text:
Within this, the number of high-tier succeeding significance who looks additionally increases. In the event the no charge re-writes are usually valued to the Course regarding Ra Luxurious, all the symbols can be picked as well as upgraded earlier than every bonus offer manner, this also also increases how much to be won. A icons may well get right to the quality associated with addressing the actual reels. Through no cost re-writes, it is possible to triumph a great deal more totally free rotates too. That traditional variant in addition to elegant release have the cost-free spins feature.
And yet who on the E book regarding Ra Custom repays more and comes with extra intrigues together with end attractions. Our next plus showcase here’s the gamble feature. Soon after almost every over, everyone get the chance to do that 50/50 choice on the subject of color. Listed here, you end up picking the hue of this face-down cards. This particular greatly improves your current payout dwi the application correctly but you lose if you happen to fail.
Methods to Execute Arrange book of ra deluxe slot with Ra Deluxe Slot Your Reserve in Ra Luxurious activity is an by using a brilliant gameplay similar to the Arrange connected with Ra basic version. Today, it’s important to launch the experience by seeking out the number of wrinkles, gold coins, along with bets. It is easy to choose between 0.4 as well as 100 bets a series and that can equally wager on the subject of about 10 lines. You will probably have got to place the magnitude of the mint around 2 along with 2000 in each spin.
It will be locale when it is usually distinctive from a old classic edition. In that release, typically the mint wide range is without a doubt among 1 and then 900. Subsequent to establishing your, it’s simple to hype all the reels. It’s important to recognize that the most important objective for virtually any participant inside the Booklet with Ra Luxury and indeed many other Course associated with Ra spots is usually to fit the actual irresistible combinations. When you finally strike these, you should have a person’s pay.
While actively playing, you might want to bear in mind that you will discover behavior this will always grant you much more advantage. Many people feature touchdown these bonus offer functions whilst playing. If you have about three or further spread out tokens amongst players, you will enjoy free of charge rotates plus the broadening symbol. Difficulties designs of the Novel involved with Ra Elite will be the item seeker, sarcophagus, scarabs, Publication regarding Ra, not to mention poker on-line business card values. Most of these symbols may be based in the antique version.
Which means, they don’t really own much difference here. All the mad symbolization is met for by Book involved with Ra and it is this handbook that offers that cost-free spins. Even if this video slot machine system is certainly increased volatile type, them grants large payouts. You certainly will obtain 5,000 credits jackpot if you ever reach 5 traveler emblems at a line. This is exactly distinctive from that 25,000 silver coins with the memorable, and you can basically be successful with this kind of when you participate in the maximal option concerning all line.
The tip totally free to take up in keeping with your own bankroll. Any time you get this amazing 1, guess maximum at the whole set of traces and check out your hands at the Course involved with Ra Elite jackpot. If he does not, go through the lesser bets in addition to you will always will probably win. Participating in this Book with Ra in Wireless Any Handbook in Ra Luxury has its portable apps for the people who wish to enjoy the games on smartphone devices. This app which unfortunately is one of the Novomatic Gaminator slots which can be used on the subject of Glass, Android, along with iOS devices.
The use of phone for ones E book of Ra Luxury can sometimes include getting the actual app with your piece of equipment as well as taking part in direct over the internet by using the internet browser.


Why Pete Townshend Almost Left The Who in the ’70s + Why He Stayed
The Who are one of the most iconic bands in rock history, but that history might have been much shorter if one of Pete Townshend's decisions played out as he intended. During a recent discussion on Audible's Words + Music, Townshend revealed that he was set to exit the band for good in the late '70s only to reverse his course after the death of drummer Keith Moon. Moon actually played a role in both decisions, according to Townshend.
The latest episode recounted the time between Moon's death and the death of bassist Jon Entwistle in 2002, which included the band's retirement, reunion and stepping out for various solo projects.
Within the chat, Townshend explained that he had planned to exit the band after witnessing Moon's performance during the making of the Who Are You album in 1978.
The guitarist revealed that Moon's drug addiction issues had started taking a toll on the band, and his performance was declining during the making of the record. He recalled an incident recording the song "Music Must Change," and how Moon was unable to perform to a simple melody.
According to Townshend, the group just gave up on their idea for the song, creating a soundscape that used footsteps and tossing a coin on the ground instead. He added that he could even see a difference in how Moon had played on the album's title track which had been recorded earlier in the sessions as opposed to "Music Must Change."
“He played the most fantastic drums [for Who Are You], which was only recorded about six months before,” Townshend said (as transcribed by Guitar.com). “I went back and realized that Keith was just not going to cut it really, at all, ever again. We sort of lost him. I decided to quit.”
Moon died on Sept. 7, 1978, just a few weeks after the Who Are You album was released, and his death ultimately changed Townshend's plan to exit the band. The musician explained that he felt as though he needed to honor the drummer by carrying on with the band. In addition, it also provided an opportunity to do something new with the band as a new drummer would be needed to continue.
“[Moon] wasn’t a conventional drummer. He was an embellisher, a decorator, almost like an orchestral drummer, but he certainly wasn’t a Kenney Jones who laid down a really good beat,” said Townshend of making the change.
The Who would go on to release two more albums with Jones on drums - 1981's Face Dances and 1982's It's Hard - before the band announced a farewell tour in 1982. Townshend initially started writing for another Who album in 1983, but ultimately bought out his own contract, leaving the band and bringing about their split.
In the time since, Townshend pursued a solo career, but also later reunited with The Who. As the only living original members, Townshend and singer Roger Daltrey have issued two more Who albums since their supposed 1982 finale. They currently remain together as the modern lineup of The Who is currently on the road as part of their "The Who Hits Back" trek. See dates and get ticketing info here.


text:
Lake Hartwell Fishing Report
Lake Hartwell is at 654.5.
Catfish: Good. Captain Bill Plumley (864-287-2120) reports that channel catfish are still biting well all over the lake, particularly in the 5-20 foot range. Cut bait (herring or other fish) and nightcrawlers are working best, although a few fish are still being caught on dip baits even as the water cools. The blue catfish bite continues to accelerate and recently Bill caught 7 blues weighing 198 pounds on a trip. The best blue catfish action has been in the creeks in 25-30 feet of water, with both anchoring and Santee-style drifting working. Cut herring, gizzard shad and white perch have all been productive. Flatheads can still be caught on live bream.
Striped and Hybrid Bass: Fair. Captain Bill Plumley reports that striper fishing has been a bit slow as the lake has pretty recently turned over in places. Typically when the main lake water quality declines bait and fish move into the creeks where water movement can mean that the water quality is better. In the creeks down-lining and free-lining have both been working at times. There has also been some schooling activity from the mid-lake to the dam, although these are mostly smaller fish. Cast topwater plugs to catch them.
Crappie: Fair. Captain Bill Plumley reports that fishing has been off and on, but if anglers can locate crappie they can generally catch them. The best action has come in 20-25 feet of water around the top of brush in 30 feet of water, as well as around bridges at night.
Black bass: No new report.
DHEC Fish Advisories: Due to PCB advisories visit http://www.scdhec.gov/environment/water/fish/Advisories/hartwell.htm before consuming any Lake Hartwell fish.

domain: news


An excavator can be one of the most powerful and important pieces of equipment at a job site. Having the right excavator can mean the difference between getting your work done quickly and meeting deadlines, versus having to work later, missing your deadlines, and having a very unhappy client. In that way, it’s important to find the reliable mini-wheeled excavator suppliers.
Although we’re happy to help you figure out the perfect excavator to meet your needs, it’s always a good idea to have a sense of what you require before you head to the heavy equipment dealer near you to get the machinery you need. Let’s take a quick look at some of your options and some of the ways you can narrow down your choices to pick just the right one.
Ultimately, the right mini-wheeled excavator will really depend on the types of jobs you typically handle and the kind of requirements you need them to meet. While you might have some tasks that fall outside of your everyday use, in general, it’s going to make your life easier to match a wheeled excavator to what you need the majority of the time. Remember to be accurate when estimating what you need, and give yourself some wiggle room. This article will teach you how to find reliable mini-wheeled excavator suppliers.
How to find reliable mini-wheeled excavator suppliers?
Get a dealer inspection report:
If this is all too overwhelming for you, especially those who are still finding their feet in the industry, then get help! This is especially important if you’re buying from a private seller. Depending on your experience and level of investment, a dealer or independent machine inspection is advisable. This can be carried out by a dealer or a factory-trained technician who is familiar with the equipment. They should possess the necessary tools for downloads, history, alerts, and so on. The inspection may also establish if any factory updates or improvements are available. Getting a dealer involved can assist you in a few ways. A lot of guys will start off in the industry using second-hand machines, and might not have adequate knowledge of the machines they’re looking at. This is where a dealer can help in which they will come out and do a full report for you as they know what to look for in a machine. If it’s a larger machine with an electronic dash, we can make sure that the hours are correct on the machine as well. The small expense of paying a dealer or someone who can check that for you can save you a lot of money. Reliable mini-wheeled excavator suppliers could be found easily.
Beware of grey imports:
Grey imports are generally not supported by the manufacturers in Australia, so be very careful what you buy. We have seen people caught before, where the company importing them will say they’ve got a warranty with the manufacturer, where in fact the manufacturer doesn’t support it here because it wasn’t brought into the country through the correct channels.
The biggest reason to buy through the correct channels is the warranty, but some machines are also built to different specifications for different regions. For example, a North American or Japanese machine may be built to different specifications or have fewer features than an Australian machine.
Factor ongoing maintenance costs into the price:
If you see a price on a machine that seems too good to be true, you’re probably right. It could be a machine that has done a good amount of hours and has been put through its absolute limits, and might not be a good option for you if you’re looking to get several more years of work out of it. Ongoing maintenance costs such as regular service costs, wear parts and fuel usage rates must be factored into the cost when you’re buying a machine. Say someone coming into the market has $80,000 that they can put toward a 20-tonne excavator. They’d probably be looking at a machine with high hours, so they will have to anticipate spending a good amount of money maintaining the machine over the next few years. There’s no point in putting everything you’ve got into that wheeled excavator and then two months down the track, you need to spend money on it that you don’t have. All you end up with is a wheeled excavator that has broken down and is not making you any money. In another example, if the undercarriage of the machine you’re looking at right now has only 30 percent of life left, that means you will have to put a significant amount of money into replacing it this time next year or sooner. If you know what repairs are needed on the machine in the near future, contact your dealer or a parts supplier and get a quote for those parts so you have an idea of how much it’s going to cost.
Consider your needs and options:
This is one of the most important points to keep in mind, considering the amount of money that you will be investing in the excavator. Is the particular machine you’re looking at suitable for the task it’s intended for? It may be underpowered, too wide, too heavy, not have enough reach, won’t have the power to run the attachments, and so on. Newcomers should discuss the decision with an experienced person and someone they trust, or approach a dealer. Most dealers sell used equipment anyway, and they’d be happy to help. Every dealer does specialist product training so they should know the machine’s capabilities better than anyone else.
Things to look out for when buying a used excavator:
Check the service history of the machine:
Experts agree that an accurate and detailed service history is very important as it establishes if the machine has been maintained to a standard that is acceptable. If no history is available, expect that the machine may have not been maintained as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Machine service history should always be the first checkpoint. The key to maximizing the life of any machine is maintenance.
Check fluids and get some oil samples:
It probably goes without saying that all fluid that runs the machine such as oils and coolants should be clean and doesn’t emit a strange smell. Visually check all of the fluids. Is the engine coolant clean and green? Dirty coolant indicates cooling system problems. Is the engine oil black and of consistent viscosity? If it’s grey or watery, engine failure may be imminent. Hydraulic fluids need to be clean and at recommended levels. Final drive and slew oils need to be clean and not have a burnt smell he said. If any major component fluid is questionable, then laboratory sampling should be carried out. It is also recommended to get oil sampling done on major components of large equipment. If it was an excavator, that would be your final drive, your hydraulic tank, your slew drive, and your engine oil.
Things you would look for would be contaminants in your final drive, high dirt counts, high iron counts, and traces of water. If you’re getting dirt in there, for example, you could be looking at a new floating seal on the final drive. Looking at and understanding the oil samples lets a potential buyer know exactly how good the maintenance has been. It will also let you know if there is an issue starting to arise with a major component that can cost you a bit of money. This is especially important in a hydraulic tank. It’s imperative to keep a hydraulic system as clean as possible, so this is definitely a check I’d recommend. At about $40 per sample, these tests can save you thousands in the long run.
Confirm the machine hours:
Does the machine look and act according to the hours being quoted or what the mechanical meter may be showing? Can equipment hours, alerts, and more be downloaded to confirm the hours? This is where a full-service history is extremely helpful. If the condition of the machine doesn’t look right according to the hours, it’s generally not,” Lubbers said. Your local dealer may also be able to help you with this by checking the recorded computer hours over the analog meter. See machines before with hour logs showing 4000 hours and you get a download on the machine and it’s 7500 hours nearly twice the age which is obviously a big difference in value when you’re buying a machine.
Check the machine’s safety compliance:
Does the piece of equipment meet your site safety requirements? If it is fitted with a hydraulic quick-hitch attachment, does it meet the current dual-locking standards? Are compliant handrails fitted where necessary? To confirm that the cab is ROPS (Rollover Protection Structure) certified, check that there is a model identity stamped certification plate fixed within the cabin. Flashing lights, reverse alarms, E-stops, and a fire extinguisher may all be necessary requirements, so establish if they are fitted and in working condition. Also, make sure there’s a copy of the operator’s manuals in the cab.
Check the Engine:
When inspecting a used wheeled excavator for sale, don’t forget to check the engine. Careless owners often get away with neglecting their machines because the signs of damage are less obvious. Take a close look and check for cracks, potential leaks, or worn belts that can lead to costly repairs soon. It is also helpful to take a look at the battery for any signs of corrosion.
Check the hydraulic operation:
Check the excavator’s hydraulic operation in a working environment and under load. If a work site is not available, move the machine through all working scenarios. Modern equipment should operate smoothly, quietly, and efficiently. Be aware of any vibrations and noises that become evident under load.
Check the final drive:
A planetary drive or ‘final drive’ as it is more commonly known is the mechanical drive that moves the machine and is driven by a hydraulic motor. When moving the excavator, it needs to react quickly, feel strong in a change of direction, and be smooth and straight in its travel. Check the final drive for oil levels, leaks, or excessive metal contamination.
Check the front attachment’s pin and bush wear:
During the operational check, establish the pin and bush wear levels on the front digging attachment. Place the digging arm on the ground and, while gently taking some weight off the machine, look for movement throughout the boom foot, cylinders, arm, and quick hitch and bucket areas. This is important if the machine will be involved in final trim excavations. Excessive wear in this area may indicate that a daily maintenance regime has not been carried out correctly.
Check the machine’s attachments:
Establish what attachments come with the machine. Are the digging buckets, rippers, or other attachments in good working order? Are GET (Ground Engaging Tools) worn out, applicable to the size and power of the machine? If the machine is fitted with a hydraulic quick hitch, do the attachments fit correctly? Plenty to consider here.
Check the cab accessories of the wheeled excavator:
Operator comfort should be of utmost priority, especially if you will be spending a good amount of time in the cab every day. Check that the important aspects of the cab are in good working condition. Is the air conditioning blowing cool, and the heater warm? If fitted, confirm that the AM/FM, UHF, and CB radios are working. Most later-model excavators are fitted with a reverse camera, so check if one is fitted and in working condition. Check any flow adjustment, diagnostic, service, or alert menus that may be available on the machine monitor.
Cost of wheeled excavator vs tracked excavator:
Now that you know how each machine performs on the ground, let’s look at the general upfront and maintenance costs associated with these machines. Keep in mind these are average costs and specific research should be done if you are looking at enquiring about any machine. Things like brand, make, model and year will all affect the price of the machine. Generally, the wheeled excavator is more expensive upfront than the tracked excavator. Used wheeled excavators, with operating weights of 10-14 tonnes, cost $140,000* on average, depending on the make, model, and year of the machine. Used tracked excavators, on the other hand, can range from $25,000 to over $330,000* for the same operating weight.
If you want to know more about wheeled excavators, you can contact us for free.


text:
ADA Green Bacter Plus
GREEN BACTER PLUS is a plant supplement, primarily composed of plant organic acids that feed beneficial bacteria in aquariums and filters, and contains minerals which help stimulate growth of the bacteria. Add GREEN BACTER PLUS to aquariums during the initial setup period when beneficial bacteria start to grow, or when the biofiltration performance declines and water quality degrades. It will promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and increase their efficiency.
Shipping: All orders will be shipped within three business days after the order is processed. Live plants will only be shipped Monday through Wednesday. We are not responsible for DOA caused by USPS Priority Mail shipping. Try our guaranteed USPS Priority Mail Express option for plant shipments.

domain: agronomy


text:
The Finance Ministry plans to impose a consumption tax on electronic books sold in Japan by foreign companies such as Amazon.com Inc., sources said on June 28.
Officials want to impose the levy, which could be introduced as early as 2014, to stop overseas e-book sellers from gaining a competitive advantage against Japanese rivals that have to pay a consumption tax. The fear is that a failure to act would force Japanese companies to relocate abroad to ensure a level playing field.
According to the existing Consumption Tax Law, a consumption tax is imposed on imported physical goods at customs houses. However, if electronic data such as e-books or songs are sold to consumers in Japan from overseas through the Internet, a consumption tax is not imposed.
“Such a transaction was unthinkable in 1989 when the law was introduced,” a government official said.
The government is considering imposing a consumption tax on the transactions by forcing overseas companies that plan to sell electronic products in Japan to register themselves in advance. A similar registration system has been operating in the European Union since 2003.
The Finance Ministry plans to set up an expert study group as early as July to look at the implications of introducing the registration system in Japan. It plans to submit bills to the ordinary Diet session in or after spring 2013.
The ministry is under pressure to introduce the revisions to the Consumption Tax Law as early as possible because Amazon.com, the largest e-book retailer in the world, is planning to enter the Japanese e-book market in the near future.
Japanese online auction site operator Rakuten Inc. is considering avoiding the payment of consumption taxes on e-books by routing its products through a company in Canada from late July this year.
At present, Amazon.com is selling songs and computer software in Japan through the Internet and pays no consumption tax. Japanese sellers are likely to be undercut if it adopts a similar approach with e-books.
In the music market, U.S.-based Apple Inc. is currently selling its products in Japan through a Japanese arm, effectively “voluntarily” paying a consumption tax.
An executive of a major e-book seller in Japan said: “If we are put in a disadvantageous position, we will have to move our offices to foreign countries to counter overseas rivals.”
A government official said: “We need to deal with the situation quickly because the market is moving fast.”
(This article was written by Takashi Kamiguri and Junichiro Nagasaki.)
- « Prev
- Next »

domain: finance


text:
Nocciola & Fondente
Soft flour, brown sugar, butter, chocolate pearls (cocoa beans, cocoa butter, sugar, whole milk powder, soy lecithin, natural vanilla extract), eggs, hazelnuts, lemon peel, baking powder, salt.
Produced in a facility that uses dried fruits, hard shell fruits, wheat, eggs, milk derivatives, celery, mustard, soy. Products sold online might have been in contact with the ingredients listed above.
1 in stock

domain: food


All graphics and notes are provided in electronic (PowerPoint®) files. Information and reference citations pertaining to each slide are included in the accompanying notes. To view notes pages, please download slide files.
download the slide files:
"Right" click on the link
Choose "save target as"
Save the file to your
If you do not have MS PowerPoint® installed on your
computer, you can download the Free Viewer by clicking here


text:
September 5, 2008
Effect of the Surface State of Steel on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Lap Joints of Aluminum and Steel By Friction Stir Welding
By Chen, Y C Nakata, K
Friction stir lap joints of AC4C Al alloy (top sheet) and steel (zinc-coated steel, brushed finish steel, and mirror finish steel) were produced when the friction stir welding tool did not touch the lower steel surface. For zinc coat steel, the strength of joints could reach 97.7 pct of that of steel; for brushed finish steel, the strength was 63.2 pct of that of steel; for mirror finish steel, Al alloy and steel could not be welded. The effect of the surface state of steel on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar metal friction stir lap joints of AC4C Al alloy and steel was discussed. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-008-9523-4(c) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2008
AS a solid-state welding technology, friction stir welding (FSW) process can join Al alloys and steels and get higher quality joints than fusion welding technology. It is also possible that good welds can be produced when FSW is used to join dissimilar materials.[2-18] The need of light weight in automotive body construction leads to the increasing use of the lap joining of aluminum alloy and steel in the fabrication of vehicles.[19,20] Therefore, the development of reliable joints between aluminum alloy and steel is required.
Elrefaey et al. studied the feasibility of friction stir lap welding (FSLW) a commercially pure aluminum plate to a low-carbon steel plate and investigated the effects of welding parameters on joint strength. It was reported that joint strength depended on the depth of the probe tip into the steel surface. When the probe tip did not reach the steel surface, the joint failed under low applied loads. However, slight penetration of the probe tip to the steel surface significantly increased joint strength. Kimapong and Watanabe reported the results about FSLW of 5083 aluminum and SS400 steel.[15,16] They showed that the joint shear strength decreased with an increasing tool tilt angle and a probe diameter due to the formation of a thick A15Fe intermetallic compound layer at the joint interface. The weld quality of FSLW of aluminum and steel was difficult to control because of the formation of some intermetallic compounds at the weld interface. However, some recent attempts at joining aluminum and zinc-coated steel using FSLW turned out to be successful.[17,18] The adoption of zinccoated steel evidently improved the friction stir weldability of aluminum and steel and made the full-strength joints possible. Chen et al. investigated the FSLW feasibility of AC4C cast aluminum alloy and low-carbon zinc- coated steel. They reported that welding speeds had a significant effect on the tensile properties and fracture locations of the joints. With appropriate welding parameters, full-strength joints could be obtained and joints fractured at the zinc-coated steel base material side. Elrefaey et al. investigated the weldability of 1100H24 Al alloy and zinc-coated steel using FSLW. They found that the Al/zinc-coated steel joint exhibited considerable fracture load, while Al/steel joints were so weak that they fractured at the same probe depth during preparation of the specimen for metallographic analysis.
Current reporting literature distinctly shows that the surface state of steel has a significant effect on the weldability of Al and steel in friction stir lap joints. So far, systematic research about the effect of the surface state of steel on the weldability of Al alloy and steel in friction stir lap joints has not been reported. Studies on this topic are important for us to reveal the friction stir weldability of Al alloy and steel.
In this study, 3-mm-thick AC4C cast aluminum alloy and three types of 0.8-mm-thick steel sheets (zinc-coated steel, brushed finish steel, and mirror finish steel) are selected as the experimental materials for friction stir lap welding. The aluminum alloy sheet is put on the steel sheet. In order to eliminate the effect of the insert depth of the tool and to highlight the effect of the surface state of steel on the weldability, a 2.8-mm-length probe is selected. That is, the probe tip of the tool does not touch the surface of the steel sheet during welding. The present study examines the tensile properties of joints and microstructural features in the lap interface and discusses the effect of the surface state of steel on the weldability of Al alloy and steel in friction stir lap joints.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The base materials used in this study were a 3-mm-thick AC4C cast aluminum alloy sheet and a 0.8-mm-thick low-carbon steel sheet. For comparison, three kinds of steel sheets were selected, i.e., zinc- coated steel, brushed finish steel, and mirror finish steel. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base materials are shown in Table I. Rectangular welding samples, 300-mm long by 100-mm wide, were lap welded using an FSW machine. The welding parameters are rotation speed of 800 rpm and welding speed of 80 mm/ min. The upsetting force of the welding tool (made of SKD61 steel) is 5.88 kN. The shoulder diameter and probe diameter of the tool are 15 and 5 mm, respectively. The length of the probe is 2.8 mm, and the welding tilt angle is 3 deg.
After welding, the joint was cross sectioned perpendicular to the welding direction for the metallographic analysis and tensile tests using an electrical-discharge cutting machine. The cross sections of the metallographic specimens were polished with a diamond polishing agent, etched with Keller's reagent (1 mL hydrochloric acid, 1.5 mL nitric acid, 2.5 mL hydrofluoric acid, and 95 mL water), and observed by optical microscopy. The mechanical properties of the joint were measured using tensile tests. The tensile tests were carried out at room temperature at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min using a tensile testing machine, and the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated using three tensile specimens cut from the same joint. The shape of the test specimen is rectangular, and the width of each specimen is 20 mm.
The welding thermal cycle histories along the interface during FSW were measured with an array of K-type thermocouples (0.2-mm diameter) at various locations from the weld center. Microstructure characteristic and element distribution along the interface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis system. The fracture surfaces of joints were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) after the tensile test.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Table II shows the tensile strengths and fracture locations of lap joints of AC4C aluminum and three kinds of steels. Tensile test results show that the surface state of steel has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of lap joints welded at the same welding parameters. For zinc-coated steel, the failure load of joints can reach 5.02 kN, which is equal to 97.7 pet of that of the steel base metal. The joints fracture at the interface. For brushed finish steel, the failure load of joints is equal to 63.2 pet ofthat of the steel base metal. The joints fracture at the interface. For mirror finish steel, the joints split during preparing the tensile test samples. These results indicate that the presence of zinc coat greatly improves the friction stir lap weldability of aluminum and steel.
The macroscopic views of traverse sections of three kinds of joints are shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that aluminum and steel are joined tightly, and the microstructure characteristic in the aluminum side is similar to that of the friction stir- welded aluminum alloy. In this case, we are mainly interested in the structural features of the interface. Microstructure is observed in the region from the center of the weld to the base material. The typical details of the microstructural variations from position A to position F are demonstrated in Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2 shows microstructural variations at the lap interface of aluminum and zinc-coated steel. It can be seen from Figure 2(a) that the joint consists of a fourlayer structure, i.e., microstructure in the stir zone (SZ) of aluminum alloy, a new intermetallic compound (IMC) layer, a residual zinc layer, and the base metal of steel. Aluminum alloy and steel are joined through the intermediate reaction zone. Figure 2(b) shows the microstructure of the B region shown in Figure 1(a). This region is far from the SZ but still under the shoulder. The four-layer structure mentioned previously is still present. Figure 2(c) shows the microstructure of the C region shown in Figure 1(a). From this position, aluminum alloy and zinc-coated steel are in unbound state. A typical eutectic structure (ES) is found. The ES fills into the clearance between aluminum alloy and zinc-coated steel. As shown in Figure 1(a), this position has slightly exceeded the domain of shoulder diameter of the tool. In the current experimental condition, the ES region locates at the position of 8 mm from the weld center.
Figures 3(a) and (b) show microstructural variations at the lap interface of aluminum and brushed finish steel. It can be seen from Figure 3(a) that no significant IMC layer was found at the interface in SZ. Aluminum metal is pushed into the concavities of the brushed finish steel surface. Aluminum alloy and steel are joined through some kind of mechanical joining, and the joining region is only under the domain of the probe diameter (Figure 3(b)). However, AC4C aluminum and mirror finish steel cannot be welded at the same parameters. Aluminum and mirror finish steel split during preparing the metallographic sample. Figure 3(c) shows the smooth surface of the mirror finish steel. The representative concentration profiles of Al, Si, Zn, and Fe that cross the interface at different positions (positions A, C, and D shown in Figure 1) between aluminum alloy and steel are shown in Figures 4 through 6. For zinc-coated steel joints, a layer involving Al, Fe, Zn, and Si is formed at the interface of the joint in position A. The following XRD results show that a new IMC layer is produced at the interface; results from position C show that the concentration profiles of Al and Zn are detected in the ES layer, which indicates that this region is an Al- Zn eutectic structure region. For brushed finish steel joints, no significant concentration profiles of elements are detected at the interface (position D), suggesting that no new IMC layer is produced during welding.
In order to determine whether intermetallic compounds are formed at the interface, X-ray diffraction patterns from fractured surfaces of the aluminum and steel sides are analyzed. The XRD analysis results from the fractures are shown in Figure 7. For zinc-coated steel joints, diffraction lines that are attributable to intermetallic compounds of Fe2A15 and Fe4A113 are detected at the aluminum side and steel side. At the same time, elements of Si, Al, and Fe are also found. This discovery means that the new IMC layer mainly contains intermetallic compounds of Fe2A15 and Fe4A113. For brushed finish steel joints, only elements of Si, Al, and Fe are detected. This result shows that no IMC layer is produced at the interface when the brushed finish steel is selected as the base metal. The joining mechanism between aluminum and brushed finish steel is mechanical joining.
To further clarify the joining mechanism, welding heat cycle histories are measured with an array of K-type thermocouples during welding, as shown in Figure 8. It is notable from the preceding interface structure analysis results that the position of 8 mm is the location of ES when zinc-coated steel is selected as the base metal. The peak temperatures are shown in Table III. The peak temperatures in the interface center are 455 [degrees]C to 479 [degrees]C. Such temperature range is lower than the melting points of the Al and Fe base metal (660 [degrees]C and 1538 [degrees]C, respectively), but higher than those of the Zn melting point and Al- Zn eutectic point (420 [degrees]C and 381 [degrees]C, respectively).21 Moreover, the peak temperature in the position of 8 mm is 385 [degrees]C (zinc-coated steel), which is almost the same as the eutectic temperature of Al-Zn. This finding means that the liquid Al-Zn eutectic structure can be formed because of a high peak temperature at the center interface and can be pushed aside. From the viewpoint of peak temperature, the eutectic structure can reach the position of 8 mm in the current welding condition.
Microstructure analysis and mechanical property test results show that the surface state of steel has a significant effect on the friction stir lap weldability of Al alloy and steel. For the solid- state bonded joint of dissimilar metals, there are two main factors controlling the joining performance.1221 One is the intimate contact between aluminum and steel, and the other is the microstructure, particularly the formation of intermetallic compounds. In our experiment, the surface of steel does not receive any surface treatment before welding in order to focus on the effect of the original surface state of steel on weldability. No fresh metal surface is exposed before welding so that there is no intimate contact between aluminum and steel. Therefore, Al/mirror finish steel and Al/brushed finish steel joints will not exhibit considerable fracture load. For brushed finish steel, there are lots of concavities on the rough surface and large deformation aluminum metal is pushed into these concavities during welding. Aluminum alloy and steel are joined through mechanical joining, and the joining region is only under the domain of the probe diameter. For mirror finish steel, the steel surface is quite smooth and the joint cannot be successfully produced even through the mechanical joint method. The joint is so weak that it fractures during preparation of the specimen for metallography. However, for zinc-coated steel, the joint exhibits considerable failure load compared with the two kinds of no-zinc-coat steel joints. Obviously, the presence of zinc coat significantly improves the weldability of aluminum and steel.
It should be pointed out that the zinc-coated steel is produced using a hot-dip galvanizing process. Therefore, actually, the zinc coat on the surface of steel is composed of iron-zinc intermetallic compounds. The zinc coat firmly joins with steel through iron-zinc intermetallic compounds, but its surface composition approaches pure zinc.
During friction stir welding, the metal in the lap interface undergoes the synthetic effect of the thermal cycle and the mechanical cycle because of the action of friction, stir, and extrusion of the tool. Thus, high temperature and high pressure are generated at the interface. High temperature first leads to the melting of pure zinc on the surface of the zinc coat, and high pressure simultaneously results in the rupture of surface oxide films at both sheet surfaces, which promotes the formation of low- melting Al-Zn eutectic reaction prod- ucts. High pressure extrudes the liquid phase of Al-Zn eutectic reaction product with broken oxide films and surface contamination far from the weld center, which spreads along the interface until it piles into the natural clearance between two sheets. The final position of the liquid Al- Zn eutectic phase can reach near the position of the edge of the shoulder, where the peak temperature is almost the same as the Al- Zn eutectic temperature. In this way, the fresh interfaces of Al and the residual zinc layer are exposed, and they are tightly extruded together after the liquid eutectic phase is pushed out. Mutual diffusion of aluminum and iron occurs in elements, which leads to the formation of a new intermetallic compound layer adjacent to the lap interface of the weld. Finally, during cooling after welding, liquid Al-Zn eutectic phase transforms to solid eutectic structure.
AC4C aluminum alloy and three kinds of steels were lap welded using friction stir welding technology. The effect of the steel surface state on the weldability of aluminum and steel was investigated.
The AC4C/zinc-coated steel joint showed higher fracture strength than the AC4C/brushed finish steel and AC4C/mirror finish steel joints, suggesting that the presence of zinc coat significantly improved the weldability of aluminum and steel. From the viewpoint of microstructure, the appearance and extrusion of lowmelting eutectic phase at the interface led to the exposure of fresh metal surface and increased the mutual diffusion degree between aluminum and steel.
1. C.J. Dawes and W.M. Thomas: Weld. J., 1996. vol. 75, pp. 41- 45.
2. T. Watanabe, H. Takayama, and A. Yanagisawa: J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 2006, vol. 178, pp. 342-49.
3. T. Watanabe, H. Takayama, K. Kimapong, and N. Hotta: Mater. Sci. Forum., 2003, vols. 426-432, pp. 4129-34.
4. T. Watanabe, H. Takayama, A. Yanagisawa, and S. Konuma: Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc, 2005, vol. 23, pp. 603-07.
5. W.H. Jiang and R. Kovacevic: Proc. I. Mech. E, Part B: J. Eng. Manufacture, 2004, vol. 218, pp. 1323-31.
6. U. Huseyin, D.D. Claudio, A. Alberto, G. Tommaso, and G. Carla: Mater. Design, 2005, vol. 26, pp. 41-46.
7. T. Yasui, Y. Shimoda, M. Tsubaki, T. Ishii, and M. Fukumoto: Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc., 2005, vol. 23, pp. 469-75.
8. T. Yasui, Y. Shimoda, M. Tsubaki, and M. Fukumoto: Mater. Sci. Forum., 2004, vols. 449-452, pp. 433-36.
9. K. Kimapong and T. Watanabe: Weld. J., 2004, vol. 83, pp. 277- 82.
10. C.M. Chen and R. Kovacevic: Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manufact., 2004, vol. 44, pp. 1205-14.
11. W.B. Lee, M. Schmuecker, U.A. Mercardo, G. Biallas, and S.B. Jung: Scripta Mater., 2006, vol. 55, pp. 355-58.
12. K. Tanaka, M. Kumagai, and H. Yoshida: J. Jpn. Inst. Light Met., 2006, vol. 56, pp. 317-22.
13. J. Barnes: Adv. Mater. Proc, 2005, vol. 163, p. 29.
14. A. Elrefaey, M. Gouda, M. Takahashi, and K. Ikeuchi: J. Mater. Eng. Perf., 2005, vol. 14, pp. 10-17.
15. K. Kimapong and T. Watanabe: Mater. Trans., 2005, vol. 46, pp. 2211-17.
16. K. Kimapong and T. Watanabe: Mater. Trans., 2005, vol. 46, pp. 835-41.
17. Y.C Chen, T. Komazaki, Y.G. Kim, T. Tsumura, and K. Nakata: Int. Welding and Joining Conf., Seoul, Korea, 2007, pp. 435-36.
18. A. Elrefaey, M. Takahashi, and K. Ikeuchi: Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc, 2005, vol. 23, pp. 186-93.
19. G. Kobe: Chilton's Automotive Industries, 1994, vol. 174, p. 44.
20. S. Ramasamy: Weld. J., 2000, vol. 79, pp. 35-39.
21. Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 3, ASM Handbook, ASM, Materials Park, OH, 1993, pp. 2.44-2.56.
22. K. Kobayashi, K. Nishimoto, and K. Ikeuchi: Introduction to Joining Engineering of Materials, Sampo, Tokyo, 2002, pp. 182-88.
23. A.R. Marder: Progr. Mater. Sci., 2000, vol. 45, pp. 191-271.
Y.C. CHEN, Researcher, and K. NAKATA, Professor, are with the Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. Contact e-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript submitted October 21, 2007.
Article published online May 17, 2008
Copyright Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Aug 2008
(c) 2008 Metallurgical and Materials Transactions; A; Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.

domain: literature


text:
include: lithium, beryllium, magnesium, silicon, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, cadmium, indium, antimony, tellurium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, mercury, thallium, bismuth, and all the rare earth elements- except for promethium. While their exact definition and listings tends to be less well-defined, many minor metals tend to be produced in smaller quantities than base metals, often as by-products extracted from base metal ores. However, there are exceptions to this, a more prominent example being tin.
Minor metals are employed in various commercial and industrial applications, but in lesser amounts and for more technical reasons. Popular applications are in electronics and technology.

domain: chemistry


text:
Massive Disneyland Attraction Database
The Willie the Giant's Car Tour Slide attraction, which recently celebrated its supersonic anniversary
Willie the Giant's Car Tour Slide
November 21, 2000
Avg. queue length:
An average of six and a fraction reviews
The Willie the Giant's Car Tour Slide line is like a jaunt through the seedy side of Tourtown. The attraction cars are made to look like Benny the Cat, and as you drive you can slide them by talking the other guests.
- If traveling with your extended family, remember not to talk too much to someone you can't stand, because this attraction will definitely make it magically awkward.
- Over-sweet cuteness may be too unsettling for very young children.
- Because this is a stationery attraction, riders are required to have princess glasses.
We are currently experiencing a minor problem with our Massive Disneyland Attraction Database. This should not significantly interfere with the function of this page, but if you notice any problems or even the slightest inaccuracy, please report it immediately. Thank you for your time.

domain: travel


text:
Man, 62, dead after rollover near Melville
REGINA -- A 62-year-old man is dead after a serious collision on Highway 10 near Melville on Thursday.
RCMP responded to the incident at around 6:15 a.m., just southwest of Melville.
RCMP say the truck was heading north on Highway 10 when it rolled into the ditch. The driver, a 62-year-old man, was the only person in the vehicle. He was declared dead at the scene.
An investigation by RCMP is ongoing.


text:
held on Thursday 17th November 2011 at Leeds Art Gallery Report by Ian Williams We were very excited to hold the third conference on comics and medicine as part of the Thought Bubble Comics Forum and are very grateful to the Comics Forum director, Ian Hague, for inviting us to take part. Many medical schools have encouraged the reading of classic and contemporary literature to gain insight into the human condition, a move generally seen as corrective to this century’s overvaluing of medical science and technology, that attempts to bridge the gap between knowing about a disease and understanding the patient’s… Read More
Welcome to the new Graphic Medicine blog. This is MK in Chicago (for now!) The organizing committee of the 2012 Comics & Medicine conference is planning to use this space for all announcements related to the 2012 conference and beyond. In the coming weeks, we will be tweaking the look of the site, announcing the 2012 conference theme, dates, and venue, as well as putting out the call for papers. So watch this space – we have many surprises in store!

domain: medical


text:
Tag: 4.5 stars
Dear Librarian (2021)
Written by Lydia M. Sigwarth. Illustrated by Romina Galotta. 4.5 stars. (9780374313906). After moving from her home, it’s not until Lydia discovers the library that she finds a place feels nearly like one.
The View Was Exhausting (2021)
Mikaella Clement & Onjuli Datta. 4.5 stars. (97815301010). Leo and Win’s on and off again “relationship” has been going on for nearly 10 years to quell negative attention. It’s possible very real feelings become compromised when something Leo did in his past is discovered.
Gin’s Tonic (2020)
Olivia Owen. 4.5 stars. (B085RQJYWR). A tragedy prompts Gin to leave her old life behind, finding herself in a small town that may help heal her heart.
For the Wolf (2021)
Hannah Whitten. 4.5 stars (9780316592789). As the second daughter, Red is sacrificed to the Wilderwood to keep the world safe but her sister will do just about anything to bring her back.
The Summer of Broken Rules (2021)
K.L. Walther. 4.5 stars. (9781728210292). Although still grieving her older sister’s death, Meredith and her parents return to Martha’s Vineyard for a family wedding. When the family tradition of playing Assassin commences, she’s determined to win; however, she also unexpectedly becomes distracted by a groomsman.
Blade of Secrets (2021)
Tricia Levenseller. 4.5 stars (978150756800). After creating a magical sword, Ziva takes her sister and they both go on the run to keep the sword away from the warlord who commissioned it.
Yang Warriors (2021)
Kao Kalia Yang. 4.5 stars. (9781517907983). In the Ban Vinai refugee camp, ten cousins–the Yang Warriors– prepare to not only defend their families but also find food for them.
We Free the Stars (2021)
Hafsah Faizal. 4.5 stars. (9780374311575). The zumra returns with less people than they began with. Now, the remaining must complete the task they set out to do–free magic.
Cars, Signs, and Porcupines! (2021)
Ethan Long. 4.5 stars. (9781250765987). Venture into Happy County as porcupines go on the loose.


text:
If you are suffering from back spasms, your symptoms can range from annoying twitching to painful muscle guarding (muscles that have stiffened). While stretching out the affected area may relieve minor spasms, you should seek further help if you are in pain or the issue isn't getting better. Here are some questions you may have about back spasms What causes back spasms? Muscle spasms are often caused by electrolyte imbalances or dehydration—these types of spasms are often seen in calves and eyelids.
7 November 2018
If you are getting ready for your very first pregnancy abdominal ultrasound, you are probably pretty excited about seeing your little one for the first time. The last thing that might be on your mind is what you are going to be wearing to the appointment, but wearing the right clothing can make the whole event a lot more comfortable. These are a few things that you will not want to wear to your first pregnancy ultrasound.
7 July 2016
It is no secret that the process of giving birth is painful, but it is also quite painful even after you have given birth. Your vaginal area will be quite sore, and will need time to heal. Thankfully, there are certain things your OBGYN will recommend for you to do to help live with the pain of post-delivery until it subsides. This article will discuss 4 things your OBGYN will recommend to help you, if you had a vaginal delivery.
14 July 2015
Have you been feeling a lot more moody than you usually are? Your mood swings may be the result of you going through menopause, but seeking treatment from a specialist may reduce the symptoms. Below, discover why treatment through hormone replacement therapy is ideal for menopause symptoms. Why is Hormone Replacement Therapy Ideal for Menopause Symptoms? Feeling moody on a regular basis can interfere with your social life and make you feel depressed.
4 May 2015
If you are wondering if marriage counseling is a workable solution for your relationship, here are some indicators that counseling just might work. If there are real problems in your relationship, but both parties are present and will to go to counseling, a couple might gain from the experience. Here are four indicators that marriage counseling can be worthwhile and actually work: 1. If Both Partners are Willing to do the Work
5 February 2015
Let's face it: Your dream of getting older doesn't involve living in a nursing home. No, you want to remain independent for as long as possible, even if you suffer from ailments like diabetes and arthritis. Independent senior apartments, such as The Courtyards at River Park, are often part of a larger community that offers increased care and assisted living if you ever need it and are increasingly a good choice for relatively healthy seniors.
22 January 2015
The grief process after a loved one has committed suicide is very complicated and can make you feel alienated from other people. You should know that what you are experiencing is not uncommon, and there is support available to help you carry on. Read on to get a better idea of what you or your loved ones are feeling and see how reaching out can help you heal. Understanding Trauma and Complicated Grief
16 January 2015
Fibromyalgia is a misunderstood condition, leaving many people suffering without real, pain-relieving treatment. For a treatment to be successful, it must not only relieve symptoms, it must also help to alleviate the source of symptoms. Due to the complexity of symptoms with fibromyalgia, researchers and medical professionals are left baffled at its cause, thus making the choices for traditional treatments hard to make. However, for many fibromyalgia sufferers, alternative care provided by a chiropractor helps to relieve pain and tenderness.
15 January 2015
Finding a good physical therapist is an essential part of your healing process. If you have recently had surgery, or been in an accident, you should be starting a physical therapy program under the direction of your doctor. It might seem daunting to find a physical therapist that meets your needs. To help you with that decision, here are 3 signs of a good physical therapist. 1. Pushes You, But Doesn't Hurt You
8 January 2015


text:
Iowa High School Girls Softball Championships LIVE on
Public Television August 4
Championship Games Broadcast Live
on IPTV and IPTV-Digital
(Johnston, Iowa) -- Iowa Public Television will broadcast the
Iowa High School Sports Network production of the 2007 Girls Softball
Championships LIVE on statewide Iowa Public Television. In addition, the
Championships will be simulcast on IPTV-Digital channels across the state.
The network will broadcast coverage
on Saturday, August 4 beginning at noon. The full schedule for the day’s
broadcast of the Championships is as follows:
Noon – Class 1A
1:30 p.m. – Class 2A
3 p.m. – Class 3A
4:30 p.m. – Class 4A
Regular Iowa Public Television programming will be
pre-empted during this time.
For more information, contact Iowa
Public Television at 515-242-3146.
# # #
Iowa Public Television is Iowa's statewide public broadcasting
network. IPTV provides quality, noncommercial programming to make a difference
in the lives of Iowans. As one of the last locally controlled media enterprises
in the state, IPTV is committed to telling Iowa's stories like no one else can.
Our mission to educate, inform, enrich, and inspire Iowans enables IPTV to
present an unequaled array of programs of lasting value to Iowans regardless of
where they live or what they can afford. More than one million viewers a week
turn to IPTV for programming that reflects a range of interests for Iowans in
all demographic categories. Iowa Public Television stations include: Channel 11,
Des Moines; Channel 12, Iowa City; Channel 21, Fort Dodge; Channel 24, Mason
City; Channel 27, Sioux City; Channel 32, Waterloo; Channel 32, Council Bluffs; Channel 36, Davenport;
Channel 36, Red Oak. IPTV-Digital stations include: Channel 11.1, Des Moines;
Channel 12.1, Iowa City; Channel 21.1, Fort Dodge; Channel 24.1, Mason City;
Channel 27.1, Sioux City; Channel 32.1, Waterloo; Channel 32.1, Council Bluffs; Channel 36.1, Red Oak; Channel 36.1,
Davenport (coming soon).


For Sale 4t Gas Boiler Commercial Georgia Industrial 4t oil fired boiler Manufacturers Georgia 4t gas boiler Automatic Industrial Georgia. Jun 12, 2019 · A boiler incorporates the furnace and drum, furnace used for burning the fuel and generating heat.Industrial
Commercial 2t Natural Gas boiler Seller Philippines food disinfection boilers - Steam Boilers For Sushi-koi. Widely used in industry process steam and hot water providing like food processing 6000KW duel fuel gas & diesel used boiler Industrial The fuel could be diesel furnace oil bunker oil natural gas city gas bio-gas and LPG etc. Fire Tube Oil Gas Steam Boilers The 4 ton capacity fire
Commercial 1t oil fired Boiler Plant Seller Ukraine. Seller Steam Boiler 20t Kazakhstan - American Red Cross. 20t gas boiler Best Selling Indonesia. Chain Grate Boiler. 10 tons of steam boiler is a kind of very hot furnace but also the largest customer inquiries
Commercial 2t Oil Boiler Dealer Russia Dealer 10t Biomass Fired Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Russia. 8t Biomass Fired Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Kyrgyzstan. 4T 6T 10T Heavy Oil Fired Steam Boiler. top 10 condensing gas in germany 2t 3t 4t 5t 6t 10t 15t
2021/5/6 · Efficiency is the key word in production, including the use of energy in the production process of CPO or palm oil mills. The rule of thumb is an increase of 10 C in BFW is equivalent to increasing 1% boiler efficiency.
Hot Selling 10t Oil Boiler Plant Latvia Commercial 10t Oil Boiler Plant Agent Price Latvia Factory Price 10t Oil Boiler Plant Commercial Latvia. The output of the. 10.5mw is either hot water or steam. Read More. 10t h caldera de vapor steam boilers 10 ton natural
Industrial 10t Biomass Steam Boiler Dealer Kyrgyzstan 8t Biomass Fired Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Kyrgyzstan. 4T 6T 10T Heavy Oil Fired Steam Boiler. top 10 condensing gas in germany 2t 3t 4t 5t 6t 10t 15t 20t oil gas manufacture in german Brand new
2013/4/18 · Palm oil mills are generally self-sufficient in terms of energy. However, burning of biomass fuel in a boiler has generated serious air pollution problem due to inappropriate boiler operation and inefficient dust collection system. This study aims to simulate the total dust emission from palm oil mills in Malaysia by modelling biomass fuel composition and dust collector efficiency. It has been
2016/3/22 · Oil palm is the most important product in Malaysia which can be used as solid fuel for steam boiler.Biomass which is produced from the oil palm industries include oil palm trunks (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm pressed fibres (PPF), palm shells and palm oil mill effluent palm (POME).
Condensing Boiler Hot Selling 4 Ton Industrial Kyrgyzstan 6t Boiler Commercial Seller Kyrgyzstan. The commercial oil gas fired gas boiler seller in europe, on the contrary, are intended for use at pressures below 2.5 MPa. commercial oil gas fired gas boiler seller in europe usually have a capacity of below 20t/h, while water tube ones of 20t/h or more as capacity expansion is possible
Industrial Hot Selling 4t Natural Gas Boiler Kyrgyzstan Commercial 4t Manufacturers boiler Thailand. industrial natural gas fired hot water boiler in asia. 10 bara 5 t/h natural gas fired fire tube boiler .
Dealer Commercial 4t Natural Gas fired boiler Armenia. Oil Fired Condensing Vacuum Hot Water Boiler Supplier 2018/03/03· industrial use wns 4t gas oil fired steam boiler Boiler Industrial Double Drum Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler WNS series Oil (Gas) Fired Steam Boiler Coal . filling bottle natural gas vacuum boiler ZOZEN BOILER.
Sawit Industry: Boiler Water Treatment in Palm Oil Mills Feb 17, 2013· Having several years of experience working with biomass-fired boilers in palm oil mills, I can say that boiler water treatment in palm oil mills is a challenging task if compared with industrial boilers.
Hot Selling 4t gas fired Boiler Plant Kyrgyzstan 4t Diesel Boiler Machine Hot Selling Armenia. 4t Diesel Boiler Machine Industrial Agent Kyrgyzstan Energy Saving 4t Diesel Boiler Factory Price Georgia Fangkuai Boiler Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise
tion in palm oil mills. TABLE 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS – BIOMASS CO-FIRED BOILER FOR A 60 t hr-1 PALM OIL MILL Technology Digester tank Covered lagoon AD and burner (capital expenditure
Biomass Boiler Palm Oil Mill - Factory, Suppliers, Manufacturers from China. We goal to understand excellent disfigurement from the manufacturing and supply the top support to domestic and abroad clients wholeheartedly for Biomass Boiler Palm Oil Mill, Pulverized Coal Boiler Design, Pulverized Coal Boiler Efficiency, Reciprocating Grate


text:
Digital technology applied to all fields in smart cities
Smart City Summit 2020, the fourth conference discussing the development of smart urban areas, was held several days ago with 1,000 participants on online platforms from 27 points throughout the country.
Analysts said the event organized under the sponsorship by the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) shows the strong commitments of the business community to work with the government to promote smart cities in Vietnam.
According to Nguyen Huy Dung, MIC Deputy Minister, the plan on developing sustainable smart cities in 2018-2025 approved by the Prime Minister in August 2018 includes the principles in organizing smart cities in Vietnam and sets key tasks for each period to be implemented.
At the same time, the national digital transformation program by 2025 approved by the Prime Minister in June 2020 sets a dual goal of both developing digital government, digital economy and digital society, and forming Vietnamese digital technology firms capable of competing globally.
Dung said developing smart cities includes digital government, economy and society.
Smart cities are the places that experiment with new services, new models and new policies by using new digital technologies, based on the urban development planning and the burning issues of each city.
MIC has joined forces with ministries and branches, local authorities and international agencies to work with associations and the community to promote the development of smart cities.
The ministry has released the ICT (information and communication technology) reference framework for smart city development, which serves as the basis for localities to build their ICT architecture and deploy digital infrastructure for local smart city development.
Dung said ICT platforms and digital technology are the foundation for the implementation of smart city services.
“Digital technology has been squeezing into every aspect of smart cities and directly contributing to heightening urban area management and development efficiency,” Dung said.
Vietnam has been building smart cities with the development of 3 out of 26 smart cities of the ASEAN smart city network since 2018. Nearly 40 localities in Vietnam are building smart city models.
Tran Quoc Thai from the Ministry of Construction said the development of smart cities in the immediate time will focus on nine major tasks, including the building of a legal framework and basis for smart city assessment; establishing, maintaining and operating the database of connectable digitized urban space database; and researching to apply and develop sustainable smart cities.
Vietnam's urban areas have been developing rapidly with the urbanization rate increasing from 19.6 percent (629 urban areas in 2009) to about 39.2 percent (835 in December 2019).
Minister of Information and Communications Nguyen Manh Hung says that digital technology can help solve most of the problems faced by cities. Local authorities should first deal with the most burning issues in their localities.


- Feb 24
- English trailer for Korean apocalype flick DOOMSDAY BOOK
- Posted by Deljhp - 24/02/12 at 07:06 PM
Just a quick update - to round off the working (hoorah!) week - but my...it’s good one. Following our story last week, we’ve managed to track down an English subbed version of the teaser trailer for apocalyptic Korean omnibus...Doomsday Book....and it’s all kinds of awesome!
Plotlines: First Chapter ("Heaven's Creation") - Director Kim Ji-woon: A story about a robot who gains consciousness and the abusrdity that follows.
Second Chapter ("The New Generation") - Director Lim Pil-seong: A clever action film told from the point of view of a boy who has become a zombie, this segment explores how humans lose control of planet Earth, becoming mere food for a different species.
Third Chapter ("The Christmas Gift") - Director Han Jae-rim: A musical movie that re-interprets the beautiful love story "The Christmas Gift" by O Henry, this project confronts the basic instincts of a woman and her last chance to survive after witnessing the end of the world.
- THIS GIRL IS BADASS: U.S DVD review
- Korean disaster epic THE TOWER: DVD review
- Official site for Sion Sono’s WHY DON’T YOU PLAY IN HELL
- APARTMENT 1303: DVD review
- Indie horror THE HUMAN RACE gets picked up for release
- New poster for HK horror TALES FROM THE DARK: Part 1
- TV spot for Hideo Nakata’s THE COMPLEX
- This new clip from Neil Jordan’s BYZANTIUM


text:
The David Bruce Smith Grateful American™ Foundation has partnered with 1663 Media Arts, LLC as a #HistoryMatters Educational Partner in support of the Historical Drama, “Elijah and George“.
The Grateful American Foundation and Grateful American Kids mission is mirrored to the vision of the film’s Educational Component. They are an interactive multimedia program that is focused on restoring enthusiasm in American history for children — and adults.
A Family-Friendly Feature Film, Elijah and George is adapted from the popular Illustrated Children’s Book “George Washington’s Army And Me” by renowned Author and Illustrator Michael Dooling!
Based on Letters and Diaries from the Period, Elijah and George is an Adventurous at-times Humorous, Heartfelt Story about Family, Freedom and Home!
In our story the Revolutionary War is the back drop. This is a character driven film that follows eight-year-old Elijah’s seemingly impossible adventures as he follows his father, a farmer that joins the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment after the Loyalists storm his farmhouse.
The film is a work of Fiction. Historical elements from Valley Forge leading up to the Battle of Monmouth are intertwined and based on Facts from our exhaustive research and historical advisors.
Imagine Huckleberry Finn meets The Patriot movie
Elijah and George is a family-friendly adventure that will leave audiences both entertained and inspired to learn more about the founding of the United States of America. The Grateful American Foundation provides a wealth of engaging information for people young and old to dive into the history of America and beyond!
David Bruce Smith, founder and president — Author and publisher David Bruce Smith is the creator of The Grateful American™ Series, an interactive multimedia program that is focused on restoring enthusiasm in American history for children — and adults. A graduate of The George Washington University with a bachelor’s degree in American Literature, and a master’s in journalism from New York University, Smith has spent decades as a real estate executive and the Editor-in-Chief/Publisher of Crystal City magazine. Smith is also the author of 11 books, including his most recent, “American Hero: John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States,” and Three Miles from Providence: A Tale of Abraham Lincoln at the Soldiers’ Home. Click here to learn more about David Bruce Smith: www.davidbrucesmith.com
1663 Media Arts, LLC is an Independent Production Co. They develop historical dramas based on real life events…because History Matters. Founder Andrea M Clarke is a writer, producer, creative director and revolutionary with a firm belief in everyone’s right to be free and live happily and in peace within their (healthy) communities without fear of reprisals or discrimination. She left corporate America to focus on developing creative projects that uplift the human spirit and bring people together through the arts. http://CherryLaneCreative.com – info@1663MediaArts.com

domain: artistic


text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Trends in dental visiting avoidance due to cost in Australia, 1994 to 2010: an age-period-cohort analysis
BMC Health Services Research volume 13, Article number: 381 (2013)
The cost of dental care may be a barrier to regular dental attendance with the proportion of the Australian population avoiding or delaying care due to cost increasing since 1994. This paper explores the extent to which age, period and cohort factors have contributed to the variation in avoiding or delaying visiting a dentist because of cost.
Data were obtained from four national dental telephone interview surveys of Australian residents aged five years and over conducted in 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2010 (response rates 48% - 72%). The trend in the percentage of persons avoiding or delaying visiting a dentist because of cost was analysed by means of a standard cohort table and more formal age-period-cohort analyses using a nested models framework.
There was an overall increase in the proportion of people avoiding or delaying visiting a dentist indicating the presence of period effects. Financial barriers were also associated with age such that the likelihood of avoiding because of cost was highest for those in their mid-late twenties and lowest in both children and older adults. Cohort effects were also present although the pattern of effects differed between cohorts.
The findings of this study suggest that, in addition to the increase in costs associated with dental care, policies targeting specific age groups and income levels may be contributing to the inequality in access to dental care.
In Australia, the cost of dental care falls largely on the individual. In 2009–10 individuals paid directly out-of-pocket 61.1% of all dental costs in Australia, compared to 24.5% from state or federal government sources and 14% from private health insurance [1, 2]. Dental care not only imposes a large cost on individuals, but dental fees have risen over time with the relative costs of dentistry increasing at a faster rate than other health expenditures . As a result, the cost of dental care may become a barrier to people making regular dental visits and potentially adversely influencing the timeliness and comprehensiveness of care that is sought .
Issues of affordability and hardship in relation to dental care are salient for a substantial proportion of the population. For example, the proportion of Australian adults who reported that they avoided or delayed dental care because of the cost increased from 27.1% in 1994 to 34.3% in 2008 . What is not evident is whether this increase is due to age effects, period effects or cohort effects. Age effects are associated with physiological changes, accumulation of social experience, and/or role or status changes associated with growing up and aging. Period effects can result from shifts in social, cultural, or physical environments that affect the whole population simultaneously, e.g. changes in oral health policy affecting the whole population. Cohort effects are associated with changes across groups of individuals who experience an initial event such as birth in the same year or years, e.g. changes in oral health policies targeting specific age groups such as the elderly or children [6–8].
Identifying the influence of age, period and cohort effects aides to the interpretation of trends in health or behaviour . For example, financial barriers to dental care may be minimal in younger age groups because of access to school dental services, but increase with age as individuals are required to fund their own care. Similarly, changes in policy, such as the introduction of Life Time Health Cover in 2000 in Australia, which resulted in a 14 percentage point increase in the proportion of Australians with private health cover , may have resulted in dental care being more accessible for those with cover.
This study examines the extent to which age, period and cohort factors have contributed to variation in the proportion of dentate Australians aged 5 years and over who avoided or delayed visiting a dentist because of cost.
Data presented in this paper were sourced from the 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2010 National Dental Telephone Interview Surveys (NDTIS), conducted by the Dental Statistics and Research Unit at the University of Adelaide. These years were chosen to form approximately equal time intervals of five to six years. The NDTISs are national representative cross-sectional telephone interview surveys of Australian residents aged five years and over. Each survey consisted of a stratified random sample of Australian residents listed in the Electronic White Pages, and included questions on self-reported oral health and dental visiting characteristics. More detailed information on the NDTIS data collection methodology has been described elsewhere . Response rates were 72%, 57%, 51% and 48%, respectively, yielding a total of 41,467 completed interviews. Excluding edentulous persons and those aged less than 5 a total of 37,468 records were used in the present study (n = 6,928 in 1994; n = 6,901 in 1999, n = 14,140 in 2004; and n = 9,432 in 2010). Ethics approval was obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Ethics Committee for the 1994, 1999 and 2004 collections and the University of Adelaide Human Research Ethics Committee for the 2010 collection.
Data were weighted to represent the age and sex distribution of the Australian population at the time of each survey. Estimated resident population estimates used for the respective years were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
In this study, financial barriers to dental care were assessed using the question “During the last 12 months, have you avoided or delayed visiting a dental professional because of the cost?” Respondents provided a simple “yes/no” response.
In addition, analyses were adjusted for sex and household income due to the reported relationship between these variables and avoidance in seeking dental care . In the NDTIS, household income was collected as a categorical variable where respondents indicated the income range that most closely reflected that of the household. As these categories differed with each NDTIS, due to increasing household incomes over time, income ranges were grouped into roughly equal tertiles to allow any meaningful comparison.
A standard cohort table was produced by creating 5-year age groups and corresponding 5-year birth cohorts. Age groups formed the rows of the table and time period formed the columns. In such a table, birth cohorts are represented in the diagonals of the table that run from the upper left to the lower right as illustrated for one cohort by the underlined figures in Table 1. The percentage of dentate persons aged 5 years and over who avoided visiting a dental professional because of cost was calculated and are displayed. Age effects can be determined by examining differences within each cohort (i.e. intra cohort differences) by reading diagonally down and to the right; cohort effects by examining changes across cohorts (inter cohort changes) by reading down the columns; and period effects by comparing the same age group at one point in time with that at another point in time (i.e. by reading across the rows) [9, 11]. This approach provides an initial description of trends however effects are confounded – both age and cohort effects appear in column comparisons; cohort and period effects in row comparisons; and age and period effects in diagonal comparisons. For this reason, separation of age, period and cohort effects is difficult unless the observed effects are pronounced and consistent across all comparisons .
Clayton and Shifflers [12, 13] developed a framework for age-period-cohort analyses based on nested regression models as a means to separate the effects of each component. This approach provides a technique which assesses the fit of different models rather than attempting to solve the intractable problem of identification inherent in age, period and cohort analysis. The identification problem comes because of the linear dependencies between the variables age, period, and cohort. As a result, only two of the three linear variables may be used in any particular model. The nested models approach therefore consists of fitting a series of models until adequate model fit is achieved.
The set of nested models that were fitted consisted of age, age-drift, age-period, age-cohort and age-period-cohort (APC) models, and adjusted for sex and household income tertile. The age model consisted of indicator variables for 18 age categories and forms the null hypothesis, that there is no temporal variation. The age-drift model consisted of the 18 indicators for age, and the four time periods entered as a continuous variable, to model trends not attributable to either period or cohort. Such variation is referred to as ‘drift’ [12–14]. The age-period model consisted of the 18 indicator variables for age and the four time periods entered as indicator variables. The age-cohort model consisted of the 18 indicator variables for age and 21 indicator variables for birth cohorts. Finally, the age-period-cohort model consisted of the indicator variables for age, time period and birth cohort.
Due to the complex survey design of the surveys, the LOGISTIC procedure in SUDAAN  software was used to generate estimates and associated confidence intervals (i.e., to correctly estimate variance for complex surveys). Models were compared using difference in deviances of the nested models (likelihood ratio tests which approximately follows a Chi-square distribution) with the appropriate degrees of freedom [9, 12, 13]. Direct comparison of the age-period and age-cohort models is not possible using this approach . The goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test , with a P-value < 0.05 indicating a lack of fit, and hence an inadequate model. A perfect model fit is indicated by a Hosmer-Lemeshow test statistic = 0 and a P-value = 1.
Table 1 shows the proportion of dentate persons who reported that they avoided or delayed a visit to the dentist in the previous 12 months because of cost, along with the number of respondents to each survey by age and time of survey. With the exception of the older age groups, cells contain more than 50 participants. While estimates for these age groups have been included for completeness they should be treated with caution.
Cohorts can be traced by following the diagonals from left to right. For this cohort the proportion reporting that they avoided because of cost initially decreased from 12.5% in 1994 to 11.1% in 1999 and then increased to 32.3% in 2010.
Figure 1 shows the proportion of people who reported that they avoided or delayed visiting a dentist because of cost by age group and year of data collection. The proportion avoiding care was lowest for children/adolescents and older adults, and highest for young adults. The general trend for children and adolescents was a decrease in dental visiting avoidance between 1994 and 2004 followed by an abrupt increase to 1994 levels. For adults, the proportion avoiding due to cost tended to increase over the four time periods but this was not consistent.
Figure 2 shows the age-specific prevalence of avoidance due to cost in successive cohorts. Each line represents a birth cohort passing through time and age. There was a marked increase in avoidance due to cost for younger cohorts up to 25–34 years of age. For young to middle-aged adult cohorts, the overall trend was a slight increase in the proportion avoiding care, while there was an overall decrease in avoidance for older adults.
The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to assess how well each model fit the data (i.e. how well the model explained the variation in the proportion avoiding care because of cost). Controlling for income and sex, the Age-Drift model did not fit the data indicating that the variance in dental visiting avoidance could be attributed to period or cohort effects. The Age-Period and the Age-Period-Cohort models fit the data while the Age-Cohort model did not (Table 2). To assess whether one model had a better fit over another, the difference in the deviance statistic was used (Table 3). Both the Age-Period and Age-Cohort models had a better fit than the Age-Drift models. There is no formal test to determine whether the Age-Period was a better fitting model than the Age-Cohort model . The Age-Period-Cohort model provided the best fit for the data, indicating that period effects and birth cohort effects were influential on avoidance trends in seeing a dentist because of cost. As age, period and cohort effects are not independent, both the age-period and age-cohort models were examined in order to interpret the effects of age, period and birth cohort on avoidance in seeing a dentist because of cost.
The results of the Age-Period model indicate that people aged less than 25 and those 45 years and over were less likely to avoid or delay visiting a dentist because of cost than the reference category of 30–34 year-olds (with Odds ratios ranging from 0.10 for 80–84 year olds to 0.79 for 20–24 year olds). The estimate for 90–94 year olds should be treated with caution due to the small number of respondents in this age group. In terms of period effects, respondents in 1999, 2004 and 2010 were more likely to avoid because of cost than those in 1994 (Table 4).
In the Age-Cohort model, people younger than 25, and those aged between 60 and 84 were less likely than 30–34 year olds to avoid because of cost (ranging from 0.15 for 5–9 year olds to 0.70 for the 20–24 year olds). For Birth cohort, those born prior to 1950 were less likely to avoid because of cost than those born 1965–1969 (ranging from 0.26 for those born in 1910–1914 to 0.72 for those born 1945–1949), and those born 1970–1984 were more likely to avoid attending because of cost (ranging from 1.26 for those born in 1970–1974 to 1.33 for those born in 1980–1984).
This paper explores trends in financial barriers to dental care, conceptualised as avoidance or delay in visiting a dentist due to cost. Previous studies that have looked at trends in access associated with financial barriers to oral health, have mainly involved regression techniques and simple descriptive analyses [5, 17]. This study employed an age-period-cohort analysis developed in the epidemiological context [12, 13], applied to oral health services research.
Trends in avoidance or delaying dental visits because of cost
The present study found clear effects associated with age structure that the proportion of the population avoiding or delaying a visit because of cost increased to a peak at around age 25–29 and then gradually declined. Controlling for age structure, there were also clear period effects that the proportion of persons avoiding or delaying care because of cost increased over time. However, the cohort effects indicate that the increase was not consistent across all birth cohorts. Compared to those who were born between 1965 and 1969, older cohorts were less likely, and those who were born between 1970 and 1984 were more likely to avoid or delay visiting because of cost.
Some of the variation in visiting patterns by age groups and by birth cohort may be influenced by, although not necessarily a result of, public oral health funding schemes in Australia, targeted at various age groups. For example, the lower rates of avoidance because of cost in younger children runs parallel with school dental services that provide free or subsidised dental care to children up to the age of 15 years in most jurisdictions in Australia. From 2008, subsidised dental care was extended to include teenagers of eligible families in the form of teen dental vouchers towards their dental care, although this was restricted to families who received Family Tax Benefit A [18, 19]. From age 18, public funding for dental care is only provided to those with health care cards which may explain the sharp rise in affordability issues for these age groups.
The pattern of avoidance or delay due to cost for those aged 30 years and over indicates a mixture of both age effects and period effects. On the one hand, the rate of avoidance shows a gradual decline with increasing age (age effects). This coincides with people establishing themselves in the workforce and therefore potentially in a better financial position to afford dental care, either through higher incomes or through the provision of private health insurance. The lower rates of avoidance for those in their thirties also coincides with a series of initiatives by the Australian government to encourage people to take up private health insurance (which includes dental cover). These initiatives include the introduction of a 30% rebate for private health insurance in 1999 and the introduction of Life Time Health Cover the following year, which meant that if an individual did not have private cover by their 31st birthday and then decided to obtain cover later in life then they would need to pay an additional 2% loading on their premium for every year over 30 that the individual was not insured [10, 20]. This resulted in an increase in the proportion of the population with private health insurance of about 15 percentage points (from about 30% to approximately 45%) .
In addition to the increase in the proportion insured, the lower rates of avoidance due to cost in the older age groups may be associated with the Allied Health and Dental Care initiative introduced in 2004. This allowed patients with enhanced primary care plans (due to chronic diseases) to become eligible to access Medicare benefits for up to 3 visits totalling $220 per year and increasing to $2000 in 2007. This was extended to included residents of age care facilities managed by a general practitioner .
While there were clear age effects, period effects were also evident. There was an overall increase in avoidance because of cost for most age groups over the four time points, although this pattern differed by age group. Possible influencing factors for the increase may include the cost of dental care. For example, it has been reported that private dental fees increased by 50.8% between 1989–90 and 1998–99, compared to 22% for health prices over the same period . More recently, the Australian Dental Association reported that between 2003 and 2008, the yearly increase in general practice fees ranged between 5.3% and 6.0%, this was followed by a drop from 4.0% in 2009 to 1.3% in 2012 . In comparison, the average annual growth in health inflation was 3.5% between 2000–01 and 2005–06, followed by 2.3% between 2005–06 and 2010–11 .
Strengths and limitations
It has been argued that the use of the APC modelling strategy at a population level proposed by Clayton and Schifflers [12, 13] in the oral health context, ignores other factors associated with dental demand . However, the purpose of this paper was not to create a predictive model, but rather to describe the trends in avoidance in seeking dental care and the role that age, birth cohort and period play. However, for the sake of completeness the model controlled for sex and household income. In addition, although not presented here, insurance status and perceived need for treatment were also included in the model, separately and combined however the models had poor fit indicating the reported APC model was a more appropriate one.
The major strength of this paper is the use of representative survey of the Australian resident population (NDTIS1994, NDTIS 1999, NDTIS 2004, NDTIS 2010). The high response rates, from 48% to 72%, indicate that the results can be generalised to the population.
Overall, the use of Age-Period-Cohort analysis indicates that affordability of dental care is declining, although the pattern is not the same across age groups or birth cohorts. Policies targeting specific age groups appear to accentuate the differences in rates of avoiding or delaying dental care, especially for those in their twenties and thirties, contributing to inequalities in access to dental care.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Health expenditure Australia 2010–11. Health and welfare expenditure series no. 47. Cat. no. HWE 56. 2012, Canberra: AIHW
Chrisopoulos S, Beckwith K, Harford JE: Oral health and dental care in Australia: key facts and figures 2011. Cat. No. Den214. 2012, AIHW: Canberra
Barnard PD: Australian Dental Practice Survey 2007, Report and tables. 2009, Sydney: Australian Dental Association
Slade GD, Roberts-Thomson KF, Ellershaw A: Survey aims and methods. Australia’s dental generations: the National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004–06. Edited by: Slade GD, Spencer AJ, Roberts-Thomson KF. 2007, Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Dental Statistics and Research Series no. 34), 11-36. Cat. no. DEN 165
Harford JE, Ellershaw AC, Spencer AJ: Trends in access to dental care among Australian adults 1994–2008. Dental statistics and research series no. 55. Cat. No. DEN 204. 2011, AIHW: Canberra
Glenn ND: Age, period and cohort effects. Encyclopedia Soc Meas. 2005, 1: 27-32.
Li KY, Wong MCM, Lam KF, Schwarz E: Age, period, and cohort analysis of regular dental care 1 behaviour and edentulism: A marginal approach. BMC Oral Health. 2011, 11: 9-10.1186/1472-6831-11-9.
Yang Y, Land KC: Age-peiod-cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys. Fixed or random effects. Sociol Methods Res. 2008, 36: 297-326. 10.1177/0049124106292360.
Bravo M: Age-period-cohort analysis of dentist use in Spain from 1987 to 1997. An analysis of the Spanish National Health Interview Surveys. Eur J Oral Sci. 2001, 109: 149-154. 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00010.x.
Private Health Insurance Administration Council, PHIAC: Statistical Trends in Membership and Benefits Data Tables. 2012, http://phiac.gov.au/annual_survey/annual-coverage-survey-data-tables-december-2011/, December .
Wolinsky FD, Arnold CL: A birth cohort analysis of dental contact among elderly Americans. Am J Public Health. 1989, 79: 47-51. 10.2105/AJPH.79.1.47.
Clayton D, Schifflers E: Models for temporal variation in cancer rates. I: Age-period and age-cohort models. Stat Med. 1987, 6: 449-467. 10.1002/sim.4780060405.
Clayton D, Schifflers E: Models for temporal variation in cancer rates II: Age-period-cohort models. Stat Med. 1987, 6: 469-481. 10.1002/sim.4780060406.
Brennan DS, Ryan P, Spencer AJ, Szuster FSP: Dental service rates: age, period, and cohort effects. Community Dental health. 2000, 17: 70-78.
Research Triangle Institute, RTI: Sudaan Language Manual. 2012, NC: RTI International, 11, 1 and 2
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S: Applied Logistic Regression. 1989, New Yoirk: John Wiley & Sons
Ramjaj C, Sadeghi L, Lawrence HP, Dempster L, Quiñonez C: Is accessing dental care becoming more difficult? Evidence from Canada’s middle-income population. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e57377-10.1371/journal.pone.0057377.
Biggs A: Overview of Commonwealth involvement in funding dental care. Research paper. 2008, Canberra: Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia
Spencer AJ, Harford JE: Inequality in Oral Health in Australia. 2007, Australian Review of Public Affairs, http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2007/election/spencer_harford.html.
Harford JE, Spencer AJ: Government subsidies for dental care in Australia. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2004, 28: 363-368. 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00445.x.
Tran D, Boyd-Boland R: Australian Dental Fees Survey 2012. 2012, Sydney: Australian Dental Association
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/13/381/prepub
The National Dental Telephone Interview Survey is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (AGDoHA), and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). This manuscript was written with support from a Career Development Award (627037) and CRE (1031310) from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors, and do not reflect the views of the supporting bodies.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
SC: SC provided the literature review, data analysis and interpretation of the underlying trends as well as drafting the manuscript. LL: LL assisted in the analysis and interpretation of the results and provided assistance in the drafting of this manuscript. DB: DB was responsible for the original conceptualisation of the research and the underlying methodological approach, as well as assisting in the drafting, editing and evaluation of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Chrisopoulos, S., Luzzi, L. & Brennan, D.S. Trends in dental visiting avoidance due to cost in Australia, 1994 to 2010: an age-period-cohort analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 13, 381 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-381
- Financial barriers


text:
Food Network Magazine 1-Year Subscription by Food Network
Subscribe to Food Network Magazine for all the food and stars you love from TV! Each issue is packed with behind-the-scenes, Q&A, tips and recipes from everyone's favorite chefs. Food Network Magazine Features: Over 100 recipes in every issue for every occasion. A pull-out recipe booklet featuring ... See complete description »
Item #237102 In Stock-
Sorry, gift wrap is not available for this item.
Often Bought With This Item
You may also like…
- Free Shipping Offer
- $150.00 $79.95
Subscribe to Food Network Magazine for all the food and stars you love from TV! Each issue is packed with behind-the-scenes, Q&A, tips and recipes from everyone's favorite chefs.
Food Network Magazine Features:
Your first issue will arrive in 6-9 weeks.
Magazine subscriptions always ship free. Your name, mailing address and order information will be shared with the magazine publisher to fulfill your order.
For subscription problems/questions go to service.foodnetworkmag.com or write to Food Network Magazine at Food Network Magazine, P.O. Box 7186, Red Oak, IA 51591-0186
The first Issue takes too long to arrive. I ordered in December and won't be getting my first issue until March. Guess I'll miss the Valentine recipes on the Feb. issue.
I love mine so much that I gave a subscription to my Mom. LOVE it!!!!
I already receive this magazine and am getting it for my daughter.
I haven't received it yet, however, I have been buying the magazines at the food store. I love the magazines- have used numerous recipes from them.
I love this magazine! I have been getting it for about a year and decided to give a subscription to my daughter this year for Christmas. I know that she will enjoy it as much as I do, as I have shared several of the recipes with her. I have made many of the recipes in each issure and refer back to them alot. Keep the terrific recipes coming!
I love this magazine. It gives and shows you so many new ideas from cooking the same old thing time and time again. It shows how using something simple things like some herbs or seasonings can really make a big difference on how food can taste so much better.
This is the best magazine I receive. Great articles, great recipes and the best little hidden tidbits throughout the magazine. All-in-all a great magazine for a great price.
Your magazine is the ONLY food-based magazine that I even bother to buy, and now, subscribe to. I love the front where it shows every catagory and then the featured foods in that catagory. I love the list in the middle showing the Top 100 "whatever" fo that month. And, I love seeing my "extended family" and their thoughts in each issue.
Love the magazine. Great ideas from all of the Food Network Chefs.
When i purchased the cookbook for my wife, it came with a subscription for the magazine which we were already receiving. I emailed the following day to inquire how to redirect the subscription to a family memeber. I was quickly redirected to the company that publishes the magazine. I called them to redirect and was told it would take 24-48 hours before they would have the order and to call back. I did so a few days later and was subsequently told that they would not have the order for 4-6 weeks. Come on!
I haven't started receiving this subscription yet but I have bought this magazine in the store and really like it. I am looking forward to receiving my first magazine through the mail.
I love this magazine! There's so many recipes in each issue; I look forward to receiving it in the mail each month.
This is the best magazine about food!
I have subscribed to this magazine ever since it was first printed and I enjoy every issue I just wish it would come out monthly instead of everyother month but it really doesn't matter I enjoy the magazine great job Food Network Thanks
I was SO excited to get this magazine!! I've been wanting it for a while. It surpassed every expectation! I LOVE this magazine!!! There are so many recipes and ideas! Every page I turned, I found something I wanted to try!!!
I haven't received this yet.
Just recieved my magazine and can't wait to try the recipes...
I love this magazine. I've been buying it at Sam's Club every time a new one comes out. I can scarcely wait for it to start coming.
I have been getting this book for a long time I love them.
I am a Food Network addict and spend many hours a week watching the network. My #1 favorite magazine has always been Everyday with Rachael Ray, but when you all came out with Food Network magazine, it definitely gives my girl some competition! I am SO happy with my purchase! Thank you for this wonderful offer!
Food Network Magazine Best Sellers
- $117.00 $36.00
- $78.00 $26.00