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1. Key facts of the case
In the night between January 30 and 31, 2018, was reported to the local company of Carabinieri the presence of two trolleys abandoned in a ditch along a road connecting the locality Casette Verdini and Pollenza, near the town of Macerata. The next morning law enforcement discovered the contents of them: the mutilated body of 18-year-old Pamela Mastropietro (from here on PM). The girl had recently moved away from the recovery community for drug addicts in which she was. Cameras from a local drugstore caught her being followed by a man.
On the evening of January 31, the local Carabinieri stopped Innocent Oseghale (from here on IO), of Nigerian nationality with a regular (but expired) residence permit, with criminal record for drug dealing.
Here is the criminal trial’s reconstruction of the evening: PM asker IO for heroin, which he does not have but he said he could find. Then, he called a compatriot, Desmond Lucky (from here on DL), who procured it. Before going to IO’s house, they stopped at the drugstore to buy a syringe. After PM injected herself with heroin, she was sexually approached by DM, whom she rejected.
She was hit by a slap and passed out. Lucky walked away, leaving her only with Oseghale. He tried to wake her up with water and he raped her. Following the rape, PM wanted to leave and return to her home. But she got assaulted by IO, who hit her at least twice with an edged weapon. After that, he began to dismember the body. He finished the job washing the body parts with bleach, to remove every traces. He then locked the body in the victim’s trolleys and abandoned them along the road.
She got into a fight with IO, who hit her at least twice with an edged weapon. After that, he began the dismemberment of the corpse, which ended with washing the body parts with a chlorine solution to remove every traces. He then locked the corpse in trolleys belonging to the victim and abandoned them along the road.
2. Applicable law
IO is convicted to life sentence for:
• Voluntary homicide (ex art.575 Penal Code (CP)) aggravated by sexual assault.
• Contempt of a corpse (ex art.410 CP): Whoever commits acts of vilification over a corpse, or its ashes shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years. If the offender disfigures or mutilates the corpse, or commits, in any case, acts of brutality or obscenity on the corpse, he shall be punished by imprisonment from three to six years.
• Concealment of a corpse (ex art.412 CP): anyone who conceals a corpse, or part of a corpse, or hides the ashes of a corpse, shall be punished by imprisonment of up to three years.
For the same fact DL and Lucky Awelima (from here on LA) were also investigated, later acquitted of the charge of complicity in the abovementioned crimes but convicted for:
• Production, trafficking, and illicit possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances (ex at.73 D.P.R. no. 309 of October 9, 1990)
3. Criminal proceedings
Around 7 p.m. on January 31, following investigations launched by the military of the Macerata Carabinieri Provincial Command and the R.O.S. (Special Operations Group), under the guidance of the prosecutor Stefania Ciccioli, IO was stopped on the stairs of his building in Via Spalato. He was taken to the police station, and interrogated the same night, in the presence of his lawyer and an interpreter, and then arrested. Two days later, on February 3, Giovanni Manzoni, the judge for the preliminary investigation (GIP) of Macerata, validated the arrest and ordered precautionary detention in prison. At first it seems that IO was accused of murder, contempt and concealment of a corpse. At that date, the autopsy had not yet clarified the cause of PM’s death. Later, on February 6, it was made known that the validation of the arrest excludes the charge of murder. The case immediately gained wide media coverage. On February 10, the Chief Prosecutor of Macerata, Giovanni Giorgio, told the press that following the arrests of DL e LA he considered “the investigation concluded”, alleging the crimes of murder, contempt and concealment of a corpse and drug dealing. The following day, the same prosecutor stated in a note how the investigations “cannot be considered concluded” and how the Prosecutor’s Office of Macerata does not intend “to follow or consent to summary justice procedures”. On February 14, the same GIP Giovanni Manzoni validates the arrest of DL and LA. On March 12, the Court that carries out the judicial review of a person’s deprivation of liberty denied the request for release for DL e LA. On April 23, IO received a new precautionary detention order for facts unrelated to the murder of PM. On May 4, the Prosecutor’s Office asks and obtains from the GIP a pre-trial detention order for murder. However, the GIP excludes the existence of serious evidence of guilt for the charge of rape. On June 1, DL and LA’s attorneys petitioned the Macerata Prosecutor’s Office for immediate trial for the crime of possession and distribution of drugs. On June 6, the Court that carries out the judicial review rejects the appeal of the Macerata Prosecutor’s Office, which requested that IO be kept in prison also for the charge of sexual assault. On the same days, the GIP of Macerata, Giovanni Manzoni, revokes pre-trial detention on charges of murder, contempt, destruction and concealment of a corpse against LA and DL. On June 12, the Prosecutor’s Office closed the investigation against IO. He is charged with the crimes of voluntary murder aggravated by sexual assault, contempt and concealment of corpse, sexual assault against a person in conditions of mental or physical inferiority. On July 31, during a prison interrogation, IO confesses to have cut PM’s body into pieces, but he claims he did not kill her. On September 18, a collaborator of justice (collaboratore di giustizia), and former cellmate of IO, accuses him of confessing to the commission of the murder; IO denies. On September 26, all three are indicted for possession and distribution of drugs by the GUP (judge for the pre-trial hearings) of the Court of Macerata, Andrea Bonifazi. On October 17, DL e LA are sentenced for drug dealing, respectively to 6 and 8 years of prison; for the trial concerning the murder of PM, IO remains the only defendant. On the same day, the Prosecutor of Macerata, Giovanni Giorgio, submit the indictment request for IO. On November 26, the pre-trial hearing took place in front of the GUP, Claudio Bonifazi; the defendant’s lawyers ask for the abbreviated trial, that is not accepted. On February 13, 2019, the first hearing against IO takes place before the Court of Macerata. The Municipality of Macerata is a plaintiff in civil proceedings. On May 8, the Prosecutor’s Office of Macerata asks to the Macerata Court for life sentence for IO. In addition to life imprisonment, prosecutor Giovanni Giorgio urged an aggravated sentence of nine years and three months for the concealment of the corpse, the application of solitary confinement for 18 months and expulsion from the national territory after the expiration of the sentence. IO’s lawyers maintains his innocence of the crimes of murder and sexual assault, requesting an acquittal. They ask for the minimum sentence to be applied for the charges of contempt and concealment of a corpse. They also highlight the unreliability of the declarations of the collaborator of justice, on which part of the prosecutor’s theory is based. On May 29, the Court of Macerata issues a life sentence with daytime isolation for 18 months for IO, convicting him of murder and concealment of a corpse – while sexual assault is absorbed by the aggravating factors. On September 16, 2020, start the appeal process. On October 14, the Prosecutor of Ancona, Sergio Sottani, requests confirmation of life sentence with daytime isolation, without mitigation for IO. The defense continues to argue IO’s innocence of the charge of murder. On October 16, the Appeal Court of Ancona confirms the life sentence with daytime isolation for 18 months for IO. The charges remain of voluntary murder aggravated by sexual assault, contempt, and concealment of a corpse.
4. Disclosure of information
4.1 Overview on investigation secrecy and communication
It can be affirmed that the right to judicial reporting in the Italian legal system has a double constitutional anchorage: to ex art. 21 and ex art. 101. The former guarantees freedom of the press and of thought, while the latter establishes that justice is administered on behalf of the people.
It follows from their combined provisions that society has the right to be informed both ways in which justice is administered and of facts that might disturb the quiet continuation of community life.
However, this right is subject to a conflict: between it and the postulate of paragraph two of ex art. 27 Cost. It states that “The defendant shall not be considered guilty until final conviction”.
Given this juxtaposition of constitutionally guaranteed rights, a balance seems both necessary and dutiful. Thus, precise limits have been identified to the publicity of a court document and, consequently, to the right of judicial reporting.
Two rules establish precise provisions on the secrecy of penal documents: ex art. 114 and ex art. 329 of the Penal Procedure Code (CPP).
Article 329 CPP provides that “acts of investigation carried out by the Prosecutor and the judicial police, requests done by the Prosecutor for authorization to carry out investigative acts and the acts of the judge ruling on such requests shall be covered by the obligation of secrecy until the accused becomes aware of it and, in any event, not later than the close of the pre-trial investigation” There are certain exceptions, both regarding the publication of secret documents and to the secrecy of public documents.
Article 144 CPP establishes the prohibition of “publication, even in part or in summary, in the press or by other medium, of the documents covered by the obligation of secrecy or even of their content”; the scope of the case is broadened by the second paragraph, that concerns the publishability of the documents not covered by investigation secrecy, until the end of the pre-trial investigation or the preliminary hearing. However, the disclosure of the contents in summary form is not prohibited.
The cases in which secrecy remains during the hearing are included in the third, fourth and fifth paragraph. The sixth paragraph prohibits to “publish the names and images of minors, persons harmed by the offence until they have come of age”.
The paragraph 6-bis prohibits to “publish the image of a person deprived of his liberty taken while being handcuffed or subjected to other means of physical coercion”. The publishability of document not covered by secret is always permitted, as specified by the seventh paragraph.
Article 684 CP sanction the violations of the above-mentioned article, establishing that “anyone who publishes [addressing an indeterminate number of persons, ndr], in whole or in part, even in summary form, acts or documents of criminal proceedings, the publication of which is prohibited by law, shall be punished with imprisonment of up to 30 days or with a fine ranging from € 51 to € 258”.
In addition to this sanction, there is the possibility of disciplinary sanctions by the holder of the disciplinary power against the professional figure involved (ex art. 115 CPP).
Regarding the disclosure of information, the relevant rules have a threefold rationale: in the preliminary phase and from the prosecutors’ point of view, the legislator ought to ensure investigative secrecy, and aspire to avoid that some leak could jeopardize a good investigation performance. On the suspect’s side, the legislator wants to guarantee the individual’s right to privacy, understood as his right to control his personal information projected to the outside world.
During the hearing, the legislator intends to safeguard the serenity of the judge, free as far as possible from external influences, to allow the full operation of the principle of equality in the parties’ adversarial.
Investigative secrecy lapses the moment the prosecutor notifies the accusation. Therefore, from the moment the suspect becomes aware of the proceedings against him, the act is no longer secret and can be disclosed to the public.
It is not an infringement to publish warrant notice, interrogation reports and search orders at the time when the suspect has knowledge of them. However, violations can be found in the preceding phase, i.e. the strictly investigative phase, especially regarding cases of considerable public interest. At this stage, a lot of space is often – and improperly – given by the media to information still covered by secrecy.
The current legal system makes a distinction between the act as such and its content: on one hand, it allows the communication of content in a summarized form and, on the other hand, it recognizes that the investigation is sometimes, by its very nature, perceptible to the community. The prohibition does not therefore cover information on the conduct of procedural activities visible to the outside world and documents of extra-trial provenance, such as those originating from factual events outside the trial. Given the various constitutionally guaranteed interests at stake and the sensitivity of the information resulting from a criminal action, the legislator considered that it was necessary to formalize the communication methods of the judicial offices. An example of that could be found in the article 5 of decree 106/2006, which establish that “the Chief Prosecutor is the sole holder of relations with the media, unless he has been expressly delegated others to do so”. The aim is to put a stop to the practice of preferential channels between reporters and prosecutors. A further purpose is to avoid the personalization of investigations through impersonal communication, shifting responsibility for one prosecutor to the office. This theme has often been subject to a debate inside the National Magistrates Association (ANM) and the self-government body of the magistrates (CSM). The latter has recently set out guidelines regarding the communication, recommending the creation of a Court’s or Prosecutor’s Office press office. They also advise to pursue information’s objectiveness, impartiality (with particular regards when referring the content of a charge to the media), fairness and balance.
2. The communication in Mastropietro’s case
Several of the abovementioned rules have been violated in the present case. Following the murder, no official statement was issued by any law enforcement agency. However, the day before the family was scheduled to recognize the corpse, that should have happened on February first, there was already some press news that links the body to Pamela Mastropietro.
On February first, 24 hours later IO’s arrest, on Carabinieri’s social media platform appears the message: “#1febbraio, Carabinieri provincial command of Macerata and #ROS, by collecting testimonies and video images, were able to identify the last person 18-year-old Pamela #Mastropietro, who disappeared on 29 January, had contact with”.
The news is therefore given in an aseptic and impartial manner, respecting the rights of the accused.
On May 3, 2018, a press conference took place. All Chief Prosecutor of Macerata, Giovanni Giorgio, Carabinieri’s provincial commander, Michele Roberti and ROS’ commander, Walter Fava were present. The room was presented in an aseptic manner, no images of the suspects were projected. In accordance with the legal provisions, the conference was led exclusively by Chief Prosecutor Giorgio; he consistently used the conditional in assigning conduct to suspects, respecting the presumption of innocence.
Only on two occasions he appeals to a suspect with ethnic qualifications, specifically: “this Nigerian”. After an overview of the investigations carried out up to that point, he acknowledged and condemned the fact that there had been leaks to the press, claiming that information that had been passed was not even in his possession at that time. The prosecutor states that he reserves the right to “ask for some explanations from those in charge”. After accepting as physiological a divergence of views with the GIP, he described IO’s house as a “seaport”, i.e in other words, a place of transit for various subjects, again affirming that they belonged to the Nigerian community, who had left Macerata after the events. However, the prosecutor did not name them. He ends the press conference stating that: “at the end of these activities we will draw the final conclusions. We are not looking for scapegoats, we are not going to prosecute someone just because they are black or Nigerian. We will request the indictment only of those whom we believe to be objectively involved in the murder and in what was done afterwards on Pamela’s body”.
The then Ministry of Justice, Andrea Orlando, in the days following the events, visited the President of the Court and the Chief Prosecutor Giovanni Giorgio: officially “a sign of solidarity”, with an invitation to “let the magistrates work”. The press also speculates that the visit contained an attempt to contain indiscretions about the investigation, often with scabrous details “offending pity”.
Overall, the official tone used by the police and the magistracy reflects, to a considerable extent, a climate of respect for the rights of the persons under investigation.
5. Media Coverage
5.1 Overview on judicial reporting
As mentioned above, the right of journalistic reporting, like the communication of judicial offices, should take several interests into account. In particular, the right to privacy is the dividing line between the public interest in knowing a fact and the interest of individuals in not seeing personal events disclosed which third persons have no interest in knowing.
Not all cases of disclosure of information concerning judicial documents are punishable.
Thus, the Court of Cassation (judgment 5259/84) ruled that “for the publication in the press of news injurious to honor to be considered a lawful expression of the right to report and not give rise to civil liability for violation of the right to honor, three conditions must be fulfilled: 1) social utility of information; 2) objective truth, or even only putative truth, if the result of diligent research work; 3) civil form of presentation of the facts and their assessment, which does not exceed the informative purpose to be achieved and is characterized by fair clarity, avoiding forms of indirect offence”.
The limit of continence in presentation is understood not in a formal but in a substantive manner: namely in not exceeding what is strictly necessary – i.e. essential – to satisfy the public interest.
A protection for journalistic work is provided by Article 51 CP, which excludes punishability where a right is lawfully exercised. In case the abovementioned principles were respected, even in in the event of a damage caused to the honor of third parties, the journalist could not be punished. A judge decides on its validity.
In addition to the primary legislation on the issue, the Order of Journalists has established its own code of conduct. Among the obligations identified for journalists, the first article mentions the observance of the duties of loyalty and good faith. In this regard, Article 9 prescribes the obligation to rectify news that is proven to be inaccurate and correct any errors made, by subsequent publications. This principle requires the writer of the article to draft a new text in which any error is corrected, in agreement with the editor-in-chief, who bears the burden of control.
Article 8 of the “Testo unico dei obblighi del giornalista” (Journalists’ code of conduct) highlights certain aspects of judicial reporting: journalists must always and in any case respect the presumption of innocence of the accused; in the event of an acquittal, they must report it with adequate prominence, correcting and rectifying what may have been written ex ante, with particular attention to online publications. In addition, “the highest caution should be exercised in releasing names and images of persons convicted of minor offences or sentenced to very light penalties, except in cases of particular social relevance”. The text also calls for a clear distinction to be made between facts and hypotheses, reality and journalistic commentary, and for the various stages of criminal proceedings to be differentiated. Thus, accusatory hypotheses should not be presented as hypothetical sentences.
Article 8 of the code of conduct requires journalists, except the case the information is essential, not to provide news or publish images or photographs of persons involved in events that violate personal dignity, and not to dwell on details of violence, unless they are socially relevant.
The Order of Journalists imposes certain forms of disciplinary sanction (ranging from a warning to expulsion) for those who fail to comply with the provisions.
Law 47/1948, in Article 15, deals with “Publications with shocking or gruesome content”. It orders that the penalties provided for in Article 528 CP will be applied in the case of “publications describing or illustrating, in striking or horrifying detail, events which have actually occurred or merely imaginary, in a way likely to upset the common sense of morality or the family order or to provoke the propagation of suicide or crimes”.
Although it is acknowledged that the formulation of the text imposes loose limits, it was decided to quote this rule because of its relevance to the case to be discussed below.
5.2 Role of the media in Mastropietro’s case.
The case, given the cruelty of the crime, the sensitive nature of the offences and the presence – in the role of designated perpetrator – of a man belonging to a marginalized group, received extensive media coverage. For a long time, newspapers covered the case, sometimes stirring up xenophobic feelings. A wide variety of theories have been put forward, ranging from Oseghale membership of cults dedicated to voodoo rituals to the concretization of such rituals by Oseghale eating of PM’s heart.
This generated daily and close public attention to the case, in a clear example of moral panic’s creation. This psycho-social phenomenon is linked both to the dissemination of moral indignation due to journalistic sensationalism and to an aim of consensus manipulation by politicians, consequently invoking more stringent public order measures. Moral panic is a condition or event in which a person or group of people becomes identified as a threat to society’s values and interests.
Media coverage of the case was almost total. On the evening that the body was found, a very popular TV show (“Chi l’ha visto?”) on the case was aired on state TV. It should be emphasized once again that the body, although not yet recognized by the family, had already been attributed by the newspapers to PM, who had been missing until then. The first press reports came out a few hours before the show was broadcasted. The show, which historically involves the local population in a reconstruction of the events, readily receives the testimony of the pharmacist: she recognizes PM and IO, describing the latter as a “black man”. As mentioned above, this – being part of an extra-trial reconstruction – is not subject to investigative secrecy, so there is no wrongdoing in publishing or, in this case, broadcasting it. However, an atmosphere of strong emotional tension was present, exacerbated by the presence of PM’s family in the TV studio. During the transmission, reporters are sent to the places of interest, specifically the ditch where the suitcases containing PM’s body were found and IO’s flat. Again, since the presence of law enforcement officers in the area is visible and perceptible, the transmission of such images is not illegal. A violation of the law could only be assumed if the police had alerted the press to the location of the search or arrest of the suspect. In any case, local reporters found themselves in a position to pick up some images – promptly broadcast on national television – of a handcuffed IO, with his trousers unbuttoned and lowered. They are undoubtedly degrading to IO, depicting it in a manifest state of inferiority, immediately portraying him as guilty. It has already been mentioned how Article 114, paragraph 6-bis of the Criminal Code decrees the unlawfulness of the transmission of this type of images. This behavior is also stigmatized by the article 8, paragraph 3 of Journalists’ code of conducts, which state that “persons may not be presented with handcuffs on their wrists, unless it is necessary to report abuse”. Both the legal norm and the ethical indication by the professional association are often empty prescriptions, given the continuous and unsanctioned use of this kind of practice by the media. There is a strong discrepancy between the norm and established practice. In the case of photographs of an arrest, it is common practice for the media to publish the picture with the wrists of the individual slightly obscured (pixels enlarged) so that the handcuffs are not clearly visible. However, they remain clearly recognizable. It could be said that this practice denotes an adherence to the rule that is at most exclusively formalistic.
In the following days, the news was reported in all national newspapers. On 1 February, the newspaper with the largest circulation in the country – and a reputation as a balanced newspaper – the “Corriere della sera” reported the news on its front page with the headline: “The mystery of the girl cut into pieces”, promptly pointing out that the arrested man is of Nigerian origin and has a criminal record. The next day the title becomes definitive and labelling: “Pamela, the pusher charged with murder”, giving all IO’s personal details. As previously reported, IO’s arrest on that date was not for murder, but for other offences. Extensive excerpts of interrogations by carabinieri are also reported. If the defendant had knowledge of them on that date, this would not constitute an offence. An offence could, however, be found in the method, i.e. the channel through which the reporters came into possession. Article 116 CPP regulates this case, providing that “any person having an interest may obtain copies of the documents”, excluding cases of secrecy of the proceedings. The competent magistrate decides on the legitimate interest. In practice, the time taken to obtain these documents is long, not in line with the hectic pace of the news. Thus, informal channels are often used, based on personal contacts and direct relations between the reporter and the legal worker.
One of the main right fielded newspapers, “Libero”, known for its polarizing opinions, broke the news on page 16 on February 1 in this way: “Pamela, 18 years old and a life on the run. Cut into pieces and packed in two bags”. The following day, when IO’s arrest had not yet been validated, the newspaper changed its editorial line and headlined on its front page: “The Nigerian who tore the girl apart was not allowed to stay here” and continues by saying that IO “is a murderer, very murderous: he literally tore the girl to pieces and hid her body in two trolleys”. From that moment on, the newspaper embarked on a crusade against the suspects, with headlines like this: “Pamela Mastropietro, the horror of the second autopsy: “The Nigerians made her suffer, then flayed her” or “Pamela Mastropietro, how she was killed: Journey into African horror, a “cold and inhuman” slaughter”.
Given the periodic and uninterrupted emergence of hypotheses of voodoo rites and cannibalism, the investigators produced fast denials. The conjectures, perhaps suggestive to the reader, did not stop, and were continually reiterated, until the ruling. In consideration of the events that followed the incident, which will be explained later, it seems appropriate to refer to Article 15 of Law 47/1948, which prescribes sanctions for those who “publish, describe or illustrate, in striking or horrifying detail, events which have actually occurred or merely imaginary, in a way likely to upset the common sense of morality or the family order or to provoke the propagation of suicide or crimes”. It is not possible to determine the genesis of these suppositions but, given the prompt and constant rebuttal of these theses by the investigators, it cannot be said with reasonable certainty that the work of reporting was guided by the canons of objective truth and continence of exposition.
To better understand the ways in which the media (traditional and web-based) portrayed IO in the period between the discovery of PM’s body (31 January 2018) and his conviction in first instance (29 May 2019), a word cloud was generated. A large selection of titles was chosen, assuming that they were representative of the impact the newspaper wished to have with its audience.
The research was purified by removing first names (Pamela, Oseghale) and common terms (and, from, with etc.).
The results show a strong emphasis on the brutality of the crime, emphasizing the way it was committed. There has also been much speculation about the suspects’ use of PM’s body, from making soup of it to eating its heart. Many newspapers have insisted on the nationality of the subjects, linking them to the perpetration of the alleged “voodoo rites”, incriminating them, dehumanizing them, expelling them from civil society – in particular Oseghale – well before even the first-degree judgement. It cannot be said that the work of the reporter was respectful of the dictates of Article 27 of the Constitution and of the many lower-ranking rules that establish principle of presumption of innocence.
As usual when dealing with cases of this magnitude, the country’s main newspapers committed themselves to a detailed reconstruction of the victim’s life, interviewing family members, members of the community to which she belonged, and representing her dreams and wishes. This took place at the same time as a dehumanization of the perpetrator, in the terms just described.
Overall, a large part of the press wanted to make a categorization, a generalization out of a chronicle case, of a homicide. Therefore, the responsibilities have been disconnected from the only IO, to pour them on a category or, as in this case, on two socially marginal categories: the immigrants (Nigerians) and the drug dealers.
It becomes self-evident that, when these two characteristics are inherent in one or more suspects of socially alarming crimes, the culprit is pre-packaged; beyond the actual (and subsequently ascertained) personal responsibilities.
Ultimately, while there has been a moderation in the language and communication methods of the State apparatus, the same cannot be said for the media.
6. Public reactions to the case
As pointed out above, the case enjoyed wide media coverage and had a strong impact on society.
First of all, we would like to report the Google trends regarding the case, compared to the main topic of the public debate, the general elections that would take place one month later.
Even at a quick look, queries associated with PM’s murder were searched many more times than those concerning political elections. The data refer to the next two weeks after the body was found. From this it could reasonably be inferred that the population followed the case with great interest.
PM’s murder provoked two main effects in society as a whole: a xenophobic raid and an exploitative use of it in the election campaign.
On 3 February 2018, Luca Traini (hereafter LT) driving a car, fired several shots at several black individuals, injuring 6 of them. The chronicles report that, on seeing the officers, he made the fascist salute and escaped, throwing away some clothes and placing an Italian flag on his shoulders. The chronicles also report that in the days before, and therefore immediately after the murder, “many hateful posts against immigrants and black people, some of them calling for the death penalty” were written on PM’s mother’s Facebook page.
Although links between the PM and LT were initially suggested, partly due to the latter’s conflicting statements, these were later denied by the police. LT, in the moments following his arrest, stated that his initial intentions were to go to court to kill IO, and that he only changed his mind later, deciding to carry out a shooting on random black people.
The news was reported by all major international newspapers, generating a fierce internal debate. It was immediately reported that, the previous year, LT had been a candidate in a local election on the lists of the then Lega Nord – now exclusively Lega – right-wing party, the main actor in the politicization of the issue of immigration. Here, the first consequence can be linked to the second, namely the exploitative use in the political debate of the murder of PM.
The case was ineluctably linked to a stereotypical representation of the immigrant category: drug dealer, rapist and murderer.
As pointed out, the issue of immigration was the main topic in the political debate of the time. Following this case, a process of securitization of the issue emerged clearly, the characteristics of which will be briefly explained.
Securitization is structured around three main elements: the speech act with which the process begins and through which there is a discursive representation of a problem; the actors of securitization, i.e. those who perform the speech act, making the securitizing move; the audience, i.e. public opinion.
The objective of securitization is the adoption (sometimes even the proposal) of exceptional measures, moving away from the normal political administration of problems and overcoming otherwise existing constraints. In this case, the elements are presented in their completeness.
On the day of the validation of IO’s arrest, the entire political spectrum expressed itself in these terms: Giorgia Meloni, president of the far right-wing party Fratelli d’Italia, says “Enough is enough! Get all illegal immigrants out of Italy!”, Gasparri of liberal party Forza Italia calls for an “exemplary punishment”. But it is above all Lega’s leader Matteo Salvini who raises the tone, speaking of “another death of state” and how the left parties have “blood on their hands”, calling for “expulsions, expulsions, controls and more expulsions! Will Boldrini [President of the Chamber of Deputies and left-wing politician, ndr] accuse me of racism? She is the racist (towards Italians). Laura Boldrini responded by stating that Salvini took “the opportunity to spread hate” and intended “to gain votes through cynical looting”. In conclusion, in expressing his closeness to Pamela’s family, she found no other words but: “the Nigerian drug dealer will have to pay for everything”.
Given these claims, it appears that no political party felt a particular need to protect Oseghale’s right to be presumed innocent.
The politician most vocal about the case is Matteo Salvini, leader of Lega. Among other posts dedicated to the case, one can read: on February 2, 2018: “#Salvini: The Nigerian drug dealer, with a criminal record, without documents and without a permit SHOULD NOT BE IN ITALY. From 5 March I will feel like putting some LAW and ORDER. #onyourside”. on February 10, 2018: ‘Three immigrants have been arrested on charges of killing and dismembering our poor PAMELA. But today the left parties are demonstrating “against racism”, Pamela and the Italians victims of the violence of illegal immigrants can wait… #stopimmigration”. On the day of IO’s conviction at first instance, he said: “I hope that it will be a real life sentence for this INFAMOUS person, that there will be certainty of penalty, it is the minimum. I remain against the death penalty, but those who show total disregard for human life must not leave their prison cells”.
In the terms of the securitization process, the speech act is clear: the Nigerian drug dealer who dismember “poor PAMELA”, who “SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN IN ITALY” is logically juxtaposed to the illegal immigrants who commit violence against Italians, who – in the vision of the leader of Lega – inevitably wait for someone to restore “LAW AND ORDER”.
The mandate that the securitization actor wants from the audience during the election campaign is clear and can be formulated in these terms: illegal immigrants and disorder are two existential threats to society, and the former are the cause for the latter. Extraordinary and arbitrary measures, such as the repatriation of “600,000 illegal immigrants”, is promised, with the aim to restore order and security.
Without falling into determinism, a fact should be reported: in a context of overall growth at national level, the Lega obtained 146,000 more votes in the Marche region (the area of the murder and the xenophobic raid) compared to the previous election, rising from 0.69% to 17.4% of the votes. Extraordinary measures, albeit less stringent than the original promises, were actually taken a few months later. We refer to the so-called “Decreti Sicurezza” or “Decreti Salvini”. The Lega itself entitled in memory of PM a conference in the European Parliament on gender violence.
The case also generated many other public reactions: marches, demonstrations, public remembrances, prayers and similar events took place all over the country.
The public, in the atmosphere of high tension and ideological polarization described, also played a role in the development of the criminal trial.
A few days after the arrest, IO changed lawyer. Following the publication of the news in a local newspaper, the lawyer’s Facebook page was invaded – in the words of the Penal Chamber of Macerata – by “violent comments and unusual attacks” directed at the lawyer, one among many: “how can you defend such beasts”.
Each public hearing was surrounded by the presence of many individuals, some intent on showing solidarity to the victim’s family members, while others were busy making insulting and threatening remarks to the defendants’ lawyers.
It seems like the debates were divided into two parts: inside the courtroom there were “peaceful” sessions, while outside the court there were protests with shouts and banners against IO, leading the Penal Chamber of Macerata to intervene again, given the “extremely serious verbal and physical aggression suffered by colleagues who had taken on the defence of the accused in the crime of poor Pamela Mastropietro”.
The Penal Chamber therefore found itself carrying out actions that could be described as pedagogical, invoking Article 24 of the Constitution several times, which states in its second paragraph: “the defence is an inviolable right at every stage and level of proceedings”.
ANSA, Gip esclude omicidio per arresto Oseghale. Lui: ‘Pamela morta di overdose e io scappato’, 6 February 2018.
ANSA, Pamela: salgono a 3 i nigeriani fermata, 10 February 2018.
Ansa.it, Omicidio Pamela: procuratore, risultati indagini ancora provvisori. No a giustizia sommaria, 11 February 2018.
ANSA, Pamela:convalida arresti Lucky e Awelina, 14 February 2018.
ANSA, Pamela: Riesame, Lucky e Awelima restano in carcere, 12 March 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, funerali a Roma il 5 maggio, 23 April 2018.
ANSA, Oseghale al gip: ‘Non ho ucciso io Pamela’, 4 May 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, legali, stralcio Lucky e Awelima, 1 June 2018.
ANSA, Pamela:revocato carcere per omicidio a 2, 7 June 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, chiuse indagini Oseghale, 12 June 2018.
ANSA, Oseghale confessa: Pamela fatta a pezzi, ma morta di overdose, 31 July 2018.
ANSA, Pentito, Oseghale confessò omicidio, 18 September 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, Oseghale a giudizio per spaccio, 26 September 2018.
ANSA, Awelima e Lucky condannati per spaccio, 17 October 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, chiesto rinvio giudizio Oseghale, 17 October 2018.
ANSA, Pamela: per Oseghale chiesto abbreviato, 26 November 2018.
ANSA, Pamela, urla e tensioni all’arrivo al processo di Oseghale, 13 February 2019.
ANSA, Procura, ergastolo per omicidio Pamela, 8 May 2019.
ANSA, Difesa, Oseghale non uccise Pamela, 16 May 2019.
ANSA, Pamela: ergastolo per Oseghale, 29 May 2019.
ANSA, Pamela: processo appello Ancona non slitta, Oseghale in aula, 16 September 2019.
ANSA, Pamela: Pg, conferma ergastolo per Oseghale senza attenuanti, 14 October 2019.
ANSA, Pamela: Assise Appello conferma ergastolo per Oseghale, 16 October 2019.
Twitter, https://twitter.com/_Carabinieri_/status/959108371247923200, 1 February 2018.
La notizia.net, Pamela Mastropietro, il video della conferenza stampa tenuta dal Procuratore Giovanni Giorgio, 4 May 2018.
Macerata, https://www.corriereadriatico.it/macerata/macerata_pamela_mafia_nigeriana_ritorsioni-3690709.html, 25 April 2018.
ANSA, Macerata: stop mega manifestazione dopo appello sindaco, 7 February 2018.
Cohen, S., Folks Devils and Moral Panic, Routledge, 1972.
Libero Quotidiano, Pamela Mastropietro, l’orrore della seconda autopsia: “I nigeriani l’hanno fatta soffrire, poi scuoiata”, 25 February 2018.
Libero Quotidiano, Pamela Mastropietro, come è stata uccisa. Viaggio nell’orrore africano, una mattanza “fredda e disumana”, 24 November 2018.
Google Trends, 31 January – 14 February 2018.
ANSA, Macerata: bloccato, fa saluto fascista, 3 February 2018.
Il Mattino, Macerata, Traini ai carabinieri: «Volevo andare in Tribunale per uccidere Oseghale», 5 February 2018.
ANSA, Macerata, omicidio Pamela Mastropietro: Gip convalida arresti, Oseghale in carcere, 3 February 2018.
Twitter, https://twitter.com/matteosalvinimi/status/959510119179579393, 2 February 2018.
Twitter, https://twitter.com/matteosalvinimi/status/962385481370685440, 10 February 2018.
Twitter, https://twitter.com/matteosalvinimi/status/1133852990241222656, 30 May 2019.
ANSA, Marche, boom Lega,+146 mila voti su 2013, 5 March 2018.
Cronache Maceratesi, Pamela, la Camera penale: «Irrinunciabile il diritto di difesa, inaccettabili attacchi al legale di Oseghale», 17 February 2018.
ANSA, Pamela: procuratore Macerata, sarà processo lungo, 26 November 2018.
CAMERA PENALE DI MACERATA, “O. Olivelli – D. Valori”.
Assessing the Risk of Isolation of Suspects and Accused (ARISA) is a series of projects striving to promote the rights of suspects, accused and convicted persons in the European Union.
This website was funded by the European Union’s Justice Programme (2014-2020).
The content of this Website represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.

domain: law


Bad boys, bad boys. Watcha gonna do when they come for you?
Watcha gonna do indeed!
Co-creator and former executive producer of the hit series COPS Malcolm Barbour has been slapped with a brutal tax lien of $1,249,069.00. This has come in light of the ever looming tax deadline for this year, a mere few days away. Even though he retired from producing back in 1994, it seems he just can’t catch a break.
This information was uncovered by out dauntless crew of researchers ever on the hunt for the latest story. While the news hasn’t broken yet officially, we’re determined to get you the certified copy, signed and delivered, of Malcolm Barbour’s actual IRS notice of a federal lien.
It just goes to show that no one is above the law. Let’s just hope we don’t see him on any grainy cop car videos in the near future.


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Regional and local officials hold positions in the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government at the local level. They include mayors, commissioners, and city and county council members. These officials direct regional legal services, public health departments, and police protection. They serve on housing, budget, and employment committees and develop special programs to improve communities.
History of Regional and Local Official Careers
The first U.S. colonies adopted the English shire form of government. This form was 1,000 years old and served as the administrative arm of both the national and local governments; a county in medieval England was overseen by a sheriff (a title which comes from the original term shire reeve) appointed by the crown and was represented by two members in Parliament.
When America’s founding fathers wrote the Constitution, they didn’t make any specific provisions for the governing of cities and counties. This allowed state governments to define themselves; when drawing up their own constitutions, the states essentially considered county governments to be extensions of the state government.
City governments, necessary for dealing with increased industry and trade, evolved during the 19th century. Population growth and suburban development helped to strengthen local governments after World War I. County governments grew even stronger after World War II, due to counties’ rising revenues and increased independence from the states.
The Job of Regional and Local Officials
There are a variety of different forms of local government across the country, but they all share similar concerns. County and city governments make sure that the local streets are free of crime as well as free of potholes. They create and improve regional parks and organize music festivals and outdoor theater events to be staged in these parks. They identify community problems and help to solve them in original ways. For example, King County in Washington State, in an effort to solve the problem of unemployment among those recently released from jail, developed a baking training program for county inmates. The inmates’ new talents with danishes and bread loaves opened up opportunities for good-paying jobs in grocery store bakeries all across the county. King County also has many youth programs, including the Paul Robeson Scholar-Athlete Award to recognize students who excel in both academics and athletics.
The Innovative Farmer Program in Huron County, Michigan, was developed to introduce new methods of farming to keep agriculture part of the county’s economy. The program is studying new cover-crops, tillage systems, and herbicides. In Onondaga County, New York, the public library started a program of basic reading instruction for deaf adults. In Broward County, Florida, a program provides a homelike setting for supervised visitation and parenting training for parents who are separated from their children due to abuse or domestic violence.
The needs for consumer protection, water quality, and affordable housing increase every year. Regional or local officials are elected to deal with issues such as public health, legal services, housing, and budget and fiscal management. They attend meetings and serve on committees. They know about the industry and agriculture of the area as well as the specific problems facing constituents, and they offer educated solutions, vote on laws, and generally represent the people in their districts.
There are two forms of county government: the commissioner/ administrator form, in which the county board of commissioners appoints an administrator who serves the board, and the council/executive form, in which a county executive is the chief administrative officer of the district and has the power to veto ordinances enacted by the county board. A county government may include a chief executive, who directs regional services; council members, who are the county legislators; a county clerk, who keeps records of property titles, licenses, etc.; and a county treasurer, who is in charge of the receipt and disbursement of money.
A county government doesn’t tax its citizens, so its money comes from state aid, fees, and grants. A city government funds its projects and programs with money from sales tax and other local taxes, block grants, and state aid. Directing these funds and services are elected executives. Mayors serve as the heads of city governments who are elected by the general populace. Their specific functions vary depending on the structure of their government. In mayor-council governments, both the mayor and the city council are popularly elected. The council is responsible for formulating city ordinances, but the mayor exercises control over the actions of the council. In such governments, the mayor usually plays a dual role, serving not only as chief executive officer but also as an agent of the city government responsible for such functions as maintaining public order, security, and health. In a commission government, the people elect a number of commissioners, each of whom serves as head of a city department. The presiding commissioner is usually the mayor. The final type of municipal government is the council/manager form. Here, the council members are elected by the people, and one of their functions is to hire a city manager to administer the city departments. A mayor is elected by the council to chair the council and officiate at important municipal functions.
Regional and Local Official Career Requirements
Courses in government, civics, and history will give you an understanding of the structure of government. English courses are important because you will need good writing skills to communicate with constituents and other government officials. Math and accounting will help you develop analytical skills for examining statistics and demographics. Journalism classes will develop research and interview skills for identifying problems and developing programs.
To serve on a local government, your experience and understanding of the city or county are generally more important than your educational background. Some mayors and council members are elected to their positions because they’ve lived in the region for a long time and have had experience with local industry and other concerns. For example, someone with years of farming experience may be the best candidate to serve a small agricultural community. Voters in local elections may be more impressed by a candidate’s previous occupations and roles in the community than they are by a candidate’s postsecondary degrees.
That said, most regional and local officials still hold an undergraduate degree, and many hold a graduate degree. Popular areas of study include public administration, law, economics, political science, history, and English. Regardless of your major as an undergraduate, you are likely to be required to take classes in English literature, statistics, foreign language, western civilization, and economics.
To be successful in this field, you must deeply understand the city and region you serve. You need to be knowledgeable about the local industry, private businesses, and social problems. You should also have lived for some time in the region in which you hope to hold office.
You also need good people skills to be capable of listening to the concerns of constituents and other officials and exchanging ideas with them. Other useful qualities are problem-solving skills and creativity to develop innovative programs.
Exploring Regional and Local Official Careers
Depending on the size of your city or county, you can probably become involved with your local government at a young age. Your council members and other government officials should be more accessible to you than state and federal officials, so take advantage of that. Visit the county court house and volunteer in whatever capacity you can with county-organized programs, such as tutoring in a literacy program or leading children’s reading groups at the public library.
You can also become involved with local elections. Many candidates for local and state offices welcome young people to assist with campaigns. As a volunteer, you may make calls, post signs, and get to see a candidate at work. You will also have the opportunity to meet others who have an interest in government, and the experience will help you to gain a more prominent role in later campaigns.
Another way to learn about government is to become involved in an issue that interests you. Maybe there’s an old building in your neighborhood you’d like to save from destruction, or maybe you have some ideas for youth programs or programs for senior citizens. Research what’s being done about your concerns and come up with solutions to offer to local officials.
Every city in the United States requires the services of local officials. In some cases, the services of a small town or suburb may be overseen by the government of a larger city or by the county government. According to the National Association of Counties, 48 states have operational county governments—a total of over 3,030 counties. (Connecticut and Rhode Island are the only two states without counties.) Counties range in size from the 67 residents in Loving County, Texas, to the more than 9 million residents of Los Angeles County in California. There are also 33 governments that are consolidations of city and county governments; New York, Denver, and San Francisco are among them.
There is no direct career path for gaining public office. The way you pursue a local office will be greatly affected by the size and population of the region in which you live. When running for mayor or council of a small town, you may have no competition at all. On the other hand, to become mayor of a large city, you need extensive experience in the city’s politics. If you’re interested in pursuing a local position, research the backgrounds of your city mayor, county commissioner, and council members to get an idea of how they approached their political careers.
Some officials stumble into government offices after some success with political activism on the grassroots level. Others have had success in other areas, such as agriculture, business, and law enforcement, and use their experience to help improve the community. Many local politicians started their careers by assisting in someone else’s campaign or advocating for an issue.
Some successful local and regional officials maintain their positions for many years. Others hold local office for only one or two terms, then return full-time to their businesses and other careers. You might also choose to use a local position as a stepping stone to a position of greater power within the region or to a state office. Many mayors of the largest cities run for governor or state legislature and may eventually move into federal office.
In general, salaries for government officials tend to be lower than what the official could make working in the private sector. In many local offices, officials volunteer their time, work only part time, or are given a nominal salary. According to a salary survey published in 2002 by the International City/County Management Association, the chief elected official of a city makes an average salary of $11,300 a year. The average salary for city managers was $85,000. Local government clerks average about $44,071, and treasurers earn $46,200.
A job with a local or regional government may or may not provide benefits. Some positions may include accounts for official travel and other expenses.
Most government officials work in a typical office setting. Some may work a regular 40-hour week, while others work long hours and weekends. Though some positions may only be considered part-time, they may take up nearly as many hours as full-time work. Officials have the opportunity to meet with the people of the region, but they also devote a lot of time to clerical duties. If serving a large community, they may have assistants to help with phones, filing, and preparing documents.
Because officials must be appointed or elected in order to keep their jobs, determining long-range career plans can be difficult. There may be extended periods of unemployment, where living off of savings or other jobs may be necessary. Because of the low pay of some positions, officials may have to work another job even while they serve in office. This can result in little personal time and the need to juggle many different responsibilities at once.
Regional and Local Official Careers Outlook
Though the form and structure of state and federal government are not likely to change, the form of your local and county government can be altered by popular vote. Every election, voters somewhere in the country are deciding whether to keep their current forms of government or to introduce new forms. But these changes don’t greatly affect the number of officials needed to run your local government. The chances of holding office will be greater in a smaller community. The races for part-time and nonpaying offices will also be less competitive.
The issues facing a community will have the most effect on the jobs of local officials. In a city with older neighborhoods, officials deal with historic preservation, improvements in utilities, and water quality. In a growing city with many suburbs, officials have to make decisions regarding development, roads, and expanded routes for public transportation.
The federal government has made efforts to shift costs to the states. If this continues, states may offer less aid to counties. A county government’s funds are also affected by changes in property taxes.

domain: sociology


text:
2009-present, 7 Seasons
Mentioned in Season 3, Episode 1
A state's attorney's wife tries to rebuild her life, and her career as a lawyer, after her husband's sex scandal. Full of great performances from the off, including regular scene-stealing cameos from Michael J. Fox, the episodic courtroom battles are entertaining enough, and nicely-thought out comic moments help lift the endless cycle of courtrooms and meetings. Good-looking people do similar brilliant things every week and it all feels a bit like ER, not just because of Nurse Hathawa...sorry, Julianna Margulies.
But somewhere around season 4 it kicks into real bingeworthy box set territory. A couple of major events (no spoilers here) make you suddenly consider how you feel about these familiar characters and what happens if you have to choose between them; the layers of the relationships between the leading characters just keep folding and the tension keeps building.
In BSP-land Jamie's heavily addicted while Hywel's not given it a dabble yet (but will).

domain: artistic


Work out in comfort.
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Words on the leggings: 'you are the universe… it is found within'
Among the immensity of all that surrounds you—from the speckled stars above to the shining stars within—the universe is everywhere, yet we are each perfectly unique. No other will exist in all of time quite like you. See the universe reflected in the beauty surrounding you, and know that you are a shining part of that beauty. The universe is within us, and we are a part of it all.
- Printed and sewn by hand in Montreal, Canada, these yoga capris hug in all the right places, suit all body types, are ultra-soft to touch, opaque, medium-weight, sturdy yet breathable and hold their shape after multiple wearings (88% polyester, 12% spandex)
- The wide ’Yoga’ waistband stays in place around your tummy during any workout, and can be worn as a high waistband, or folded down to hug your hips
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- Easy care and quick dry - machine wash in cold water, machine dry or hang to dry
- Fall in love with these yoga capris - 100% guarantee or your money back


text:
3 in can for 'Beer in Hell'
EmptyMatt Czuchry, Jesse Bradford and Geoff Stults are raising their steins for "I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell," the adaptation of the bawdy best-selling memoir of Tucker Max. Bob Gosse is directing.
Max rose to fame in 2002 with TuckerMax.com, garnering millions of unique site visitors to read his short stories and a $300,000 advance for his alcohol-fueled memoir for Penguin Books.
The film, written by Max and Nils Parker, follows Max's trip to a friend's bachelor party, where he ensnares the groom in a lie that threatens the wedding, then abandons him to pursue more women. After being banned from the nuptials, Max attempts to get back into his friend's good graces.
Czuchry will play Max, marking the actor's first starring role in a feature film. Bradford and Stults will play Max's best friends.
Rounding out the cast are Keri Lynn Pratt and Denise Quinones. The film begins principal photography July 21 in Shreveport, La.
Darko Entertainment's Richard Kelly, Sean McKittrick and Ted Hamm produce along with Max and Parker's Rudius Films. Max Wong and Karen Firestone of Pinkslip Pictures also will produce with Aaron Ray of the Collective.
Darko is financing "Beer in Hell," with the Collective handling the North American rights.
Czuchry is repped by Gersh and the Collective. UTA-repped Bradford recently completed Oliver Stone's "W." Stults is repped by UTA and the Collective. (partialdiff)


text:
Quarterback Brett Favre may return to the NFL for the 2011 season, according to Charley Walters of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, but not with the Minnesota Vikings. The Vikings seem intent on choosing a quarterback in this year’s draft and possibly adding a veteran like the Washington Redskins Donovan McNabb as a bridge until he’s ready.
In a move that we normally wouldn’t even both to speculate about or address, the Green Bay Press Gazette reported that the Packers hired Mike Trgovac as their defensive line coach today. The reason this may be significant is two-fold. First, Trgovac was Carolina’s defensive coordinator for the past six seasons. He turned down a contract […]
With yet another heartbreaking 4 points-or-less loss, the Green Bay Packers have all but assured that the playoffs will be out of their reach, with their 35-31 defeat at the hands of the Carolina Panthers. The Packers don’t deserve it this year, not this coaching staff, not this underachieving group of players. But it’s hard […]

domain: news


Scott’s Freedom 6000 universal transmitter for the detection of toxic and combustible gases incorporates modularity components and a common user interface into a fixed gas detection system, simplifying maintenance and reducing training costs associated with fixed gas detection. The Freedom 6000 combines Scott’s advanced sensor technology with an innovative design to enable simple component replacement and field upgrades.
- Common user interface within the toxic and combustible configurations to minimize required training
- Simple menu navigation to facilitate ease of use across product family
- Switch between Catalytic Bead and Infrared sensors in the field interchangeably
- Modular components enable a reduction in spare parts inventory and facilitate maintenance


text:
French Cuban twins Ibeyi have been nominated in the ‘Newcomer of the Year’ category for the European Festival Awards 2015. The awards honour the vision, creativity, expertise and effort that powers Europe’s best music festivals.
Voting is open now for this category as well as Best Major, Medium and Small Festival, Best European line up and more here.
The winners of the EFA’s will be announced at a ceremony in Groningen, The Netherlands on the opening night of Eurosonic Noorderslag conference and festival on January 13th 2016.
Agent contact: Lucy Dickins

domain: entertainment


To keep up with the latest news, use the links above to “like” us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter and to read our blog!
- Watch the Q13 Kinect Video showing how LCA uses Microsoft’s Xbox 360 with Kinect during therapy! Then read our response to the story on our blog!
- Microsoft also came to see how we were using the Kinect. They created this video that they have shown at conferences, which has received standing ovations!
- The iPad has been touted as the next best thing in special education. Click here to see LCA’s use of the iPad in therapy and then check out these two blog posts to learn more!
– iTherapy – Too much of a good thing?
– iLearn, iPads, Autism, and 60 Minutes


text:
Increase in vascular pattern complexity caused by mutations in LHY and CCA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana under continuous light
Circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) are controlled by clock components such as LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1). Plants with mutations in both LHY and CCA1 (lhy;cca1) show a wavy leaf phenotype under continuous light (LL). The circadian clock regulates both the biosynthesis and signaling of plant hormones, including auxin. Auxin plays a key role in vascular pattern formation in leaves. For example, plants with mutations in either
... s in either VASCULAR NETWORK DEFECTIVE 3 (VAN3) or FORKED 1 (FKD1) exhibit reduced complexity in their leaf vascular patterns. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the decrease in flatness of lhy;cca1 leaves under LL has not been elucidated. To address this question, the leaf vascular patterns of lhy;cca1 were compared with those of wild-type, van3, and fkd1 plants under LL. As reported previously, the numbers of areoles and branch points in van3 and fkd1 plants grown for 14 days under LL were much lower than those of wild-type plants. In contrast, the numbers of free ends, areoles, and branch points increased in lhy;cca1. This is the first demonstration of Arabidopsis mutants with increased vascular pattern complexity. Our results suggest that the circadian clock plays a key role in controlling the vascular pattern of leaves.

domain: literature


text:
Buy Cialis Soft cheap Rafting and buy Cialis Soft 20 mg Canada white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water, and generally represents a new and challenging environment for participants. Dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) rafts with double-bladed paddles to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour guide at the stern. It is considered an extreme sport, and can be fatal. The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.
Nepal is home to eight out of the fourteen highest peaks in the world with cultures ranging colorful and intricate Hindus religion to the austerity of the Buddhist monasteries. From the breathtaking heights of the Himalayas the rivers crash down through the foothills, fed by monsoon rains and melting snow, on their way to the Great Plains of the Ganges.
Nepal has many rivers for you to explore: Trishuli River (1 up to 3 days rafting), Seti River (2 days rafting trip), Bhote Koshi River (2 days rafting trip), Kali Gandaki River (3 days rafting trip), Marsyandi River (1 up to 3 days rafting/kayaking trip), Sun Koshi River (7 to 9 days rafting trip), Arun River (9 days rafting adventure), Karnali River (10 days whitewater rafting), Tamur River ( 10 to 11 days rafting adventure).
The water is warm and Nepal houses the world’s most thrilling whitewater in a wide range of difficulties with bug free beaches for camping to top it off.
Our mountains. Rivers and everything in between creates a wealth of unlimited world class opportunities for great river rafting, kayaking, climbing, mountaineering, biking, hiking and the ever popular trekking adventures in Nepal. Nepal has something to offer to everyone.
We are proud to share our wonderful country, culture and our many years of experience adventuring across Nepal with you. We offer unique opportunity to explore Nepal’s remote countryside from the river.

domain: geography


text:
- This event has passed.
Family Literacy Day event
The Glace Bay Library is planning a Family Literacy Day event for 28th February 2017. This event will be in conjunction with Family Literacy Day 2017 & Harry Potter Book Night 2017. For grades 3 and up from 6pm-8pm Here at the Glace Bay Library, young wizards, witches & muggles will be treated to an evening of games, activities, readings and quizzes. It all begins when the Sorting Hat decides who will be in which house, and houses will be competing for house points throughout the evening. Challenges and activities will include Transfiguration games, readings from our favourite Harry Potter books & the Hogwarts Hall of Fame Quiz! We’ll be decorating the library and creating our own professors’ offices as well. See you on February 28th.


GLEN ROCK, NJ - Glen Rock council members and its mayor are asking for more civility in discussions about any number of topics before the governing body.
At the April 10 Council meeting, officials asked the public to think about how they get their point across, no matter which side of the argument they fall on.
The conversation came up during the public hearing for pool ordinance fees in which the mayor and council members mentioned discourse that happened in emails directed at the council.
Mayor Bruce Packer said there were "lots of four-letter words" in the emails addressed to the council.
"Once I read that, I don't care what you have to say," he said.
Councilman Mike O'Hagan said some of the emails were "incredibly inappropriate."
"Think about what you say before you press send," he said. "Use the 24-hour rule. Wait before you send it."
Council President Kristine Morieko agreed. "This council is responsive but there needs to be a level of respect. If we're offering you respect, I think it's fair we can expect the same from you."
In a separate discussion about the single-use plastic bag ban the same evening, resident Alan Bronner said he wanted to see more plastic banned.
"My wife wants to slap me when I say this, but what about diapers, we should go to cloth diapers," he said.
He preferenced the remark by noticing it was "young ladies" who were in favor of the plastic bag ban. He said they may one day have children and they need to think about diapers.
Becca Coll, a mother of a 15-year-old young woman who was in attendance, said her daughter looked at her when Bronner made the comment. She called the comment "hurtful for girls" maintaining it wrongfully assigns a role to women.
She suggested those on the Council should "flag" such comments and call them "discriminatory," but not necessarily engage with the individuals making the comments.
Bronner said he was only pointing out that plastics are plastics and they should all be considered for the ban.
"It so happens there were a number of young ladies here," Bronner said. "Is there a connotation that they will be mothers. Maybe so. Is that a bad thing, I don't know."
Bronner said he meant they should be concerned about the environment for all products. "That they're angry I should say something like that, it's ok, I can handle it."
Councilwoman Mary Barchetto said the Council has recently instituted a new public comment system and that they are all learning and normally do not respond to citizens stating their opinions, no matter how outraged they may be.
"I'm sorry for not responding directly," she said. "Comments of a certain caliber should not be tolerated."


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Ruins of the two storied Buddhist establishment at Bojjannakonda hill in Andhra Pradesh, India, dating back to the 4th century. It is a rock cut monolith encased in brick work. Built, as it was, over a millennium ago without the aid of modern machinery; the Herculean effort must have been fuelled by great faith and inspiration.
Critiques | Translate
pajaran (66424) 2014-02-05 11:25
Interesantan tekst o staroj arhitekturi, sa opisom ...
Lep pogled na mesto i rusevinu ...
Dobar snimka, kontrast i ostrina, lepo pokazana rusevina i detalji na fasadi.
Prijatno vece i mirna noc, sve najbolje.
An interesting article on the old architecture, the description ...
Nice view of the place and ruin ...
Good length, contrast and sharpness, nice ruins and details shown on the facade.
Good evening and peaceful night, all the best.
Corry (4508) 2014-02-05 19:26
Beau point de vue sur ces vieilles ruines. Je suis toujours impressionner de voir que de telles œuvres d'art ont pu franchir autant de siècles. Note intéressante. Bien fait.
Silvio1953 (154291) 2014-02-06 10:01
Ciao Satya, great POV on fantastic temple, fine details, splendid light, excellent clarity and wonderful colors, very well done my friend, ciao Silvio
Cricri (126846) 2014-02-06 11:07
Belle vue de ces ruines avec les statues certaines encore bien préserver, bon POV, couleurs, belle et intéressante présentation
Fis2 (107596) 2014-02-07 11:13
A very curious place.
Good frame, colors and sharpness.
I like trivia.
wolf38 (31296) 2014-02-09 0:17
Hi Satya. An interesting and documentary photo. In terms of culture, religion, art, etc. India has so much to offer. The photo reminds me of my stay in South India several years ago. In the area with this rock relief I am, however, not passed.
I wish you a nice Sunday
imageme (1790) 2014-02-09 18:04
Hi Satya, A nice documentary image with nice POV. You have managed light very well thus everything in the frame is in details. The blue sky makes a nice contrast to the ruins. Thank for sharing
holmertz (59812) 2014-02-10 7:57
This is a fine composition where the steps show how walking up the possibly long flight of stairs we are finally rewarded by the sight of the great Buddha statues. The green railings add nicely coloured details and give good depth to the composition.
COSTANTINO (70282) 2014-02-10 9:41
interesting capture showing the ruins of the
two storied Buddhist nice to see the
different civilazations and the
photoray (13981) 2014-02-21 10:09
Attractive view of the ancient Buddha temple, hand carved into the dense rock and very elaborate art.
A fine representation of religious historical creativeness.
Thanks for sharing,
ikeharel (79317) 2014-03-07 6:56
Good evening Satya,
An interesting place, with the statues carved onto the rock, and it would be most intriguing to see the place at night, as there are flash-lights to illuminate after dusk.
Have a nice weekend,
Didi (60590) 2014-03-13 10:24
Wonderfoul historic religious place
But the picture is a little bit dark
I have done a WS
Miguel82 (27752) 2014-06-07 20:07
So authentic archeological site Sathya, good pov, high definition, theses statues of Buddha are very ancient, have a good we


text:
A Man has spoken for the first time after receiving the beatings of his life by some Military men on the street for going against the Lock Down rule currently imposed in some part of Accra.
In the touching video, the yet-to-be identified man had blood oozing from the side of his nose.
He could be heard saying human brutality wasn’t the order given to the Military by the president.
In tears, he reminded the officers of the fact that, they were told to protect human lives on the street but not maltreat them.
He also said the order clearly stated that they can go out and take money, purchase some food items and return to their homes to continue their lock down.
The video looked so touching.
Watch The Video Below:


text:
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domain: design


text:
The world of Indian TV Industry is far from the reality of the real life and if you ask for its example, then there are so many. The celebrities who you watch in your favorite daily soaps look completely different in real life. Their career requires them to wear traditional clothes, however, whenever they are caught on camera outside their working schedule, you will always find them hot and beautiful. You don’t believe your eyes when you see them donning a bikini and a casual dress with such a flair.
Their hot avatar has become quite common in the small screen industry. Actresses like Nia Sharma also received a lot of fame for her sexy avatar. Many of these actresses also get slammed on the social networking sites for skin sho. However, this doesn’t stop them from doing what they want.
Today we are going to introduce you to such a glamorous small screen actress who has impressed you till now with her innocent looks and shy personality. However, her bold avatar will definitely blow away your mind.
We are talking about none other than ‘Veer Ki Ardaas Veera’ actress, Sneha. It was one of the superhit daily soaps on Indian television grabbing high TRPs. Moreover, the audience liked each one of the characters.
Sneha essayed the character of Ratan, the mother of Veer and Veera. She was in a very important role. She plays the role of a single mother whose husband cheats on her and she raises her son along with a girl child which her husband had from his mistress. While watching the show, you would have never imagined Sneha to be a bombshell in real life. Her new avatar is storming the Internet right now.
Sneha started acting since her she was 17. She has a successful career in the small screen industry. She had also worked in the show, Ranjit Singh telecasted on Life Ok. But recently in 2016, Sneha was seen in a completely new avatar in the song Pure Patola. She is looking very hot in this music video.
What do you think of this article? Share your views in the comment section below.

domain: celebrity


text:
In the last few days, noted Hindi actress Meera Chopra was being trolled big time by NTR fans when Meera said that she does not know who NTR is in one of her fans’ chat.
Things went beserk and Meera even reported the abuse to cybercrime and brought this issue to KTR also two days back. Looks like the authorities have responded and have sent legal notices to 20 of NTR fans.
The talk is that these young guys might also get arrested in the days to come. This is a sad sight to see and is also a lesson for many who do such things for the sake of love for their favorite stars.
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- Prabhas signs yet another film: Deets inside
- RX 100 director’s complaint against people exploiting girls using his name


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As the Big Muddy Folk Festival enters its 22nd year, we discuss the history of the event and explore efforts to preserve folk music in mid-Missouri. Plus we hear some live folk music performed in our studio.
Cathy Barton, folk musician and co-founder, Big Muddy Folk Festival
Dave Para, folk musician and artistic director and co-founder, Big Muddy Folk Festival
"River of the Big Canoes"
At right is a video of Bob Dyer's song "River of the Big Canoes," performed by Lee Ruth and John Schneller (on Intersection, June 30, 2010) and mentioned in today's program. Click here to watch the entire hour-long program, which includes several other song performances.


text:
52 Week Bible Reading Plan
- Music: [ On | Off]
- Then answered Eliphaz the Temanite, and said,
- Should a wise man utter vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind?
- Should he reason with unprofitable talk? or with speeches wherewith he can do no good?
- Yea, thou castest off fear, and restrainest prayer before God.
- For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the tongue of the crafty.
- Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I: yea, thine own lips testify against thee.
- Art thou the first man that was born? or wast thou made before the hills?
- Hast thou heard the secret of God? and dost thou restrain wisdom to thyself?
- What knowest thou, that we know not? what understandest thou, which is not in us?
- With us are both the grayheaded and very aged men, much elder than thy father.
- Are the consolations of God small with thee? is there any secret thing with thee?
- Why doth thine heart carry thee away? and what do thy eyes wink at,
- That thou turnest thy spirit against God, and lettest such words go out of thy mouth?
- What is man, that he should be clean? and he which is born of a woman, that he should be righteous?
- Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints; yea, the heavens are not clean in his sight.
- How much more abominable and filthy is man, which drinketh iniquity like water?
- I will shew thee, hear me; and that which I have seen I will declare;
- Which wise men have told from their fathers, and have not hid it:
- Unto whom alone the earth was given, and no stranger passed among them.
- The wicked man travaileth with pain all his days, and the number of years is hidden to the oppressor.
- A dreadful sound is in his ears: in prosperity the destroyer shall come upon him.
- He believeth not that he shall return out of darkness, and he is waited for of the sword.
- He wandereth abroad for bread, saying, Where is it? he knoweth that the day of darkness is ready at his hand.
- Trouble and anguish shall make him afraid; they shall prevail against him, as a king ready to the battle.
- For he stretcheth out his hand against God, and strengtheneth himself against the Almighty.
- He runneth upon him, even on his neck, upon the thick bosses of his bucklers:
- Because he covereth his face with his fatness, and maketh collops of fat on his flanks.
- And he dwelleth in desolate cities, and in houses which no man inhabiteth, which are ready to become heaps.
- He shall not be rich, neither shall his substance continue, neither shall he prolong the perfection thereof upon the earth.
- He shall not depart out of darkness; the flame shall dry up his branches, and by the breath of his mouth shall he go away.
- Let not him that is deceived trust in vanity: for vanity shall be his recompence.
- It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall not be green.
- He shall shake off his unripe grape as the vine, and shall cast off his flower as the olive.
- For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate, and fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery.
- They conceive mischief, and bring forth vanity, and their belly prepareth deceit.
Can't connect to www.christianmags.us:80 (Connection timed out)
Connection timed out at /usr/local/share/perl5/LWP/Protocol/http.pm line 50, line 364.
- Then Job answered and said,
- I have heard many such things: miserable comforters are ye all.
- Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou answerest?
- I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head at you.
- But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips should asswage your grief.
- Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged: and though I forbear, what am I eased?
- But now he hath made me weary: thou hast made desolate all my company.
- And thou hast filled me with wrinkles, which is a witness against me: and my leanness rising up in me beareth witness to my face.
- He teareth me in his wrath, who hateth me: he gnasheth upon me with his teeth; mine enemy sharpeneth his eyes upon me.
- They have gaped upon me with their mouth; they have smitten me upon the cheek reproachfully; they have gathered themselves together against me.
- God hath delivered me to the ungodly, and turned me over into the hands of the wicked.
- I was at ease, but he hath broken me asunder: he hath also taken me by my neck, and shaken me to pieces, and set me up for his mark.
- His archers compass me round about, he cleaveth my reins asunder, and doth not spare; he poureth out my gall upon the ground.
- He breaketh me with breach upon breach, he runneth upon me like a giant.
- I have sewed sackcloth upon my skin, and defiled my horn in the dust.
- My face is foul with weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of death;
- Not for any injustice in mine hands: also my prayer is pure.
- O earth, cover not thou my blood, and let my cry have no place.
- Also now, behold, my witness is in heaven, and my record is on high.
- My friends scorn me: but mine eye poureth out tears unto God.
- O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbour!
- When a few years are come, then I shall go the way whence I shall not return.
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Would you like to surprise someone with a unique handmade Irish wooden gift? This fun and unique Personalised Wooden Wine Bottle Coaster or Drip Catcher is the perfect gift for that special someone who loves wine and seems to have everything.
Personalised Wooden Gift Details:
- These are handcrafted with considerable care and attention to detail from the finest hand-selected timbers.
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- The wine bottle coaster displayed here is made from oak.
- This item is not to be submerged in water or placed in a dishwasher.
To clean just wipe dry.
Product Lead Time – please note this seller works independently and produces each item himself, his production time is usually up to business 15 days from the date of ordering. There are times when this can be up to a maximum of 20 days times during busy periods. While this might not suit everyone, the feedback on these products is excellent. Hopefully the timeframe can still work for you and thanks for understanding.
Support Irish jobs in your local community by buying Irish.


text:
Washington, DC – Senator Susan Collins today applauded the U.SCoast Guard for its three recent seizures of more than 68,000 pounds of cocaine with an estimated market value of $2.1 billion. This included a record single seizure for the Coast Guard of 30,000 pounds of cocaine.
“One of the most dangerous and urgent law enforcement duties the Coast Guard performs is drug interdiction. The crews put in a lot of hard hours on the water in pursuit of drug smugglers and put their lives on the line to confront and stop them,” said Senator Collins. “I commend the members of both of these law enforcement detachments for their success on these record setting seizures and for their dedication to preventing dangerous drugs from coming into the country.
Senator Collins is the Chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, which has jurisdiction over the Coast Guard.
USCG Law Enforcement Detachments intercepted the three separate fishing vessels, which were smuggling the cocaine, in the Pacific Ocean several hundred miles Southwest of the Galapagos Islands. The Coast Guard has seized a record total of more than 240,000 pounds of cocaine worth over $7.7 billion in fiscal year 2004.
As the lead federal agency for maritime drug interdiction, the Coast Guard works to deny smugglers the use of air and sea routes coming into the U.S., as well as in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Eastern Pacific. The Coast Guard works closely on anti-drug efforts with the Navy, Drug Enforcement Agency, Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Departments of Justice, Defense, State, and Homeland Security.


text:
We don’t talk about the big issues like the constant war we’re living in wich is taking so much away from us. No, we refuse to see things for they’re full potential; instead we narrow it down and talk about the spilling tears of a child by the side of a road. We never mention its name but we talk about its effects. Nobody talks about the war, we talk about the ruins that remained afterwards and then we wonder where did everything start.
Crimson red has always been his color of choice yet he never wore it. He tainted the hands of his followers while keeping his clean. Hiding under a facade of ignorance, never up to date with what was going on. Tried on a suit too big for your frame and took on a role too advance for your abilities.
Like father like son, as in both brought chaos to my land and suffering to the hearts of my people. Crimson read runs thru our veins, and now it also runs thru the streets you so proudly view from the window inside the safety of your house.
I don’t want to know what kind of things go thru your mind as you see our ink spill and shimmer in vain under the harsh rays of the sun. How can you sleep at night knowing the moon no longer reflects onto clear seas, instead now, it reflects on the tears of the broken.
Doesn’t it hurt you , watching your entire nation unite and demand your expulsion? To see them so ashamed and embarrassed that they want you to sacrifice your place for them, the people you swore to protect?
Doesn’t it hurt? Doesn’t it sting and break your soul watching them slowly descend into madness yet knowing you have the power to stop it, but not wanting to?
Doesn’t it frighten you ? Because it frightens me. It scares me senseless the uncertainty of not knowing where this will end and at what cost. The idea of being robbed in front of our eyes yet the law means nothing here because we never noticed. How the education is flawed and broken, this all frightens me. So I invite you to try on my shoes for once. Be careful not to trip and fall for I’m afraid they might be too big for you to wear.
Nobody talks about the war, we talk about the ruins that remained afterwards and then we wonder where did everything start.


text:
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brake hose (update)
pjrose at frontiernet.net
Thu Nov 7 18:08:06 EST 2002
I guess this sucker is "broke" enough to warrant fixing?
All the hoses were checked in July before a WG track event and seemed
to be OK. However, when I began to mount snow tires last week, I
discovered a deep crack in a front brakehose (along with evidence of
seeping fluid). The other front hose was also found to be deeply
cracked. Then yesterday in the course of replacing all 4 hoses...I
found the shocker (see photo) in the left-rear. The right-rear hose
showed no external evidence of problems, but of course it was
Needless to say, I advise paying close attention to your brake hoses,
and please do plan to replace any 11 yr-old hoses (now!)--no matter
how good they may "seem" to be.
mailto:pjrose at frontiernet.net
More information about the 200q20v


text:
Belbien is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia in adults. The clinical trials of Zolpidem tartrates in support of efficacy were 4-5 weeks in duration with the final formal assessments of sleep latency at the end of treatment. Belbien as the extended-release tablet is indicated for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep maintenance. Belbien 10 mg oral spray is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation. It has been shown in clinical trials that it decreases sleep latency for up to 35 days in controlled.
How does it work in our body?
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domain: medical