text:
|Year : 2014 | Volume
| Issue : 1 | Page : 12-18
A comparative study of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer: Risk factors, presentation, characteristics and management
Aruna Surakasula1, Govardhana Chary Nagarjunapu2, KV Raghavaiah3
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, GIET School of Pharmacy, East Godavari, India
2 Department of Pharmacy Practice, St. Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, India
3 Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Ann's Hospital, Warangal, India
|Date of Web Publication||19-May-2014|
Department of Pharmacy Practice, GIET School of Pharmacy, East Godavari
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
Objective: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Indian women. This study evaluates the differences between pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer women regarding risk factors, nature of disease presentation, tumor characteristics, and management.
Methods: This is a prospective observational study, conducted in the Oncology Department of St. Ann's Cancer Hospital, for a period of 6 months from January to August 2012. Data on basic demography, clinical and pathological tumor profile, and treatment details were collected prospectively for each patient based on patient interviews and medical records.
Findings: Among 100 female patients taken up for the study, 48 were premenopausal and 52 had reached menopause. The mean age of presentation for breast carcinoma was a decade earlier in these patients compared with western patients. The risk factors for both pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer were found similar other than late menopause in postmenopausal patients. Having dense breast tissue was a predominant risk factor among all women. Late presentation was the common phenomenon in almost all patients. The treatment given was not based on any standard guidelines due to inadequate public health policies.
Conclusion: Late stage at presentation of breast cancer is the main problem and possesses a challenge to the health care community. In order to reduce the burden of breast cancer, a multi-sectorial approach and evidence-based strategies aiming at early detection and effective management of the disease are required.
Keywords: Breast cancer; diagnosis; epidemiology; Indian women; postmenopausal; premenopausal
|How to cite this article:|
Surakasula A, Nagarjunapu GC, Raghavaiah K V. A comparative study of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer: Risk factors, presentation, characteristics and management. J Res Pharm Pract 2014;3:12-8
|How to cite this URL:|
Surakasula A, Nagarjunapu GC, Raghavaiah K V. A comparative study of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer: Risk factors, presentation, characteristics and management. J Res Pharm Pract [serial online] 2014 [cited 2020 Apr 4];3:12-8. Available from: http://www.jrpp.net/text.asp?2014/3/1/12/132704
| Introduction|| |
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide. Global burden of breast cancer will increase to over 2 million new cases/year by 2030.  The incidence of breast cancer is rising in India (22.9%) and is now the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women after cervical cancer.  The age-standardized mortality rate for breast cancer in India was found to be 11.1/100,000 where globally it was 12.5/100,000 according to International Agency for Research on Cancer report in 2008.
Although many risk factors may increase the chance of having breast cancer, it is not yet known just how some of these risk factors cause cells to become cancerous , . Risk factors can be divided into un-modifiable risk factors and risk factors related to lifestyle choices. Un-modifiable risk factors are gender, age, genetic factors, family history, personal history of breast cancer, dense breast tissue, menstrual periods, breast radiation early in life, and treatment with diethylstilbestrol. Risk factors related to lifestyle are not having pregnancy history or pregnancy at late ages, recent use of birth control pills, using hormone therapy after menopause, not breast-feeding, alcohol, being overweight or obese, lack of exercise, and induced abortion ,,,,,, .
Menopause does not cause cancer, but the risk of developing cancer increases as a woman ages. A woman who experiences menopause after age 55 has an increased risk of ovarian, breast, and uterine cancers. The risk is greater if a woman also began menstruating before age 12. A longer exposure to estrogen increases a woman's risk of breast cancers. Therefore, women who have been through natural menopause are more likely to develop cancer around as twice as high because of hormonal factors  .
Hence, this study can provide a guide in improving an individual's knowledge about breast cancer and helps to understand more about breast cancer. The results of this study emphasize the most prevailing risk factors in this population, the appropriateness of the diagnostic tests used and treatment given. This can bring into light the present scenario of the disease and also the specific areas in which special care and precautions are needed to suppress the rising incidence of breast cancer.
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the difference between pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer women regarding risk factors, nature of disease presentation, tumor characteristics and management. The study also aims to find out the prevalence of breast cancer, to identify the clinical presentation, risk factors diagnostic methods, and the different types of treatment patterns used. It also assesses the impact of treatment given and women's knowledge about breast cancer.
| Methods|| |
This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Oncology Department of St. Ann's Cancer and General Hospital, Warangal, for a period of 8 months (January 2012-August 2012). A total of 100 female patients who were histologically or cytologically confirmed with breast cancer were included in the study.
Patients were divided into two groups based on their menopausal status as premenopausal and postmenopausal. Patients who had no menstrual flow since 12 months were considered as postmenopausal and the rest were considered as premenopausal. Patients who had natural menopause were only included in the study population. Patients who have undergone hysterectomy or who were having any other ovarian problems and whose menopausal status was not specified and who had a personal history of cancer other than breast cancer were also excluded from the study.
Data on clinical presentation, evident findings of cancer, diagnostic tests and diagnosis and tumor characteristics were collected from medical records available at the central registry of the hospital. Information about patient's personal habits, risk factors, well-being was obtained by interviewing either the patient or the patient's caretakers.
The two study groups are later compared and evaluated regarding the risk factors associated, nature of disease presentation, diagnostic pattern, tumor characteristics and treatment modalities.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), version 17. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for risk factors associated with breast cancer. In order to measure the odds ratio, we have taken premenopausal as controls because they have relatively reduced risk compared with postmenopausal. P < 0.001 was considered to be statistically significant.
| Results|| |
Among 100 female patients taken up for the study, 48 were premenopausal and 52 had reached menopause. In 52 postmenopausal patients, 42% attained menopause at age <45 years and 58% attained menopause at age >45 years.
In this study, the age at diagnosis ranged between 24 and 80 years with a mean age of 47.7 years. More than half of the patients (54%) were diagnosed between the age of 40 and 60 years. About 26% were aged younger than 40 years and 20% were aged older than 60 years at presentation.
Nearly 68% patients were illiterates and 18% had primary education and the rest of 14% had secondary education. Most of the patients were housewives and few were daily wage labors. A summary of risk factors distribution among pre - and post-menopausal women was shown in [Table 1].
|Table 1: Distribution of risk factors among pre - and post - menopausal patients|
Click here to view
All patients presented with a lump in the breast. Pain, nipple retraction and nipple discharge were present in some patients along with a lump in the breast.
Overall 54% patients presented with a history of 2-6 months duration, 23% presented with history for more than 12 months duration and 15% presented with history of 7-12 months duration of symptoms.
About 51 patients had a lump in the right breast and 49 patients had a lump in the left breast. In the majority of the patients, the lump was present in the central quadrant and upper quadrant [Table 2].
|Table 2: Distribution of clinical presentation and site of lump between studied patients|
Click here to view
Biopsy was the conformation test in all patients; core needle biopsy was done in 81 patients and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done only in 19 patients. Abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray, complete blood count, and renal function tests were also done to all patients regularly as a part of diagnosis and also for metastatic workout.
Infiltrating duct cell carcinoma was the most prominent histopathological type accounting about 85 of total cases in which 39 were premenopausal and 46 were postmenopausal women. Totally, eight patients including five premenopausal and three postmenopausal women had lobular carcinoma. Six patients had medullary carcinoma in which four were premenopausal and two were postmenopausal women. Fibroadenoma was found in only one postmenopausal patient.
Overall 75 patients were diagnosed with stage 3 disease in which 39 were premenopausal and 36 were postmenopausal women. Totally, 16 patients were diagnosed with stage 2 consisting equal number of pre-and post-menopausal women. Six postmenopausal women were diagnosed with stage 4 disease in which 3 had spine metastasis, one with brain metastasis and 2 with nodal reoccurrence. Majority of postmenopausal patients were progesterone positive, whereas the majority of premenopausal patients were estrogen positive.
Overall 92 patients were given adjuvant treatment, five patients were given neoadjuvant treatment and three were given palliative treatment as they had advanced disease. A total of 95 patients underwent surgery and modified radical mastectomy (MRM) was the only type of surgery done to all these patients.
Majority of the patients (79%) received Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel (AC → T) based chemotherapy and 18% patients received cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) based chemotherapy. Totally, 96 patients were given radiotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to 93 patients at a dose of 5000 cGy for 25 fractions and palliative treatment was given to three patients at a dose of 3000 cGy for 10 fractions.
After surgery, swelling and pain in the limbs were the most common adverse effects experienced by the majority of patients. During chemotherapy, most of the patients experienced vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite and alopecia. During radiotherapy, dehydration and fatigue were the mostly reported adverse effects.
| Discussion|| |
Some previous studies stated that breast cancer is a disease of older women and its incidence increases with age, and it is rare below the age of 20 years. ,, Majority of patients in this study were between the third and fifth decade of their life similar to studies reported from India and other Asian countries.  A majority of premenopausal patients were in third and fourth decade of their life and the majority of postmenopausal were in fifth and sixth decade of their life. Even young women who had family and professional commitments hold major proportions in the study population. More than 50% of women included in the study were diagnosed before the age of 50 years, in contrast to the western settings where only 23% of women younger than 50 years presented with breast cancer.
Majority of the patients were from a rural background, which was contradictory to the previous reports from India as well as United States, which show a higher incidence in urban population compared to the rural population.
The incidence of breast cancer in this study was found slightly more in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women majority of them attained menopause after the age of 45 years.
Inconsistent results were published regarding age at menarche and breast cancer risk.  Some studies reported that younger age at menarche increased breast cancer risk only in premenopausal women, while some reported increased risk only for postmenopausal women. ,, In some studies done previously, age at menarche was found to be associated with both pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer while in another studies, it had no association with either pre- or post-menopausal breast cancer. ,, In this study, early onset of menarche was found to be associated with both pre- and post-menopausal patients as the majority of the patients in either groups attained puberty at an age of <12 years. The median age of menarche worldwide is 14 years with a range from 11 to 18 years. Some studies done on Indian women showed that the risk of both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer decreased with delay in the onset of menarche.
Late menopause increases the risk of breast cancer. Postmenopausal women have a lower risk of breast cancer than premenopausal women of the same age and childbearing pattern. Risk increases by almost 3% for each year older at menopause (natural or surgery induced), thus women who has attained menopause at 55 years rather than 45 years, has approximately 30% higher risk. , In this study, majority of the women reached menopause after the age of 45 years.
Risk of developing breast cancer increased in both pre-and post-menopausal patients who had early onset of menarche and late menopause possibly due to the increase in the duration of hormonal exposure.
Early age at first full-term pregnancy (FP) is inversely related to breast cancer risk  . This association perhaps reflects either a pregnancy induced maturation of mammary cells, and thus making them less susceptible to carcinogenic transformation or a long-lasting hormonal change or both. In this study, it was found that the majority of the women were at an age younger than 30 during their first pregnancy. However, information regarding the age at last pregnancy was lacking. Late age at last FP also has been found to be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, but not in all studies.  More studies must be done to investigate the association between age at any FP and breast cancer risk.
High parity has generally been associated with low breast cancer risk in previous epidemiological studies. , Null parity was associated with an overall increased risk of breast cancer.  Contradictory to the previous studies and available literature it was found that many women in this study presented with breast cancer despite of high parity.
Practicing breast feeding was believed to minimize the risk of breast cancer in both pre-and post-menopausal patients. The longer the duration of breastfeeding by women, the greater protection and the risk is relatively reduced by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding.  But in this study, it was found that breast feeding was not protective against breast cancer in both pre- and post-menopausal women, which was conflicting with the majority of the western studies.  One of the largest studies done in India to examine the relationship between breastfeeding and breast cancer risk has shown mixed results; it reported that increased duration of breastfeeding was associated with a significantly decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer, but no effect was seen in women with postmenopausal breast cancer.
A study done in Mumbai showed a nonsignificant protective effect for breast feeding.  But due to small sample size of this study, results were probably underpowered to detect significant differences.
One study done in China reported that induced abortion was associated with an increased risk for breast cancer and with a dose-response relationship.  In this study, also similar finding was observed, but more studies should be done to prove it significantly. The FP first causes mammary cell proliferation and differentiation and thus presumably reduces the susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Researchers supposed that an early interruption of a pregnancy may lead to enhanced proliferation of breast tissue with subsequent carcinogenic change. ,
Most of the patients, both pre-and post-menopausal patients had dense breast tissue. Dense breast tissue means there is more gland tissue and less fatty tissue that is associated with epithelial proliferation and stromal fibrosis. , The relation between these histological features and risk of breast cancer may be explained by the known actions of growth factors that play an important role in breast development and carcinogenesis. Breast cancers originate in epithelial cells, so greater areas of fibroglandular tissue may reflect a greater number of cells that are at risk of carcinogenesis and/or an increased rate of epithelial proliferation. , Unfortunately, dense breast tissue can also make it harder for doctors to spot problems on mammograms. ,
The data from Indian studies overall suggests that the role of known risk factors on the development of breast cancer within the Indian population is unclear and a large multi-center study would be of benefit to try and understand the shifting trends in breast cancer incidence in this population.
The nature of disease presentation and tumor characteristics were found independent of the menopausal status and were related to the stage of the disease. Lump in the breast was the chief presenting complaint of all the women in this study as reported in various studies. ,,, No patient presented with isolated complaint of pain or nipple discharge or nipple retraction. During patient interview, it was found that almost all women found a lump in their breast by themselves, but due to lack of knowledge about breast cancer they were not able to detect their disease. The problem of late presentation is mainly due to rural background, poverty and lack of awareness. Hence by educating the masses on self-breast examination and screening techniques, they can detect their disease themselves which could also help in early diagnosis of the disease.
The incidence of breast cancer was more in the upper and central quadrants of either side probably because of larger volume of breast tissue is present in that quadrants.
For the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, core needle biopsy was done in the majority of the patients and a positive predictive outcome was obtained in most of them. FNAC was done in those patients who were in stage 1 or 2 whose tumor size is comparatively less. Apart from these tests abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray, complete blood count, renal function tests and cardiac tests were done periodically to assess the patient condition and also as a part of metastatic workup.
As reported in most of the previous studies, infiltrating duct cell carcinoma was the prominent histopathological type. ,,, Other types include lobular, medullary and fibro-adenoma. There was not a single case of carcinoma in situ reported. Assessment of hormonal status and lymph nodes was useful in determining treatment and also as a tool for prognostication. Most of the patients were found either estrogen positive or progesterone positive and all patients were lymph positive.
Majority of the patients (75%) were diagnosed at stage 3 collaborating with the epidemiological data.  Stage 4 disease was presented only by postmenopausal women probably due to advanced age. Patients with stage 1 disease were half to the number of patients with stage 4 disease. This reflects that the population lacked awareness of the disease.
Treatment of breast cancer should be multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary in nature and must be given based on the stage of the disease. Optimized treatment can be enhanced when diagnosis is made early.
Majority of the patients irrespective of their stage of disease received adjuvant treatment in which surgery was complemented by either chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both. Usually combination of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy was given after surgery. Adjuvant treatment was found very fruitful in both early and advanced breast cancer. In early breast cancer, it reduces the risk of local recurrence and in advanced breast cancer it delays locoregional recurrence, reduces growth of systemic metastasis and prolongs the life of the patient.
Advanced breast cancer poses enormous management problems because of extensive lesions, which often result in difficult operative and post-operative problems such as flap necrosis, wound infection and early locoregional recurrence of breast cancer. The treatment of these patients posed a greater problem than anticipated. Only palliative radiotherapy was offered to patients in an advanced stage.
The only surgical procedure used was MRM. Patient ignorance, absence of proper treatment units and poor follow-up are the main reasons for a low rate of breast conserving surgery.
Chemotherapy plays a major role in the treatment of breast cancer. Intensive use of chemotherapy is indicated from 4 to 12 cycles in invasive breast cancer. In our unit, AC → T was given for 8 cycles and CMF was given for 6 cycles. CMF was given to elderly patients and those who had cardiac complications.
Hormonal therapy was not given to the patients after completion of treatment which is very essential. It was found that hormonal therapy was not followed by patients mainly due to financial problems.
Patients recovered well after the treatment despite of the adverse effects, but it had a lot of impact on their well-being. Patients were physically, emotionally and also psychosocially very weak mainly due to the lack of proper financial assistance, or poor support from family and poverty. Lack of proper knowledge about the disease made them make false assumptions and interpretations, which developed a fear among them.
Finally, the mean age of presentation for breast carcinoma is a decade earlier in these patients compared to western patients. The risk factors for both pre-and post-menopausal patients were found similar other than late menopause in postmenopausal patients. The main reasons for late stage presentation are lack of awareness, poverty and absence of screening modalities. The treatment given was not based on any standard guidelines due to inadequate public health policies. Owing to lack of awareness, lack of funding, lack of infrastructure, and lack of public health schemes, breast cancer screening, and early detection are not yet available even though there is increasing rate of incidence.
The prerequisites for early detection of breast cancer are cost-effective screening modalities along with propagation of self-breast examination and clinical breast examination. Women should be informed about the benefits and harms of screening and research should be oriented toward assessing individual's risk and incorporating it to optimize the effectiveness of screening.
This study has certain limitations. First, the prevalence of breast cancer cases was studied rather than the incidence. Second, the sample size was small which resulted in wider CIs. Third, information about genetic risk factors was absent. Despite of limitations, this study can be useful in understanding the epidemiology of breast cancer in this region.
In order to reduce the burden of breast cancer, a multi-sectorial approach and evidence based strategies aiming at early detection and effective management of the disease should be implemented. Hence, public health programs that ensure access to appropriate, affordable diagnostic tests and treatment must be introduced.
| Authors' Contribution|| |
All authors contributed the idea of research, design of study, data analysis and manuscript preparation.
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[Table 1], [Table 2]
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|Publication number||US7699024 B2|
|Application number||US 11/523,918|
|Publication date||Apr 20, 2010|
|Filing date||Sep 20, 2006|
|Priority date||Sep 20, 2006|
|Also published as||US20080066685|
|Publication number||11523918, 523918, US 7699024 B2, US 7699024B2, US-B2-7699024, US7699024 B2, US7699024B2|
|Inventors||Terry P. Rysewyk, Darcy J. Roberts|
|Original Assignee||Rysewyk Terry P, Roberts Darcy J|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (44), Referenced by (1), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention generally pertains to monitoring the milk temperature of a lactating animal and more particularly to a way of identifying a truly unusual or abnormal temperature.
2. Description of Related Art
Monitoring the temperature of milk from a lactating animal (cow, goat, sheep, camel, and other mammals) can be done to help determine the physiological condition of the animal. Such animals, and particularly cows, are often milked in a tie-stall barn or barn parlor. In some cases, the air temperature in the barn can vary widely, both seasonally and throughout the day. The barn's temperature can affect the temperature of the animal's milk via the ambient air influencing the animal's body temperature or by heat transfer between the ambient air and the milking equipment that conveys the milk from the animal. So, it can be difficult to determine whether an abnormal milk temperature is due to the animal being sick or the animal simply being in a barn that is particularly warm or cold.
Although many milk temperature monitors have been developed, they fail to effectively overcome the problem of varying ambient temperatures. Moreover, some milk temperature sensors rely on support from large sophisticated computerized systems that are used not only for monitoring milk temperature but are also used for controlling other milking-related functions. Such systems can be expensive and cumbersome, which can make them impractical for small independent dairy farmers. Consequently, a need exists for a better milk temperature monitor.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a milk temperature monitor that compensates for variations in ambient air temperature.
Another object of some embodiments is to indirectly determine a change in the ambient air temperature by statistically analyzing the milk temperature of a series of animals, wherein the animals and the milking equipment used for milking them are exposed to the ambient air.
Another object of some embodiments is to indirectly determine a change in the ambient air temperature by calculating a rolling average of the peak milk temperatures of a series of cows exposed to that ambient air.
Another object of some embodiments is to indirectly determine a change in the ambient air temperature by calculating a rolling average of the peak milk temperatures of a plurality of milkings of a single cow.
Another object of some embodiments is to consider the ambient air temperature without having to sense the actual air temperature at a location that is remote from where the milk temperature is being sensed. Thus, a milk temperature monitor with ambient temperature compensation can be made relatively compact and portable.
Another object of some embodiments is to sense milk temperature and consider the affects of ambient air temperature by using a monitor that includes just one temperature sensor.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a hermetically sealed milk temperature monitor by potting the monitor in a transparent resin that allows an alphanumeric display, graphical symbol or lights to be seen through the potting material itself.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a self-powered milk temperature monitor that is unencumbered by wires connected to a pulsator or from other power sources of a milking machine.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a self-powered milk temperature monitor that is unencumbered by wires connected to an external power source.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a self-powered milk temperature monitor that is unencumbered by wires connected to a pulsator of a milking machine.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a milk temperature monitor that displays a continuously updated historical peak temperature rather than displaying the current temperature of the milk.
Another object of some embodiments is to calculate statistical values based on milk temperature data that disregard extreme milk temperature readings.
Another object of some embodiments is to change an operating parameter of a hermetically sealed milk temperature monitor by using a proximity input switch that is embedded within the monitor.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a milk temperature monitor that can be used in a tie-stall barn as a self-powered, single-unit device that can be moved from one animal stall to the next, or the monitor can be externally powered and be one of many used in a barn parlor where each animal stall has its own dedicated milk temperature monitor.
Another object of some embodiments is to provide a milk temperature monitor that can be readily installed to sense the temperature of milk from a single teat or a mixture of milk from a plurality of teats.
One or more of these and/or other objects of the invention are provided a milk temperature monitor that compensates for ambient air temperature.
A milk temperature monitor 10 shown in
In one embodiment of the invention, monitor 10 is a self-powered, retrofit unit that can be used in conjunction with an existing conventional milking machine 18. Although the structure and function of milking machines may vary, in this particular example, milking machine 18 comprises a claw 20 with four standard teat cups 22 that draw milk 14 from four teats of the animal's udder 16.
To stimulate or massage the teats, an electrically controlled valve system 24, known in the industry as a “pulsator,” provides alternating air pressure (e.g., alternates between atmospheric pressure and a partial vacuum) that one or more hoses 26 convey to a manifold 28 on claw 20. Pulsator 24 is typically powered by an external source 30 of electrical power. Manifold 28 distributes the pulsating air to a series of pulse tubes 32 that feed an annular chamber in each teat cup 22. Each annular chamber surrounds a flexible tubular liner 34 that fits snugly around a teat. In response to the pulsating pressure/vacuum, each tubular liner 34 expands and constracts about a teat to stimulate or massage it.
In addition pulsator 24, a vacuum pump (not shown) creates a generally continuous vacuum in a milk hose 36 that leads from claw 20. Claw 20 includes a series of milk tubes 38 that places the outlet of each teat in fluid communication with milk hose 36 so that the vacuum in hose 36 sucks the milk from within liner 34 of each teat cup 22, and subsequently conveys the milk to a storage tank for later treatment and distribution.
To monitor the health or physiological condition of animal 12, milk temperature monitor 10 is preferably connected in series-flow relationship with milk hose 36 to obtain a composite temperature reading of a mixture of milk coming from all four quarters of the animal's udder. Alternatively, monitor 10 can be connected in series with any one of the four milk tubes 38.
Although the actual design of milk temperature monitor 10 may vary, in a currently preferred embodiment, temperature monitor 10 comprises a housing 40, a tube 42 for conveying milk 14, a controller (e.g., a microprocessor 44), a temperature sensor 46 (e.g., a thermister), an automatic active/standby switch (e.g., electrical conductivity probes 48 that can sense the presence of milk 14 in tube 42, motion sensor, optical sensor, etc.), a display 50 (e.g., alphanumeric, graphical, and/or indicator lights), and one or more proximity switches 52 (e.g., magnetically actuated reed switch, Hall effect sensor, touch-sensitive switch, etc.).
All the electrical components of temperature monitor 10 can be powered by a dedicated power source 54, such as a battery. The dedicated power source 54 allows monitor 10 to be used as a retrofit device that can operate without having to depend on an external power source or be wired to the pulsator's power source 30. Power source 54 can be a battery model number TL-5955 provided by Tadiran of Port Washington, N.Y.
To sense the temperature and conductivity of milk 14, one or more holes in the side of tube 42 allow a probe 56 of temperature sensor 46 and conductivity probes 48 to protrude into a milk passageway 58 of tube 42. A sealant 60 fills any gaps between tube 42 and the protruding probes 48 and 56. Sealant 60 is preferably a USP Class 6 material such as “STERalloy,” which is a product of Hapco, Inc. of Hanover, Mass. Tube 42 can be made of polycarbonate or any other suitable material.
The actual arrangement of the monitor's components may vary.
Housing 40 is preferably made from a clear castable resin 62, which serves several functions. One, resin 62 holds tube 42 and the rest of temperature monitor 10 together. Two, resin 62 hermetically seals the entire unit to protect it from liquid, dust and other contaminants. And, three, the resin provides a clear protective coating over the face of display 50. Resin 62 can be any suitable castable material such as DURAMOULD Clear Cast, which is a product of Hyperlast Limited of Derbyshire, UK.
The operation of monitor 10 is controlled by microprocessor 44, which can be an MSP430F423 provided by Texas Instruments of Dallas, Tex. Microprocessor 44 can be programmed to provide an output signal 65 that drives display 50 in response to a temperature signal 64 from sensor 46. Signal 64 represents a milk temperature value that varies with the temperature of the milk or any other fluid contacting the temperature sensor's probe 56. The actual programming of microprocessor 44 and its wiring to various input and output components are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
When temperature monitor 10 is installed as shown in
Temperature 70 represents the ambient air temperature that surrounds and perhaps fills tube 42 when no cow is being milked. Under the current ambient conditions, temperature 70 is relatively cold compared to a cow's body and milk temperature. Periods 72, 74, 76 and 78 correspond to four separate cows being milked sequentially. In this case, relevant temperature points 80, 82, 84 and 86 are the peak historical milk temperatures, which are the maximum temperature readings during a given milking period. A dairy farmer will likely desire the peak historical milk temperatures all lay within an acceptable temperature range 88.
In this first example, cows being milked during periods 72 and 74 are considered normal since points 80 and 82 fall within range 88. Cows being milked during periods 76 and 78, however, are considered abnormal or unusual because points 84 and 86 are beyond range 88. The term, “abnormal” simply refers to a reading that is beyond a certain acceptable range and does not necessarily mean the animal is ill. In some cases, for instance, an abnormal reading may be due to the animal being in heat, which of course can be normal for an animal.
In a currently preferred embodiment of the invention, microprocessor 44 controls monitor 10 to display the peak milk temperature (e.g., points 80, 82, 84 or 86) during the milking of an individual cow; however, displaying other relevant temperatures such as the actual or average milk temperature is also well within the scope of the invention. If microprocessor 44 determines that the peak milk temperature (or other chosen relevant temperature) is abnormal for being beyond range 88, microprocessor 44 provides a notice or warning via display 50 or some other visual or audible means. Display 50, for example, might display the peak temperature as a flashing number.
Initially or after predetermined long periods of nonuse (e.g., after 12 hours), microprocessor 44 could perhaps define the acceptable temperature range based on default values that are appropriate for the subject animal species. For cows, the default acceptable temperature range might be 100° F. to 102.5° F. Eventually, however, microprocessor 44 can effectively adjust the acceptable temperature range to compensate for variable ambient temperature conditions or for other reasons. The expression, “effectively adjust the acceptable temperature range” with particular emphases of the term, “effectively” means that some change or correction in a temperature-related value provides an end result that is similar to the end result that can be achieved if the acceptable temperature range is actually changed. For example, adjusting the value of the temperature reading upward while leaving the acceptable temperature range alone could provide substantially the same end result as adjusting the acceptable temperature range downward while leaving the value of the temperature reading alone.
In a currently preferred embodiment, microprocessor 44 defines and adjusts the acceptable temperature range based on statistically evaluating a predetermined number of sequentially milked animals. Abnormal readings beyond an acceptable temperature range, for example, can be defined as peak temperature readings that exceed 1.5 standard deviations from an average of the peak temperature readings that were recorded during the most current milking periods of the last eight cows.
Establishing and adjusting the acceptable temperature range in this manner is represented by the dashed lines of
By taking an average of the peak milk temperatures, wherein the average is calculated as a rolling average of a certain sample size of animals, microprocessor 44 can update the acceptable temperature range every time another animal is milked. In a currently preferred embodiment, the average peak milk temperature is based on sampling the last eight animals that were milked. The actual sample size can be other than eight. A larger sample size may provide an acceptable temperature range that is more relevant, but a smaller sample size might make monitor 10 more responsive to changing ambient conditions.
In some versions of the invention, the sample size and the value of the standard deviation used for defining the upper and lower limits of the acceptable temperature range are user-selectable parameters that can be entered into microprocessor 44 via proximity switches 52. In some embodiments, for example, a user moves a simple magnet 108 in the vicinity of switches 52 as a means for communicating binary bits of information via a user-actuated signal 92 to microprocessor 44, which in turn interprets the information as originally programmed to do so. This same means of communication can be used for providing microprocessor 44 with other parameter settings and information, such as whether display 50 provides temperature readings in Fahrenheit or Celsius. Proximity switches 52 can each be a model MDSR-412-23 magnetic reed switch provided by Hamlin Electronics of Norfolk, UK.
In cases where the temperature monitor is battery powered, that power can be conserved by automatically setting microprocessor 44 to a low power-consuming standby state whenever monitor 10 is inactive between milkings. When a milking cycle begins, microprocessor 44 shifts to an active state to perform operations such as driving display 50 and monitoring signal 64 from temperature sensor 46. Automatically switching microprocessor 44 between its operating states can be accomplished by various means including, but not limited to, conductivity probes 48 sensing whether milk is present in tube 42. Since low power consumption is very important when monitor 10 is powered by a permanently installed, nonrechargeable battery, sensing conductivity of the milk is a particularly good means for switching the operating state of microprocessor 44. When the milk in tube 42 establishes electrical continuity between probes 48, this provides microprocessor 44 with a signal 94 that can automatically switch microprocessor 44 to its active state. If desired, the magnitude of signal 94 and thus the conductivity of milk 14 could also be monitored to help evaluate the condition of the lactating animal.
In other cases, shown in
In addition, milk temperature monitor 96 receives an ambient temperature input signal 100 from an ambient temperature sensor 102. Microprocessor 44 can be readily programmed to use the value of signal 100 to help define an acceptable milk temperature range that compensates for a variable ambient temperature as sensed by milk temperature sensor 46.
As an alternative to the installation of
Although the invention is described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications are well within the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention, therefore, is to be determined by reference to the following claims.
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|US5816190||Oct 24, 1996||Oct 6, 1998||Van Der Lely; Cornelis||Apparatus for milking animals|
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|US6044793||Nov 14, 1996||Apr 4, 2000||Van Der Lely; Cornelis||Apparatus for automatically milking animals|
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|US20020148408 *||Nov 5, 2001||Oct 17, 2002||Brion Gompper||Milk flow monitor and milker unit detacher|
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|US20030061994 *||Sep 26, 2002||Apr 3, 2003||Vijverberg Helena Geralda Maria||Device and method for separating milk from a dairy animal|
|US20030226512 *||May 22, 2003||Dec 11, 2003||Lely Enterprises Ag||A device for automatically milking an animal|
|US20030230243 *||May 23, 2003||Dec 18, 2003||Lely Enterprises Ag||A device for automatically milking animals|
|US20040107913 *||Aug 5, 2003||Jun 10, 2004||Lely Enterprises Ag||A device for and a method of monitoring the cleaning of a milk line|
|US20040168644 *||Jan 26, 2004||Sep 2, 2004||Leif Lindholm||Milking|
|US20040244700 *||Jan 20, 2004||Dec 9, 2004||Bernhard Schulze-Wartenhorst||Milking device and method|
|US20070209595 *||Dec 22, 2004||Sep 13, 2007||Delaval Holding Ab||Milking Method And Apparatus|
|US20070289536 *||Oct 3, 2006||Dec 20, 2007||Dairy Controls International, Inc.||In-line apparatus and real-time method to determine milk characteristics|
|GB1383038A||Title not available|
|GB2007486A||Title not available|
|NL9001689A||Title not available|
|WO1981001612A1 *||Nov 26, 1980||Jun 11, 1981||Adit Invent Ab||Device for measuring temperature changes in animals|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US20110168097 *||Mar 24, 2011||Jul 14, 2011||Lely Patent N.V.||Device for milking animals|
|U.S. Classification||119/14.08, 119/14.14|
|International Classification||A01J5/013, A01J5/01|
|Oct 10, 2006||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: AGRICULTURAL INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION, WISCONSIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RYSEWYK, TERRY P.;ROBERTS, DARCY J.;REEL/FRAME:018380/0756;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060918 TO 20060920
Owner name: AGRICULTURAL INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION,WISCONSIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RYSEWYK, TERRY P.;ROBERTS, DARCY J.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060918 TO 20060920;REEL/FRAME:018380/0756
|Aug 28, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 29, 2016||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ANZ BANK NEW ZEALAND LIMITED, NEW ZEALAND
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AIC WAIKATO LLC;REEL/FRAME:039898/0654
Effective date: 20160926


“Investing and developing new technological solutions as well as training new air traffic controllers and other personnel in our own training center which is to be founded – that is Croatia Control’s (CCL) way of preparing to meet the requirements of air traffic growth which is to double by 2030.”
Those are the words of CCL’s Director General Vlado Bagarić at the panel “Busy Croatian and European Skies” held at the conference “Croatia as We Need It – Future of Transport in Croatia” organized by Večernji list which took place yesterday and was attended by Jasmin Bajić, Director of Croatia Airlines, Lukša Novak, Director of Split Airport, and Kristjan Staničić, Director of Croatian National Tourist Board.
“There are nine functional airspace blocks in Europe and that is the expected future number of air navigation service providers; we must invest in people and knowledge to remain competitive,” said CCL’s DG.
“Croatian airports recorded more than nine million passengers last year, which is a growth of 18 per cent compared to the previous year,” said Lukša Novak, adding that around 20 million passengers are expected by 2030, which is twice as many as this year. The director of the Croatian National Tourist Board explained that a significant contributing factor to the mentioned growth was the campaign of branding Croatia as an airline destination.
When discussing the future of the Croatian national airline, the director of Croatia Airlines thinks that the state should by all means keep the controlling interest in the company, where for the Minister of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure Oleg Butković finding a strategic partner for Croatia Airlines is one of the biggest challenges in the air traffic sector. In his introductory speech at the conference, Butković described air traffic as “the simplest and the cleanest”, saying that in the first quarter of 2018 the traffic grew by 20 per cent compared to the previous year, which is a result of investments in airport infrastructure.


text:
Quantity: 4 servings
3 tablespoons corn (liquid drained from can)
1/4 cup onion (chopped)
1 cup corn (canned, whole-kernel, drained)
3/4 cups kidney beans (dry, cooked)
3/4 teaspoons chili powder
1/4 teaspoon pepper flakes (hot red, optional)
1. Heat 3 tablespoons of liquid from canned corn in saucepan.
2. Cook onion in liquid until soft, about 2 minutes.
3. Add corn, kidney beans, chili powder, and hot red pepper flakes to onion mixture.
4. Cook over low heat for about 10 minutes.Nutrition information:

domain: food


text:
Displaying all 3 Publications
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Leslie J. Francis, Andrew Village, and David Voas
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Ozan Aksoy, David Bann, Meg E. Fluharty, et al.
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domain: library


text:
Where are you getting your diet advice?
There’s no doubt that getting advice on how to lose weight from advice columns has become a regular occurrence with pages dedicated to diet in most magazines. However it seems people are now beginning to put their trust in “ask the expert” sections for more serious issues. Questionable advice from “experts” advising people they’ve never met to cut out entire food groups which can do more good than harm, especially in children. A survey about food intolerance which was done last week found that 12 million people in Britain say they are intolerant to at least one food with wheat, sugar, yeast and dairy product being blamed most often. However most of the people who took part in the survey had not being formally diagnosed and studies done prior to the survey found the number of sufferers to be at about 2 per cent of the population.
Medical experts say they believe that many sufferers are blaming common complaints such as headaches or constipation on food sensitivity for their food intolerance. In doing so they are ignoring the possibility that theses problems are a sympthom of a more serious medical condition such as stomach ulcers, eye sight problems or hernia.
Richelle Flanagan who is president of the Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute told the Irish Times that members of the INDI (who are trained clinical dietitians and nutritionists) have noticed some dubious advice being handed out with regard to dietary changes and treatment of more serious illnesses over the last few months. When Ms. Flanagan’s sister was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer she, “experienced first-hand the ‘alternative’ route that she was exposed to, and saw the lack of evidence base and the resultant outcomes of weight loss due to restricted dietary advice. People with metastatic breast cancer need to maintain weight to enable them to be strong enough to receive treatment.”
However alternative treatment may be useful according to Dietitian Sarah Browne if used in conjunction with more traditional methods. Health in the Media asked Ms. Browne if, in the case of very serious illnesses such as breast cancer, would she advice against alternative treatments completely?
Complementary treatments can be successfully used alongside conventionalmedicine. It would be up to the experts on an oncology team to advise.
Ms. Flanagan said that major changes to a person’s diet that lead to them requiring medical treatment or even being hospitalized. In one example of this she related a story about an eight year old girl who became obese after being prescribed an intake of 1.5 litres of cranberry juice a day by an alternative health practitioner to cope with kidney infections. Ms. Brown said on the subject of eliminating food groups.
“It’s certainly very common now for people to cut out dairy foods. A traditional Irish diet always had a dependence on dairy foods. With a more varied & international diet comes more choice. The most important thing is that adequate calcium is contained in the diet if dairy is being eliminated. However, young people grow stronger, more durable bones if the calcium comes from a dairy source.”
Ms Brown also spoke of the dangers of developing nutritional deficiencies from cutting out certain foods. She said,
“Each food group is responsible for certain nutrients – e.g. Wholegrain carbohydrates don’t just provide calories,they also supply the body with fibre and B vitamins. Fruit and vegetables provide a range of vitamins and antioxidants that you can’t get from other sources. Dairy foods provide calcium and many other nutrients. Proteins (meat/fish/legumes/nuts etc) provide minerals, trace elements as well as vitamins. And healthy fats are needed for a whole range of functions in the body. Cutting out one of these groups, can often mean nutritional deficiencies if you’re not careful to replace them with alternative sources of the missing nutrients.”
Health and Social Care Professionals Council at CORU which is a regulatory body set up to look at professions such as physiotherapists, psychologists, clinical biochemists, occupational therapists is currently working on a system of regulating the title and work of dietitians. Anyone wanting to practise using that title in Ireland will be required to have certain levels of training and to register for a licence. Ms Browne said,
“In Ireland – dietitians or clinical nutritionists are usually members of the Irish Nutrition & Dietetic Institute (INDI), which means they are fully trained. In time there will be state registration, where the terms ‘dietitian’ & ‘clincial nutritionist’ may become protected terms, so a person would have to meet certain minimum qualifications to become state registered.”


text:
This page is also available in: עברית (Hebrew)
Shurat Hadin – Israel Law Center won a significant battle in its terror financing case against the Bank of China, the center announced.
Shurat Hadin convinced the New York Appellate Division to apply Israeli law and keep the case, filed on behalf on 22 families, in New York, the center told The Jerusalem Post late on Thursday night.
The most dramatic aspect of the state appeals court decision was that it both reversed the lower New York court decision to apply New York law in the case, in favor of Israeli law, and it made this decision against recent precedents by the New York-based US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
The state appeals court also reaffirmed the lower court’s decision to keep the case in New York as opposed to moving it to China, and rejected outright the bank’s appeal to apply Chinese law instead of either Israeli or New York law.
The court recognized the decision as significant, as Israeli law includes a right to sue and receive damages for violation of specific statutes, including a uniquely Israeli statute that places wide liability on banks and others that even indirectly aid or facilitate terrorists financing.
New York law’s obligations on banks are more lenient regarding anything their clients may be involved in.
Certainly the entire case and chances of winning would have been radically different under Chinese law and in China than under Israeli law and in New York.
The victims and family members of victims of terrorist attacks perpetrated between 2004 and 2007 in Israel allege that starting in 2003, the Bank of China executed dozens of wire transfers for Hamas and Islamic Jihad totaling several million dollars.
The case is still far from trial or any sort of resolution, but unlike beating a regular motion to dismiss, where usually a plaintiff merely has to survive small procedural hurdles that do not impact the case later, this decision, especially in applying Israeli law, gives the plaintiffs a significant advantage at all points of the case going forward as the framework will always be one applying greater liability against the Bank of China.
The development comes shortly after another major development, where according to an exclusive report in the Post, key former Israeli government witness Uzi Shaya sent a letter out on the case that he was “inclined” to testify despite reports that China threatened to cancel Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu’s visit to China last spring if Israel did not prevent Shaya from testifying.
Shurat Hadin had said that Shaya’s letter would indicate that he has faced potential opposition from the Israeli government about testifying, but that he believes he can testify anyway.
Despite that belief, Shaya explained to Shurat Hadin that he wished to give the government time to formulate an official position, particularly since the government might, in the end, endorse his testifying.
In July, the bank’s lawyers said that maybe the government was withholding Shaya’s testimony because it believed his testimony would be inaccurate – though the court appeared to reject this out of hand.
The significant question of whether Shaya will testify is being reviewed by the government, according to an official letter response to the court from July 12 by deputy director of the international department of the State Attorney’s Office, Yitzhak Blum.
The court expressed frustration that the letter did not give any deadline for an answer and indicated it would be responding to Blum’s letter by requesting a deadline.

domain: news


Will Cuomo reveal run?
Run for governor will be made known May 25 at convention, report says
Published 1:00 am, Friday, May 14, 2010
New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo plans to formally declare he is running for governor on or about May 25, when the state Democratic Party convention begins, said three supporters who declined to be named.
The supporters, each of whom said they had spoken to Cuomo about the strategy, asked to remain anonymous out of concern that they not appear to be breaching a confidence. Each said Cuomo, 52, wants to wait until the eve of the convention or the three-day meeting itself to declare for this year's election.
Josh Vlasto, a spokesman for Cuomo's campaign, declined to comment.
The state Democratic Party chooses its candidates for the Nov. 2 vote at this month's gathering, to be held in Rye Brook, New York. The posts of attorney general and governor are both up for election this year. Governor David Paterson, a Democrat, abandoned his election campaign in February after published reports that he and state police officers spoke with a woman who had filed domestic abuse charges against one of his aides.
As of Jan. 15, the last disclosure date required by the state Board of Elections, Cuomo had $16.1 million in campaign funds, more than any candidate for state office.


text:
A first edition copy of the federalist, volume ii, personally owned by alexander hamilton from: letters from publius: the aha society newletter, october 2012. One of the most vivid, influential, and controversial figures of the founding of america, alexander hamilton was an unusually prolific and vigorous writer as a military aide to george washington, critic of the articles of confederation, proponent of ratification of the constitution, first secretary of the treasury, and leader of the federalist. Hamilton and the federalist financial sylla / the federalist financial revolution two reasons first, paper currencies not convertible to hard money.
The federalist papers : no 1 contents: next document: see wise and good men on the wrong as well as on the right side of questions of the first magnitude to society. James madison, not alexander hamilton, wrote federalist 10 his main concern was how the new government under the constitution can stop a. Home » hamilton’s federalist papers alexander hamilton initiated and wrote 51 of the 85 anonymous federalist papers first up are papers no 1 and 6. Visitors rap hamilton's story at jefferson's monticello home the paper moved to another building where hanson was alexander hamilton, federalist.
What do you think was alexander hamilton's motivation for i have to write a research paper analyzing the first of the federalist papers written by. Read and see facts about founding father alexander hamilton war and one of the authors of the federalist alexander hamilton was the first secretary. Remembered above all as the nation’s first great fiscal voice, alexander hamilton is known for the range of his accomplishments, extending into the arenas of diplomacy, warfare, political strategy, and (via hamilton’s primary authorship of the federalist papers) constitutional law.Alexander hamilton research paper topics alexander hamilton essay hurricane, federalist no 78 alexander hamilton it is hamiltons policy that has helped to quell. Past & present: alexander hamilton and the start of the national debt hamilton's big idea is still with us today john steele gordon recalls the history of the debt. Because he was the first secretary of the treasury and established the what was alexander hamiltons primary concern not alexander hamilton, wrote federalist. Essay about alexander hamilton's federalist no 78 hamilton’s first federalist paper alexander hamilton’s first federalist paper endorses ratification. Alexander hamilton was the leader of the federalist is because he is the only non-president on us paper because he was the first secretary of the treasury. The federalist papers, written by alexander hamilton, he led calls for the philadelphia convention, was one of america's first constitutional lawyers,. History notes on alexander hamilton, his birth, his family, his life, his career, hamilton-burr duel, constitution, photos, maps.
View and download alexander hamilton essays examples alexander, federalist paper 79 who would be the first president, was a federalist. Alexander hamilton wrote the federalist papers, advocated for the adoption of the constitution, and was the first secretary of the treasury. The papers of alexander hamilton and publish the written records of the life of alexander hamilton, america’s first treasury contributions to the federalist. First published in 1788, the federalist is a collection of 85 newspaper articles, written the federalist alexander hamilton, james madison, and john jay share.
Alexander hamiltons,and thomas alexander hamilton’s first federalist paper - alexander hamilton’s first federalist paper alexander hamilton’s first. In the first of the essays, hamilton but perhaps nearly as remarkable as the writing of the federalist feat was, was hamilton's alexander hamilton had. Essays and criticism on alexander hamilton - critical essays alexander hamilton 1755()-1804 american statesman and essayist one of the founding fathers of the united states of america, alexander hamilton is best known as the principal author of the classic work on constitutional government, the federalist (1787-88.
Although hamilton carefully outlined the contents of the federalist papers at the end of the first of the federalist papers by alexander federalist paper. The federalist papers are a series of 85 title page of the first printing of the federalist james madison edu/ mudd/ 2008/ 01/ alexander_hamiltons. The puzzle of hamilton's federalist no 77 the essay first appeared in the independent journal on april but see the federalist no 71 (alexander. Alexander hamilton's beloved first philip's death devastated the hamiltons, just as hamilton and madison had collaborated in the federalist movement.Download
2018. Education database.


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Follow Carolina through the monumental tombs of the necropolis of Sovana and the wonderful villages of Sorano and Pitigliano hunting for the golden carriage of Anitliglia, the mythical Etruscan queen.
The Etruscan necropolis is just a few meters from Sovana.
The necropolis is noteworthy not so much for its enormous size, but for the many different types of tombs it contains. We can see tombs dating from the 7th-6th centuries B.C. even though the main nucleus was developed in the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C.
Some of the most significant sites in the necropolis are: the “Tomb of the Mermaid” (an aedicula tomb with a portico decorated on the frontal), the “Tomb of Idelbranda” (shaped like a temple with a double stairway and columns with capitals decorated with anthropomorphous elements).
These tombs are connected through the enigmatic vie Cave, hollow roads hand dug in the tufa by the Etruscans.

domain: artistic


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Tattoos may now be nearly ubiquitous on the arms of skinny poets and hardened bikers alike, but they make the residents of Medicine Hat, Alta., feel uncomfortable.
Body art is still considered inappropriate when featured on the arms and faces of police officers, according to a recent survey.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
The Medicine Hat Police Service announced this summer it would continue to bar officers from showing tattoos on duty.
Andy McGrogan, the chief of police, said the policy came under question when an officer asked to roll up his sleeves, displaying a collage of permanent ink along his arm.
After studying similar decisions in Ontario, the force concluded tattoos were a matter of community standards — they should be permitted if residents were comfortable with them.
A survey made it “clear our citizens did not want to see tattoos,” Chief McGrogan said. “They also don’t want to see unnatural hair colour.”
Jen Gerson: • Email: firstname.lastname@example.org | Twitter: jengerson

domain: law


Did Apple know before this week that there is a right way and a wrong way to hold the iPhone 4?
The incorrect left-handed way, which even Steve Jobs has been known to use, apparently can cause “attenuation” of the phone’s antenna performance, the Apple spokesman Steve Dowling told me on Thursday. When I asked Mr. Dowling whether Apple knew about this before the iPhone 4 got into the hands of hundreds of thousands of consumers, he declined to answer.
Here is a theory of why the company may not have detected the problem. Apple engineers tested the iPhone 4 on and off Apple’s campus. On campus, Apple presumably has good enough reception to mask any problems. Apple is, after all, AT&T’s most important handset partner. And when Apple sent prototypes for off-campus testing, those handsets were concealed inside cases that made them look like the iPhone 3GS. That, at least, was Apple how sent out the now-famous iPhone 4 prototype that walked into a bar in Silicon Valley and got lost. And as Apple said Thursday, a case is one way to get around the problems with the antenna.
It’s just a theory, but one that seems plausible. I reached out to Apple for comment and will update if I hear back from them.


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We use flowers to express love, mark significant events and celebrate holidays, but our bouquets can come with significant costs. Here’s how the flower industry is impacting the planet — and what you should ask before you gift again.
Plant-based milks have a lighter impact than dairy milk in terms of carbon pollution, water and land use — but not all are created equal. Two sustainability researchers crunch the numbers to guide you towards more Earth-friendly options.
Many farmworkers in the US receive inadequate wages and experience harassment, violence and even sexual assault. But thanks to the innovative Fair Food Program, which signs up big companies like McDonald’s and Taco Bell, conditions in the tomato fields in several states have been reformed. Here’s how it works — and how you can do your part.
If we want the people in our lives to put down their steak knives and seriously consider changing their diets, we need to change the conversations we’re having with them, says food innovator Bruce Friedrich. Here’s what to say — and what not to say.
Cultured meat could be coming to our plates in the next few years. How is it made? Will it help — or hurt — the planet? Here’s what we know.
How can you protect crops against global warming? One answer: find the secrets of plants that already thrive in the most punishing climates, says microbiologist Rusty Rodriguez.


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I chose to confront this question with a clear and conscious decision to love myself regardless of the opinions, or judgement, of others. I concluded that the gospel is much more than a “get out of hell for free” card. It is an invitation for me
Feelings can be used as a launching pad that sends you on a pathway towards redemption, restoration, and change. However, if not dealt with, feelings can hold you prisoner to the things you hate most.

domain: psychology


Liverpool and Manchester Railway
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contribution by Stephenson
When the Liverpool-Manchester line was nearing completion in 1829, a competition was held for locomotives; Stephenson’s new engine, the Rocket, which he built with his son, Robert, won with a speed of 36 miles (58 km) per hour. Eight locomotives were used when the Liverpool-Manchester line opened on Sept. 15, 1830, and all of them had been built in Stephenson’s...
...The first railroad built in Great Britain was the Stockton and Darlington, opened in 1825. It used a steam locomotive built by George Stephenson and was practical only for hauling minerals. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830, was the first modern railroad. It was a public carrier of both passengers and freight. By 1870 Britain had about 13,500 miles (21,700 km) of...
The first dock in Liverpool was built in 1715. By the end of the century, four other docks had been established along the Mersey, so that the port outranked even London in dock space. In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first in England to link two major cities, was opened. A rail network providing easy and cheap access to all major British industrial centres was soon created, and...
The Liverpool and Manchester, Stephenson’s second project, can logically be thought of as the first fully evolved railway to be built. It was intended to provide an extensive passenger service and to rely on locomotive traction alone. The Rainhill locomotive trials were conducted in 1829 to assure that those prime movers would be adequate to the demands placed on them and that adhesion was...
About three-fifths of the rail trackage in the world is the so-called standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches (1.4 m), which originated with George Stephenson’s pioneer Liverpool & Manchester line in 1829. It was exported from Britain to Europe and the United States with the export of British locomotives built to it. Among notable deviations are Russia’s 5-foot (1.5-metre) gauge, Spain’s 5-foot...
...conjunction in the first quarter of the 19th century culminated in the Stockton & Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, and a further five years of experience with steam locomotives led to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which, when it opened in 1830, constituted the first fully timetabled railway service with scheduled freight and passenger traffic relying entirely on the steam...
What made you want to look up Liverpool and Manchester Railway?


The state Legislature is pushing forward on a controversial bill that would change Washington's medical marijuana laws.
Senate Bill 5073, which would set up a voluntary patient registry and license medical marijuana dispensaries, passed the House Health Care and Wellness Committee on a 6-5, mostly partisan vote Wednesday. Some applauded it as a way to better oversee marijuana use in Washington, and others worried that it could lead to abuse of the system.
“Right now we have such ambiguity in our law regarding our protection for authorized medical marijuana patients, and I hate to see that,” said Sen. Jeanne Kohl-Welles, a Seattle Democrat and the bill’s primary sponsor.
Medical marijuana has been legal in Washington since voters approved Initiative 692 in 1998, but that law left some confusion around how people who qualify to use medical marijuana can get it.
Under the rule, patients are allowed to grow limited amounts of medical marijuana for themselves or designate a provider to grow it for them, but it doesn’t address the dispensaries that have sprouted up to sell marijuana.
Senate Bill 5073 would authorize and license dispensaries through the state Health Department.
John Schochet, a lawyer from the Seattle City Attorney’s Office, said that legal or not, dispensaries have become a fact of life in Washington because many people are unable to grow medical marijuana for themselves or find a personal provider.
“Given that we have a medical marijuana system in the state, dispensaries in some form are inevitable,” Schochet said.
“We want to approach the problem from the perspective of how can we do this in a way that is good for communities?”
So far, local governments around the state have taken different approaches toward dispensaries.
In King County, for instance, the county prosecutor has taken the position that dispensaries are illegal but has not taken any action against them. The City of Tacoma tried sending cease-and-desist orders to dispensaries there in October, but when that led to an uproar by medical marijuana advocates, the City Council backed off.
“The city has not said that we think dispensaries are the way to go, necessarily, but no one has suggested anything else,” said Randy Lewis, the city’s lobbyist. “We just want clarity. That’s the bottom line.”
If it passes, the bill will also set up a voluntary registry for patients in Washington to make it easier for law enforcement to tell whether someone in possession of marijuana was violating the law.
The House committee made some changes to the bill, which already passed the Senate in a 29-20 vote, mainly by cutting out amendments that were added during the Senate floor vote.
The committee eliminated a requirement that dispensaries be nonprofit, removed a provision that would have allowed local governments to prohibit dispensaries locally and required the Health Department to cap the number of dispensary licenses it issues in each county, based on the number of patients there.
The committee also added a provision to protect patients from being arrested for marijuana possession even if they do not sign up for the state registry and loosened some restrictions on health care workers who prescribe medical marijuana.
Rep. Bill Hinkle, a Cle Elum Republican on the Health Care and Wellness Committee, said he was disappointed at the changes that the bill went through because they removed some restrictions on dispensaries.
“It’s got holes you could drive a truck through,” said Hinkle of the bill, though he said he was not sure how specifically to improve the measure.
The proposal has also faced opposition from the Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs, the Washington State Pharmacy Association, and the Association for Substance Abuse and Violence Prevention.
To become law, the proposal must pass a House floor vote, be reconciled with the version that passed the Senate and go to the governor for a signature.
Katie Schmidt: 360-786-1826 firstname.lastname@example.org


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As a problem solver, which everyone is one way or another, it is of great importance to acting in a rational way at all times. A rational thinker uses philosophy, logic, and deduction to draw insights from the problem at hand. In consulting roles, this particular trait is almost non-negotiable, as the solutions provided will be used by clients to make important life and business decisions. However, how reliable is the advice being provided by consultants? How certain can clients be that the advice they receive has not been affected by external factors provided by consultants as the solutions you provide your clients will? The actions emanating from this advice can have fairly far-reaching effects, some affecting entire stock markets, and economies. Many studies have shown that stock price movements can sometimes not be fully explained by known theories, i.e. they do not move in a rational way. In a paper titled “Evidence that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings”, V.L. Bernard and J.K. Thomas initially believed that this was evidence of inadequacies of existing theories, as stock prices of some small to medium-sized firms would take more than half a year to fully react to earnings news. However, C. Lee, A. Shleifer, and R. Thaler then revealed that stock markets can be affected by investors’ sentiments, which are not always rational. Their conclusions are in line with results from work done by R.J. Shiller on excessive volatility, which showed that stock price movements cannot be explained by new dividends information. So how are decision-makers influenced to make them so irrational?
Concepts from behavioural finance attempts to explain this. A common one is anchoring. Anchoring occurs when one is exposed to certain information which then serves as a reference for future decisions. An example of anchoring is when asked to estimate the price of an object given the price of another object. Even if the objects are not similar or linked, people tend to use the price given as a reference for the estimated price.
Another common concept is prospect theory, which attempts to explain how individuals make decisions in light of uncertainty. Depending on whether a person’s attitude towards risk, a promotion that presents an equal chance to either win or loses a large amount can be viewed by the risk seeker as an opportunity to win that large amount, whilst the risk-averse person would view it as a risk to lose the amount. This concept is the development of a concept called framing. The concept of framing suggests that the way a gamble is framed affects the interpretation and thus the decisions that follow. For example, a project presented to the senior managers and decision-makers framed with a 75% chance of success, could have a different response to one framed as having a 25% chance of failure.
A study by Kahneman and Tsversky’s paper on “Choices, values, and frames” asked the question, why individuals would rather spend $10 on a theatre ticket after losing a $10 bill than to replace a lost ticket worth $10. This question is answered by the concept of mental accounting. Mental accounting states that way people deal with money depends on the intended use and where the money came from and ignores the overall effect on one’s account. In the question asked by Kahneman and Tsversky, in both instances, $10 had been written off and another $10 had been used to buy the ticket, however, the instances are likely to not be treated the same.
The quantity and ordering of choices can also affect the decisions made. The recency effect states that people are likely to choose the most recent option offered especially if the decision is made close to a deadline, whilst the primary effect explains that people tend to prefer the first choice. Other decisions are made on a status quo bias basis, in which they prefer things to remain the same. Overchoice, then states that when presented with too many choices, many people can become unhappy, or feel drained, and in many cases, fail to decide due to the overload of choices.
These are just a few examples of how irrational we can be in the decision-making process. It would be good practise to incorporate the use of analytics to ensure that decisions made are at least evidence-based.
Nyasha Mukechi is a Consultant at Industrial Psychology Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd a management and human resources consulting firm.

domain: economics


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According to the United States Census Bureau, Anoka is a City that is located in Anoka County, Minnesota at 45.20 degrees North and 93.39 degrees West.
The city's time zone is America/Chicago, and the city's primary telephone area code is 763.
The land area of Anoka is about 6.70 square miles, whereas the water area of the city is about 0.51 square miles.
Anoka County's land area is about 423 square miles, so the city occupies about 1.6 percent of the county's total land area.
Current Weather Conditions in Anoka, Minnesota
The Census Bureau estimates that Anoka had about 17,549 residents in 2019, which is approximately 2,619 people per square mile of land area.
According to recent American Community Survey data, the median household income in Anoka was about $58,576 per year.
The Minnesota counties map at upper right shows Anoka County, highlighted in red.
Use the menu below to display interactive maps of Anoka, either in a frame on this page or in full-screen mode.
Use the menu below to display categorized Anoka directories.
|Anoka Products and Services Directory|
Selected Anoka, Minnesota Listings
These randomly selected Anoka listings provide some insight into the city's cultural environment and economic climate.
Aero Material Handling Inc
Christian Auto Sales
- Industrial Equipment & Supplies Wholesale & Manufacturers
- Construction Machinery & Equipment Dealers
- Construction Machinery & Equipment Wholesale & Manufacturers
- Hoisting & Rigging Equipment Dealers
Fifth Avenue Dental
- Truck Dealers
- Used Cars
- Used Trucks
Hakanson Anderson Associates Inc - Craig Jochum PE
- Consulting Engineers
- Civil Engineers
- Construction Engineers
Life Cleanse of Anoka
- Personal Injury Attorneys
- Insurance Law Attorneys
Shorewood RV Center
- Floral & Balloon Arrangements
- Plants Retail
Ward & CO Limited
- Outdoor Sports & Recreation
- RV & Camper Dealers
- ATV Dealers
- Financial Services
- Financial Planning Consultants & Services
- Investment Services
- Investment Advisory Services
Nearby Minnesota Cities and Towns *
Large and Mid-size Cities in Nearby States
* Parenthesized numbers indicate economic activity levels.
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Anoka, Minnesota Regional Directory Categories Menu

domain: geography


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The Wismec Theorem RTA, is a completely rebuildable tank and is even compatible with custom built coils. It Uses a brand new NotchCoil system allowing users to rebuild coils to their preference or get creative and enjoy unique coils of their own design. The Wismec Theorem RTA is wicked with cotton and can be accessed by removing the glass window to completely expose the build deck or there is a top plug for easy access refilling. It also has an adjustable airflow notch located at the top of the device.
The Wismec Theorem RTA Features
- Airflow Adjustable
- Sleek Design by Jaybo
- Refill Plug
- Custom Coil Build Compatible
The Wismec Theorem RTA is approximately 22mm in diameter. It is 510 threaded and compatible with most box mods.
The Wismec Theorem RTA Includes
1 x Theorem Atomizer
2 x Airflow Control Rings (single and dual)
1 x Stainless Lined Glass Sleeve
1 x Glass Sleeve
2 x NotchCoilTM with Cotton
3 x Silicon Orings (Cyan)
4 x Spare Screws
1 x Hex Key 1.25mm Drive (0.05in)
1 x User Manual
The Wismec Theorem RTA includes a standard 90 day manufacturer’s warranty.
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domain: design


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Telia, Tele2 and Three trumpet Swedish 5G launches
As the saying goes, you wait ages for one 5G network in Sweden and three come along at once: The Swedish units of Telia, Tele2 and Hi3G Access (Three Sweden) have laid out commercial 5G launch plans, although the operators are still awaiting the allocation of 5G-friendly spectrum after the auction was delayed until November 2020.
Tele2 Sweden claimed to have launched the market's first 5G network after switching on 5G basestations in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, although it seems that the services will not actually be available to subscribers until June 2020.
A Tele2 spokesperson said the operator is "working with several, existing vendors" on the launch of 5G.
Telia Sweden said 15 5G basestations are now up and running in Stockholm, with plans to launch the network in 12 cities this year including Gothenburg and Malmö. Three Sweden, which had previously claimed to be the country's first 5G provider in December 2019, said it will launch 5G in Malmö, Lund, Helsingborg, Västerås, Uppsala and more areas of Stockholm in June. Telenor Sweden says on its website that it plans to launch 5G services by the end of 2020.
Only Telia Sweden explicitly named the vendor involved in its 5G launch: The operator is working with local partner Ericsson, which confirmed it is providing radio access network (RAN) products and solutions. Tele2 said in 2019 that it had postponed making decisions on 5G vendors because of security concerns related to China-based vendors such as Huawei.
Ericsson has previously (in 2017) indicated its involvement in Hi3G 5G network upgrades in Denmark and Sweden. However, a spokesperson for Three Sweden said in an email that it did not comment "in detail" on how the mobile network is structured.
"We have several different suppliers to our mobile network," the spokesperson said. "We are currently conducting our large procurement of 5G equipment for the network, where an important aspect is the security of our customers and protection of national interests. The latter is a central part of the terms of the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority in order to be able to bid on the 5G frequencies made available in November-December."
The operators have also been forced to be fairly inventive with spectrum for their new 5G networks because of the delay in the allocation of 5G-capable spectrum in the 2.3GHz and 3.5GHz bands. Telia is using its existing 700MHz spectrum assets, Tele2 is currently relying on 80MHz in the C-band and Three Sweden is using frequencies in the 2.6GHz band.
Anders Nilsson, CEO and president of Tele2, explained that Tele2 decided to buy additional frequencies in the C-band to allow it to launch "real 5G" before the summer. "The government has delayed the planned auction of 5G spectrum in Sweden, which is unfortunate since the 5G rollout is essential to drive the digitalization of both the public and private sectors," Nilsson said.
The Swedish Post and Telecom Agency (PTS) has said the auction of frequencies in the 2.3GHz and 3.5GHz bands is due to start on November 10, 2020, with applications invited by June 30. It plans to sell "up to" 15 nationwide licenses in the 3.5GHz band, incorporating a maximum 320MHz of frequencies, and up to 80MHz in the 2.3GHz range.
For more on this topic, see:
- ABB to use Ericsson's 5G in factory in Ludvika, Sweden
- Tele2 suspends 2020 financial guidance amid COVID-19 uncertainty
- Tele2 has slashed hundreds of jobs and more cuts are coming
- Ericsson's 5G tests notch top speed of 4.3 Gbit/s
- Telenor to resell Ericsson's 'Industry Connect' for private networks
— Anne Morris, Contributing Editor, Light Reading
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One of America's most loved telecoms get-togethers, The BIG 5G Event, will be returning to Austin in 2023 to host 1,500+ telecom, cloud and technology professionals — and we want you to be a part of it!
For three days, you can meet and network with leaders from every part of the North American 5G ecosystem and hear from over 150 speakers on the hottest industry topics. To apply for your complimentary pass to the event, visit this link.