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Ex-Buddhist chief among 9 charged with graft
by KING-OUA LAOHONG, The Bangkok Post, 9 Jan 2018
Bangkok, Thailand -- In July 2015, Sathien Damrongkadeerat, who at the time served as the director of the Songkhla Provincial Office of Buddhism, contacted the three temples, saying he would earmark budgets for them on condition they repay a fixed amount to him, according to Mr Worawit.
<< Secretary-general Worawit Sukboon of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC), explains the network allegedly behind the embezzlement of temple funds in the southern border provinces.
The budget-allocating committee met on Aug 3, 2015 and agreed to grant the temples a budget of 4 million baht apiece. Mr Phanom approved transferring the money, Mr Worawit said.
After the money was wired, Mr Sathien contacted the temples asking them each to return 3.2 million baht to him, Mr Worawit said.
Ms Pranom reportedly phoned Wasawas Kittithirasit, a planning and policy analyst at the NOB at the time, asking him to create a document for a project promoting Buddhism. He said this was aimed at boosting the morale of Buddhists in the deep South.
Mr Worawit said the project was drafted to make it look as though the 4 million baht wired to Choltarawas temple would be used to support this programme.
The document was later faxed to the Songkhla Provincial Office of Buddhism so Mr Sathien could refer to it following his arrest to justify his actions, Mr Worawit added.
The document includes messages indicating that 3.2 million baht would be delivered to the chiefs of the provincial offices of Buddhism in the five southern border provinces at their meeting on Aug 28, 2015.
Ms Pranom later wrote to the directors of these provincial offices to inform them of the plans regarding the project so they could work with clergymen and local people.
She explained the 3.2 million baht from Wat Choltarawas would be used in the project's first phase and the directors needed to get the money from Mr Sathien on Aug 28, 2015 at Wat Khok Saman Khun in Songkha.
The 3.2 million baht from Wat Yuparam would be used in the second phase, with an allocation of 800,000 baht each for Songkhla, Pattani, Satun and Narathiwat, the letter claimed.
The same sum from Suriyaram temple would be divided into similar portions and distributed between Pattani, Satun, Yala and Narathiwat, it maintained.
Mr Worawit said the budget-allocating panel earmarked the money without completing the proper documentation, which indicated malfeasance.
Project and other documents were issued falsely after Mr Sathien was apprehended, he said.
The official letters Ms Pranom wrote to the NOB on Aug 27 and Aug 31, 2015 about the project suggest she certified the work of Mr Sathien, he said.


text:
elegy for lost houses
The mice still run beneath bathtubs
in my grandmother’s two-story.
Nest in the rusted swing set on
Park Street, where my blue cotton
nightgown hangs rotting from the line.
In a trailer in Monroe, the paneling
is buckling from the water we can’t keep out.
My sister and I sleep, tight fisted, beneath
yellow covers; fear uncles, the devil, the hairbrush.
Even so, I dreamed I took them all back once,
the houses, painted each room the softest eggshell.
Stripped the shag down to the gleaming boards.
Polished every window and pushed every
bed against the wall. Claimed them each,
dish by dish, chair by chair.
Mended the broken lamp, the frayed curtains.
Lit the pilot light and swept out the crickets.
Unlocked every cabinet to find my mother
crouching inside and everything I ever misplaced
come back to me: my red barrette, a roller skate.
Every sock paired and folded in the drawer.

domain: literature


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domain: food


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IRELAND have bowled England out for 85 before lunch in an astonishing display in their first ever test match at Lord's.
Tim Murtagh earned his placed on the honours board at the historic ground with a five wicket haul for just 13 runs.
Mark Adair took three wickets on his test debut with Boyd Rankin taking two in an incredible opening session.
England captain Joe Root elected to bat after winning the toss this morning with Ireland captain William Porterfield suggesting his team may have bowled anyway due to the pitch conditions.
And Porterfield's suspicions were proved correct early as England World Cup hero Jason Roy edged Murtagh's delivery to Paul Stirling who caught it between his wrists in the third over.
Joe Denly would score England's highest total with 23 runs from 28 deliveries but was next to go after being trapped LBW by Adair.
From there England fell apart as Ireland ripped through their batting lineup taking five wickets for just seven runs with Murtagh running riot.
First opener Rory Burns edged behind to Gary Wilson before Adair got Root LBW for two runs after a review by Ireland revealed the English captain failed to get any bat on ball.
Jonny Bairstow was then bowled through the gate by Murtagh for a duck before Chris Woakes was also caught LBW by Murtagh for another scoreless innings.
MOST READ IN SPORT
Moeen Ali was next to go for a duck as he edged Murtagh behind to Wilson to complete Murtagh's five wicket haul after just 15 overs.
Boyd Rankin entered the attack and took two more wickets, first with Stuart Broad being found to have edged to Wilson after a review, before Sam Curran shot straight to James McCollum.
Adair came back to finish off the innings as he bowled Oliver Stone to complete a remarkable morning session.

domain: news


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Race Point Publishing
The Who’s Who of Doctor Who
Written by: Cameron K McEwan
Illustrations by: Andrew Skilleter
Reviewed by Louis Rabinowitz for The Gallifrey Times
How do you group every character from Doctor Who‘s 50 years in one book? The Who’s Who of Doctor Who, written by Cameron K McEwan of Blogtor Who fame, attempts to do just that.
Who’s Who is essentially an in-universe encyclopaedia of the characters that have defined Doctor Who over its 50 years – from the Doctors, companions, monsters, villains and friends and more. Not everyone who’s ever been in the show is included, but with over 300 entries, it’s pretty exhaustive, with entries ranging from recent series characters like Kate Stewart to classic characters like Jamie McCrimmon.
Of course, the most important thing in any handbook is writing – and McEwan’s clear, well-versed writing is excellent. It’s clear in the quotes and references that Who’s Who
is full of that McEwan knows his stuff about Doctor Who
, and is clearly a huge fan, of course.
It’s not a small job either to blend together 50 years and 800 episodes (though the book doesn’t contain any mention of The Time of the Doctor and only what was gleaned from The Day of the Doctor‘s filming, though this isn’t really a flaw at all)
There’s also the matter of looking good – and from the shiny cover featuring David Tennant, Matt Smith and Peter Capaldi to the colourful pages, Who’s Who is as glossy as any official BBC publication (if I really had to nitpick, there’s often images of actors used rather than the actual characters who often look extremely different, but I would assume this is down to image rights).
Special mention, however, has to go to illustrator Andrew Skilleter, whose pencil drawings are consistently excellent, looking unerringly like the real thing. It’s not Skilleter’s first Doctor Who
job, but it’s clear here that he’s an extremely talented artist.
Overall, The Who’s Who of Doctor Who is a comprehensive, well-written and handsome guide to the world of Doctor Who. Whether you’re a newbie to Who and want to catch up on the show’s fifty years, read up about the classic era or familiarize yourself with your favourite characters, it’s a book that’s perfect for pretty much any fan.

domain: hobby


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Bill Ford: Manchester’s first Professor of Immunology
Bill Ford, Professor of Immunology
Those who know or worked with Bill Ford immediately recognised a man of enormous talent, humility and insight whose scientific work was imaginative, totally reliable and highly regarded. His appointment in 1975 to the chair of Experimental Pathology, later to become the chair in the new Department of Immunology, was timely for the University of Manchester. Bill was recognised internationally for his seminal investigations on lymphocyte recirculation and his appointment established Manchester as a centre of in vivo cellular immunology. His premature death from a road accident November 1984 was a tragic loss for science, medicine and especially for the University of Manchester. The University was about to embark on a major revolution to enhance biological research and teaching for which Bill Ford was earmarked to play a central role. Fortunately, he had already sown the seeds that helped to catapult Biological Sciences, later to become Life Sciences, into a centre of excellence.
Contributions to Manchester University
Bill was not just a renowned scientist, but also a gifted teacher. In Manchester he revolutionised Immunology teaching for medical and dental students, developing a core lecture programme underpinned by small group tutorials for all students. He established a popular BSc (Honours) course enabling medical students to acquire hands-on experience of fundamental research. He initiated a weekly Immunology seminar series and established the Manchester Immunology Group, a forum for inviting eminent speakers. Both seminar series continue to this day. Bill worked hard to forge new links between the Facilities of Medicine and Science – an initiative that led, after his death, to Manchester’s first undergraduate degree course in Immunology.
Contributions to knowledge
Born in Inverness in 1936, graduating MB, ChB with honours in medicine from Edinburgh University, and the recipient of a first class MA in physiology from Oxford, Bill, under the influence of Sir James Gowans, developed a passion for research. His experimental work established the foundations of knowledge that we now take for granted. Many of these studies were undertaken with numerous colleagues at a time before the discovery of monoclonal antibodies or flow cytometry and before there was any evidence for adhesion molecules or chemokines. Only a small sample of Bill Ford’s original observations (over 100 published papers) will be mentioned here.
Bill wanted to know how it was that lymphocytes alone – not granulocytes, not macrophages, not red blood cells – could escape the confines of the blood vasculature. Experimentally Bill and his group targeted unique vessels in LNs that were lined by “plump” endothelial cells – so called high endothelial venules (HEVs). Using radiolabelled lymphocytes and autoradiography they showed that lymphocytes injected into the blood stream rapidly adhered to the walls of HEVs. By 15 min lymphocytes had already escaped out of blood vessels and were present within LN tissue (see figure below). On entering LNs (and spleen) Bill and colleagues also demonstrated that both B and T lymphocytes immediately migrated in different directions to congregate in separate B- and T-cell compartments.
Postcapillary venule in paracortex of popliteal lymph node 15 min after the iv injection of [3H]-leucine-labeled B-thoracid duct lymphocytes. X40 oil immersion obj. Taken from Nieuwenhuis and Ford, Cell Immunol 23 254-267 (1976)
Puzzled by how lymphocytes might escape from the blood stream, Bill, with canny insight, imagined that lymphocytes might express unique molecules with an affinity for complementary molecules on the cells lining HEVs. Why he opted to inject radioactive sulphate is not clear, but Bill discovered that this radioisotope selectively labelled HEVs. Pursuing this clue, a PhD student (Paul Andrews*) was able to successfully isolate a sulphated glycoprotein from LNs that, much to their delight, blocked lymphocyte binding to HEVs. We now know that this sulphated molecule (Gly-CAM-1) is produced by high endothelial cells, binds with a receptor (L-selectin) on lymphocytes and initiates the first stages in the migration process. The hypothesis that Bill proposed was proved correct.
[* Tragically Paul and Bill died in the same road accident in Australia.]
Because the frequency of lymphocytes specific for any particular antigen is extremely low (1/10,000 to 1/ 1million), it was hypothesised that lymphocytes were constantly on the move in search of antigen. Bill and others showed that indeed this was the case. In addition, Bill’s group demonstrated that the tiny population of specific lymphocytes became rapidly trapped by antigen and concentrated within LNs and spleen. The specific cells were held in situ for several days allowing proliferation to occur before being released back into the blood stream. These observations provided concrete evidence that helped to establish the validity of Burnett’s clonal selection theory.
Bill also had a keen interest in transplantation. His work contributed significantly to our understanding of graft-versus-host disease during which transplanted lymphocytes attack the recipient. This disease is often a fatal complication of bone marrow transplantation. Bill’s group was also among the first to show that the frequency of T cells capable of attacking foreign tissue transplants, in complete contrast with the low frequency of common antigens, was astonishingly high (1-4%).
Bill set an example that was an inspiration to all who were lucky enough to have worked with him. He also laid the foundations that have allowed immunological research in Manchester to prosper and for the University to become a centre that attracts scientists from around the world.
Eric B Bell
Reader in Immunology
Friend and colleague

domain: biology


text:
No Products in the Cart
This table runner is the epitome of quality craftsmanship and spectacular design. The runner gives away ethnic vibes and will be an ideal pick for traditionally done home decors. A striking tassel detail can be seen on the ends which enhances the visual appeal of the runner and renders a hint of old school charm to your dining space.
The product images have props used for illustrative purposes. The product is Majolika Embroidered Table Runner - 30x400 cms.

domain: artistic


text:
... including targeted forecasts at the time of your arrival to each point!
Malartic, Quebec experiences a variety of weather throughout the year. In the winter, the average temperature is around -15°C with occasional snowfall. In the spring, temperatures can range from -3°C to 15°C with rain and snow. The summer months often bring temperatures of 20°C to 25°C with occasional thunderstorms. The fall usually brings temperatures between -2°C and 14°C with the occasional snowfall. Overall, the weather in Malartic, Quebec is fairly mild with temperatures rarely reaching extreme levels.
As of 2020, the city population is 3449.
This map shows the current & 7-day weather forecast, weather alerts, and weather radar for Malartic, Quebec.

domain: geography


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NEW DELHI - Four men were found guilty Tuesday of gang- raping and murdering a student on a New Delhi bus last December in a case that sickened India and led to tough new anti-rape laws.
Judge Yogesh Khanna announced: "I convict all of the accused. They have been found guilty of gang rape, unnatural offences, destruction of evidence.. and for committing the murder of the helpless victim."
Arguments for sentencing will begin on Wednesday morning, he announced.
The defendants were briefly brought in to the court and then taken away by police.
The parents of one of the convicts, Mukesh Singh, left the crowded court in tears and his mother threw herself at the feet of one of the lawyers, sobbing.
The parents and brother of the victim were also inside the courtroom.


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Originally posted by tkamiya
JimF's cool harness is designed to make an WELL FUNCTIONING cooling system work better by turning on the AUX fan sooner. It is not designed to fix an already compromised cooling system.
I understand that, that's why I'm asking about this. Before I wasn't sure if it was running hot because it was normal to run that hot. But after putting the harness in and it's still running hot, i realize something is wrong, that's why i'm asking.
I'm going to have the dealership look at it.


Hon. Andrew Egyapa Mercer, a Deputy Minister for Energy has called on African leaders to leverage the abundance of the gas resource on the continent. This, according to him is a key step in bridging the poverty gap in various countries.
The Secondi Member of Parliament made this call when he represented Energy Minister, Dr Matthew Opoku Prempeh at an African ministerial panel at the on-ongoing Africa Oil Week in Dubai, UAE. Hon. Mercer further called for responsible exploitation of this fossil fuel resource as it is being held in trust for generations yet unborn. This he says would ensure that the economic value of the resource is sustained for a long period of time.
He said Ghana’s Gas Master Plan recognizes the power sector as the most important sector to channel the natural gas resources as currently, over 70 % of the country’s fuel requirement for power generation is met by natural gas. Hon. Mercer also called for attention to be given to the legal and regulatory framework of various countries as it provides the basis for the overall benefit of the resource for their people. He also called for the deployment of appropriate technologies in the development and utilization of the gas resource.
At the session on prospects in the upstream sector that took place during the conference, CEO of the Petroleum Commission, Egbert Faibille Jnr., walked prospective investors through Ghana’s legal and regulatory regime as well as its fiscal system which makes the country an attractive destination for upstream investment. He also touched on available blocks for investment in the sector.
On his part, a Deputy CEO of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, Benjamin Acolatse touched on the role of the National Oil Company in Petroleum Agreements and their readiness to partner potential investors in the exploitation of Ghana’s hydrocarbon resource.
The Ghanaian delegation continues to engage prospective investors and key players in the African oil and gas space at the conference all in the bid to position Ghana favourably for investments.
Source: King Edward Ambrose Washman Addo/peacefmonline.com/ghana
|Disclaimer: Opinions expressed here are those of the writers and do not reflect those of Peacefmonline.com. Peacefmonline.com accepts no responsibility legal or otherwise for their accuracy of content. Please report any inappropriate content to us, and we will evaluate it as a matter of priority.|


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Augmented reality is welcoming Walmart shoppers.
A Christmas Sleigh Ride AR activation is being featured in nine brand-sponsored aisles throughout 1,000 Walmart locations for the next four weeks.
A custom code using the Walmart AR Sleigh Ride app unlocks AR content from Clorox, Welch’s, Kellogg’s, PepsiCo, Nickelodeon, M&M’s, Blue Bunny Ice Cream and 3M. Characters including Kellogg’s Tony the Tiger and PepsiCo’s Chester the Cheetah are then virtually displayed via a smartphone screen.
“Augmented reality technology is transforming the way brick and mortar retailers market to, connect with and serve their customers,” stated Keith Curtin, vice president of Zappar, the AR development company that created the AR experience with Advantage Solutions.
While consumers may not be knowledgeable about augmented reality, major brands are now using it in fun and entertaining ways to engage customers, even in the aisles of major outlets like Walmart. Augmented reality is now mainstream.


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Analysts expect RLJ Lodging Trust (NYSE:RLJ) to report $0.46 earnings per share for the current fiscal quarter, according to Zacks Investment Research. Six analysts have provided estimates for RLJ Lodging Trust’s earnings, with estimates ranging from $0.43 to $0.49. RLJ Lodging Trust reported earnings per share of $0.47 during the same quarter last year, which suggests a negative year over year growth rate of 2.1%. The firm is expected to issue its next quarterly earnings report on Wednesday, May 8th.
According to Zacks, analysts expect that RLJ Lodging Trust will report full-year earnings of $2.25 per share for the current financial year, with EPS estimates ranging from $2.15 to $2.32. For the next fiscal year, analysts expect that the business will report earnings of $2.27 per share, with EPS estimates ranging from $2.18 to $2.36. Zacks’ EPS calculations are an average based on a survey of research analysts that cover RLJ Lodging Trust.
A number of equities analysts have recently issued reports on RLJ shares. Zacks Investment Research cut shares of RLJ Lodging Trust from a “hold” rating to a “sell” rating in a research report on Thursday, November 22nd. Robert W. Baird reissued a “buy” rating and set a $24.00 price objective on shares of RLJ Lodging Trust in a research report on Friday, November 30th. KeyCorp set a $23.00 price objective on shares of RLJ Lodging Trust and gave the stock a “buy” rating in a research report on Thursday, December 20th. TheStreet cut shares of RLJ Lodging Trust from a “b-” rating to a “c+” rating in a research report on Thursday, January 3rd. Finally, Wells Fargo & Co reissued a “hold” rating on shares of RLJ Lodging Trust in a research report on Friday, January 25th. Two equities research analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, four have assigned a hold rating and three have issued a buy rating to the company. The company currently has an average rating of “Hold” and an average price target of $22.33.
Hedge funds and other institutional investors have recently made changes to their positions in the stock. Karp Capital Management Corp bought a new position in RLJ Lodging Trust in the 4th quarter valued at about $28,000. Bessemer Group Inc. bought a new position in RLJ Lodging Trust in the 4th quarter valued at about $48,000. Enlightenment Research LLC bought a new position in RLJ Lodging Trust in the 4th quarter valued at about $85,000. Paradigm Asset Management Co. LLC bought a new position in RLJ Lodging Trust in the 3rd quarter valued at about $106,000. Finally, M&T Bank Corp bought a new position in RLJ Lodging Trust in the 4th quarter valued at about $175,000. 96.90% of the stock is currently owned by institutional investors and hedge funds.
RLJ stock opened at $18.06 on Friday. The stock has a market cap of $3.14 billion, a PE ratio of 7.79, a P/E/G ratio of 1.62 and a beta of 1.38. The company has a current ratio of 2.17, a quick ratio of 2.17 and a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.71. RLJ Lodging Trust has a 1 year low of $15.91 and a 1 year high of $23.97.
RLJ Lodging Trust Company Profile
RLJ Lodging Trust is a self-advised, publicly traded real estate investment trust that owns primarily premium-branded, high-margin, focused-service and compact full-service hotels. The Company's portfolio consists of 150 hotels with approximately 28,600 rooms, located in 25 states and the District of Columbia and an ownership interest in one unconsolidated hotel with 171 rooms.
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Contact: Kent Keene, Lower Midwestern States Coordinator
Last week, Congressional Sportsmen’s Foundation’s (CSF) Lower Midwestern States Coordinator Kent Keene submitted a formal comment letter to the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) in support of their proposed plan for the state’s first resident black bear hunt. Historically present throughout Missouri, black bears were extirpated from the Show-Me State due to a combination of factors, including market hunting and habitat loss. Thanks to the natural migration of black bears from Arkansas and further restoration efforts by the Missouri Department of Conservation, there are currently an estimated 540-840 black bears in Missouri. At this level, MDC biologists believe that the population can sustain a limited harvest, thereby providing a great opportunity for Missouri’s sportsmen and women to pursue this iconic species.
Based on the current plan, a limited number of resident black bear permits will be allocated through a random lottery system in each of three designated Black Bear Management Zones. Selected hunters will be able to hunt within their designated zone season beginning on the third Monday of October. The season will remain open for ten days, or until a specific quota is filled. Hunters will be able to use legal methods for deer and elk, except the use of an atlatl will be prohibited. Additionally, bear hunters may not use dogs or bait during the black bear season, although MDC has expressed a willingness to reconsider the use of these methods after assessing the effects of the initial hunts.
Using the plan designed by the Black Bear Task Force, which includes representatives from the MDC, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, the National Parks Service, and the U.S. Forest Service, combined with comments received during this initial public comment period, MDC will begin drafting formal regulations to present to the Missouri Conservation Commission. Once initial approval is granted by the Commission, another public comment will be held before the regulations are finalized.
In addition, Missouri’s sportsmen and landowners will soon have the option to weigh in on changes to feral swine and coyote hunting regulations. In response to citizen requests, MDC will soon begin accepting comments on proposed regulation changes regarding the use of artificial light, night vision, infrared, or thermal imagery equipment when hunting these species. Specifically, this change would allow landowners and their “authorized representatives” use night vision, infrared, or thermal imaging to kill feral swine on private property without requiring landowners to provide prior notification to conservation agents. Additionally, hunters would be able to use artificial light, night vision, infrared, or thermal imaging when hunting coyotes from February 1 through March 31 when used in conjunction with other legal hunting methods. Finally, the proposed change would allow any person to possess and use night vision, infrared, or thermal imaging with written authorization from a conservation agent. For more information on these proposed changes, click here. This public comment period will officially open on July 2, 2020 and extends until July 31.
Studies conducted at both the state and federal level have found that the number of hunters and trappers have been on a generally declining trend over the past several decades. To increase recruitment, retention, and reactivation (R3) of hunters and trappers, which initiative do you think would have the greatest impact?


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US 3039936 A
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United rates Patent thee 3,d39,936 Patented June 19, 1962 PRODUCTION OF DEXTRQSE FROM STARCH James F. Lenney, St. Louis, Mo, and Lyman R. Shively,
Wood River, lll., assignors, by mesne assignments, to
Union Starch & Refining (30., Inc, Columbus, Ind., a
corporation of Indiana No Drawing. Filed June 7, 1965 Ser. No. 34,366
15 Claims. (Cl. 195-11) This invention relates to an enzyme conversion process for hydrolyzing starch to dextrose and t the enzyme system required for the hydrolysis.
This application is a continuation-in-part of US. application Serial No. 736,464, filed May 20, 1958, now abandoned.
Among the objects of the invention is the provision of a process for converting starch to dextrose in which the starch is solubilized and an essentially complete hydrolysis of the soluble carbohydrate to dextrose is attained.
The process is valuable for the production of a pure dextrose product, for example, or for the production of solutions of dextrose which may be converted directly to alcohols or other valuable industrial compounds by chemical or fermentation processes.
The objects of the invention are obtained by preliminary liquefying and partially hydrolyzing starch by a thermostable alpha-amylase and thereafter hydrolyzing the resulting intermediate products substantially completely to dextrose with an enzyme complex obtained from one of the various species of the Rhizopus genus of fungus.
Starch molecules consist primarily of polymerized dextrose. About 95% of the linkages between dextrose units in corn starch are of the alpha-1,4 type and 5% are of the alpha-1,6 type (at the branch points in amylopectin). In certain other starches this ratio may diifer but the same linkages are present. There are many difierent enzymes capable of hydrolyzing these glucosidic linkages, but most of these enzymes are unable to hydrolyze all of the 1,4 or 1,6 bonds: either an equilibrium condition occurs at a certain degree of conversion or the enzyme is incapable of hydrolyzing certain specific linkages at various loci in the amylose or amylopectin chain. Another disadvantage of certain enzyme systems is that they contain transglycosidase activity which results in the synthesis of appreciable amounts of dior tri-saccharides from dextrose or maltose, thereby preventing complete hydrolysis to dextrose.
One of the advantages of the enzyme systems used in this process is that they accomplish a splitting of essentially all of the 1,4 and 1,6 linkages in starch and they possess very little of this undesirable transglycosidase activity. In this connection, Rhizopus culture filtrates have been compared with culture filtrates from Aspergillus niger. The A. niger enzyme complex is noted for its good saccharifying activity and is widely used in the distilling industry. We have found that a 20 to 30% starch suspension liquetied with alpha-amylase cannot be converted beyond 96.5 DE. using A. niger culture filtrate. At this maximum D.E., these hydrolysates were found to contain only dextrose and the unfermentable disaccharide, isomaltose. It was also observed that A. niger culture filtrate decreases the DB of 20% dextrose solution from 100 to 96.5. Here also, paper chromatography revealed only dextrose and isomaltose. Thus A. niger cultures produce an enzyme which synthesizes isomaltose from dextrose and prevents complete starch conversion to dextrose. When Rhizopus culture filtrate were incubated with a 20% solution of dextrose, no drop in DE. occurred.
There are many publications in the literature which are concerned with amylases and starch saccharification. In most of these, a low (1-5%) concentration of a modified special solubilized starch is employed (usually Lintner potato starch). industrially, it is usually necessary to work with much higher concentrations (20-40%) of an unmodified starch. We have found that these high concentrations often saccharify differently from low starch concentrations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. High starch concentrations are much more difticult to convert completely than low concentrations with the same ratio of enzyme to starch. Also, much of the work in the literature has been done with purified enzyme preparations and it is not possible to judge whether a practical crude enzyme preparation from the same origin would behave similarly.
in the first step of the process of the invention, an aqueous starch suspension is liquefied and partially hydrolyzed with a thermostable alpha-amylase. A thermostable amylase is employed so that the starch may be gelatinized at temperatures of 65 to C. without inactivating the enzyme. After the amylase has acted on the starch for a sufiicient time to liquefy the latter the reaction continues if the temperature is lowered to as low as 30 C., for example.
For this purpose the commercially available alpha-amylase obtained from Bacillus subtilis is satisfactory. Other thermostable alpha-amylases are available and may be employed in place of amylase from Bacillus subtilis. Other suitable thermostable alpha-amylases have been obtained from barley malt, and pancreas, for example, and are commercially available.
The aqueous starch suspension may contain about 10-45 of starch, preferably 20 to 40% of starch. The lower proportions of starch 10-15 are less economical because of the high volume of liquid to be handled. The reaction can be carried out with 40-45% starch although such concentrations are more difiicult to handle. The alpha-amylase is added to the aqueous starch suspension and the mix is heated. During gelatinizing the alpha-amylase prevents the suspension from becoming excessively viscous. Calcium ions, in trace amounts, may be added to stabilize and activate the bacterial amylase.
After the starch suspension is liquefied, the solution may be maintained at a temperature of about 30-80 C. until a DE. of 25-35 is attained. Actually the reaction proceeds at temperatures as low as 10 C. although at temperatures below 30 C. the reaction rate is considered too slow for commercial production.
The action of the alpha-amylme may be allowed to go almost to completion before adding the Rhizopus enzymes. Convenient conditions for bacterial alpha amylase conversion would be, for example, 8-20 hours at pH 7 and 75 C. The amount of alpha-amylase required will depend on many factors, such as the potency of the alpha amylase preparation and the time allowed for the incubation, for example. Using a potent commercial preparation of a B. subtilis amylase, a concentration of 0.01 to 0.08% (based on the weight of the starch) may be employed. After this conversion, the insoluble residue may be filtered 05. The filtrate has a DE. of 25 to 35%, ordinarily gives a negative or faint brown iodine test, and has been found by paper chromatography to contain dextrose, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexaand heptasaccharides. The insoluble residue amounts to about 2% of the weight of the starch, when commercial (about 99% pure) corn starch is hydrolyzed with bacterial amylase overnight under optimum conditions. The residue consists of starch plus most of the fatty acid and insoluble protein of the original corn starch sample.
It has previously been proposed to preliminarily liquefy starch to a D13. of 10-50% by an acid hydrolysis and to then complete the conversion by means of an enzyme. Such a preliminary conversion step is unsatisfactory in the process of the present invention since it has been found that 25 to 50 DE. acid hydrolysates cannot be converted beyond -93 D.E. even with a high concentration of a potent saccharifying enzyme system, and mildly treated acid hydrolysates (of l15 DE.) cannot be converted beyond 96-97 DE. it is believed that the explanation of this behavior is that acid hydrolysis at starch concentrations above about produces reversion products having anomalous linkages which are not susceptible to enzymic attack.
It has been found that the Rhizopus enzyme preparation may be added shortly after the starch has been liquefied, long before the action of the alpha-amylase approaches completion. As an example of this modification, the alpha amylase may be allowed to act for two hours at 75 C. and pH 7. Then the temperature is lowered to 50 C., the pH is lowered to 4.8 by the addition of an acid, and the Rhizopus enzymes are added. These conditions, which are optional for the Rhizopus enzymes, still permit the action of B. subtilis amylase to continue. In this manner, the time required for the overall conversion may be shortened by many hours. With this modified process, the insoluble residue, which amounts to 1.0 to 2.5% of the weight of the starch, is removed by filtration after the reaction of the Rhizopus enzymes has been completed.
One phase of the invention is based on the discovery that saccharifying enzyme systems from the various species of the genus Rhizopus are effective in hydrolyzing the conversion products produced in the preliminary treatment of starch to obtain 99.5 to 100% conversion of these products to dextrose. Culture filtrates have been obtained from Rhizopus oryzae, R. niveus, R. japonicus, R. arrlzizus, R. delemar, and other representative s ecies of the genus Rhizopus, and these culture filtrates hydroiyze the soluble products of batcerial amylase action completely or almost completely to dextrose. The time for the Rhizopus enzyme treatment is about 2-3 days and may again depend on the amount and potency of the enzyme complex added. Very satisfactory amounts or the enzyme complex are from 5 to 35 ml. of culture filtrate per 100 grams of starch employed. The incubation with the Rhizopus enzyme complex may be carried out at 35 to 55 C.
The process of this invention may also be applied to crude starch-bearing materials such as corn, potatoes, wheat and rice. The ability of Rhizopus enzymes to effect substantially complete conversion of starch to dextrose gives a maximum yield of fermentable sugar from these starchy materials.
A satisfactory culture filtrate may be obtained in the following way:
Example 1 Spores of Rhi opus oryzae are transferred from a potato-dextrose agar slant to ml. of a sterile medium containing 2 gm. of corn meal and 2 gm. of distillers thin stillage solids at pH 5.6. After growing for 24 hours in shake culture at 30 C., 4 ml. are transferred to a sterile medium containing 20 gm. of bran, 4 gm. of corn meal and 80 ml. of water. After still growth for four days at 30 C., the enzyme complex is obtained by adding 120 ml. of water, extracting for 3 hours and filtering.
In a similar way culture filtrates may be obtained from R. nivezts, R. delemar, R. arrlzizus, R. japom'cus, or other Rhizopus species.
The following examples further illustrate in detail how the invention is carried out.
Example 2 of 29.6. Five ml. of Rhizopus oryzae culture filtrate, prepared -as in Example 1, were added to ml. of this hydrolysate and the mixture was incubated ct 50 C. for 3 days at pH 4.5 in the presence of 0.5 ml. of toluene. The hydroylsate was decolorized with activated carbon and had a DB. of 99.6. Paper chromatographic analysis of this hydroylsate revealed a faint trace of panose as the only detectable carbohydrate other than dextrose.
Example 3 A B. subtilz's starch hydroylsate filtrate was prepared as described in Example 2. It contained 0.233 gram of dry substance per ml. and had a DE. of 33. Five ml. of Rhizopus niveus culture filtrate were added to'100 ml. of this hydrolysate, the pH was adjusted to 4.4 and 0.5 ml. of toluene was added. After five days at 50 C., the mixture was treated with activated carbon and was found to ha 'e a DE. of 99.0. Traces of isomaltose and of panose were detected by paper chromatography.
With a Rhizopus japom'cus culture filtrate prepared as in Example 1 a hydrolysate made according to Example 2 had a DB. of 99.8. Similarly with R. arrhizus, the hydrolysate had a DB. of 99.3 and with R. delemar a DB. of 99.9. DE. values of less than 99.0 can be raised above 99.5 by the use of higher Rhizopus enzyme concentrations.
Example 4 200 ml. of a corn starch suspension containing 43.5 gm. of starch were adjusted to pH 7.0 using NaOI-l. 9 mg. of a B. subzz'lis concentrate were added and the agitated mixture was gradually heated to 75 C. and held at 75-85 C. for 2 hours. The solution was then cooled to 48 C. and adjusted to pH 4.7 with acetic acid. 5 'ml. of Rhizopus m'veus culture filtrate were then added, the pH was readjusted to 4.7, and the suspension was incubated .at 48 C. for 70 hours. An insoluble residue amounting to 1.5% of the weight of the starch was filtered ofi. The filtrate had a DE. of 100, on an ash-free, protein-free basis.
Example 5 33 grams of degerminated corn meal were suspended in ml. of water, 18 mg. of Ca(OH) were added, and the pH was adjusted to 7.0. 18 mg. of B. subtilis amylase concentrate were added and the suspension was incubated at 72-77 C. for 2 hours. The mixture was then cooled, 5 ml. of Rhizopus oryzae culture filtrate were added, and the pH was adjusted to 4.7 using acetic acid. After four days at 50 C., the filtrate had a DB. of 98.3. Allowing for the presence of 1.2% protein, the DE. was 99.4.
Example 6 ulled brown rice was hydrolyzed exactly as in Example 5. The final filtrate had a DE. of 96.3, which was raised to 98.5 by subtracting the 2.0% protein content from the dry substance of the filtrate.
Other crude starchy materials were converted in this manner and gave similar results, demonstrating an essentially complete hydrolysis of their starch content to dextrose. The protein level of the final filtrate depended upon the nature of the starting material and its soluble protein content.
1. In a process of hydrolyzing starch, the steps comprising heating an aqueous starch suspension containing about 10-45% by weight of starch to about 65 80 C. in the presence of a thermostable alpha-amylase, main: taining the suspension within said temperature range until the starch is liquefied and thereafter maintaining the solution at a temperature of 30-80 C. until a DB. of 25 to 35% is attained, adding a saccharifying enzyme preparation obtained from a species of the Rhizopus genus, and incubating at about 35 to 55 C. whereby a solution having a DB. of at least 98.5, based on the soluble carbohydrate present is obtained.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the enzyme preparation from Rhizopus is added to the aque ous starch suspension containing the thermostable alphaamylase after the latter has been acting on said Suspension long enough to liquefy it, and thereafter incubating the mixture until the soluble carbohydrate material attains a DB. of at least 98.5.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus oryzae.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus niveus.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus delemar.
6. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rlzizopus japonicus. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus arrhizus. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the starch is present in a crude, impure form 'as in grains and tubers.
9. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus oryzae.
10. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhiz pus niveus.
11. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus delemar. 12. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus japonicus. 13. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein said enzyme preparation is derived from Rhizopus arrhizus. 14. The process as claimed in claim 2 wherein the 6 starch is present in a crude, impure 'form as in grains and tubers.
15. In a process of hydrolyzing starch, the steps comprising heating an aqueous starch suspension containing about 1045% by weight of starch to about 65 -80 C. in the presence of a thermostable alpha-amylase, maintaining the suspension within said temperature range until the starch is liquefied and thereafter maintaining the solution at a temperature of 3080 C. until a DB. of 25 to is attained, adding a culture filtrate of the Saccharifying enzyme system obtained from a species of the Rhizopus genus, and incubating at about 35 to C. whereby a solution having a DB. of at least 98.5, based on the soluble carbohydrate present is obtained.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Wallerstein et al. Sept. 4, 1951 Wallerstein et al. Jan. 22, 1952 OTHER REFERENCES

domain: chemistry


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Recently, I’ve been re-reading Life on a Young Planet. As I said before, it’s an excellent book. It is beautifully written, cleverly structured, and the author is obviously knowledgeable about the subject (which, sadly, isn’t always true in popular science). Most importantly, it emphasises the process of science, as opposed to the actual knowledge gained through that process. “How do we know what we know?” is a question at least as important to Andrew Knoll as “What do we know?” As he so eloquently puts it, “[t]extbooks may portray science as a codification of facts, but it is really a disciplined way of asking about the unknown.” This is an attitude I share with him, and probably a big part of the reason the book has such a special place in my heart.
So, I was surprised to discover on this re-read that Knoll falls into one of the most common traps of talking about evolution: teleological thinking. In Chapter 11, “Cambrian Redux”, he writes that “[f]orty million years after the Cambrian began, evolutionary way stations still played a major role in the ecology of marine environments.” He is discussing the Cambrian explosion, of course, and here he is talking about stem groups of living phyla living alongside the crown groups . I don’t think he means to convey a sense of goal-orientation, but the wording does exactly that. It sounds as if, say, Anomalocaris was just something evolution had to pass through to get to arthropods, not a successful animal in its own right. It suggests that the eventual supplanting of these now-extinct lineages was meant to happen.
Richard Dawkins called this “the conceit of hindsight” and complained about it at length in the introduction to his (also really good) book The Ancestor’s Tale. Dawkins characterises such thinking as “seeing the past as aimed at our own time, as though the characters in history’s play had nothing better to do with their time than foreshadow us.” (In this particular case, he’s talking about ordinary history, as a prelude to introducing the same problem in evolutionary history.) It’s a very common way of thinking about evolution (just look at any of the traditional “march of progress” images), and it’s also totally wrong.
If you’ve been in prolonged contact with creationists, you’ve almost certainly encountered conspicuous examples of this common misconception. Types of questions I’ve personally seen include “what use is half a wing/[insert transitional feature here]?”, “why didn’t all X evolve into Y?”, and “how did X know they were evolving into Y?” At the heart of each lurks the idea that evolution works towards goals. That it doesn’t seems to be one of the most difficult aspects of evolutionary theory to grasp, and it’s especially hard to escape when we are looking at the past.
Simply put, evolution has no foresight. Rather than working towards something, the process always reacts to something. Rather than looking ahead, it constantly lives in the present, though it’s often saddled with the baggage of the past. The kinds of things that cause mutation (such as replication errors, radiation and chemical damage) have random effects . Moreover, the processes that sort among mutations, such as natural selection, are similarly blind. Because the mechanisms of evolution are not thinking entities, the only traits that get passed on are traits that help their owners reproduce in the here and now. Any long-term trend is the outcome of repeated rounds of selection on the same traits. Evolution has no goal in the same way a snowflake doesn’t aim for your nose, though in retrospect you can perhaps reconstruct the path it took to get there.
That’s the problem with history: we are looking back on processes whose outcomes we already know. It’s so tempting to view the preceding events as mere stages in a journey aimed at those outcomes. After all, we humans work with goals in mind all the time (ironically, nowadays we might use evolutionary principles to attain those goals!). Unfortunately, viewing evolution in this way can lose sight of the process by focusing on the endpoint – and then people start asking about half wings.
It’s important to remember that the ancestor of the wing was not “half a wing”. It was just a modified arm that had some advantage over its ancestor, e.g. large feathers to help a dinosaur keep her eggs warm, or (closer to “wingness”) glide from tree to tree. These animals weren’t half-functional fliers, they were fully functional at whatever they were doing. If an alien scientist looked around in a Middle Jurassic forest, it might have marvelled at the exquisite gliding adaptations of small dinosaurs much like Microraptor , but it surely wouldn’t have focused on how bad they were at flying.
(Also, always remember that when you are the only one who can do something, by definition you’re the best at it!)
I wish we could just drop the teleological language altogether. It’s surprisingly difficult even when you actively try, though. It could be something about the way language works (at least the two I know well). Somehow, it seems much easier to say things like “X evolved to do Y” in them than to give a more accurate description of the evolutionary process. I’m sure that says something profound about human minds…
 In systematic jargon, a crown group is the last common ancestor of all living members of a group, and all of its descendants (including extinct ones). The corresponding stem group (stem groups are always relative to a crown) includes anything extinct that’s more closely related to the crown group in question than to any other living lineage. For example, all non-avian dinosaurs were stem birds.
 We have to be precise about the meaning of “random” here. Some mutagens cause very specific mutations. “Random” refers to their fitness effects, not the chemical changes that happen or even the places where they happen (though the latter is largely random, except for trivial constraints). The same mutation in different parts of the genome can be beneficial, harmful or have no effect at all, and conversely, the same is true for different mutations at the same spot – and all of this is uncontrollable. If you keep your study organisms in a hot environment, they won’t suddenly start producing more mutations that make them heat-resistant. That’s the main thing we mean when we say mutations are random.
 Microraptor itself is Early Cretaceous – birds were already around when these guys inhabited the forests of China. The first part of the Jurassic – i.e. the time between early dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx – doesn’t have a great record of dinosaur fossils, so most of what we know of the origin of birds comes from relatives of birds that persisted alongside birds later on. However, a few very bird-like fossils are contemporaneous with, or older than, Archaeopteryx. Like Microraptor, some of these creatures have long leg feathers (unlike Microraptor‘s, theirs aren’t very aerodynamic) , so that may be something ancestral for the “birdy” lineage.


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Stress-dependent phosphorylation of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) by the p38MAPK/MK2 axis
Crossref DOI link:
Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/SPRINGER_CROSSMARK_POLICY
Text and Data Mining valid from 2016-08-05
8 March 2016
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5 August 2016
The authors declare no competing financial interests.


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Now is the time to convert your fatbike to 29+! Dropping a few lbs of rotating weight and throwing on faster rolling tires will make your fatbike feel like a rocket ship!
Gorgeous set of Hope Fatsno hubs laced to Velocity USA Duallys out the door today!
I am starting to wonder how long until I pass the 1,000 carbon fat wheel mark! Sweet set of Nextie 65mm rims laced to I9 hubs out the door today! I have a few more pretty exciting projects in the very near future too!
This was a really fun build for a very cool bike! These will be going on a Calfee carbon fiber fat tandem for Will Muecke from Team CoreCo. Thanks again for letting me be a part of this amazing project!
Velocity's Made in the USA Dually 29+ rims tied to Borealis hubs with red white and blue spoke nipples for a friend of mine who is retired Navy. I always love fun builds like this!
**Update 4/25/14** David Reid has completed his trip through the Arctic and you can get a lot more details here An Arctic First
This was a fun project, building a set of wheels heading to the Arctic Circle for a pretty epic adventure. Not sure how much detail I can go into so I will just leave it at, this will actually live up to the word epic, despite how over used it is. I will update with more details once I know if it is OK.
The build is pretty much our standard build at Borealis except instead of aluminum nipples I used brass. It was Turnagain FR-80 rims, Borealis hubs, double butted Wheelsmith spokes. Even though it is a standard build, it should be more than up to the task, our Turnagain rims have been super solid as are Wheelsmith spokes and our hubs worked well all the way to the South Pole so I have lots of confidence in their ability to handle this trip.
Obsession, or passion? Who am I to judge? Either way I simply love building wheels for those who appreciate quality!

domain: design


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9 Cumulative Incidence of Diabetes (%) Modest Weight Loss Reduces the Incidence of New-Onset Diabetes In An At-Risk PopulationWt Loss RRPlaceboMetforminLifestyle0.1 kg2.1 kg 31%5.6 kg 58%Cumulative Incidence of Diabetes (%)RR = Risk ReductionYearsP < .001 for each comparisonThe Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group conducted a large randomized study of lifestyle intervention or metformin compared with placebo in preventing new-onset diabetes in high-risk patients.Patients with BMI ≥24 kg/m2 with elevated fasting plasma glucose or elevated post-challenge plasma glucose were enrolled. A total of 3234 participants were enrolled in the study. The average follow-up time was 2.8 years.The reduction in new-onset diabetes in the lifestyle group was 58% lower compared with the placebo group and was 31% lower compared with the metformin group.Note that the group that had the greatest decrease in body weight had the lowest incidence of new-onset diabetes.Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:
10 FPG 99 mg/dl TG 250 mg/dl BMI 32 FPG 86 mg/dl TG 150 mg/dl BMI 26 Amir Tirosh N Engl J Med 2006;354(22):2401.
11 Modest Weight Loss Dramatically Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Even modest weight loss, defined as weight loss of between 5% and 10%, translates into dramatic improvement in cardiometabolic risk. HDL-C is improved with modest weight loss. Additionally insulin sensitivity is improved with modest weight loss. There is a decreased susceptibility to thrombosis and a decrease in inflammatory markers with modest weight loss. Finally endothelial function is improved with modest weight loss.Reference:Despres JP, Lemieux I, Prud'homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ. 2001;322(7288):Modified from Després JP, et al. BMJ. 2001;322:
26 Incidence of Microvascular Complications in IGT Diabetic Retinopathy (%)IGT (HbA1c=5.9%) IGT………..…7.9%IGT (HbA1c=6.1%) T2DM………12.6%The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) recruited overweight and obese patients with elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) for weight loss intervention with the aim of diabetes prevention.A DPP substudy examined the frequency of retinopathy among a representative sample of participants who had not received a diabetes diagnosis by study end.1At the start of the study, participants who developed diabetes had a mean baseline HbA1c level of 6.1%, while the mean baseline HbA1c of participants who did not develop diabetes was 5.9%.1Of participants diagnosed with diabetes during the DPP, 12.6% developed diabetic retinopathy, compared with 7.9% of patients with IGT.1Subjects with and without diabetes who participated in the Monitoring Trends and Determinants on Cardiovascular Diseases/Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg Surveys (MONICA/KORA) were assessed for neuropathy. The prevalence of neuropathy in subjects with IGT was 13%.2These data suggest that traditional cut points for diabetes diagnosis may be inappropriate, considering that DPP patients presented with diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, without a diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (DPP Group). The prevalence of retinopathy in impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabet Med. 2007;24: Ziegler D, Rathman W, Dickhaus T, Meisinger C, Mielck A, for the KORA Study Group. Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and microangiopathy. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:Neuropathy (%)IGT………..…13%**Prevalence.Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Diabet Med. 2007;24: ; Singleton JR, et al. Diabetes Care. 2001;24: ; Ziegler D, et al. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2626
27 Number 0f Subject institute number N = 9,419 Chulalongkorn 1110 RAMA 843Siriraj621Vajira997Phra Mongkutklao956Theptarin964Rajavidhi1412Chiangmai675Khonkaen250Songkhla525Nakorn Rajsima1066N = 9,419(expected sample size= 8360 cases)
28 อุบัติการณ์การเกิดภาวะแทรกซ้อนจากโรคเบาหวาน TDR:J Med Assoc Thai 2006;89(suppl1):S1-9
30 Retinopathy N= 7,119 No 69.3% NA 2,300/9,419 (24.4%) 31.4%PDR 9.4 %NoNPDRPDRN= 7,119NDPR 21.3 %No 69.3%NA 2,300/9,419(24.4%)Blindness from DM 118/8,128 (1.5 %)
31 CODE-2: effect of complications on costs Total costs (€)Costs due to hospitalization (%)Increase in costs vs. no complications6,000 247%5,0005,2264,000Cost (€) 109% 70%60%3,0003,1482,5632,00056%1,5051,00046%38%NocomplicationsMicro- vascularMacro- vascularBoth microand macroWilliams R, et al. Diabetologia 2002; 45:S13–S17.Complication costs driven by hospitalization3131
32 Diabetes: the cost to society Estimated US costsDirect costs breakdown4Hospital inpatient careNursing home carePhysician office visitsInsulin and suppliesNon-diabetic outpatient medication44%15%11%8%5%6%$132140Cost of diabetes care in ThailandIPD: 41,950 – 42,921 b/case 11,827.2 mBaht/year2548: ,828 b/case 3,259.3 mBaht/year (MOPH)OPD2546: 9,033 baht/case 11,200,9 mBaht/year120Indirect costs$98100$9280Cost per year (US$ billion)60Direct costs40$2020In 2002, the total annual cost of diabetes in the US was estimated at $132 billion. This graph illustrates how the cost of diabetes has risen over 16 years. The figures are original estimates taken from four different analyses.1–4The full burden of diabetes is hard to measure. From the data for 2002 we can see how the total cost burden includes both direct costs for medical care and indirect costs from lost productivity due to morbidity and mortality.The indirect costs refer to the resources lost as a result of illness. Its components include the values of reduced and lost productivity due to morbidity, disability, and premature mortality.The direct cost components include expenditures associated with medical treatments, such as hospital and nursing home care, physician services, prescription drugs, laboratory tests, medical supplies, and other medical professional services.The breakdown of direct costs in the United States is illustrated in the pie chart. We can see that oral anti-diabetic agents account for only 5% of the total direct cost burden of diabetes.This slide shows data from the United States. While these data are likely to be similar worldwide, please refer to specific data in your own region if available.1. Huse DM, et al. JAMA 1989; 262:2708–2713.2. Ray NF, et al. Direct and indirect costs of diabetes in the United States in ADA, 1993.3. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:296–309.4. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:917–932.Oral anti-diabetic agents19861199221997320024Year1Huse DM, et al. JAMA 1989; 262:2708– Ray NF, et al. ADA, ADA. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:296–309. 4ADA. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:917–932.3232
33 Indirect costIncome lossNeed other person to helpPhysical suffer: Blindness, Stroke, DyspniaPsychologicalMortality
51 เหตุผลที่ควบคุมโรคเบาหวานไม่ถึงเกณฑ์จากผู้ป่วยและแพทย์ Reasons for failureเหตุผลที่ควบคุมโรคเบาหวานไม่ถึงเกณฑ์จากผู้ป่วยและแพทย์แพทย์:*ไม่สามารถบอกถึงผลดีของการรักษาได้เกณฑ์การรักษาที่แตกต่างกันไม่มีเวลาไม่มีอุปกรณ์การสอนไม่กล้าที่จะใช้อินซูลินผู้ป่วย:**ไม่มีความรู้เกี่ยวกับโรคกลัวน้ำตาลต่ำไม่กล้าตรวจเลือดที่บ้านกลัวฉีดยาปัญหาเศรษฐานะไม่สามารถปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมทาง อาหาร, การออกกำลังกายมีความเชื่อที่แตกต่างกันPhysicians and patients cite many reasons for failing to reach recommended glycemic targets with their diabetes medications.1,2Therapy-related barriers include reduced long-term efficacy with oral agents, fear of hypoglycemia and a variety of issues related to flexibility and convenience that encourage poor compliance with therapy.From the patient’s perspective, issues relating to lifestyle, education, psychology and the environment can prevent optimum diabetes self-management. Poor access to and/or use of specialist healthcare resources also has a negative effect on treatment outcomes.ReferencesGerich JE. The importance of tight glycemic control. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 9A):7S–11S.Barnett AH. Treating to goal: challenges of current management. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(Suppl 2):T3–7.* Gerich JE. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 9A):7S–11S** Barnett AH. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(Suppl 2):T3–751
60 ATP III: The Metabolic Syndrome ATP III: The Metabolic Syndrome* *Diagnosis is established when >3 of these risk factors are presentRisk FactorDefining LevelAbdominal obesity† (Waist circumference‡)Men>102 cm (>40 in)Women>88 cm (>35 in)TG>150 mg/dLHDL-C<40 mg/dL<50 mg/dLBlood Pressure>130/>85 mm HgFasting glucose>110 (>100)**mg/dLATP III: the metabolic syndromeThe NCEP ATP III guidelines define 5 components of the metabolic syndrome; at least 3 of the 5 criteria are required for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Note that the NCEP metabolic syndrome has different criteria for triglycerides and HDL-C, unlike the WHO definition, which lists high triglycerides and/or low HDL-C as a single factor. Almost all individuals in North America who have the metabolic syndrome have a high waist circumference as one of the criteria. Note also that the NCEP definition of the metabolic syndrome is more liberal than the NCEP major risk factors for blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg) and HDL-C (<40 mg/dl in both men and women).In 2003, the American Diabetes Association recommended lowering the limit for impaired fasting glucose from 110 mg/dL to 100 mg/dlL. It seems likely that the NCEP criteria will eventually accept this new criteria for fasting glucose levels. In 2004 a report from the series of workshops sponsored by the NIH, ADA and AHA reported the new ADA IFG criteria in a footnote to a table on the NCEP metabolic syndrome.References:Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26: ,2003Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant D, for the Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition.Circulation. 2004;109:** 2003 New ADA IFG criteria (Expert Panel…,Diabetes Care 26: , 2003)* The Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA. 2001;285:**The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26: ,
61 The Metabolic Syndrome: Current Perspective Body Size BMI Central AdiposityInsulin Resistance+HyperinsulinemiaGlucose MetabolismUric Acid MetabolismDyslipidemiaHemodynamicNovel Risk Factors Uric acid Urinary uric acid clearance TG PP lipemia HDL-C PHLASmall, dense LDL± Glucose intolerance SNS activity Na retentionHypertension CRP PAI-1 FibrinogenThe metabolic syndrome: current perspectiveSince the 1998 Banting lecture, a number of new candidates have been recognized for the metabolic syndrome/insulin resistance syndrome/syndrome “X”. These additional candidates have included small dense LDL and a group of novel risk factors including elevated CRP levels, PAI-1 and fibrinogen. Other investigators have noted that insulin resistance occurs in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and some authors are now making an association of insulin resistance with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Note that in this more recent review, Professor Reaven acknowledges the importance of visceral adiposity.References:1. Reaven G. Syndrome X: 10 years after. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 1):19-20.CORONARY HEART DISEASEAdapted from Reaven G. Drugs. 1999;58 (suppl):19-20
62 Waist Circumference is Correlated with Abdominal Adipose Tissue While BMI has received a lot of attention in the past few years as the way to define obesity, and hence, the associated risk factor, a number of sources suggest that this might not be the best parameter. For instance, a football lineman who is 6’4” tall and weighs 300 pounds (medium size by NFL standards) has a BMI of more than 35, which supposedly means he is markedly, nearly morbidly, obese. This same lineman may have a total body fat of less than 5%, hardly obese. This does not mean that he won’t have heart disease or is not at risk of developing it (especially if he is taking anabolic steroids).This graphic suggests that waist circumference might be a better surrogate measure than BMI. It shows the correlation between waist circumference and abdominal fat as measured by CT of the abdomen. Obviously, a CT scan is not a very efficient screening method, and waist circumference might serve as a surrogate marker for obesity.Reference:Despres JP, Lemieux I, Prud'homme D. Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. BMJ. 2001;322(7288):Note the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.80)Despres JP, et al. BMJ. 2001;322:
63 Interrelationships Between Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis ObesityCardiovascular disease is largely preventableInflam-mationSmall dense LDL-CLow HDL-CHBP InsulinDiabetes TG CoagThis multi-daggered chart points out quite dramatically that the insulin resistance-obesity–atherosclerosis-endothelial dysfunction relationship is rather complicated, and reminds us that much needs to be learned.Reference:Courtesy of Ginsberg HN, with permission.Endothelial DysfunctionAtherosclerosisHBP = high blood pressure; TG = triglycerides; Coag = coagulation.Used with permission of Ginsberg HN.
73 Transteoretical model ProblemsidentifiedMotivationalForce for changeAction plandevelopedNew behaviorreinforced
74 A social-ecological model of influences on pediatric obesity and its treatment. (Courtesy of Denise E. Wilfley, PhD, St. Louis, MO.)
75 Calories Count Energy Expenditure Energy Intake To lose weight, energy intake must be reducedOne pound (0.5 kg) of body fat = 3500 kcalTo lose 0.5 kg / weekDecrease caloric intake by 500 kcal / dayTo lose 1 kg / weekDecrease caloric intake by 1000 kcal / day
77 Iced Caffè Mocha venti iced 24oz whipped cream whole milk Nutrition Facts Per Serving (24 fl oz)Calories 430Calories from Fat 200% Daily Value*Total Fat 22g34%Saturated Fat 12g60%Trans Fat 0.5gCholesterol 65mg22%Sodium 115mg5%Total Carbohydrate 55g19%Dietary Fiber 3g12%Sugars 39gProtein 13gVitamin A 15% Vitamin C 0% Calcium 30% Iron 25%Caffeine 265mg*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
78 Iced Caffè Americano venti iced 20 oz Nutrition Facts Per Serving (24 fl oz)Calories 25Calories from Fat 0% Daily Value*Total Fat 0g0%Saturated Fat 0gTrans Fat 0gCholesterol 0mgSodium 10mgTotal Carbohydrate 4g1%Dietary Fiber 0gSugars 0gProtein <1gVitamin A 0% Vitamin C 0% Calcium 2% Iron 0%Caffeine 300mg*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
79 เครื่องดื่มรังนกสำเร็จรูปสูตรน้ำตาลกรวด ส่วนประกอบโดยประมาณ น้ำตาลกรวด 12.2% รังนกแท้ (น้ำหนักแห้งก่อนต้ม) 1.1% เครื่องดื่มรังนกสำเร็จรูปสูตรไม่มีน้ำตาลส่วนประกอบโดยประมาณซอร์บิทอล (ได้จากธรรมชาติ) 12.2%รังนกแท้ (น้ำหนักแห้งก่อนต้ม) 1.1%2.6 kilocalories per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories
97 Suggest for altering pattern and behavior Common findingTherapeutic strategiesNight time eatingNot skip mealsTry to substitute with other behaviorBinge eatingNot skip mealAvoid situation and place that trigger binge behavior
98 Common findingTherapeutic strategiesTrigger foodKeep trigger food out of sight and plan to eat them only the safe conditionPortion to largeChange portion sizePre portion food and placeDo not opt for 2nd serving
99 Common findingTherapeutic strategiesTry to substitute with other activitiesEmotional eatingToo many snacksPre plan healthy snackshigh fiber cereal, low fat cheese,fruitMeal skippingRegular meal timeMeal replacement drink and bars
100 Common findingTherapeutic strategiesToo many liquid caloriesChoose more calorie freeActivities while eatingTry not to watch TV,read, or drive while eatingPre plan orderingHealthy request like salad,soupDining out often
101 Current Surgical Procedures Gold StandardRoux-en-YGastric BypassVertical BandedGastroplastyAdjustableGastric Banding48-74% ofinitial weight(weight loss at 5 years)50-60% ofinitial weight(weight loss at 5 years)36% ofexcess weight(weight loss at 3 years)1Maximum weight loss occurs months post-op
103 This Cathy cartoon nicely sums up the issues related to pharmacotherapy. No diet drug is a magic pill; if used, diet drugs need to be considered as part of a comprehensive program for weight loss in carefully selected patients.
104 You…. Need to think Start with myself ! Start right here ! Start right now !Stop living the sedentary life style !
105 It’s time to prevent obesity Thank you for your attentionIt’s time to prevent obesity


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Poems, Prayers & Promises is the fourth album released by American singer-songwriter John Denver in May 1971. It is considered to be his "breakout album", which helped make him a music star, and contains the song "Take Me Home, Country Roads", which would become Denver's signature song.
John Denver (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997), born Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr., was an American singer-songwriter, actor, activist, and poet. One of the most popular acoustic artists of the 1970s in terms of record sales, Denver recorded and released around 300 songs, about 200 of which, he composed. He was named Poet Laureate of Colorado in 1977. Songs such as "Leaving on a Jet Plane", "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "Rocky Mountain High", "Sunshine on My Shoulders", "Thank God I'm a Country Boy", "Annie's Song" and "Calypso" attained worldwide popularity.
Comes with foil splice, pad and a 7-day money back guarantee.

domain: entertainment


text: Prescription drug insurance in Canada is provided by a mixture of government and private plans. Government plans offer coverage to about a quarter of the population comprising seniors, social assistance recipients, children and some other groups, while private plans cover over two-thirds of Canadians paid for by themselves or cost-shared with employers, unions or associations. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of Canadians have no insurance. This situation has led to inequalities in patient access to medicines. Nigel Rawson discusses the current federal government plans to introduce a universal pharma care program to overcome these issues, but he reckons that one of the challenges will be its cost.

domain: sociology


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My mom made these all the time when I was growing up. They were served as appetizers at almost every single holiday meal. I make them myself these days, but they're so simple to make that I whip up a batch or two several times a year. I would rather snack on these than potato chips any day... YUM!! | MrsHappyHomemaker.com @thathousewife
Hosting parties at Christmas time can be stressful, but a cookie exchange party is meant to be as fun and easy as it is delicious. Use our 7 tips to make hosting and decorating for your Christmas Cookie Exchange party a breeze.
Pumpkin Roll Recipe | My Baking Addiction This has been and continues to be a holiday staple for my family. I haven't tried this recipe, but her method of rolling the cake in the towel while it cools is interesting and I didn't want to lose her instructions (so, of course, I pin it...)


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text:
Colman was born in Portland, Oregon, and got his start in show business as a child actor in local theater performances. He later attended the University of Washington and the University of Michigan, where he launched a radio career. He had a knack for languages and spoke five fluently.
As a young man, Colman studied acting under Maurice Evans, who played Dr. Zaius in the Planet of the Apes films. Colman later took on the role of Dr. Zaius for the Planet of the Apes television series.
In 1983 Colman played Professor Hector Jerrold in General Hospital, and appeared as Dr. Felix Burke on The Young and the Restless in 1986
His prolific television career included roles in Mannix, Gunsmoke, Perry Mason, Star Trek, The Waltons, I Dream of Jeanie, Frasier and many more.
His film credits included Big Sky, Them!, World Without End, Julius Caesar, Mary Jane, The Errand Boy, Wild on the Beach and Norma Rae.
On Broadway, Colman worked alongside Basil Rathbone, Fredric March and Charlie Chaplin Jr.
Between film and television appearances, Colman remained active in theater work. He particularly enjoyed playing Ebenezer Scrooge in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, a performance he repeated more than 500 times since 1981 at the Meadow Brook Theatre in Rochester, Michigan
In lieu of flowers, the family requests a donation to the Actors Fund of America, National Federation for the Blind or United Jewish Appeal. Memories of Colman can be shared with the family at firstname.lastname@example.org.


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Imagine having the power to host a dinner where any person you invite would surely attend, regardless of time, space, or realm of existence. Sounds fascinating, right? The idea might seem straight out of a science fiction novel, but let’s play with it for a while. The question is, if given this power, who would you invite? When it comes to my choice, I would invite Charles Finney, a name synonymous with the Second Great Awakening. Why Finney, you might ask? Stick around, and I will share some insights into this remarkable man’s contributions and why he’s my top choice.
Who is Charles Finney?
Let’s start with a short introduction for those who might not know who Charles Finney is. Finney, born in 1792, was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called the “Father of Modern Revivalism.” His religious views and preaching led to significant social changes, including the abolitionist movement.
Charles Finney and the Second Great Awakening
Now, why is Finney significant enough to secure a spot at my dream dinner? It all boils down to his leading role in the Second Great Awakening.The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that took place in the early 19th century. It emphasized personal responsibility for salvation and brought about major changes in beliefs and practices. What made it stand out was the approach to achieving salvation. Instead of the predestination doctrine where salvation was predetermined, the Second Great Awakening proposed that anyone could seek salvation. This principle was a game-changer and deeply influenced the American culture.
Finney was the architect behind this revolutionary shift. His sermons and teachings, famous for their plain language and relatability, energized the revival. His efforts have been recognized for their profound impact on shaping modern Christianity and his contribution to the democratization of religion.
Why Charles Finney?
One may wonder why, out of countless historical figures and influencers, I choose Charles Finney. The reason is his revolutionary approach, not only to faith but also to social justice.
Under Finney’s influence, the Second Great Awakening led to a growth in social activism. Many attendees of Finney’s revivals were inspired to oppose slavery and work for the betterment of society. This shows that Finney was not just a preacher; he was a pioneer who used faith as a means to drive social change.
What Would I Ask Finney?
Having Charles Finney at my dinner would be an opportunity to delve into the mind of a man who changed the course of religious and social history. I would ask him about his insights into the Second Great Awakening, his thoughts on the relationship between faith and social change, and how he believes individuals and businesses can drive positive change in their communities.
So, there you have it – Charles Finney, a preacher, a social reformer, a man who stirred a nation, would be my top pick for the dinner guest. His legacy extends far beyond his time, influencing how we perceive faith, salvation, and social justice. It’s the meeting of the minds like his that can lead to more profound understanding and innovative thinking. After all, as we say, “Business Growth Starts Here,” and what better way to stimulate growth than learning from those who sparked significant changes in their time.
What about you? Who would you invite to your dream dinner and why? Let’s continue this conversation in the comments below.

domain: history


text:
Mobile robots for girls
Come and join us at the Danish Technology Institute for 2 days of robotics fun, hosted by our very own robotics engineering and High5Girls rolemodel Clionadh Martin (Clio). Clio will bring you through a journey of learning how to think like a robot, to see their possibilities and learn how the robots around you think and feel. This will all be based on real life scenarios and applications.
Once you are happy you can think like a robot, we will apply that thinking to develop our very own Line Following robot, from physically assembling all the pieces together, writing code to tell it what to do, and having a bit of friendly competition with your new friends.
Where: Dansk Teknologisk Institut i Odense
Organisation - High5Girls NGO
Contact Name - Marianne Andersen
E-mail - firstname.lastname@example.org
I agree to the website Terms & Conditions - No


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domain: psychology


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To select an input, you have to toggle through them using the Source button, and when adjusting. Source Reviews Lending Standard – mapfretepeyac.com – Reviews from Standard Lending Source employees about Standard Lending Source culture, salaries, benefits, work-life balance, management, job security, and more. Activate.
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domain: finance


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If you haven’t played the previous Saints Row games, keep in mind that Saints Row IV uses a lot of references from the previous games.
I had only played Saints Row The Third before, and if I knew about this, I would’ve first wanted to at least play Saints Row 2 before playing Saints Row IV. Not only does Saints Row IV contain characters and information I’m not familiar with because they are from the previous games, some story information from Saints Row 2 now has been spoiled for me.
Should you not care about any of this, by all means do go ahead and play Saints Row IV. You do not need to have played the previous Saints Row games in order to enjoy this game, but I personally think it’s nice to know the game series, the stories and characters.