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BETA PHOTO: Line A is the Locksmith Dihedral Line B is the Gat...
The Gatekeeper Wall
is the first formation lower than and east of The Watchman
. Although this wall is much lower than The Watchman
, it's much steeper. This mostly north-facing wall has good rock. The solitude makes this new area a great place to visit.
Start near the entrance of the Watchman campground. Take a left branching road. We started up the canyon where the NPS has their shuttle bus storage facility. Follow a pleasant drainage system for a while, to a short cliffband. Cut left along the steep hillside to a flat area above the cliffband. From here we traversed back to the right side of the drainage to begin a short, steep brushy section. Above here a grassy talus leads up and right to the base of the wall. Approach time is about 1 1/2 hours.
Weather station 6.2 miles from here
2 Total Routes
['4 Stars',1],['3 Stars',1],['2 Stars',0],['1 Star',0],['Bomb',0]
Browse More Classics in Gatekeeper Wall
Mountain Project's determination of some of the classic, most popular, highest rated routes for Gatekeeper Wall:
Featured Route For Gatekeeper Wall
Gatekeeper Crack 5.10 6b 20 VII- 19 E2 5b
: Zion National Park
: Gatekeeper Wall
Ascend the clean, excellent crack system behind the pillar for 6 steep aid pitches to the top. There is a small bivy ledge (1 lying down) on top of pitch 4. We only placed 6 pins on this otherwise clean route, of which we highly recommend. Faster parties can do this route in a day.With a few more ascents, this route will certainly go hammerless....[more] Browse More Classics in UT
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It is with great sadness that we announce the passing of Professor Pedro Ruiz, MD, who left us on the 14th of March 2023, 14 in League City, Texas, USA at the age of 86. Dr. Ruiz was a renowned psychiatrist, educator, and researcher who made significant contributions to the field of mental health throughout his distinguished career.
As one of World Psychiatric Association’s (WPA) former President (2011-2014), the news of Professor Pedro Ruiz has come as a great shock and with huge sadness to WPA, his family, friends, colleagues and members of the psychiatric fraternity.
Thereafter, he joined the faculty at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City where he rose from instructor to Professor of Psychiatry. In this academic institution he occupied a series of administrative and academic positions, such as, Director of the Lincoln Hospital Community Mental Health Center (1969-1977), Assistant Dean (1977-1979), Director of Bronx Psychiatric Center (1979-1981) and Vice Chair of the Department of Psychiatry (1979-1981).
Dr Ruiz was also tenured Professor of Psychiatry at Baylor College of Medicine (1981-1993) and at the University of Texas at Houston (1993-2010), where he also was Interim Chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Dr Ruiz has also been President of the American Psychiatric Association (2006-2007), the American College of Psychiatrists (2000-2001), the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (2002-2003) and the American Association of Social Psychiatry (2000-2002), to name a few.
Over the span of his career, Dr. Ruiz served on more than 40 editorial boards, sat on countless National and International Committees and authored more than 1000 publications, most notably “Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook” and the Ninth and Tenth editions of “Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry”. His accomplishments, awards and recognition are too many to list.
In an excerpt from the journal, “The Psychiatrist”, first published in 2011, Pedro shared how he would like to be remembered, stating “As a physician/psychiatrist who cared not only for those with illnesses, including mental illness, but also cared for the most disadvantaged and poorest individuals across the world.” I think we can all agree, he accomplished this goal with abundance.
On behalf of myself and WPA, we would like to offer our sincere condolences not only to his colleagues, but especially to his family and friends for whom we recognise this great loss. His contributions to the field of psychiatry will be remembered and celebrated for years to come.
Rest in peace Professor Pedro Ruiz.
Services in Miami will be held on March 25, 2023, at Memorial Plan Westchester funeral home located at 9800 SW 24th St., Miami, Fl 33165. Visitation will take place at 11am followed by a service at 12:00pm, burial will follow at Our lady of Mercy Catholic Cemetery in Doral, Fl
You can read a full obituary by James Crowder Funeral Homes here.
Author: Dr. Afzal Javed, President, WPA

domain: medical


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INDIANAPOLIS — The future of the Star Mazda Championship appears in doubt.
In a letter to teams, drivers and sponsors, Star Mazda President Gary Rodrigues informed series participants that the series will not be continuing — at least not under its current ownership.
“After 22 years of growth and a proud record of helping young motor racing talent build careers in the racing industry, we regret to advise you the Star Mazda Championship will not continue into the 2013 racing season under its present ownership.
“It has unfortunately not been possible to secure sufficient support to keep the current program going. The assets of the series are being offered to qualified buyers at market price, in the hope that a company or group will be able to marshal the resources to continue this groundbreaking program for many years to come.”
The Star Mazda Championship is part of the Mazda Road To Indy Ladder System.
In his letter, Rodrigues was optimistic that the series may be saved by a new owner in time for the 2013 season.
“IndyCar and Mazda have expressed their desire to see the program continue undiminished. The 2013 Star Mazda Championship schedule was within days of release when we had to reach this difficult decision,” the letter continued. “We feel confident that the series will continue under new ownership and, hopefully, achieve its excellent potential. It is our intent to do what we can to make the transition as expeditious and seamless as possible. Further announcements are expected soon from the new series administration. Please give them the time to start the flow of information.”

domain: news


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Home Furniture from Naurelle is Designed with Stunning Artistry
The ingenuity of the finest European furniture is well documented, and in the furnishings offered at Naurelle, it's on full display. At the Naurelle furniture and lighting showroom on Beverly Boulevard, you'll find the finest Italian and Spanish designs – from traditional and classic to the most elegant contemporary styles.
Our president, Kayvan Nahai, brings his discriminating eye to high-class customers that seek home furniture that is exquisitely breathtaking. Take for instance our many modern dining room options – often considered to be the heart of the home. One contemporary set includes a dining table in white lacquer with black accents and bronze decorations, replete with an armchair and side chair, both with white lacquer, black accents and bronze decorations.
For many, though, nothing denotes the heart of a home like traditional furnishings, exemplified by our dining table in inlaid wood with bronze ormolu. When complemented by an armchair, side chair, vitrine and buffet, all in inlaid wood with bronze ormolu, the effect is utterly captivating.
Since our founding in 1981, we have designed residential homes, commercial showrooms and grand hotels around the world, and we pride ourselves on bringing this same sense of craftsmanship to the designs offered in our luxury bedroom furniture and more for residential customers.
Whether you're looking for majestic chandeliers, stunning bedroom, entry foyer or office furnishings, find precisely what you're looking for at Naurelle. We have various sizes and finishes of furniture for shipping throughout the U.S. and across the globe, so don't hesitate to contact us today.

domain: artistic


This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 terms and conditions.
Volume 17 article 624 pages: 413 - 424
The article describes a new method for making management decisions on heat supply in district heating systems, based on solving a sequence of recurrence relations of first-order differential equations, enabling to synthesize daily schedules of heat supply in such systems. Using first order differential equations, we implement real-time daily heat supply scheduling, predict the time-temperature dependence for heating water in the supply line, and we form a decision on the thermal energy delivery on the basis of this information. The effectiveness of our method is confirmed by numerical modeling and comparative analysis of daily heat supply scheduling with the help of advanced intelligent decision making tools. For comparative analysis, we considered daily scheduling using a nonlinear regression model, a generalized regression neural network, a radial basis neural network, and a linear neural network. The effectiveness of our method was estimated on the basis of MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) and Accuracy coefficients. The model was recognized as most effective for which the MAPE value was maximum, and the Accuracy value tended to one hundred percent. Experimental studies showed that our proposed model has an advantage over the regression model by 1.68 times and over the neural models by more than 10.2 times when modeling for a hundred heating network sections. Thus, the main purpose of our study was to increase the accuracy of the method of making a managerial heat supply decision based on the experimental verification of a mathematical model of thermal inertia of a branched district heating system.
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14. Kicsiny, R. (2014). New delay differential equation models for heating systems with pipes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 79, 807–815, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.058.
15. Bau, U., Braatz, AL., Lanzerath, F., Herty, M., Bardow, A. (2015). Control of adsorption chillers by a gradient descent method for optimal cycle time allocation International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale Du Froid, vol. 56, 52-64, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.03.026.
16. Kicsiny, R. (2017) Grey-box model for pipe temperature based on linear regression International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 107, 13-20, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.033/
17. Messerle V.E., Karpenko E.I., Ustimenko A.B., Lavrichshev O.A. (2013). Plasma preparation of coal to combustion in power boilers. Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 107, 93–98, DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.07.001.
18. Messerle V.E., Karpenko E.I., Ustimenko A.B. (2014). Plasma Assisted Power Coal Combustion in the Furnace of Utility Boiler: Numerical Modelling and Full-Scale Test. Fuel, vol. 126, 294-300, DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.02.047.
19. Messerle V.E., Mosse A.L., Ustimenko A.B. (2016). Municipal Solid Waste Plasma Processing: Thermodynamic Computation and Experiment. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 99, 1-6, DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2016.2601107
20. Messerle V.E., Ustimenko A.B., Lavrichshev O.A. (2016). Comparative study of coal plasma gasification: Simulation and experiment. Fuel, vol. 164, 172-179, DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.095
21. Gao H., Chui E., Runstedler A. (2010). Numerical investigation of plasma ignition process in a utility boiler. Proceedings of 6th International Workshop and Exhibition on Plasma Assisted Combustion (IWEPAC). Heilbronn, Germany.
22. Karpenko E. I., Rinchinov A. P., Karpenko Y. E., Bass, M. S., Batukhtin S. G. (2016). The results of the tests of experimental-industrial plasma-cyclone installation. Industrial Energetics, vol. 4, 24-27, DOI: 10.12973/ejmste/79043
23. Kaminski, K., Krzyzynski T. (2015). Modeling and Simulation of the Solar Collector Using Different Approaches. Mechatronics: Ideas, Challenges, Solutions and Applications, 131-151, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26886-6_9
24. Hussain, MI., Ali, A., Lee, GH. (2016). Multi-module concentrated photovoltaic thermal system feasibility for greenhouse heating: Model validation and techno-economic analysis. Solar Energy, vol. 135, 719-730, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.053.
25. Beg, O. Anwar; Ali, Nasir; Zaman, Akbar. (2016). Computational modeling of heat transfer in an annular porous medium solar energy absorber with the P1-radiative differential approximation. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 66, 258-268, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.06.034
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33. Saleh, A.M., Mueller, D.W., Abu-Mulaweh, H.I. (2015). Flat-Plate Solar Collector in Transient Operation: Modeling and Measurements. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, vol. 7, DOI: 10.1115/1.4028569
34. Etter, D.M., Kuncicky, D., Moore, H. (2004). Introduction to MATLAB 7, Springer.
35. Khelifa, A., Touafek, K., Ben Moussa, H., Tabet, I. (2016). Modeling and detailed study of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collector. Solar Energy, vol. 135, 169-176, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.05.048.
36. Gholampour, M., Ameri, M. (2015). Design Considerations of Photovoltaic/Thermal Air Systems: Energetic and Exergetic Approaches. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-Transactions of the ASME, vol. 137 (031005), DOI: 10.1115/1.4029107
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text:
$110M for MTVR Vehicle Armor
Armor Holdings, Inc. announced today that it has received a not-to-exceed $110.1 million contract award from Oshkosh Truck Corporation, in order to provide armor protection for the U.S. Marine Corps Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR) 7-ton trucks. See all previous DID coverage of the MTVR and its armor protection program.
Armor Holdings also indicated that it will continue to subcontract to its Israeli based partner, Plasan Sasa, for production of the additional MTVR armor kits to be delivered to the USMC in 2006. Work under the new award will also be performed at the Armor Holdings Aerospace and Defense Group facilities in Ohio.
Categories: Contracts - Awards, Israel, Other Corporation, Trucks & Transport, USA


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Two days after the Senate achieved its first quorum in April 1789, the members elected the first secretary of the Senate, Samuel Otis. The new secretary was responsible for keeping the Senate Journal, a requirement under Article 1, section 5 of the Constitution. Each day the Senate was in session, Otis took the minutes in his own hand. He compiled those notes into a “rough journal,” which was read to the Senate the following day, and then copied them into a “smooth journal,” which he delivered to the printers for a bound edition.
Otis also handled financial duties for the Senate, including purchasing supplies like ink, quills, and parchment, and disbursing salaries and per diem travel allowances for senators and staff. The secretary personally delivered completed legislation to the House of Representatives and official correspondence to the president.
The staff of the offices under the secretary grew gradually during the 19th century. In 1789 the Senate passed a resolution to allow the secretary to hire a “principal clerk.” This principal clerk, or chief clerk, for many years served primarily as a reading clerk on the Senate floor. By 1850 the secretary was assisted by the principal clerk plus an executive clerk, legislative clerks, engrossing clerks, an account clerk, and messengers. When the official reporters of debate were established in 1873, the office was placed under the jurisdiction of the secretary. When journal clerk Charles Watkins dedicated himself to recording Senate precedents, he was given the additional title of parliamentarian in 1935. The positions of journal clerk and parliamentarian were made distinct just a few years later in 1938.
The secretary’s office came to include other support operations in the Senate. In 1871 the Senate established its own library and placed it under the supervision of the secretary. When the Senate established its own school for the young people who served in the page program, the secretary was charged with oversight of the Senate Page School. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 tasked the secretary with gathering the records of Senate committees for transfer to the National Archives, a responsibility that was later assumed by archivists in the Senate Historical Office under the secretary’s supervision. In the late 20th century Congress also passed laws regulating lobbying and requiring senators to file financial disclosures and campaign finance reports and placed responsibility for those records in the Office of Public Records within the secretary’s office. When senators in the late 1960s created the Senate Commission on Art to be a steward of the Senate’s historical art, artifacts, and Capitol spaces, the secretary was named the executive secretary and given authority to appoint the Senate curator.
During the 1960s, in response to the secretary's growing administrative duties, the position of principal or chief clerk evolved into that of assistant secretary of the Senate. The assistant secretary oversees the administration of the 26 departments within the Office of the Secretary and performs the functions of the secretary in his or her absence. For much of the Senate’s history, many positions within the secretary’s office were available for patronage of members. In the 1960s, however, as the administrative duties of secretary staff grew, positions gained professional status.
Return to About the Secretary of the Senate

domain: history


The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has awarded a joint venture of Archer Western Contractors Ltd., Atlanta, and Alberici Constructors Inc., St. Louis, an early-contractor-involvement preconstruction services contract to help guide design decisions on levee construction on the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal in New Orleans. The $3.1-million ECI base contract is on a project with an estimated construction cost of more than $295 million. The Corps has the option to retain the ECI contractor for construction. In April, the Corps awarded another ECI base contract to a joint venture of Kiewit Corp., Omaha, Traylor Brothers Inc., Evansville, Ind., and four local firms.
Corps Expands Use of Innovative Contracting in New Orleans
July 8, 2009


Officials said a recent affirmation of GW’s credit rating demonstrates the University’s financial strength amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mark Diaz, the executive vice president and chief financial officer, said GW’s affirmed A1 rating with a stable outlook, which was announced by Moody’s Investors Service on Oct. 14, puts GW in a place of “financial strength and sustainability” by enabling access to capital and debt at a low cost. The rating reflects an “independent validation” of GW’s finances as officials weather the COVID-19 pandemic, he said.
“Moody’s affirmation should make our faculty and staff feel confident in GW’s current financial position and about GW’s positive future,” Diaz said. “It truly is a testament to the collective efforts of the GW community, especially during these unprecedented times, that we find ourselves in such a fortunate position relative to our industry and our peers.”
Moody’s determines their credit ratings by examining financial records, long-term planning, leadership effectiveness and overall assets. A high credit rating, like an A1 allows for GW to issue bonds to investors at a relatively lower cost.
“The fact that Moody’s did affirm our A1 rating – which is a high investment grade rating to begin with – that’s telling to the investor or the lender that GW is worth that investment,” Diaz said. “They have confidence in GW the institution. ‘They’re worth your loan. They’re worth their investment.’”
GW’s “A” rating reflects Moody’s assessment that the University’s bonds and other debt are considered an “upper-medium grade” and are relatively low risk, while the “1” represents the University’s ability to fulfill short-term obligations, according to Moody’s guidelines.
GW has about $1.87 billion in outstanding bonds, most of which will reach maturity in 2048, Moody’s reported.
“They gave us a stable outlook,” Diaz said. “That’s another thing that I don’t think can be underestimated.”
Moody’s downgraded the higher education industry as a whole to a negative outlook in March near the start of the pandemic. The higher education workforce has shrunk by at least 7 percent since the start of the pandemic, The Chronicle of Higher Education reported last month.
Moody’s examined GW’s roughly $1.7 billion operating budget and $3 billion in investments and cash reserves. The report states GW’s graduate and undergraduate programs as well as the University’s “still attractive urban location” helped lead to the positive rating.
“George Washington University is a large, comprehensive, urban university that continues to leverage its location in the nation’s capital to draw a healthy mix of undergraduate and graduate students,” the report states.
Standard and Poor’s, a New York City-based rating agency, released a report in March 2018, which gave GW an equivalent grade of A+ when it assessed GW’s ability to handle outstanding debt.
The Moody’s report was compiled before officials announced plans to extend virtual instruction into the spring semester, which is driving a roughly $180 million annual budget gap.
“The stable outlook reflects our expectations that management will continue to take prudent and aggressive actions to adjust to near term operational and financial challenges posed by the coronavirus pandemic and position the University toward long-term fiscal sustainability,” the report states.
GW’s relatively large cash reserves, growing donor support and relatively large operating budget allowed it to absorb some of the financial consequences brought on by the University’s decreased enrollment, the report states.
Officials have faced criticism from some faculty and staff about financial decisions made during the pandemic, including staff layoffs and a suspension of retirement contributions. Diaz said Moody’s affirmation provides “confidence” in GW’s financial planning efforts.
GW’s peer schools were recently rated, with Tulane University receiving an A2 rating and Northeastern University being assigned an A1 rating.
Financial experts said the A1 rating with a stable outlook is especially impressive given the financial challenges the pandemic has brought on.
Don Farell – the managing vice president for investor relations at Build America Mutual, a New York City-based bond insurer – said GW’s ability to retain its A1 rating is significant considering that Moody’s has likely put most private universities on “credit watch” in light of the industry’s broader financial difficulties.
Farrell said private university bonds are probably the most negatively affected sector of the bond market during the pandemic, except for those related to airports and transportation.
The report states that much of GW’s revenues are directly tied to the health care market, both through the structure of its faculty health plan and its affiliation with the GW Hospital and the Medical Faculty Associates.
“GW’s involvement in health care has a huge impact on its credit rating,” Farrell said. “The performance of the hospital is closely tied to that of the University, and vice versa.”
Robert Dyson, a member of Marist College’s board of trustees and former member of Cornell University’s board of trustees, said Moody’s and other credit rating agencies factor in the performance of university leadership and their support from trustees when weighing GW’s long-term financial stability.
Although administrators have faced criticism from faculty and staff over recent decisions, trustees have indicated strong support for University President Thomas LeBlanc.
Moody’s also highlighted GW’s development of its next strategic plan as a possible boost to the school’s outlook, although the plan is now halted in the wake of the ongoing pandemic. Dyson said the move to postpone development of the strategic plan is on par with other universities, which are taking extreme measures to offset the cost of the pandemic.
“COVID-19 has affected many college and university long-term plans and has forced many strategic plans to be put on hold,” he said.
This article appeared in the November 2, 2020 issue of the Hatchet.


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Dental disease can be painful, expensive, and even life-threatening. Since cats don’t brush their teeth every day like we do, many of them will develop dental disease as early as when they are just 3 years old!
How does dental disease in cats develop?
There are over 400 different species of bacteria living in our cats’ mouths. Every few hours, especially after mealtime, remaining food particles in the mouth become digested by these bacteria and they start to form a layer on the tooth called a biofilm. Regular brushing helps to remove this biofilm. Since our pets do not brush their teeth every day, the biofilm hardens on top of their teeth and is called plaque.
Plaque can form within 24 hours without teeth brushing, which hardens, even more, to form tartar (also known as calculus) in as little as 3 days. This can also affect gums, and cause gingivitis. Gingivitis can be reversible with professional descaling, polishing and subsequent home care. If left untreated, the gums become detached from the tooth, forming ‘pockets’ which predispose to further plaque build up. This represents the first stages of periodontal disease. Over time, oral disease can spread these harmful bacteria to other parts of your cat’s body causing life-threatening heart, kidney and liver disease.
Top 10 signs and symptoms of dental disease in cats
We’ve put together this list of top 10 signs and symptoms of dental disease to watch out for so that you can prevent discomfort, pain and expensive vet bills:
Does your cat...
...have bad breath?
...have Brown or yellow teeth?
Is Dropping food when eating?
Is Losing weight?
Doesn’t like the mouth area being touched?
Is not grooming themselves?
Is eating from one side of the mouth?
...have missing or loose teeth?
..have red or bleeding gums or is drooling?
Chatter? Yawn excessively or grind their teeth? Or paw at their face?
Remember, cats are experts at hiding pain. So usually when they exhibit these common signs, the disease is advanced and needs medical attention. Any one or combination of these can be indicators of a visit to your veterinarian for a comprehensive oral health and treatment appointment.
What is a comprehensive oral health assessment as treatment (COHAT)?
During your cat’s comprehensive oral health assessment as treatment (COHAT) you and your veterinarian will review your pet’s history, diet chewing habits, and your current at-home dental routine. After a thorough physical examination and assessment of the problem areas, your veterinarian may need to take X-rays of your cat’s mouth to better understand the extent of your cat’s dental disease. While under anesthesia, the veterinary team will also scale and polish your cat’s teeth, extract any diseased teeth and treat them with local antibiotics. They will also recommend an at-home dental care routine, as well as diet and medications to keep your cat’s mouth as clean and healthy as possible.
What can I do to prevent dental disease in my cats?
The best way to remove the build-up of bad bacteria is to brush their teeth regularly. If brushing is challenging, here is a list of veterinary-approved treats and other products to incorporate into your cat’s care routine.
The good news is that most dental conditions are preventable and treatable, if caught early. That’s why we developed an early detection dental health test that analyses the microbes in your cat’s mouth (oral microbiome) looking for disease signatures before they become visible to the naked eye. With this knowledge in hand, you and your veterinarian are well on your way to stopping dental disease in its tracks.

domain: pet


On Thursday, February 1, Detective Corporal Dave Kenny and Corporal Brian Ahern of the Morris County Sheriff’s Office arrested a Budd Lake woman in a hotel room charging her with credit card theft and theft under $200 at the Morris County Courthouse Complex. She was additionally charged with possession of a hypodermic needle upon arrest.
On January 29, Ashley Taylor, 27, of Budd Lake, was at the Morris County Courthouse for a court date on a previous charge. Taylor allegedly took a wallet out of an attorney’s hand bag while sitting outside of a courtroom and proceeded to exit the courthouse. Using video surveillance, the officers were able to track the suspect to her vehicle and ultimately, her location.
Sheriff James M. Gannon said, “The Morris County Sheriff’s Office continues to uphold the safety and the security in the Morris County Courthouse. We have a very sophisticated video surveillance system to assist our officers in protecting employees and members of the public in the complex. I am proud of the officers’ work resulting in a successful outcome to the investigation.”
Taylor was charged on a complaint warrant and lodged in the Morris County Correctional Facility. Detective Sergeant Nicole Leo and Detective Tim Palazzolo from the Morris County Sheriff’s Office Warrants Section and the Mount Olive Police Department also assisted in the investigation.
A criminal complaint is merely an accusation. Despite this accusation, the defendant is presumed innocent unless, or until, they are proven guilty in court.


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ST. MARYS – A fire caused approximately $350,000 worth of damage after igniting at 8:47 p.m. Friday at Camco Diversified in St. Marys, reported the state police at Ridgway.
The Pennsylvania State Police Fire Marshal and the Crystal Fire Department investigated the origin and cause of the fire. The fire damaged the 23,000 square foot industrial property located at 431 Curry Ave.
The cause of the fire was determined to be accidental in nature. Ashes from a wood burning stove were improperly stored in a cardboard drum within the building, and the heat from the ashes caused the drum to ignite, state police said.
Additionally, the fire spread to a nearby partition wall. This caused a partial roof and exterior wall to collapse and resulted in approximately $350,000 worth of damage, state police said.
Camco Diversified was closed at the time of the fire.


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Clarity on the facts and issues that matter to America's future should be important to every informed voter. As you've noticed, we, the people, are creating havoc in the establishment of both parties giving American voters important choices.
Choice No. 1: Bigger government or more empowered individuals:
Do you want big government determining which special interests are rewarded and which companies are "too big to fail" or do you want limited government where all people can pursue their dreams, to succeed, to fail and to take personal responsibility for inventing their own future?
America was built on individual responsibility, caring communities and free-enterprise opportunity where you earned your own success. The current administration is trying to spend and regulate its way into a recovery and job growth.
Since President Barack Obama's first month in office, the number of private-sector jobs has decreased by nearly 2.7 million and the number of federal government workers has increased by 379,000.
It's the private sector, not big government, that is the economic engine. Have you had enough of big government and big spending?
Choice No. 2: Government entitlements or individual responsibility and charity:
Prior to 1929, if somebody fell on tough times, family, friends and neighbors helped. Now, 60 percent of Americans get more in public services than they pay in taxes. That isn't charity; that is government taking money from some citizens by force of law through taxation to provide benefits to other citizens.
Since 1929, entitlement benefits have exploded, from school lunches to food stamps and from Medicare to healthcare programs. No government entitlement has cost less than projected. When government makes promises it can't afford, it either increases taxes, prints more money funded by debt, or drastically cuts promised services.
A government creating dependent citizens is no more caring than parents spoiling dependent teenagers. Such programs leave future generations buried under the weight of our government largesse. Entitlements now account for more than half of federal spending, and unfunded liabilities, the obligations not covered by payroll taxes, exceed $100 trillion. Are we ready to stop digging the hole deeper?
Choice No. 3: "The Gingrich boom" or "the Pelosi collapse":
Mid-term elections matter. Michael Medved has contrasted two mid-term "triumphs" that strongly impacted the American economy. In "the Gingrich boom" created by the 1994 conservative takeover of both houses of Congress, average unemployment went from 6.5 percent to an average of 4.77 percent. The federal deficit average went from 3.35 percent of GDP to an average of less than zero with surpluses from 1998 to 2001.
With "the Pelosi collapse" initiated with the Democratic takeover in 2006, average unemployment went from 5.29 percent to an average of 6.57 percent. It's now 9.6 percent.
Sadly, the federal deficit average went from 1.91 percent of the gross domestic product to 4.74 percent in the next two years. Now the deficit spending has reached 10.27 percent.
— Terry Paulson of Agoura Hills is a speaker and author of "The Optimism Advantage." E-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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domain: politics


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Vice President Yemi Osinbajo on Friday said cryptocurrencies should be regulated in Nigeria instead of “killing” it. He made the..
Tag Archives: Cryptocurrencies
Nigeria’s Securities and Exchange Commission has said it has put on hold plans to regulate cryptocurrencies in the country. “For..

domain: economics


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In the present rapidly switching globe, the desire for sustainable solutions and eco-pleasant technologies is at an all-time significant. CleanEarth.io is on the forefront of this inexperienced revolution, giving extensive news and updates on electrical automobiles, environmentally friendly Vitality, clean technology, and renewable Strength initiatives. This article will take a look at the latest developments in the electrical motor vehicle industry, breakthroughs in eco-friendly Electrical power technologies, and CleanEarth.io's determination to endorsing a cleaner, greener upcoming.
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The automotive business is witnessing a paradigm shift Along with the fast increase of electrical automobiles. CleanEarth.io covers the most up-to-date news on electric vehicles (EVs) from major makers for instance Tesla, Nissan, and Chevrolet, amongst Other individuals. Explore groundbreaking electrical car products, technological developments, and updates on charging infrastructure to maintain you knowledgeable about the way forward for sustainable transportation.
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These equations, called the constitutive relations, relate ( ) , , ,e n q σ to ( ) ,, , ρ θ χ v . ... As opposed to the Eulerian formulation, the conservation of mass equation does not provide any additional information since the mass ...
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Author: José Merodio
Publisher: EOLSS Publications
The main objective of continuum mechanics is to predict the response of a body that is under the action of external and/or internal influences, i.e. to capture and describe different mechanisms associated with the motion of a body that is under the action of loading. A body in continuum mechanics is considered to be matter continuously distributed in space. Hence, no attention is given to the microscopic (atomic) structure of real materials although non-classical generalized theories of continuum mechanics are able to deal with the mesoscopic structure of matter (i.e. defects, cracks, dispersive lengths, ...). Matter occupies space in time and the response of a body in continuum mechanics is restricted to the Newtonian space-time of classical mechanics in this volume. Einstein’s theory of relativity is not considered. In the classical sense, loading is considered as any action that changes the motion of the body. This includes, for instance, a change in temperature or a force applied. By introducing the concept of configurational forces a load may also be considered as a force that drives a change in the material space, for example the opening of a crack. Continuum mechanics refers to field descriptions of phenomena that are usually modeled by partial differential equations and, from a mathematical point of view, require non-standard knowledge of non-simple technicalities. One purpose in this volume has been to present the different subjects in a self-contained way for a general audience. The organization of the volume is as follows. Mathematically, to predict the response of a body it is necessary to formulate boundary value problems governed by balance laws. The theme of the volume, that is an overview of the subject, has been written with this idea in mind for beginners in the topic. Chapter 1 is an introduction to continuum mechanics based on a one-dimensional framework in which, simultaneously, a more detailed organization of the chapters of this volume is given. A one-dimensional approach to continuum mechanics in some aspects maybe misleading since the analysis is oversimplified. Nevertheless, it allows us to introduce the subject through the early basic steps of the continuum analysis for a general audience. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 are devoted to the mathematical setting of continuum analysis: kinematics, balance laws and thermodynamics, respectively. Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to constitutive equations. Chapters 8 and 9 deal with different issues in the context of linear elastostatics and linear elastodynamics and waves, respectively, for solids. Linear Elasticity is a classical and central theory of continuum mechanics. Chapter 10 deals with fluids while chapter 11 analyzes the coupled theory of thermoelasticity. Chapter 12 deals with nonlinear elasticity and its role in the continuum framework. Chapters 13 and 14 are dedicated to different applications of solid and fluid mechanics, respectively. The rest of the chapters involve some advanced topics. Chapter 15 is dedicated to turbulence, one of the main challenges in fluid mechanics. Chapter 16 deals with electro-magneto active materials (a coupled theory). Chapter 17 deals with specific ideas of soft matter and chapter 18 deals with configurational forces. In chapter 19, constitutive equations are introduced in a general (implicit) form. Well-posedness (existence, time of existence, uniqueness, continuity) of the equations of the mechanics of continua is an important topic which involves sophisticated mathematical machinery. Chapter 20 presents different analyses related to these topics. Continuum Mechanics is an interdisciplinary subject that attracts the attention of engineers, mathematicians, physicists, etc., working in many different disciplines from a purely scientific environment to industrial applications including biology, materials science, engineering, and many other subjects.


This event is sold out.
Join Brooklyn-based writer Allison C. Meier for a walking tour of Green-Wood Cemetery. Learn about the history of the site and discover its rich collection of gravestone portraiture and Victorian visuals. Limited to 30 individuals. The event will take place rain or shine.
Please meet at the Gothic arch inside the entrance at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue (one block from the 25th Street R subway stop).
Allison C. Meier is a Brooklyn-based writer focusing on the arts and overlooked history. Currently, she is staff writer at Hyperallergic, and moonlights as a cemetery tour guide at New York burial grounds. She has also worked as the senior editor at Atlas Obscura, communications manager at the Cooper Union, staff writer at ARTINFO, and development coordinator at Untitled [ArtSpace]. Her freelance work includes stories for the New York Times, Art Desk, ARTNews, Narrative.ly, Brooklyn Based, the Oklahoma Gazette, Oklahoma Today Magazine, Bust, and others.
Photo by Allison C. Meier.


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(AllHipHop News) New York rap veteran Prodigy is back. After dropping the RIP mixtape series and the Albert Einstein Deluxe Edition as BitTorrent Bundles, one half of Mobb Deep has once again partnered with the platform for another project.
The 5-track Untitled EP includes the previously released “Beast With It” created with Mark The Beast. The song was featured in Marvel’s Black Panther video series titled A Nation Under Our Feet.
Prodigy has already collected over 3.6 million streams for his releases through BitTorrent Now. The app allows users to directly stream content, and creators receive 70% of all revenue.
Untitled EP is a free release. Check out the tracklist and download the Bundle below.
01 Black Panther (P###. by Baauer) [WAV]
02 Supreme Flow (P###. by Skream) [WAV]
03 Beast With It Feat. Mark The Beast (P###. by Mark The Beast) [WAV]
04 Lion Jungle (P###. by Redlight) [WAV]
05 That’s What G’s Do (P###. by Mimosa) [WAV]


Wilmington, DE – On Thursday, April 20th County Executive Matthew Meyer visited a New Castle County Library Kirkwood branch Story Time session to announce the launch of the New Castle County Library System’s latest early childhood reading initiative 1,000 Books Before Kindergarten. The program provides resources and guidance to parents and caretakers of children from birth to 5 years of age, along with fun incentives that support children and their families on their journey to literacy.
“Reading to children every day is vitally important to their future of our country,” County Executive Meyer said. “Through the new 1,000 Books Before Kindergarten program, we build upon the New Castle library system’s commitment to have every child read every day.”
Research demonstrates that reading to children helps build language, literacy and social skills and helps prepare children for school:
Benefits of early access to books
- By the age of 2, children who are read to regularly display greater language comprehension, larger vocabularies, and higher cognitive skills than their peers.
- Creating a steady stream of new, age-appropriate books has been shown to nearly triple interest in reading within months.
- In middle-income neighborhoods the ratio of books per child is 13 to 1, in low-income neighborhoods the ratio can be as low as 1 age-appropriate book for every 300 children.
Correlation between early reading and academic achievement
- Children’s academic successes at ages 9 and 10 can be attributed to the amount of talk they hear from birth through age 3.
- There is almost a 90% probability that a child will remain a poor reader at the end of the fourth grade if the child is a poor reader at the end of first grade.
- Children who aren’t reading at grade level by the end of third grade are four times as likely to drop out of high school.
1,000 Books Before Kindergarten, which leverages resources and materials from a national program developed by the 1000 Books Foundation, expands on the New Castle County Library System’s longstanding Story Time program which provides reading and socialization activities for children from birth through three years of age. These resources include recommended reading lists, tracking logs, and a Smartphone app to help families record their progress through the program. Parents and caretakers are encouraged to visit their local New Castle County library branch or visit nccde.org/libraries to learn more.
Watch a short video of the 1000 Books Before Kindergarten Launch Event produced by New Castle County TV at YouTube.com/NCCDE.
Contact: Jason Miller, 302-545-1462


How Brown could head the IMF
IT IS not hard to see what would attract Gordon Brown to the top job at the International Monetary Fund, although Whitehall sceptics do not believe he would give up his Prime Ministerial ambitions - despite recent speculation to the contrary.
His is one of several names put forward among Europe's senior politicians and bankers as possible successor to the outgoing Horst Kohler.
And while it may sometimes seem like one long cocktail party, the post of IMF managing director has a global status, up there with the head of the United Nations or the World Bank.
Most nations belong to the IMF, which monitors member economies, gives expert advice and provides loans if necessary. It tends to hit the headlines most often when a country is in economic crisis and needs a bailout or a plan to satisfy foreign investors. The MD is part banker, part diplomat and part manager.
The IMF has 3000 staff, mainly in Washington DC. Three days a week, the MD meets with three deputies - together they form the executive committee - to discuss staff reports on individual countries or issues. Reports, such as the annual assessment of the UK economy presented to the Government last week, become the basis of debate with relevant countries once approved by the committee.
Although the IMF traditionally has a European at its head, it can hardly function effectively without US government support. Indeed, in some crises, the IMF and US have acted in tandem to find a solution and money for a stricken country. So the MD is a regular on Washington's lunch and dinner circuit.
Still, the most high-profile aspect is to be the IMF's public face, giving speeches, attending glittering parties of the rich and powerful and hosting meetings of the world's most influential politicians and bankers. For instance he hosts the twice-yearly IMF/World Bank meetings which have become a jamboree of cocktail parties and networking events for finance ministers and international financiers.
But at least part of every month is spent shuttling around the globe, negotiating, cajoling, and arguing with heads of state, finance ministers and central bankers. This is when the roles of diplomat, banker and politician most obviously combine. Kohler's activities in the past few months are fairly typical.
Last September, he met Iraqi finance officials to help set up banking laws and a central banking system there. In October, he joined with the heads of the World Bank and the UN to argue the gap between rich and poor was too big, that the world economy now depended too much on the US.
The next month he was in Russia to see President Vladimir Putin. In December, he announced a joint IMF-World Bank report that urged developed countries to back down on trade-distorting agricultural subsidies and to promote freer exports.
By January, Argentina's economy was in crisis after a loan default and Kohler met President Nestor Kirchner to finalise rescue financing. That did not solve the crisis, so last month Kohler was in Florida with Argentine Finance Minister Roberto Lavagna.
They discussed the problem prior to an IMF board meeting this month, which would decide whether Argentina was acting in good faith with creditors. If the IMF had cut off further help, Argentina may have defaulted again, triggering a catastrophic withdrawal of foreign investment.
While he was in Florida, Kohler also found time to meet Iraqi finance officials to discuss loans.
With this kind of global reach, it might not be surprising if the job seemed somewhat more compelling to Brown than the frustrations of running the British economy. Particularly as the IMF chief is a banker on a tax-free banker's salary.
That might seem distinctly attractive compared with his pay packet from the UK Treasury.
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Cake "Prague" and its Creator
Cake "Prague" is irrelevant to the capital of the Czech Republic. Its history is closely connected with the confectionery shop of the Moscow restaurant "Prague", which was opened in honor of the decade of liberation of Prague from Nazi invaders.
In 1955 in the pastry shop of a restaurant got a job as a sixteen year old Vladimir Guralnick. Passing a long a way from the assistant to master pastry chef, he is in 1969, led the workshop.
Menu of restaurant "Prague" consisted of dishes of national Czech cuisine, so often to exchange experiences to the capital of the USSR came the cooks and confectioners from Czechoslovakia. There is a perception that they have brought to Moscow the original recipe for the cake "Prague", which was attended by 4 types of butter cream, was used liqueurs "Benedictine" and "Chartreuse" and the cakes soaked with rum exclusively. Subsequently, the confectioners of the restaurant significantly changed this recipe so there were many favorite chocolate dessert. However, this version of the famous baking is not confirmed by the facts. On the contrary, in the Czech cooking, the recipe for the cake "Prague" is missing.
Authorship has become a culinary symbol of the USSR dessert belongs to head of the confectionary shop at the Praga restaurant – Vladimir Mikhailovich Guralnik. He invented more than 30 original recipes, including not less famous cakes "bird's milk", "Zdenka", "Wenceslas".
Another myth about the creation of the cake "Prague" – it is a paraphrase of a famous Viennese cake "Sacher". Purely visually, these desserts are similar, but they have nothing in common. One of the advantages of "Prague" - the original butter cream and Sacher cake is dry and it is prepared without cream.
Many Housewives tried to bake "Prague" at home, picking up and varying the ingredients. Now posted the recipe for this cake, corresponding to GOST and have the opportunity to cook the famous cake all the rules.
Cake "Prague" according to GOST
Traditional cake "Prague" GOST has a round shape and consists of 3 layers of a biscuit semifinished product Praha, connected with cream "Prague". The top and sides of cake covered with apricot jam and blue chocolate Fudge, which is creamy pattern.
GOST for making pound cake requires 472 grams of cake "Prague", 359 grams of cream "Prague", 116 grams of chocolate fondant and 53 grams of fruit or berry jam (preferably apricot).
In the manufacture of cake used wheat flour, natural butter, cocoa powder, eggs, sugar, sweetened whole condensed milk, starch syrup, fruit essence, and apricot marmalade or jam.

domain: food


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By J. A. Mills
Blood of the Tiger takes readers on a wild journey to save lots of one of many world's rarest animals from a band of chinese language billionaires.
Many humans imagine wild tigers are at the street to restoration, yet they're in larger hazard than ever-from a threat few specialists observed coming.
there's in basic terms 3 thousand wild tigers left within the complete global. extra stunning is the truth that two times that many-some six thousand-have been bred on farms, no longer for normal medication yet to provide a luxury-goods that secretly sells tiger-bone wine, tiger-skin décor, and unique food loved through China's elite.
twenty years in the past, overseas natural world investigator J. A. generators went undercover to show undergo farming in China and stumbled on the plot to show tigers into not anything greater than farm animals. therefore starts the tale of a private campaign during which turbines mobilizes foreign forces to rouse the area to a conspiracy so pervasive that it threatens each final tiger within the wild.
during this memoir of triumph, heartbreak, and geopolitical intrigue, turbines and a bunch of heroic comrades attempt to thwart a chinese language cadre's plan to release billion-dollar industries banking at the extinction of not only wild tigers but additionally elephants and rhinos. Her trip takes her throughout Asia, into the jungles of India and Nepal, to Russia and Africa, touring by way of potential from elephant again to presidential motorcade, within the corporation of man-eaters, motion picture stars, and global leaders. She unearths cause of wish within the expanding variety of chinese language who don't need the blood of the final wild tigers to stain their cherished tradition and motherland.
Set opposed to the backdrop of China's ascendance to global dominance, Blood of the Tiger tells of an international struggle to rein within the forces of greed on behalf of 1 of the world's so much valuable and endangered animals.
From the Hardcover edition.
Read Online or Download Blood of the Tiger: A Story of Conspiracy, Greed, and the Battle to Save a Magnificent Species PDF
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Extra resources for Blood of the Tiger: A Story of Conspiracy, Greed, and the Battle to Save a Magnificent Species
I sent the shoes back for replacement, but was denied it on the basis that I had cut the tongues out. I seriously doubt whether the tongues had anything to do with the bubble failure, and suspect that the company was using that as a boilerplate excuse for not backing up their product. This was in the earlier days of that particular model, and no doubt the company has corrected the problem. But the fact remains that many times a manufacturer will use such an excuse to its own convenience. The non modification clause in the guarantee tends to leave you feeling that the company still controls the product after you have purchased it.
The pack is now hanging from that shoulder.
00 and weighing 6 pounds together. The quilt is 32% of the weight and 9% of the cost. Compare the equivalent 1 5 •12 ounces per person and the 20°F rating to any commercial sleeping bag: it's no contest. 20 to make-to a commercial tent weighing 4•12 pounds and cost ing $250. The tarp is 22% of the weight and 1 1 % of the cost. These three items alone save us 20 pounds and $1,117. Lightweight gear goes commercial In the first editions of The PCT Hiker's Handbook, I detailed my system of hiking gear and philosophies.

domain: library


text:
Fallen Tree, Lake Shore Autumn Grasses. Yosemite National Park, California. September 12, 2015. © Copyright 2015 G Dan Mitchell – all rights reserved.
An old fallen tree and lakeshore autumn grasses at a Sierra Nevada lake.
During a week at this backcountry lake and the surrounding area I had plenty of time to wander about, work in varied conditions, and see beyond the obvious first impressions. After a few long stays in such places I have come to be familiar with a certain cycle. I arrive with a mixture of “how will I ever manage to find enough here for a week of work?” and “once I slow down I know there will be plenty to see.” After a day of settling in it begins to feel like there will be plenty to photograph, but that there is no real urgency to the work. I tend to wander, looking at whatever happens to catch my attention and not really working much from a plan. At some point near the middle of the stay there comes a time when I do a count of subjects remaining to photograph and number of mornings/evenings remaining… and I realize that I have to formulate a plan! And then, invariably, on the final day or two I realize that even with a week to work there will be subjects that I won’t get to.
I photographed this scene close to the midway point on the trip — when there still seemed to be plenty of time and just before I felt the need to begin planning more carefully. This is a wonderful time on such a trip, when there are opportunities to engage in “aimless” wandering — though there is very much an aim to that aimlessness! This subject is one that I could easily overlook early on during a trip or during the end-of-trip attention to specific remaining subjects. The skeletal gray of the fallen tree contrasts wonderfully with the rich coloration of the early fall meadow around the edges of this sub-alpine lake.
G Dan Mitchell is a California photographer and visual opportunist. His book, “California’s Fall Color: A Photographer’s Guide to Autumn in the Sierra” is available from Heyday Books and Amazon.
Blog | About | Flickr | Twitter | Facebook | Google+ | 500px.com | LinkedIn | Email
All media © Copyright G Dan Mitchell and others as indicated. Any use requires advance permission from G Dan Mitchell.

domain: geography


Carb cleaner and brake cleaner basically do the same job of cleaning off grease and grime so does it really matter when you use these two and where?
If you carry out a survey of car owners or auto mechanics on these two cleaners, we bet the response you’d get the most is that carb cleaner is used while working on a carburetor while the brake cleaner is used on every other part.
But the difference between these two is beyond just that. And in this post, we’ll be explaining the specific differences between a carb cleaner and a brake cleaner, and how it affects their usage.
Table of contents
- What is a Carb Cleaner?
- What is a Brake Cleaner?
- Carb Cleaner Vs Brake Cleaner – Chemical Ingredients
- Carb Vs Brake Cleaner – Reactions on Surfaces
- Other Differences Between Carb Cleaner and Brake Cleaner
- 1. Different Substances with Different Uses
- 2. Brake Cleaner is an Air-drying, Solvent-based Cleaner
- 3. Carburetor Cleaner is a Petroleum-based Cleaning Solvent
- 4. Carb Cleaner Doesn’t Contain Any Chlorinated Solvents As Brake Cleaner Does
- 5. Carburetor Cleaners are Sold in Pressurized Cans and are Usually Aerosols, while Brake Cleaners Usually Come in Non-pressurized Bottles or Cans
- 6. Carburetor Cleaner is Designed to be Used on Carburetors, while Brake Cleaner is Designed to be Used on Brakes
- 7. Carb Cleaners are Produced to Remove Heavy-duty Contaminants
- 8. Brake Cleaners are Not Safe with Neoprene, Vinyl, Rubber, Seals, and Gaskets
What is a Carb Cleaner?
Carburetor cleaner is a petroleum-based solvent that’s used to clean carburetors, fuel injectors, and throttle bodies. It removes carbon, gum, and varnish deposits that can build up inside the engine.
Carb cleaners are different from brake cleaners in their composition as well as how they’re applied: carburetor cleaners are made with petroleum distillates (petroleum-based solvents), while brake cleaners use an alcohol base. Carburetor cleaner also has less aggressive chemicals than brake fluid or other common automotive parts cleaners.
What is a Brake Cleaner?
A brake cleaner is a highly effective, solvent that removes oil, grease, and other contaminants from brake parts. It’s used to clean the rotors and calipers of your car’s brakes, as well as the pads themselves.
Brake cleaners also work on other parts of your vehicle’s braking system—including brake lines, wheel cylinders, and parking brake cables—and can even be used to clean exterior surfaces like wheels or tires.
Carb Cleaner Vs Brake Cleaner – Chemical Ingredients
A carb cleaner is made up of the following: Acetone, Heptane, Toluene, and Carbon Dioxide.
Heptane and Acetone are basically just solvents that aid in cleaning. Toluene is an aromatic chemical that is used to give the carb cleaner that paint thinner smell that lets anyone around know they need to stay away while it’s being used. The Carbon Dioxide acts as a propellant.
The significant difference in the chemical ingredients between a carb cleaner and a brake cleaner is the presence of Methanol in a brake cleaner.
Methanol is really bad for rubber. So if we consider what carburetor cleaning involves, you know we’d be talking about rubber gaskets and being able to seal the carburetor properly.
That said, when it comes to cleaning the carburetor, you should definitely stay away from trying to substitute a carb cleaner for a brake cleaner because the Methanol will cause those rubber seals to deteriorate and swell.
Carb Vs Brake Cleaner – Reactions on Surfaces
Due to the Methanol, brake cleaners evaporate a lot cleaner and leave a surface completely clean and clear.
On the other hand, the carb cleaner leaves a bit of a film on surfaces. This is good for carburetors and choke systems because that little bit of film will help to deflect some of those sticking particles in the carburetor to help it last and stay clean for a longer period.
Whenever we’re talking about carburetor components, we’re talking about the fuel that’s constantly being run through the carburetor interior and the gaskets.
To have that protective coating inside that carburetor where that fuel is continuously circulating is a good thing as it’ll deflect those particles and keep that junk from building within your carburetor.
Read: Service Brake Assist
Other Differences Between a Carb Cleaner and a Brake Cleaner
1. Different Substances with Different Uses
Carburetor cleaner and brake cleaner are two different substances with different uses. Carburetor cleaner is a petroleum-based solvent that effectively dissolves gum, carbon deposits, and oil in carburetors. It works by breaking down the bonds that hold these components together. Brake cleaner, on the other hand, is a chlorinated solvent used to clean brakes and other automotive parts.
2. Brake Cleaner is an Air-drying, Solvent-based Cleaner
Brake cleaner is an air-drying, solvent-based cleaner. Brake cleaners are often called “carbon removers” because they dissolve the carbon and brake dust that accumulates on your brake rotors, making them look new again!
However, some formulas contain chlorinated solvents that can be harmful to paint and plastic surfaces if not used carefully. It’s important to read the label before using these products so you know how they should be applied.
3. Carburetor Cleaner is a Petroleum-based Cleaning Solvent
Carb cleaners work by dissolving and removing deposits from the engine so that it can operate more efficiently. They’re an excellent tool for cleaning the inside of your carburetor, as well as other fuel-related components including jets and injectors.
4. Carb Cleaner Doesn’t Contain Any Chlorinated Solvents As Brake Cleaner Does
Carburetor cleaner is made up of non-chlorinated solvents that are safe to use around the house. You can rest assured that you won’t be accidentally inhaling harmful fumes or hurting the environment when you’re cleaning your carburetors.
On the other hand, brake cleaners contain chlorinated solvents like trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE is a known carcinogen and can cause severe effects on human health when used in high concentrations over an extended period of time.
Even if you aren’t using it frequently enough for long periods of time to cause cancer, TCEs are still harmful to human skin and should be handled with caution at all times.
5. Carburetor Cleaners are Sold in Pressurized Cans and are Usually Aerosols, while Brake Cleaners Usually Come in Non-pressurized Bottles or Cans
Carburetor cleaners are sold in pressurized cans and are usually aerosols, while brake cleaners usually come in non-pressurized bottles or cans. This can be confusing because the two products look so similar at first glance. Carburetor cleaners tend to be pressurized; brake cleaners typically aren’t.
6. Carburetor Cleaner is Designed to be Used on Carburetors, while Brake Cleaner is Designed to be Used on Brakes
Carburetor cleaners are generally safer than brake cleaners and will not harm the plastic or rubber components of your car’s engine.
7. Carb Cleaners are Produced to Remove Heavy-duty Contaminants
The main difference between brake cleaners and carburetor cleaners is that brake cleaners are made with different chemicals than carburetor cleaners.
Carburetor cleaners are meant to dissolve rust, dirt, and oil from a carburetor while also providing lubrication for the engine parts inside it. Brake cleaner is specifically meant to dissolve rust and dirt from a brake caliper while also removing oil deposits that could cause leaks in your brakes.
8. Brake Cleaners are Not Safe with Neoprene, Vinyl, Rubber, Seals, and Gaskets
Carburetor cleaners are non-corrosive and safe to use on vinyl, rubber, neoprene, and gaskets. This makes it a popular choice for cleaning fuel lines as well as the carburetor itself.
Brake cleaner has been known to damage these materials over time. While this may not be an issue with newer vehicles or those with synthetic components, many older cars have rubber hoses that can start to deteriorate over time if exposed to harsh chemicals like brake cleaner.
Cleaning The Carburetor
Read: EGR Delete
Carb cleaners are designed to remove dirt and grime from your car’s carburetor, while brake cleaners are designed to remove gunk from hard-to-reach places like brake drums and pads (and therefore contain stronger chemicals). Both of them perform different functions but they are as important to your car parts.
Ugo is a passionate car enthusiast with a Bachelor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering degree and hands-on experience in troubleshooting and fixing automobiles.
I combine my electrical and mechanical engineering knowledge with practical skills to address car-related issues.
My love for cars and dedication to educating others led to the creation of Fixandtroubleshoot.com!


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With advancements in our understanding of skin physiology and a growing concern for skin health and appearance, the beauty industry has seen a rise in skin rejuvenation treatments, including chemical peels. The natural aging process, combined with intrinsic factors such as hormonal changes and genetic alterations, as well as extrinsic factors such as sun exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits, can lead to a range of skin changes. These changes include dryness, flaccidity, wrinkles, a decrease in skin thickness, and an increase in pigmented spots and malignant lesions.
Moreover, exposure to UV radiation and the use of multiple cosmetic products can contribute to the formation of free radicals, which increase the risk of oxidative damage and premature aging. As skin ages, the rate of cellular renewal slows, leading to a decline in skin texture and appearance.
Chemical peeling is a cosmetic procedure that uses chemical substances to promote the controlled destruction of the skin's outer layers, leading to cellular renewal and a more youthful, refreshed appearance. The process involves applying one or more caustic agents to the skin, resulting in the controlled destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis, and the re-epithelialization of the epidermis.
Chemical peels are categorized into three types: superficial, medium, and deep.
Superficial peels work on the epidermis and can be performed using active substances such as alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (salicylic acid), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), resorcinol, azelaic acid, and tretinoin. These peels are ideal for treating acne, light photoaging, hyperkeratotic eczema, actinic keratosis, fine wrinkles, and melasma.
Medium peels act on the papillary dermis and can be performed using TCA or AHAs, and Deep peels work on the reticular dermis and use active ingredients such as TCA at 50% and phenol (Baker/Gordon solution), among others. These peels are recommended for the treatment of blotches, scars, moderate wrinkles, keratosis, and lentigos.
The peeling process occurs as the caustic chemical substance used in the peel causes the chemical denaturation of proteins in the skin, leading to a physical appearance of peeling as the denatured protein layer is rejected by the immune response.
At SkinSpring, we believe in delivering only the best to our customers, which is why we have developed our R3 Formulation. Our unique and natural ingredients made from cutting-edge technology is designed to deliver maximum results with minimal downtime, and can be used before a chemical peel procedure to prepare your skin as well as after to accelerate the healing process.
Types of Chemical Peels: Superficial and Medium Peeling
Superficial peeling is a type of chemical peel that only affects the epidermis, making it suitable for all skin types and body areas. One of the substances commonly used for this type of peel is TCA, which can also be used for medium depth peeling when used in concentrations of 10% to 20%.
Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of substances commonly used for superficial peels. They are effective in treating issues such as wrinkles, skin dehydration, thickening, and uneven pigmentation.
Glycolic acid (GA) is a widely used ingredient in cosmetic formulas. Due to its small molecular size, it has a greater ability to penetrate the skin compared to other AHAs. The effectiveness of GA also depends on the pH value of the preparation, which can range from pH 2.0 to 4.0. The lower the pH value (more acidic), the more powerful the exfoliating effect. An ideal pH of 3.5 is recommended for good exfoliation. It is important to use sunscreen after treatment to protect the skin during the day.
Although there have been several studies on the clinical effects of GA, the exact biological mechanism is still mostly unknown. Studies done at Kobe University in Japan suggest that GA can help improve the appearance of photodamaged skin through various effects, depending on the type of skin cell. The research found that GA caused minimal inflammation in the epidermis and upper dermis and increased collagen deposition, suggesting a direct stimulation effect by the agent.
Medium peeling is used for removing actinic keratoses, wrinkles, pigmentary dyschromia, and improving the appearance of scars. The traditional chemical agent used for this type of peel was TCA, used in concentrations of 20%. However, TCA can cause skin problems such as scars and hypopigmentation. To avoid these side effects, TCA is sometimes used in combination with other substances, such as glycolic acid, to reduce the concentration of TCA needed. TCA works on both the epidermis and dermis, exfoliating the skin and destroying the outer layer of cells through cellular renewal.
Types of Chemical Peels: Deep Peeling
Deep peeling reaches the lower papillary or reticular dermis and is often achieved using phenol peels. Phenol peels are popular for their intense facial rejuvenation effects when used correctly. Phenol acts as a coagulant for skin proteins, has bacteriostatic effects at low concentrations (up to 1%) and bactericidal effects at higher concentrations. It also acts as a local anesthetic on nerve endings in the skin. Phenol is soluble in oils and fats and can be easily removed from the skin in case of accidental contact using glycerin, vegetable oils, or 5% ethyl alcohol. The most well-known phenol-based peel is the Baker-Gordon formula from 1962, which dilutes phenol to a concentration of 45% to 55%.
Deep peels are recommended for the following conditions:
Hyperpigmentation or uneven pigmentation
However, patients with the following conditions should not undergo phenol peels:
Heart, kidney, or liver disease
Active herpes outbreaks
Continuous exposure to UV rays
Recent use of isotretinoin
Keloid formation tendency
Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI or Glogau wrinkle types.
The ideal candidate for deep peels would be someone with light-colored skin, fine and dry, or those with Fitzpatrick skin types I and II with fine wrinkles. Women tend to have better results with deep peels compared to men, who typically have thicker skin, reducing the effectiveness of the treatment.
Complications of Chemical Peels
Chemical peels are a common cosmetic procedure that is used to improve the appearance of the skin. They are an inexpensive and safe way to rejuvenate the skin, and are still a viable option in the world of aesthetic and cosmetic medicine, even with the advent of laser technology. There are various types of chemical peels, ranging from superficial peels to deep peels like phenol peeling. Phenol peeling is known to result in intense facial rejuvenation, but it can also result in deep skin damage.
However, with the recent advancement in the development of pure Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl), such as the SkinSpring R3 Formulation, it has become possible for clinicians to provide the best results for their patients without any unnecessary risk. HOCl has been shown to have a powerful inflammation modulation effect and has a strong disinfectant power, making it ideal for use as a standard pre- and post-operative application for chemical peel procedures.
Chemical peels can result in both immediate and delayed complications. Immediate complications, which occur within minutes to hours after the peel, include irritation, burning, itching, pain, persistent redness, swelling, blistering, and more. Delayed complications, which can occur within a few days to weeks after the peel, include infections, scarring, delayed healing, textural changes, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, loss of cutaneous barrier, acneiform eruptions, and more. These complications are more common in dark-skinned individuals and in cases of medium to deep peels.
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS:
The complications related to chemical peels are primarily caused by problems with infection, inflammation, or healing. To prevent these complications, the SkinSpring R3 Formulation should be used as a standard pre- and post-operative application to the wound area. This will help to prevent infection and control inflammation, and will also lead to faster healing.
In the case of deep peels, it is important to note that HOCl cannot prevent the formation of scars, but it can lead to the earlier maturation of the scar. With intermediate and light peels, the use of HOCl will reduce downtime and lead to faster re-epithelisation and healing.
In conclusion, chemical peels are an effective way to combat skin aging and improve the appearance of the skin. With the recent advancements in pure HOCl technology, such as the SkinSpring R3 Formulation, it is now possible for clinicians to provide the best possible results for their patients without any unnecessary risk.


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Prepare for a happy & comfortable festive celebration – one without indigestion & bloating
By Sylvia Ong, Four Seasons Naturopath and Bowen Therapist
Christmas is a wonderful time of the year when family, friends and food are enjoyed in abundance. This Christmas why not plan a wonderful meal that is good for the body and the soul?
Be prepared. Herbal medicine is effective in minimizing digestive symptoms. Customized herbal digestive tonics with carminative and anti spasmodic actions prevent bloating and indigestion.
Some tips on how to minimize indigestion and bloating this Christmas:
1. When visiting family and friends, inform them of your food intolerances in advance, especially if gluten, wheat and dairy affect you. For example homemade gluten free bread or brown rice salad are a good alternative carbohydrate option. For those with fructose malabsorption, as there are more foods on the list of Fodmaps, provide examples of foods that affect you and bring alternatives!
2. Be mindful of the sweet stuff – ice cream, chocolate, cakes and puddings. Consume sparingly and take along a bottle of digestive enzymes in case of indigestion. Make a healthy dessert instead like this delicious Raw Vegan Blueberry Cheesecake.
3. Seafood such as prawns and salmon are high in Omega 3, which is anti-inflammatory and low in salt – a perfect way to indulge on luxurious produce whilst doing the best for your body.
4. Fruit infused waters are delicious, refreshing and keep you hydrated whilst reminding you not to overindulge on wine and beer.
5. Include lots of colourful and exciting vegetables and fruits in your Christmas meal. Try a new salad recipe and keep preparation simple, light and relaxed. Most importantly, enjoy!
SYLVIA ONG is a Naturopath and Bowen Therapist at Four Seasons Wellness Centre who specialises in food intolerances such as fructose malabsorption, lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance. Sylvia has special interest in digestive health (e.g. IBS, Coeliac disease), skin conditions (Eczema and Psoriasis) and Chronic fatigue syndrome. CONTACT SYLVIA HERE
Naturopathy involves a holistic approach in managing your health. It involves dietary and lifestyle changes. Nutritional supplementation and herbal medicine is also used to help you achieve a better quality of life.
January bookings: Get a special ‘Cleanse & Detox’ package of 3 Naturopathy consultations for $200, (1hr for initial & ½ hour for 2 follow up appointments.) Package does not include additional remedies.
March bookings: For an Initial Bowen therapy session get $10 off the usual price of $75.