's call for action go viral online.More >>
Disturbing pictures of an injured kindergartner from Pascagoula have made a mother's call for action go viral online. Friends and family of a Pascagoula kindergarten student have created a Facebook page and GoFundMe.com account claiming the girl was attacked on the playground this week by another student.More >>


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Century of Endeavour
Additional Related Papers (post-millennium)
(c) Roy Johnston 2008(comments to email@example.com)
Paul O'Higgins 1927-2008.
Above photo is from the Guardian. In what follows, I have added some comments of my own, in italics, based on contemporary experience of the TCD student Left, and on subsequent contacts over his lifetime. I first encountered him at school. RJ.
Exceptional Cambridge academic and mentorFrom the Irish Times, March 5, 2008:
Professor Paul O'Higgins who died on March 13th, 2008 at 80 years of age, was an internationally renowned academic, as well as a teacher and mentor of incomparable talent and achievements.
For much of his professionally active life, he was based in Cambridge University in England - initially as a research student at Clare College (1957-1959) and thereafter as a fellow at Christ's College and as a lecturer and then reader in the university. Many of the great and the good in English public life were inspired by him as students before going on to careers in politics and the law, as well as into academia around the world.
What perhaps for many of those who studied under him, and their friends and companions, is most memorable was the unstinting hospitality he showed. Tutorials invariably were embellished with tea and cakes. Every Sunday afternoon, during term time, he and his wife Rachel, hosted afternoon tea for what at the time could be up to 20 or 30 students and others, who had not departed for London at the weekend.
Occasionally those sessions ran into the late evening and, when a largely Celtic fringe group would stay on, the "drop" was produced and the "rare ould times" in Dublin would be pored over.
His parents were from the west of Ireland. They moved to England, where his father worked as a vet and, having fought with the British army in the first World War with distinction, winning two MCs, he served in the Irish Army during the second World War.
His mother lectured in Italian literature at Trinity College, Dublin. Having attended a boys preparatory school in Pinner in Middlesex, he went to St Ignatius in Galway and then to St Columba's in Dublin, where he had an outstanding Leaving Certificate.
He studied medicine at Trinity College, becoming heavily involved in left-wing student politics but, disapproving of his views, the medical school authorities would not permit him sit his final year examinations in 1951. He thereupon switched to law, was called to the bar by the King's Inns and graduated in 1957 with a high first class honours degree. That secured him a scholarship to Cambridge.
I was close to him at the time; the impression I picked up was that he was not comfortable with the medical school, which he had entered under parental pressure, and developed serious symptoms of stress; he dropped out under medical advice. I did not gain the impression that there was political pressure from above, though the stress of his political activity with the student movement was considerable. He had been actively involved with the development of the Student Representative Council, under a reformed democratic Constitution, and was its founding Chairman. He was also involved actively with the international student movement, which was under divisive stress due to the developing 'cold war' situation. RJ 16/04/2008.
His PhD at Clare College is one of the most exceptional works in English legal literature, showing a deep knowledge of history and of international affairs, and was written in a most attractive no- nonsense style. The subject was political asylum, especially in the context of extradition. It was never published as a book but chapters from it and adaptations of it were published in several internationally-renowned legal journals. On the strength of this work, in 1959, he became a research fellow at Christ's and later a full fellow of the college.
As well as his teaching responsibilities at Christ's, he was director of studies at Peterhouse and also taught at Clare, at King's and at New Hall.
From the mid-1960s his principal focus was on legal aspects of employment, trade unionism and social security. Along with Bill (later Lord) Wedderburn, he established an undergraduate course in labour law.
Paul was an enthusiastic collector of old Irish legal books and documents. For his mammoth bibliographies of Irish trials and also of Irish legal periodical literature, he obtained an award from the American Association of Law Librarians.
Among his contributions to Irish legal history are his essays on Arthur Browne and on William Sampson - both TCD graduates who became eminent in US legal circles at the beginning of the 19th century. His contribution to Ireland's legal scholarship was recognised by TCD and by Cambridge, from which he received LLD degrees, and by the Royal Irish Academy, which in 1986 elected him as a fellow.He was an avid supporter of trade unionism and the labour movement, and also of adult education.
A great disappointment to him was the refusal of TCD to appoint him to the Regius Chair in 1970 when Bueno McKenna SC retired. The general consensus was that he was the most outstanding candidate for the job but was not acceptable on account of his past political views and activities - which included having campaigned for TCD to cease flying the Union Jack over its front gate.
In subsequent correspondence with me he attributed this to the influence of Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, with whom he had a hostile relationship during the 'student left' epoch; OS-S saw him as the instigator of what he regarded as a 'Stalinist cult', during a period when many post-war intellectuals took a positive view of the USSR and its role in Eastern Europe. Paul subsequently evolved a critical view of the USSR, as I did, but never warmed to OS-S, despite the subsequent vindication of the latter's critical views. The 'Union Jack' episode would have been a relatively minor one in the wide-ranging student left agenda in the post-war 1940s. Some of my interaction with Paul O'Higgins in the 1990s is on record. RJ 16/04/2008.
Fifteen years later, Trinity made up for that and appointed him to the chair. But for health and personal reasons, as well as frustration with the paucity of resources for the Law School, in 1987 he returned to England, becoming a professor at King's College, London as well as Vice Master at Christ's until 1995.
In 1952 he married Rachel Bush, daughter of the composer Alan Bush. He is survived by Rachel and by their son Niall, three daughters Maeve, Siobhan and Niav, and three grandchildren, his brother Maurice and his sister Anne.
Paul O'Higgins: born October 5th 1927; died March 13th, 2008.
Irish scholar of labour law, social security and human rights at CambridgeBy Bob Hepple, in The Guardian, on Tuesday March 25, 2008
The teacher, research supervisor and scholar, Professor Paul O'Higgins, who has died aged 80, inspired and supported generations of law students in Cambridge, Dublin and London. While Cambridge was his adopted home for 50 years, it was in Ireland that his heart remained. He was anxiously cheering Ireland's narrow rugby win against Italy only days before he died. He went to school at St Ignatius' College, Galway, and St Columba's College, Rathfarnham, and then studied medicine for some years at Trinity College Dublin, before switching to law, graduating in 1957. He was called to the bar by King's Inns, Dublin, and Lincoln's Inn, London, but never practised.
Instead, his great concern with international human rights led him to become a research student at Cambridge, attached to Clare College. Under the supervision of Professor Sir Robert Jennings, he wrote a brilliant PhD thesis on the subject of political asylum. It was never published, but Paul drew on it in later writings, such as his seminal article on the deportation, in 1962, to the US, without the safeguards of extradition law, of Dr Robert Soblen, an alleged cold-war spy who had been landed in Britain while a prisoner in transit. Paul foresaw the dangers of what has become known as extraordinary rendition.
In 1959 Paul became a fellow of Christ's College, and subsequently a university lecturer in law, teaching for several colleges in constitutional and administrative law, civil liberties and public international law. Unsurprisingly, in view of his strong commitment to the labour and trade union movements, he became involved in teaching labour law, under the influence of Bill Wedderburn (now Lord Wedderburn), who had established a course then called "industrial law" in 1962. Wedderburn left for the LSE in 1964, and Paul took over the course. When he was promoted in 1979, he chose to take the title of "reader in labour law", so as to signal that the subject had finally arrived in Cambridge.
He built up a remarkable community of graduate students and teachers in labour law, social security and human rights between 1964 and 1984, many of whom (including myself) went on to academic, practising or judicial careers in these fields.
He was a generous and kind friend, who gave all his pupils and colleagues unstinting support and encouragement. He was always bubbling with new ideas, usually communicated in frequent scrawled notes. In the 1970s, largely due to his enthusiasm, he and I wrote a series of books on employment law, founded the Encyclopedia of Labour Relations Law, produced a bibliography of British and Irish labour law, and undertook research on then novel topics such as the legal framework of public employee trade unionism. He brought into the rather narrowly focused study of British labour and social law a strong international and European human rights perspective.
He wrote a popular book on Censorship in Britain (1972) that exposed the many extra-legal as well as legal ways in which freedom of speech and the press are curbed. He also produced a book of cases and materials on civil liberties (1980). One of the first to recognise the importance of the academic study of social security law, he overcame the resistance of distinguished professors who thought that pensions and other aspects of the welfare state were beyond the pale of academic law. With Martin Partington he produced a bibliography of social security law.
Throughout his Cambridge years Paul retained close links with Dublin, in particular working on his mammoth bibliographies of Irish trials and of periodical literature related to Irish law, for which he was given an award by the American Association of Law Librarians. He also wrote quite extensively on Irish legal history. His contribution to legal scholarship was recognised by his LLD degrees from Trinity College Dublin and Cambridge, and his election to the Irish Royal Academy in 1986. His bibliomania resulted in the gift of a large volume of materials to the Cambridge Law Library.
None of his friends was surprised when he accepted the prestigious Regius Chair of Laws at TCD in 1984. Sadly, for health and personal reasons, he had to give up residence in Ireland in 1987. King's College London seized the opportunity to offer him a chair that he held for five years until his retirement. On his return to Cambridge, he became vice-master of Christ's College until 1995.
He was actively involved in a variety of progressive causes, and listed his recreations in Who's Who as "wine, talking, and travelling, particularly in France".
He married, in 1952, Rachel Bush, daughter of the composer Alan Bush, and after his retirement he was active as treasurer of the trust formed to promote this neglected composer's music. Many of us have treasured memories of the warm hospitality, fine wine and food, music and lively conversations we enjoyed in their family home. Paul infected us all with his powerful commitment to social justice and human rights, tempered by a great sense of fun and bonhomie. In his last years, with Rachel's loving care, he bravely bore a long illness that rendered him housebound.
He is survived by Rachel, and by their son, three daughters and three grandchildren.
Paul O'Higgins, legal scholar, born October 5 1927; died March 13 2008
Some navigational notes:A highlighted number brings up a footnote or a reference. A highlighted word hotlinks to another document (chapter, appendix, table of contents, whatever). In general, if you click on the 'Back' button it will bring to to the point of departure in the document from which you came.
Copyright Dr Roy Johnston 2007

domain: library


After further research I've found that my state allows open carry of just about any bladed weapon, but no firearms.
What is your experience with this, Ferfal? Are you more likely to be left alone if someone sees you are carrying one of the machetes you mentioned or one of these?
Can be had for approx. $110 on ebay and obviously would need practice to use. Seems like a very large and very effective version of your El Hombre.
Open carry a machete? Unless you are in Camerun, or live in the Amazon I don’t think you could to that without attracting a lot of attention, mostly cops.
Of course I dont want to mess around with someone that carries a large blade, who would? But again, you’re stick out like a sore thumb and if there’s any cops around and you carry that thing all day you’ll eventually have trouble, sooner than later.
Having said that, did go backpacking with a very large machete strapped to the side of my backpack, but I was in the middle of Patagonia, a gaucho ( local version of cowboy) with a facon ( big knife, bayonet size) strapped to the back is a common sight, so a backpacker with a machete was something no one cared to look twice.
I also kept it well strapped and had a black holster so it didn’t catch that much attention, only the handle protruded from above ( ready access).
It’s all about understanding your surroundings.
If I did than in NY city or Buenos Aires, people would stare at me and someone probably call the cops.
Regarding the kuki.
You’re talking about serious chopping power.
By all mean, a kukri is a formidable weapon, no doubt there.
Big blade similar to the short machetes we talked about before, and has a recurved blade to boost. You sacrifice a bit of stabbing and thrusting since it gets harder with the kukri.
Keep in mind that it’s very hard to stab with the original kukri ( gurkas went for chopping, which they found very effective given the size, weight and shape of the blade)
The kopis sword seems to be the best of both worlds. I’m sure many recently saw it in the movie “300”. In spite of the comic movie, the weapons and armor are historically accurate.
The kopis is no doubt a wonderful weapon.
Cold steel used to make a nice Kopis machete, but it’s now discontinued.
Personally, and specialy in a large blade, I want to be able to trust and stab with it if used in a fight.
This is something the Romans took into consideration with their Gladius.
It’s a nice short sword, heavy enough to chop nicely but it has a strong narrow tip for stabing, which was the most common attack move when combined with the shield.
That machetes I mentioned and purposely attacked the links to Amazon, they are all good for stabbing and thrusting attacks.
Cold Steel took this into account with their kukris and straightened them out a bit more for better stabbing potential, though I’d still go for a bowie 12”, a spear point, or kopis instead.
Look at this Youtube review on the bowie machete.
As a concelaed carry fixed blade, take a lot at Cold Steel's reocn tanto with kydex holster.
I CCed a cold steel Kobun, stainless, serrated, adn with kydex holster, but it's not available any more.
No I dont work for Cold Steel but I have many of their products and they are very well made, reasonably priced ( machetes are downright cheap! but check the video above) and the steel is good quality , sharpens well.


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We provide two outsourcing options that would best benefit your company. Both are tailored to provide excellent service possible to meet your organization’s needs, in whatever your business size or industry is.
Our HR Outsourcing functions generate higher efficiency within human resources systems. Outsourcing providers use advanced human resources technology, support streamline important HR functions, such as payroll, benefit administration, and compliance management.
More than just a payroll processor, a PEO manages everything from hiring and onboarding employees to handling benefits, expanding training programs and overseeing compliance with employment rules and regulations.


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Communities developing resources and competencies for using their languages
Foundational understanding for language development work of all kinds
Publications, fonts and computer tools for language development, translation and research
SIL offers training in disciplines relevant to sustainable language development.
7,099 languages are spoken or signed. CLICK for map of world languages & regional websites.
SIL's dedication to language development past and present
The scope of this volume reflects how wide-ranging Karl Franklin’s research interests have been. He is not only a linguist, but also an anthropologist, sociolinguist, and creolist.
The contributors who honor Karl in this volume represent an international community of scholars who have researched languages and cultures across the globe and through history.
The volume has three sections, each with contributions listed alphabetically by the authors’ names. Studies in Language consists of eighteen papers in phonology, grammar, semantics, dialectology, lexicography, and speech acts. These papers reflect diverse theories. Studies in Culture has five studies relating to cultures of Papua New Guinea. Interdisciplinary Studies concerns matters relating to translation.


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Illustrate an existing CX loop graphic in new colours/design
- État: Closed
- Prix: $20
- Propositions reçues: 8
- Gagnant: Pac1f1cus
Résumé du concours
Hi. I'd like an existing image recreated in a new colour scheme and with altered wording.
The existing image and design is file "CX loop2 - MEB.jpg"
The altered wording can be found in file "CX loop - handwritten.jpg"
IMPORTANT - do not just recolour the existing image. The wording has changed, and I want fresh artwork. No 3D effects, just a clean design.
The colour scheme and look and feel for the new image should be consistent with the colour palette used on the following website: http://www.latrobe.edu.au
The winning design needs to be supplied in JPEG (min. 1000 x 1000 pixels); EPS and PDF formats.
I am happy to clarify the design requirements and make those clarifications available to all responders.
More work of a similar nature will be awarded to the winner.


Flow-Tek's F15/F30 Flanged Series ball valves feature a floating ball design for low torque and increased cycle life. As standard, larger sized valves feature trunnion ball support. These rugged ball valves are ideal for industrial applications.
Flow‐Tek’s technologically advanced ball valve design is the product of a highly evolved research and development program. Each valve incorporates premium components from certified vendors. The components that go into a Flow‐Tek valve must pass rigorous incoming quality inspection procedures. Each casting has a foundry heat number for traceability.


London-based INQ has launched two Android-powered phones aimed primarily at Facebook users, the INQ Cloud Touch and INQ Cloud Q.
The phones' homescreens provide a visual Facebook feed for clicking through friends' updates, pictures, videos and web pages, with one-touch links to Facebook Chat, Friends, Messages, Wall and Notifications.
In a further move to make the devices attractive to social media users, Spotify has been made the default music player on the phones.
Frank Meehan, INQ's CEO, said, "We started the 'Social Mobile' category three years ago with the Skypephone and INQ1, as we believed integrating the internet was the future of mobile. Since then, Facebook has evolved from a social network to become an incredibly powerful global communications platform."
Henri Moissinac, head of mobile nusiness for Facebook said: "INQ has built an innovative and easy to use set of features that enable people to use common Facebook interactions such as viewing photos and videos, chat, message, and check-in to their favorite businesses all from the home screen."
The INQ Cloud Touch is a perfect example of how the next generation of phones will be built - from the cloud up - and we're excited to make Spotify a part of that, said Daniel E, CEO of Spotify.


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Ariel Winter At The 2012 Golden Globe Awards
Ariel Winter wore a beautiful purple dress to the 2012 Golden Globe Awards last night. Also joining Ariel on the red carpet were her co-stars from ABC’s “Modern Family.” Did you tune in for the awards show?
Ariel will voice the new Disney princess Sofia in the Disney Junior movie and TV show “Sofia The First” later this year. We can’t wait!

domain: entertainment


- Facebook as pleasurable as food or sex: study
- Zuckerberg and the getting of wisdom
- Listing is an upwardly mobile ploy
After Shane Warne's embarrassing encounters with technology, it's perhaps no surprise his ex-wife, Simone Callahan, is wary about letting their children explore the world of Facebook.
For some parents the decision is less clear cut, so we asked some experts - at what age should you let your child use Facebook?
- According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2.2 million Australian children aged five to 14 said they used the internet in the 12 months to April 2009, with one in five saying they accessed social networking sites.
- Nearly half of children aged 12 to 14 said they used social networking sites, compared to 11 per cent aged nine to 11 and 3 per cent aged five to eight.
NSW Commissioner for Children and Young People, Megan Mitchell:
Ms Mitchell said it was important to encourage children to "play by the rules" and endorsed Facebook's minimum age of 13, but other than that she said there was no hard-and-fast rule.
The commission had done a lot of work on the age group of nine to 14, described as the middle years of childhood.
"It is a period that signifies massive brain development. It's a period when children are highly motivated to make social connections as they make their way into the world.
"Their peers become more important and their parents become a little less important.
"Social media gives them a fantastic platform to explore that.
"So it's really important that they're aware of the opportunities and the risks and they have the tools to manage those, given what's happening in the brain."
Ms Mitchell said parents should encourage open conversations about their children's online lives and even consider signing up for a family Facebook page.
"If your teenager is connected you as a parent need to be connected too - to your teenager.
"One of the pieces of advice that we give at the commission is that just as it's important to ask how your day was at school, it's also important to know about a child's day online.
"That's just a part of their lives."
Co-founder of social media company SR7, Peter Fraser:
Mr Fraser said he endorsed Facebook's minimum age of 13.
But he said data showed there were 20 million underage Facebook users around the world, with some allowed access at an earlier age under parental supervision.
While parents needed to be aware of the potential risks of children using technology, Facebook gave children many opportunities, he said.
"One of the opportunities here is for young Australians to become really conversive with the technology and also the way in which people communicate.
"This is the way people are going to be communicating well into the future.
"So if they're not conversive with it, they're going to be operating with one hand tied behind their back.
"Technology is developing new jobs, which young Australians will be able to take advantage of.
"A lot of people still consider social media to be a fad ... but there's enormous opportunities for future development."
He said it was also the natural evolution of communication.
"This, in my way of thinking, is like saying in 1956: 'No, I just want to the stick with the radio and not have a television'.
"What we're seeing is another evolution in the way which we consume information, the way in which we communicate, just like the enormous shift from telegraph to radio, radio to television."
Spokeswoman for the Federation of Parents and Citizens, Rachael Sowden:
The best age for a child to start using Facebook was up to the parents, Ms Sowden said.
"Obviously there is a minimum age and we would suggest that's there for a reason and it's a sensible thing to do to wait until they're 13.
"We need to show our children how to be good digital citizens ... so it's beholden on families to support their kids through that."
She said parents should talk to their children about what they put online and the potential for it to be there forever.
"Just saying 'no', it doesn't furnish our kids with the support they need to participate correctly.
"What it does is say 'look this is bad and scary and naughty and aren't we naughty for doing it'.
"Sticking your head in the sand is never a good way to deal with it."
She suggested the family computer be kept in an open room so parents could monitor time spent online and the type of usage.
NSW Police A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety.
The federal government's Cyber Smart website.
Follow this reporter on Twitter @steph_gardiner


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Transgender lawmaker plans return to public office, Nashua city clerk vows eligibility challenge
On Tuesday, Laughton and her ex-wife, Lisa Laughton, announced that they will seek their former positions as selectmen for Ward 4 in the November election.
"We may have to go to court to prove our eligibility," said Stacie Laughton, who regrets never seeking a hearing in front of the ballot law commission previously.
Stacie Laughton, 29, says she feels called to public service, and is ready to take this next step. Despite the challenge that may lie ahead for her, she says it is worth the fight.
Bergeron may be her first obstacle. On Tuesday, Bergeron said nothing has changed since the attorney general's opinion several months ago.
But the Laughtons are prepared to take that opinion to court, if necessary.
"The last thing I want to have to do is file a petition against the city," said Stacie Laughton, adding she is cautiously optimistic that it will not come to that. "But if it does, we are ready."
Last November, Stacie Laughton was elected as one of three House members for Ward 4 in Nashua. However, after news surfaced about her previous life as a convicted felon under the name of Barry C. Laughton Jr. in Laconia, she signed her letter of resignation and a special election to fill the vacant position was scheduled. To complicate matters even further, she then filed to run for the seat she had just resigned before even taking office.
The Laughtons maintain that state law does not mention anything about unpaid restitution prohibiting final discharge or preventing an individual from seeking office.
Havenstein says he has always opposed Obamacare, though company he led was paid to implement parts of it
George Will: A conservative internationalism
Another View -- Gilles Bissonnette, William Christie, Alan Cronheim and Benjamin Siracusa Hillman: Why voting in NH is not reserved for state residents
Market Basket customers mobilize
Heroes all? A word cheapened by overuse
Police held Abby suspect's guns
Mark Hayward's City Matters: Market Basket workers' outlook challenges the skeptics among us
Punch line: The NFL blows it


Very happy to curate a monthly Radio Show on CAMP Radio called The Blue Room
Unbounded selection of tunes transmitting from Berlin. Experimental and unrestrained.
Past episodes available here
The Green EP Remastered is out on Bandcamp
2021 Carefully Remastered version of the original The Green EP, released in 2019 - comes with a Bonus Track 'Orchid'
Available as a Digital Download only
New album 'Music for empty flats' is out now on Karlrecords (Vinyl/Digi/Tape)
Boomkat // Normanrecords


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Discover the most creative gifts and daily deals, win a Lomography hamper, take a fun quiz, and find festive photography inspiration!
Beautiful day at the LA Arboretum. It was Wild West Saturday so they had barn dancing and great music. A great place to lounge around and enjoy your Saturday.
fish300, spoeker & anpank.


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Alternative action sports by Chris -The International Kalemba Skim Comp- This was the 3rd year that we went to this amazing event in Angola. Organised by Tchiyna Matos and the Kalemba skim crew. Kalemba skim invites people from around the world to go skim their amazing waves, to compete in a world class skim comp and to just hang out and have a good time. The amazing shore break 3 hours drive outside of Luanda on a beach called Cabo Ledo. I2B decided to make CSA t-shirts for this tour. Even some of the pro's liked it.
Some guys also rocked the I2B shirts. The grey one is from last year. - The AllinSkim event- After the Angola tour the skim community from Cape Town decided that we must get together once a month for a breakfast/braai and skim. I2B, ChristianSkimmers and Skim To Be Happy made it happen. -"It's an I2B day!"- Every school holiday there is a best trick skate and blade comp happening at the I2B skatepark. This was the June holiday event. The event is called, "It's an I2B day!" Two of the amateur guys won rollerblades. -Some maintenance and new structures coming along.
-Starting to build a roof for the bowl- Watch this space. -New skates for the I2B clubs for 2015
Athletics for people with disabilities by Fanie -European Tour- We had a few good competitions to apply what we've been doing in training, in Berlin and Grosseto. We also had time to see a bit of the history of the places.
-Impact Team- We had fun watching the rugby and afterwards I shared my testimony with the team. -Amplified Partner Letter- Amplified asked me to write a short testimony in their monthly letter. -Dare to Care- I motivated the youth in and around Simondium at their holiday sports program to value their dreams and to go for it. -AGS in Franschhoek- Dyan Buis invited me to share my testimony in their church.
Alternative action sports by Chris -New school shoes- Kwanele from I2B Strand skate club gets shoes from I2B to go back to school.
Thanks Brighton from Shofar church for helping to take him back to school.
-I2B built a six meter rail for the I2B Kleinvlei skate club.
-The CS National Conference 2015 called Legacy- We took the leaders from all the I2B clubs to a weekend away in Jongensfontein. It was an awesome time to connect with people who love Jesus and who also skate, blade, skim or surf. We made I2B and CS shirts for each club leader for this trip.
The Jongensfontein campsite is really beautiful and right on the beach.
The Sunday morning we started the day with a sunrise session from the Word.
I was so stoked that Reagan, the I2B Bonteheuwel club leader, decided to get baptized.
Athletics for people with disabilities by Fanie -Second revisits of Schools after the TID Camp- After coaching Astra, I addressed the school at their assembly. The Western Province athletes was also presented to the school. -Career planning- SASCOC gave me the opportunity to shared my athletics journey with the new athletes on the the OPEX program. E for Exec hosted the day.
-Unashamedly Ethical- The SRC of Stellenbosch University together with Unashamedly Ethical hosted a panel discussion on ethics in leadership which I formed part of.
Alternative action sports by Chris -I2B Year-End-Skim-Jam 2014- We ended the skim clubs off last year with a skimboard competition at Clifton Beach in Cape Town. What a great day. Thanks to all for supporting this event. Everyone were so stoked about the prizes especially the kids who won new skimboards.
-The I2B YearEndCup 2014- The skate clubs we ended off with a skate comp and sleep over at the I2B skatepark. Thanks to all the sponsors for the great prizes and everyone who supported this annual event. We hope to see you all end of 2015 again. Thanks to my wife for taking great pics, you can view more photos here: I2B YearEndCup photos.
-Christmas Breakfast Party -I2B Macassar luanched- In partnership with the Macassar Jesus Bende, we had two skate events in Macassar and then we launched the I2B skate club beginning of this year.
-The other clubs we launched beginning of this year to run with their own coaches from their own communities using equipment that I2B supplies are: I2B Belhar I2B Kleinvlei I2B Bonteheuwel
-Strand ramps burnt to the ground- Sadly the ramps that I2B built in Strand two years ago were set on fire and the metal sheets have been stolen. Going forward we will rather build ramps with concrete in open public areas.
Athletics for people with disabilities by Fanie -Tembaletu School leavers Farewell- Encouraging the learners of Tembaletu to keep on working hard after school.
-Fairwell and planning weekend at RPC Riebeek Wes with the team- Suzanne Ferreira (Fanie's coach) organized a great weekend to celebrate the year of 2014 and plan for 2015.
-Maties Parasport TID Camp- HSPC organized a development camp through Stellenbosch University for some of the young athletes of Western Cape where some of the more experienced athletes of Maties helped coaching them. Myself and Anika Pretorius helped organizing the camp alongside my coach and Wentzel Barnard.
Alternative action sports by Chris -Clubs feedback- Pierre from I2B Kleinvlei got to use these skates over the school holiday:
Superman at the I2B Somerset West Club:
Zhacherie doing a 540 gap at the I2B Cloetesville Club. Please pray with us for the upgrade of this skatepark.
I just really want to thank Clifford Viljoen for his help with the ramps at the I2B Somerset West skatepark. Here is Cliff jumping over Scottie. Cliff was a pro rollerblader from 1997 – 2003 for Roces International, Senate Wheel & Clothing Co, Red Bull & SKF Bearings. Here is his website he launched recently: knucklehub.com It is great to see Cliff on skates again and I really believe it is God who sent him to the skatepark at this point of time.
-New I2B Club, Pebbles- The Pebbles Project (after school care for children from the Winelands farms) partnered with I2B to start a club for about 20 children every Wednesday at the I2B park. Thanks Scott and Cliff for your help!
-Launch of the I2B Bowl- The bowl is finally done. We launched it this month and we added a wall ride, how awesome is that! Thanks Lord that we got it done in time in-between all the rain and thanks to all the guys who jumped in and helped. May God bless you oaks for your hard work!
Athletics for people with disabilities by Fanie -Bridging Abilities Fun day- I2B partnered with BA to create a fun day for kids all over the Western Cape, we ended off with a good braai on heritage day.
-MR&MS Paarl School Ambassador- A great experience being a judge at this significant event, where participants had to present their community project they , model in their recycled outfits and ended off in their evening formal wear.
-Eendrag House Meeting- I got invited to Eendrag as a quest speaker and shared my story with the students. -WP trials- We are exited about the new season and competitions has started.
Alternative action sports by Chris -The I2B Swakopmund Missions Trip- Inspired2Become went to Namibia to build some ramps, run a skate contest and do a skim clinic. The flyers that were going around in Swakop:
Below, the I2B Team from Somerset West and the Swakopmund locals. These are amazing people! We would like to thank them from the bottom of our hearts for all they did for us over there. We had two movie nights. One surf movie night and one skate movie night.
Building ramps till late.
The awesome indoor space we got blessed with to run the skate contest:
Prize giving: We shared some testimonies.
We ran a skim clinic on the Swakopmund main beach.
Sunset on our off day at Donkey Bay.
-July Day Trip with some of the I2B Klienvlei club skaters.
-The I2B Skate Park made the local newspaper.
-Working hard to get the bowl level and ready for the summer.
Athletics for people with disabilities by Fanie -Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games- congratulations to my coach on her birthday which was on race day. May you be blessed abundantly! Thank you for all you do for us. I believe it was a special birthday.
It was a privilege to have 3 SA athletes in the final of the men's 100m T37. The race ended with SA walking away with a gold, silver and 4th place.
We had opportunity to share our testimonies in the village. I also met some of the chaplains whom I will serve with in Swansea at the European Champs.
We also had a great time with the Common Wealth Games' chaplains.
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SINGH provided roadway engineering design for the reconstruction and widening of the Stearns School Road Bridge over I-94. SINGH led the evaluation of interim and ultimate improvements of Stearns School Road. Scope of work performed by SINGH staff included developing new roadway and drainage profiles, evaluating the need for retaining walls within project limits, reviewing existing and developing proposed drainage plans for interim + ultimate conditions, reviewing traffic control options and providing recommended to lessen construction impacts including capacity analysis. Final PS+E preparation included roadway, drainage, landscaping, grading, erosion control, pavement jointing, signing, lighting, and temporary lighting and traffic signal. Additionally, SINGH was responsible for all necessary permits for construction: Local Agency Concurrence, Watershed Development Permit, LCDOT, and support for Intergovernmental Agreement and IDNR-OWR preparation.
Client: Illinois Tollway
Status: Completed June 2020
Location: Lake County, Illinois
Total Cost: $12 Million
Project Fee: $410,000


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Last Friday, Miguel dropped off his Rouge Waves EP, which was a remix EP of his single ‘waves’. A fan favorite was Tame Impala‘s remix of the track, and today the music video for the track was released. Watch the video above.
EDIT: Miguel also drops off a music video for his ‘waves’ remix featuring Kacey Musgraves. Watch that video below.
Fashionably Early has been your trusted source for finding the artists that are next up for years now. In a landscape that's fueled so heavily by algorithms and 15 minutes of fame, let Fashionably Early be your guide of finding the next generation of artists that matter.


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A modelling study from an international collaboration involving German, Canadian and Australian scientists has concluded that increasing global temperatures to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial global temperatures will be too hot for two thirds of the world's corals and hence coral reefs.
The study published in international journal Nature Climate Change reveals that only strong action to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions plus an assumed ability to rapidly evolve will save some coral reefs.
Not taking strong steps to mitigate carbon dioxide, however, is certain to destine most coral reefs to loss by mid to late century.
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse ecosystems on the planet and provide critical services such as coastal protection, tourism and food to hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
Global warming and ocean acidification, both driven by human-caused CO2 emissions, pose a major threat to these important marine ecosystems.
“Our findings show that under current assumptions regarding thermal sensitivity, coral reefs will no longer be prominent coastal ecosystems if global mean temperatures reach 2°C above the pre-industrial temperatures,” lead author Dr Katja Frieler from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, said.
“This research uses some of the most up-to-date models and sophisticated tools available,” said Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, from the Global Change Institute and ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at The University of Queensland.
“The project results are of great concern.
"For a long while, we thought that coral reefs would be safe up to 2°C higher in average global temperature but our research shows that this is no longer true.”
The study involved scientists from Potsdam, the University of British Columbia in Canada and the Universities of Melbourne and Queensland in Australia.
To project the cumulative heat stress at 2160 reef locations worldwide, they used an extensive set of 19 global climate models.
By applying different emission scenarios covering the 21st century and multiple climate model simulations, a total of more than 32,000 simulation years was diagnosed.
This allows for a more robust representation of uncertainty than any previous study.
Corals might be okay if they were able to adapt to the changes through rapid evolution.
“This is an extremely optimistic scenario which has little direct support,” Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said.
“Corals also have long generation times that may range from 5 to hundreds of years, and often show low levels of genetic diversity.
"These features of their life cycle militate against rapid evolution.
"They are not like fruit flies or bacteria which have much shorter generation times and consequently can evolve much faster.”
Lead author, Dr Frieler was also doubtful of this possibility and said: “Without the uncertain process of adaptation or acclimation, about 70 per cent of corals are projected to suffer from long-term degradation by 2030 even under an ambitious mitigation scenario.”
The authors have concluded on the basis of this information that the thermal threshold required to protect at least half of the coral reefs worldwide is estimated to lie at or below a 1.5°C mean increase in global average temperature.
Corals derive most of their energy from a close symbiotic relationship with tiny plant-like organisms known as zooxanthellae.
Under environmental stresses such as sudden increases in sea temperature, this critically important symbiosis breaks down and the brown symbionts are lost from the tissues of the coral.
This can cause large numbers of corals to take on a brilliant white colour over a few days; referred to as ‘mass coral bleaching'.
First reported in 1979, coral bleaching has become more frequent and intense across the planet, and has often been followed by mass mortality events across tens of thousands of square kilometres of coral reef.
“Coral bleaching has the coral reef expert community very worried," Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said.
"The impacts are already major.
"In the warm year of 1998, 16 per cent of the world's corals disappeared from reefs all over the world.
“In some locations - such as the Western Indian Ocean and islands off North-West Australia - reefs lost as much as 50-80 per cent of their corals in this disastrous year-long event.”
The paper also investigates what would happen if the susceptibility of corals to thermal stress increased as a result of other factors such as ocean acidification and pollution.
Ocean acidification is a consequence of the increasing amount of carbon dioxide entering the world oceans.
“Recent studies have indicated that the sensitivity of corals to thermal stress increases when they are exposed to acidified conditions” Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said.
“This has serious implications, including the possibility that current assumptions about the thermal sensitivity might underestimate, not overestimate, the future impact of climate change on corals.”
This comprehensive analysis highlighted how close we are to a world without coral reefs.
“The window of opportunity to preserve the majority of coral reefs, part of the world's natural heritage, is small,” said Malte Meinshausen, co-author at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the University of Melbourne.
“We close this window, if we follow another decade of ballooning global greenhouse-gas emissions.”
Article: Frieler, K., Meinshausen, M., Golly, A., Mengel, M., Lebek, K., Donner, S., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012): Limiting global warming to 2°C is unlikely to save most coral reefs. Nature Climate Change [DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1674]