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Dive into the captivating world of coffee brewing, where art meets science to create that perfect cup. Our comprehensive guide reveals the intricate details behind every brew, demystifying how those rich flavors and inviting aromas are born. Whether a novice or a seasoned barista, understanding the science of coffee brewing can elevate your coffee experience to new heights. Let’s embark on this flavorful journey together.
The Global Importance of Coffee
In the rhythm of modern life, one can barely imagine a morning without the invigorating elixir we know as coffee. Transcending cultural boundaries, coffee has become an essential part of our daily rituals, supporting work-life balance, fostering social interactions, and even contributing to economic growth online. As the second most traded commodity globally, coffee is not just a beverage; it’s an economic powerhouse and a lifeline to functionality for millions.
The Science Behind Coffee Brewing
But our journey with coffee extends beyond these socio-economic scopes. It often starts in the quiet solitude of our kitchens, with the aroma of freshly ground beans wafting through the air, and the anticipation of a well-brewed cup stimulating our senses. Whether you prefer the convenience of a drip machine or the timeless ritual of a French press, there is an art – and a science – to coffee brewing.
Unraveling the Intricacies of Coffee Brewing
How many of us pause to consider this scientific aspect? The process through which a humble bean undergoes a metamorphosis to transform into a symphony of flavors within our cup is as intriguing as it is beautiful. At the heart of it, the brewing process is a complex dance of chemistry and physics, where temperature meets time, and water coaxes flavors from the coffee grounds.
This process isn’t just about getting your caffeine fix; it’s a journey into a world of flavors shaped by different brewing methods, each with its unique taste profiles and complexities.
Delving Deeper into the Coffee Experience
In this exploration, we will dive into the science behind coffee brewing, unraveling its mysteries, and understanding how a simple bean can offer such a rich and diverse array of flavors. Through this lens, we’ll appreciate the importance of brewing techniques, the influence of temperature and time, and the role of various coffee-making gadgets available in the market, like this top-rated espresso machine.
The science behind brewing your perfect cup of coffee is an exciting journey, promising to enhance your coffee experience and make every sip a testament to the beauty of this intricate process. Whether you’re a casual coffee drinker or a dedicated connoisseur, understanding the science behind your cup of coffee can elevate your appreciation and enjoyment of this globally beloved beverage.
In the end, coffee brewing isn’t just a practice; it’s a scientific art form that holds the key to that perfect cup. By delving deeper into its intricacies, we unlock a new realm of coffee appreciation, where every bean has a story, and every cup holds a world of flavors waiting to be explored. Our exploration into this fascinating world begins here, promising a journey as rich and satisfying as the brew that awaits in your cup.
Thesis Statement: This exploration into the science behind coffee brewing promises a journey as rich and satisfying as the brew that awaits in your cup, enhancing our appreciation and understanding of this globally beloved beverage.
The Historical Journey of Coffee
The journey of coffee, from its humble origins to becoming the globally loved beverage we know today, is as rich and flavorful as the drink itself. As we trace the path of coffee through history, we’ll uncover the intriguing origins of this robust bean and its remarkable journey across the globe.
Origins: The Birth of Coffee
The story of coffee begins in the verdant highlands of ancient Ethiopia. According to folklore, a shepherd named Kaldi first discovered the coffee plant’s stimulating effects when he noticed his goats dancing with unusual vitality after nibbling on red cherries from a certain tree. This accidental discovery, relayed to the monks of a local monastery, led to the creation of the first coffee brew, used to keep the monks alert during their nocturnal prayers.
The Spread of Coffee within Africa and the Middle East
From its Ethiopian cradle, coffee spread to Yemen in the Middle East via the port of Mocha, marking the start of its journey to the wider world. The Yemenis were the first to cultivate coffee systematically, and their Sufi monasteries used it as a spiritual intoxicant, aiding them in their late-night devotions. The mystique of this dark and stimulating brew soon caught the imagination of traders and travelers, helping it spread throughout the Islamic world.
Coffee Reaches the Shores of Europe
In the 17th century, coffee made its way to Europe through trade routes, initially facing resistance due to its association with the Ottoman Empire. However, the unique allure of this “wine of Arabia” eventually won over the skeptics, leading to the opening of the first coffee houses or “penny universities” in England, France, and Austria.
Coffee’s Journey to the New World
The real game-changer in the spread of coffee cultivation worldwide was the voyage it undertook with the Dutch to their colonies in Java, Indonesia. This successful cultivation marked the beginning of coffee’s proliferation in various colonial territories, including the Caribbean and South America. The best countries for coffee today, like Brazil and Colombia, owe their coffee legacy to these colonial endeavors.
The Globalization of Coffee
Today, coffee is cultivated in over 70 countries around the equator, with millions depending on it for their livelihood. From the coffee houses of Istanbul to the modern-day cafes of Seattle, coffee has become a universal language of hospitality, comfort, and camaraderie. Whether it’s the traditional French press method or the convenience of the latest coffee pod machine, the brewing techniques may vary, but the love for coffee remains a constant.
Understanding the history and origin of coffee helps us appreciate the journey that each coffee bean undertakes before reaching our cup. As we explore the science behind coffee brewing, this historical perspective will lend a unique depth to our understanding, allowing us to savor not just the flavor, but also the rich legacy that coffee carries with every sip.
Inside the Coffee Bean: Types and Cultivation
The magic of coffee starts with the humble coffee bean, a seed that carries within it the potential to awaken senses and energize minds. By understanding the different types of coffee beans and the process of growing and processing them, we gain insights into the factors that contribute to the diverse flavors and aromas we relish in our daily brew.
Unraveling the Types of Coffee Beans
Primarily, there are four types of coffee beans: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa. Arabica beans, accounting for about 60% of the global coffee production, are noted for their delicate, nuanced flavors and low acidity. On the other hand, Robusta beans are stronger, more bitter, and contain almost twice as much caffeine as Arabica.
Liberica and Excelsa, the less common varieties, offer unique flavor profiles. Liberica beans have a fruity, woody taste, while Excelsa beans, a variant of Liberica, are known for their tart, fruity characteristics. When choosing the best coffee for your French press, the bean type is an important consideration.
From Seed to Cup: Growing and Processing Coffee Beans
The journey of a coffee bean, from being planted as a seed to becoming a part of your morning ritual, is fascinating. Coffee plants grow best in the tropical climate of the “Coffee Belt,” which includes some of the best countries for coffee cultivation.
The plants take about 3 to 4 years to bear fruit, known as coffee cherries. These cherries are hand-picked, usually in a labor-intensive process, to ensure only the ripe ones are harvested.
Once picked, the cherries undergo processing, either the dry (natural) method or the wet (washed) method. The dry method, where cherries are dried under the sun, imparts a sweet, complex flavor to the beans. The wet method, involving fermenting and washing the cherries, results in a clean taste with pronounced acidity.
Post-processing, the beans are roasted, a crucial step that transforms the green coffee beans into the aromatic brown beans we are familiar with. The degree of roast – light, medium, or dark – has a significant impact on the coffee’s final taste.
Understanding the journey of the coffee bean enriches our appreciation of the drink and informs our choices, whether we are buying coffee or brewing it. As we delve deeper into the science of coffee brewing, this knowledge will serve as a strong foundation.
The Art and Science of Coffee Brewing
The allure of coffee lies not only in its rich aroma and flavors, but also in the fascinating science behind its brewing. As much as it is an art, brewing coffee is also a process steeped in science, where heat, water, and chemistry play pivotal roles.
The Intricacies of the Brewing Process
At its core, brewing coffee involves extracting the desirable compounds from the coffee grounds using hot water. The process begins with grinding the beans to the appropriate size, a crucial step as it determines the extraction rate. Finer grounds have more surface area, which can lead to a quicker and more intense extraction.
Heat and Water: The Catalysts of Extraction
Hot water is essential for brewing coffee as it facilitates the extraction of soluble compounds from the coffee grounds. Ideally, water temperature should be between 195 to 205 degrees Fahrenheit. Too low a temperature results in under-extraction, leading to flat, underwhelming coffee, while too high a temperature causes over-extraction, yielding a bitter, harsh brew.
The Chemistry Behind the Cup
The chemistry of coffee brewing is intriguing. The solubles, acids, and oils in coffee contribute to its taste, aroma, and body. Soluble compounds such as sugars and caffeine dissolve in the hot water during brewing, lending the coffee its sweetness and stimulating effects. Acids, including citric, malic, and chlorogenic acids, provide the bright, fruity, and wine-like notes. Oils, released during brewing, give coffee its body and richness.
The Influence of Brewing Methods on Taste and Quality
Different brewing methods can significantly influence the flavor and quality of coffee. For instance, the French press, which involves steeping coffee grounds in hot water before pressing, tends to produce a full-bodied, robust brew. In contrast, pour-over methods, where hot water is poured over the grounds and allowed to drip through a filter, yield a cleaner, more delicate cup.
In essence, brewing coffee is an intricate balance of art and science. Understanding this process can enhance our coffee experience and elevate our appreciation of this beloved beverage.
Brewing Methods and Their Impact on Coffee Flavor
The brewing method used can significantly alter the flavor profile of your coffee, allowing you to customize your cup to your personal preference. The scientific principles involved in each method dictate the extraction process, directly influencing the final taste.
Exploring Various Brewing Methods
Several brewing methods are popular among coffee aficionados and casual drinkers alike, each providing a unique taste and experience. The French Press, for instance, is renowned for producing a rich, full-bodied brew, while the Drip method is appreciated for its convenience and consistently good coffee. Espresso, on the other hand, yields a concentrated, intense shot of coffee, whereas Cold Brew provides a smooth, less acidic beverage perfect for hot summer days.
The Science Behind Each Method
The brewing method’s scientific principles focus on extraction — how water removes soluble compounds from coffee grounds. With the French Press, coarse grounds steep in hot water, allowing for a slow, full extraction. The Drip method, using medium to fine grounds, offers a faster extraction due to hot water flowing through the coffee. Espresso employs high pressure to force hot water through finely ground coffee, leading to a rapid, intense extraction. Finally, Cold Brew, as the name suggests, uses cold water, leading to a lengthy extraction period of 12-24 hours.
Flavor Profiles: Each Method’s Unique Influence
Each brewing method influences coffee’s flavor profile differently. The French Press delivers a robust, complex cup with a heavy body, thanks to the full immersion of grounds in water. Drip coffee results in a clean, balanced cup due to the controlled flow of water through a paper filter. Espresso, with its high-pressure extraction, offers a rich, bold flavor with notable intensity. Lastly, Cold Brew, due to its slow, cold extraction, produces a smooth, sweet brew with low acidity.
Understanding the science behind brewing methods can help you customize your coffee experience, allowing you to fully appreciate the depth and complexity this beloved beverage offers.
Coffee Tasting and Flavor Profiles
Tasting coffee, or cupping, is a skill that opens up a whole new world of flavors and sensory experiences. It is a structured approach to evaluating coffee’s aroma and taste characteristics, which are greatly influenced by the brewing process.
Introduction to Coffee Tasting
Coffee tasting, or cupping, is a methodical process where tasters sip coffee and assess its flavor, aroma, body, and acidity. It’s similar to wine tasting, involving a careful examination of the brew to identify unique flavor notes, such as fruity, nutty, or chocolaty undertones.
Flavor Profiles: The Brewing Process Effect
The brewing process has a significant impact on coffee’s flavor profile. For example, a French Press can yield a full-bodied, robust flavor due to the prolonged contact between the water and coffee grounds. Conversely, espresso, produced under high pressure, offers a bold, intense flavor. The brewing temperature, grind size, and water quality also play crucial roles in shaping the coffee’s final taste.
The Science Behind Flavor Perception
The perception of coffee flavors involves a fascinating interplay of our sensory organs. When we sip coffee, volatile compounds are released, stimulating smell receptors in our noses. Meanwhile, taste buds on our tongues identify basic tastes, such as bitterness or sweetness. Our brains then synthesize this information into the complex flavor profiles we associate with coffee. This is why a cup of coffee can evoke a wide range of taste sensations, from sour citrus notes to rich dark chocolate nuances.
Coffee tasting is more than just a daily ritual; it’s an art that allows us to appreciate the complexity and depth of coffee. By understanding how brewing methods and our sensory organs contribute to flavor perception, we can fully enjoy the rich tapestry of tastes that each cup of coffee offers.
The Future of Coffee Brewing
As the world evolves, so does the art and science of coffee brewing. From the impact of climate change to scientific advancements and future trends, coffee brewing is set for exciting transformations that will shape how we enjoy our favorite brew.
Recent Scientific Advancements in Coffee Brewing
Technological innovations are reshaping the coffee industry, bringing a blend of science and tradition to our cup. Precision brewing machines, like this one, allow for accurate control over water temperature and brewing time, enhancing flavor extraction. Moreover, advances in bean genetics and processing techniques are unlocking new flavors, promising a diverse range of coffee experiences in the future.
Climate Change and Coffee Production
Unfortunately, the threat of climate change looms over coffee production. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns are affecting coffee growth and quality. Moreover, pests and diseases are becoming more prevalent, threatening coffee crops worldwide. These changes could reshape the global coffee landscape, forcing us to adapt our brewing methods and preferences.
Potential Future Trends in Coffee Brewing
As we look ahead, sustainability will be a major trend in coffee brewing. From eco-friendly packaging to energy-efficient brewing methods, the industry will continue to innovate while reducing its environmental impact. Moreover, the growing appreciation for specialty coffee is likely to inspire new brewing techniques that highlight unique flavor profiles. Another anticipated trend is the use of AI and machine learning to optimize brewing parameters, leading to consistently delicious cups of coffee.
The future of coffee brewing lies at the intersection of innovation and tradition. As we embrace new technologies and grapple with environmental challenges, we’ll continue to celebrate the rich, complex world of coffee, enjoying each cup as a testament to our adaptability and love for this timeless beverage.
A journey through the world of coffee brewing illuminates the intricate interplay of science, art, and tradition. Each step, from the beans’ processing to the brewing techniques and the future trends, plays a significant role in shaping the coffee experience.
Recap of Main Points
We’ve traversed the route from understanding the basics of coffee chemistry and the role of water in brewing, to exploring different brewing methods like French Press and how they affect flavor. We delved into the sensory experience of coffee tasting and how brewing impacts flavor profiles. Lastly, we glimpsed the future of coffee brewing, considering the impact of climate change and exciting scientific advancements.
Reiteration of Thesis Statement
The science behind coffee brewing is an essential ingredient in the quality and enjoyment of every cup. Understanding these principles allows us to appreciate the complexity of coffee, enhancing our brewing skills and taste experiences.
Closing Thoughts on Coffee Brewing
In essence, the art of coffee brewing is a manifestation of our collective love for coffee. Every brewing method, every taste note, and every scientific principle comes together to create something special. As we continue to innovate and adapt in response to the challenges of the future, we carry forward a tradition that has been shared across cultures and generations.
In conclusion, the science behind coffee brewing not only illuminates our understanding of this beloved beverage but also enriches our daily ritual. Whether you’re a novice home brewer or a seasoned barista, the pursuit of the perfect cup is a journey of discovery, creativity, and, above all, joy.


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JMenu is a better way to order kosher food and takeout. Whether you're at home or on the go, JMenu connects you with your favorite local restaurants which can deliver food to you when you want it.
Using JMenu is 100% free. The price you pay for food on JMenu is exactly the same as you would pay if you walked into the restaurant. If the restaurant offers it, delivery is free too.
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domain: food


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Photographs are an amazing way to capture a moment in time in your life to hold as a keepsake for generations. One plus of the modern digital photo era is the sheer quantity of photos that we all carry with us each day on our smartphones and laptops.
With the advent of better cameras and larger sizes of flash drives, this number is bound to go up even more!
What if there was a way to bring a photograph to life as a conversation piece in your living room? To make your photograph a visual piece of art that you can touch?
In recent years, thanks to 3-D printing, you can now make lithophanes of your favorite pictures on your 3-D printer. It’s a striking way of displaying your favorite photographs as living breathing art additions to your home decor.
What are Lithophanes?
Lithophanes are thin 3-D renderings of designs or photographs that allow for light to pass through them to display the image. If you can visualize how a screen-printed logo or design gets printed onto a shirt or a vinyl record sleeve, then you can visualize how a lithophane is made because the methodologies are quite similar between the two.
A Brief History Of Lithophanes
There is debate whether lithophanes were first used in ancient China or in 1800’s France, but the general accepted origin story is that they were first introduced in France in 1827. The first iterations of lithophanes were hand-carved porcelain of floral images and artistic paintings. The advent of using molds out of wax and plates of glass was conceived not long afterwards as artists successfully made plasters out of wax to replicate lithophanes for production purposes.
Just as a refresher for those who may have forgotten their art classes back in high school, screen printing starts with a block of hard clay or rubber material. Over time, bits of the material are carved away to showcase detail as the block gets ultimately whittled down to the final image which is reversed from what the final image will be.
Once the block is finalized, the block gets saturated with the colored ink of your choice and is pressed through with a scraper to bleed through to the target vehicle (shirt, paper, album cover, etc.). This block can be re-used as many times as needed as a safety block or master block will also be created as a backup.
Using the above as a reference, lithophane printing could almost be viewed as a “reverse” screen printing process. The 3-D printer slowly creates the raised parts of the image to showcase depth and detail, while the thin parts of the lithophane will be the most translucent, letting light pass through.
Almost all lithophanes use white colored composite material as that’s the color that is most translucent. The best vehicle to make the lithophanes come alive is to house a small-wattage light inside the lithophane and have it illuminate the piece in a dark room. Once you’ve seen the power of lithophanes in that environment, you’ll want to produce more of them!
Which Material To Use?
When it comes to lithophane production, the most important component to the process is the material that will be used. Use the wrong material, and you won’t get the desired visual effect or even worse, the lithophane image won’t come out as you intended which is a waste of material and money spent.
As to which material will work best? Trial and error will usually be the best teacher, but there are good places to start which we’ll cover below.
PLA or Polylactic Acid is known for its translucency and its overall usefulness in printing lithophanes. The one drawback to this filament is the fact that you can’t use a high-powered light bulb to illuminate it. The reason for this is due to the glass transition temperature of the material as it’s rated at only 140 degrees Fahrenheit or 60 degrees Celsius.
You have a couple of options to illuminate PLA lithophanes, you can use a very low-wattage bulb (10-25W) to keep the internal temperatures low. The other option would be to use an LED light which can shine brightly and put off very little in the way of heat or energy.
PETG or Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol is a good secondary choice for lithophanes due to its strength and heat resistance. You will have no problems lighting up a PETG lithophane with an ordinary incandescent bulb.
The drawbacks with PETG is that the material is more difficult to print and capturing some finer details of a lithophane simply won’t be possible with this material. You would also need the addition of a heated bed to print the lithophane which isn’t needed for PLA prints.
Nylon can definitely take a licking and keep on ticking in the heat resistance sweepstakes as nylon lithophanes can stand temperatures up to 194 degrees Fahrenheit or 90 degrees Celsius. Nylon also has a higher degree of translucency than PLA, but the tradeoff is in the printing process itself as it’s quite difficult.
Nylon material isn’t cheap and your settings and atmospherics have to be perfect to get a good print. You also need to purchase a hot-end which will produce higher heat than a normal nozzle as printing Nylon material needs a very high temperature (nearly 500 degrees Fahrenheit) to print correctly.
ABS or Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene is one of the most popular plastics around and is used almost everywhere you look. The heat resistance of ABS is ideal for making lithophanes, but the opaqueness of the material isn’t and therefore ABS should not be used for lithophane printing purposes.
Using a high-quality J-PEG image, you can import the image into your computer software of your choosing or an online software tool that can produce an STL or Stereolithography CAD file. If you’ve ever worked on CAD machines and software before venturing into 3D printing, you’ll be quite familiar with STL files.
One thing to remember when setting up the printing job and the slicer software is that you should set your percentage of infill to 100%. This way, the print will fill in all the available space within the material, and you won’t end up with a lithophane that looks too thin!
Once you have your STL file locked in and your material set, you can then set your printing job up within the 3D printer and then go have a few sandwiches because it’s going to take a while to finish printing. Once your lithophane is finished printing and completely cooled, you can then take it out of the printer, and you’ll have successfully printed your very first lithophane!

domain: artistic


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Published: 14th January 2022
Exams postponed, administration blamed in Lucknow University as 50 students test positive for COVID-19
The varsity has said that a few of the infected students will be allowed to stay and quarantine in their hostel rooms, while those whose condition is not serious, will be allowed to return home
The Lucknow University (LU) has deferred the examinations scheduled to take place from Friday, January 14, after 50 students tested positive for COVID-19.
Of the 50 students, 32 are from the Habibullah Boys' hostel, 10 from Mahmudabad Boys' hostel and eight from Lal Bahadur Shastri Boys' hostel. An MSc student, residing in Nivedita Girls' hostel has also tested positive. She later left the hostel with her guardian, as per a report in IANS.
The remaining students of the hostel were also tested and reports are awaited. After the outbreak on the campus, Lucknow University Associated College Teachers' Association (LUACTA) also threatened to boycott examinations in view of the rising cases.
LU spokesperson Durgesh Srivastava said, "The university has deferred examination. It will re-schedule all the examinations between January 15 and 31. The next examination schedule will be announced shortly." Earlier, three students, two from Mahmudabad and one from Habibullah hostel, tested positive, after which, RT-PCR test of all the inmates was done by health officials from the Chief Minister's office.
While several students left the hostels, those whose examinations were scheduled stayed back. Meanwhile, students alleged that the negligence of the university administration was the reason behind the spurt in COVID cases on the campus.
"We will quarantine all infected students in the hostel itself. They will be given food in disposables while those who want to go home will be permitted to leave if their guardians come to pick them up and their condition is not serious," the LU spokesperson said, as per IANS. "We can't take the risk of allowing students from Uttarakhand or far-flung places to travel in such conditions. They are not just students but our children too and due care will be taken."
COVID-19 has impacted exams in other educational institutions in Lucknow as well, with the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) also forced to defer examinations after a spike in cases on campus earlier this week.

domain: news


A friend of mine thinks that some rifles like certain manufacturers cases over others. We are testing this theory in my rifle. Using a load and bullet that the rifle shoots extremely will, we are using batches of different cases as our variable. So far our best groups are with PMC cases. Hornaday is a close second.


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Insights into the effect of donor ability on photophysical properties of dihydroindeno[2,1-c]fluorene-based imide derivatives†
The photophysical properties of dihydroindeno[2,1-c]fluorene-based imide (DHIFI) derivatives were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations. The hybridized local excited and charge transfer state (HLCT) was introduced to interpret the intercrossing of localized excited (LE) and charge transfer (CT) states. The large extent of CT in the HLCT state of a molecule with a strong electron donor (dimethylaniline) at the terminal site results in strong interaction between the dipole moments of the excited state and polar solvents. Time-resolved spectroscopy results show the formation of a stabilized ICT state in several picoseconds, which results in fluorescence quenching and less possibility of intersystem crossing to the triplet state. In contrast, a molecule with a weak electron donor (benzene) displays less fluorescence quenching. The slowing down of geometry relaxation in the weak-electron-donor molecule increases the possibility of ISC to the triplet state from the unrelaxed HLCT state.

domain: literature


|Publication number||US2450949 A|
|Publication date||Oct 12, 1948|
|Filing date||Jun 18, 1947|
|Priority date||Jun 18, 1947|
|Publication number||US 2450949 A, US 2450949A, US-A-2450949, US2450949 A, US2450949A|
|Inventors||Cerruti Leland G, Salvadore Gattuccio|
|Original Assignee||Cerruti Leland G, Salvadore Gattuccio|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (47), Classifications (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
12,1948. s.,GA'1-rll.|cvc|o ETAL. .2,450,949 BOTTLE cu me@ June ia. 1947 Leland G. Cerruti Y Inventors A Salvadore Gaffuccio Patented Qct. 12, 1948 L Salvadore Gattuocioand Leland G. Cerruti,
' San Jose, Calif.
Application June 1s, 1941, serial No. 755,496
1 claim. (ou 11e-1271) This invention relates to new and useful improvements in bottle caps, and the primary object of the present invention is to provide a device applicable to prescription bottles that will indicate the hour the' medicine in the bottle 5 should be taken. '7
Another important object of the present invention is'to provide a cap includingan indicia bearing ring which may be manually rotated to oppose a pointer, therebyindicating at what time the l0 prescription should be taken or when last taken.
A further object oi the present invention is to provide an indicia bearing ring including novel and improved means for locking said ring in an adjusted position against accidental rotary move- 15 ment.
A still further aim of the present'inventionis4 to provide a bottle cap for the purposes described that is simple and practical in construction, em-
cient and reliable in use, relatively inexpensive 20 to manufacture, and otherwise well adapted for..
the purposes for which the same is intended.
Other objects and advantages reside in the details of construction and operation as lmore fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference be. 25
ing had to the accompanying drawings forming part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
Figure 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a prescription bottle and showing the present 39 invention applied thereto;
Figure 2 is a vertical sectional view taken substantially through the center of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially on the plane of section line 3-3 of 35 Figure 2; and I Figure 4flis a perspective View of the indicia bearing ring.
Referring now to the drawings in detail, wherein, for the purpose of illustration, there is disi0 closed a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the numeral I0 represents the bottle cap generally comprising 'an internally threaded sleeve I2 closed at one end to engage the externally threaded neck of a prescription bottle i3.
An annular channel I4 is provided in said sleeve to slidably receive a substantially resilient ring I6 that is forced over the sleeve to engage the channel.
'Ihe inner face of ring I 6 is provided with a 50 plurality of circumferentially spaced bevel teeth or ribs I8 between which a substantially conical protuberance 20 carried by the vertical face of f the channel selective engages, for holding the ring against accidental rotation.
In practical use of thedevice, a' pointer or indicator 22 is provided on the sleeve and on opposite sides of the ring, and indicia 2| are provided on the outer face of the ring. Preferably these indicia include the numerals 1 through 1 2. inclusive.
A person who is taking a prescription at certain time intervals often forgets the designated time he is to take his next potion. With the present'invention. the user may set the ring so that the designated time at which he is to take the prescription will be obviously apparent once the user has taken the rst amount of the prescription. Elf the user fails to change the ring after he has taken a potion, any time thereafter that he observes the bottle he will quickly see 'that he is either due for a potion or he should change the ring to indicate the time for the next potion.
Frequently, a person may be taking several prescriptions at the same time or at different time intervals, and by using such a deviceas described, the usual confusion of having no means for indicating the time which the user is to take the prescription is obviously eliminated.-
In view of the foregoing description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, it
is believed that a clear understanding of the device will be luite apparent to those skilled in this art. A more detailed description is accordingly deemed unnecessary.
It is to be understood, however, that even end, an annular channel provided in the outer surface of the closure plate having opposed-annular, substantially horizontal bearing surfaces and an annular substantially vertical bearing sui-face,
' an internally toothed ring gear rotatably mounted in said channel having an upper annular edge and a lower annular edge for engaging the horizontal bearing surfaces ofthe channel, a iixed protuberance carried by the vertical bearing surface of the channel for selectively engaging the teeth of the ring gear. indicia provided on the 55 outer surface of the ring gear. and a pointer car- 3 4 ried by the outer surface of the closure plate for registering with the indicia on the ring gear. UNITED STATES EATENTB SALVADORE GATI'UCCIO. Number Name Date LELAND c. CERRUTI. 1.781.055 Dudley Nav. 1,1, 1930 5 2,066,183 Mehailey Dec. 29, 1936 REFERENCES CITED 2.111.637 Mehan'ey Mar. 22, 193s The followingreferences are of record in the me of this patent.:
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1781055 *||Jan 7, 1929||Nov 11, 1930||Dudley Robert L||Indicating device for carriers|
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|US2111637 *||Dec 10, 1935||Mar 22, 1938||Mehaffey William T||Bottle cap and time indicating means for medicinal receptacles|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
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|US7857134 *||Dec 21, 2007||Dec 28, 2010||Mark Koch||Bottle comprising a temporal indicator|
|US8020507 *||Sep 20, 2011||Tara Strong||Food storage and management system|
|US8281733||Aug 10, 2009||Oct 9, 2012||Ace Ventures, Inc.||Self adhesive medication reminder device|
|US8371464||Feb 12, 2013||Medela Holding Ag||Container with adjustable date indicium|
|US8534220 *||May 24, 2010||Sep 17, 2013||Edwin W. Olson||Dosage cap assembly for standard prescription medicine containers|
|US8561567||Aug 15, 2011||Oct 22, 2013||Tara Strong||Food storage and management system|
|US8689988 *||May 6, 2013||Apr 8, 2014||Tao Xu||Bottle cap having removal tracking indicia|
|US8709518 *||Sep 7, 2011||Apr 29, 2014||Diane Young Jones||Fluid intake and content management system|
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|US20020139292 *||Jan 18, 2002||Oct 3, 2002||Harry Giewercer||Medication dosage reminder device|
|US20050056203 *||Jul 27, 2004||Mar 17, 2005||Harry Giewercer||Securable medication reminder device|
|US20060180566 *||Jan 26, 2005||Aug 17, 2006||Mataya Marc J||Closure cap for a container having time-date indicators|
|US20070248721 *||Apr 21, 2006||Oct 25, 2007||Tara Strong||Milk storage and management system|
|US20070297293 *||Aug 29, 2007||Dec 27, 2007||Delvalle Catherine J||Event monitoring bracelet|
|US20080000791 *||Jul 2, 2007||Jan 3, 2008||Tara Strong||Food Storage and Management System|
|US20080099423 *||Dec 21, 2007||May 1, 2008||Mark Koch||Bottle comprising a temporal indicator|
|US20090095645 *||Oct 11, 2007||Apr 16, 2009||Lopez Carlos A||Reusable beverage cup with counter|
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|US20090178609 *||Jul 16, 2009||Kreshek Jeffrey H||Self adhesive medication reminder device|
|US20090293798 *||Aug 10, 2009||Dec 3, 2009||Jeffrey Kreshek||Self adhesive medication reminder device|
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|EP0077484A2 *||Oct 1, 1982||Apr 27, 1983||Trisa Bürstenfabrik Ag Triengen||Toothbrush|
|U.S. Classification||116/308, 116/315|
|International Classification||A61J7/04, A61J7/00|


Architecture author slams Anglia Square revamp proposals
- Credit: Archant
The author and illustrator of a string of top-selling books about architecture has joined those calling for city councillors to reject the £271m revamp plan for Norwich's Anglia Square.
Matthew Rice, whose books include Building Norfolk, Rice's Architectural Primer and Village Buildings of Britain, has urged the rejection of the 'uninspired and everyday' proposals for the shopping complex.
Developer Weston Homes, with investment firm Columbia Threadneedle, wants to demolish the shopping centre, along with the neighbouring Sovereign House.
The buildings would be replaced with new blocks, including 1,234 new homes, a leisure quarter with a cinema, car parks, the tower block and a new home for Surrey Chapel.
The proposal has been controversial. The city council has received 939 comments on the original proposals and the revised plans. Of that number, 767 objected and 120 supported it.
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Objectors include Historic England, the Norwich Society and the Dean and Chapter of Norwich Cathedral. They say the scheme would damage people's appreciation of the Norman castle, the medieval cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, City Hall and medieval churches.
However, officers at City Hall are recommending approval when the planning committee meets on Thursday. They say although the development and the tower would cause harm, a 'compelling case' had been made, with 'economic and social benefits' for the city.
- 1 Man jailed for seven years over coercive behaviour which left victim 'shattered'
- 2 Nine Norfolk schools closed or partly shut due to Covid-19 cases
- 3 Major boost for £100m campaign to reintroduce rail travel between two Norfolk towns
- 4 Six new coronavirus deaths confirmed at Norfolk hospital
- 5 Flood alerts in place across Norfolk
- 6 Fears loss of Arcadia group could have significant impact on Norfolk high streets
- 7 'Rare' Norfolk vicarage goes up for sale for £1.1m
- 8 Fresh calls for Norfolk to move to tier one ahead of key Commons vote
- 9 How close is Norfolk to tier 1?
- 10 Talented 24-year-old opens new bakery in village
And Mr Rice, who used to live in Norfolk, has joined the debate and written a letter to council leader Alan Waters in which he describes Norwich as 'a star among cities'.
He said: 'Plans to carry out the most uninspired and everyday (but massive) development on the Anglia Square site are not just a hugely damaging addition to the north of the city, disastrous to its skyline, ill-detailed and unlovely, but a desperately missed opportunity.
'Just when first rate planners and architects have worked out how this can be done beautifully, cleverly , and importantly profitably this most uninteresting and ill scaled design seems likely to be approved by the city's planning department.'
He implored: 'Stop. Wait. This is a once in a generation opportunity to build something important. Norwich deserves better, so much better.'


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In the Meadow Birthday Card
Grasses represent well-being, generosity and abundance.
– ‘Happy Birthday’ greeting on front.
– Left blank inside for your own message
– Printed on thick luxury stock with a matching soft white envelope.
– Sourced with care from British papermakers who use wood from responsibly managed UK forests.
– Size: 15.7cm x 11cm

domain: design


text:
At the end of harry's adventures, when the sorcerer's stone has been safely why does the school first prohibit the forbidden forest and then force harry to. You can identify a story told in the first person if the narrator uses “i” in telling as she emerged into the light and descended the stone stairs she was aware of. Essay by natalie hager apollo 11 cave stones, namibia, quartzite, c we wendt excavated the rock shelter and found the first fragment (above, left. Change is the act of becoming different or evolving into something unique, either positively or negatively in everyday life, change occurs.
The earliest stone toolmaking developed by at least 26 million years ago the early stone age includes the most basic stone toolkits made by early humans. By: mohammad a the first stone “the first stone” is written by don aker and this book is based on two teenagers who have suffered very. The stone is a forum for contemporary philosophers and other thinkers on what these texts often have in common is, first, their self-conscious. This publication contains the four essay questions from the october 2015 california first-year law students' examination and two selected answers for each jack drafted a contract to present to stone-co, a local stone.
The hook, basically the opening statement, is the first line of any essay you write it is the a good opening line is like a stone thrown off the side of a cliff. He who casts the first stone by forrest wilder wed, feb 24, 2010 at 6:33 pm cst photo by matt wright-steel a little over a year ago,. The difference between this and the first draft is that your draft will give you a clear beginning, middle, and end by the same token, this is not written in stone.
The earliest known stone tools  are assigned to the oldowan industry and consist of sharp stone flakes struck from cobble 'cores' by direct percussion with. The age of the essay september 2004 remember the essays you had to write in high school topic sentence, introductory paragraph, supporting paragraphs, . Chapter 1 the first chapter of a novel should catch the reader's interest as well as introduce does the first chapter of the first stone succeed in doing all three. In an exclusive rolling stone essay, the singer retraces the winding and a crucial first step in pursuing that sound was touring with her. Readings: • is 43:16-21 • ps 126:1-2, 2-3, 4-5, 6 • phil 3:8-14 • jn 8:1-11 imagine being caught in a most serious and embarrassing sin, then.
A profile essay is a type of essay that centers a certain person, place, or thing however, in certain situations, the first person (“i”) might be acceptable for stone, the writer switches off between parts of the interviewee's life and things they. What made michel de montaigne the first modern man it didn't matter if he was quoting seneca in an essay called “to philosophize is to his search for the spa that would cure his kidney stones—the disease had killed. Wednesday, may 23, 2012 the first stone - exhilarating, suspenseful and surprising don aker s novel the first stone is an intriguing novel. This paper returns to the first stone, not to re-engage with the feminism in her essay in the collection, 'remembering fitzroy high', rosi braidotti implicitly. Some pieces of stone have travelled continents to take their places among the of the first stage of a sculpture when the form is being blocked out in stone.
Free essay: by: mohammad a the first stone “the first stone” is written by don aker and this book is based on two teenagers who have. How to cite an essay online in mla this is similar to last, first m essay title book/anthology ed bob towsky hinsdale: brook stone publishers, 1996. On wednesday june 3rd, 2015 will be held the first stone laying ceremony of the institut des sciences moléculaire d'orsay in paris the building is part of the.
The first h habilis fossils were found in olduvai gorge in the same stratigraphic layer as early types of stone tools called oldowan tools. Sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me is this undoubtedly true or is it a strategy of parents to get their kids to overlook bullying. Throughout the novel “the first stone” by don aker, the main character reef alters his ways a lot positively reef is a teenager who changes his lifestyle and.


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Voices Of Value
Podcast: Voices Of Value
Hosts: Rik Rushton and Peter Kakos
First Episode: 2018
Valuable insights designed to help you get more out of your professional and personal life through simple, easy to adopt life lessons. If you’re keen to enjoy a better quality of life at work and at home, sit back and join the conversation with your hosts, Peter Kakos and Rik Rushton.

domain: psychology


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October was a fun month. We went for lots of walks, I sewed and updated my Etsy shop quite a bit, and I spent a lot of time inside with hot drinks and kitties.
Sewing and crafting:
Enjoyed pumpkin smoothies:
Started to get excited for Christmas since it was popping up in stores already:
What I wore:
Enjoyed the Autumn weather:
Bought new stationery:
I have some pictures from Halloween that I will share later this week. But for now, I'm off to take down Halloween decorations and to dig out my Christmas ones.

domain: hobby


text:
The Metaphysics of Sustainability
This book can be downloaded and read in Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device.
At its essence, a sustainable lifestyle, or living green, refers to a lifestyle and set of choices that minimizes a person's environmental impact. This eBook offers a plethora of information to assist you in creating a new, exciting lifestyle or just expanding on your existing sustainable lifestyle by re-thinking our traditional approaches to the ways we do things. It has been said that conscious awareness and personal empowerment are the cornerstones to a rich and fulfilling life. Combined with green living, we have the opportunity to positively impact our personal world, our communities, and the greater world we live in. We invite you to explore the metaphysics of sustainability.

domain: library


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|Authors: ||D. Sanyal, P.P. Dhar|
|Keywords: ||mulching, nitrogen, potassium, turmeric|
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous spice crop cultivated in India since ancient times.
The major quantity of turmeric is utilized as a condiment and only a small quantity is used in cosmetics industry in India.
The medicinal value of turmeric is well recognized in the Indian system of medicine.
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of mulching, nitrogen and potassium levels on the growth, yield and quality of turmeric cv.
Shillong grown in red lateritic soil.
The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with three replications.
The factors considered for evaluation were mulching (dry leaves and no mulch), nitrogen levels (120, 150 and 180 kg/ha) and potassium levels (130 kg, 160 and 190 kg/ha) with a constant phosphorus level of 60 kg/ha as basal.
Urea and muriate of potash were used as the sources of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers.
Uniform cultural and plant protection measures were undertaken for all the treatments.
The results indicated that mulching had significant influence on growth and yield of turmeric.
Nitrogen at 150 kg/ha and potassium at 160 kg/ha had significantly better independent effect on almost all the parameters.
The chlorophyll content of leaves and foliar nutrient composition also differed significantly with the treatments.
However, the highest yield and curcumin content were noted with a combination of mulching + application of nitrogen and potassium at 120 and 160 kg/ha.
Download Adobe Acrobat Reader (free software to read PDF files)
URL www.actahort.org Hosted by KU Leuven

domain: agronomy


text:
To view the original article click here
5 Benefits of Being Honest:
1. Honesty promotes authenticity. Honesty is a reflection of your own thoughts and feelings. If you want people to know who you really are, be honest in your self-expression.
2. Honesty fosters courage. Courage is not the absence of fear. Courage is doing what you know you want or need to do, despite your fear. It takes an immense amount of courage to say what you feel. It is often difficult and takes practice and patience, but he payoffs are enormous.
3. Honesty shows you care. Being honest with yourself and with others shows how much you really care. It also demonstrates self-respect and respect for others. A caring attitude makes people stop and think. Gentle honesty is also very attractive and appealing.
4. Honesty creates a circle of love. Honesty sets an example that invites others to imitate. When others respond with honesty, it can create more interpersonal closeness and authenticity. This often translates into love and can create an ongoing evolution of loving relationships.
5. Honesty shows maturity and self-acceptance. There can often be hurt and pain associated with honesty. A mature person conveys honest expression in a style that minimises painful impact. When others are hurt, the mature, self-accepting person remains in the relationship to work through any pain experienced by the other person.

domain: sociology


Once upon a time, ladies tossed on a couple of workout leggings, a sweatshirt, and some running shoes and went running to get their activity. Today, there are workouts with resistance hardware, pot balls, and even water. As much as the type of activity itself has advanced, workout clothing has developed considerably more. Present day exercise clothing can enhance execution, conveying advantageous results that supplement our workout endeavors. What’s more, this clothing looks a great deal more alluring than those old warm up pants.
In the event that the objective is to shed some of your weight this year, never fear, in light of the fact that there is workout clothing out there to offer assistance. Some clothing applies power against the skin amid a workout, expanding muscle effort by up to 50 %. The outcome is that whether the wearer is strolling, running, doing yoga, or lifting weights, more vitality is consumed. Resistance incorporated with some clothing targets issue regions like the thighs and glutes.
Keep your cool
notwithstanding expanding execution, numerous pieces keep the wearer cool and dry while working out. Fabrics wick dampness from sweat far from the body and store it like a fine. Bras highlight nylon network backing as opposed to various layers of fabric, keeping ladies cooler. Well-made pieces are intended to last and the clothing comes in various hues and examples. The material is delicate and gives the “give” required amid a workout that includes extending and other development. This is how workout leggings can help you out in getting the best results.


Whether you don’t have access to gym equipment like dumbbells right now or just ~need~ a break from the day-to-day and are looking for a solo form of exercise, there’s never been a better time to set a running goal—like running amile a day.
As long as you have a pair of sneakers and a safe place to put one foot in front of the other, you’re just minutes away from basking in all of the endorphins (and hopefully the sun) that come with a good run.
Even if running has never been your thing, working toward a daily mile is totally doable. “Most people—including kids—could safely run or walk a mile per day with little to no risk of injury,” says Steve Stonehouse, CPT, USATF run coach, and director of education for STRIDE. (Yep, walking breaks are totally acceptable, guys!)
Even seasoned runners should consider running a mile every day. “If you already have a regular running routine, increasing up to daily runs could improve your stamina and mood, too,” adds Rebecca Kennedy, CPT, Peloton Master Tread Instructor.
So, yeah, if you needed a little extra push to get moving, this is it. But before you set that daily reminder to get out there and log that mile, there are a few things the pros want you to keep in mind.
First, what are the benefits of running a mile a day?
As long as you do it safely (more on that soon), running a mile a day is a great way to support your overall health and fitness.
“You get all the benefits of running in general, like supporting cardiorespiratory fitness and bone health, without the volume of mileage that can potentially cause injury,” says Stonehouse.
It’s also a great way to guarantee you spend some time outdoors every day—and exercising outside has been shown to have greater psychological benefits, like a boosted mood and feeling calm, than sweating indoors, according to research from the American Psychological Association. (If you log your mile on a tread, though, even looking at nature scenes on a screen enhances your run’s happiness-inducing effect, found a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.)
Can you lose weight by running a mile a day?
The average 150-pound person burns about 370 calories in 30 minutes of running at a 10 minute/mile pace, according to Harvard Medical School. Run a single mile at that pace and you’ll burn about 123 calories.
While that’s definitely something, it’s likely not going to keep you progressing toward your goals long-term. “Your body is an incredibly adaptive machine and will adapt to the stresses of running a mile a day relatively quickly,” explains Stonehouse.
If weight loss is your ultimate goal, you’ll want to focus on training that helps you burn fat efficiently and build muscle. Which is why, ultimately, just running a mile a day won’t do much to move the needle towards your long-term weight-loss goals; it simply doesn’t burn enough calories. (Need a little inspo? Try one of these top calorie-burning exercises instead.)
Will running a mile a day build muscle?
Though logging a daily mile can be a great way to get moving and support your health and fitness goals, whether or not it supports muscle growth, too, depends on how you run it.
“Low-intensity cardio does not lead to muscle gain, a.k.a. hypertrophy,” says Kennedy. If you run a mile at an easier or more moderate pace, you rely on type I (a.k.a. slow-twitch) muscle fibers, which support endurance exercise. (Picture a marathon runner.)
However, “sprinting is a great way to focus on muscle gain,” Kennedy says. Sprinting recruits more muscle fibers, specifically type II (a.k.a. fast-twitch) muscle fibers, which support power production.
A surefire way to build that muscle? This equipment-free workout sculpts your lower body from home:
That said, sprinting just a total of one mile a day likely isn’t enough to make noticeable muscle gains, says Kennedy. “In order to really put on muscle, you need to lift weights, eat enough to support muscle tissue breakdown and protein synthesis, and get adequate recovery.”
Ultimately, can sprints support your progress? Totally. But will they do the job on their own? Not so much.
What happens if I run a mile a day…if I’m not already a runner?
Before you vow to lace up your running shoes seven days a week, consider this: “If you don’t run regularly and begin running every day, the steep increase in stress and impact puts pressure on your joints and ligaments. This could lead to potential injury,” Kennedy says. So, if you don’t have a current running routine, start with just one day of running per week and work yourself up to every day over the course of several weeks, she recommends.
Still, though, “running daily is not for everyone, just like power lifting every day isn’t advisable,” Kennedy says. So don’t feel like if you haven’t tried running a mile a day that you’re missing out. There are plenty of other ways to reap similar benefits.
One of the biggest things to keep in mind is that, while you can totally build a tolerance to daily runs, switching up how you move from day to day can keep you feeling fresh, both in body and in mind.
But if you decide to go for it, these are the best ways to add running a mile a day to your fitness routine.
Kennedy says her go-to way of incorporating a one-mile run into daily exercise is as a finisher. “It’s an incredible way to feel accomplished at the end of a workout,” she says. Whatever gas you’ve got left in the tank, burn through it in that mile.
Or, if you take your daily mile at an easier pace, it works well as a warm-up, too.
The bottom line: Running a mile a day can support your overall fitness and cardiovascular health, but don’t expect it to build major muscle or eliminate the need for other types of exercise.
Source: Read Full Article


ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) -- Oklahoma is one of 14 states trying to force the Bush administration to require manufacturers to disclose even inert ingredients that state officials say pose an undisclosed health hazard in pesticides.
The federal Environmental Protective Agency requires active toxic ingredients that kill insects and weeds to be listed on labels now. Inert ingredients make the active chemicals more effective.
New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer is taking the lead for the states asking the EPA to expand the labeling requirements.
He says the inert ingredients can cause serious health and environmental problems.
The formal request for action that could precede a lawsuit is being sought by attorneys general from New York, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. The Virgin Islands also joined the action.
There was no immediate comment from the EPA.


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West Phillie Produce is globally published as the model for all underserved communities across the country.
Arnett Woodall, Owner, and builder of West Phillie Produce broke ground July 7th, 2007 and opened to the public July, 9th 2009.Download Electronic Press Kit HERE
“Fresh fruits and vegetables must be accessible and affordable to lower-income communities”
Owner Arnett Woodall is a man on a mission to build a community with healthy eating habits and to bring affordable fresh fruits and vegetables to inner city food deserts.
We Deliver 2 miles in every direction
stop by and pick up some fresh fruit
Landscaping & Construction
We offer service that include:
Concrete and Home Improvement
West Phillie Produce on Fox 29 News
West Phillie Grocer Struggles as Eating Habits are Hard to Change
“Fresh fruits and vegetables must become an easier and more common alternative for communities living in food deserts”
West Phillie Produce actually operates as a hybrid, since the grocery store is linked to nonprofit, A&W Community Solutions.
Woodall employs neighborhood youth at the store and teaches life skills as well as the basics of running a community-based grocery store.
“It’s important to include the youth,” he says. “We are creating future customers of healthy practices and contributing to more stable communities when we involve them in our food and our programs.”
SOME DELICIOUS SAMPLES


According to an Executive Mansion release, some stakeholders in the rubber industry of Liberia, including the Firestone Agriculture and Allied Workers Union (FAWUL) and the National Rubber Brokers and Farmers Union of Liberia (NARBFUL) on Friday, February 14 met with President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.
The two groups held separate consultative meetings with the President at her Foreign Affairs office to discuss issues ranging from better work environments for their laborers to a stronger focus from government on the activities of smallholder rubber farmers.
Responding to complaints and recommendations outlined to her by the leadership of FAWUL, President Sirleaf said the government is committed to protecting trade unions across the country, and expects the same from them to their employers and the government.
She promised to order an assessment of FAWUL’s complaint that the Firestone Plantation has lowered the standard of its housing units; departing from the 10-year plan that had been agreed upon between the government and management. Under that agreement, Firestone pledged to upgrade housing units from single bedroom apartments to at least two bedrooms with other facilities, including a kitchen, living room and bathrooms.
The release stated the President was equally concerned about worker’s access to medical facilities and availability of drugs in the concession area. She reminded union officials that the availability of drugs was not a problem for Firestone alone but also for government, due to Liberia’s transition from aid to development status. As a result, the government and drug procuring organizations operating are bearing the burden of purchasing drugs; often at increased prices that affect their availability to the average citizen.
She, however, assured the delegation that government would continue to make health care a priority and encourage Firestone to also see it that way.
Concerning the Decent Work Bill, President Sirleaf said that what was intended to be an initiative to further improve workers’ conditions had become a political tool for those seeking elected posts; thereby stalling the intent of the Bill. She expressed the hope that the Legislature would see reason to pass it into law during this sitting.
President Sirleaf also called on stakeholders in the rubber industry, including the Ministry of Agriculture, to work with plantation and factory owners to create a system where money could be placed into a stabilization fund.
The fund’s intention would be to rescue the industry whenever there is a low yield; as experienced by Firestone in the past.
At the close of the meeting, the FAWUL leadership, which included its president Austin Natee, vice president Joseph Tarnue, and secretary general Edwin Cisco, among others, pledged to work with the management of Firestone to address the concerns and constraints presented to President Sirleaf.
At the second meeting, the leadership of the NABFUL appealed to President Sirleaf to reconsider Executive Order #50, which places a moratorium on the exportation of unprocessed rubber and a halt on rubber brokers serving as buyers.
According to the group, the Order has put many smallholder farmers out of business because Firestone no longer provides transportation assistance to them to get their commodity to buying stations.
“Doing business was easier when brokers were allowed to buy rubber from smallholder farmers and then sell to Firestone or other competitors,” they said.
In response, President Sirleaf insisted that the moratorium would remain in force, but instructed the Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Florence Chenoweth, to work out modalities with Firestone to purchase rubber produced by smallholders.
She reminded the delegation that the moratorium was issued, among other things, to halt the exportation of unprocessed rubber across the border. The President said exporting rubber this way was causing Liberia huge losses in revenue.
The President also instructed Minister Chenoweth to look into reports of overlapping functions among the various rubber organizations – like the Rubber Planters Association of Liberia, the Rubber Development Association, the National Rubber Brokers and the Farmers Union – and determine if there is a need to reduce the number.
Other officials of Government present at the meeting included: Commerce Minister Axel Addy; Acting Justice Minister Wheatonia Dixon-Barnes; and Deputy Labor Minister for Administration, J. Cole Bangalu.
The National Rubber Brokers and Farmers Union were represented by former Senator Roland Kaine, Board Chair; James Sayekea, President; and former Agriculture Minister, Dr. Roland Massaquoi as a Board Member, the release concluded.


best 3d projector ConclusionIn conclusion, the decision between a projector and a TV for your home theater ultimately comes down to personal preference and budget Look for a contrast ratio of at least 1,000:1 for good image quality and 5,000:1 or higher for excellent image quality. 16mm film projector, Make sure the air filter is clean and free of dust and debris By placing speakers in specific locations around the room, multi-speaker systems can create a more immersive sound experience, with sounds coming from different directions and distances.
elephas 2020 wifi mini projector, Smart home projectors can be used to display a wide range of content, from movies and TV shows to educational videos and presentations Overall, the AuKing Projector is a great option for those on a budget who are looking for a reliable and easy-to-use projector for home entertainment. xiaomi mi smart projector 2 pro,How to Choose the Right Projector ScreenChoosing the right projector screen is an important factor in achieving optimal image quality and overall viewing experience The image quality is clear and detailed, with accurate colors and good contrast.
projector power consumption Gaming With the right tools and a little bit of know-how, you can create an immersive home theater experience right in your own home. optoma ml750st,The projector's built-in speakers provide decent sound quality, but they may not be loud enough for larger outdoor spaces If the remote control is not working, check that the batteries are properly installed and have sufficient charge.
epson 1060, With the advancements in technology, projectors have evolved to deliver a better viewing experience, making them an increasingly popular choice for large-scale presentations and immersive entertainment Projector Leader. 16mm film projector One of the most significant advantages of interactive projectors is their interactivity To clean the lens, follow these steps:Turn off the projector and unplug it from the power sourceUse a soft-bristled brush or a can of compressed air to remove any dust or debris from the lensUse a lens cleaning solution and a microfiber cloth to gently clean the lens.
l510u 4K HDR projectors are ideal for use in movie theaters, theme parks, and museums One of the most significant advantages of ultra-short-throw projectors is their even smaller footprint. gt5600,One of the most significant advantages of 4K HDR projectors is the immersive experience they provide This is important for outdoor use, as ambient light and other outdoor conditions can affect the visibility of the projected image One of the most important factors to consider when choosing a home theater projector is the projector's brightness.
In this article, we'll walk you through some tips for choosing the right projector for your business, The lower the throw ratio, the closer the projector can be placed to the screen or wall, allowing for a larger image in a smaller space To troubleshoot image quality problems, try the following:Adjust the focus: Use the focus ring to adjust the image focus until it's clearCheck the lens: Clean the lens with a soft, lint-free cloth to remove any dust or smudges that can cause image distortionCheck the resolution: Ensure that the projector and the source device are set to the same resolutionAdjust the brightness and contrast: Adjust the brightness and contrast settings for optimal image qualityCheck the lamp: If the image appears dim, the lamp may need to be replacedConnectivity Issues. Whether you're giving a presentation at work or sharing a slideshow with friends and family, it's important to know how to connect your laptop to a projector optoma short throw projector 4k, Frame Rate:.
However, if you plan to use it for movies or other video content, a higher resolution will provide a better viewing experience artograph tracer projector, The projector measures 9. amazon projector 8K projectors can display images with incredible detail and clarity, making them ideal for use in applications that require high levels of detail, Clean the Lens.
uhz65ust, This can make it difficult to compare contrast ratios across different brands and models Once you've chosen the projector, it's time to choose the right screen. hand held projector, These accessories help to ensure that the equipment is connected properly and protected from electrical surges or other hazards Business projectors are designed for use in a professional setting, such as a conference room or lecture hall.
pvo portable projector Check the Lamp Life vava alr screen Anker Nebula Mars II Pro: This is a portable outdoor projector with 720p resolution, 500 lumens of brightness, and a 10,000:1 contrast ratio Use a spirit level to ensure the mount is level and adjust the projector until the image is centered on the screen. mi compact projector, Here are some of the features and specifications of the BIGASUO HD 9000L projector:Design and Features: 1 x 0 Smart projectors are becoming increasingly popular for use in homes and offices.
Another advantage is their energy efficiency, Ultra-short throw laser projectors are designed to be placed close to the screen or wall, allowing users to project a large image in a small space Look for a projector with a high resolution and brightness for optimal image quality in a dark room. best portable projector for outdoor movies,1 inches in size In addition to ANSI lumens, other factors that can affect projector brightness and image quality include contrast ratio, color accuracy, and resolution.
mini hd projector, Factors such as room size, shape, and materials can affect the way that sound waves travel and bounce off surfaces, resulting in echoes, reflections, and other distortions that can affect the sound quality 4K projectors are becoming increasingly popular due to their high resolution and image quality. epson 1450,The first step in connecting a projector to a laptop is to check the connections The projector's LED lights provide a bright and colorful display, and the built-in speaker provides decent sound quality.
tv projector amazon Clean the Lens Choose the Right Projector However, the projector's WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity may be limited by the strength and stability of your wireless network. reddit projectors,Aspect ratio is the proportion of the width of the screen to the height of the screen The AuKing Projector is a budget-friendly projector that offers a range of features and capabilities for its price point.
Performance:, Will it be used for presentations, movies, or gaming? Different projectors are designed for different purposes, so it's important to choose one that is suited to your needs These projectors can produce images up to 4K (3840 x 2160 pixels), making them ideal for use in applications that require high levels of detail, such as scientific research and medical imaging. gt5600 Consider the Brightness 4K Projectors.
When setting up an outdoor entertainment system, it's important to consider factors such as the size and layout of the outdoor space, the type of activities you will be using the setup for, and the budget available for the equipment, Sony uses proprietary technology to provide high-quality audio and can be controlled through a smartphone app or remote control For a better audio experience, it is recommended to connect external speakers or a soundbar. floor projector screen Its WiFi connectivity, built-in speaker, and variety of connectivity options make it a versatile and convenient choice for a range of entertainment and presentation applications A high contrast ratio means that the display device can produce a large difference between the brightest and darkest parts of an image, resulting in a more vivid and detailed image.
caiwei projector, They often come with a variety of connectivity options, including HDMI, USB, and wireless connectivity, which allow them to be connected to a range of devices Short-throw projectors are designed to be placed close to the screen or wall, allowing users to project a large image in a small space. ultra short throw projector Gaming, It's also important to consider the ambient lighting in the area - you'll want to choose a spot that is dark enough for the projector to display a clear image.
The higher the brightness, the clearer and more visible the image will be,Portable Projectors Choose the Right Location. cibest projector Projectors are becoming increasingly popular for use in home entertainment systems, Lamp Life.
epson pro cinema 6050ub, They often come with a variety of connectivity options, including HDMI, USB, and wireless connectivity, which allow them to be connected to a range of devices Amazon Prime Video has a user-friendly interface that is designed to be easy to navigate and customize. onn projector They are known for their bright and vibrant colors, making them ideal for presentations and classrooms, The first step in choosing the right projector for your business is to consider your needs 16mm film projector, Short-throw projectors are designed to be placed close to the screen or wall, allowing users to project a large image in a small space.


Full list of Nuggets
It is often impossible to pour large areas (or volumes) of concrete without interruption hence construction joints are required. Movement joints may be required to accommodate movements in the young concrete or in the completed structure. Where precast units are used, connections will be required, either between adjacent units or between precast units and in situ concrete.
Acknowledgement: The Concrete Society


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Author has written 3 stories for Song of the Lioness.I'm back, and this time hopefully it won't be quite so short lived. For anyone who read my SotL Translated series...new chapters and regular updates will abound. Twisted Justice will be finished soon, too.
Twisted Justice: Working around a Robin Hood theme here a little, with a band of 'outlaws' who shouldn't really be outlaws and allies who aren't what they seem...
Song Of The Lioness Translated: Its SOTL in the present day. Pretty cool, even if it isn't very original. I'd advise you to read a little before you judge it.
Big thank you to Kayden Eidyak, my wonderful beta.


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The bride wanted an alternative option to the regular tent folded place cards but didn’t want something too elaborate that would confuse guests. We decided to use trays and fill the base with rice so that the place cards would stand at about an 115 angle or so. When we first told the venue that we’ll be dropping off some items along with a bag of 20 pound rice, they immediately informed us that we could not throw any rice inside the venue (or outside, for that matter). Once we told them that wanted to use it for the place card setting, they relaxed a bit and said it wouldn’t be a problem!
The floral designer placed a beautiful arrangement of flowers leaning towards the left just as the bride desired to give the feel of an orchid plant that was used throughout the reception room. Vale of Enna graciously snapped some photos and sent them to me as well! It was quite beautiful with the sun shining ever so brightly to greet guests when they exited the ceremony.
Can’t wait to see the other shots from the photographers!


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By: Steven Koskulitz
More than 46,000 auto workers went on strike against General Motors after failing to negotiate with the company for higher wages, more healthcare benefits, and job security.
General Motors is dealing with its first major strike since 2007. The company has had good sales over the past few years, and the United Auto Workers (UAW) union therefore believes General Motors ought to pay its workers higher wages.
Wages, while important, are not the only issue for the union. Although the company has done well in recent years, workers are worried about its future. This is because the United States and China are still in a trade war, with U.S. tariffs raising the cost of imported materials. General Motors closed a couple of production plants last year, making workers fearful of losing their jobs.
The union began its strike Monday morning, and people estimate it could cost General Motors up to $90 million a day. General Motors claimed it offered a good deal to the union. The company offered to invest $7 billion to protect union jobs and said it would look into production plants currently not in use.
This strike comes in the midst of a scandal for UAW. Vance Pearson, a member of the UAW's executive board, was charged with embezzling union money and spending it on luxuries.
Steven Koskulitz is a conservative writer from northern Virginia. Contact him at [email protected].


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What NOT To Do After A Car Wreck in San Antonio
San Antonio city streets are dangerous, and hundreds of accidents happen on them every day. If you’ve been in a San Antonio car wreck accident and your car’s been totaled or you’ve been injured, you may need to hire a San Antonio car wreck injury attorney with Carabin Shaw to ensure you receive full compensation for your pain and suffering, and damages to your vehicle.
There are, however, a few important actions that can positively or negatively influence your claim before you ever even talk to an attorney. The following are key points to keep in mind, points on what you should do and what not to do after a car wreck in San Antonio, Texas.What to do and not to do After a Car Wreck in San Antonio:
- Never leave the scene of the accident until a report has been filed. You should call the San Antonio police and remain at the scene until the officer says you can leave
- After you call your insurance company and report the accident; do not discuss the accident with the other driver’s insurance company.
- Do not leave without exchanging and documenting insurance information with the other drivers involved.
- Look around for eyewitnesses who saw the accident; do not hesitate to ask for phone numbers and email addresses in case your attorney needs to contact them.
- The other driver’s insurance adjuster may contact you; direct them to your insurance adjuster or your Carabin Shaw attorney; don’t discuss the accident with them.
- One of the most important points to remember about what not to do after a car wreck in San Antonio— do not discuss the accident with the other driver.
- Don’t lose your temper, get angry or start placing blame; this prevents you from thinking clearly and possibly acting responsibly.
- You may not think you’re injured or feel the impact of the accident immediately, but don’t neglect to seek medical attention to rule out injuries that may not be immediately noticeable; pain from automobile accident injuries usually surfaces on the second or third day following the accident
- Your insurance adjuster may offer to settle right away, so may the other driver’s adjuster. however, we highly recommend you do not settle without first consulting with a Carabin Shaw attorney. A settlement is a legal binding agreement in San Antonio, so call us so we can help protect your rights.
- It’s very easy to say something that may be misinterpreted, even saying something as simple as, “I’m sorry” can be misinterpreted as admitting guilt. Also, don’t post statements on twitter, Facebook, or other social media; keep your information about the accident between you and your attorney.
- If you’re able, write notes on what you recall while the event is still fresh in your mind. Draw diagrams of the accident showing which direction each vehicle involved was headed.
- . Remember to get your belongings out of your vehicle if it is being towed.
Your words and actions can impact the amount of a compensation package awarded by the insurance companies. Call and speak with a San Antonio Carabin Shaw attorney and let us be your voice with the adjusters.
When you seek medical care, make sure your doctor is aware of all aches and pains resulting from the accident. Sometimes in an effort to be strong or heroic, we respond to questions such as “how are you feeling” with “fine”. If the truth is that you’re hurting, then say so. If you’re not feeling okay, say so. Heroics won’t pay medical bills or help you return to work.
Call and talk with a Carabin Shaw San Antonio car wreck injury attorney today; we’ll gladly review your case and help you determine the best course of action, and the initial consultation is always free. Our team of attorneys are available 24/7 and ready to help you get the full compensation you deserve. Call us today at in San Antonio at 210-222-2288.

domain: law


Video games are changing. Increasingly, we're seeing a subset of players focus their attention on one single video game instead of many. League of Legends, World of Tanks. Games that change. Games that are constantly evolving. Games that shift and transform according to the needs of their user base. Today we look at this new breed of video games. The video games that serve us.
2014, PAX Australia. I stand on the outskirts of a ponderous crowd. A friend, he also writes about video games for a living, is beside me. We are confused. Ahead of us to our right is — absolutely — the largest screen present at the show. It is dozens of metres high. It dwarfs every other screen in the convention hall. Five years ago that screen would have been playing Call of Duty, or Assassin's Creed. Halo at a push. A group of strangers might have been up on stage playing 'Hot for Teacher' on plastic instruments.
But today the screen is playing a different game. Today it is playing League of Legends. To reiterate: we are confused. 'Things' are happening on the screen, people are cheering in response but we have no way to parse precisely what they're cheering at and why.
My friend — the journalist — taps me on the shoulder. We've both been writing about video games for the better part of a decade.
"Do you have any idea what is going on here?" He asks.
No. No I don't.
Hours later. I stand on the outskirts of another crowd in the centre of the second-biggest booth at PAX Australia. I'm watching a similarly-sized crowd react to similar things in another video game I don't understand: World of Tanks. It suddenly occurs to me: the two largest booths at PAX Australia — Australia's largest gaming convention — are dedicated to video games I don't understand.
Something weird is going on here.
Minutes later I sit in what could only be described as a "war room". A space in the precise centre of the gargantuan Wargaming booth where confused journalists like me can ask questions.
Max Chuvalov awaits, in a suit he is far too young to be wearing. He is a marketing manager at Wargaming and it's his task to explain to me what the hell is going on. Sergey Vorobyev, deputy director of development on the game itself, is next to him. He doesn't talk much. He mostly just plays World of Tanks.
But I don't want to play World of Tanks; I want an explanation. I want to know how and why this product — a niche video game about a niche interest — has now topped over 100 million users. I want to know where all this bloody money comes from.
"It's a secret ingredient," says Max, laughing.
The story Max tells is the story you might expect. Upon release, World of Tanks was new. It was refreshing. It was, in marketing terms, "sticky". World of Tanks was a reality-based MMO in a market swamped with fantasy clones. It was, in a word, disruptive.
Then Max says something interesting.
"The key thing," he explains, "is the service approach to gaming.
"That approach is the most crucial factor."
'Service'. We're not used to thinking about video games as a 'service'. For the most part we think of video games as products. That makes sense because, for the last 40 years, that's precisely how they've been sold to us. But the landscape is changing and, for those of us that play video games more traditionally, it's a little bewildering. According to online service Raptr, the most played game on PC in 2014 wasn't a AAA production. It wasn't Call of Duty or Battlefield. It wasn't even Minecraft.
It was League of Legends. And it wasn't even close.
"There's no magic formula that you can repeat or replicate."
That's Mirko Gozzo, country manager for Riot Oceania, the company responsible for taking League of Legends to Australia. Talking to Mirko is eerily similar to talking to Max Chuvalov. In terms of origin stories World of Tanks and League of Legends are worlds (or leagues) apart — League of Legends was developed in response to Warcraft III; World of Tanks was a game built for history buffs — but when it comes to growing and retaining dramatically large audiences, both have plenty in common.
"I could talk all day about what a game as a service means but for us it's a lot about engaging with our community," says Mirko. I seem to remember Max from Wargaming saying something similar.
Actually Max said something more specific. He said: "this isn't a product, it's a culture". A statement that applies to both World of Tanks and League of Legends.
What does that mean exactly? We are used to the idea of gaming itself as a culture — but that's gaming as a monosyllabic 'thing'. We're not used to pointing to one solitary video game and saying "this is a culture".
"this isn't a product, it's a culture"
Yet, that's precisely what's happening and in many ways it makes perfect sense. Games like World of Tanks and League of Legends have a way of ensnaring players; a way of sucking up disposable time to the point where chunks of the audience devote all their time to one single game. One. Single. Video game. Not 'gaming' as a catch-all term. One game.
"League of Legends is a lifestyle."
It really is.
Mirko agrees that a large chunk of its player-base is dedicated solely to League of Legends. "I am one of those people," he concedes. At Riot Games, this is part of the strategy — create different avenues for engagement. If players want to remain connected to the game it is Riot's responsibility to provide those avenues or, at least, help facilitate a community who live, breathe and bleed League of Legends. That means forums, competitions, events, soundtracks. That means listening to feedback, being proactive about how you engage with the community. Allowing developers to speak directly to the players, using their suggestions, implementing them into the game itself.
"We are constantly connected with players," explains Mirko. "It's a fluid, two way communication and that's the best source of ideas for a company like Riot."
But when it comes to promoting its video game as a service or a 'culture', Wargaming operates on a different plane. Not only is World of Tanks its own culture, it's a service that attempts to infiltrate and support the broader culture it has become a part of.
"We're moving into things outside the game," says Max.
What does that mean? Specifically, it means working with museums on military exhibits. It means supporting historical research on military vehicles. It means literally helping teams of experts extract and restore old tanks. It means working with schools and universities. There are institutions using World of Tanks as a virtual handbook. Wargaming has its own internal researchers publishing books with new information in the field of military history.
Quite literally Wargaming is making World of Tanks — the product — an indispensable part of military history itself. It has become an inextricable section of that culture. World of Tanks is pushing the boundaries of gaming as a 'service'. You get the sense that Wargaming will not rest until every single person with even the vaguest interest in military vehicles is playing World of Tanks.
But with 100 million people across the globe current playing the game, Wargaming may have already succeeded in that task. World of Tanks is, obviously, an astronomical success, yet the concept is niche. It's niche by definition. World of Tanks is a hobbyist's video game. 20 years ago its audience would have been building scale models, they might not necessarily have been playing other video games.
This is World of Tanks. A niche video game on a grand global scale; efficiently targeted, efficiently marketed. A game as a service, managed by a company that is truly committed to its customer base in a way that most traditional publishers couldn't even imagine.
In that regard World of Tanks is truly unique.
Or is it?
"This community is everything. Look around this room. It's amazing to be part of this thing."
Blizzcon 2014. The opening address. Chris Metzen controls the stage like a bearded techno-pastor. He is preaching to the choir. This is his church and the 10,000-strong congregation is in the palm of his hand. 20 rows back I sit entranced. I don't consider myself a fan of Blizzard — I've barely played any of their games — but if Metzen were to drag me onto the stage I'm certain he'd have me speaking in tongues. The collective enthusiasm and energy of this crowd is palpable. Also: contagious.
Hours later I try and explain this feeling to Paul Sams, the COO of Blizzard; the feeling of being an outsider swept away in the religious fervour of the Blizzard community. He finds it hilarious.
"We were ministering to you," he laughs.
If World of Tanks is the new master of speaking to broad niche audiences, then World of Warcraft is the progenitor of that mantle. Max Chuvalov from Wargaming all but admitted World of Tanks was created in response to the house that Blizzard built. Blizzard are the inventors of the service game on a grand scale. 10,000 people, bums on seats in the Anaheim Convention Centre is proof of that fact.
To hear Sams tell it, community is the source of all that is good at Blizzard. The line dividing Blizzard and its fanbase is razor-thin and, at Blizzcon, it disappears completely. "Don't forget," he tells us, "these are our brothers and sisters. This is our family."
"Don't forget," he tells us, "these are our brothers and sisters. This is our family."
Blizzcon is the literal heart of the swarm. It's the reflection of a company built on the idea of games as service, a company that places its community at a premium. This is the blueprint that Wargaming and Riot follow: build your games, grow your community, support that community. Support the games you create at all costs. The audience will come in droves and — more importantly — that audience will stay put.
"We support our games," explains Sams, "even games that don't have an ongoing pay structure."
Take Starcraft, for example, a game released in 1998. Blizzard, says Sams, was still putting out patches for Starcraft in 2010, 12 years after its release. Starcraft: a game with no subscription model, a game built when micro-transactions weren't a blip on any kind of horizon. "These players are our family," says Sams. "If there's something broken in our house we still have to go and fix it. Most publishers would be like, "it's 10 years old, we're not supporting that crap any more!""
That's the kind of service that inspires loyalty in consumers or a community: the kind of loyalty that pays dividends when it comes time to release a game that is dependent on support. A game like, say, World of Warcraft.
It's a long-term strategy, and one that's extremely common in today's marketplace. Almost all mobile games fall into this category, particularly in the free-to-play realm. The idea of your consumer-base operating as a continual source of income is a potent one. Blizzard has mastered the model. In many ways it invented the model. But Sams hesitates to define Blizzard's process as 'ground-breaking'. On the contrary, Blizzard has always taken pride in its ability to take existing models to broader mainstream audiences.
"I tend to shy away from the idea of calling ourselves pioneers," says Sams. "It feels kind of egotistical. But did we do certain things first, did we try and make things better? Yes, but a lot of companies have tried to do the same thing.
"One of the things we love to do is take something we love — genres and products we love — and find a way to amplify them."
Interestingly, Paul Sams doesn't see new video games like League of Legends and World of Tanks as a threat. Crucially, he talks a different game. Compared to Max and Mirko, Sams is easily the least likely to refer to his game as a 'service'. Max Chuvalov from Wargaming uses the term frequently, Mirko Gozzo from Riot Games agrees that League of Legends falls into that category. Paul Sams is far more disciplined in his ability to avoid commercial buzzwords. The closest Sams comes is referring to Blizzard fandom as a 'lifestyle'. When he discusses Blizzard Sams mostly communicates in familial terms. Users are his "brothers and sisters". Blizzcon is a "family gathering". When players play Blizzard games they are coming "home".
"They're doing their thing but I don't think they're stealing our thing," he explains.
He's not worried about losing a portion of the fanbase to newer 'service' games.
"There is a trend of people starting to play one game. But we have a lot of confidence that we'll be the creator of that one game.
"We're not so naive to think our fans don't try other games, but I have confidence that they will come home. People leave home, but they always come back to visit. It doesn't worry me when other companies make great games because we're always going to be bringing something new to the table. They'll come home."
In this extended metaphor "home" could be Blizzard. "Home" could be Blizzcon itself, where users converge to share stories and engage in a common obsession. "Home" could refer to the games themselves: to Starcraft, World of Warcraft, Hearthstone. More likely it refers to the worlds fans inhabit. Worlds that evolve, shift and morph according to player wants and needs.
Paul Sams shares a story. During a panel for the upcoming World of Warcraft movie director Duncan Jones asked for some help. He hung a boom mic above the crowd. First he asked them to scream "for the Horde" then the catch call for the opposing side: "for the Alliance". The crowd screamed with all their collective might. Jones then made an announcement: the recording made by the 5000-strong crowd would be used in the actual World of Warcraft movie. Everyone who attended the panel that day would be part of the Warcraft movie. That, says Sams, is reflective of Blizzard's attitude towards its games and the relationship it has with its audience.
"This isn't a world that we created that's ours alone," says Sams. "This is a world that belongs to our players."


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Nutella and peanut butter meet to make some amazing granola bars. Everyone always thinks they're eating something naughty when I serve these, but they're full of oats and healthy fats. —Brenda Caughell, Durham, North Carolina
Colorful dried cherries and pistachios star in this take on seven-layer bars. To switch it up even more, try cinnamon or chocolate graham cracker crumbs instead of plain and substitute pecans or walnuts for the pistachios. —Taste of Home Test Kitchen
When you bring these treats to a gathering, guests will be tempted to start at the dessert table. Chock-full of chocolate and walnuts, they will satisfy any sweet tooth. I often make a second batch just for my family.
-Jennifer Eilts, Central City, Nebraska
Sue Thomas of Casa Grande, Arizona uses common pantry items to whip up these bars. Peanut butter combines with a cake mix for a tender crust. Then a rich layer of cream cheese is topped with chocolate chips and nuts before baking.
Rich and satisfying, these bars create a symphony of flavors with every bite. The nutty crust, exquisite chocolate layer and the creamy frosting make this dessert one of my personal favorites. It's fun to take these treats to a potluck. —Anne Heinonen, Howell, Michigan