text:
In Joyce’s “The Dead,” Galway is mentioned as the hometown of Gabriel’s wife, Gretta. Throughout the story, this place increasingly emphasizes the separation between Gabriel and Irish culture. When asked by Miss Ivor about a vacation to Galway, he refuses, insisting that a vacation outside Ireland would be strides better. Miss Ivors siezes this opportunity to make Gabriel question his reply. He becomes more and more frustrated at the insistence that he is a West Briton, despite his inability to state otherwise. This scene paired with Gabriel’s exchange with Gretta shortly afterwards brings forward the connection that the setting of Galway has with culture and Unionist ideals. While Gretta would jump at the chance to revisit her past and thrive within it, Gabriel actively looks for satisfaction in places elsewhere, places that are culturally separate from Ireland. This speaks volumes to the weight he gives to his own roots, whether Gabriel realizes it or not. He does not know passion for his origins in the same way that Gretta and Miss Ivors do.
Furthermore, the connection between Galway and Gretta’s wistful love may hint that the place, to her, embodies something that was wonderful but could never be. Something beautiful, but also something that was and remains temporary. Ultimately, instead of going back to Galway after moving away, she married Gabriel and left the lifestyle of her hometown behind; she had to leave behind the old passion that Michael Furey so exemplified in exchange for the learning of a new culture, new knowledge, and a new social class. This idea is further displayed in her being sent to a convent by her grandmother, which “might suggest that they had some social ambition for her” (Brown 316). Thus, Gretta’s separation from Michael and placement in a social ladder might reveal that a life apart from Galway and everything connected to it served as a sacrifice for the sake of what her grandmother thought might be a better life.


text:
Heringer is the shows first deaf contestant. Her and her older sister Rachel, who she lives with, were born with congenital hearing loss. At the age of two Rachel underwent cochlear implantation surgery at Oregon Health and Science university. Abigail then underwent the same procedure when she was two.
The Bachelor lead was swept off his feet by her willingness to share this story. Her mom Suzie was too! She shared “I was surprised she was willing to share her story about her hearing loss. It’s something she usually doesn’t talk much about.”

domain: news


text:
Douglas Blain, Secretary of the Spitalfields Trust with Mark Girouard at
By MARK GIROUARD
Reviewed by Katherine A. Powers / http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/A-Reading-Life/Enthusiasms/ba-p/8739
The prolific architectural historian Mark Girouard is the author of the revelatory, endlessly entertaining Life in the English Country House, one of the great works of social and material history. It now emerges that he has another, more miscellaneous side, and has happily squandered incalculable hours attempting to winkle out answers to questions over which few people lose sleep. The excellent fruits of this intellectual wantonness can be found in Enthusiasms, a tidy little volume of fifteen essays and explorations.
Girouard begins with the question of when Jane Austen wrote Catherine, or the Bower, the unfinished novel that is usually considered to be the last of her juvenilia. In a carefully laid out argument he convincingly plumps for 1795-96 over the commonly accepted 1792, placing the work not only after Susan but also after the first version of Pride and Prejudice. This is the sort of revolutionary declaration that will cause Janeites to reach for their smelling salts. Nonetheless, it is not nearly so arresting to me as his remarks on the near absence of servants from Austen's novels, something I have wondered about myself. "Jane Austen's drafts," writes Girouard, "must have needed alterations to bring them in line with growing early nineteenth-century notions of propriety." And an important element in that was the portrayal -- or non-portrayal -- of servants. Though there is a lively maid in Catherine, Austen has almost entirely banned these essential creatures from the highly polished published work, which novels, says Girouard, "it should be remembered, were published at the time when tunnels were being built in some country houses so that service and servants could move to and fro without being seen by the gentry."
In another reassessment, "Up and down with Oscar Wilde," Girouard displays a strange animus toward his subject, showing how relentlessly this "Irishman on the climb in
promoted himself. He then tots up how much money the broken aesthete actually
had at his disposal for the last, reputedly impoverished three and a half years
of his life, arriving at "around £70,000 a year in modern value." In
the course of pillorying Wilde as a brown-nosing, jumped-up poetaster who cried
poormouth, Girouard acquaints his readers with some of the arcana attached to
an artist or writer breaking into Society's various bastions at the time, from
the more accessible dinners and receptions to the fastness of the country
houses. Of the last named he observes, "Only a few were given entrée to
those, for reasons not always clear -- Landseer but not Millais, Dickens but
not Thackeray, Lear but not Carroll, Tennyson but not Browning, Barrie and
James, but not Galsworthy or Hardy." And, note to the socially ambitious:
it was "'Saturday to Monday' parties" to which the chosen might be
invited; " 'weekend' was considered a vulgar expression." London
Girouard's appetite for research gets a thorough workout in "Walter wins: a hunt but no kill," an engagingly unsuccessful investigation into the true identity of the libidinous "Walter" of My Secret Life, first published in eleven volumes between 1882 and 1894. (Girouard keeps a three-volume edition of the work in his bathroom, "very much to hand on the bottom shelf, alongside the Rev. F. E. Witts's Diary of a Cotswold Parson and Bernard Walke's Twenty Years at St Hilary.") Claiming to have had sex with over 1,200 women, Walter was "a compulsive collector and cataloguer" and, as such, "a dedicated worker and happy in his work." Girouard's account of searching for Walter -- his fossicking through public records, sleuthing about in the streets, and visiting possible sites of bygone conquests -- is, to my mind at least, more thrilling than that priapic hero's adventures.
Throughout these essays Girouard shows a wry, unillusioned sense of how the historical record is fashioned. He begins "The myth of Tennyson's disinheritance," for instance, with this edifying picture:
What is that gentle sound of rustling, clipping and scratching, that faint smell of burning, which the sensitive ear and nose can catch as background to the brassier sounds and smells of the decades around 1900? It is made by the widows and children of great Victorians at work deleting, cutting out and burning all the passages in letters, all the unpublished writings of parents or spouses which could deface the marble perfection of the portraits of greatness which they or suitably emasculated biographers are preparing for the world. Not always just the widows, for sometimes the act of purgation goes off while the great man himself, still magnificently bearded in his ruin, sits benignly in the background as the good work goes on.
It may be that you do not count the disinheritance of Tennyson or, rather, of his father, George, among the great crimes against humanity, but Girouard's debunking of the legend is nonetheless a wonderful example of how history is shaped by a combination of special pleading and ignorance or disregard of the usages of the past. Girouard shows -- in detail that I will leave you to savor -- how the first official chronicler of Tennyson's life, his son Lionel, took two indisputable facts, sheared off their historical circumstances, and combined them to produce a venerable, ahistorical fiction.
In "P. G. Wodehouse: from hack to genius" Girouard ponders the question of why and how the great man was able to write such quantities of bilge and yet produce gold. "It would not much worry me," he tells us, "if…all his books published before 1922 and after 1949, were to disappear." It is a judgment he alters somewhat in the course of his consideration of the nature of Wodehouse's fiction, though he does believe that it was likely that the author himself, ever alert to sales, couldn't really tell the difference between his good and bad works. Boiled down, Girouard believes that Wodehouse's short-story writing sharpened up the novels of the golden period, and that his exile from
after the war extinguished the spark. He also believes that someone called
"Robert McCrane" wrote a biography of Wodehouse in 2004; it was
Robert McCrum. Britain
Among the other questions Girouard takes up are how much time John Masefield, who would have had us believe that he "must go down to the seas again / To the lonely seas and the sky," spent as a mariner. It was, in fact, four months, endured when he was in his teens, and, as Girouard puts it, "for the rest of his long life he made his home as far from the sea as possible." He sets the record straight on which castle appears in Charlotte Mews's poem "Ken," arguing for Arundel in
instead of Carisbrooke on the Isle of Wight,
and gets caught up in the carryings-on of Vita Sackville-West's grandmother,
Pepita. On the face of it, these are not subjects to drive all other thoughts
from the minds of most people, but Girouard opens them up beyond petty detail,
expanding them with his understanding of historical context, and brings such an
infectious mood of inquiry to them that they become irresistible.
Girouard finishes with three essays about his family: the Jewish Solomons who, among other things, pretty much ran St. Helena while Napoleon was there; his French-Canadian grandfather, Lieutenant (later Sir) E.P.C. Girouard), an engineer whose exploits included building Kitchener's impossible railroad connecting Wadi Halfa with Khartoum; and his aunt Evie, who took him and his two sisters in after his mother was killed in an automobile accident when he was nine. The last, in particular is an affecting, often funny exercise in stiff-upper-lippery, as well as a meditation on the habits of the wellborn and the decline of the servant class.
Girouard tells us in his brief introduction that he has written these pieces "for pleasure, not instruction, and one of the pleasures for me has been to escape from the burden of a professional historian, the need to provide footnotes and to qualify my judgements." It is that freedom, no doubt, that contributes to the book's overall tone, a uniquely winning one of easygoing elegance and scholarliness lightened by jouncing, irrepressible enthusiasm.

domain: literature


text:
Statement, dramatic earrings continue to gather attention for jewellery categories, as the “let’s party” theme is dominating as one of the season key trends.
The focus is firmly on oversized silhouettes adorned with embellishment details, including beaded fringing, big stones ad feminine frills. Perfect detail to finish and enrich your look!
Get your personal look curated for you!
Online Personal Styling & Shopping Service

domain: design


Howdy, I'm Yi Luo! 👋
A UX designer who's passionate about
creating meaningful connections and empowering experience.
uSER ANALYSIS | UX DESIGN
A chat-based platform targeting empowering construction workers.
UX DESIGN | USER RESEARCH
A B2B mobile app that streamlines the food redistribution process for Houston non-profits.


Thursday June 4, 2015
Updated information for health professionals: Ebola virus disease (EVD) - 4 June 2015
click here to view the document
Alternatively click onto the Bay Navigator Ebola information webpage
Disclaimer: This site is intended to be flexible and frequently updated. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, all information should be verified.


text:
The Partry Mountains from the east end of the Sheeffry ridge.
Arriving on the ridge.
Easy walking on the grassy ridge.
A long thin waterfall.
A surveyor's 'monument'.
The Connemara hills from the western summit.
Mweelrea and Lough Doo from the western summit.
Heading back along the ridge.
The broad ridge further east.
Tawnyard Lough and the Partry Mountains.

domain: geography


2023 Hyundai Sonata Colors, Redesign, Release Date, Price – The 2023 Hyundai Sonata will come jam-filled up with common outstanding stability merchandise, that comes with adaptive cruise trip getaway trip handle, auto troubles braking, clever amazing-ray top-rated lighting effects, lane-continue to preserve aid, lane-comply with aid, vehicle driver-worry advise, a rearview camera with stunning suggestions, and a lot more.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Redesign
The piece of art is constantly drying out on the all-new 2023 Hyundai Sonata, as a result, we depend on the 2023 model planning to showrooms as a carryover model. As a carryover model, we depend on the 2023 Hyundai Sonata to arrive at outward changes. If this type of is the circumstances, this sedan will roll combined with the updated seem it attained in 2020, such as an even bigger and reduce grille flanked by big air inlets, gorgeous entrance lighting fixtures, a coupe-like roofline, and a nuts rear with You-shaped taillights related by a thinner lighting effects strip.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Specs
The 2023 Hyundai Sonata hood could be a recurrent 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine that could crank out 191 horsepower and 181 lb-ft. of torque, that will be changes of 6 hp and 3 lb-feet in comparison to the 2019 model’s base engine. Hyundai also desires 33 mpg constructed implementing this engine, which is getting a 4 mpg advancement mentioned before the 2.4-liter engine. A new 1.6-litter Smartstream turbocharged four-cylinder engine will experience 180 hp and 195 lb-feet. of torque using offering close to 31 mpg merged.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Interior and Exterior
As the first model to work with Hyundai’s new ‘Sensuous Sportiness’ design content, the 2023 Hyundai Sonata features an elevated but productive assortment of admittance approaches coupe-like body punctuated by stainless products which improve from the entrance aspect lighting fixtures to the property Microsoft windows consists of, as noticed on the unloved Hyundai i45.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Checking 45mm lengthier, 30mm lessen, 25mm increased and cycling on a 35mm much longer wheelbase, the recently made mid-size sedan also features a huge, fantastic-good quality and-specialist interior, amazing features which includes Secret solution Lighting Lamps, which convert chromic when aside of and lighted up when on. This will likely most likely possibly set it up effectively turning into an IIHS Top Safety Pick if the 2023 Sonata can full the automobile accident research.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Release Date And Price
With its important changes, we know no less than a tiny price hike following the most recent 2023 Hyundai Sonata pricing design, which sorts from $23,420 to $33,020.
2023 Hyundai Sonata Colors
- Calypso Red.
- Hampton Gray.
- Hyper White.
- Nocturne Black.
- Phantom Black.
- Portofino Gray.
- Quartz White.
- Shimmering Silver Pearl.
- Stormy Sea.


text:
PETTY SESSIONAL AREA OF SOUTH CHESHIRE
IN THE COUNTY OF CHESHIRE
SOUTH CHESHIRE MAGISTRATES COURT (1187)
COMPLAINANT: Cheshire East Borough Council
Summons Number: NUMBER
Complaint has today been laid by Cheshire East Borough Council that you, being liable to pay Council Tax to the said authority have not paid the amount due as shown below.
You are therefore summoned to appear before the Magistrates Court sitting at South Cheshire Magistrates Court, The Law Courts, Crewe, CW1 2DT at 11.00 am on Friday, 27 September 2013.
IF YOU AGREE THAT YOU OWE THE AMOUNT BELOW YOU DO NOT NEED TO ATTEND COURT
If you search the web there certainly seems to be a lot of controversy with regards to this sort of summons, also the Liability Order that follows this summons.
Period: 1 April 2013 – 31 March 2014 Mmmm!
Name: Fails to name the person concerned!
Address: Fails to state the address it relates to!
I find it very strange that even though this is a court summons (well that is what it says) there is no court seal or stamp, basically this could have been written by any monkey on a typewriter!
Signature on the document is just a squiggle (Monkey with a crayon?) it does not even bother to say who actually signed the document.
Conversation with the Court
I did actually ring the court concerned to ask about this summons. The lady replied, ” unfortunately we are not able to give you any information regarding this, as it has got nothing to do with the Court. The Council only are dealing with this, they hire a Court room for a day, so that all the cases can be heard at once. If you have any queries regarding this you will need to contact the council.”
So is this actually legal, if the court has nothing to do with it other than hire out a room?
You may also want to have a look at:
The trouble is that once a Liability Order has been issued, they are then passed over to bailiffs for collection!
Click on Image to Enlarge.

domain: law


text:
I’m trying to stay away from melancholy today, but then “Waltz #2 (XO)” comes on and I have to listen. I will always love this song. I will always want to hear this song. Yes, it makes me sad. Yes, it makes me cry. But, it also makes me feel less alone in this loneliness and loss, and that has to count for something.
Oh, Elliott, I sure do wish you were still alive and that we could have coffee, or whiskey, or both.
“Waltz #2 (XO)” by Elliott Smith
from the Album, XO (1998)
Song of the Day
“I’m never gonna know you now,
but I’m gonna love you anyhow.”
There is something within “Waltz #2 (XO)” that delves deep into my psyche, into the locked up parts of my head and heart, and circles around with the sadness that’s there right now. It’s not necessarily unwelcome, and it doesn’t really feel self-indulgently destructive to listen to. It emotionally cuts me up, though, and reminds me that there are so many stories untold within me. So many things I never got to say.

domain: psychology


text:
The former host stood down from her role on the hit show late last year after she was arrested and charged with assault by beating.
ITV producers said at the time the door was always open for her to return, but the star is alleged to have told pals she felt "cast out".
A source told the Sun: "She went from hosting one of the most popular shows on TV to being effectively cast out. It was crushing.
'Whatever she said publicly, she told those close to her that she had in effect been sacked. She hadn't been found guilty of anything and didn't deserve to have her career ripped from her the way that she felt it had been."
After her arrest, and prior to her court hearing on 23 December, Flack, 40, released a statement on her Instagram explaining she would not be taking part in the winter series.
Despite the claims, just last month commissioning editor Amanda Stavri said: "We are in constant contact and the door is open."
Tragic Caroline was found dead at her new flat in East London on Saturday after taking her own life.
The TV star is thought to have been found by a friend who had been staying with her but popped out to the shops.
Police were made aware of "concerns for welfare" at the apartment in Stoke Newington just after 2.30pm yesterday (Saturday February 15) and she was found "unresponsive" inside.
Flack, 40, stepped down from presenting the current Love Island show after she was alleged to have assaulted Lewis Burton 27, at her then flat in Islington, north London, in December.
She entered a not guilty plea to the assault charge at Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court and she was released on bail, with conditions that stopped her having any contact with Burton ahead of a trial in March.
Last December, Caroline was involved in an alleged incident with Lewis at her Islington flat. Police were called following complaints of a "domestic disturbance".
In a statement released on Saturday night her management company criticised the Crown Prosecution Service for pressing ahead with what it called her "show trial" even after her boyfriend said he did not support it.
Francis Ridley of Money Talent Management, said: "In recent months Caroline had been under huge pressure because of an ongoing case and potential trial which has been well reported.
"The Crown Prosecution Service pursued this when they knew not only how very vulnerable Caroline was but also that the alleged victim did not support the prosecution and had disputed the CPS version of events.
"The CPS should look at themselves today and how they pursued a show trial that was not only without merit but not in the public interest. And ultimately resulted in significant distress to Caroline."
For emotional support you can call the Samaritans 24-hour helpline on 116 123, email email@example.com, visit a Samaritans branch in person or go to the Samaritans website.
Star Online has contacted ITV for comment.


text:
“An ungovernable France”, “an unprecedented deadlock situation”, “an institutional impasse”… the day after legislative elections marked by massive abstention (53.77% nationally. More than 70% of 18-24 year olds) and by the entry of 89 deputies from the National Rally (RN) on the benches of the new Assembly, the President of the Republic does not obtain an absolute majority in Parliament after his election.
We are convinced that the institutional upheaval we are experiencing today constitutes a tremendous opportunity to finally seriously open the democratic field, in order to transform our institutions in depth, towards a new, more participative method of government. There are many solutions to improve the functioning of our political system: proportional representation, recognition of the blank vote, majority judgment ballot, citizens’ initiative referendum (RIC), structural financing of democratic innovation, generalization of civic service to train young people active citizens, institutionalization of citizens’ conventions…
A citizens’ convention and a referendum
In recent months, many organizations have selected the most relevant proposals, brought together in a “democratic pact”. Candidates for the presidential election have been offered [par la coalition d’associations et d’ONG Démocratie ouverte] to sign it. More recently, a citizen summit, the #G500, was organized in Marseille [les 3 et 4 juin], resulting in proposals to bring citizens into the functioning of our democracy.
On the political side, the great forces are also asking for such a democratic refoundation, whether through a citizens’ convention to reform our institutions, followed by a referendum (socialists and ecologists), through a Constituent (“rebellious”) or through a conference of parties and a “national council for refoundation” (Together!). A political and citizen consensus seems to be emerging on the subject, and events are pushing to quickly initiate such a reform, but it is important not to get the method wrong.
A three-step method
Rethinking the political functioning of a nation is a major challenge, which requires a robust method. It is essential that all the actors concerned be present around the table: the major political forces of course, but also the actors of organized civil society, local elected officials and above all those most concerned: the citizens!
You have 63.16% of this article left to read. The following is for subscribers only.

domain: sociology


April 9, 2019
By Foo Yun Chee
BRUSSELS (Reuters) – Telecoms lobbying group GSMA stepped up pressure on Tuesday on EU lawmakers to reject a European Commission push for a wifi-based standard for cars, saying that it was an old technology that would not reduce road accidents.
The issue has divided the auto and tech industries and spawned fierce lobbying from both sides eyeing a share of a potentially lucrative market for internet-connected cars.
The critique from GSMA, whose members include Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Vodafone and AT&T, came ahead of a make-or-break vote at the European Parliament next week.
A key committee of EU lawmakers on Monday rejected the Commission’s proposal.
The Commission’s preference for the wifi-based ITS-G5 has won backing from Volkswagen and Renault .
GSMA, together with Daimler , Ford , PSA Group, Qualcomm and Samsung , endorse a rival 5G standard.
The Commission’s decision will impact makers of telecoms companies providing the equipment for high-speed networks.
ITS-G5 wifi-based technology primarily connects cars to other cars.
The rival fifth generation, or 5G, standard hooks up to both cars and devices in the surrounding environment, with a wider range of applications in areas such as entertainment, traffic data and general navigation where data speeds or signal failure are less of an issue.
However companies have not publicly argued in detail that one technology is better than the other, instead focusing on costs and what they are best placed to deliver.
Mats Granryd, GSMA’s director general, wrote in a letter to Parliament that the Commission proposal would not improve road safety.
“This wifi standard was developed over a decade ago for the ITS-G5 framework. Despite being ready for many years, it has seen very little commercial deployment so far,” he said.
Granryd said that the alternative 5G was already commercially available globally since last year and gaining popularity as the standard for short- and long-range communications, with BMW, PSA and Ford ready to roll out 5G-equipped cars.
A majority of EU lawmakers would need to block the Commission’s plan. The next hurdle would be the European Council where a blocking majority would also be required to overturn the proposal.
(Reporting by Foo Yun Chee; Editing by Robin Emmott and Frances Kerry)


text:
I have been knitting! I have now made almost 3 versions of this simple but nice Mira’s Cowl Pattern. It is a perfect knitting project for watching tv, because it is so easy.
Here’s one version I made in Madelinetosh light:
I have a second one I finished that is a gift, so I won’t post it yet! Here is the third one I am making for myself out of some old Jo Sharp Silkroad DK tweed that I reclaimed from my first (failed) sweater project.
I got some yarn for the holidays from my husband! This is Rhichard Devrieze yarn in the Hot Flushes colorway:
I spent today on a super secret cross stitch I will be posting about later 🙂
Here are a couple ways to get codes for free ravelry pattern downloads from a couple knitwear designers, by signing up for their newsletters in January!
I got yarn for Christmas!
Some Madelinetosh Merino Light:
And some Brooklyn Tweed Shelter:
I’m working on a secret project for my Stitch N Bitch group’s anniversary party. We all knit something and swap projects! I’ve gotten an awesome cowl and some great slippers in previous swaps.
My kids both requested scarves, so I’m working on finishing up one. Just a very simple striped scarf. I have a bit more to do with this, then one more to go!
I finished a scarf/shawl thing. It is too bad it is going to be too hot to wear it for many many weeks.
It is a Color Affection made of Wollmeise, and it is awesome! I love that yarn.
I love it so much I bought some more!
These are We’re Different skeins – slightly off standard versions of the Suzanne and Verhext und Verratzt. The Verhext und Verratzt WD might be my favorite skein of Wollmeise yet. I love the purples!
Speaking of purple things, I’ve been cheating on my knitting by working on an Amethyst Princess of Gemworld cross stitch project. Here you can see Prince Topaz and Lady Turquoise, along with a headless, bisected Prince Garnet:
I keep meaning to document more of my knitting and I always end up forgetting to take pictures and update Ravelry. Here’s a summary of some of my recent knitting projects.
Big Boy Blankets – I made my kids some baby blankets out of some “superwash” wool that ended up felting so much I threw one away and have one nice felted wool bathmat. So I made them some new blankets, out of some acrylic/wool blend yarn that will hopefully not have the felting issue:
And here is the other one:
I can’t get a full shot of these as I don’t feel like standing on a chair. They aren’t super-big, definitely enough for a throw for a five year old but too small to actually use as a bedspread on a twin size bed. I could have made them larger, but the people I was making them for requested that I stop because they wanted their blankets done 🙂
I made a hat! Margene gifted me with the nice yarn (which I think was a nifty manos silk/wool blend) in a destash! This was the free Mairead hat pattern and it was quick and fun to knit.
Some projects in progress:
I’m going to finally be done with my Color Affection fairly soon.
This is made with some of the Wollmeise from my stash, it is always nice to find a great pattern to highlight some lovely yarn.
And because Cheryl spent some time contemplating and discussing Entrelac before making this scarf, I started thinking about another Entrelac project too.
I have 3 skeins of this semi-crazy Koigu colorway, and am going to slowly stripe in some slightly more subtle Koigu once I get beyond the halfway point. We’ll see how that turns out. This is my lighter-weight mindless at home knitting project, now that those blankets are done. I should learn how to knit backwards with this project, but I don’t really mind turning all that much.
I’ve been meaning to post more about knitting projects here, but I tend to be so busy that I rarely remember to document what I’ve done. But here is some holiday related knitting!
What we have here are a couple simple mistake rib scarves for my kids, the orange and blue objects. This is yarn that they picked out at my LYS when they announced that they wanted to knit. I figured they would try it out a little bit and lose interest and I would just end up making something for them with the yarn that they chose, and that is exactly what happened. Unfortunately I wasn’t paying attention to the yarn they were grabbing and they ended up picking out a wool mohair blend. I’m slightly allergic to mohair, but I managed to tough it out and make the scarves.
There’s also a grey slouchy hat that is a gift for someone in a Secret Santa exchange. The red wrap in the background is a project that I’m trying to finish in the next few days.
My husband was nice and took me yarn shopping on the last day of Hanukkah to Fine Points here in Ohio. There is a bunch of yarn crammed into a small space in the store. There were some novelty yarns, but also habu kits, Rowan, Jo Sharp, Noro, Madelinetosh, Debbie Bliss, Alchemy, and a ton of Claudia Hand Painted yarn. This is what I got:
A couple skeins of Tosh Chunky in Black Current. I have some sort of problem with Madelinetosh and purples, in that I have a hard time not buying it. One Zauberball in a mix of greens and black. Also, a couple skeins of Koigu. Overall a very nice unexpected last day of Hanukkah present!
Before summer I finished this Pop Block (pattern from Knitty) out of some great Madelinetosh yarn.
I was even able to wear it a bit in the spring when we had some unseasonably cold weather. Now it is well into the 90s in Utah.
I started Stripe Study in the winter and put it aside. But I recently finished it and am happy with how it came out too. I had to crop this image somewhat because of all the little boy socks that were on the floor, but you get the general idea.
The short rows in this pattern end up creating an interesting asymmetrical shawl. I am planning on making color affection next, but I think I need a break from interesting garter stitch projects by Veera Välimäki, since I’ve knit two projects from her in a row.
So I have decided that considering all the sock yarn I have, I should actually make a second pair of socks. I’m going to knit the infamous Monkey socks by Cookie A. I’m going to knit them using some Dream in Color Smooshy yarn I happened to have on hand, in the Pansy Go Lightly colorway, which is a nice mix of blues, purples, and a tiny bit of green.
I’ve also been working on some very simple log cabin blankets at home. These are my brain dead TV watching knitting projects.
And I bought a bit more Wollmeise:
I made a 3 hats (one each for my husband and kids)
I couldn’t find the red one I made, so imagine that is there 🙂
This was a simple ribbed hat pattern from Ravelry.
When knitting for myself, I am going through a Madelinetosh/Veera Välimäki phase right now.
I started Different Lines a little while ago, but it is on a bit of a hiatus because I’ve been a bit sick and brain dead and can’t seem to manage the very simple amount of counting necessary for this shawl.
Will get back to it when my brain fog has lifted though.
Yarn for this is Tosh Sock in Byzantine and Tern.
As soon as I saw Pop Block in the Winter Knitty I knew I would make it. I scored a bunch of Tosh DK in Duchess (a nice variegated purple) from Webs recently. I’m almost finished with the first section of pleats.
If you happen to be sitting around your house lacking energy to do much but knit garter stitch and marathon Vampire Diaries, I highly recommend this pattern. This wrap is ridiculously easy to make, but I think the asymmetric pleating will look very cool and it is the type of thing that I can picture myself wearing all the time when it is done. Now that I see how easy it is to make these garter stitch pleats, I might experiment with them on some other type of garment.
Now I’m going to spend the rest of the afternoon winding yarn and finding out how Stefan and Damon are going to prevent Elena from being killed again.
There are so many Snarky Vampires, Werewolves, Witches, and dying campers in Mystic Falls, I’m not sure how any normal humans manage to live there.
I actually finished a project just in time for the cooler weather!
This is the second Clockwork that I’ve knit, I gave the first one away to my Mom.
I really like the open circle shape of this scarf. I made it with 4 balls of koigu.
I had the multicolored red and purple yarn in my stash and thought the bright blue would go with it well.
I tend to go through waves with yarn brand obsession.
Right now I think I would be happy if I was limited to buying Madelinetosh and Wollmeise for the rest of my life, but I went through a major Koigu phase when I first started knitting.
So I was happy when I realized that I had the reddish Koigu when I thought about making another Clockwork for myself.
Here is my next project, I haven’t cast on yet.
Madelinetosh sock in Byzantine and Tern is going to be used for….
And not surprisingly a leetle bit more Wollmeise somehow made it into my house recently.
A nice purple, ein klein wenig verrucht, and 2 skeins of rattenscharf.
I might have a tiny bit of a problem with getting too many skeins of reddish Wollmeise, but it is just too vibrant to pass up.
I finished up a couple projects recently.
A Citron in Madelinetosh Prairie Lace yarn, I think the color is blackcurrant.
This was basically my main summer knitting project.
Easy pattern, but it does get a little tedious towards the end.
Looking forward to actually wearing it when it gets colder.
I also made yet another cowl out of Socks That Rock Raven Clan sock yarn (which means I have none left in my stash, so I’m feeling a little bereft).
This was an improvised pattern.
I have been selling some of my manga to clear out some space and using the money to buy more Wollmeise, which I think is an entirely logical thing to do.
This is what I’ve gotten recently:
3 skeins 0-Rh-negativ and 1 PB.
I really want to get some of the matching multicolor for 0-Rh-negativ, which is the vampirific Fledermaus – a mix of grey and red.
1 Cassis WD and 1 Madame Souris WD.
This was from a purple semi-solid grab bag, and I was quite happy to get these colors.
I had a Madame Souris before and used it to make a sockweight Clapotis. I like the color, so I’m happy to get another skein.
I generally only knit for close friends, family, and people who I’ve written a book with. Since I have a limited amount of time to knit I generally only knit projects for myself. But it is fun to figure out how to make something new, which I did when Dave asked me to make a Space Cabby scarf for him. Since Dave is the world’s foremost Space Cabby fan and I obviously love Amethyst Princess of Gemworld, I feel we share being placed in a similar position of linking comic book characters who are so obscure that there will never be any licensed merchandise produced for them. So there’s not much else to do than make it yourself! Dave described the scarf he had in mind, and sent me a rough drawing of what he wanted it to look like.
This scarf was knit simply, but I had to do the bow tie in intarsia which was a knitting technique I hadn’t tried before. You can see Dave modeling his Space Cabby scarf here.


To which project that prefix will set is to private project or public project or both?how and where to set?
Can u provided all the dues date and depositing date which are used in general manner or Income tax..
For crude application in floating roof tank, how to calibrate a DP Transmitter? How is the floating roof weight considered?
How is operate breaker failure scheme in substation
how to calculate load bearing column
What happen when too much cylinder oil is injected in the working cylinder?
How we write a java script using RFT for the below scenario iam having dropdown list COUNTRY(it contains india,us,uk...) once we select the india in that list it will open the corresponding states in STATES dropdown list. i would like to change those values dynamically... can u pls send me the coding....
hi frnds...pls send me aptransco previous papers .....pls..pls,,,(email@example.com)and suggest me some websites
Explain the benefits of using standard terminology in the measurement process?(Tendering and estimation)
how will load the object during runtime?
Are Namenode and job tracker on the same host?
could u plz send me a sample placement paper for hpcl trainee engg exam..(electronics& telecommunication stream)...thnku firstname.lastname@example.org
what is the difference between Test-bed and test topology?
What is servo motor? what is its purpose?
I am Planning to Contruct a floor appartment on my own thro a Contractor . How to estimate the Constrction Cost , to negociate with the Contractor.


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Students should have been invited to join their new S3 Geography Class Team so work will no longer be posted on here. If you can’t access your class Team please email Mr Ferriman at email@example.com.
Work for week beginning 18 May
This week we will be looking at the activities you can do in Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park and you will be making an advertisement for one of your choice. This could be a short video advert/animation or you could design a poster or leaflet instead. Feel free to be as creative as you like with this project!
Work your way through the PowerPoint, the instructions are all on there: Lesson 4
- The name of your activity
- A description of what exactly it is
- A rough guide to the cost
- A rough guide of how long it would take
- The reasons why it would be good to do the activity (try to be persuasive!)
Completed adverts should be emailed to you Geography teacher.
Work for week beginning 04 May and 11 May
We are starting a new unit on Rural Land Use Conflicts.


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Realistic headphones with music and cable
Once you download Realistic headphones with music and cable Stock Vector in .eps or .ai file format, you will need vector editing software, such as Adobe Illustrator to be able to open and modify the file.
- Your cart is empty.
|Release date:||April 23, 2015|
|Last updated:||April 3, 2015|
|Product type:||Vector Graphic|
|File format:||Zip, EPS, JPEG|
|File size:||943 KB|
|Price:||$5.00 – $38.00 USD|

domain: artistic


Braeger Chevy helped make these videos
We are still working to obtain content for your car, however the video above is believed to have similar characteristics as your car.
The engine in your 2006 Mazda 6 should be running when you perform a transmission fluid level check, otherwise it will be inaccurate. The video above shows where the transmission fluid dipstick is located in your 6 and how to check the transmission fluid level. If the transmission fluid level in your 6 is low, you need to add transmission fluid through the dipstick tube. When adding transmission fluid to your 6, be sure to add it slowly as it will fill up quickly and is difficult to remove excess fluid if you overfill.
If you are having problems with the transmission in your 6, such as clunky shifting or hesitation, check the fluid level first - it is amazing how many drivers pay thousands of dollars for transmission work when a half quart of transmission fluid would have fixed the problem.
Because you have to start somewhere2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)
Transmissions that leak fluid usually have never been flushed and the seal is finally leaking. The right stop leak product can cure a lot2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)
Odd electrical problems that come out of nowhere can often signify a blown engine fuse - check and change yours here!2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)
There's no reason to check the washer fluid level without adding some - see how to do it here!2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)
Flushing the coolant in your car is not that hard and will extend the life of your engine tremendously - learn how here!2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)
Dirty cabin air filter cause undue wear on your car's heater and AC and can cause bad odors2006 Mazda 6 i 2.3L 4 Cyl. Sedan (4 Door)


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WESTLAKE DISTRICT (CBSLA) – One of Southern California’s most legendary fast food chains is marking its 73rd year in business by offering its fans an incredible deal.
All day Wednesday, Original Tommy’s will be serving up 73-cent hamburgers at all its locations.
The chain said the offer will run from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. There’s a limit of five hamburgers per order.
Original Tommy’s opened its first location in 1946 at Beverly and South Rampart boulevards in the Westlake District. Since then, it has expanded to 30 locations across Southern California and another three in Nevada.

domain: food


text: Welcome to Art is the Weapon. I’m a visual effects artist and a graphic designer and web designer too! I edit videos, composite, create effects (dynamics and particles), and 3D model. I design logos, websites, flyers, products and more. For fun, I make drawings digitally. Feel free to browse around and view my work.


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- By sahlhealth
- May 18, 2021
- 16 views
Wheat allergy is an allergic reaction to foods containing wheat. Allergic reactions can be caused by eating wheat, but also, in some cases, by inhaling wheat flour.
Avoiding wheat is the primary treatment for wheat allergy, but that isn’t always as easy as it sounds. Wheat is found in many foods, including some you might not suspect, such as soy sauce, ice cream and hot dogs. Medications may be necessary to manage allergic reactions if you accidentally eat wheat.Wheat allergy sometimes is confused with celiac disease, but these conditions differ. Wheat allergy occurs when your body produces antibodies to proteins found in wheat. In celiac disease, a specific protein in wheat â€” gluten â€” causes a different kind of abnormal immune system reaction.
-A child or adult with wheat allergy is likely to develop signs and symptoms within minutes to hours after eating something containing wheat.
Wheat allergy symptoms include:
- Swelling, itching or irritation of the mouth or throat
- Hives, itchy rash or swelling of the skin
- Nasal congestion
- Difficulty breathing
- Cramps, nausea or vomiting
-For some people, wheat allergy may cause a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. In addition to other signs and symptoms of wheat allergy, anaphylaxis may cause:
- Swelling or tightness of the throat
- Chest pain or tightness
- Severe difficulty breathing
- Trouble swallowing
- Pale, blue skin color
- Dizziness or fainting
-A physical exam, detailed medical history and some tests will help your doctor make a diagnosis. Tests or diagnostic tools may include:
- Skin test. Tiny drops of purified allergen extracts â€” including extracts for wheat proteins â€” are pricked onto your skin's surface, either on your forearm or upper back. After 15 minutes, your doctor or nurse looks for signs of allergic reactions.If you develop a red, itchy bump where the wheat protein extract was pricked onto your skin, you may be allergic to wheat. The most common side effect of these skin tests is itching and redness.
- Blood test. If a skin condition or possible interactions with certain medications prevent you from having a skin test, your doctor may order a blood test that screens for specific allergy-causing antibodies to common allergens, including wheat proteins.
- Food diary. Your doctor may ask you to keep a detailed record of what and when you eat and when symptoms develop for a time.
- Elimination diet. Your doctor may recommend that you remove certain foods from your diet, particularly those that are common allergens. Under your doctor's direction, you will gradually add foods back and note when symptoms return.
- Food challenge testing. You eat food suspected of being the allergy-causing agent while being monitored for allergy symptoms. Under supervision, you begin with a small amount of the food and gradually increase the amount you consume.
-Avoiding wheat proteins is the best treatment for wheat allergy. Because wheat proteins appear in so many prepared foods, read product labels carefully.
- Antihistamines may reduce signs and symptoms of minor wheat allergies. These drugs can be taken after exposure to wheat to control your reaction and help relieve discomfort. Ask your doctor if a prescription or over-the-counter allergy drug is appropriate for you.
- Epinephrine is an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis. If you're at risk of having a severe reaction to wheat, you may need to carry two injectable doses of epinephrine (EpiPen, Adrenaclick, others) with you at all times. A second pen is recommended for people at high risk of life-threatening anaphylaxis in case anaphylactic symptoms return before emergency care is available.
-Emergency medical care is essential for anyone who has an anaphylactic reaction to wheat, even after receiving an injection of epinephrine. Call 911 or your local emergency number as soon as possible.
Potential future treatments
-Scientists are working on several types of immunotherapy to treat food allergies. Immunotherapy exposes you to small amounts of the allergic substance and then increases that exposure over time. The hope is that your body will become desensitized to the allergen, and you'll have fewer or no symptoms.
*Several small clinical trials have been done on an oral form of immunotherapy for wheat allergy that showed reduced allergy symptoms. More research is needed, however.
-If you have wheat allergy, exposure to a wheat protein primes your immune system for an allergic reaction. You can develop an allergy to any of the four classes of wheat proteins â€” albumin, globulin, gliadin and gluten.
Sources of wheat proteins
-Some sources of wheat proteins are obvious, such as bread, but all wheat proteins â€” and gluten in particular â€” can be found in many prepared foods and even in some cosmetics, bath products and play dough. Foods that may include wheat proteins include:
- Breads and bread crumbs
- Cakes and muffins
- Breakfast cereals
- Hydrolyzed vegetable protein
- Soy sauce
- Meat products, such as hot dogs or cold cuts
- Dairy products, such as ice cream
- Natural flavorings
- Gelatinized starch
- Modified food starch
- Vegetable gum
-If you have wheat allergy, it's possible you might also be allergic to barley, oats and rye. Unless you're allergic to grains other than wheat, though, the recommended wheat-free diet is less restrictive than a gluten-free diet.
Wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis
-Some people with wheat allergy develop symptoms only if they exercise within a few hours after eating wheat. Exercise-induced changes in your body either trigger an allergic reaction or worsen an immune system response to a wheat protein. This condition usually results in life-threatening anaphylaxis.
-Certain factors may put you at greater risk of developing wheat allergy:
- Family history. You're at increased risk of allergy to wheat or other foods if your parents have food allergies or other allergies, such as hay fever.
- Age. Wheat allergy is most common in babies and toddlers, who have immature immune and digestive systems. Most children outgrow wheat allergy by 16, but adults can develop it, often as a cross-sensitivity to grass pollen.


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30 ml (2 tbsp) olive oil
2 red onions, chopped
250g (8.8 oz.) cherry tomatoes, halved
Salt and ground black pepper to taste
2 x 400g (14oz.) tins of chickpeas, drained and rinsed
250 ml (1 cup) PEPPADEW® Mild Piquanté Pepper Relish
A large handful of fresh coriander leaves
125 ml (1/2 cup) feta cheese, roughly chopped
Heat the olive oil in a large saucepan and add the onion. Sauté for about 5 minutes until softened.
Add the cherry tomatoes and season with salt and ground black pepper. Cook for a few minutes.
Add the chickpeas and PEPPADEW® Mild Piquanté Pepper Relish. Simmer gently for about 10 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Correct the seasoning and serve in bowls topped with the fresh coriander and feta cheese.


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When it comes to realistic draw, scale is something that can become very frustrating very promptly. Using mathematics to understand how big your shapes should be on the spur of the moment turns a relax art seance into a complicated mess of measurements. But, with technology these days, scale drawing doesn ’ thymine have to be so unmanageable .
Drawing to scale is when objects and shapes are drawn in proportion to each other by reducing or enlarging them to a specific scale that’s determined by dividing the length of the real life object and the length of the paper. The scale is shown as a ratio; 10:1, for example.
rather of doing the mathematics of scale draw by hand, there are some great apps that can do all of the difficult work for you. Let ’ s dive into how scale works and the ways that these apps can help you.
How Do You Draw Something to Scale?
To draw something to scale, you need to determine how big one object is in sexual intercourse to another .
For exemplar, let ’ s say that my office can fit 10 desks in it. The scale would be 1 agency to 10 desks or, 10:1. immediately, let ’ s say that I want to draw a word picture of my office to scale. If I know that 10 desks fit in my position and I decide that my entire objet d’art of paper will represent the size of my office, the draw of my desk should take up 1/10 of the size of the paper. Basically, I should be able to draw 10 equal size desks within my “ office-sized ” nibble of paper. That ’ sulfur scaling .
Simplifying everything, a ratio of 1:10 means that there is 1 agency for every 10 desks. When working with actual measurements, scaling can get more complicate. Let ’ s say that the actual length of my office is 20 feet and my desk is 2 feet. My paper is 1 foot. To make it easier, let ’ s convert everything to inches. 240 edge function, 24 column inch desk, 12 column inch composition .
Remember that I want the size of my office to be the size of my wallpaper, so I divide the actual size of my position by the size of my composition : 240/12=20 inches. This gives us a ratio of 1:20, which means that every inch of my drawing represents 20 inches in real life. then, if my desk in real animation is 24 inches, I want it to be a little over an column inch in my draw to make it look to scale ( generator ) .
even though you ’ re probably having a bang-up clock with all of this mathematics, if you ’ re a digital artist, engineering has given us some easy ways to forget about the calculations and mechanically draw to scale. here are some great choices for apps that can do scale drawings .
As a note, many of these apps are geared towards architects since architects do then a lot work with scale. Imagine a construction where the door is the size of the first deck. Feel free to get creative with them though and branch out from drawings of buildings .
1) Arrette Sketch
What I absolutely love about Arrette Sketch is that it was designed with artists and hobbyists in mind. technically, it ’ sulfur barely a basic adaptation of their more building complex course of study, Arrette Scale, but it gets the caper done for an artist who doesn ’ deoxythymidine monophosphate motivation to use their draw to go build an actual build. Arrette Sketch lets artists use their iPads to draw freehand, all while keeping the scale and measurements in proportion. The Arrette Sketch edition is completely exempt, so it ’ second worth experimenting with .
Arrette does have an app specifically for architects and urban planners called Arrette Scale which can be used with the iPad for $ 8.99. Differing from Arrette Sketch, Arrette Scale has more precise measurement and edge tools. It besides lets you export your sour as a PDF, which their Sketch version doesn ’ thymine do. Scale is much more gear to non-artist designers who need a running broadcast for understanding and crafting buildings .
ArchiSketch is another free app, with a paid ascent, that makes it easy to draw to scale. in the first place designed for architects and designers, this app can be truly utilitarian for artists a well .
What I particularly love about ArchiSketch is that it lets you import the drawings you have already done. I don ’ thyroxine know about you, but there are times when I freehand a trace and, for the life of me, I can ’ t human body out why the size is wrong. With ArchiSketch, simply import it and use the guides and measurements to see where you went wrong .
An authoritative perk up of ArchiSketch is that they have a great collection of support videos and tutorials to help you learn the plan and make the most of it. Learning new programs can have a steep memorize crook, so getting some bridge player holding can be invaluable. They besides have a reaction defend team so you can quickly get a hold of person via electronic mail if you get stuck .
ArchiSketch from Open Screen Ltd on Vimeo .
Concepts does have a scale sport, but is designed to do much more. Use it to draw objects and buildings to scale, pilfer art, doodles, or even just handwritten notes. The capabilities of the app are pretty amazing .
While Concepts is exempt, they have a Pay-As-You-Go model for brushes, object packs, and exporting in respective forms. It ’ s probable you ’ ll need to pay for something at some bespeak if you fall in sexual love with this app and want to use it for everything it offers. That said, it ’ south worth it to try the exempt translation and see if a sexual love matter blooms .
4) Morpholio Trace
As the name implies, Morpholio Trace lets you, well, trace. This app is amazing for importing a mental picture or sketch of a building or object to work off of. Once your photograph is imported, the “ paper ” in the app can be moved around like veridical tracing paper. All the while, you ’ re drawing in position with their vanishing points and using their grids to make sure everything is to scale. Add to it a great palette of colors and you ’ re on your way to a great draft .
While Morpholio Trace is capital at tracing, you can besides start a draft from scratch and use all of their quantify and scaling tools without starting with a photograph reference. It ’ sulfur amaze to watch how lines snap into place .
Have you ever thought about bringing your drawings to biography in 3D ? SketchUp is an on-line 3D design software that lets you build 3D creations. To be clean, this veers away from drawing, as you ’ ll be using your computer or laptop. That said, this is such a neat program for drawing 3D objects to scale that it was deserving mention .
even though you won ’ thyroxine be drawing by hand with SketchUp, there is a batch you can learn about scale and perspective from 3D modeling. Playing around with this program will teach you how objects relate to each other and how you need to size them in order for them to look naturalistic. Working with SketchUp is not only fun, but can be a well educational cock for learning how scaling works .
Drawing to plate is something that takes a fortune of practice. In the begin, it can besides take a potent abdomen for mathematics and calculations. That said, the drawing apps we ’ ve talked about can be a big aid with throwing the mathematics aside and enjoying the artwork. Let the apps do all of the slippery mathematics bring !
Using these apps can besides be a great way to get familiar with scale and perspective. A distribute of art has to do with intuition and muscle memory. After using these apps for a period of time, you ’ ll originate to build a natural sense for how objects should be sized .
As you draw, you ’ ll notice how and where things went wrong and better understand how to fix them. then, evening if you don ’ triiodothyronine want to marry these apps and use them for the remainder of your art career, they can be a boastful character of your learning process .
Given that most of them are free, download a few of them and give them a test. You may actually start to find that scale is fun ! At the very least, you ’ ll find that your drawing biography is much easier. Scaling can be a truly thwart process, but these apps take all of that frustration off. If you struggle with scale, use one of these apps as a eruditeness opportunity .
overtime, you ’ ll get more comfortable with the basic concepts and be able to use the app less and less. Or, you ’ ll love these apps so much and never want to give them up !
Diana has been an artist for over 25 years and has aim in drawing, painting, digital draw and graphic design. Diana ’ s latest compulsion is digitally drawing with Procreate and creating jersey designs with Canva. Diana has experience selling her artwork across a number of platforms and loves helping other artists learn how to make money from their artwork as well .


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Radiation is a common tool in the treatment of brain tumors that induces neurological deficits as a side effect. Some of these deficits appear to be related to the impact of radiation on the neurogenic niches, producing a drastic decrease in the proliferative capacity of these regions. In the adult mammalian brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles is the main neurogenic niche. Neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) within the SVZ play an important role in brain repair following injuries. However, the irradiated NSCs' ability to respond to damage has not been previously elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of localized radiation on the SVZ ability to respond to a lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the striatum. We demonstrated that the proliferation rate of the irradiated SVZ was increased after brain damage and that residual NSCs were reactivated. The irradiated SVZ had an expansion of doublecortin positive cells that appeared to migrate from the lateral ventricles toward the demyelinated striatum, where newly generated oligodendrocytes were found. In addition, in the absence of demyelinating damage, remaining cells in the irradiated SVZ appeared to repopulate the neurogenic niche a year post-radiation. These findings support the hypothesis that NSCs are radioresistant and can respond to a brain injury, recovering the neurogenic niche. A more complete understanding of the effects that localized radiation has on the SVZ may lead to improvement of the current protocols used in the radiotherapy of cancer. Stem Cells2014;32:59–69
Radiation therapy is one of the most widely used therapies for brain tumor patients [1, 2]. Side effects of brain tumor radiotherapy frequently include neurological deficits of clinical relevance, such as cognitive and psychological dysfunction [3-5]. These effects are largely due to the impossibility to circumvent the normal brain, specifically the neurogenic niches, during radiation [6-8]. In the adult mammalian brain, including humans, the subventricular zone (SVZ) constitutes the main neurogenic niche [9, 10]. This area serves as a source of neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) with the ability to proliferate and differentiate into astrocytes, neurons, or oligodendrocytes [11-15]. In the SVZ, NSCs correspond to a subset of astrocytes called type B1 cells that retain an apical contact with the ventricle [16, 17]. NSCs proliferate and give rise to intermediate progenitors (type C cells), which in turn generate neuroblasts (type A cells) . From the SVZ, neuroblasts migrate tangentially through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into mature neurons [19, 20]. Additionally, a small subset of NSCs generates oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which migrate radially to periventricular areas such as the corpus callosum, septum, or striatum and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes [14, 21, 22]. Besides supporting constitutive neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, the SVZ has the ability to respond to brain damage by activating repair mechanisms [23-28]. For instance, after a stroke and demyelinating damage, new cells are generated and mobilized from the SVZ to the site of the injury, where they differentiate into neurons and myelinating oligodendrocytes, respectively [14, 21, 24, 26, 29-33].
It is well-established that radiation depletes the cell populations in the SVZ and reduces its proliferative and neurogenic capacity [34-36]. Using a novel small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) that more accurately reproduces human radiotherapy [37-40], our group recently demonstrated that a subset of NSCs is maintained in the locally irradiated SVZ of adult mice . However, the functionality of these NSCs and their ability to respond to subsequent brain damage has not yet been investigated. In this study, we assessed the capacity of the localized irradiated SVZ to respond to a demyelinating brain lesion induced by lysolecithin (Lys) injection. Our results indicate that the remaining NSCs within the SVZ can actively respond to the injury despite radiation. Following Lys injection, the neuroblasts expanded from the irradiated SVZ toward the lesion site, forming migratory chain-like structures. The injured hemisphere displayed an increase in the number of newly generated cells, which frequently express the early-stage oligodendrocyte marker Olig2. In addition, we found that, in the absence of a demyelinating damage, the remaining cells from the locally irradiated SVZ are able to repopulate the neurogenic niche a year after radiation.
Since a complete irradiation of the brain disrupts the environment by altering either the production of growth factors or the integrity of blood vessels [41-43], it is important to target the SVZ specifically, without affecting the neighboring brain parenchyma. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes the capacity of the SVZ to respond to brain damage following localized radiation by specifically targeting the SVZ. The detailed understanding of the effects that radiation has on the neurogenic niches may lead to the development of new strategies to minimize radiotherapy-related effects in patients requiring brain radiation.
Materials and Methods
The animals used in this study were 2-month-old C57BL/6 male mice from the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute on Aging (Baltimore, MD). All the animals (n = 39) were housed under a 12-hour light/dark cycle with food and water available ad libitum (see Supporting Information Table S1 for experimental groups information). All experiments described were performed with the approval of the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee under standard animal care and use protocols.
Localized Brain Irradiation
Radiation was delivered to the mice using the SARRP, a precision radiation device based on computed tomography (CT) images [36-39]. Radiation co-ordinates to target the SVZ were established by visualizing the ventricles via iodine-contrasted CT scan, as described previously by our group [37, 39]. Mice were anesthetized with an injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine via intraperitoneal. Then, a single dose of 10 Gy was delivered using computed tomography-based tissue visualization. A radiation beam of 3 mm × 3 mm was used to target the right SVZ, while the left brain structures served as controls. We have previously demonstrated the specific targeting of the mouse SVZ by immunostaining against the phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), a marker of DNA double-strand breaks [38, 39]. Radiation effects were first evaluated at 30 days after radiation delivery. For the model combining radiation and Lys injection, animals were euthanized 60 days after radiation. For the long-term survival model, animals were euthanized a year post-radiation.
Demyelination of the striatum was induced by injecting Lys (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com), as described previously . A volume of 0.5 µL of 1% Lys in 0.9% sodium chloride was injected into the right striatum (coordinates L 1.5, A 0.8, D 3.3 relative to bregma). A group of animals was injected with 0.9% saline to serve as control for the intracranial injection. Lys effects were first evaluated at different time points (0, 3, 15, and 30 days). For the model combining radiation and Lys injection, animals were euthanized 30 days after Lys treatment.
Administration of BrdU
To label the dividing cells after irradiation, we used the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (Sigma-Aldrich). Prior to Lys-treatment, animals received four intraperitoneal injections of BrdU (50 mg/kg b.wt.), separated by 2 hours, and were sacrificed 31 days after. This protocol allowed to label the subset of cells that were proliferating after radiation delivery, as well as a portion of the cells that were generated in response to local brain damage.
Brain Tissue Fixation
Animals were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine + 10 mg/kg xylazine. Then, mice were subjected to an intracardiac perfusion using a peristaltic pump. As a fixative, we used 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy or 4% paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemistry. Before brain dissection, heads were removed and postfixed in the same fixative overnight.
Transmission Electron Microscopy
After postfixation, brains were washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) (pH 7.4), cut into 200 µm sections with a VT 1000M vibratome (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany, http://www.leica.com), and treated with 2% osmium tetraoxide in 0.1 M PB for 2 hours. Then, sections were rinsed, dehydrated through increasing ethanol solutions, and stained in 2% uranyl acetate at 70% ethanol. Following dehydration, slices were embedded in araldite (Durcupan, Fluka BioChemika, Ronkokoma, NY, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com). To study the cell organization, we cut serial 1.5 µm semithin sections with a diamond knife and stained them with 1% toluidine blue. To analyze ultrastructure features, 60–70 nm ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife, stained with lead citrate, and examined under a Spirit transmission electron microscope (FEI Tecnai, Hillsboro, OR, http://www.fei.com/products/tem/tecnai).
After postfixation, brains were washed in 0.1 M PB and cut into serial 10 µm thick coronal sections using a cryostat (Leica, CM 1900). One series (5–8 sections) from each animal was used in each immunostaining. Sections were incubated in blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibodies (Table 1). Then, sections were washed and incubated with the appropriate secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorophores, examined under a Zeiss Axio Observed Z1microscope, and imaged with the AxioVision software version 4.8. (Oberkochen, Germany, http://www.zeiss.com). Confocal images were captured using a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope.
The quantifications of Ki67, Mash1, and Olig 2+ cells along the ventricle wall were assayed in SVZ coronal sections and expressed as cells per mm. Measurement of BrdU incorporation was carried out in coronal sections by quantification of BrdU+ cells, considering the area comprised in the first 500 µm adjacent to the ventricle lumen. Results were expressed as cells per section. Quantification of BrdU/Olig2+ cells was expressed as the percentage of double positive cells of the total of BrdU+ cells found in the same area (100 × BrdU-Olig2+ cells/total BrdU+ cells). Quantification of Ki67/Sox2+ cells was expressed as the percentage of double positive cells of the total of Ki67+ cells found in the same area (100 × Ki67-Sox2+ cells/total Ki67+ cells). Quantification of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and doublecortin (DCX) was assayed in coronal sections by measuring the integrated density with ImageJ software (National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij) .
Data was expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed using the SigmaPlot 11.0 software (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA, http://www.sigmaplot.com/products/sigmaplot). Student's t test was performed to compare two experimental groups, while one-way ANOVA was performed to compare multiple groups. The differences were considered significant at a p value less than .05.
NSCs within the Irradiated SVZ Are Able to Proliferate in Response to a Demyelinating Injury
To determine if localized radiation affects the ability of the SVZ to respond to injuries, we combined localized radiation and Lys injection in a single mouse model. The effectiveness of radiation and Lys-treatment were separately verified by immunostaining and electron microscopy. First, the SVZ showed a notable disruption of its proliferative capacity 30 days after localized radiation (Supporting Information Fig. S1) and a decrease of total SVZ cells (non-Irr SVZ: 236.1 ± 26.2 cells per mm, Irr SVZ: 97.9 ± 6 cells per mm, p < .001). While type C and A cells were depleted after radiation, type B cells were not affected in the SVZ, preserving astrocyte-like NSCs (type B1 cells) (Supporting Information Fig. S2). On the other hand, the striatum injected with Lys displayed myelin degeneration 3 days after treatment, and a disrupted expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP), an integral component of myelin, 15 days after Lys administration (Supporting Information Fig. S3). In accordance with previous studies [21, 32], the demyelinating lesion induced the activation of the SVZ over time (Supporting Information Fig. S4). The data indicate that our model is suitable to evaluate if the irradiated SVZ responds to a demyelinating damage.
Subsequently, localized radiation was delivered in the right hemisphere, followed by Lys-treatment (Fig. 1A, 1B). Cell proliferation was then assessed by immunostaining against Ki67. We found that the irradiated SVZ of mice injected with saline (Irr-saline) had a significant decrease of Ki67+ cells when compared to the non-irradiated (non-Irr) SVZ, consistent with our previous data (Supporting Information Fig. S1 and ). Interestingly, the injection of Lys in the irradiated hemisphere (Irr-Lys) induced an increase in the number of Ki67+ cells, compared to the non-Irr SVZ. However, the number of Ki67+ cells was lower than in the non-irradiated hemisphere that received Lys (Non-Irr 74.19 ± 12.25 cells per mm, Irr-Saline 41.77 ± 9.6 cells per mm, Irr-Lys 103.54 ± 9.5 cells per mm, Lys 143.95 ± 3.58 cells per mm, all comparisons with p < .05) (Fig. 1C). Ki67+ cells were observed between the SVZ and the adjacent striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere, similar to the Lys hemisphere, which was not observed in the groups without demyelination (Fig. 1D). Next, the NSC population was examined by immunostaining against Nestin and Sox2. Cells expressing Nestin and Sox2 markers were observed in the SVZ of all experimental groups. However, frequent Nestin+ and Sox2+ cells were found in the adjacent striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere, similar to the Lys hemisphere (Fig. 1E; Supporting Information Fig. S5). In order to evaluate if NSCs were proliferative, we performed double immunostaining against Ki67/Nestin and Ki67/Sox2. Ki67+ cells were observed coexpressing Nestin and Sox2+ cells in the SVZ and the striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere (Fig. 1F and Supporting Information Fig. S5), as we observed in the Lys hemisphere (inset in Supporting Information Fig. S4E). However, the percentage of proliferative NSCs within the SVZ showed no significant differences between groups (Non-Irr 9.66 ± 2.29%, Irr-Saline 6.91 ± 1.35%, Irr-Lys 7.96 ± 3.12%, Lys 11.01 ± 1.78%, all comparisons with p > .05) (Supporting Information Fig. S5). Together, these findings suggest that SVZ cells are able to undergo mitosis in response to Lys-treatment, despite receiving localized radiation.
Neuroblasts Were Found in the Demyelinated Site Forming Migratory Chain-Like Structures
After observing that radiation did not prevent the activation of SVZ cells in response to demyelinating damage, we wondered whether their migratory patterns were affected. For this purpose, the neuroblasts population was examined by using the marker DCX. While radiation induced a depletion of DCX+ cells in the Irr-Saline SVZ as compared to the Non-Irr SVZ, the Irr-Lys SVZ had an increased expression of DCX. Remarkably, we observed the DCX stain in the demyelinated striatum in both the Irr-Lys and the Lys hemispheres (Fig. 2A–2D). When examining the DCX+ cells of the Irr-Lys hemisphere in detail (Fig. 2E), we found that the neuroblasts located in the SVZ appear to project their cellular processes toward the adjacent parenchyma (details 1a and 1b in Fig. 2). Ectopic DCX+ cells in the striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere had an elongated morphology and were found as individual cells or forming migratory chain-like structures (details 2 and 3 in Fig. 2). Those chains of neuroblasts were parallel to the ventricle wall and seemed to originate from the dorsal horn and the ventral part of the SVZ. In addition, the ectopic DCX+ cells located in the striatum coexpressed Nestin in both Irr-Lys and Lys groups (Fig. 2F, 2G). Together, these findings suggest that neuroblasts could migrate from the irradiated SVZ toward the site of injury.
We then examined the RMS of the Irr-Lys hemisphere and found an increase in the expression of DCX as compared to the Non-Irr hemisphere. Contrarily, the saline injection in the irradiated hemisphere did not produce an increase in the DCX expression when compared to Non-Irr hemisphere (Supporting Information Fig. S6A). These findings provide additional evidence that the Lys-induced lesion increased the number of migrating neuroblasts in the Irr-Lys hemisphere, which may follow their typical migratory route through the RMS toward the olfactory bulb.
The Production of New Cells Was Increased in the SVZ and Adjacent Striatum of the Irr-Lys Hemisphere
The adult brain has the ability to generate new oligodendrocytes when a demyelinating lesion occurs [21, 32]. To investigate whether the irradiated brain preserves this capacity, irradiated animals were injected with four doses of BrdU the day before Lys-treatment (Fig. 3A), and double immunostaining against BrdU and Olig2 was carried out. The SVZ and adjacent striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere had a significant increase in the number of BrdU+ cells, compared to the non-irradiated and the Irr-Saline hemisphere (Non-Irr 4.54 ± 0.76 cells, Irr-Saline 4 ± 0.76 cells, Irr-Lys 17.66 ± 4.26 cells, p < .05 comparing Irr-Lys vs. all other treatments) (Fig. 3B), but we did not find differences in the number of Olig2+ cells between groups (Non-Irr 219.58 ± 25.2 cells, Irr-Saline 201.16 ± 6.5 cells, Irr-Lys 191.33 ± 39.28 cells, all comparisons with p > .05) (Fig. 3C). Next, we analyzed the number of BrdU-Olig2+ cells and observed a significant increase in the SVZ and adjacent striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere compared to the non-irradiated hemisphere, and an increasing trend compared to the Irr-Saline hemisphere (Non-Irr 1.63 ± 0.39 cells, Irr-Saline 1.167 ± 0.726 cells, Irr-Lys 3.167 ± 1.878 cells, p < .05 comparing Irr-Lys vs. Non-Irr) (Fig. 3D–3H). These findings indicate that the Irr-Lys hemisphere preserves the ability to produce immature oligodendrocytes after radiation.
Typically, a demyelinating lesion is characterized by a degradation of the myelin sheaths, showing a discontinuous and fragmented expression of MBP (Fig. 3I). When we examined the MBP expression in the striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere, we observed that the MBP staining appears continuous, similar to the Irr-Saline hemisphere (Fig. 3J, 3K). This result suggests that myelin repair may occur after demyelinating damage in the irradiated hemisphere.
The SVZ Is Repopulated a Year After Localized Radiation in the Absence of Damage
The fact that the irradiated SVZ was able to respond to the demyelinating lesion raised the question of whether our localized radiation model presents permanent effects in the SVZ cells. Previously, we demonstrated that radiation depletes all population of SVZ cells 30 days after delivery (Supporting Information Fig. S2 and ). Now, we evaluated the irradiated SVZ, 1 year after irradiation (Fig. 4A, 4B). The main SVZ cell subtypes were examined by using GFAP, DCX, Mash1, and Olig2 markers as described previously . The expression of those markers showed no differences between the non-irradiated and irradiated SVZ (Fig. 4C–4J). Subsequently, SVZ proliferative capacity was evaluated using immunostaining against Ki67. Despite of the repopulation of the SVZ, we found a 38% reduction in the number of proliferative cells presented in the irradiated SVZ a year post-radiation, as compared to the non-irradiated SVZ (Non-Irr 41.20 ± 1.99 cells per mm, Irr 25.63 ± 3.985 cells per mm, p = .025) (Fig. 5A–5C). Cells coexpressing Ki67 and the NSC marker Nestin were observed in the irradiated SVZ, suggesting that proliferative NSCs are preserved a year post-radiation (Fig. 5D). Together, these results suggest that the proliferative cells that remain in the irradiated SVZ may partially recover the effects of localized radiation over time by repopulating the SVZ.
When we examined the RMS of mice a year post-radiation, we also found that the DCX expression was regained, showing no differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated hemisphere (Non-Irr 94.99 ± 1.48 integrated density, Irr 93.56 ± 1.23 integrated density, p = .501) (Supporting Information Fig. S6). This result suggests that the time span of one year allows the SVZ niche to recover its capacity of neuroblasts production.
Although numerous reports demonstrate that radiation impacts the NSC population [7, 8, 38, 45, 46], the functionality of the NSCs that remain after radiation had not previously been investigated. In this study, we used a novel localized radiation model combined with a subsequent demyelinating lesion to investigate how radiation affects the endogenous regenerative capacity of the SVZ in the adult brain. We demonstrated that, despite receiving localized radiation, NSCs within the SVZ have the remarkable ability to respond to a demyelinating lesion. The main findings of this study pertain to the radioresistance property of the NSCs.
Locally Irradiated SVZ Is Able to Respond to a Lys-Induced Demyelinating Lesion
The NSCs residing in the SVZ have the ability to produce new cells capable of migration and regeneration following brain damage [23, 24, 47]. In the human brain, the physiological role of the SVZ neurogenesis is not fully understood, since migration of the SVZ-derived neuroblasts toward the olfactory bulb remains controversial [48–51]. However, the SVZ neurogenic niche maintains its capacity to respond to a brain damage in humans [26, 30, 52]. For instance, ischemia induced an increase in the number of proliferating and migrating cells in the ipsilateral SVZ of patients [30, 52]. Unfortunately, SVZ radiation could compromise this intrinsic regenerative ability, since a partial depletion of precursor cells following radiation delivery has been observed in animal models [7, 8, 35, 38]. We previously demonstrated a decrease in the proliferative and neurogenic capacity of the mouse SVZ after localized radiation using our novel SARRP technology . We now report that the irradiated SVZ is able to respond to a brain injury with an increase in the number of proliferating cells and neuroblasts. These proliferative and migrating responses of the SVZ progenitors may be due to the local production of diffusible growth factors or inflammatory cytokines, which strongly regulate the function of NSCs [53-57].
In the Irr-Lys hemispheres, some proliferative cells coexpressed markers of NSCs, such as Nestin or Sox2. However, the number of proliferative NSCs showed no differences between groups, likely due to the fact that other progenitor cells were contributing to the pool of SVZ proliferative cells. This could explain the increase in the neuroblasts population that was found in the irradiated SVZ after Lys treatment. Together, these results demonstrate that, in our model, the localized radiation does not prevent the SVZ response to brain damage.
SVZ-Derived Cells Could Contribute to Repair the Demyelinating Lesion After Localized Radiation
The recruitment of new cells into the lesion area has been previously reported in multiple sclerosis patients  as well as in demyelinating animal models [21, 34, 58]. In our study, ectopic neuroblasts were observed in the lesion site as individual cells or forming migratory chain-like structures, similar to the neuroblast chains described in the RMS . By specifically targeting SVZ primary precursors with retroviruses that express the reporter gene green fluorescent protein, it was demonstrated that the SVZ-derived cells migrate toward the corpus callosum when an injury is induced by local administration of Lys [32, 58]. Consistent with these studies, we observed massive neuroblasts forming chains in the hemispheres treated with Lys. These neuroblasts emerged from the ventral SVZ and went into the striatum. Based on our finding and the previous studies, we consider that the ectopic neuroblasts that we found in the striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere could also be migrating from the SVZ. The location and morphology of these neuroblasts also support this idea. Our results suggest that the remaining NSCs in the locally irradiated SVZ can not only divide but also produce neuroblasts that appear to migrate into the lesion site.
The SVZ-derived cells recruited at the lesion site have been suggested to participate in remyelination after stimulation with the epidermal growth factor, recovering from the myelin damage at 14 and 28 days postlesion . Here, we found that the myelin in the striatum of the Irr-Lys hemisphere appears to regenerate 30 days after Lys-treatment, in accordance with the MBP expression pattern. This result is supported by the finding of an increased number of newly generated cells in the Irr-Lys hemisphere, some of which were identified as immature oligodendrocytes. Following Lys-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum, SVZ-derived DCX positive cells were found to redirect from neuronal to glial fates, generating new oligodendrocytes in the injury site . Based on this study, we suggest that the ectopic DCX positive cells found in the Irr-Lys hemisphere could be generating new cells of the oligodendroglial lineage that may participate in the brain repair. However, this study has a limitation to conclude myelin regeneration. First, by analyzing the MBP staining, we are not examining the myelin sheaths. Second, the MBP staining could be affected by the preservation of the tissue, and a poor or inadequate fixation could lead to an incorrect interpretation of the staining patterns. Further works are necessary to determine if the irradiated SVZ is able to regenerate a demyelinated injury.
NSCs Within the SVZ Have Radioresistant Properties
The limited impact of radiation on the NSC population could be associated to the radioresistant property of these cells. Stem cells from different organs have been proposed to be radiation resistant due to their highly effective mechanisms capable of repairing DNA damage [59-62]. Moreover, the radioresistance could also be attributed to the low dividing activity of the stem cells. In the adult SVZ, the most common dividing cells are the intermediate progenitors (type C cells), followed by neuroblasts (type A cells), while the type B cells (astrocytes-like NSCs) are the least dividing cell population. Similarly, the cell cycle length is shorter in the type B cells, compared to type C and A cells . These findings imply that the DNA of the type B cells is less exposed to damaging factors than other proliferative SVZ cells. Consistent with this, the exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, a mutagen that affects dividing cells, induced a reduction of intermediate progenitors and neuroblasts, while the type B cells were unaltered [64-66]. Highly proliferative populations were also depleted from the SVZ following a treatment with the antimitotic drug cytosine-b-d-arabinofuranoside, while some astrocytes were preserved . In both cases, the SVZ was found to regenerate after a recovery period [18, 65]. Our study shows that, in our model, the effects of localized radiation on the proliferation and neurogenic properties of the SVZ are not permanent. The irradiated SVZ preserved proliferative NSCs that are not only able to respond to a brain injury but also repopulate the neurogenic niche a year after radiation. These findings provide new evidence for the radioresistance of NSCs in our model, where radiation is locally delivered to the SVZ. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that NSCs from non-irradiated levels can be participating in the regenerative effects described in this study, the presence of proliferative NSCs in the irradiated SVZ supports our hypothesis.
Our results demonstrate that the locally irradiated SVZ preserves NSCs capable to respond to a demyelinating lesion in the striatum by increasing the number of proliferative cells and neuroblasts. Newly generated cells were found in the irradiated SVZ and adjacent striatum that differentiate into the oligodendrocyte lineage, which is crucial to repair demyelinating lesions. Furthermore, the remaining cells in the irradiated SVZ appeared to repopulate the neurogenic niche a year post localized radiation in the absence of damage. Our results support the hypothesis that NSCs are resistant to SVZ radiation. Increasing the understanding of how local radiation affects the SVZ could improve current radiotherapy protocols used in the treatment of patients.
We thank Gerald Son and Hongjun Song for their technical help with the confocal microscope, Eric Ford for his assistance with SARRP technology, and Sean Dangelmajer for his proof and critical reading of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health-RO1 NS070024 and the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (A.Q.H. and H.G.C.), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (A.Q.H.), the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (A.Q.H.), the Prometeo grant GVPROMETEO-2009/011 (J.M.G.V.), the Red de TerapiaCelularTerCel—RETICS—from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (J.M.G.V.), the MINECO-SAF2012-33683 (J.M.G.V.), and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia CONACyT-2008-101476 (O.G.P.).
V.C.G.: collection and/or assembly of data, conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, and final approval of manuscript; H.G.C.: data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, and final approval of manuscript; J.M.B.: collection and/or assembly of data; O.G.P.: data analysis and interpretation; P.A.: collection and/or assembly of data and assisted with SARRP technology; J.W.: provided SARRP technology; J.M.G.V. and A.Q.H.: data analysis and interpretation, final approval of manuscript, and financial support.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
Dr. John Wong has a sponsored research agreement and consultation agreement with Xstrahl, who currently commercializes the SARRP. Despite that, the authors indicate no potential conflict of interest.

domain: medical


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Live Balloon Twisting
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Laughter is the best medicine, and what better way to get it than by watching a good comedy movie. From slapstick humor to clever wordplay, comedy movies have been a popular genre for decades. In this article, we will be discussing the top 10 comedy movies of the year in a scientific tone.
1. Borat Subsequent Moviefilm
Borat Subsequent Moviefilm is a satirical comedy film that follows the misadventures of Borat Sagdiyev, a fictional journalist from Kazakhstan. The film tackles important social issues while also providing plenty of laughs.
2. The King of Staten Island
The King of Staten Island is a semi-autobiographical comedy-drama film that follows the life of Pete Davidson, a comedian and actor who lost his firefighter father on 9/11. The film is a touching and hilarious exploration of grief and growing up.
3. Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga
Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga is a musical comedy film that follows the journey of two aspiring musicians from Iceland who are determined to win the Eurovision Song Contest. The film is a delightful mix of humor and heart.
Onward is an animated comedy film that follows the adventures of two elf brothers who go on a quest to find a magical gemstone that will bring their father back to life. The film is a heartwarming and hilarious tale of brotherly love.
5. Bill & Ted Face the Music
Bill & Ted Face the Music is a science fiction comedy film that follows the titular characters, who are now middle-aged dads, as they try to save the world with the power of rock and roll. The film is a fun and nostalgic ride.
6. Bad Boys for Life
Bad Boys for Life is an action comedy film that follows Miami detectives Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett as they take on a ruthless drug cartel. The film is a hilarious and action-packed ride that will have you laughing and on the edge of your seat.
7. Hubie Halloween
Hubie Halloween is a horror comedy film that follows Hubie Dubois, a Halloween-loving man who becomes the town’s unlikely hero when things go awry on Halloween night. The film is a goofy and fun Halloween treat.
8. The Lovebirds
The Lovebirds is a romantic comedy film that follows a couple who, after a series of misadventures, find themselves embroiled in a murder mystery. The film is a hilarious and heartwarming exploration of love and relationships.
9. Spenser Confidential
Spenser Confidential is a crime comedy film that follows ex-cop Spenser as he investigates a murder and uncovers a conspiracy. The film is a fun and action-packed ride that will keep you on the edge of your seat.
10. The Wrong Missy
The Wrong Missy is a romantic comedy film that follows Tim Morris, who accidentally invites the wrong woman on a business trip. The film is a hilarious and cringe-worthy exploration of bad dates and miscommunication.

domain: entertainment


text:
Evaluation of Liquid CO2 as a Pressurizing Agent for Effective and Long-Term Pesticide Sprays
Received Date: Sep 18, 2018 / Accepted Date: Dec 06, 2018 / Published Date: Dec 15, 2018
Carbon dioxide (CO2) pressurized sprayers continue to be an essential piece of spray application equipment for crop protection in many countries. In spite of several advantages of using CO2 sprayers for applying pesticides and foliar nutrition, concerns regarding the longevity of CO2 gas cylinders and the effort required to refill the tanks have become a setback for these sprayers in field conditions. This study evaluated the possibility of using liquid CO2 for pressurizing a spray system for a longer duration spray without compromising the spray quality. Spray deposit distribution tests on water sensitive papers demonstrated that spray coverage, number of spray droplets, and volume of spray droplets produced by liquid CO2 as the spray pressurizing agent are comparable to the conventional method of spraying using gas CO2. The results from this study suggest liquid CO2 is a good option as a pressurizing agent for attaining longer spray duration when applying pesticides using CO2 pressurized sprayer systems.
Citation: Gairhe B, Kanissery R (2018) Evaluation of Liquid CO2 as a Pressurizing Agent for Effective and Long-Term Pesticide Sprays. Adv Crop Sci Tech 6: 408. Doi: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000408
Copyright: © 2018 Gairhe B, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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domain: agronomy


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Fri, 13 Dec 2013 01:22:18 -0800
Pierce County has agreed to pay former Emergency Medical Service Director Ken Justice $100,000 to settle his lawsuit.
Fri, 13 Dec 2013 01:06:13 -0800
A year-end financial review can be instrumental to your future financial success. However, you may not want to wait until the end of the year to review your financial affairs. Consider doing it now so you’ll have ample time to take any corrective action before year’s end.
Fri, 13 Dec 2013 00:39:31 -0800
NOTICE OF MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE SALE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that default has occurred in the conditions of the following described mortgage: DATE OF MORTGAGE: February 29, 2008 ORIGINAL PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF MORTGAGE: $180,500.00 MORTGAGOR(S): Jesse D. Inderlee and Colleen Inderlee, husband and wife MORTGAGEE: Citicorp Trust Bank, fsb DATE AND PLACE OF RECORDING: Recorded: March [...] The post ...
Fri, 13 Dec 2013 00:33:24 -0800
Foreclosure Notice (Official Publication) NOTICE OF ASSESSMENT LIEN FORECLOSURE SALE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that default has been made in the terms and conditions of the Declaration of Clearwater Estates, Inc. (henceforth the Declaration) recorded in the office of the Recorder for Wright County, Minnesota on July 11, 1994, as Document No. 554935, which covers [...] The post Foreclosure Notice ...
Fri, 13 Dec 2013 00:30:19 -0800
(KUTV) The first charges stemming from the investigation into the attorney general's office were filed Thursday. 45-year-old Tim Lawson of Utah County was booked into jail on multiple felonies. He remains in jail on $250,000 bond. While the charges are against one man only, what is striking after reading the charging documents is how closely tied John Swallow, Mark Shurtleff and Tim Lawson ...
Fri, 13 Dec 2013 00:23:37 -0800
For David Sheff, there is nothing worse than the sheer terror of witnessing your own child slip away into a life of drug abuse.


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Killarney Provincial Park is about 4.5hrs north of Toronto and is one of the few wilderness parks of Ontario.
This is a mid-spring camping so arriving on a wet, cold, rainy day was somewhat expected. Our campground was at George Lake Campground.
First of our 3-day camp was a little bit dissapointing. We were both wet and chilly, couldn't do much.
The next day was just perfect. We immediately went to the nearby beach and sat, dipped our feet into the water, while we watched the wildlife and other visitors enjoy a beautiful day as well.
After a chill from the cold water of George Lake, we decided to hike part of the Silhouette Trail. We hiked up to the first backcountry site just to feel sorry we couldn't go any farther, and see more of the astonishing view of the Silver Mountain.
On our third day, we biked to the Chikanishing Creek at one kilometer west of the George Lake campground. We were suppose to hike the Chikanishing Trail but we couldn't find the trail head. We just went to the nearby river, and watched a bunch of fishes jump against the falls.
About 10km west of the George Lake campground is the town of Killarney. This small town is a dream. Walk around the town in just a couple of hours and you've already met the entire population. And the beauty of it is, it sits right on Georgian Bay.

domain: travel