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- Research article
- Open Access
Five years post whiplash injury: Symptoms and psychological factors in recovered versus non-recovered
BMC Research Notes volume 3, Article number: 190 (2010)
Few studies have focused on the differences between persons who are recovered after whiplash injury and those who suffer from persistent disability. The primary aim of this study was therefore to examine differences in symptoms, psychological factors and life satisfaction between subjects classified as recovered and those with persistent disability five years after whiplash injury based on the Neck Disability Index (NDI).
A set of questionnaires was answered by 158 persons (75 men, 83 women) to assess disability (NDI), pain intensity (VAS), whiplash-related symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, RPQ), post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale, IES), depression (Beck's depression inventory, BDI) and life satisfaction (LiSat-11).
The participants were divided into three groups based on the results of the NDI: recovered (34.8%), mild disability (37.3%) and moderate/severe disability (27.3%).
The moderate/severe group reported significantly higher VAS, BDI and IES scores and lower level of physical health and psychological health compared to the mild and the recovered groups. Less significant differences were reported between the mild and the recovered groups.
The group with the highest disability score reported most health problems with pain, symptoms, depression, post-traumatic stress and decreased life satisfaction. These findings indicate that classifying these subjects into subgroups based on disability levels makes it possible to optimize the management and treatment after whiplash injury.
The incidence rate of whiplash injuries in Sweden is estimated to be 1.0-3.2/1000/year . The injuries constitute a major health problem in Western society due to the large number of people with Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) and the high economical costs associated with WAD [2, 3] People with acute WAD, mainly complain of neck-pain, stiffness, headache and dizziness. Other symptoms that may occur after the injury are fatigue, concentration and memory problems [2, 4]. Most subjects with acute WAD are reported to recover within three months of the trauma  however, a significant number of persons experience symptoms several years after the accident [1, 5]. Persistent neck-pain has been reported in 84-90% one to two year and in 55% 17 years after the injury .
It is still unclear why pain and related symptoms do not resolve after the expected time of healing and which factors are involved in the persistence of symptoms and impairments after the trauma. A bio-psycho-social model is often used to describe the complex interaction of physical and psychological factors in the development of chronic WAD . The long lasting problems after the injury may also interfere with occupational activities, the number of persons on sick-leave or unable to perform their ordinary duties six months after WAD have been reported to vary between 13 and 50% [8, 9]. In addition, chronic WAD may also affect leisure and daily life with social contacts and the total experience of life satisfaction .
Many studies of long-term problems after WAD have primarily focused on symptoms, especially neck pain in people seeking health care [5, 11] but fewer studies have investigated the long-term effects on activity/disability and life satisfaction. In addition, less is known about the differences between subjects who consider themselves as recovered and those who suffer from persistent disability. Sterling et al  investigated post-traumatic stress in relation to disability on the NDI during the first six months after whiplash injury. They found that persons who reported themselves to be recovered or to have mild disability six months post trauma reported decreased post-traumatic stress scores in comparison with early after the injury, whereas persons with moderate/severe disability reported persistent post-traumatic stress scores into the chronic stage.
In a scientific as well as in a clinical context, the need of studying subgroups of subjects has been proposed [13, 14]. Information about the characteristics of these groups may provide help to develop adequate treatments. Since the levels of disability seems to be of importance in WAD, this study aimed to assess the difference in symptoms, psychological factors and life satisfaction between subjects who were classified as recovered and those who suffered from mild/severe disability based on the NDI [12, 15]. In addition, this study examines whether the NDI is a clinically useful tool to classify whiplash disability.
A cross-sectional study design was used to study persons five years after whiplash injury. Using the Umeå University hospital's injury and trauma register, data was collected on subjects seeking acute medical assessment for whiplash trauma within three days after the trauma during 2001. Exclusion criteria were fractures/dislocations of the cervical spine related to the injury and seeking medical care after three days. Questionnaires were sent to 304 persons injured during the year 2001 who were between 18 and 64 years old five years after the injury. Most questionnaires were answered by 191 persons; 25 persons actively declined from participating and 158 persons answered the NDI  (75 men, 83 women). Demographics, injury characteristics, pain intensity (VAS) , whiplash-related symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire RPQ) , depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) ,  post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale) , life satisfaction (LiSat-11) , and some additional questions of pain locations and sick leave were related to the results of the NDI .
In accordance with the study by Sterling et al  the subjects were classified into three groups based on the NDI (recovered ≤ 8, mild disability 10-28, moderate/severe ≥ 30). Data are reported as means with SD, unless indicated otherwise. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test differences between groups (i.e. as post hoc tests). X2 test was used to analyse whether groups had different distributions. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to test associations between non-recovered and variables both from the background and five years after the injury (1 = non-recovered; mild and moderate/severe disability; and 0 = recovered). The statistical significant level was set at p < 0.01 (two-tailed).
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Umeå University
Based on results of the NDI: 34.8% (n = 55) were recovered, 37.3% (n = 59) had mild disability and 27.3% (n = 44) had moderate/severe disability [12, 15]. No significant differences were found with respect to gender, age, cause of injury, or information from medical records or the injury and trauma register when comparing those who did not respond to the NDI (n = 33) to the 158 subjects.
NDI and demographic/injury characteristics
Somewhat higher proportions of women were found in the moderate/severe group (Table 1). The subjects in this group also had the lowest level of education. Only 50% in the moderate/severe group was working or studying five years after the injury and a majority of those on sick-leave related to the injury were found in this group.
NDI and pain intensity
The moderate/severe (51.9 ± 26.2 mm) and the mild (19.1 ± 17.4 mm) groups scored significantly higher on the VAS (p < 0.001) than the recovered group (3.6 ± 7.8 mm) and the moderate/severe group scored also significantly higher compared to the mild group (p < 0.001).
NDI and whiplash-related symptoms
The frequency of occurrence of whiplash-related symptoms was assessed using the RPQ (Table 2). The total score of RPQ differed significantly between the three groups (moderate/severe: 31.9 ± 13.3, mild 15.55 ± 10.9, recovered: 3.78 ± 4.6, p < 0.001).
NDI and depression
The BDI-II was completed by 148 subjects (recovered n = 49, mild n = 57, moderate/severe n = 42, (Table 3)). The recovered and the mild NDI-groups scored significantly lower on the BDI-II (recovered group (2.9 ± 4.4, mild: 6.7 ± 6.3) compared to the moderate/severe: 18.2 ± 9.4; p < 0.001). The BDI-scores of the recovered group compared with the mild group was also significant (p < 0.001). Severe depression level was reported by 11.9% of the moderate/severe group.
NDI and post-traumatic stress
Table 4 shows differences between the groups on the IES. Post-hoc comparisons showed significant differences between the moderate/severe and the recovered group (p < 0.001) on the total IES score and the subscales Intrusion and Avoidance. When comparing the recovered and the mild groups, there were significant differences on the total IES score (p = 0.019) and the Intrusion subscale (p = 0.008). No difference was found on the Avoidance subscale (p = 0.119).
NDI and life Satisfaction
The percentage of satisfied on the separate domains  are shown in Table 5. (Higher scores on the LiSat-11 indicate higher life satisfaction.) The recovered group scored significantly higher than the mild group on one of the eleven domains; the recovered group scored significantly higher than the moderate/severe group on eight domains. Significant differences were found between the moderate/severe and the mild groups for five of the eleven domains. There were no differences between any of the three groups on the domains contact with friends, family life, partner relationship and sexual life.
The significant variables in a univariate analysis (age, RPQ-symptoms, some LiSat-11 domains, depression, and post-traumatic stress) were analysed in a stepwise multivariate logistic regression model that showed a statistically significant association only between non-recovered and depression (OR = 1.258, CI: 1.166-1.356).
Although previous studies have investigated disability in whiplash patients [23, 24], to our knowledge this study is the first to investigate differences in pain intensity, symptoms, post-traumatic stress, depression, and life satisfaction between subjects with persistent disability and subjects classified as recovered in a "non-help-seeking" population long time after whiplash injury.
In the present study the NDI was used to assess and to classify disability in according to a previous study . In their study of whiplash patients six months post trauma, the NDI-scores were slightly lower in comparison with the three subgroups in the present study. Regardless of the time difference between the two studies, it seems possible to assume that the character of disability in persons with WAD around half a year after the injury may persist for longer time. The results on the NDI in our study also agree with the scores reported three years  and 17 years  after the injury.
In accordance with previous studies of WAD , neck pain was the most commonly reported symptom in the moderate/severe and the mild groups. These frequencies were close to results (55%) reported 17 years after the injury . However, pain was also reported in the recovered group, but the frequencies of pain locations (neck, upper and lower back pain) were more equal. Among the whiplash-related symptoms, cognitive deficits with poor concentration and poor memory were unexpectedly high both in the recovered group (25%) and in the moderate/severe and mild groups (60-93%). Since chronic pain , depression and post-traumatic stress  may affect cognitive symptoms, these factors might have contributed to the cognitive disturbances in all groups in the present study.
The highest post-traumatic stress scores were reported in the moderate/severe group and the frequency of distinct post-traumatic stress reaction (36.3%) was clearly higher than reported in whiplash patients early after injury (13%) . Some evidence for an association between greater post-traumatic stress and late whiplash syndrome  has been shown. However, since the levels of post-traumatic stress were high especially in the moderate/severe group, these findings may support the recommendation of early diagnoses and treatment of acute stress to minimize the risk for long-lasting symptoms .
Chronic WAD may have a negative impact on quality of life . When comparing life satisfaction on the LiSat-11 between the three disability groups in our study with a large population-based Swedish reference group (2533 subjects) , the mild and moderate/severe groups showed lower levels of life satisfaction. However, significant differences were found between the moderate/severe group and the recovered group in eight of eleven domains. Previous research has shown that depression influences outcome for quality of life in chronic WAD  and the significantly higher BDI scores in the moderate/severe group may have contributed to their low life satisfaction. Moreover, the association between depression and non-recovered in the multivariate analysis indicates the importance of assessment and treatment of depression in WAD-patients.
Some objections may be raised concerning the findings of this study. Since the variables were investigated in subjects five years after the injury, one cannot rule out that systematic distortions as well as other factors might have influenced the results. Moreover, the subjects in the present study were divided into three disability subgroups based on the NDI. However, as we had no information about the previous levels of disability, there might have been high disability levels in the moderate/severe group before the injury. Although the recovered group also reported presence of symptoms, this might be a result of good coping strategies. Unfortunately, no questionnaires about coping or catastrophic thoughts were included in the study and there was no information about rehabilitation and medication. Fewer people answered the NDI than other questionnaires; a probable reason might be that the NDI was the last questionnaire in a set of several instruments.
This study has implications for clinicians. Although symptoms often are reported after whiplash injury, the activity levels may differ. Due to the complexity of WAD, the importance of identifying subgroups of WAD has been proposed in order to better tailor their treatment [13, 14]. In a previous study, NDI was found to be the most sensitive instrument among several questionnaires to predict poor outcome . Our study adds to previous research: the NDI seems to be a useful instrument for classifying whiplash subjects into subgroups. In general, we found that the group with moderate/severe disability reported high frequency of symptoms, high depression and post-traumatic stress scores and low level of life satisfaction. However, the recovered group also reported symptoms and post-traumatic stress scores, but these levels were not related to disability.
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The study was supported by the Swedish Association of Survivors of Traffic Accidents and the Polio Cancer and Traffic Injury Fund.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
BMS designed the study. Both authors contributed to the data analyses and to writing of the manuscript.
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Merrick, D., Stålnacke, BM. Five years post whiplash injury: Symptoms and psychological factors in recovered versus non-recovered. BMC Res Notes 3, 190 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-190
- Life Satisfaction
- Neck Disability Index
- Whiplash Injury
- Mild Disability
- Whiplash Associate Disorder

domain: psychology


|Manufacturer||Ceres Metal Industries (4L)
Detroit Consolidated MechWorks (4L)
|'Mech type||Inner Sphere BattleMech|
|Targeting Tracking System||Ferdinand-a|
|Heat Sinks||15 single|
The Ostroc is a heavy 'Mech, weighing in at the lower end of its weight class, originally designed to act as an urban combatant during the Age of War. The best-known of Ostmann Industries' Ost class of 'Mechs, the Ostroc debuted in 2511 and proved so successful in this role production continued for approximately 200 years. Its unique walker/pod profile, later seen in the Stalker and Marauder, combined with a low silhouette similar to the UrbanMech makes the Ostroc difficult to spot in an urban environment. Fast for its size, well-armored and boasting good medium- and short-range firepower, the Ostroc was also capable when fighting outside a cityscape, particularly as a heavy scout/raider.
While a quality 'Mech, the low production capacity of Ostmann Industries made the Ostroc a rarity; indeed the company licensed their other "Ost" 'Mechs out to Kong Interstellar just to maintain their rate of production, and the majority of those produced were assigned garrison duties within the Terran Hegemony. Still, the 'Mech saw action in every major conflict of the Star League, especially towards the end in the civil war and subsequent First Succession War. The destruction of Ostmann Industries meant an end to any new Ostrocs, although all sides of the Succession Wars continued to field these 'Mechs in combat, particularly the Draconis Combine. It was because of the small number and wide dispersal of surviving Ostrocs that the design was largely passed over while others were being updated after the Helm Memory Core discovery.
A major revitalization of the design took place within the Capellan Confederation after the Clan Invasion. Having largely rebuilt their forces after the previous decades' setbacks, the Strategios wanted to update the ancient 'Mech, but rather than reverse engineering the original they ordered all Capellan 'Mech manufacturers to submit bids for a replacement. Ceres Metals was the only one to send in a proposal which matched exactly what they wanted and won the contract, completing the first production run in January 3067. Versions of these new Ostrocs also started showing up in the Taurian Concordat and Circinus Federation, a result of espionage according to Capellan charges.
Weapons and Equipment
The Ostroc carries as its primary weapons two Fuersturm-C large lasers in the left and right torsos. These give the Ostroc good medium to long range damage capabilities. The Ostroc's secondary weapons are two Fuersturm-b medium lasers also mounted in the side torsos and a Totschlagen SRM-4 launcher in the right torso for close-range combat, with one ton of reloads carried in the center torso. While the Ostroc's laser-heavy weapons payload allows it to operate well as a guerrilla fighter since it has limited dependency on supply lines, its short arms are a handicap in close combat, and the shocks of hand-to-hand fighting can easily damage the Fuersturm systems. The nineteen-ton Vlar 300 fusion engine propels the Ostroc to a cruising speed of 86.4 km/h, fast for its size, while fifteen heat sinks provide adequate heat management. Although nine tons of armor provide good protection for the 'Mech, very little is used to protect the arms, meaning the loss of one or both in battle is likely.
- Ostroc Mk II redirects here.
- This upgrade of the 2C was used by the SLDF Royals starting in 2729. The large lasers are upgraded to ER large lasers, and the SRM-4 is replaced with a pair of Streak SRM-2s. Fourteen double heat sinks keep this 'Mech cool, while ferro-fibrous armor gives it additional protection. BV (2.0) = 1,478
- Upgraded with Star League technology, the 2D variant of the Ostroc extends the 'Mech's maximum range by replacing the large lasers with two ER large lasers. The 2D retains the medium lasers and SRM-4 of the 2C model. To handle the heat burden it is also equipped with double heat sinks. Being a relatively rare design, the Ostroc had no official field refit kit but the 2D variant was a common upgrade in 3050 if the parts could be obtained. BV (1.0) = 942; BV (2.0) = 1,396
- The 2L variant of the Ostroc introduced in 2884 is modified for long range combat. The SRM-4 launcher has been replaced with an LRM-5 launcher, increasing the 'Mech's long-range damage capabilities slightly by sacrificing some of its close range firepower. BV (1.0) = 970; BV (2.0) = 1,233
- An experimental model produced by Kong Interstellar for the Free Worlds League in 2793, the 2M variant of the Ostroc focuses on the 'Mech's maneuverability. Five jump jets, two in each leg and one in the rear torso, have been added to the design, giving it a maximum jumping distance of one hundred and fifty meters. In order to make this change, the medium lasers and the SRM-4 launcher were removed. Relatively few of these were built between the League's annexation of Connaught and the factory's destruction. BV (1.0) = 1,036; BV (2.0) = 1,239
- The -3M is a modest upgrade, a bracket fighter created with Regulan self-sufficiency in mind. Built on Wallis by Ronin Incorporated, this variant draws heavily on locally sourced Ostwar components, a bevy of tried and true extended-range lasers provide the bulk of its firepower, managed via double heat sinks. A supercharger is the greatest update, giving it a burst of speed when the occasion demands. Its armor is upgraded with light ferro-fibrous armor, while it is armed with an ER large lasers and two ER medium lasers in each torso side, with the additional upgrade of the SRM-4 to a Streak SRM-4. BV (2.0) = 1594
- A Periphery variant of the Ostroc produced by Vandenberg Mechanized Industries on New Vandenberg and also found in the Circinus Federation, the 4C is strikingly similar to the Capellans' 4L variant. Its armor has been upgraded with nine tons of ferro-fibrous armor, giving it more protection than previous models. Additionally, the SRM-4 launcher has been removed in favor of two rocket launcher 10s and two rocket launcher 15s, giving the 'Mech an incredible one-shot damage capability. BV (1.0) = 1,089; BV (2.0) = 1,325
- This version was introduced by House Kurita in 3077. A heavy-duty gyro allows it to stay in the fight longer, making good use of twin snub-nose PPCs and ER medium lasers. Though it's slightly slower than the standard Ostroc, jump jets allow it to maneuver around the battlefield, striking where it will inflict the most damage. After the Jihad ended, this model went into factory production. BV (2.0) = 1,490
- A complete redesign of the Ostroc, the 4L carries the best technology the Capellan Confederation has to offer in 3067. It uses a Ceresplex Ostroc Lite endo steel chassis to carry two Martell ER large lasers and two Ceres Arms ER medium lasers split between the side torsos. Five HildCo 13 jump jets split between the side and center torsos gives it a jumping distance of 180 meters. Finally, the 4L Ostroc has a Guardian ECM suite for electronic warfare use and to work with ten and a half tons of stealth armor which makes it extremely difficult to hit. While it was originally supposed to use only standard armor, the addition of stealth capabilities makes this variant well suited for operating as a member of Capellan Shadow Lances. For electronics the Ostroc carries the Ceres Metals Model 686 and Ceres Bullseye systems. BV (1.0) = 1,431; BV (2.0) = 1,832
- An upgrade of the 4L, the 5W was produced by Kressly Warworks for the Word of Blake starting in 3070. It uses Kallon Unity Weave ferro-fibrous armor, a Defiance light engine, and a small cockpit to save weight. It uses a compact gyro to save space. The ER large lasers are replaced with Ceres Arms Thrasher snub-nose PPCs, while the ER medium lasers are essentially the same, but Diverse Optics models instead. Instead of the ECM, the 5W carries an improved C3 computer in the head. BV (2.0) = 1,655
- Kong Interstellar, a licensee of Ostmann, survived the Succession Wars, and in 3139 returned to its roots and resumed construction with the help of Clan Sea Fox. This new model opted to upgrade the design to include reflective armor, an endo-composite skeleton, a larger 360 XL engine that can reach 97.2 km/h, CASE II and Clan-grade lasers. Its weapons include two Clan-Spec ER large lasers, two ER medium lasers, and an Inner Sphere Streak SRM-4. BV (2.0) = 2,095
- OSR-9C Ostroc Mk II
- This FrankenMech variant of the Ostroc, built with parts from the Ostwar, swaps the SRM-4 for one SRM-2 launcher in each arm, with one ton of ammunition in the center torso. Half a ton of armor was added to the front torso and legs (adding one point to each leg and side torso, and four to center torso), and four more heat sinks were installed along with three jump jets for a jump capacity of 90 meters. To make room for these components, the engine had to be changed to a Pitban 240, reducing the top speed to 64.8 km/h. (See also Notes below). BV (2.0) = 1,230
- Ostwar Hybrid
- Spare parts for the Ostroc were hard to come by in the lostech days of the Succession Wars era, which resulted in many Ostrocs being refitted with parts from an earlier design by the same manufacturer, the Ostwar. Ostrocs mounting the Ostwar's arm/hand assembly with paddle-like SRM-4 launchers became such a common sight that many falsely believed this to be the original configuration of the Ostroc (see Notes below).
- OSR-2C Ostroc Michi
- Piloted by Michi Noketsuna (see Notable Pilots below) in the fighting on Misery against Wolf's Dragoons in 3028, this customized Ostroc had a top speed of 64 km/h. The reduced engine size allowed the Ostroc Michi to jump 120 meters and replace the SRM-4 with an SRM-6 launcher. BV (2.0) = 1,321
- This design has a similar flavor to the Ostroc Mk II
The Ostroc has the following Design Quirk:
- Ostsol - The Ostsol was designed and introduced near the end of the Ostroc's production. The Ostsol was designed to be independent of ammunition, allowing the Ostsol to be a much better deep raider than its primogenitor.
- Ostwar - The Ostroc was designed as an upgraded replacement to the Ostwar BattleMech.
- Michi Noketsuna piloted a red Ostroc while he was aide to Minobu Tetsuhara, from the training of the Ryuken regiments up until the battle against Wolf's Dragoons on Misery in 3028. The 'Mech was destroyed in the fighting on Misery, and Noketsuna was severely injured when he ejected, including the loss of an eye. He later went on to become the Bounty Hunter.
- Thomas Reeves used an Ostroc when he served as a Davion mole in the Chesterton Reserves, leaking information to AFFS raiders.
- David Levine was a well-known MechWarrior-Technician in the 22nd Avalon Hussars, who enhanced his blue-and-grey Ostroc's electronics. His modifications (and success as a raider) drew the attention of Hanse Davion, who held a personal conference with Levine around 3025. Kurita-aligned bounty hunters, however, accidentally killed him and destroyed his 'Mech in a failed kidnapping before the NAIS could attempt to duplicate his innovations.
- The original art going with the Ostroc when it was first published in Technical Readout: 3025 and CityTech pictured the 'Mech with two flat, paddle-like devices with what looked like four missile ports each for "hands" on both arms instead of the torso-mounted launcher. Although associated with the 'Mech, this image was later clarified to be a common but nevertheless nonstandard variant employing spare parts that were originally meant for another 'Mech, the rare Ostwar (which does feature SRM-4 launchers instead of hands); the Ostwar was a precursor of the Ostroc and many of their components were interchangeable. (See Ostwar Hybrid variant above.)
It should be noted that the standard Ostroc mounts its single SRM-4 launcher in the right torso, and has two fully modeled hands. The launcher of this standard version sits upright in the right torso section. This standard configuration with hands and a launcher in the right torso was used for the miniature (see left), depicted in Technical Readout: 3050 and also used in various artwork such as the McCarron's Armored Cavalry scenario pack which depicts three Ostrocs with hands and a shoulder-mounted SRM launcher on the cover.
- The Ostroc Mk II as canonized in the 2021 Recognition Guide: ilClan, vol. 21 actually stems from an obscure apocryphal product published 35 years prior that first introduced the 'Mech, the 1986 TCI Set 7: Marauder and Ostroc Mk II model kit set from Twentieth Century Imports (TCI). It contained game stat sheets for the classic MAD-3R Marauder and the OSR-9C Ostroc Mk II. Of the design's three jump jets, one sits in the center torso while the other two are reportedly mounted in the arms. This fits with the picture and was legal under the earliest design rules from the original Battledroids game, but has been illegal since BattleTech 2nd Edition (BattleTech rules allow jump jets only in the legs and torso sections). Other than that, the design is legal under current construction rules, including the correct mass to the jump jets (1 ton each). The additional armor was allocated to the front torso (4 points to center torso, 1 to each side torso) and legs (1 point each).In the scenario accompanying the model kit and stat sheet, a House Davion MechWarrior recounts how he encountered an Ostroc that "had been obviously modified" in the defense of Brittany III against a Kurita invasion. The name of the Ostroc Mk II's pilot is given as DeMici.
Original OSR-2C Ostroc from TRO:3025 (with paddle hands)
OSR-2D Ostroc from TRO:3050
OSR-4C Ostroc from TRO:Phoenix
OSR-5W Ostroc from TRO:3085
Ostroc from RG:iClan v21
Original OSR-9C Ostroc Mk II image as provided by TCI in 1986 (apocryphal)
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Technical Readout: Jihad, pp. 132–133: "OSR-4L Ostroc"
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Technical Readout: 3039, p. 291
- ↑ Era Digest: Age of War, p. 11
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Combat Operations, p. 121
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3039 Unabridged, p. 466
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Technical Readout: 3025, p. 76
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Technical Readout: 3050, p. 122
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Technical Readout: Project Phoenix, p. 34
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 118
- ↑ Technical Readout: 3075, p. 169
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3075 Unabridged, p. 170
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3075 Unabridged - Age of War, p. 24
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 119: "Note that the record sheet erroneously supplies this design with single heat sinks. They are, in fact, double heat sinks."  (dead link)
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix, p. 97
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 120
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3039 Unabridged, p. 467
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 121
- ↑ Combat Operations, p. 130
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3039 Unabridged, p. 468
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 122
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3039 Unabridged, p. 469
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 IlClan Recognition Guide, vol. 21, p. 6
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 IlClan Recognition Guide 21, p. 7
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 123
- ↑ Combat Operations, p. 138
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix, p. 98
- ↑ Technical Readout: 3085, p. 246
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix, p. 99
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 124
- ↑ Combat Operations, p. 122
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix, p. 100
- ↑ Technical Readout: 3085, p. 246
- ↑ Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix, p. 101
- ↑ Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrade, p. 125: "Blakist In-Fighter"
- ↑ Technical Readout: 3085, p. 247
- ↑ IlClan Recognition Guide 21, p. 24
- ↑ Historical Turning Points: Misery, p. 17
- ↑ BattleMech Manual, p. 93: Design Quirk Table - Ostroc Entry
- BattleMech Manual
- Combat Operations
- Historical Turning Points: Misery
- Master Unit List
- Recognition Guide: ilClan, vol. 21
- Record Sheets: 3025/3026
- Record Sheets: 3039 Unabridged
- Record Sheets: 3050
- Record Sheets: 3067
- Record Sheets: 3075 Unabridged
- Record Sheets: 3075 Unabridged - Age of War
- Record Sheets: 3085 Unabridged — Project Phoenix
- Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrades
- Technical Readout: 3025
- Technical Readout: 3039
- Technical Readout: 3050
- Technical Readout: 3075
- Technical Readout: 3085
- Technical Readout: Project Phoenix
- Total Warfare Style Record Sheets: Phoenix Upgrades
- Sources needing updates
- Heavy BattleMechs
- Inner Sphere BattleMechs
- Standard BattleMechs
- Inner Sphere Standard BattleMechs
- 60 ton BattleMechs
- Star League BattleMechs
- SLDF Royal BattleMechs
- Terran Hegemony BattleMechs
- Improved C3 Equipped BattleMechs
- Draconis Combine BattleMechs
- Magistracy of Canopus BattleMechs


text:
You’ll Wish You Knew About These Ages Ago!
There’s no better time for soups and stews than these colder months of the year! I tend to go a little crazy with cooking during the winter, and my husband often calls me the soup lady…
He doesn’t mind, though – our whole family enjoys soups and stews, especially “the best of the best” recipes that I’ve collected over the years. These recipes are so familiar at our house that my kids can recognize them by the aroma when they come home from school. Let’s just say I don’t have to ring the dinner bell twice, when I’m serving one of these yummy meals!
One really nice thing about all of these 6 recipes is that you can easily double them for a larger batch. That way you’ll (hopefully) get some leftovers that you can enjoy for lunch the next day. It’s not guaranteed, though… Like I said, these recipes are super yummy!
If I had to name my favorite one of these, it would be… no, wait. I don’t think I can name just one. They all make my mouth water! What I do know is that we are having #2 for dinner tonight, and I can’t wait!
USE THE RED NEXT PAGE LINK BELOW FOR 6 SOUPS AND STEWS
Quick tip: Make a double batch to enjoy delicious leftovers for lunch the next day.

domain: food


text:
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domain: design


text:
My father made me sign 'Zanjeer': Ram Charan
Telegu actor Ram Charan Teja was apprehensive to star in the remake of 'Zanjeer' but says it was his superstar father Chiranjeevi, who came to his rescue and made him sign the film. 'Zanjeer' is the remake of the hit 1973 Amitabh Bachchan starrer
The film marks the Bollywood debut of the 28-year-old actor, who admits that the thought of reprising the megastar's iconic character Vijay was unnerving at first. 'I was in two minds when I was approached for the film. I could not decide whether to do the film or not as it was a remake of a very hit Amitabh Bachchan film.
I was aware that there would be a lot of expectations. I even thought of rejecting the offer,' Ram Charan told PTI in an interview. 'But it was dad who made me sign the film. He told me that I should only reject a film if the script is bad and not because I am scared to try something new.
He made me realise that offers like this don't come everyday,' he said. Ram Charan forayed into films with Telegu movie 'Chirutha' in 2007, which earned him a Filmfare South award for best debut. His second release 'Magadheera' got him his second Filmfare, this time for best actor.
The actor, who has also starred in Telegu movies like 'Orange', 'Racha', 'Naayak', is just five films old and said he was surprised when director Apoorva Lakhia approached him to star in 'Zanjeer' remake. 'I was taken aback when I was offered this film.
I know it is a remake of a very hit film which was path-breaking in every possible way. When I read the adaptation I was very impressed,' he said. The film also stars Priyanka Chopra as Mala, Sanjay Dutt as Sher Khan, Praksh Raj as the villain Teja and will see Mahie Gill play Mona Darling. Both the Hindi and the Telegu versions will hit theatres on September 6.

domain: entertainment


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text:
Earth Animal Nature's Protection Herbal Flea & Tick Dog Shampoo
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domain: pet


Television personality and actress who rose to fame as a hostess on the popular morning show Hoy alongside Andrea Legarreta and Ernesto Laguardia. She became the 11 PM News presenter on Estrella TV in 2017.
She was a law student at the University of Culiacan until she decided to pursue acting full-time.
She starred in the music video for Rocky Milino Jr.'s "Evil Woman Blues." She's starred in a number of telenovelas with Huracán and La Que No Podía Amar amongst the most notable.
Her real name is Ana Isabel Salazar. She has children.
She co-hosted the daily show Hoy with Laura Flores.


text:
The U.S. commander of NATO warned Sunday of the Russian military buildup on Ukraine's eastern frontier and the additional threat of another land grab by President Vladimir Putin in Moldova's Russian-speaking region of Transdniestria.
"There is absolutely sufficient force postured on the eastern border of Ukraine to run to Transdniestria if the decision was made to do that, and that is very worrisome," said Air Force Gen. Philip Breedlove, who also serves as the head of U.S. European Command.
"The [Russian] force that is at the Ukrainian border now to the east is very, very sizable and very, very ready," he said.
Breedlove's warnings came as President Obama prepared to leave for Belgium for talks this week with a G-7 summit of European leaders, China and Japan on a concerted allied response to the Ukraine crisis focused on the economic and political isolation of Russia.
"We are not going to be getting into a military excursion in Ukraine," Obama told NBC affiliate KNSD in San Diego last week.
In Moscow, Russian Deputy Anatoly Antonov denied that the forces on Ukraine's border had any aggressive intent.
"Russian armed forces are not undertaking any undeclared military activity that would threaten the security of neighboring countries," Antonov said, according to Russia's official RT news service. "We have nothing to hide."
Russian news agencies have reported that about 8,300 Russian troops, backed by artillery and tank units, have assembled on Ukraine's eastern border for military exercises, but Pentagon officials suspect that the force may be more than twice that size.
In remarks to the U.S. German Marshall Fund in Brussels, Breedlove said NATO was concerned that Putin was planning a land grab in Moldova under the guise of protecting ethnic Russians -- similar to what happened in Crimea.
Moscow may view Transdniestria as the "next place where Russian-speaking people may need to be incorporated," Breedlove said.
The former Soviet republic of Moldova, sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, has increasingly been wrought by rising tensions with Russian-speaking separatists in the Transdniestria region.
Any move by Russian ground forces to Transdniestria would likely have to push through sectors of southeastern Ukraine.
The ominous moves by Russia meant that the chances of war were "quite high," Ukraine's acting foreign minister, Andrii Deschchytsia, said of the buildup.
"They are growing," Deschchytsia said of the prospects of conflict. "We don't know what Putin has in his mind," he said on ABC's This Week program.
"We are very much concerned about this development, the deployment of Russian troops on our eastern borders," Deschchytsia said. "We are ready to respond and, as you know, the Ukraine government is trying to use all the peaceful diplomatic means and diplomatic means to stop Russians, but the people are also ready to defend their homeland."
According to Pentagon officials, last Friday Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel stressed to Ukraine's defense minister, Ihor Tenyukh, "the need to find a diplomatic, peaceful resolution to this crisis."
Hagel praised the restraint shown by Ukrainian forces in Crimea and told Tenyukh that the U.S. was reviewing Ukraine's urgent request for immediate military assistance in the face of Russian threats. Thus far, the U.S. has only committed to sending 25,000 Meals, Ready to Eat, to Ukraine but there was no timeline on when the rations from the European Command would arrive.
In a separate phone call initiated by Hagel, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu gave assurances that the Russian troops on Ukraine's border were there "to conduct exercises only, that they had no intention of crossing the border into Ukraine, and that they would take no aggressive action," said Rear Adm. John Kirby, the Pentagon press secretary.
To shore up Ukraine's military, Rep. Mike Rogers, R-Mich., chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, called on Obama to approve the shipment of small arms and communications equipment to Ukraine.
"We need to be a little bit tougher with Putin, or he is going to continue to take the territory," Rogers said on NBC's "Meet the Press."
"[Putin] goes to bed at night thinking of Peter the Great, he wakes up thinking of Stalin," Rogers said.
-- Richard Sisk can be reached at Richard.Sisk@monster.com.

domain: politics


text:
Truck with benefits by Ron Roberts - 10" x 6.5"
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text:
- Differential Diagnosis
Drug Information for FLUCONAZOLE INJECTION (Hospira, Inc.): REFERENCES
- CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
- INDICATIONS AND USAGE
- CLINICAL STUDIES
- ADVERSE REACTIONS
- DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- HOW SUPPLIED
- Diseases/Conditions Related to FLUCONAZOLE INJECTION (Hospira, Inc.)
- External Links Related to FLUCONAZOLE INJECTION (Hospira, Inc.)
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Second Edition. CLSI Document M27-A2, 2002 Volume 22, No 15, CLSI, Wayne, PA, August 2002.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibllity Testing of Yeasts; Approved Guideline. CLSI Document M44-A, 2004 Volume 24, No. 15 CLSI, Wayne, PA, May 2004.
Pfaller, M. A., Messer,S. A., Boyken, L., Rice, C., Tendolkar, S., Hollis, R. J., and Diekema1, D. J. Use of Fluconazole as a Surrogate Marker To Predict Susceptibility and Resistance to Voriconazole among 13,338 Clinical Isolates of Candida spp. Tested by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute-Recommended Broth Microdilution Methods. 2007. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45:70–75.
Printed in USA
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- Drug Information Provided by National Library of Medicine (NLM).

domain: medical


WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The World Bank’s internal watchdog group on Thursday gave the poverty-fighting agency a mixed review for its efforts to improve health in poor countries and gave it low marks for its work in Africa.
The Independent Evaluation Group said while two-thirds of the bank’s health projects between 1997 and 2007 achieved their development objectives, one-third, mostly in Africa, did not.
“Overly complicated project designs and weak government capacity contributed to low outcomes,” said Martha Ainsworth, lead author of the report.
Although aiding the poor is the bank’s main objective, the watchdog found that only half of the bank’s support for health, nutrition and population (HNP) projects had a pro-poor focus, and fewer projects were explicitly committed to achieving better results for the poor.
“The evidence that HNP investments are reaching the poor is thin,” Ainsworth said.
The report also found that World Bank lending to reduce high fertility and promote family planning has dwindled, noting that in more than 30 developing countries, women have on average more than 5 children in their lifetime.
Bank lending to reduce malnutrition among the poor has also declined, it added.
The World Bank was once the globe’s biggest financier of health projects, but its role has diminished over the past decade as new donors, including private philanthropic foundations, have emerged to fight disease around the world.
The report covers a decade of World Bank work in health sectors starting in 1997. Since then the bank has committed nearly $17 billion for projects that focus on health, nutrition and population.
Its private-sector lender, the International Financial Corp, has invested an additional $873 million in private health and pharmaceuticals sectors.
GAPS IN INVESTMENT
The Independent Evaluation Group attributed the problems to the “increasing complexity of (health) operations, particularly in Africa but also in health-reform support to middle-income countries, inadequate risk assessment and mitigation, and weak monitoring and evaluation.”
It said investments in healthcare by IFC have improved but there are “important gaps in investing in activities that both make business sense and are likely to yield broader benefits for the poor.”
The watchdog said the performance of IFC’s health investments, mostly hospitals, has improved since 1999 and had good financial returns, although they have targeted wealthier income groups, contrary to the bank’s mission to fight poverty.
It said accountability for results in projects has been weak and not always ensured the poorest were benefiting.
The Independent Evaluation Group said the bank should correct its shortcoming by:
* intensifying efforts to improve the performance of its health portfolio;
* ensuring projects help the poor, including greater attention to reducing high fertility and malnutrition;
* building its own capacity to help countries to make health systems more efficient;
* creating new incentives for evaluating and monitoring.
In its response, World Bank management broadly agreed with the watchdog’s findings, saying the report was “consistent with the findings of the Bank’s own self-assessment”.
It said the bank had introduced a new health strategy in mid-2007 which sharpened its focus on results on the ground.
Emma Seery, head of essential services at development group Oxfam, questioned how the World Bank could claim to have a comparative advantage on health when many of its projects in Africa were unsatisfactory.
“If the World Bank wants to carry on having a role in health, they need to look at the evidence of what can deliver for all people, and question any increased investment in the private sector that does not reach the poorest people,” Seery said.
Reporting by Lesley Wroughton; editing by Mohammad Zargham
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


text:
ROCKFORD, Ill (WTVO) — Two Janesville boys will become part of the Beloit College baseball team thanks to the efforts of the national group “Team Impact.”
The non-profit organization, along with Beloit College, held a draft day ceremony for Jacob and Logan Slack, both of whom suffer from mitochondrial disorder, which affects their muscles.
The boys signed a letter of intent to play for the Buccaneers.
Team Impact helps children facing serious and chronic illnesses.
Mother Andrea Slack says the boys are already settling in with their fellow teammates.
“They treat them like they’re younger brothers, in a way,” she said. “The coach is really awesome with them, too. They like to make them feel like they’re part of the team, part of the family.”
Beloit’s baseball coach says the boys have been at some of the teams practices and participated in some of the drills.
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domain: news


text:
Terrell Owens, one of the most controversial players in NFL history, is continuing his controversial behavior.
The wide receiver, selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in February, announced he will not attend the induction ceremony in August.
Owens released a statement Thursday.
"While I am incredibly appreciative of this opportunity, I have made the decision to publicly decline my invitation to attend the induction ceremony in Canton. I have already shared this information with the Hall. After visiting Canton earlier this year, I came to the realization that I wish to celebrate what will be one of the most memorable days of my life, elsewhere. At a later date, I will announce where and when I will celebrate my induction."
"I would also like to thank the San Francisco 49ers, the Philadelphia Eagles, the Dallas Cowboys, the Buffalo Bills and Cincinnati Bengals for the time I was granted with each organization. I am thankful for the relationships forged and the lessons learned while part of each team. I wish to congratulate all past, current and future inductees. It is quite an honor to be part of such elite company. This honor is something that I will cherish forever."
Owens decision to skip the ceremony is unprecedented by an enshrinee. Hall of Fame President and CEO David Baker said in a statement he was "disappointed" in Owens decision.
"We are disappointed but will respect Terrell's decision not to participate in the Enshrinement. While unprecedented, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the nearly 5,000 volunteers and the entire community are committed to celebrating the excellence of the Class of 2018 that will kick off the NFL's 99th season.
"As we do not want to detract from this great honor being enjoyed by the seven other members of the class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard, Robert Brazile, Brian Dawkins, Jerry Kramer, Ray Lewis, Randy Moss and Brian Urlacher -- their family, friends, and fans, the Pro Football Hall of Fame will have no further comment on the decision made by Terrell Owens."
Owens didn't receive enough votes for induction in 2016 and 2017, and he was a vocal critic of the voting process, saying he had "lost all respect" for the process in 2017. Owens' controversial style produced divisiveness in the locker room, one probable reason he was snubbed in 2016 and 2017.
His production on the field is what finally resulted in his induction. He ranks second all-time to Jerry Rice with 15,934 yards receiving and is third on the all-time touchdowns receiving list with 153.

domain: sports


text:
Download Mystery In The Channel full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Mystery In The Channel ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Mystery in the Channel by : Freeman Wills Crofts
Download or read book Mystery in the Channel written by Freeman Wills Crofts and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mystery in the English Channel by : Freeman Wills Crofts
Download or read book Mystery in the English Channel written by Freeman Wills Crofts and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Hallmark Channel by : Emily L. Newman
Download or read book The Hallmark Channel written by Emily L. Newman and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2020-04-29 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally known as a brand for greeting cards, Hallmark has seen a surge in popularity since the early 2010s for its made-for-TV movies and television channels: the Hallmark Channel and its spinoffs, Hallmark Movie Channel (now Hallmark Movies & Mysteries) and Hallmark Drama. Hallmark's brand of comforting, often sentimental content includes standalone movies, period and contemporary television series, and mystery film series that center on strong, intuitive female leads. By creating reliable and consistent content, Hallmark offers people a calming retreat from the real world. This collection of new essays strives to fill the void in academic attention surrounding Hallmark. From the plethora of Christmas movies that are released each year to the successful faith-based scripted programming and popular cozy mysteries that air every week, there is a wealth of material to be explored. Specifically, this book explores the network's problematic relationship with race, the dominance of Christianity and heteronormativity, the significance placed on nostalgia, and the hiring and re-hiring of a group of women who thrived as child stars.
Book Synopsis Mystery of the Last Olympian by : Richard Kohler
Download or read book Mystery of the Last Olympian written by Richard Kohler and published by Best Publishing. This book was released on 2016-02-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-known underwater explorer Richie Kohler (of Shadow Divers and Deep Sea Detectives) and Best Publishing Company invite you to join the expedition to unravel the Mystery of the Last Olympian: Titanic’s Tragic Sister Britannic. The book gives you a firsthand account as Richie Kohler takes readers on the intriguing journey from the rise of the magnificent Olympians to the fateful day in 1916. He then moves forward in time through multiple expeditions beginning with the great Jacques Cousteau who located the ocean liner in 1975. Each successive team that risked their lives uncovered new clues, but it was not until 2009 when Richie and his dive partner definitively pinpointed the secret that had eluded them. Finally, in July 2015, Richie and a small team attained the goal of documenting their findings that answered the century-old question as to why all the engineering solutions built into the mighty Britannic could not save her from sharing the same fate as Titanic. Experience the expedition as Richie and his team unravel the mystery of the HMHS Britannic: - With damage to only one compartment, the ship should have been able to stay afloat, and yet she sank twice as quickly as did Titanic. How was that possible? - Was the hospital ship criminally torpedoed as the British press claimed, or did she ineptly blunder into a minefield, as the Bismarck Government countered? - Violet Jessop survived the sinking of Britannic and Titanic. Experience her intriguing story.
Book Synopsis The Whole Works of the Late Reverend and Learned Mr. Thomas Boston, Minister of the Gospel at Etterick by : Thomas Boston
Download or read book The Whole Works of the Late Reverend and Learned Mr. Thomas Boston, Minister of the Gospel at Etterick written by Thomas Boston and published by . This book was released on 1849 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Partners in Care by : Frederick Reklau
Download or read book Partners in Care written by Frederick Reklau and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2010-05-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The needs for and the benefits of holistic health care--care that extends to the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of individuals--have been well known for 2,500 years or so. But still, to quote the late Rodney Dangerfield, some caregivers "don't get no respect." Fred Reklau is out to change that with this book, offered as an exploration of the synergies possible among those who care for persons. In the 1980s he wrote the theses that formed the core of this book. Since then they have helped many, in groups and singly, to see their work in a new light. Chaplains, pastors, parish nurses, lay caregivers, hospice workers--all will rejoice to read this heartfelt plea to elevate them to equal status with the vital care-giving services performed by physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other members of the medical professions.
Download or read book Mystery Index written by Steven Olderr and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides indexes to American and British mystery novels by author, title, subject, setting, and characters.
Book Synopsis The Mystery Readers' Advisory by : John Charles
Download or read book The Mystery Readers' Advisory written by John Charles and published by American Library Association. This book was released on 2002 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three librarians from Scottsdale, Arizona provide library staff with an introduction to the mystery genre and offer tips and techniques for providing advice to mystery readers in the library. They include some of their own bibliographies, but refer readers elsewhere for fuller ones. They also include a brief history of the genre to pass on to readers new to it.
Book Synopsis Biological Membrane Ion Channels by : Shin-Ho Chung
Download or read book Biological Membrane Ion Channels written by Shin-Ho Chung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-13 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with recent breakthroughs in ion-channel research that have been brought about by the combined effort of experimental biophysicists and computational physicists, who together are beginning to unravel the story of these exquisitely designed biomolecules. With chapters by leading experts, the book is aimed at researchers in nanodevices and biosensors, as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate students in biology and the physical sciences.
Book Synopsis Mystery in the Channel by : Freemans Wills Croft
Download or read book Mystery in the Channel written by Freemans Wills Croft and published by . This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

domain: library


text:
Eric Black banished Jores Okore to U21s after Aston Villa defender refused to be named on the bench against Bournemouth
- Eric Black denies disagreement with Aston Villa defender Jores Okore
- Villa boss says Dane refused to be named as a sub against Bournemouth
- The Midlands club were relegated from the Premier League last weekend
Eric Black has revealed that he banished Jores Okore to Aston Villa’s Under 21 squad after the defender effectively went on strike.
Dane Okore has accused caretaker boss Black of sending him to train with the kids following a verbal bust-up.
However, Black insists that Okore withdrew his services when he discovered he was going to be on the bench against Bournemouth.
Eric Black has revealed that Jores Okore refused to be named as a substitute against Bournemouth
Okore has not featured for Aston Villa since the 2-0 defeat by Tottenham at Villa Park on March 13
Black denied he and Okore had a disagreement but admitted he sent the defender to the reserves
In a week which has seen the club relegated, striker Gabby Agbonlahor suspended and owner Randy Lerner releasing a bizarre statement, the Okore incident is just another addition to the pile-up of problems.
The player will not figure in the match against Southampton and seems set to stay with the U21s squad until the end of the season.
Black insisted: ‘It wasn’t a disagreement. ‘I spoke to Jores the week beginning the Bournemouth game and I thought he responded well and thought he trained extremely well.
‘But once I named the 11 on the Friday, Jores asked to see me and said that he didn't want to be considered to be on the bench, which I found surprising.
‘I withdrew him from the squad. I met him again on the Monday. He said he didn’t want to be considered for any of the games going forwards.
Black says Okore was sent to the the Under 21s becasue he only wants players who want to play
Micah Richards (left) takes on Rudy Gestede during Aston Villa training on Friday
Villa youngster Jack Grealish plays a pass as the players prepare for the visit of Southampton
Villa's relegation to the Championship was sealed following defeat by Manchester United last weekend
‘At that point I really didn't have a choice apart from remove him. I don't want people who don't want to be at Aston Villa and the Bournemouth game was a massive game for us.
‘So he has gone to the Under-21s and that's what happens.’
The defender has not featured in the past two senior squads and last turned out for Villa in the 2-0 home defeat by Tottenham. Joleon Lescott and Ciaran Clark are the preferred centre-half partnership.
The last 18 months have been tough for Okore. The 23-year-old has struggled with injury and form and this week made his unhappiness public back home.
His advisers are planning talks with the club as soon as possible.
Scott Sinclair carries the ball forward at the club's Bodymoor Heath training ground on Friday
Jordan Ayew (left) holds off the challenge from midfielder Idrissa Gana during Friday's training session
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domain: literature