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In Act 5, why is Lady Macbeth sleepwalking? What does that suggest about her state of mind?
To answer your first question about Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking:
Sleep, or the lack of sleep, is a major motif in the play. For example, after Macbeth kills Duncan, he tells Lady Macbeth: "Methought I heard a voice cry 'Sleep no more! / Macbeth does murder sleep'" (2.2.39-40). Later on, at the banquet, Lady Macbeth comments on Macbeth's insomnia: "You lack the season of all natures, sleep" (3.4.142). So, in the mad scene in 5.1, Shakespeare has Lady Macbeth sleep, but not in a normal fashion. As the Doctor comments: "A great perturbation in nature, to receive at once the benefit of sleep and do the effects of watching." As the language here shows, Shakespeare emphasizes how unnatural and disturbing the actions of this husband and wife are, and because this tragedy is a psychological examination of guilt, we get insanity. Further, what is particularly striking about Lady Macbeth's guilt here is how cold and amoral she was at the beginning of the play. It is sadly appropriate that the woman who says "A little water clears us of this deed" (2.2.71) obsessively washes her hands before her death, probably by suicide.
Lady Macbeth speaks about the unwashable blood on her hands, the striking of the clock--suggesting that time is short for the reign of her husband as well as her own life--and her husband's reluctance to perform the very murders that she so regrets now.
The suggestion is that Lady Macbeth is too guilt-ridden to maintain silence, though when awake, she forces herself to do just that. Shakespeare well knew that conflicts have a way of working themselves out, or at least atempting to resolve themselves, when one is asleep. Her unconscious mind is extremely conflicted. It is also interesting to note that Shakespeare has Lady Macbeth speak in prose, which the critic AC Bradley noted is the way that Shakespeare often wrote for had characters in abnormal states of mind.
Freud said that there are no accidents; perhaps Lady Macbeth wanted to be caught. We never find out, however, She is dead soon after this scene.
One of the more fanous lines from Shakespeare occurs here: Out, out.... This is echoed by Macbeth later, and of course, used as the title of a Frost poem.
Lady Macbeth also refers to the murders of Banquo and the household of Macduff in her little rant.
"Look not so pale, my Lord. Banquo's buried. He can not come out of his grave."
"The Thane of Fife had a wife, where is she now? What? Will these hands never be clean?"
She also never leaves the candle, indicating that she is afraid of being in the dark--something that she relished on the night that she and her husband murdered Duncan.
It is clear with the dijointed and seemingly unrelated topics of her talking that she is "sorely charged" as the doctor puts it. Her guilt is overwhelming, and the fear she feels is even moreso.


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USD. Free Shipping Worldwide!
The 1988 Investigative Documentary That Exposes The Legacy Of The Man That Was The 37th President Of The United States Written And Reported By Barbara Howar! (Color and Black and White, 90 Minutes, All Regions DVD Format)
NOTE: Due to the age and condition of the source media, the picture quality sometimes falls below regularly accepted standards. It should nevertheless not prevent you from greatly enjoying this great investigative documentary. Enjoy!
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* The Old Time Radio History MP3 DVD MegaSet (Contains RICHARD M NIXON SPEECHES & BROADCASTS MP3 Colllection: 220+ Minutes Packed in 26 MP3s)
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domain: library


Trinity shakes off poor start in Class 5A basketball win against District 12’s Archbishop Carroll
March 19, 2017 12:00 AM
Isabella Burrelli, left, of Neshannock blocks a shot by West Shamokin’s Katie Glover in a PIAA Class 3A quarterfinal.
From local dispatches
Whether it was due to their excitement of making the PIAA quarterfinals for the first time or the rust from the long charter bus ride Saturday to Chambersburg, Trinity found themselves in trouble early against District 12’s Archbishop Carroll.
Fortunately that rust wore off quickly as the Hillers (25-3) rallied for a 44-39 victory against the Patriots (20-6).
“Our charter plane had some turbulence,” Trinity coach Bob Miles jokingly said. “We maybe had an emotional hangover plus the long bus ride.”
In the win, Sierra Kotchman became the all-time leading scorer at Trinity, including the boys and girls programs. She finished with 13 points and now has 1,669.
“She has been a dynamic player,” Miles said. “She doesn’t show that emotion that she is the all-time leading scorer. It speaks volumes to what she has done for this girls program the past four years.”
The best news of the day came after the game when the Hillers found out they would be playing South Fayette and not have to travel.
More Class 5A
South Fayette 53, Oakland Catholic 35: From the start, the Lions (20-6) were determined to make it to the PIAA semifinals for the first time in school history. By outscoring the Eagles (24-5), 20-4, in the first quarter at North Allegheny, they did just that. Junior Maddie Gutierrez was the spark for the Lions, scoring 12 of her game-high 16 points in the first quarter. The Eagles had a hard time finding a rhythm, turning the ball over 26 times.
Villa Maria 57, Cardinal Wuerl North Catholic 41: The Trojanettes’ PIAA title defense came to an end at Slippery Rock University at the hands of the Victors (20-6). Sam Breen — who finished her career as the school’s all-time scorer — made all 12 of her points in the first quarter for North Catholic (25-3). The Victors ended the game on a 17-4 run to put it away.
Bishop Canevin 55, Carlynton 29: The Crusaders (22-5) defeated the Cougars (19-8) for the fourth time this year, second time at Ambridge, to advance to their second PIAA semifinals in three years. Brionna Allen led the way with 16 points.
West Shamokin 38, Neshannock 35: Olivia Fusaro scored her 1,000th point to lead the Wolves (27-2) past the Lancers (25-3) at North Allegheny. Fusaro now has 1,006 points after her 18-point effort. Bella Burrelli led Neshannock with 14.
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From “Hawaiian Time” by Cornelia DeDona, published 2016
Your drive flew the distance
rolled within inches of my feet
as I prepared
my one putt.
It was a Tuesday. The sky was blue.
I presented you with a bird
middle finger salute.
My foursome exchanged winks,
pissed at you,
proud of me.
Undaunted and fearless,
Don’t hit into us
we jeer later
our reproaches lobbed
over nachos and beer.
I paid my dues.
No stopping me now.
C. S. De Dona
Author, Poet, Photographer, domestic violence survivor, and naturalized immigrant, Cornelia is currently an Arts and Letters member of The Southwest Florida Branch of The National League Of American Pen Women.
Cornelia lived in Kaneohe, Hawaii, for thirty-six years. Also, seven years in the Mid-Hudson Valley of New York. She now resides in North Fort Myers, Florida.
Her poems and photography are published in print, online, and in Rain Bird, a literary and art journal of the University of Hawaii's Windward Community College (2008-2013).
In 2013, Cornelia received Rain Bird's Kolokolea Poetry Prize for her poem, "Speaking French."
In 2015 her chapbook "Hawaiian Time," entered in the National League of American Pen Women's Vinnie Ream contest, was awarded third place in their inaugural multi-discipline category.
View all posts by C. S. De Dona


‘Last Roll Call’ for Camp Casey soldier
Pacific edition, Sunday, December 23, 2007
CAMP CASEY, South Korea — For the third time this year, soldiers from the 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team heard the “Last Roll Call.”
Some of the 1st Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment soldiers gathered at a small gym in Camp Casey’s Dragon Valley fought back tears. Others let them flow freely as they paid their last respects to Pfc. Christopher Adan, who was found dead in his room Monday.
Soldiers who found him and medical personnel tried unsuccessfully to revive him.
Battalion commander Lt. Col. Thomas Isom spoke highly of the 20-year-old cavalry scout during a brief eulogy at the beginning of the ceremony.
“In a time of conflict when the vast majority of his peers couldn’t even qualify to serve, he chose to serve out front — as a scout,” Isom said. “He knew the risks, but volunteered, and he excelled. He was a hero.”
Isom went on to describe Adan’s accomplishments during his four months with the battalion. He said Adan had excelled as a scout and stood apart from his peers during unit training events.
“He was a sneaky scout who could infiltrate the best security and tell me what the enemy was eating for dinner,” Isom said.
Adan’s company commander, Capt. Jason Buursma, suggested that the soldiers of the brigade look to the holiday season for inspiration in recovering from the tragedy. “Maybe this very season holds the hope that we need at this time,” he said.
Two of Adan’s friends, Pfc. Nathan England and Sgt. Marquis Henderson, who attempted to revive Adan after discovering his body, also spoke briefly.
The ceremony ended with the traditional firing of volleys and playing of taps. Soldiers then lined up to say individual farewells and salute the rifle, boots, dog tags and helmet placed at the front of the gym in Adan’s honor.
This was the third death in the brigade this year. Staff Sgt. Ricky Fox, 302nd Brigade Support Battalion, was found dead in his barracks room on Aug. 10. On May 5, Spc. Vang B. Her, also 302nd BSB, was hit and killed by a taxi.


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Square Enix recently shared a big batch of screenshots for Star Ocean: Integrity and Faithlessness in addition to details on Party Skills and more. 4Gamer provides a look at the latest on the RPG.
Torekur Kingdom isn’t as blessed as the Reslia Kingdom, as it is mostly covered in desert and and infertile soil. For this reason, Torekur always saw Reslia as a desirable land, and have fought many times in the past over land. They’re currently at war for the same reason.
East Torekur is a border town located on the very far-east of the kingdom. Beyond that is the West Dakarf mountain range that sits between Torekur and Reslia Kingdom. Since there’s been feud over land in the past, this border town has seen some of the worst of it, and it’s noticeable in its gloomy atmosphere compared to the towns in Reslia just on the other side.
Again, since it’s the border town that is practically centered in the war zone, they have plenty of battle positions and armaments in town. You can say that the place has the atmosphere that is expected from a frontline town.
To give you a better idea on the situation, Fidel, Miki, and Victor are from the Reslia Kingdom in the middle. To the left is Torekur in red, and Landock Kingdom, the land where Fiore is from, is allied with Reslia.
From gathering skills and search-type skills that are useful while out in the fields, to playful skills such as emotion and oracle, there are numerous skills available in the game. There are some that automatically active its effects upon learning and others that must be activated by the player.
Gathering-type Party Skills automatically activate, and increasing its skill level adds to the item acquisition rate. Plants and other gathering items are shown on the mini-map.
Same goes for gathering skills.
Drop-type Party Skills also activate automatically, and increasing its skill level adds to the item drop rates. For example, “Human Knowledge” increases item drop rates from defeating humanoid-type enemies.
They also have one for beast-type enemies and more.
Search-type Party Skills are also passive skills. “Enemy Search” shows enemy locations on the mini-map.
“Treasure Search” shows treasure chests on the map.
Next are the voluntary action skills. Leveling its skills can add to its effects and movement. “Emotion” lets you do different poses with Fidel on the field or even during event scenes.
“Oracle” brings out the Oracle God for a divine message (hints for your journey).
The above is a look at some of the Private Actions.
Here are some moves by Victor, starting with Reserve Rush (super special skill) & Guard Counter:
The Reserve Rush “Uraouka Sakkou” dishes out multiple attacks as part of a combo skill.
His “Kagebarai” Guard Counter does a swift low attack when enemies get close.
Star Ocean: Faithlessness and Integrity will release in Japan on March 31, 2016 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3. The game is headed westward in 2016.

domain: geography


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Miss Matryoshka 2010 Oksana Podkolzina visits pageant sponsor Furnishings2Day.
Part of Series: Russian Festival Matryoshka
Miss Matryoshka 2010 Oksana Podkolzina visits fashion designer Bruno Ierullo's boutique.
Part of Series: Bruno Ierullo Fashion Label, Russian Festival Matryoshka
Annual Allied Beauty Association show in Toronto.
Part of Series: ABA Hair and Beauty Show
Annual Pine Valley Carnival, featuring activities for kids, Vaughan Idol music competition, various performances by local artists and dancing.
Part of Series: Pine Valley Carnival
'The Door' by Booff Show, a Toronto based comedy group under the direction of world-class performer, clown, and mime Nikolai Terentiev (Litcedei).

domain: artistic


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More is less in cybersecurity Issue 2 2021 Post-pandemic paradox: more solutions do not bring better protection. Despite 80% of organisations running up to 10 different protection and cybersecurity solutions simultaneously, more than 50% of them experienced downtime from data loss last year.
Ransomware and Microsoft Exchange Server attacks are surging Issue 2 2021 Check Point Research sees global surges in ransomware attacks, alongside increases in cyberattacks targeting Microsoft Exchange Server vulnerabilities at a time where CISA has raised the alarm about ransomware attacks against Microsoft Exchange servers.
Security patches are not a plan Issue 2 2021, Galix Group Patches are undoubtedly an essential component of a cybersecurity strategy, but with the current digital landscape, with many employees continuing to work from home, patches alone are not sufficient.
Free technology to boost future careers Issue 2 2021, Security Services & Risk Management A global shortage of cybersecurity professionals has become so severe that companies are increasingly at risk from hacking and industrial espionage.
IoT malware attacks worldwide surge by 66% Issue 2 2021, News Based on the ‘Global Cyberattack Trends’ report by SonicWall, in 2020, malware attacks on IoT devices spiked by 66% compared to 2019. In a year, they grew from 34,3 million cases to nearly 56,9 million.
Seven simple steps to keep your SME cyber-safe Issue 2 2021 Cybersecurity experts at ENHALO, a full-circle cyber defence group, understand the cyber-challenges facing the SME owner; here are seven simple steps to keep your SME cyber-safe in 2021.
Snyk launches in South Africa Issue 2 2021, News Snyk provides a platform to secure all of the critical components of today’s cloud native application development, including the code, open source libraries, container infrastructure and infrastructure as code.
Acronis acquires Synapsys in South Africa Issue 2 2021, News Acronis has acquired Synapsys, its long-time partner located in Cape Town, South Africa, that specialises in distributing Acronis Cyber Protection Solutions through the service provider channel.
Gallagher achieves UK cybersecurity standard Issue 1 2021, Gallagher, Access Control & Identity Management, Government and Parastatal (Industry) The Gallagher UK CPNI CAPSS High Security System features compliances to the Cyber Assurance for Physical Security Systems (CAPSS) standard, and the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) Readers and Tokens standards.
New Thales distributors for Africa Issue 1 2021, Cyber Security South Africa, News Cyber Security Africa Distribution (CSAD) and Cyber Security South Africa (CSSA) have been appointed as distributors of Thales access management and data protection solutions across the African continent.
Three key areas for zero-trust access Issue 1 2021, Cyber Security South Africa, Editor's Choice, Access Control & Identity Management Protecting the network with this zero-trust access (ZTA) approach means that all users, all devices and all web applications from the cloud must be trusted, authenticated, and have the correct amount of access privilege (and no more).
Always-connected 5G PC cybersecurity Issue 1 2021 Sophos has announced its plans to provide Sophos Intercept X endpoint protection for 5G PCs powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon compute platforms, providing users with next-generation security through an always-on, always-connected PC environment.
Malware: the biggest threat Issue 1 2021, J2 Software A research study conducted by Deep Instinct reports on the hundreds of millions of attempted cyber-attacks that occurred every day throughout 2020 showing malware increased by 358% overall.
Securing access to the data centre Issue 1 2021, Suprema When looking for a solution to securing your data centre, FaceStation F2 stands out in terms of its versatility, security and rich feature offering.
Information visibility is key for brand protection Issue 1 2021 High-value employees now give away more information in the social media age than ever before and businesses need a solution that will immediately block, hide or remove racial slurs, sensitive data like credit card numbers, competitor posts, scams, malicious links and more.

domain: news


The all-new 2017 Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid – the industry’s first electrified minivan – is rated to deliver a range of 33 miles solely on zero-emissions electric power from a 16-kWh lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery and earned a fuel economy rating of 84 miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe), based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. But Pacifica Hybrid’s technological capability goes well beyond the powertrain.
“To make sure owners and their families get the most out of the innovative, efficient hybrid powertrain, the all-new Pacifica is loaded with high-tech features that make it easy to connect, charge and maximize the efficiency of their minivan, even remotely from their smartphones,” said Tim Kuniskis, Head of Passenger Car Brands – North America.
The Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid comes standard with the Uconnect 8.4 system, which includes an 8.4-inch touchscreen, available Uconnect Navigation and Uconnect Access connected services. In addition, the Pacifica Hybrid includes as standard equipment on all models the all-new Hybrid Electric Pages, providing owners with helpful vehicle information, including: • Power Flow, which provides a dynamic illustration showing how/where power is flowing within the vehicle, from battery to the engine, the wheels or the HVAC system, or from regenerative braking back to the battery • Driving History that displays a chart showing distance driven in electric mode and hybrid mode, graphed by day • Charge Scheduling that allows owners to schedule the Pacifica Hybrid’s charging times The Uconnect Access app for the Pacifica Hybrid delivers remote access to the vehicle’s sophisticated technology, enabling customers to get the most from their ownership experience and making life simpler along the way. With the click of the app on their smartphone, owners can check the state of charge of their vehicle’s battery, along with vehicle range and estimated time to full recharge. They can also get charge status updates, see if their Pacifica Hybrid is plugged in and also schedule when they want it to charge. The Uconnect Access app can display the locations of charging stations and their availability, in real time.
The Pacifica Hybrid’s 7-inch color thin-film transistor (TFT) instrument cluster is unique to the hybrid model, delivering important information at a glance for the driver. The customizable cluster’s display changes color to indicate whether the Pacifica is operating in electric mode (teal) or hybrid mode (blue), while both the battery level and fuel level are always displayed. The Pacifica Hybrid’s total range (combining both battery and fuel) is also displayed.
– Content and photos courtesy FCA US


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Title: Francisco Artigas's house. Front exterior view
Date: ca. 1965
Physical Details: 1 photographic print : b&w ; 20 x 25 cm.
Description: Front, exterior view, of architect Francisco Artigas' house.
Creator: Luna, Roberto, photographer
Forms part of: Esther McCoy papers, circa 1876-1990, bulk 1938-1989
Rights Statement: Current copyright status is undetermined
Citation Information: Roberto Luna. Francisco Artigas's house. Front exterior view, ca. 1965. Esther McCoy papers, circa 1876-1990. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Digital ID: 9057


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Pick a treat that bursts with sunshiny peach flavor! These sugar free chewy candies are a refreshingly fruity treat to satisfy that craving for something sweet. Peach perfection! Contains maltitol syrup and aspartame. Net wt. 1 lb. 4 oz.
You’ll love this tender, moist and chewy delight! Mounds of tender coconut are blended into rich, creamy milk chocolate or deep dark chocolate… you can enjoy both. Contains maltitol, but you’ll never know the difference! Net wt. 10 oz.

domain: food


text:
🎃 Create a boo-tiful Halloween atmosphere with a personalized ghost family and pets sign! 🎃
- Add a unique and personalized touch to your Halloween decorations with the Halloween Ghost Family with Pets Custom Sign.
- The ghostly family and pets design captures the spirit of Halloween while allowing you to showcase your family's individuality.
- Beyond its decorative value, this sign serves as a lasting keepsake that captures the essence of your family's Halloween celebrations over the years.
- Materials: maple wood, stain
- The customization is available with up to 7 ghosts including pets, making it perfect for families of all sizes.
- We have the following character shapes available: Big Man Ghost (B); Big Woman Ghost (W); Boy Ghost (B); Girl Ghost (G); Dog (D) and Cat (C)
2-4 Ghost: 6.2" x 6.2"
5-7 Ghost: 8.66" x 6.2"


text:
The Business Trap
Only you figure out what you expect from your opportunities. Generally there is additionally a new trading investment known as the exchange-traded funds (ETF). When you understand the financial markets that you wish to company, you will then correctly place the great number of capital in to the markets. However, you might need that can put cash in noncorrelative market segments, the truth is undoubtedly that after you work through two or 3 several individual thing markets, may possibly be also much interrelationship to efficiently reduce overexposure to precisely the same group of macroeconomic details. To get started with, the various leverage volumes of specific markets could have a considerable affect on how you profit and lose in your trading. You need to recognize that the challenging financial system includes structured differently the work industry and adapt accordingly.
Generally running a business you try out earn organization partners” with different companies or solutions which can make you work smarter or perhaps better. You can easily control your company if it’s legit. Kind of organization Based on on the sort of business, you need to do business with a number of organizations. It Brand Select a company name. Not a solitary enterprise are able to take advantage of the same brand name. The 1st question you must think regarding is about the organisation’s culture. My own taxes program provider, which in turn at present retailers clones of my personal clients tax returns in a safe across the internet portal, today offers my own clients the opportunity to permit them to store almost all their personal forms in the similar secure webpage likewise.
You will contain to able to to verify you’re functioning a business while using the goal of gaining a earnings and not just with the hope to produce off the expenses of an avocation. If your firm is a franchise unit, you should offer a repeat of the franchise arrangement. Product-based businesses place a top quality item prior to the buyer and get reviews about performance.
The system you deliver isn’t a product, therefore you would like to stress its value towards the consumer. Marriage ceremony services will be such topic that is quite natural. They can be a vast theme of controversy.
When ever finding your ideal career you need to select the personality enter job, not against this. If perhaps you’re among the folks in a job you like, take the time not to let it acquire you straight down. When you are looking for function, networking can often accelerate your probability for success. On-line careers are hassle-free since they can easily be completed in the convenience of your house. Finding the right work can be thrilling and at conditions incredibly exasperating as well. As you aren’t quite possibly depending on your present task to assist your self, you can generate the head gradually if you think you should certainly.
Where to Find Organization
One of the biggest methods to grow into successful should be to surround yourself with very good individuals. The help of a job mentor may assist you in locating the most ideal career. In occasion you may want to get the assistance and information of a successful tiny business advisor.
The Good, unhealthy and Business
By simply having shares of different corporations, you will absolutely able to attain the advantage of multiple groups, and ideally that they no longer coordinate with one an additional. You have most of the features of having fun in an enormous assortment of packages to choose from being a freelancer or perhaps new small company owner. There will be a lot of online business offerings out generally there in Chennai just for the folks who have are all need to begin a fresh business or simply to find a franchise. Because if they are cheerful of the experience chances are they are likely not to discuss that. Read more:

domain: finance


Naturally Canada Marketplace
April Cornell Anna Long Cover Up-Periwinkle
Regular price $78.00
The Anna Long coverup is here! Light as a feather, our classic terry voile coverup is tailor made to layer over all the pretty dresses in the collection. Simple styling simply works here- slight curvature to the open front with an attached flounce that is repeated on the sleeve opening.
- 65% Rayon, 35% Cotton
- Machine Wash Cold Water, Delicate Cycle. Hang To Dry.


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P.I. Penguin and the Case of the Lost Little Penguin
Special formatting for dyslexic readers.
Called to help his frantic aunt, P.I. Penguin’s searching Perth Zoo to find a lost Australian Little Penguin, his baby cousin Kyle. Where could the boy have gone? Who in the zoo would know where to look? Join P.I. Penguin as he and his friends solve this very special missing person case.
˃˃˃ Features native Australian animals!
In this second book of the P.I. Penguin series, join our favourite private investigator, P.I. Penguin, in another detective mystery. P.I. is an Australian Little Blue Penguin (Fairy Penguin) and he loves visiting fun and interesting places around his home in Western Australia. Come along with him as he meets other native Australian animals (in book two they include a family of meerkats, a very wise giraffe, and clever ghost bat). Share the joy of kindness, friendship, and scientific enquiry with a P.I. Penguin read together adventure.
Join P.I. Penguin as he solves crimes and mysteries for his animal friends. Over the whole series, be with P.I. Penguin through his confusion, sadness, and excitement as he tries to uncover the truth of the mystery that set him on his path, that of his missing family.
˃˃˃ Dyslexia friendly design; Autism friendly stories.
Carefully crafted to encourage language and literacy learning. Each story is rich with rhyme and rhythm, vivid concrete words, and vibrant images. Features dyslexia-friendly text, layout, and design. We focus on creating engaging stories to inspire even the most resistant readers.
Our P.I. Penguin series was written for (and by!) a boy who is both dyslexic and autistic, so it is especially suited for children aged 6-12 with dyslexia or autism but is an equally delightful read for children of all ages and abilities.
Praise for the series:
“Children will love this and all PI Penguin books for the fun storylines, clever rhyming verses, and colorful and beautifully created illustrations.”
“My children are six and eight years of age and were entranced through the entire story.”
“Reminds me of Dr Seuss… I love it as much as kids will.”


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“The secret to excellent writing is to enjoy with ecstatic abandonment each letter and syllable we put down on paper.” -- Michael Levy in “The Excellent Writer Within.” [as posted on Mike’s Writing Workshop and Newsletter]I remember writing documents for work -- when I was working -- that took forever. It wasn’t that I didn’t understand the topic, or that I lacked ideas about what to include. I was writing something in which I had little interest. In some cases, I knew from the start the document was a waste of time, despite what my boss said. The higher-ups weren’t going to accept the proposal no matter how well written it was. The money to fund the project didn’t exist. Knowing this made the process a chore. I experienced little joy or ecstatic abandonment in completing the project.
I realize now the stories I find the easiest to write are the ones I’m most excited about, the ones in which I have something important (to me, anyway) to say. I need to keep this in mind the next time I’m stuck on a story. The problem may be that I don’t care enough about what happens to the characters, or it could be I’m bored with the tale and need to set it aside for a few weeks, or however long it takes to recapture the excitement I felt when I first envisioned the tale.

domain: literature


ALLEN PARK — Calvin Johnson didn’t practice again today (Friday) for the third straight days. The Lions wide receiver has been dealing with a lingering knee issue.
Johnson said Thursday they were trying to shut him down at practice, so his knee will be as good as it can get on Sunday. There didn’t seem to be a doubt that he would play at Jacksonville.
Also, missing from Friday’s practice were Louis Delmas (knee) and Amari Spievey (concussion). Both of them have missed all this week’s practice too. The injury report is released at 4 p.m., but would be surprised if either would play on Sunday.
Cliff Avril, who has had a back problem for weeks, returned to practice on Friday after sitting out on Wednesday and Thursday.
(Follow @PaulaPasche on Twitter.)


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Climate data from NOAA/NWS Co-op Network stations are complied in Table 8.3-1 and the locations are shown on Figure 8.3-3. Figure 8.3-3 also shows precipitation contour data from the Spatial Climate Analysis Service (SCAS) at Oregon State University. The Prescott AMA does not contain Evaporation Pan or AZMET stations. More detailed information on climate is found in Section 8.0.3. A description of the climate data sources and methods is found in Volume 1, Appendix A.
NOAA/NWS Co-op Network
- Refer to Table 8.3-1A
- There are four NOAA/NWS Co-op Network stations in the AMA. The average monthly maximum temperature occurs in July and is between 73.4°F and 75.6°F. The average monthly minimum temperature occurs in December or January and is between 36.9°F and 37.9°F.
- Highest average seasonal rainfall occurs in the summer (July-September). For the period of record used, the highest average annual rainfall is 19.19 inches at the Prescott station and the lowest is 12.82 inches at the Chino Valley station.
- Refer to Table 8.3-1D
- There is one SNOTEL/Snocourse station in the AMA, Copper Basin Divide. The higest average snowpack was in March.
SCAS Precipitation Data
- See Figure 8.3-3
- Additional precipitation data shows average annual rainfall as high as 30 inches on the eastern AMA boundary and as low as 12 inches in the northern portion of the AMA.
Table 8.3-1 Climate of the Prescott AMA
Figure 8.3-3 Prescott AMA Meteorological Stations and Annual Precipitation


I suppose there’s a reason for such juvenile arguments from a ten year old, but what excuse is there for the others? Yet these are not juvenile arguments but force-fed anti-capitalist, anti-growth, anti-common-sense sentiments that would never cross the mind of a ten year old. Even the slightest notion of where the clothes she wears, the food she eats, the heating for her home, the electricity that runs her TV, where any of these come from and what is required to bring them to her doorstep would be a start. But given the adults who surround her, what chance is there that she will find out herself? I tried to think of it as funny but I’m not in the mood. It is just part of that massive juggernaut of ignorance that I no longer think we can defend ourselves against.
From Tim Blair


text: Want to look stylish AF? Get our Retro Polygon Colorful Sunglasses! They're comfy enough to wear all day, and they come in a range of head-turning colors and patterns. They feature extra wide legs and a unique polygon shape. Plus, they’ve got a gradient and a UV protectant coating, so you can stay shaded in style!

domain: design


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On Friday May 19, the Estonian Embassy in Ukraine opened the Estonian Children's Literature Days in Odesa, Ukraine. Estonia's Ambassador to Ukraine Kaimo Kuusk read the book "Naksitrallid" to the children, who attended the event. There were also craft workshops, a quiz about Estonia and short performances inspired by Estonian children's literature.
"The world of stories does wonders, pulling us away from the real world for a moment, giving us the chance to be someone else, in another time and place, to do miracles," said Triin Soone, director of the Estonian Children's Literature Center.
"This is the feeling and the fragment of joy that we wanted to give to Ukrainian children. We are very grateful to the Estonian Embassy in Kyiv, which took the initiative, helped us to establish contacts and delivered the exhibition, book bags, 'Täheke' magazines and other items to Ukraine," Soone added.
An exhibition of illustrations from Estonian children's books was also opened, featuring work by Regina Lukk-Toompere, Catherine Zaripi, Viive Noore, Katrin Erlichi, Anne Pikkovi, Anu Kalmu, Anne Linnamäe, Ulla Saare and Kertu Sillaste.
On the following day, the audience was introduced to Ilmar Tomusky's " Hundi sõbrad" ("Friends of the Wolf") and Piret Raud's "Natuke napakad lood" ("A Few Short Stories"), both of which had been translated into Ukrainian.
Libraries in Odesa will also be showing the Estonian children's cartoons "Sipsik" and "Lotte" until 31 May.
The event is organized by the Estonian Embassy in Kyiv in cooperation with its partners. The Estonian Children's Literature Center and Täheke magazine are also involved in the project. A similar program was also offered to children in Kyiv on "Native Language Day" in March.
Editor: Michael Cole


Charles City, IA – The Charles City Parks and Recreation Department met for their monthly meeting this week to talk about future projects that the organization will be working on next year.
Members of the board brought ideas to the meeting to discuss which projects they may be working on next year. Some of the ideas were a new golf course fairway mower, putting lights up at all the ball fields, new playground equipment at Waverly Hills Park and much more.
14 ideas were brought up at this meeting, but members will bring more ideas to their next meeting in December.
In 2017, the board finished seven projects and is currently working on four others. Their next meeting will be held on Dec. 20 at 5:30 p.m.


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Upward Sports, the world’s largest Christian sports league for kids, has become the place to play fun sports for over half a million families in the United States and Canada. Last year, nearly 550,000 K5 through sixth-graders were involved in basketball, soccer, flag football and cheerleading in one of over 5,000 leagues and camps.
By providing a fun sports experience based on healthy competition, Upward Sports Leagues help kids develop skills for the sports arena and values for life. Upward Sports uses the universal language of sports to connect with kids at a critical age and help them discover and build athletic skills, values, self-confidence and a life-long love of the game.
At Upward Sports, families matter. Our leagues give families all the benefits of participating in team sports while protecting them from hectic travel schedules and the win-at-all costs mentality that burns out young athletes. With just a one-hour practice and one-hour game each week, our leagues conveniently fit into busy family schedules. Click here for more information about Upward Sports.
Grace’s Upward Sports Basketball League (General Information)
The Upward Sports Basketball league was started at Grace in 2004. It has been a wonderful addition to the community and continues to be a great tool for introducing kids to organized sports. But beyond that, it’s a powerful agent in strengthening the faith and character of kids and parents.
Players are divided according to ability to create teams as equal as possible. At a required evaluation, your child will participate in several drills to obtain an evaluation score. The purpose of this score is used to make teams as even as possible in order to keep the competition high.
The schedule is not demanding. There is a one-hour practice to be held during the week and one game on each Saturday during January and February. At the midpoint of each practice, coaches will share a short Bible story with the children. During practice, each child will have an opportunity to learn a scripture verse that corresponds with the principle or characteristic conveyed in the story. The scripture learning time is a group activity; therefore, children are not required to recite the verse individually at practice. Each child participating in the scripture learning time will receive a green star award.
Grace’s Upward Sports Cheerleading Opportunity
At Grace, we also provide an Upward Sports Cheerleading league, which runs simultaneously with the basketball league. To learn more about the Cheerleading program, children and parents registering should attend an orientation/evaluation night, usually the same time and location of evaluations for the basketball league.
For additional information about Grace’s Upward Sports Leagues or rules for each league, please email Matt Marsh at firstname.lastname@example.org.
- Man to man defense will be played at all times. Zone defenses are not allowed.
- Defensive players must stay within arm’s reach of the player that they are guarding. (Isolation plays will not be a part of Upward Basketball because they take away the opportunity for improvement for all players and contradict the spirit of the rules.)
- Double-teaming is not allowed. However, help defense is encouraged in the following instances:
- In The Lane Area
If a defender is in the lane, and the player being guarded is within an arm’s reach, the defender is allowed to provide help by double-teaming. The intent of this exception is not to encourage a defender to remain near the lane at all times (“soft zone”) and double-team the ball each time it enters the lane. The intent is to teach a player “already in the lane” to play help defense.
- Off Picks And Screens
Defensive switching is allowed on offensive picks and screens. At the appropriate time, players should return to guarding their assigned player.
- During Fast Breaks
When an offensive player has beaten their defender, another defensive player may help. Upon stopping the fast break, defenders should return to guarding their assigned player.
- In The Lane Area
- At the beginning of each 6-minute segment, both coaches are to line up equally ranked players across from each other.
- Full court presses are not allowed. Defensive players cannot guard their opponents in the backcourt.
- Due to the shortness of the court, backcourt violations will not be called.
- The offense must purposefully attack the defense in every situation. After a warning from the referee, if the offense does not cross half court, a violation will be called, and the ball will be awarded to the opposing team.
- Referees will call and explain all violations and, depending on the age group, the penalty may result in a turnover. These explanations will vary according to the age group and understanding of the players and decrease as the season progresses.
- When possible, referees will verbally advise players of potential violations before the violation occurs.
- There will be no technical fouls or protest of games.
- No timeouts. [See rule #14]
- No score will be given for a basket in the wrong goal. It will be treated as a turnover.
- A player committing two fouls in one 6-minute segment must sit out the remainder of that segment. The next player in the rotation comes in as the substitute. This does not change the normal rotation because the fouled out player does not come back in the game until scheduled to do so. The player who comes in as a substitute gains extra playing time. This extra time does not affect the predetermined substitution. NOTE: In a second foul situation where a team only has five players at a game, replace the substitution rule with a two-point penalty by awarding the fouled team two additional points. NOTE: If an unfair match-up is created, work with the opposing coach to quickly re-assign kids to best match players of similar ability.
- ALL AGES: Non-shooting fouls result in the ball being taken out on the side by the offended team. Shooting fouls will result in the ball being taken out under the goal. No free throws for the younger ages.
- (4-6 Girls & 5-6 Boys Only): In the 3rd & 6th periods, the clock will stop with 3 minutes left in the period for a 1 minute pre-determined timeout. No substitutions during this timeout.
- (4-6 Girls & 5-6 Boys Only): In the last 1 minute of each half (3rd & 6th periods):
a. ALL FOULS will result in 2 free throws. The clock will stop until play resumes.

domain: hobby


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Our organization, Sri Krishna Textiles was consolidated in the year 2008 as Partnership, situated at Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Our brilliant nature of garments has empowered us to turn into a main and noticeable business of articles of clothing fo
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Keeping in mind of the variegated and growing requirements of the clients we are offering a quality assured assortment of Girls Knitted Shorts. This Girls Knitted Short is available in variety of fittings and is resistant to tear and shrink. This product is available with us in a spectrum of colors, sizes, designs and patterns and is available at market competitive price range.
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HTC One / M7 Images And Teasers Found Online
— February 14, 2013
HTC has released a clock on their site that is counting down to February 19, 2013. Every one that shows up is highlighted so that plays in to previous rumors that the M7 will be now called the HTC One.
I’ve already stated how the “One” name may blow up on HTC’s face, but they now seem pretty committed to the name. In addition to these rumors pointing to the name, new images have been found around the web that show what might be the final design. These press release type images show a new mockup of the device in question:
While this render does look like something that would coincide with the Images from the CEO appearance, there are still some issues that keep me from believing that these are official.
The biggest one is that there are only TWO hardware buttons. There is no multitasking menu and no menu button. There is only the back and home keys. This MIGHT be an intentional decision though. If HTC put the multitasking menu as a long press home button action, then it would eliminate the need for a dedicated key. In addition, every ICS / JB HTC device has had an onscreen menu key. It still seems like a strange decision.
All will be revealed on Feb 19th. Time to be patient
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"Loglines: the necessary evil."
Loglines have always been, and will continue to be, the biggest pain in the rear for writers. How can you possibly take your story and squish it down to what would look like a 140-character tweet? What elements need to be covered? How can I test my logline?


To rebuild cache firstly user_a deletes it. Then first user to ask for this missing cache (not necessarily user_a, that initially deleted a cache) will build it.
All seems nice and pretty until user_b visits a website, while user_a is still building a cache. Based on logic, described above user_b will too start cache building process in PARALLEL with user_a. This will indefinitely continue to happen with each new user visiting website in time, until user_a completes cache building process. But user_a won't be able to build cache as quickly as he planned, since other users, who are building same cache in PARALLEL will slow him down.
This way due parallel calculations server load will raise exponentially. For a dedicated servers this might not be that big problem, but for shared hosting this could lead to whole server shutdown.
Here are preconditions, that can cause exponential server load I've explain above:
There are 2 states in which each of caches could be:
To implement proposed idea we always need a way to get outdated cache version to return to other users, while user_a is building.
This is now always possible due current cache key automatic expiration scheme. For example, cache key "sample_key[%LangSerial%]" (that automatically expire on LangSerial cache key change) would be stored in cache under name "sample_key[%LangSerial:1%]" (added ":1"). This way, when LangSerial cache key will be changed, then key name (in cache) will be different and that cache with previous name sort-of expires (since nobody will know how to access it). This works well, but we don't have a way to get old cache key name to return all users, except one, that is building new cache.To solve this issue I'm proposing to store additional cache key with each cache key stored and don't replace any serial cache keys (ones between "[%" and "%]") within cache key name. That additional cache key will hold variable part of cache key. This way original cache key will always be the same, but expiration fact could be detected by comparing at cached and current additional cache key value.
To implement described scheme we need:


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Teaching What Free Speech Means
December 24, 2020
Recent news stories showing university students loudly heckling both tenured professors and visiting speakers point to a disturbing disregard for free speech protections. A Brookings Institute survey suggests this stems from ignorance. The survey found a majority of undergraduates did not know that speech they deem offensive is constitutionally protected. Half said “it’s okay to shout down a speaker whose views they don’t agree with.” Nearly one of five believe “it is acceptable for a student group opposed to a speaker to use violence to keep him from speaking.”
A failure of civics education in high school sets students up for this confusion, as teachers in Ashbrook programs realize. When Professor Joseph Fornieri (Rochester Institute of Technology) was invited to teach a summer residence course in Ashbrook’s Masters program on “Free Speech in War, Hate, and On Campus,” an eager group signed up. “The First Amendment understanding of speech is complex, and I realized there was a lot more to learn,” said Candee Collins, an American history and dual credit government teacher for Kilgore College at Pine Tree High School in Texas.
The American Founders, understanding their own Revolution to have been kindled through speech and the press, considered free speech the ground of all other freedoms. Yet free speech “has never been considered absolute,” Fornieri said. During the nation’s first century, most speech restrictions were justified as necessary to national defense or civil order. Teachers in the course discussed the controversies provoked by these laws.
When the Supreme Court began hearing challenges to speech limits in the early 20th century, their opinions articulated tests for determining whether speech deserved Constitutional protection. Each teacher in Fornieri’s course studied one landmark case, presenting its key points to the class. Do leaflets urging resistance to the draft during wartime represent a “clear and present danger” (as they were judged to do, in the case of Schenck v. United States)? Is a Klansman’s speech advocating violence a “direct incitement” to “imminent lawless action” (as was ruled not to be the case in Brandenburg v. Ohio)? Is flag-burning a form of “symbolic speech” protected by the first amendment (as justices ruled in Texas v. Johnson)?
More recently, the Court has ruled on limits to speech thought to threaten vulnerable minorities. Teachers studied one such ruling issued only days before the course, in Matal v. Tam. An Asian American rock group had attempted to trademark their band name, The Slants, and been denied. “They wanted to reclaim an offensive term and rock and roll it back” in the face of bigotry, Fornieri said. The Court ruled unanimously that such speech was protected.
Questions about “offensive” speech remain unsettled on university campuses, however. As the final exam in the course, Fornieri presented teachers with a hypothetical case: the firing of a university professor accused of “hate” speech—in particular, allegedly offensive remarks that could have created a hostile environment for students. Teachers were tasked with writing three opinions on the case: a majority opinion, a concurrence, and a dissent.
To prepare for the exam, the teachers formed study groups and discussed the hypothetical case in light of the precedents. “It was as if we conducted our own certiori conferences,” said Collins, referring to the meetings in which Supreme Court justices review potential cases to decide which to hear. “We sat around a dining table in the student apartments, with our books and notes open on the floor.” After the groups adjourned for the night—often at 1 am—each teacher continued thinking, perhaps writing part of an opinion by the next morning. “We weren’t sleeping very much,” Collins said.
Midweek, Fornieri joined the teachers in one large study session, addressing legal issues the teachers weren’t sure about. Traditionally, the term “hostile environment” implied a situation in which the plaintiff faced “a true threat.” Hate speech is not in itself excluded from first amendment protection, Fornieri explained. “The Court has made very clear that it cannot make a principled distinction based on the content of the speech.”
“I think we all reached the same conclusion,” said Robin Deck, who teaches at Catholic High School for boys in Baton Rouge. Judging by the precedents, the majority on the Court would conclude the professor could not be removed from his job. Deck was somewhat surprised at what she had learned. “Personally, I still feel speech should have consequences. I’m not a free speech absolutist.”
Given the high value that Ashbrook programs place on conversation, the teachers’ concern that speech remain civil and respectful is not surprising. Moreover, in the high school setting, teachers and administrators, acting in loco parentis, can legally sanction speech in ways that universities may not. Yet, as Kimberly Grosenbacher, who teaches at Samuel V. Champion High School in Boerne, Texas, said, “Fornieri’s class helped me understand that we need to have more conversations about things that may make us uncomfortable, as long as we respect the two sides to every issue.”
Classroom debate has become more challenging in the era of social media. As texting and Twitter displace face-to-face conversation, students lose verbal dexterity, and can become defensive if their views are challenged. Deck asks students to journal their ideas before beginning discussion, to give them time to think. She also finds that her MAHG study has furnished her a calm response when students misunderstand history. “I say, ‘That’s interesting, but that’s not how the Founders would have seen it.’ Then I cite a primary document.”
She finds ways to model civil discussion. She shares a classroom with a teacher who formerly practiced law. Between classes, she poses questions to him: ‘I’ll say, ‘The students are upset about the NFL protests during the national anthem. Here are the cases I would use to support the players’ right to kneel; what cases would you use to argue they can be made to stand up?’ Students see us modeling civil discourse, and they learn that the issue is much more nuanced than they thought,” Deck says.
Like other teachers in Ashbrook programs, Deck understands that both civil conversation and education become possible when students realize they have a lot yet to learn.

domain: sociology


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Union Park Press is honored that Boston Baby will be part of the Regent Theatre’s 25th Anniversary Celebration of Hugh Hanley’s career. Kim Foley MacKinnon will be at the theater before and after the Regent’s Family Fun show, signing books and talking with local parents about what makes Boston such a family-friendly city. This is a fun family Saturday activity that is not to be missed!
Saturday March 13, 10AM, 7 Medford Street, Arlington, MA 02474
(Doors open at 10am; show begins at 10:30AM)
More on Hugh Hanley from the Regent Theatre:To celebrate a quarter century of entertaining and educating preschool children with his “Circle of Songs,” Hanley will be presenting a series of three family concerts to benefit organizations that he has been connected with over the years. The first concert on March 13 will be at the Regent Theatre in his hometown of Arlington, Massachusetts, as part of its acclaimed Family Fun Saturdays series. “The Regent is a marvelous resource in our community,” says Hanley, “and this is a way to thank them for contributing so much to the cultural life of our town and many communities beyond.”

domain: entertainment


text:
- Open Access
Cervical musculoskeletal, physical and psychological factors associated with ongoing dizziness in patients with whiplash associated disorder, 12 months after undertaking a neck specific or general exercise intervention
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders volume 23, Article number: 683 (2022)
Exercise in the management of persistent whiplash often doesn’t specifically address dizziness. This study aimed to determine cervical musculoskeletal and sensorimotor measures, quality of life and psychological factors associated with the presence of dizziness in individuals with persistent whiplash 12 months post exercise intervention commencement.
A retrospective cross sectional review of questionnaires on dizziness, physical and psychological disability, quality of life and physical measures prospectively collected from 172 individuals during a randomised controlled trial. Associations between dizziness at 12 months post intervention and possible predictors was analysed with simple and multiple logistic regression models.
Sixty-three % reported dizziness with a mean University of California Los Angeles dizziness score of 9 (SD 5) and dizziness intensity during activity of 26 mm (SD 24). They had poorer performance on sharpened Rhomberg, Neck muscle endurance (NME), and range of motion, elevated scores on pain, Neck disability index (NDI) and psychological and quality of life measures compared to those without dizziness. Less improvement in NDI and NME flexion from baseline to 12 months post exercise commencement, along with some baseline covariates were related to persistent dizziness and explained 50% of the variance.
Dizziness following exercise at 12 months post follow-up was associated with lack of improvement in NDI and NME flexion suggesting a cervicogenic role. Alternatively, the presence of dizziness may inhibit exercise response. Additional causes or contributing factors of dizziness should be investigated in those with persistent whiplash to improve quality of life.
It is estimated that up to 50% of persons sustaining neck trauma as a result of a motor vehicle collision will go on to have persistent problems  with multifactorial causes including biological, psychological and social factors [2, 3]. These patients present challenges to all professionals involved and present with a variety of symptoms. Understanding the relationships between these signs and symptoms is important to direct rehabilitation.
After pain, dizziness and unsteadiness is a frequent complaint, with up to 70% of those with persistent whiplash associated disorder (WAD) reporting these complaints . These symptoms are thought to reflect abnormal cervical afferent to the sensorimotor control system in most patients and have been associated with objective deficits in head and eye movement control and postural stability relevant to a cervical cause [4,5,6]. A variety of causes of abnormal cervical afferent input following a whiplash injury have been highlighted in the literature including functional impairment of muscles, such as altered neuromotor control or increased fatigability . In addition, the effects of pain at many levels of the nervous system can change muscle spindle sensitivity and alter the cortical representation and modulation of cervical afferent input  Psychosocial stresses may also influence muscle spindle activity via activation of the sympathetic nervous system .
To date there is modest evidence for the effect of exercise in the management of WAD on pain and disability . These treatments address some of the causes of altered cervical afferent input but do not specifically address factors associated with sensorimotor control such as dizziness, proprioception and balance. Previous studies have determined the effect of a specific neck, a combined specific neck and behavioural approach or a general exercise program on pain and disability  in persistent WAD and then specifically considered the effects of this program on symptoms of dizziness and deficits in sensorimotor control in those reporting dizziness and postural instability . The later study found that although between and within group comparisons suggested that those performing the neck specific exercise had significant advantages in improving measures of dizziness and proprioception compared with the general physical exercise group, many still complained of dizziness and balance impairment at the 12-month follow-up .
To assist direction for management of dizziness in persistent WAD it will be important to understand factors associated with ongoing complaints of dizziness. Thus the aim of this study was to first compare cervical related physical and psychological factors in individuals with and without dizziness, 12 months after a neck specific or general exercise intervention and secondly to determine the combination of these factors to best predict those reporting ongoing dizziness. It was hypothesised that a combination of physical and psychological factors would predict those reporting ongoing dizziness.
This was a retrospective review of prospectively gathered data collected during a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (n = 216, mean age of 40 (SD 11), 65% women). A detailed description of the RCT study design and the 12 week intervention can be found in [11, 12]. The interventions included A) Physiotherapist-guided neck specific exercise B) Physiotherapist-guided neck specific exercise, with a behavioural approach and C) Prescription of general Physical Activity.
Briefly, patients with a WAD diagnosis, at least 6 months but no more than 3 years after a motor vehicle collision, who fulfilled the eligibility criteria attended a physical examination to ensure eligibility. To be included in the original study participants had to be a WAD II or III  and have continuing pain (> 20 mm on 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)  and/or > 20% on Neck Disability Index (NDI), 0–100%) . Subjects were excluded if they had known or suspected serious physical pathology, earlier neck trauma, surgery or neck pain with persistent injury, signs of traumatic vestibular or brain injury at the time of WAD, generalized or more dominant pain elsewhere in the body, diseases or other injuries that might prevent full participation in the study, diagnosed severe psychiatric disorder or known drug abuse.
All measurements were conducted at baseline and 12 months post commencement of the intervention. Questionnaires covered aspects relating to dizziness and pain intensity and disability, psychological (catastrophysing, kinesiophobia, selfefficacy, depression and anxiety) and health related quality of life measures. Clinical neck related measurements included cervical joint position sense, cervical range of motion (ROM) and neck flexor and extensor muscle endurance measures (NME). Measures of static (eyes closed rhomberg) and dynamic (figure of eight walk) balance were also considered. Information pertaining to all measurements, references regarding their psychometric properties and their abbreviations are included in Table 1. These were performed in a standardised way by well-trained investigators. Demographic data was also obtained.
Data management and statistical analysis
For the purposes of this study only data from participants who had completed all relevant measures at both baseline and at the 12-month follow-up as well as answered a yes/ no question on dizziness and questions regarding dizziness and unsteadiness intensity at the 12 month mark were included. Data from eligible participants for this study was then pooled into two groups, no dizziness and dizziness, according to whether they complained of dizziness and unsteadiness at the 12-month follow-up or not, regardless of the intervention group. To be included in the dizziness at 12-months group, participants had to report dizziness, complete the University of California Los Angeles Dizziness (UCLA) questionnaire, and also rate more than 10 mm on either of the dizziness intensity or unsteadiness VAS (Fig. 1).
Between group differences for age at baseline, and dizziness intensity and unsteadiness, pain and disability, psychological and quality of life measures and physical measures at baseline, 12 months, and change between baseline and 12 months, were analysed with independent sample t-tests. All measures were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) in Table 2. Cohen’s d was calculated as an effect size measure in measures where the p-value <.05 was seen in the between group difference in change at 12 months.
Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between the binary dependent variable of dizziness at 12 months and possible predictors, measured as change between baseline and 12 months follow-up. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and Nagelkerke pseudo R2 were explored. Baseline measures, gender, age, WAD-level, intervention (neck specific exercise including behavioural OR physical activity), dizziness, and each predictor were entered as covariates in the adjusted models. Predictors with a p-value <.20 in the simple logistic regression models were entered in the multiple model, using backward stepwise procedure. There was no multicollinearity among the predictors, the variance inflation factor varied between 1.1 and 3.1, which can be interpreted as low to moderate correlation. Level of significance was set at p < .05. The IBM SPSS statistical program 25.0 was used for all calculations.
In total data from 172 of the original 216 participants were eligible for inclusion in this study. The mean age was 41 years (SD 11), and included 110 women, 97 were classified as WAD grade 2. While 125 participants complained of dizziness and 47 did not at baseline, at the 12-month assessment,109 participants reported dizziness and 63 did not. (Fig. 1).
Table 2 depicts all data comparing participants with and without dizziness at the 12-month follow-up. The group with dizziness had higher levels of: neck pain (VAS), disability- NDI, pain disability index (PDI), pain catastophysing scale (PCS), hospital anxiety and depression scales (HAD-A, HAD-D), tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK), poorer self efficacy scale (SES) and EuroQuol quality of life (EQ-VAS), poorer neck muscle endurance (NME) and static balance and less total ROM. According to HAD-A or HAD-D score s > 10, six (10%) participants showed probable anxiety and two (3%) probable depression in the non-dizzy group, while 26 (24%) participants showed probable anxiety and 18 (17%) probable depression in the dizzy group.
Table 3 depicts the results of the simple crude and adjusted logistic regression models on dizziness at the 12-month follow-up. Measures of change at 12 months in, VAS neck pain right now, NDI, PDI, NME flexors, and EQ-VAS showed significant association with dizziness at 12 months, based on the adjusted models.
Table 4 depicts the results of the final multivariable logistic regression model. Measures of change at 12 months in, NDI (OR .95, 95% CI .91–.98), and NME flexors (OR .99, 95% CI .97–1.00), showed significant association with the presence of dizziness at 12 months, based on the adjusted models. Indicating that the two predictors and the baseline covariates explain 50% of the variation in dizziness at 12 months. Noticeable is that the baseline covariates (predominantly age, dizziness and NDI at baseline) explain approximately 37% of the variation in dizziness at 12 months. The type of exercise intervention was not associated with the presence of dizziness 12 months post.
The aim of this study was to first compare cervical related physical and psychological factors in individuals with and without dizziness, 12 months after commencement of a neck specific (with or without a behavioural approach) or general exercise intervention, and secondly to determine the combination of these factors to best predict those reporting ongoing dizziness. The results demonstrated that those who complain of dizziness in the long term, overall have significantly higher levels of pain and disability and poorer neck physical and psychological function, quality of life and static balance at baseline and at 12 months post commencement of an exercise program compared to those not reporting these symptoms. Of these, the factors that best determined ongoing dizziness were age, baseline levels of dizziness and neck disability as well as less improvement in neck pain and disability and neck flexor muscle endurance at 12 months. The results of the study also confirmed that the symptom of dizziness is common in those with persistent WAD and was present in many participants, 12 months later despite some performing neck specific exercises previously shown to be favourable over general exercise for improving dizziness . Overall these findings may have implications for future directions for management of persistent WAD.
The symptom of dizziness was frequent in those with chronic WAD before exercise intervention (73%) and at a 12-month follow-up (63%). Similar to those reported by Treleaven et al. . Further, although the levels of dizziness were not marked and as high as people with diagnosed vestibular pathology such as Menieres disease , they are likely clinically relevant as they were on average at a higher level than those seen in people, for example, 6 months after acute vestibular loss  and similar to those with symptoms several years after acute vestibular loss . This would suggest that the symptom of dizziness is clinically relevant and should be considered in those with persistent WAD and assessment and management specifically directed towards this. Interestingly 6% of the total cohort not reporting dizziness at baseline reported some dizziness at the 12-month follow up (Fig. 1). This may reflect the known yearly point prevalence of dizziness and the possibility of onset of dizziness from other causes . Future work could consider the longterm epidemiology of dizziness post whiplash.
The final multivariable model; NDI and NME flexors
Although the change in scores from baseline to the 12-month post intervention follow-up in neck pain intensity, NDI, PDI, EQ-VAS and NME flexors were significant factors in the logistic regression, NDI and NME flexors were the remaining variables in the final model and together with age, baseline dizziness and NDI, explained 50% of the variance. These results strengthen the possibility of the role of disturbed cervical afferent input contributing to the cause of dizziness in some of the present population. This could mean that efforts directed towards reducing neck pain and disability and to exercise the cervical flexors may be important to reduce dizziness. Alternatively, this could suggest that the presence of dizziness inhibits the success of such interventions.
Interestingly neck extensor muscle endurance or muscle fatigability has been associated with greater balance deficits in WAD  which is often related with the symptom of dizziness . In the current study though, neck flexors, not extensors, was a predictor for long term dizziness. Although, this may have been due to the method of testing with the extensor clinical test being highly variable with some people reaching long holding times . In individuals with chronic WAD altered neck muscle interaction patterns of lower activity of the deep and an increased activity in the superficial neck muscles , and elongation of the deep neck muscles and a more stereotypic ventral movement pattern compared with healthy individuals has been identified . Supporting the findings, neck-specific exercises have shown to improve ventral neck muscle interaction  and reduce dizziness, headache and health-related quality of life in chronic WAD and to be superior compared with general physical activity .
Alternatively, the results could indicate that the presence of dizziness for most may be a factor inhibiting response to exercise programs aimed at reducing neck pain and disability and improving neck muscle function. In the current study, the dizzy group only improved by about 1 second compared to 17 seconds in the non-dizzy group in flexion endurance and similarly no clinically relevant change in NDI (2%) was seen in the dizzy group compared to about 9% in the non-dizzy group. Similar findings with respect to the presence of dizziness and effectiveness of cervical management has been seen in those with cervicogenic headache . A previous study also demonstrated a mild to moderate relationship between a change in dizziness intensity and NDI . In this case, treatment directed towards dizziness would seem appropriate to assist recovery. Interestingly an oculomotor rehabilitation program demonstrated improvements in balance and symptoms of dizziness in patients with chronic WAD but not neck pain intensity [36, 37]. Perhaps a multimodal approach with specific tailored sensorimotor control exercises in conjunction with local treatment directed towards neck specific exercises and improving neck pain will be required.
Measures of sensorimotor control
The results also suggest balance deficits remain regardless of symptoms of dizziness. The average sharpened Romberg score was lower in the dizzy compared to non-dizzy group. However, values for both groups suggest many participants may have deficits in this static balance test. Further, as balance is known to decline in association with vestibular and visual changes with ageing  it may be important to specifically assess and address this for falls prevention in this group, however, more research is required.
Head repositioning accuracy which is thought to be a measure of cervical proprioception, was not significantly higher in the dizzy group and on average was within normal limits, however, 46% of patients still had an abnormal score > 4.5 degrees in at least one direction of movement, which also supports a possible role of cervical proprioception as a contributor to dizziness in this population .
Range of motion
Those complaining of dizziness also had less total neck range of motion (p = 0.001) than those not complaining of these symptoms and especially regarding change in the horizontal planes (R2 0.042). It is possible that this may be related to the presence of dizziness with movement or fear of motion  although scores of fear of movement were relatively low in both groups.
Higher scores on a depression scale and poorer quality of life were identified in the participants with dizziness. Interestingly all of 12 participants identified as at risk of probable depression HAD D (> 10) were in the dizzy group, although this only accounted for 13% of the participants in the dizzy group, suggesting levels of depressive symptoms are not generally high in those with WAD. Interestingly though, depression has been associated with persistent symptoms such as dizziness following acute vestibular loss . Further, although, anxiety is usually associated with dizziness,  this not found in the current study. Whilst it is difficult to determine whether or not the psychological factors caused or worsened or were induced by the dizziness, high pain levels and dizziness have been previously identified as factors associated with initial and persistent depression in those with WAD . The results of this study would concur with this finding.
Quality of life ratings were low (0.61) in the dizzy group after rehabilitation and similar to those post-surgery for cervical disc disease  and low compared to other illnesses such as (0.79) in patients with asthma . This would indicate that more is to be done to improve quality of life and burden of the disorder in this group.
Mean results for pain catastrophising (PCS) and fear of movement (TSK) were significantly poorer in the dizzy group but the mean scores for these questionnaires were low and likely not clinically relevant . Similarly, although self-efficacy was significantly lower, mean values suggest this was not a main factor in this group.
Strengths and limitations
The current study used a strong design, had a long-term follow-up period and has large subject numbers in each group to allow for exploration of factors associated with dizziness 12 months post an intervention in those with WAD. However, the study can only assess relationships and the precise reasons for dizziness at 12-month follow-up cannot be ascertained. Regardless, certain factors (NDI and NME flexion changes) were associated with dizziness at follow-up in association with baseline variables of age, dizziness, or NDI. This may infer a possible cervical role in the presentation of dizziness but cannot determine the cause or causes of dizziness. Interestingly whether the group performed neck specific exercises or not was not a factor. This suggests further exploration is needed. Other measures that could be related to dizziness, such as overall health, and emergence or contribution of other causes of dizziness, such as vestibular pathology, should also be considered in future research.
The results of the study show that 63% of participants with persistent WAD had symptoms of dizziness, unsteadiness and deficits in balance and cervical proprioception, even 12 months post a specific neck- or general exercise program. This might be related to levels of change of NDI and NME flexion as well as baseline covariates. Pain and EQ-VAS were also factors of importance although not appearing in the final model. Alternatively, it may be that dizziness could be contributing to some of these signs and symptoms or have another cause. The results indicate a cervicogenic role in the production of dizziness in some and that intervention and rehabilitation specifically addressing neck-specific disability and NME flexion seem important. However, future directions should consider neck specific exercise with a multimodal approach, including tailored sensorimotor control exercises, as dizziness may be a factor inhibiting recovery in some individuals with persistent WAD. Future research should also explore other possible causes of dizziness in this cohort to assist management and reduce the ongoing burden and effects on quality of life.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Whiplash associated disorder
Neck disability index
Neck muscle endurance
Visual analogue scale
University of California Los Angeles dizziness score
Randomised controlled trial
95% confidence intervals
Head relocation accuracy
Range of motion
Pain disability index
Pain catastrophising scale
Hospital anxiety and depression
Tampa scale of kinesiophobia
Self efficacy scale
Quality of life
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We wish to thank all participants in this study, including WAD participants, physiotherapists and staff involved at any stage of the study.
The study was supported by funding from the Swedish government through the REHSAM foundation and the Medical Research Council, the regional Centres for Clinical Research of Östergötland, Regional Research Council Mid Sweden and Sörmland County Councils and the Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden.
Gunnel Peterson was supported by the Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland at Uppsala University Sweden and Regional Research Council Mid Sweden.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was a retrospective analysis of an assessor blinded prospective randomised controlled multi-centre study (RCT). Clinical trial NCTO15228579 http://clinicaltrialsfeeds.org/clinical-trials/show/NCT01528579. The study was approved by the Regional ethical review board in Linköping, Sweden. Informed consent was gained from all participants and ethical procedures in accordance with the Regional ethical review board in Linköping, Sweden were maintained.
Consent for publication
N/A The authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Treleaven, J., Peterson, G., Ludvigsson, M.L. et al. Cervical musculoskeletal, physical and psychological factors associated with ongoing dizziness in patients with whiplash associated disorder, 12 months after undertaking a neck specific or general exercise intervention. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23, 683 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05642-w
- Whiplash injury
- Exercise therapy
- Predictive factors

domain: health


Objective: We consider challenges in accurate segmentation of heart sound signals recorded under noisy clinical environments for subsequent classification of pathological events. Existing state-of-the-art solutions to heart sound segmentation use probabilistic models such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) which, however, are limited by its observation independence assumption and rely on pre-extraction of noise-robust features. Methods: We propose a Markov-switching autoregressive (MSAR) process to model the raw heart sound signals directly, which allows efficient segmentation of the cyclical heart sound states according to the distinct dependence structure in each state. To enhance robustness, we extend the MSAR model to a switching linear dynamic system (SLDS) that jointly model both the switching AR dynamics of underlying heart sound signals and the noise effects. We introduce a novel algorithm via fusion of switching Kalman filter and the duration-dependent Viterbi algorithm, which incorporates the duration of heart sound states to improve state decoding. Results: Evaluated on Physionet/CinC Challenge 2016 dataset, the proposed MSAR-SLDS approach significantly outperforms the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) in heart sound segmentation based on raw signals and comparable to a feature-based HSMM. The segmented labels were then used to train Gaussian-mixture HMM classifier for identification of abnormal beats, achieving high average precision of 86.1% on the same dataset including very noisy recordings. Conclusion: The proposed approach shows noticeable performance in heart sound segmentation and classification on a large noisy dataset. Significance: It is potentially useful in developing automated heart monitoring systems for pre-screening of heart pathologies.


text:
> Stress Fractures
What are Stress Fractures?
A hip stress fracture is a disruption
in the normal structure of your upper thighbone or hipbone.
It differs from an acute fracture because it is due
to repetitive stress from forces lower than the force
necessary to produce an acute fracture. Stress fractures
usually begin as small areas of damaged bone that gradually
worsen as you continue to strain you hip joint. The
severity of bone damage in your hip can vary. Your femoral
neck, which is the shaft of bone that branches off at
the top of your thighbone and connects to the hip joint,
is the most common area affected by stress fractures
in the hip. The front of the upper hipbone, called the
iliac crest, less frequently suffers stress fractures.
Stress fractures are commonly caused
by the cumulative effect of repeated minor stress on
your hip joint. Stress fractures typically develop over
a varying period of weeks or months, depending on factors
like the strength of your bones and your level of activity.
Sports that involve repetitive, stressful hip motions,
like long distance running, or high speed changes of
direction, such as ice hockey, put athletes at the highest
risk of hip stress fractures. Hip stress fractures often
occuer in long distance female runners who have amenorrhea
or anorexia. Stress fractures often develop because
of training errors. This means increasing the intensity
or duration of your workouts faster than your body can
handle. For example, people who are out of shape may
be at particular risk of developing hip stress fractures
when aggressively beginning a new running workout. Running
on hard surfaces or uneven roads may also put abnormal
strain on your hip joint that can lead to stress fractures.
Losing bone strength can put some people are at risk
of stress fractures during repetitive or stressful workouts.
Your hipbones tend to weaken with age. Post–menopausal
women seem particularly at risk of stress fractures.
Low calcium intake may also be related to weaker hipbones.
Abnormal biomechanics in your legs can increase the
risk of hip stress fractures. Twisting or bending of
your shinbone or thighbone may awkwardly transmit weight
into your hip joint. High rigid arches or flat feet
also may alter the mechanics of your running stride
and put you at risk for hip stress fractures. Running
in old, worn–out sneakers may accentuate any abnormalities
in your foot or leg anatomy.
If stress fractures are left untreated
in your hip, you may be at risk of suffering a debilitating
acute fracture in the future. This is particularly true
for patients over age 65. Untreated stress fractures
may also lead to a dangerous condition called avascular
necrosis. Another group at risk of suffering hip stress
fractures are female runners who are misdiagnosed and
told they have suffered groin pulls by trainers, coaches,
or physicians. Conditions that lead to weaker bone structure,
like osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, also increase
the risk of stress fractures turning into acute fractures.
Most hip stress fractures in younger patients can be
treated in six to eight weeks without surgery by resting
and using crutches until X–rays or bone scans
show the bones in your hip joint have healed. When a
femoral neck stress fracture is clearly visible on an
X–ray, the bone usually has suffered significant
damage and your physician may monitor your hip closely.
You may need to have your femoral neck surgically aligned
(open reduction) and reinforced (internal fixation)
with pins or screws. If the stress fracture is located
on the upper part of the femoral neck, it typically
is a tension injury and requires surgery to stabilize
the fracture. If the fracture is on the lower part of
the femoral neck, it typically is a compression injury
and surgery usually is not recommended. Patients over
age 65 may have surgery prescribed earlier to stabilize
their bones if the risk of acute fracture is high.
There are usually three parts to an
orthopedic evaluation: medical history, physical examination,
and tests your physician may order.
Your physician may ask you about the
following information to help make the diagnosis:
age and history of other medical conditions.
nature of your pain – when it began; how long
it lasts; its location and severity; whether it radiates;
and any factors, like running or climbing stairs, that
relieve or increase the pain.
physical and athletic goals – information that
will help determine what treatment might be best for
you in achieving those goals.
you have fever, chills, weight loss, or other symptoms
you have recently increased the duration or intensity
of your workouts or training.
Your physician usually feels around
your hip area, looking for painful spots, as your leg
is moved in different directions. However, hip stress
fractures may not cause any tenderness to the touch.
You may be asked to take a "hop test" that
requires you to hop on one leg so your physician can
see how quickly the pain occurs.
To make the final diagnosis, your
physician usually needs to take a closer look at your
hipbone and thighbone. A bone scan, where a harmless
radioactive dye is injected into your hip joint, typically
is the clearest way to differentiate a stress fracture
from soft tissue damage. You may also be given X–rays
(magnetic resonance imaging) scans, but stress fractures
are harder to see in these images, especially in the
early stages when your bone has not been badly damaged.

domain: medical


text:
Home State: Georgia
Branch of Service: Infantry
Unit: 13th Georgia Infantry
He enlisted as a Private in Company B, 13th Georgia Infantry on 8 July 1861 in Griffin, GA.
On the Campaign
He was wounded in action at Sharpsburg, MD on 17 September 1862.
The rest of the War
He was promoted to 3rd Corporal by August 1864 and was with his Company to at least February 1865, the last record in his military file.
1 US War Department, Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers, Record Group No. 109 (War Department Collection of Confederate Records), Washington DC: US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 1903-1927 [AotW citation 28580]
2 Henderson, Lilian, compiler, Roster of the Confederate Soldiers of Georgia, 1861-1865, 6 vols., Hapeville (GA): Longino & Porter, 1959-1964 [AotW citation 28581]

domain: history