text:
By Kurt J. Bauman
and Barbara A. Downs
U. S. Bureau of the Census
Washington, D.C. 20233
Population Division Working Paper No. 42
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, CA, March 24, 2000.
This paper reports the results of research and analysis undertaken by Census Bureau Staff. It has undergone a more limited review than official Census Bureau publications. This report is released to inform interested parties of research and to encourage discussion.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Networks and employment
Other influences on work entry and exit
Plan of this paper
Influences on network indicators
Effects of networks on welfare and work
Figure 1. It's Who You Know: Resources, Networks, and Support
Population Division Technical Working Papers Series
Quantitative research on support networks, poverty and welfare has been limited to only a few available measures. We introduce a new quantitative measure of family and non-family support available to people in need - expectation of assistance available when in need. We find this measure has a strong relationship to material well being, employment and the ability to avoid welfare use. The measure provides stronger evidence than has been available in the past that resource networks affect employment and welfare. Our work also confirms that poverty has a strong negative impact on the ability to participate in resource networks, and therefore illustrates a mechanism through which poverty is linked to family functioning.
Recent sociological work has demonstrated that family and other social networks can help people enter employment and meet basic needs. Many types of resources flow to individuals that have strong network attachments, including child care, help in emergencies, and resources that allow people to undertake new endeavors such as school enrollment or the purchase of a new home. Ethnographic work has repeatedly described the ways in which people with low incomes rely on family and friends to provide instrumental and financial assistance to help them make ends meet and engage in productive activities. Quantitative research has provided some evidence that network support can aid entry into the workforce. However, the findings of quantitative research are not as strong as they could be, due to the limited number of quantitative measures available to measure network strength.
Past research on network effects has often been limited to using one or two indicators to measure network resources, and these indicators contained a number of confounded influences. Among these influences are (1) network strength in terms of resources and norms of assistance, (2) need for assistance on the part of the individual receiving support, (3) the ability of the individual to participate fully in the network by reciprocating when support is received, and (4) the nature of behavioral expectations associated with network participation as they affect future material outcomes. The complexity of network effects can be dealt with more effectively when more than one measure of network assistance is used in any given analysis.
In this paper, we explore the interrelationships between expectations of support from social networks and the well being of households -- their ability to meet basic needs, enter into work, maintain labor force attachments and negotiate welfare transitions. In so doing, we make use of several indicators of network attachment, including a new quantitative measure, expectation of help available when in need, which provides new insights into the decision-making processes individuals navigate as they manage their family and work affairs.
Social networks are comprised of people who are available to provide support (Antonucci 1990). Ideally, it would be possible to measure the characteristics of these networks directly. However, direct measurement has typically been difficult. Much past work has relied on indicators of individual use of networks (such as coresidence and proximity to kin) as a major indicator of network availability. While such indicators reliably reflect the presence of network connections, they cannot measure network characteristics independently of individual characteristics which affect network use. These individual characteristics need to be considered explicitly. There are at least three types of individual characteristics that influence network relationships -- resources, needs and characteristics that reflect on the normative standards of the network. 1
Access to resources appears to be a motivating factor in the development of social support networks (Corin 1987; Krause 1987). These support relationships are reciprocal in nature (Wellman and Hall 1986; Roberto 1989; Rossi and Rossi 1990). Thus groups with scarce resources are likely to expect fewer supports than groups with greater resources (Antonucci 1990). Married people, who have greater material resources, also have larger support networks, both in the number and the variety of sources of support (Antonucci 1990; Flowers et al. 1996). Access to resources is usually represented by money income and assets. Those who have more money are presumably in a better position to reciprocate when network assistance is provided, and are likely to be in contact with people who have the ability to provide assistance. A distinction needs to be drawn, however, between indicators of short-term financial difficulties and long-term economic position. The latter can be expected to have a larger effect on the ability to participate in resource networks. Assets, housing and other factors that reflect long-term living situation can be expected to have a stronger effect than income. Even less impact should be expected from indicators of short-term difficulty meeting basic needs, which may reflect short-term problems (Bauman 1998, Beverly 1999).
The existence of social networks is demonstrated by the flow of resources, and these usually flow to those who have particular needs. Research has documented that those with greater need for assistance (young, poor, minority, and single parents) are more likely to adopt strategies such as residing with other family members, which may alleviate some of their financial distress (Stack 1974; Hogan et al. 1990). Similarly, people facing difficult or expensive transitions in their lives -- such as attending college, purchasing a home, moving to a nursing home or recovering from illness or injury -- have traditionally been the recipients of resources from family members and others concerned with their well-being. Needs and resources, of course, are opposites. Those who have greater needs will generally be less able to reciprocate, even if they are in contact with networks with substantial resources. So, most indicators of needs (and of resources) will have offsetting effects, meaning that their net influence on assistance from networks cannot be predicted in advance. The exception to this rule would be situations where the need for assistance is temporary or associated with predictable life-course events. Parenthood and age (both youth and old age) are examples of such events.
The normative content of network relations does not correspond as clearly to identifiable individual characteristics. People who belong to stronger, resource rich networks presumably have a greater incentive to adhere to norms. However, the incentive will be less if their own resources permit them to live independently of network support. In addition, it is not clear how the rules and expectations associated with network participation might vary. For example, Edin and Lein (1997) argued that network support was a critical ingredient that allowed poor single mothers to maintain employment and remain off of welfare. Their position is supported by the findings of Parish et al. (1991) who found that proximity to other working adults increased the likelihood a young, single parent will enter the workforce. A contrasting position is taken by Stack (1974) who observed that in low-income communities, networks discourage workforce entry because exchange activities of the group focus on non-work based exchanges.
A reasonable reconciliation of these opposing views is that networks reinforce behaviors that contribute to the maintenance of the network. Thus an individual will be drawn into a network not only when he or she has the resources to reciprocate, but also when he or she has characteristics and behaviors prevalent in the network -- such as employment, as well as ethnicity, appropriate age, childbearing within marriage, etc. In some networks, employment may be rare, or contingent on particular extended family circumstances or needs (Stack and Burton 1993). However, it should be expected that the most resource-rich networks would have normative behaviors that include regular employment.
From the preceding discussion, it should be apparent that aspects of network relations work in offsetting ways. Greater individual income allows access to assistance, but indicates low need for assistance. Network attachment may encourage employment for some while discouraging employment for others. It is perhaps not surprising that past findings on network effects have not always shown them to be very strong predictors of behavior.
When several network indicators are available, closer examination of offsetting effects is possible. In the present paper, the indicators can be classified into three types. The first set are indicators of network usage by those who are in need. These indicators include coresidence with others and financial assistance from outside the household. Past research has shown that these are related to need for assistance. Those who have never married and have lower human capital are most likely to reside with relatives or friends, as are black and Hispanic women (Hao and Brinton 1997; Hogan et al. 1990; Hofferth 1984; Tienda and Angel 1982). Resources from family and others outside the household are an important income source for low-income single mothers (Edin and Lein 1997).
Expectations of assistance from family and friends, on the other hand, are not dependent on actual experience of material need in order to be expressed. They should, therefore, more directly express network strength and the ability to participate in the network through reciprocation.
Finally, there are other indicators that must be treated as special cases due to question wording or other factors. An indicator of expectation of help from groups or agencies in the community could be an indicator of network strength (as with strong church ties) or network weakness (as with welfare dependence).
From the discussion above, the direction of effects of individual or household characteristics on indicators of network availability cannot be predicted from theoretical considerations alone. On the other hand, relative effects can be predicted. That is to say, we can expect stronger effects on some outcomes than on others. Households with greater income, resources, or human capital would be relatively more likely to express the expectation of assistance from family and friends than they would be to have received financial assistance or to have co-resided with friends or with kin. Indicators of need, such as disability, the presence of children, single parent status, membership in a disadvantaged minority group, or age extremes (young, old) would have a strong positive effect on use of network assistance relative to their effect on expectations.
Networks and employment
Network help is obviously important in cases where people run into emergencies or temporary problems. Over the long-term, however, it is not self-evident that the presence of strong social networks will contribute to overall well-being. For example, when a person loses a job the financial assistance they receive from relatives may be better than no help at all, but may not go very far towards meeting major expenses. A family loan to help buy a house may make it possible to buy a home that would otherwise be unaffordable, but may only move the time of ownership forward a year or two. Across the entire population, moreover, these events may be rare enough that they don't provide a significant upward boost in recipients' well-being.
One way in which households can reach long-term economic security is through employment. Networks may be important in helping obtain and maintain employment. However, the role played by social networks in work entry and exit is indeterminate. Once again, analysis is hampered by problems of simultaneous causality -- i.e., the need for assistance is often associated with employment problems, making assistance seem less encouraging of employment. Those with the greatest difficulty finding work often have the greatest need, and thus may be likely to get network assistance, creating a negative relationship between networks and employment. On the other hand, those who are working are likely to be in contact with networks that have sufficient resources, and are also likely to conform to normative expectations favoring employment. Of the indicators of network connection, expectations of assistance most reflect network strength. Expectations of assistance, therefore, should be positively associated with employment. Indicators of network use, however, would be less frequently associated with work because of the offsetting influences just described.
We have examined one mechanism through which employment is related to network support -- normative expectations of the network itself. There are other mechanisms as well. Networks may provide material resources to facilitate the undertaking of new activities, such as moving or purchasing a home. They may provide ongoing assistance to maintain productive activities, such as emergency child care, assistance with everyday tasks, and normative support. People make different use of networks depending on their situation (Wellman and Hall 1986). Networks may also be important as information sources, as sources of direct financial assistance, as "insurance" against financial or other problems, or as sources of normative support (Wellman 1979; Corin 1987; Krause 1987; Roberto 1989). Networks may provide critical resources to prevent temporary problems or emergencies from ballooning into permanent setbacks.
If networks act mainly to prevent catastrophe rather than to help people recover, then it may be that expectations of assistance will be important, because they represent potential resources available to people who have not experienced problems. Actual assistance received may have less of an impact on employment due to the offsetting impacts of assistance and need. If networks act mainly to prevent catastrophe rather than to help people recover, they may also be more important for maintaining employment than for entering employment. would be more affected by networks than the entry into employment, on the presumption that many of those needing network assistance to enter work have already experienced a setback.
Other influences on work entry and exit
Predictors of work entry and exit can be categorized as indicators of: resources, human capital, family structure, demographic characteristics, and social networks. Resources are factors such as income, child care availability, or transportation assistance. Each of these factors increases work readiness or provides a cushion against unexpected financial downturns, thus they increase the likelihood of entering or staying in the workforce.
Human capital, frequently measured as education, increases the likelihood of being in the workforce, according to economic theory (e.g. Pencavel 1986). Those with greater educational attainment have more marketable skills and are able to obtain higher paying work. More work income makes it less likely an individual would leave the workforce, as the costs of doing so are greater.
Family structure, defined as number of children and presence of other adults in the household, have contradictory effects on workforce entry and exit (Hao and Brinton 1997; Harris 1996). Children are, in general, a burden in terms of financial and time commitments. It is more difficult for a woman with several children to make and pay for child care arrangements for all of her children than it is for a woman with no children or one child. The woman with more children would therefore have more difficulty coordinating her activities such that she would be able to seek and maintain employment. The presence of other adults in the household, conversely, could be a resource which allows a person access to child care or money, which help with entering and staying in the working world. However, if the other adults in the household are living there because of their own financial problems, they become a burden similar to children. Thus, the effect of living with other adults on workforce behavior is somewhat ambiguous.
Finally, demographic characteristics, in particular, age, are related to workforce entry and exit (Clark and Summers 1991). Older people, at least those below the retirement age, are more likely to enter and stay in the workforce for several reasons. They have higher earnings due to experience. They are in general, more mature and stable than younger people. Their children are most likely older, so they have fewer child care constraints. They also have been exposed to work as a normative behavior for a longer time, and they have had more time to develop connections with potential employers.
Plan of this paper
This paper examines the factors affecting social network size and strength. It uses this information to predict workforce entry and exit. The results provide a broad explanation of the effects of person and social characteristics and behavior. Our main hypotheses are as follows.
Hypothesis 1: Households with greater income and resources will have greater expectations of assistance from networks.
Hypothesis 2: Flow of resources is associated with need.
Hypothesis 3: Networks provide resources primarily to those with short-term (rather than long-term) needs.
Hypothesis 4: Households with access to networks are more able to obtain and maintain employment.
Hypothesis 5: Actual assistance received from networks will have a stronger impact on entry into work, while expectations of assistance will be morestrongly felt at the point of exit.
The next section discusses the data used in this paper. This will be followed by an examination of influences of household characteristics on network support indicators. The influence of network support on subsequent labor market behavior and welfare use will then be examined. This will be followed by a brief examination of the relationship of network support to difficulty meeting basic needs. Finally, we will discuss the results and present conclusions.
The data for this study are from the 1991 and 1992 panels of the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). The regression analyses make use of the topical module on "Extended Measures of Well-being" administered in wave 6 of the 1991 panel and wave 3 of the 1992 panel. The topical module was administered to the reference person in each household (or his/her proxy), providing data on many conditions affecting the household -- including housing quality, neighborhood conditions and material well-being. An identical questionnaire was administered in each panel. These panels overlapped so that both sets of questionnaires were in the field at the same time -- winter of 1992-1993. There were 13,162 households in the 1991 panel and 18,634 in the 1992 panel for a total of 31,796 cases for analysis. In many analyses, missing data on some variables reduced the sample somewhat.
The 1991 and 1992 SIPP surveys asked respondents several questions that touched on their ability to draw on social network support. One form of such support was coresidence with relatives outside the immediate family or with housemates. Three types of living situations were determined form the complete household roster recorded on a monthly basis in these SIPP panels. Households where any member resided with their own child and with a parent were classified as "three generation" households. Any other coresidence by relatives outside the family was classified as residence with relatives. If non-relatives lived in the household, it was classified as one with housemates. A second measure of network support was financial assistance from outside the household. As part of the accounting of all income sources in the SIPP, household respondents were asked to report any financial contributions made by relatives or friends. These contributions are recorded separately from child support and alimony. Another indicator of network support was obtained for those people who experienced difficulty meeting basic needs (described below). Those who had such difficulties were asked if they received help from others outside the household. Finally, respondents were asked whether they expect they would receive assistance in a situation where they needed help, such as sickness or moving. They were asked about help expected from family, friends, or their other people in the community such as a social agency or a church. Responses were coded on a four-point scale running from "all the help we need" to "none of the help we need." For the purposes of this analysis, these variables were treated in two ways. For many analyses, the expectation variables were converted into dichotomous indicators separating the highest two levels on the scale from the lowest two. In addition, a scale was used that averaged the scores of responses to the two questions on help from family and from friends.
In these two panels of the SIPP, respondents were asked a variety of questions about material circumstances of their households. Questions on material hardship asked in the 1991 and 1992 SIPP were very similar to those used by Mayer and Jencks in their analysis of poverty and material hardship in Chicago (Mayer and Jencks 1989). Household heads were asked about instances when the household did not pay rent, mortgage, or utility bills, use of medical services and food sufficiency. A summary measure of hardship indicated households where at least two types of hardship were reported. Respondents were also asked about neighborhood conditions. These included street noise, streets in need of repair, litter in the streets, rundown or abandoned buildings, industrial or other nonresidential uses, and smoke or fumes. Questions on housing conditions focused on the number of rooms, the state of repair and satisfaction with the home. Questions on crime related to perceptions of safety of the home and neighborhood.
For this research, single parenthood was treated as a characteristic of a household. Any household that contained the unmarried parent of a child under age 18 during the interview period was considered a single parent household. All other households containing parents were considered married parent households. Households where no parents were identified were non-parent households.
Receipt of several different program types was considered 'welfare' for the purposes of this analysis. These included all means tested income support programs included on the survey: AFDC, SSI, general assistance and several less common programs. Households that relied on one or more of these programs and contained no members who worked were classified as on welfare. Households that contained at least one member who worked, and received no welfare were considered working.
Because there is only one respondent per household, individual characteristics of all household members were not used in the construction of control variables. Instead, characteristics of the household itself (household income, home ownership) and characteristics of the household head (age, race, sex, education) were used. Disability status, however, covered the entire household -- if any member reported a work disability the entire household so classified. Health insurance status was recorded into three categories: complete coverage for all household members in all months, coverage for at least some household members in some months, or no coverage for any household member. Household income (in logarithmic form) was measured both with and without food stamps, with little difference in results. The analyses using the former version were included here. After some experimentation with others, two measures of asset holdings were included: tenure and number of asset types. The latter was measured by adding together the total number of types of asset income received (there were 12 types, including such things as money market accounts, US government securities, dividends, rental income).
The SIPP is based on a multistage sample, rendering standard statistical tests inappropriate. In the tabulations and regression results presented below, standard errors are adjusted to reflect a design effect of 3.0.
Table 1 shows bivariate tabulations of expectations of help when in need with several economic and demographic variables. All of these had significant relationships to expectations of help when in need. Households with greater resources were more likely to expect help. Poor households and households having difficulty meeting basic needs were less likely to expect help than other households (with the exception of assistance from groups or agencies in the community expected by the poor).
Family structure and life cycle variables were also significantly related to expectations of help when in need. Single parent households were less likely to expect help. On the other hand, other households with children were more likely to expect help. Households headed by younger people were more likely to expect help from family and friends. Households with heads age 65 or higher were also more likely to expect help from family, but less likely to expect help friends. Education is associated with greater expectations of assistance from friends, but less of assistance from family and others.
Table 2 examines the degree to which expectations of help available are related to the actual receipt of help. Expectations are only loosely correlated with other indicators of network assistance. The only significant effect is negative -- households with members outside the nuclear family tend to expect less help from friends.
Influences on network indicators.
To more fully explore these relationships, Table 3 provides the results of logistic regressions of six indicators of network assistance on a set of control variables similar to those just examined. The control variables are arranged in several groups, corresponding to the discussion above. As hypothesized, measures of immediate (short-term) resources, such as income and health insurance coverage, have a relatively weak relationship with expected assistance. By contrast, indicators of longer-term economic stability, including assets, home ownership, and neighborhood conditions, have strong, significant relationships with expected assistance. The exception to this observed pattern is the effect of difficulty meeting basic needs (paying bills and meeting expenses). There are at least two possible explanations for this seeming anomaly. In previous work, we have noted that difficulty meeting basic needs may be an indicator of long-term financial instability (Bauman 1999). In regressions not shown here income has a large impact on expectations of assistance until indicators of longer-term well-being are introduced. Assets and neighborhood conditions may not adequately control for long-term difficulty meeting basic needs. More plausible, perhaps, is the explanation that difficulty meeting basic needs forces people to rely on network assistance, and that experience makes them pessimistic about future help. Alternatively, the type of household that is unable to pay bills or meet other basic needs is also unable to call upon help from outside the household, due to characteristics not observed here.
Measures of assistance received relate to economic influences in a fashion that is complementary to that of assistance expected. Indicators of short-term economic position have a large impact while indicator of long-term position have much less of an effect. The positive coefficient of income on coresidence runs counter to the hypothesized direction. This may be due to the fact that households with coresident extended family members contain those who are able to provide assistance along with those who are in need.
Family composition has no significant effect on expected help or on help received from outside the household. However, the impact on coresidence is very large. Households with children, and especially single parent households, are much more likely to coreside with relatives than other types of households.
Expectations of help from family have the expected curvilinear association with age (higher for households headed by the young and the old). Expectations of help from friends, income from relatives and coresidence, however, do not conform to this pattern, each having monotonic changes with age. Income from relatives and coresidence may be thought of as working together to form a curvilinear shape, however. Income assistance is prevalent among young households, coresidence among those that are older.
Other results, however, do not follow the hypothesized direction. If education is thought of as an indicator of long-term economic well-being, then the pattern of effects observed here are quite unexpected. Contrary to our hypothesis, education has a negative effect on expectations of assistance from family, and a positive effect on income from relatives. The negative effect of education on coresidence is as hypothesized, although its strong significance and large magnitude relative to other effect of education does not immediately follow from the reasoning above. The reason for these anomalous effects may have to do with network norms. People with greater education may be less likely to subscribe to traditional, ascriptive, kin-based, notions of solidarity, and therefore eschew close association with the types of networks examined here. They are also more likely to be geographically distant from relatives, making immediate help and coresidence more difficult to accomplish. It is perhaps in this set of parameters that we find evidence that the poor have stronger kinship networks than those with greater resources.
The remaining indicators do not test our hypotheses very strongly, but are included for completeness. Households containing a person with a work disability are much more likely to consist of extended family. Male-headed households are less likely to coreside this way, and also less likely to receive assistance from outside the household. Black and Hispanic households are significantly more likely to coreside with relatives even after controls, but are significantly less likely to expect help from friends -- perhaps as a result of the lack of resources in many African-American and Latino communities. Hispanic households seem to be less likely than others to expect help from family as well. This may have to do with geographic dispersal, or with other factors common to Hispanic households that are not measured here.
Effects of networks on welfare and work
The results considered thus far seem to conform to a reasonably coherent story. On the other hand, we have been unable to provide a strong test of our overall model. Perhaps the most nettlesome question that remains after the preceding analysis is whether the observed network connections have any impact on overall well being. One may wonder whether expectations of help when in need have any practical impact, or whether network assistance provides limited help without markedly changing people's circumstances. The beginnings of a test of such an impact is shown in Tables 4 and 5. We make use of the longitudinal structure of the SIPP to predict future labor market and welfare participation based on current answers about network assistance, household composition and resources. The models are discrete-time hazard regression models using a 4-month period as the time unit for analysis.2 The data for these analyses include only households with at least one member under the age of 55, because we are less interested in retirement than in other labor force transitions. We have further restricted the sample to households who were eligible for the transition in question at the time of the baseline interview (i.e., when the topical module questions on network assistance were administered).
Table 4 shows the relation of the network assistance variables to work entry and exit and to welfare entry and exit. Controls for household composition and resources have not been included. Most of the network indicators we have considered have an impact on at least one of these transitions. The expectations measure is no exception. Help expected from family and friends has an impact on exit from work and on welfare entry. Welfare entry is affected by nearly every indicator.
In Table 5 we see that two of the social network effects remain significant even after control for the full set of household composition and resource indicators used in earlier regressions. Help expected from family and friends has a significant negative impact on leaving work. This result indicates that expectations of help may indeed be an indicator of network resources that impact behavior. Apparently this impact is felt among those who are already well established, preventing them from falling into potentially worse situations. On the other hand, anticipated help might well not be a measure of network resources but of household characteristics not captured by other variables. A test of this proposition must wait for another paper.
Membership in a three-generation household has a significant positive impact on entering welfare. Coresidence seems to facilitate a transition to welfare use -- though only coresidence of families with children with grandparents. This may be due to use of welfare by the older generation (SSI is included in our definition of welfare in these analyses; it could be separated out in future work). Separating out single parent families in three-generation situations did not produce different results (i.e. the coefficients for both single and married parent families were very close to the same).
The empirical work in this paper has supported the hypotheses laid out at the beginning, albeit not without qualifications. The households anticipating the greatest access to outside resources were those in the least need for those resources. Actual receipt of resources from outside the household, however, responded primarily to need. It is also clear that short-term rather than long-term needs are those that attract the greatest support from network sources.
If this picture of network relations is confirmed by future work, it points to a limited role of family and friends in providing help to people who are experiencing more than temporary setbacks. If income support programs continue to be replaced by programs designed to steer people into self-support, the danger is that those who have the least ability to survive on their own will be the least likely to receive support from existing social networks.
Three exceptions to the empirical regularities just mentioned may provide insight into the processes by which network support are provided. The first involves difficulty meeting basic needs as an indicator of short-term need. The second involves the role of coresidence as a means of providing support. The third involves the effect of education.
In earlier work, we have argued that disruptions are serious impediments to maintaining labor force attachment and that difficulty meeting basic needs is an indicator of this type of disruption or instability of living conditions (Bauman 1999). Difficulty meeting basic needs is affected by both short-term and long-term indicators of household instability. Moreover, the large effect of difficulty meeting basic needs on help expected might have two parts: (1) expected assistance from family and friends helps cushion against difficulties making basic needs, and (2) the experience of difficulty meeting basic needs makes people less optimistic about getting help from family and friends in future cases of difficulty. It is clear that additional work needs to be done to sort out these effect.
The strong relationship between coresidence and long-term indicators of need was not anticipated. Coresidence stands out as the one means people have to deal with long-term needs and disabilities. Unfortunately, the role of age has not been adequately handled in this analysis. Even though we controlled for the age of household head, the age of other household members is not controlled. The strong effect of single parent family status cannot be explained by age, however. Moreover, the effects of low education and of disability are stronger than might be expected if the primary phenomenon were simply a matter of coresidence by elderly kin. Again, more work is needed.
Education of household head was the only indicator of long-term resources that had a negative impact on help expected from family. This provides some indication that education is not a stand-in for permanent income in this model. As mentioned above, the role of education may be to change norms rather than resource relationships. However, there is a serious weakness to the original question on help from family, in that it asks specifically about family "living nearby." So family solidarity might be just as strong among the highly educated as it is among the rest of the population if all we are really measuring is geographic proximity to kin. There are no direct measures of kin proximity in the SIPP data, but measures of geographic mobility are available to provide a partial test of this interpretation.
Overall, then, as much work needs to be done as has been accomplished at this point. However, we believe we have shown that measures of expected help can indeed provide information about the nature of social network assistance available to the poor (and others), and that the importance of having resources in order to engage in network exchange is an important consideration in considering the role of these networks.
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Percent of People Who Expect Help When in Need
|Source of help expected|
|Difficulties meeting basic needs||50.06*||41.12*|
|Single parent household||57.27*||49.49*|
|Other household types||62.16||59.84|
|Own child in household||63.29*||60.28*|
|No own child||61.01||58.17|
|Age 65 or more||64.82||58.88|
|HS or less educ||63.55*||55.18*|
|Some college or more||59.23||63.36|
Percent of People Who Expect Help When in Need
|Source of help expected|
|Income from relatives, friends||63.22||62.07|
|No income from rels, friends||61.61||58.68|
|Three generation household||60.76||46.01*|
|Other living situations||61.68||59.12|
|Lived with relatives||58.15||51.56|
|Other living situations||61.71||58.87|
|Lived with housemates||57.12||52.86*|
|Other living situations||61.78||58.93|
The Effect of Economic and Demographic Factors on Indicators of Network Relationships
|Help expected from||Help
|Household income (log)||0.018||0.065*||-0.521*||-0.131||1.146*|
|Difficulty with needs||-0.790*||-0.717*||0.797*||0.324||0.344*|
|Partial health insurance||0.057||0.076||0.142||-0.529*||0.293|
|Complete hhld. health ins.||0.015||0.086||0.008||-0.745*||0.024|
Assets/long-term economic situation
|Number of assets||0.019||0.041*||-0.001||-0.035||-0.029|
|Live in subsidized housing||-0.140||-0.204*||0.225||-0.404||-0.419|
|Home in disrepair||-0.376*||-0.377*||0.241||0.521*||0.232|
|Problems with crime||-0.173*||-0.198*||0.012||0.199||-0.103|
Family situation/life cycle
|Single parent household||-0.042||-0.097||0.195||0.072||6.228*|
|Own children in hhld||0.104||-0.095||0.003||-0.394||4.688*|
|Number of children||0.007||-0.021||0.135||0.006||0.202*|
Life cycle (age)
|Age 15 to 25||0.498*||0.440*||-0.057||2.428*||-1.781*|
|Age 25 to 34||0.372*||0.428*||-0.040||1.501*||-2.516*|
|Age 35 to 44||-0.123||0.205*||-0.147||1.229*||-2.561*|
|Age 45 to 54||-0.253*||0.132||0.039||0.841*||-1.661*|
|Male household head||-0.110*||0.026||-0.182||-0.564*||-0.363*|
The Effect of Networks on Work and Welfare Transitions -- No Controls
|Entered work||Left work||Entered welfare||Left Welfare|
|Help expected: fam/friends||0.017||0.2||-0.268*||-4.6||-0.210*||-2.5||-0.117||-1.0|
|Help expected: social agency||-0.301||-1.9||-0.068||-0.6||0.125||0.8||0.294||1.3|
|Income from relatives/friends||0.633*||2.7||0.291||1.1||0.599*||2.0||0.740||1.7|
|Three generation household||0.026||0.1||0.338||1.5||1.800*||8.6||0.593*||2.3|
|Coreside with other relatives||-0.036||-0.1||0.671*||2.6||0.826*||2.2||0.605||1.5|
|Coreside with housemates||0.394||1.4||0.418||1.9||1.000*||3.5||0.626||1.9|
|Months 7 to 9||1.352*||7.6||0.977*||8.1||1.278*||6.5||1.725*||5.4|
|Months 10 to 12||0.611*||3.1||0.323*||2.4||0.707*||3.3||1.158*||3.4|
|Missing value: family help||-0.311||-1.2||-0.086||-0.5||-0.333||-1.2||0.026||0.1|
|Missing value: agency help||-0.236||-1.1||0.029||0.2||0.182||0.9||0.415||1.4|
|Number of observations||5809||56243||59109||4421|
|Likelihood due to model||85.1||119.5||125.8||53.8|
|Degrees of freedom||10||10||10||10|
The Effect of Networks and Other Factors on Work and Welfare Transitions
|Entered work||Left work||Entered welfare||Left Welfare|
|Help expected: fam/friends||0.013||0.2||-0.126||-2.1||0.024||0.3||-0.166||-1.3|
|Help expected: social agency||-0.221||-1.4||-0.069||-0.6||0.123||0.7||0.316||1.4|
|Income from relatives/friends||0.332||1.3||0.143||0.5||0.389||1.3||0.503||1.1|
|Three generation household||0.077||0.2||-0.414||-1.6||1.065||4.1||0.435||1.3|
|Coreside with other relatives||-0.253||-0.5||0.362||1.3||0.240||0.6||0.255||0.6|
|Coreside with housemates||0.123||0.4||-0.149||-0.6||0.226||0.7||0.059||0.2|
|Household income (log)||0.195||2.3||-0.323||-7.7||-0.244||-4.6||0.168||1.0|
|Number of assets||-0.065||-1.0||0.075||1.8||-0.068||-0.9||-0.066||-0.4|
|Live in subsidized housing||-0.147||-0.7||0.182||0.9||0.626||2.5||-0.564||-2.0|
|Single parent household||0.464||1.7||0.556||2.7||0.850||3.1||0.511||1.3|
|Own children in household||0.670||2.9||-0.113||-0.6||0.600||2.6||0.249||0.6|
|Number of children||-0.087||-1.1||0.082||1.2||0.155||2.0||-0.047||-0.5|
|Age 15 to 25||0.797||2.6||-0.775||-3.5||0.518||1.7||0.714||1.5|
|Age 25 to 34||0.745||3.0||-0.851||-5.2||-0.064||-0.2||0.099||0.2|
|Age 35 to 44||0.637||2.7||-0.920||-5.8||-0.422||-1.6||-0.007||-0.0|
|Age 45 to 54||0.490||2.1||-0.815||-5.3||-0.072||-0.3||-0.084||-0.2|
|Partial health insurance||-0.477||-2.3||-0.239||-1.6||0.270||1.2|
|All have health insurance||-0.504||-1.9||-0.745||-3.9||-0.375||-1.4|
|Months 7 to 9||1.395||7.8||0.999||8.2||1.301||6.6||1.749||5.5|
|Months 10 to 12||0.679||3.4||0.351||2.6||0.736||3.5||1.193||3.5|
|Missing value: family help||-0.337||-1.3||0.019||0.1||-0.187||-0.7||-0.018||-0.0|
|Missing value: agency help||-0.193||-0.9||0.042||0.3||0.212||1.0||0.399||1.3|
|Number of observations||5809||56243||59109||4421|
|Likelihood due to model||170.7||453.5||329.2||86.7|
|Degrees of freedom||32||32||32||30|

domain: sociology


text:
In Re: Messiah S.
The Appellate Court explained, in the 1988 case of Barca v. Barca, that a trial judge "has a duty to maintain a calm demeanor, the decorum of the courtroom and avoid any action which might suggest partiality." Stacey S., with substance abuse and mental health issues, appealed from the judgments of the trial court terminating her parental rights to four minor children under C.G.S. §17a-112(j)(3)(B)(i) for failure to achieve sufficient personal rehabilitation. She claimed, inter alia, that the court abused its discretion by failing to recuse itself. The Appellate Court affirmed the judgment. The panel majority could not conclude that the court abused its discretion by denying the respondent's motion to recuse or that she was denied a fair trial. The motion was timely made in response to the court's sometimes heavy-handed manner and sharp rebukes of counsel during trial. While the court exhibited irritation, frustration and impatience with all counsel and the pace of trial, and some statements were clearly intemperate, they did not reflect judicial bias. The majority could not conclude that the court harbored a bias against any party or particular counsel. The respondent also claimed that the court failed to undertake an independent analysis of the law and facts of the case. The respondent claimed that for its analysis of the best interests of the children, the court copied "almost word-for-word" the analysis used in prior unrelated and factually distinct cases. The Appellate Court disagreed that the manner in which the court set forth its conclusions affected the outcome. Similarity in certain language reflected, regrettably, the unfortunate consequences resulting from the failure to rehabilitate due to addiction. The court's conclusions were supported by its factual findings. The respondent did not challenge those findings as clearly erroneous or challenge the finding that she failed to rehabilitate. The court may have taken a shortcut by adopting the language used in previous termination of parental rights cases, but that did not lead to the conclusion that it abdicated its fact finding role. Justice Peters concurred separately persuaded that the motion for recusal was improperly denied, although not a structural error and the petitioner provided ample evidence to sustain her burden of proof that the respondent's parental rights should be terminated.

domain: law


text:
An organized crime group operating in five countries and illegally transfering foreign nationals from Pakistan and Afghanistan to European Union countries has been unearthed.
PKonweb Report— A large-scale operation is under way in Bulgaria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, to neutralize an organized crime group operating on the territory of these five countries and illegal transfer of foreign nationals from Pakistan and Afghanistan to European Union countries, report Sofia News Agency.
Between Bulgaria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, a Joint Investigation Team (JIT) was set up in March 2017 with the participation of Eurojust and Europol, reported Bulgarian Prosecutor’s Office.
Judicial authorities in the five countries coordinated action in their own countries with the support of Eurojust and Europol. Around 200 officers took part in raids targeting the gang suspected of smuggling people from Afghanistan and Pakistan to the UK, report Sky News.
In the UK, 22 people were arrested in simultaneous early morning raids at a number of addresses in London, Birmingham and Gateshead.
The illegal trade is reportedly worth many millions of pounds to the traffickers, who charge between £7,000 and £10,000 for each illegal immigrant they smuggle into the UK.
The organized human trafficking group transported illegal migrants with vehicles that had built-in special secret storage place for the transported people in order not to be identified when carrying out checks by border authorities. In the JIT countries, evidence has also been collected about the commission of money laundering crime by the organized criminal group.
The investigation against this group began in 2016 in the UK and the Netherlands, which found that the group’s activities also took place on the territory of three other EU countries. In Bulgaria, the investigation against the group began in early March 2017 by the Specialized Prosecutor’s Office.
On the territory of Bulgaria, under the direction of the Specialized Prosecutor’s Office, a procedure is being carried out on the territory of Sofia, Lovech and Vratsa. So far, 24 searches have been carried out, 17 of which with prior authorization by the Specialized Criminal Court and 7 under urgent conditions.
To date, a total of 42 people have been detained.
7 people were also detained in Bulgaria in execution of European arrest warrants issued at the request of Belgium and France. 13 people are detained in Belgium, with more arrests likely in other countries say authorities.
UK Home Office Minister Brandon Lewis said the investigation highlighted the determination of authorities here and elsewhere in Europe to work together to go after those involved in this type of organized criminality.

domain: geography


text:
$100 more? For the full ps4 experience you'd need to buy the "camera" and Vita. Your math is flawed --- "Look at Sweet Dee, sitting on her cloud of judgment, handing down life lessons to all the sinners"
Which is fine because just like I bought the original Kinect even as a stand-alone product (my kids/wife have really enjoyed it), I would have bought the Kinect for XB1 as well. --- GT/PSN: Evel138 Lucky Number http://fav.me/d6gbf9y

domain: hobby


text:
Pillows and lamps
November 25, 2012
I live in California. Can I have pillows like these made by you for my Living Room?
by Martha O'Hara Interiors ·
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Thanks for your interest! This fabric is available through Martha O’Hara Interiors. Please contact us directly and we will be happy to give you more information. Best!
Martha O’Hara Interiors
November 26, 2012 at 1:02PM
Pillow and Lamp Ideas
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- Follow NoVa Caps on WordPress.com
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Photo: NHL/Getty Images The Capitals will visit the Detroit Red Wings looking to get back in the win column after dropping four of its past five games. This will be the team’s first visit to Little Caesars Arena since it … Continue reading
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Welcome to our brand new series: Word on the Street. In this new feature, NoVa Caps reporter Michael Marzzacco will talk to fans around Kettler Capitals Iceplex or Capital One Arena to get their take on different topics and trends … Continue reading
The Washington Capitals returned to practice Thursday morning at Kettler Capitals Iceplex following a day-off for team-building on Wednesday. The Capitals will travel to Detroit this afternoon in advance of their tilt with the Red Wings on Friday night.

domain: news


text:
CEDAR CITY — Southern Utah University and the Community Presbyterian Church have partnered to offer a free summer lunch program starting Tuesday in Cedar City and Enoch for children from low-income families. While the lunch is free to children under 18, those over 18 can purchase a lunch at a reduced price.
Paula Loveland, Iron County School District child nutrition specialist, said in a previous report that a “very high percentage” of students in low-income families in the area receive these meals as the the only meal that they have each day.
The lunch program is funded by the Department of Agriculture’s Summer Food Service Program. The department plans to serve more than 200 million free meals to children 18 and under across the country.
Volunteers from Southern Utah University and members of the Community Presbyterian Church will work Monday through Friday each week preparing and serving lunches through mid-August.
According to a press release from the university, making sure children receive proper nutrition during the summer is essential to preparing them for another school year.
“The meals, along with positive enrichment activities, help ensure that kids return to school healthy and ready to learn,” the press release stated. “Community partners will bring enrichment activities along with sports and education to the parks during meal times.”
Past meals have included burritos, homemade “lunchables,” taco salads and sandwiches. Lunches are free to children 18 and under. Those over 18 can purchase a lunch at a reduced cost of $2 per plate. No lunches will be served July 4 and July 24.
The program will run from May 30 to Aug. 18 from 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at the following locations:
- Main Street Park, 303 N. 100 East, Cedar City.
- Liberty Park, 27 W. Midvalley Road, Enoch.
- Garden Park, 646 E. Blue Sky Drive, Enoch.
The Community Presbyterian Church invites volunteers to help prepare and serve the lunches. Food Handler’s cards are necessary, and training is available. For more information, contact Rita Osborn, Southern Utah University director of rural health scholars, at 435-865-8520.
Email: [email protected]


Listening Room Concert with Liz Simmons
Born in San Francisco to musician parents, Liz spent her early childhood traveling through the wilds of north America in a sky blue VW bus. Her parents were itinerant, moving from California to Oregon, then to Ketchikan, Alaska where they played regular gigs in the pubs for the locals. Liz and her sisters’ lullabies were traditional songs, and by day their soundtrack was the rock and roll and New Orleans brass music their parents played in their band.
Once the family settled in rural New Hampshire, Liz received classical musical training, but as her teen years drew to a close she found her way back to folk music. She was particularly drawn to the intersections of traditional music, and how they connect with contemporary sounds. In 2005, Liz received a BA from Goddard College where she studied American vernacular music of the 1920s and 30s. She then went on to found Annalivia with her husband Flynn Cohen, as well as perform alongside Long Time Courting, Hannah Sanders, EVA, Livingston Taylor, Tom Chapin, and Melanie.
With their friend and oft-collaborator Lissa Schneckenburger, Liz and Flynn formed the band Low Lily in 2015. Setting down roots in Brattleboro, Vermont, the band has crafted a signature sound which they have shared with enthusiastic audiences throughout North America and the UK, garnering two #1 songs on international folk radio and two Independent Music Award wins.
Suggested donation $20
Reserve your seat by emailing email@example.com
After living and working year round on Little Cranberry Island, ME for 14 years, Kaitlyn Miller now lives on Mount Desert Island. She received her BFA in Ceramics from Maine College of Art in 2007 and has been a studio potter since, working summers at Islesford Pottery. With an enduring love for color and the islands, she is now enjoying translating the beauty of her surroundings with acrylic paint on canvas. This year she is branching out into teaching what she has learned through pottery and painting workshops.
You can contact Kaitlyn through her website at https://kaitlynmiller.com/


text:
This year’s Outdoor Retailer Show had a new home and, for some in the organization, a new mission.
With the politically-charged move from Salt Lake City to Denver(opens in new tab), industry and government leaders did not shy away from stressing their public policy partnership in Colorado at the show’s welcome party held at Denver’s civic center. Governor John Hickenlooper also shared with the crowd a list of political victories for public lands, from Colorado’s bipartisan defense of Canyons of the Ancients National Monument to the Legislature’s tense but ultimately successful designation of the Colorado Public Lands Day holiday.
“Clean air, clean water, public lands,” Hickenlooper said, “that’s about the most nonpartisan position you could have.”
In light of the show’s historic relocation and overarching greater purpose, many of the brands in attendance turned their attention to bigger causes beyond just selling product. From women’s rights in the outdoor industry(opens in new tab) to sustainability and conservation, there was a strong sense of purpose and determination in the air as the brands supported their cause of choice.
For example, on the first day of the event, Hestra, Mystery Ranch, Toad&Co, and NetSuite spearheaded a new event. In the spirit of conservation, the happy hour “booth crawl” sponsored by NetSuite held a purpose beyond celebrating the close of the first day. NetSuite, Hestra, Mystery Ranch, and Toad&Co put on what may become a new tradition – the NetSuite Conservation Crawl, which this year supported the Nature Conservancy’s Plant a Billion Trees fund. From the receptacles for the beer (reusable tin camping mugs) down to the invitations (coasters printed on seed paper, which could be planted to grow into wildflowers), the Conservation Crawl truly earned its name.
As the Nature Conservancy representatives educated attendees on their efforts and beer was served, participants offered up their badge for a scan. For every badge scanned during the happy hour, NetSuite donated $5 to The Nature Conservancy and within just a few hours, the Conservation Crawl captured an amazing 432 unique scans in support of the cause. The support for the cause - both from the NetSuite customers hosting the event and Outdoor Retailer attendees - was extremely powerful, and something that has momentum to continue into Outdoor Retailer Summer and beyond.
Check out more Outdoor Retailer 2018 highlights here(opens in new tab).


text:
Quest Brand -misc
Vitamin B3 comes in two forms, niacin (or nicotinic acid) and niacinamide. Niacin functionsin the body as a component of several coenzymes that are involved in many important biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of lipids (fats), which makes it an excellent nutrient for treating high cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This nutrient also acts as a vasodilator. Since vasodilators widen the blood vessels and increase the blood flow to the extremities, niacin is used for various circulatory problems. The niacin in this formula is in the inositol hexaniacinate form, which eliminates the problem of skin flushing that may occur with niacin alone.
The efficacy of niacin supplementation for the treatment of circulatory problems is well supported by scientific research. An overwhelming number of clinical studies have shown that niacin is effective in reducing both cholesterol and triglyceride levels. One study compared the efficacy of niacin with a widely prescribed drug that lowers cholesterol, and niacin was much more effective than the drug. It also significantly increased HDL (good) cholesterol. The authors of this study and others have concluded that because of these effects, especially when combined with niacin’s low cost and low toxicity, niacin should be considered the treatment of choice in patients with elevated cholesterol levels.
Niacin (inositol nicotinate) 500mg
Inositol (inositol nicotinate) 143mg
Non-Medicinal Ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, gelatin.
Take 1 capsule daily with food.
No side effects expected at recommended dosage. Inositol can exert a blood-thinning effect with dosages greater than 2,000 mg per day. Discontinue use if you experience abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, or ulcers.
Consult a health care practitioner before use if you have diabetes; low blood pressure; glaucoma; gout; pepticulcers; liver, gallbladder, or kidney disease; or any bleeding disorders. Antibiotics, estrogen-containing medications (e.g. oral contraceptives), isoniazid, and anticonvulsants can diminish the absorption or therapeutic value of niacin.
Consult a health care pracitioner before use if pregnant or breastfeeding. Keep out of reach of children.
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domain: medical


text:
This is the annual report 2009 of AFEW, the NGO working with some of the poorest and most vulnerable people in Eastern Europe and Central Asia to adress one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in the world.
This report outlines the background, achievements and lessons learned during the start up, implementation and close out of the Alliance's three-year United States Agency for International Development - funded project, Expanding the Role of Networks of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda (the Ne
The 2009 Progress Report for Children Affected by HIV/AIDS is the second in a periodic series sponsored by UNICEF designed to provide a summary of indicators of the current status of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC).
This book has been prepared to present readers an overall picture of the development and implementation of Hong Kong's enhanced response to the HIV epidemic in MSM, and informs the audience on how Hong Kong has arrived at where it is now through concerted efforts.
In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 12 million children under the age of 18 have lost a parent to AIDS. Despite this situation, the evidence regarding effectiveness of interventions targeting these children remains scant.
In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 12 million children 17 years of age and younger have lost one or both parents to AIDS, and many more live with a chronically ill parent or guardian.
In an attempt to improve the lives of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in sub-Saharan Africa, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief provides funding to programs that supply wide-ranging services to OVC and their families.
The Sourcebook documents 12 cases in 6 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa - Kenya, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Zambia - that represent a wide range of approaches designed to address the educational rights and needs of orphans and vulnerable children.
Recomendaciones de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en relación al tratamiento del virus de influenza humana (A H1N1) en personas que viven con VIH.
Public Law 109-95, the Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005 was signed into law four years ago to respond to the global orphans and vulnerable children crisis. It calls for the U.S.


text:
The Finance Brokers Association of Australia has announced the reappointment of all current board members and the appointment of a new director.
FBAA executive director Peter White, himself reconfirmed at the recent AGM, revealed that Jan Kirstein was reappointed as chairman, Chris Szigeti retained as vice chairman and John Mulcair stayed as treasurer.
Kim Szigeti was appointed the new secretary, with Steve Rasmussen, Rick Nieuwenhoven and Stan Millar all renominated as directors.
Mr White also welcomed new director Tony Carter from Western Australia, who comes with vast experience in the motor vehicle and financing sectors.
“This is a great team who have worked together for a significant time period now and understand the need to work for our members,” Mr White said.
“The FBAA is getting ready for another strong year, and 2018 will of course continue to bring challenges from a regulatory perspective and mean we need to be at the top of our game as an industry body.”
Mr White said that the Royal Commission and the ongoing ASIC enquiry were both opportunities for the industry association to promote the interests of the broking sector.
“A strong board with extensive broking experience is essential, and I am very pleased with what our board brings to our association and the industry at large,” the executive director added.
James Mitchell has over eight years’ experience as a financial reporter and is the editor of Wealth and Wellness at Momentum Media.
He has a sound pedigree to cover the business of mortgages and the converging financial services sector having reported for leading finance titles InvestorDaily, InvestorWeekly, Accountants Daily, ifa, Mortgage Business, Residential Property Manager, Real Estate Business, SMSF Adviser, Smart Property Investment, and The Adviser.
He has also been published in The Daily Telegraph and contributed online to FST Media and Mergermarket, part of the Financial Times Group.
James holds a BA (Hons) in English Literature and an MA in Journalism.
The major brokerage has launched a digital mortgage broking busin...
An SME lending company has warned that many retail and supplier b...

domain: finance


text:
This month is LGBTQ+ History Month and to celebrate it Sue Sanders, its co-founder, has been speaking out about diversity and tackling homophobia. She and Paul Patrick founded this event in 2004 to celebrate LGBTQ+ History. Every year there is a theme and this year it is poetry, prose and plays.
The reason why LGBTQ+ History Month was founded is because Sanders felt that schools were not teaching enough about the subject despite homophobia being a big problem in schools, as it is still today. Sanders wants to ‘usualise’ (a term she prefers to ‘normalise’) lessons about LGBTQ+ subjects. What she finds most concerning today is the rise of hate crime and wants this month to raise awareness of this. Finally, she wants to make sure that LGBTQ+ representation is more diverse, as is so often not the case.


Building materials - from the raw material to the end product - are continually being refined. The only way to increase efficiency consistently is to apply the strictest quality testing. Building products with low material usage, high strength and optimised material properties can only be used if all the necessary properties have been subjected to exacting tests. The required standards are integrated into FORM+TEST‘s combined compression/bending test machines for the construction industry. The highest accuracy ensures reliable monitoring results. Data for future further development are produced through an automated process. This enables FORM+TEST to continue delivering competitive products in the future, which far exceed the standard requirements.
Our testing machines are characterised by
• Modular design
• Simple test sequences
• Low energy consumption.
FORM+TEST also develops machines that are not designed for standardised applications. Profit from our decades of experience!
The machines listed here are just an overview. You will find detailed information about our building material testing ma - chines in our individual brochures or on our website.
Testing Machines for Building Materials
Sample Applications for Testing Machines from Form+Test
Air conditioners, molds, sieves and all types of laboratory equipment
with individual equipment acc. to your special requirements
with integrated testing devices for concrete-, cement-, mortar- and admixtures laboratory.
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© 2004-2017 FORM+TEST GmbH


There may be a disadvantage to that though, the only thing being a slower startup time. Does sputtering butter mean that water is present? this way i skip the upgrade process of the lastest firmware 4.1… September 13, 2010 at 7:05 pm Reply ironhelix Last update, i did my upgrade of 3.1.2 to 4.0.1 by it went away… phew!
http://www.facebook.com/people/Shashwat-Tripathi/100000559654730 Shashwat Tripathi thank http://twitter.com/7aptami saptami sarkar Hi, I just had this ditto issue with 3 real player files, they are finally gone. Log in or Sign up Tech Support Guy Home Forums > Operating Systems > Windows XP > Computer problem? Enter a shorter path. Show Ignored Content As Seen On Welcome to Tech Support Guy! https://discussions.apple.com/thread/3147309?tstart=0
Wait... I think the fix would only require you checking in Program Files (x86) for the dll too or have the user copy the dll into the correct path. Set compatability to XP, Run as Adminstrator, and manually copy iTunesMobileDevice.dll as suggested. October 12, 2010 at 3:05 pm Reply Herrre For windows 7 users!
If you are not sure about whether or not a DLL is shared by another program, it is best to leave it. Anonymous If you cannot delete a file or directors, probably it might be corrupted. September 12, 2010 at 4:26 pm Reply iHacker Are you on x64? Force Delete Folder Software Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public) Name (required) Website You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (LogOut/Change) You are
Short URL to this thread: https://techguy.org/708128 Log in with Facebook Log in with Twitter Log in with Google Your name or email address: Do you already have an account? How To Delete Access Denied Folder Using Cmd August 6, 2011 at 7:29 pm Qtsbuster Montana is dead on!!! MobileGo - Android Manager One-stop solution that lets you manage your mobile lifestyle in one convenient place. http://www.tech-recipes.com/rx/1333/cannot_delete_file_access_is_denied/ Loading...
Got myself out of recovery mode then when done deleted the recboot files from the directory to clean up. Force Delete Folder Windows 7 Cmd Copying the dll file made RecBoot work on my 64 bit machine! Copy and paste. THANKS!!!
After I tried all of the ways above, I unregistered file and deleted. find more Advice, please. Cmd Force Delete Folder Access Denied I cannot delete c:\program files\adobe\acrobat 7.0\ActiveX\pdfshell.dll. How To Delete Access Denied Folder In Windows Xp An unknown error occurred. 2.
For example: When JIT debugging is enabled, any unhandled exception will be sent to the JIT debugger registered on the computer rather than be handled by this dialog box. So painful. You must restore thei iPhone before it can be used with iTunes. Why put a warning sticker over the warning on this product? Rmdir Access Denied Windows 10
i'll be back… hasta la vista, baby Anonymous How do you delete a file or folder where you get an error message beginning "(file or folder name) refers to a location Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the In such cases no tools will work. September 13, 2010 at 2:34 pm ironhelix Instead of downgrading , can i use your tool to upgrade from 3.1.2 to 4.0.1.
Unlocker or delete-on-reboot don't work on them. Rd /s /q Access Denied Cannot create a new file when that file already exists." I hit continue and it brings the error up again. Windows XP Posted on Jun 28, 2011 7:31 PM Reply I have this question too Q: download itunes error wont let me install Hide Question All replies Helpful answers by b
Speak directly to our Support Team >> > Resource > Utility > How to Fix Errors in Loading DLL at Startup All TOPICS Yes or No Android Music Samsung YouTube Hard The Recboot UI said "No Device Found", but it all worked great! It just goes straight to recovery mode no matter what jailbreaking software I use to get it out. How To Force Delete A Folder Windows 10 September 11, 2010 at 3:36 am Ryan Hey man, thanks for the response.
Change the way you work with PDF. it's not readonly, system or hidden it's not in use by another process (according to Process Explorer) the NT security permissions aren't the problem either - I am the owner and September 10, 2010 at 4:15 pm Reply ping Thanks for reply. Do you use any other file sharing site?
Help me? If it is spyware or a critical process, you may want to know that such a problem exists.


Camps provide opportunities to connect to nature
DuPage County has more than 25 programs to help reduce children’s screen time and introduce them to the natural world, and registration is now open to residents for a lineup of summer outdoor day camps for youngsters and teens through the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County at dupageforest.org/camps. Registration for nonresidents begins Feb. 1.
New this year, the district is now offering supervised lunch breaks and playtime before and after some camps. Programs with a B offer playtime before camps 8-9 a.m. for $45; those with an L offer supervised lunch breaks noon-12:30 p.m. for $15, and programs with an A offer playtime after camps 3-5:30 p.m. Unless noted, camps are $150 for DuPage residents and $175 for nonresidents.
The district offers gift cards that can be used to pay for summer camps as well as other District programs, permits, equipment rental and merchandise. To purchase a gift card, call Visitor Services at 630-933-7248 from 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Monday-Friday, email firstname.lastname@example.org or stop by district headquarters or an education center. For all other questions and more information, call 630-933-7247.
ELMHURST, DOWNERS GROVE
Public still has time to donate winter clothing
Elmhurst Public Library and village of Downers Grove staffs are in the final days of their efforts to collect winter clothing for area needy.
At the library, donations are being accepted through Jan. 12 in the library’s lobby, 125 S. Prospect Ave. Most needed items are new or gently used thick scarves, waterproof/ski gloves, and winter coats in extra-large sizes. Also, needed are new hats and undergarments for men and women in extra-large sizes. Donations may be brought to the library from 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Jan. 9-Jan. 11 and 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Jan 12.
Downers Grove’s municipal sites are accepting new or clean and gently used coats at several locations throughout the village through Jan. 11. Coat drive collection boxes are located at:
- Downers Grove Police Station, 825 Burlington Ave.
- Downers Grove Public Works, 5101 Walnut Ave.
- Downers Grove Village Hall, 801 Burlington Ave.
The coats will be donated to help Midwest Shelter for Homeless Veterans, Sharing Connections and other charitable organizations.
Holiday lights being accepted for recycling through March 29
Naperville residents can get rid of their festive lights by recycling them. The city accepts lights year-round at its Electronics Recycling Center on Fort Hill Drive, but through March 29, additional places are open and accepting holiday lights for recycling.
Residents can drop off lights at Naperville Public Works, 180 Fort Hill Drive, and at the Naperville Municipal Center, 400 Eagle St., from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday until March 29.
The following lights eligible for recycling include:
- C7 lights,
- C9 lights,
- LED lights,
- Mini-lights and
- Rope lights.
Humane Society plans holiday camp
The Naperville Area Humane Society, 1620 W. Diehl Road, Naperville, is holding a Holiday Camp for Dogs (and their humans) from 9 a.m.-12 p.m. Jan. 21. Through crafts, games, and activities, children ages 8-11 can learn how the Naperville Area Humane Society cares for its animals and how to be safe around all animals. Each camp will have specific lessons designed to educate and entertain campers. The session costs $50. Go to naperhumane.org to register and for more information.
Seminar will re-examine Social Security benefits
Information about when to collect Social Security will be given Jan. 15 during a free session led by a retirement expert. Starting at 7 p.m., retirement expert Greg Kurinec of Bentron Financial Group will speak at the Winfield Public Library, 0S291 Winfield Road.
The session will help people gauge where their unique circumstances fit into the bigger Social Security picture. Advance registration is recommended and can be done by contacting Dawn Leardi at 630-653-7599 or online at winfield.lib.il.us/.
Kurinec’s talk will cover a range of topics, including the benefits of taking Social Security, when to begin taking them to maximize your return, how the benefits are affected when you work while receiving them, taxation of Social Security benefits, and spousal/widow benefits.
The interactive meeting will cover a range of relevant issues session for those who have not yet begun receiving Social Security benefits or are eligible and mulling when to begin the process.
Kurinec will dispute conventional wisdom that encourages retirees to collect Social Security benefits as early as possible. With older people living longer, the more they wait to collect, the more they will earn. The earliest age a person can collect Social Security is 62. However, Kurinec will explain how the benefit is reduced by 30 percent if Social Security is taken that early—and by age 72 to 75, the advantage of early benefits has evaporated.
Park district to hold summer job fair
Lisle Park District staff and supervisors will explain what jobs the park district will have this summer at a job fair, to be held 3-6 p.m. Jan. 10, at the Lisle Recreation Center, MP 1 and 2, 1925 Ohio St. Laptops will be available for prospective job applicants who want to apply online. Some available jobs include camps, aquatics, parks and grounds and facilities. No registration for the job fair necessary. For more information, go to lisleparkdistrict.org.
–DuPage County News Briefs–


text:
Palestine and TT flags were waved by people during a pro-Palestine rally on Sunday at Palms Club in San Fernando organised by the group Concerned Muslims of TT. PHOTO BY YVONNE WEBB – Y.Webb
A CALL has been made for the Government and Caricom to sever diplomatic ties with the State of Israel until all acts of aggression against Palestinians in Gaza are ended.
This call was made during a rally in solidarity with the people of Palestine on Sunday at Palms Club in San Fernando.
The call was made by Mufti Abraar Alli, the advisor to the Concerned Muslims of Trinidad and Tobago, who led the rally at Palms Club, which was also attended by officials from the Joint Trade Union Movement (JTUM), the Emancipation Support Committee, the Movement for Social Justice (MSJ) and others.
An appeal was also advanced to cut all trading links with Israel, with MSJ political leader David Abdulah calling for a boycott of any company or products whose origins are from Israel.
JTUM representative Ozzi Warwick said it is also time to end the economic blockade imposed since 2006 on Palestine.
Movement for Social Justice (MSJ) member Ozzie Warwick makes a forceful point while speaking at the pro-Palestine rally on Sunday at Palms Club in San Fernando. PHOTO BY YVONNE WEBB
“Palestine lives matters. Arab lives matters. Palestine must be free,” Warwick said as he raised a closed right fist in the air to express solidarity.
Concerned Muslims of TT PRO Imtiaz Mohammed said a letter will be sent on or before Wednesday to the Prime Minister asking for this country to disassociate itself from Israel and support an independent Palestine.
Mohammed said contained in that letter would also be a demand for the Rowley administration to remove the Star of David, which symbolises both Jewish identity and Judaism, from the police emblem.
Shabaka Kambon, of the Emancipation Support Committee, congratulated Caricom for supporting the two-state solution to the Israel-Gaza conflict.
Kambon later slammed Israeli Ambassador to TT Itai Bardov, who had said he could not fathom how Caricom – in its statement on the conflict – could equate the “unprovoked” attack by Hamas on Israel with the latter’s military response in Gaza.
Kambon said the Emancipation Support Committee supported calls by several Muslim groups in TT for an end to the violence by Israel on Palestinians in Gaza.
“The siege of Gaza and the cutting off of water, fuel, medicine, electricity and other basic needs to the Palestinian people is a crime against humanity and against international law.
“So too is the bombing of food-distribution centres responsible for the food supplies of some 500,000 Palestinian refugees in Gaza,” Kambon said.
“The ESC supports the call for an end to violence, and a negotiated peace that results in a Palestinian state. We say that the world must be reminded that the occupation of Palestine by Israel was supposed to have been guided by respect for humanitarian law and international law, which actually gives the Palestinian people the right to an independent state,” he added.
Abdulah later called on the Government to revoke Bardov’s diplomatic credentials over his statements.


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SD cards are essential accessories for mobile phones, tablets, camcorders, digital cameras, and many other gadgets that have a memory card slot.
They also offer a secure and affordable way to expand the memory capacity of any laptop since most modern day laptops come with an SD card slot.
And since some of these cards come with high storage capacity to the tune of 512GB, are portable and some even waterproof, they are more preferred to the other bulky storage alternatives. Yes, you heard that right, waterproof SD cards exist, and we’ll cover that shortly.
When buying SD cards, it’s very important to consider the speed and capacity. A class 6’ memory card is capable of writing at 6MB/S which is sequential for writing large amounts of data.
Most devices that record HD video require 10MB/S and this is where the UHS (Ultra High Speed) SD cards come in.
But in order to benefit from such high speeds, you’ll need a device that is compatible with the UHS standard.
Some of these high-end SD cards come with other premium features and are also waterproof. In this roundup, we will highlight the best waterproof SD cards.
Which are the best waterproof SD cards?
- Temperature proof, water-proof, shock-proof, and X-ray proof
- Shot speeds up to 90MB/s, transfer speeds up to 170MB/s
- Sustained video capture rate of 30MB/s
- Perfect for shooting 4K UHD video
- Great for burst-mode photography
- Requires proprietary technology to achieve the full 170MB/s read
If you’re into outdoor photography and filming, facing the harsh elements is something you may be doing on a daily basis.
That is why an SD card like the SanDisk Extreme PRO can come extremely handy, given how it is shock, water, hear, and X-ray proof.
It doesn’t fall in the performance department either, being capable of handling high transfer speeds, making it great for long filming sessions, even in 4K.
- Water-proof, temperature-proof, X-ray-proof, magnetic-proof
- Up to 100MB/S Read and 20MB/S Write Speeds
- UHS Speed Class U3 and Speed Class 10
- Comes with an included full-sized adapter
- 10-year limited warranty
- May heat up when recording above 4K
With a legendary brand comes great products and that’s what Samsung has proved with their EVO Select rated SD card. With a generous capacity of up to 64GB, this card can deliver data at a read and write speed of 100Mbps and 20Mbps, respectively.
At such high speeds, it can record and process 4K video easily. In addition to speed, the SD card is shockproof, waterproof, magnetic-proof, and can withstand extreme temperatures.
To substantiate their claims, Samsung gives a whopping 10-year warranty on this card.
- Designed for video monitoring cameras including dash cams, surveillance, and more
- Shockproof, waterproof, temperature proof, x-ray proof, and magnetic proof
- Gives you long-lasting endurance up to 43,800 hours of 4K and Full HD
- Continuous recording up to 25x longer than speed-focused cards
- Up to 100MB/s read and 30MB/s write speeds
- Speeds may be inconsistent at times
The Samsung Pro Endurance is one of the best waterproof SD cards around. In addition to waterproofing features, the SDHC Pro is also temperature proof, X-ray proof, and magnet proof.
Temperature proof means the card will operate in temperatures from -250 C to 850 C. Durability is one of its strongholds. It’s well-crafted with tough materials and can be thrashed around without impactful damages.
The card is available in 32GB, 64GB, and 128GB. It features high read and writes speeds of 95 and 90Mbps. And just like in other high-end SD cards by Samsung, you also get a 10-year warranty on this card.
- Waterproof and are designed to perform under a wide range of temperatures
- Includes supplied adapter for use in SDHC/SDXC compatible devices
- File Rescue downloadable software helps recover photos and videos
- Tested to achieve high levels of reliability and data integrity
- Up to 70 MB/s transfer speed
- May have compatibility issues with certain devices
Sony is well known for the manufacture of high-quality consumer electronics and their UHS-1 SDXC SD card further perpetuates that pedigree.
The 64GB SDXC memory card has a class 10’ rating and a super-fast transfer speed of up to 70MB per second. Users have also reported that it delivers at a faster speed than advertised and is very good for the money.
Being the newest member of the family, the card is waterproof and operates within a wide range of temperatures.
- Saves time transferring high-res images and 4K UHD videos
- Rated A2 for faster loading and in-app performance
- Up to 60MB/s write speeds for fast shooting
- Up to 160MB/s read speeds
- 4K UHD and Full HD-ready
- Requires compatible devices capable of reaching such speeds
This 64GB memory card from Sandisk is a class 1 rated card and meets all the new specifications for the UHS-1 cards. It delivers high-speed data transfers at a read and write speeds of 60Mbps and 160Mbps respectively.
The card is designed for use in extreme temperatures and is also shockproof x-ray proof, and waterproof.
This card can deliver full HD and 4K Ultra HD video recording and playback and has garnered very high customer reviews on Amazon.
- Record and transfer videos, photos, music files, and more from Micro SD enabled devices
- Read speeds up to 100MB/s for fast and smooth burst mode HD photography
- Performance A1 provides minimally 1500 IOPS (read) and 500 IOPS (write)
- Included SD Adapter for compatibility with SD enabled host devices
- Great for 4K Ultra HD Videography
- Not as fast as the other entries on our list
This powerful class 10 UHS-1 memory card from PNY boasts of a whopping 100MB per second transfer rate and 64GB capacity. It is designed for high-performance video recording and photography and works well with a wide range of devices including drones.
Capable of storing over 22,000 photos, this SD card is also waterproof, temperature proof, magnet proof, and shockproof. It sells at a reasonable price and is compatible with micro SDXC devices.
When buying memory cards, bear in mind the market is flooded with counterfeit SD cards. It is, therefore, advisable to stick to the well-known brands that offer warranties on their cards and don’t compromise on quality.
Also, check the maximum capacity that your device can hold as devices that are not SDXC can only support up to 32GB SD cards.
Our review of the best waterproof SD cards should guide you in making the right decision. Feel free to comment and share.
- Class 2 (minimum write speed of 2MB/s)
- Class 4 (4MB/s)
- Class 6 (6MB/s)
- Class 10 (10MB/s)
To match their performance, you will need equally-good card readers as well.
- What SD memory card is best?
To learn which are the best SD cards on the market, check out our dedicated guide.
- What are SD cards used for?
SD cards are used for expanding the storage space of devices. If you are using a PC, you are better off using an HDD are an SSD with a lot of storage.


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text:
- President William Ruto said his government will put in place deliberate measures to increase agricultural productivity
- He said a well-performing agricultural sector will boost Kenya’s export performance and create millions of jobs
- The head of state was speaking during his first speech to t joint sitting of the National Assembly and the Senate
President William Ruto has promised to revitalise the agricultural sector as one way of creating jobs for the millions of unemployed Kenyans.
During his inaugural speech to the parliamentary sitting on Thursday, September 29, the head of state said his government would take deliberate measures to ensure Kenyan farmers contribute to the economy's growth.
"We are on a mission to dramatically scale up agriculture productivity and ensure that every Kenyan farmer, fisherman and pastoralist contributes to sustainable economic growth by contributing to adequate and affordable food, generating greater incomes and producing the raw materials required by the agro-industrial and manufacturing value chains. This will boost Kenya’s export performance and create millions of jobs," Ruto said.
William Ruto on fertiliser subsidy
In his speech, the president said the Kenya Kwanza administration will implement measures to promote responsible management of public resources.
PAY ATTENTION: Don't miss trending Kenyan news. Follow TUKO.co.ke on Twitter!
The head of state highlighted the recent fertiliser subsidy program where farmers can now access cheap fertiliser.
"Consequently, we have been deliberate in our efforts to restore sanity and introduce greater responsibility in managing public resources. One significant intervention is the resolve to abandon consumption subsidies to support and invest in production. This is why we have made available fertiliser for our farmers at cheaper rates of KSh 3500 per 50kg bag down from KSh 6500. We are exploring further mechanisms to bring these prices down," he added.
William Ruto: Financial situation not good
In his speech, the president also reiterated the country's financial situation was not pleasing and highlighted his agenda to bring the country back to its feet.
Rigathi Gachagua: Ambassadors Who Fail to Secure Markets for Kenyan Products to Be Recalled to Do Farming
Ruto maintained service delivery to Kenyans would be done fairly regardless of political affiliations.
"We will capitalise on existing technology and innovation to distribute the Hustlers Fund. I call upon financial institutions and young people in innovation to participate in the digital economy by redesigning their products to serve the goal of empowering millions armed with grand ideas and are only waiting for funds to finance their dreams to reality," he said.
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domain: economics


text:
Following the announcement of his fourth album Dark Days + Canapés, due to launch on Friday August 18, and the unveiling of the debut track “Immigrant Boogie”, Ghostpoet – Obaro Ejimiwe – is pleased to announce details of a brand single, “Freakshow”, and its accompanying video.
Brooding post-punk guitar lines provide the menacing landscape for provocative lyrics that create one of many standout moments on the album.
The video is the second in a dystopian series directed by Zhang + Knight. It depicts a nightmarish pre-apocalyptic world, in which pleasure seekers and average humans alike search for relief from their synthetic reality.
Shot between China and the UK, the film is another uncomfortably familiar vision of the future, following in the footsteps of the first single “Immigrant Boogie”. Both films exist in a world that feels outrageously inhumane and yet somehow familiar.
Says Ejimiwe of the track: “‘Freakshow’ is a kind of commentary on modern consumerism – it sums up my general sense of unease in the way we buy our emotions these days, and the unstoppable cash-driven churn we seem to be caught up in as a society.”
Dark Days + Canapés by Ghostpoet is out Friday August 18 on Play It Again Sam via [PIAS]
Pre-order it here: https://Inertia.lnk.to/

domain: artistic


WASHINGTON — As more local police departments purchase drones, Virginia lawmakers are moving forward with a bill that would expand law enforcement agencies’ abilities to use unmanned aircraft systems.
Virginia’s state Senate has approved a conference committee report on a proposal, originating in the House, that would allow local and state police, as well as the Virginia Department of Transportation, to use drones in accident reconstruction.
Under current legislation, in most cases, police have to get a search warrant to launch a drone, for the purpose of gathering video and photos.
However, under this bill, a drone could be used without a warrant in cases where police are required to file a crash report, because of personal injury, death, or property damage of $1,500 or more.
Other warrant exceptions include during an Amber Alert, Silver Alert or when a person is in immediate danger.
House Bill 1482 was introduced by Republican Del. Bob Thomas, whose district is comprised of parts of the City of Fredericksburg and Stafford County.
According to a 2017 report by the Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, at least 347 state and local police, sheriff, fire and emergency units in the United States have acquired drones.
The Federal Aviation Administration has strict rules for operating a drone legally, including distance from airports, flying under 400 feet, during the day, within sight of the operator and not over a crowd of people.
Many departments have been granted waivers to be able to fly at night.
Virginia is one of several states with a law specifying “in no case may a weaponized unmanned aircraft system be deployed in the Commonwealth,” by any entity, including police.