LEWA pumps are used in a wide variety of processes for the production of biodiesel and other biofuels.
Depending on the particular application, different pumps that optimally meet the respective requirements are used:
Conventional process for biodiesel production: Esterification of vegetable oils with methanol.
Low pressure 1st generation
Alternative process for synthetic fuel production:
Gasification of carbon-containing raw materials for the production of synthetic gas (CO+H2), which is subsequently converted into a long-chained fuel using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In the last process step (hydrocracking), the desired BTL fuel (synfuel) is generated at temperatures < 200°C and a process pressure up to 90 bar.
For more information about this, visit: www.bioliq.de
High pressure 2nd generation
Similar process (conventional)
Esterification of organic fats or oils with methanol in a high-pressure process.
High pressure 2nd generation
The use of biofuels offers significant advantages in comparison to fossil energy sources:
|Oil-bearing plants from agriculture production: || || |
|Renewable resources || || |
|Gasification of renewable resources, biogenic and renewable residual materials: || || |
|From biomass through thermochemical and microbiological processes as well as from electrolysis, powered by photovoltaic systems and wind power plants.|| || |
|Renewable fuels and propellants |
Biomass to liquid
Gas to liquid
Coal to liquid
Compressed natural gas
Liquefied petroleum/propane gas
Ethanol tertiary butyl ether
Fatty acid methyl ester
Raps methyl ester
Crude oil must be cleaned, separated, and converted (refined) until the final products suitable for sale are made (e.g., gas, diesel, heating oil, lubricants, propane, butane). LEWA supports you with pumps and metering systems, which are used in the refining process during chemical metering. Application with our products are distillation plants, coker, cracker, or visbreaker, for example. Ask our experts for more information!More Details
LEWA supports power plant operators and power suppliers with pumps and systems for conveying, metering, and mixing different fluids. We not only provide power plants with our products, but also develop solutions for wastewater treatment plants, gas bottlers, biogas producers, regional power suppliers, and hydrogen producers.More Details
LEWA ecoflow is the innovative and universal metering pump with DPS diaphragm protection system in a tried-and-tested modular system. Suitable for numerous applications, the ecoflow is our real all-around talent, relied on by customers from all industries.More Details
A sanitary/hygienic version is also available for the LEWA ecodos. Here, we meet all requirements for operation in pharmaceutical and food production.More Details
The innovative ecoflow diaphragm process pump shows its strengths in high-pressure applications in the oil and gas, refinery and petrochemical industries as well as in the sensitive areas of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food and beverage production.More Details
The LEWA triplex process diaphragm pump is among the world's most compact high-pressure pumps and can even be set up in the tightest spaces when space is at a premium. The power package has proven its strength in numerous high-pressure processes in a variety of industries. Oil and Gas icon Gas odor icon gray Refinery icon Petrochemicals icon Chemicals icon Plastics icon gray Cleaning icon Cosmetics icon Pharma icon Food icon Energy icon Other iconMore Details


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I learned to bake when I was very young by watching my grandma. That was years ago and now one of my favorite things to do is bake comfort food for my family and friends. My dream job would be to cook at a bed and breakfast.

domain: hobby


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Genuine estate investing in Miami true estate is now turning into well-liked once again as there are numerous properties in foreclosure, limited sale, bank reo’s, and federal government foreclosures. With such an overpowering stock of properties accessible for sale a actual estate investor must be ready to establish which one to acquire. Buyers need to stick to six actions in get to understand, understand and attain Miami true estate investment accomplishment.
These are the 6 L actions to Miami true estate investing:
one. Location – Spot, location, area is nonetheless the key of purchasing Miami actual estate. Purchasing Miami genuine estate just simply because the cost is reduced in a declining area is massive miscalculation that need to be averted. Seem for residences in an outstanding area like, great faculties, economic stable and growing neighborhoods, near purchasing centers and malls, close to bus stops and metro rails, in close proximity to hospitals and dining places. Sometimes it is greater to pay a small a lot more for a residence in a very good location than receiving a cut price in a location exactly where it is really tough to offer or rent the asset. Place is usually overlooked in getting real estate as several trader consider they can get over a bad spot if the price tag is reduced sufficient. Out of two residences that are precisely the exact same, the one in the best area will command a significantly greater income price and rental revenue. Spot is the quantity consideration when acquiring Miami South Florida genuine estate.
2. Prolonged Term – Actual estate investing is a prolonged term proposition. Don’t consider you are heading to be a millionaire over evening. It will take several years of difficult perform and determination in order to succeed. Keep any residence at minimum 1 12 months just before selling it. yoursite.com obtain taxes will be tremendously decreased. Consider renting the property for at two or three many years. The rental earnings created will help you to appropriately repair and renovate the property. Many investors obtained homes in the middle of real estate growth with no cash down and no fairness. These investors have been pondering of flipping the houses rapidly and make a killing in the procedure. Numerous properties now in foreclosure are thanks to buyers that had been caught in the center and now understand that true estate investing is really tough to time. Lengthy time period Miami actual estate investing is the secret to a productive genuine estate profession.
3. Lease Selection – Never ever hire a residence with a lease alternative to purchase. Either market or hire it straight out. A lease option typically is a disaster for both customers and sellers. The tenant will demand from customers a big price cut of the rent to go toward the down payment and closing charges. The problem is that tenant will not acquire the property at the conclude of the lease and the landlord/vendor will have squandered a lot of cash in rebates offered to the tenant/purchaser. Demand from customers a twenty% or thirty% deposit from the tenant/customer and a clause in the deal that if they default on the purchase they will shed the deposit. This approach will pressure the tenant/purchaser to purchase the home or get rid of the deposit. The chance of getting rid of the deposit will eliminate the tenant from having benefit of the landlord by walking out of the agreement right after acquiring a month-to-month rental price reduction.
4. Local – Get genuine estate near to exactly where you live. Never purchase real estate in one more point out or in one more region. Hold actual estate investing local. Purchase in your personal county and in your town. The a lot more you know about the location where you are purchasing the better the choice will be. The trader should constantly be shut to the expenditure home. The Miami real estate investor should inspect the property typically to figure out any fix, roof and other issues. The landlord should inspect the house every single thirty day period when collecting the hire. Check out for the variety of tenants truly dwelling in the home, examine for damages and destruction of the house and total problem of the place. The investor/landlord will not be ready to examine and determine the situation of the property if it is positioned significantly away. Retaining genuine estate regional is an vital step in real estate investing.
5. Leverage – Most true estate guides and seminars notify you to use other people’s income when acquiring true estate. This strategy is not the very best and buyers must consider to buy the property in money if at all possible. Acquiring a home in cash will assist you get a greater offer and enable you to negotiate from a place of strength. A income buyer will often have the higher hand in negotiating with banking companies, home house owners, and other sellers. Cash purchasers will not endure and go into foreclosures if the marketplace turns and they are unable to promote or hire the property proper absent. Like Dave Ramsey always suggests “cash is king and financial debt is dumb”. Getting an expense residence in cash is an superb way to keep away from Miami genuine estate expense blunders.
six. Learn – Investigation the home and understand everything about it before you acquire. A error in Miami actual estate investing can be really expensive. Normally you make your cash when you buy not when you market. Purchasing the property at the incorrect value the incorrect location and at the mistaken time could be detrimental. 1 mistake could wipe you out and put you out of company ahead of you commence. Inquire concerns to the authorities, genuine estate brokers, appraisers, mortgage brokers, and other real estate traders. Find out, study, teach by yourself in all elements of real estate investing ahead of you acquire the asset.
It is certainly a customers industry in Miami-Dade County. Miami true estate traders have a lot more choices than at any time prior to when it will come to true estate investing. Investors need to comply with the L steps, the six actions real estate trader guidebook to profitable genuine estate investing in get to attain their expense objectives in the Miami true estate market.

domain: economics


On February 4, President Joe Biden said he had ordered the military to shoot down the hot air balloon “as soon as possible” from February 1.
Slow to fire hot air balloons ‘for people’s safety’
However, national security officials said that “the best time to shoot it down is when it is on the water”, because shooting it down on land poses many safety risks.
Similarly, a White House official said President Joe Biden and his military advisers had taken “responsible actions”. They had to wait for the Chinese hot air balloon to fly over the sea before shooting it down to minimize the risk it might pose to people on land.
According to CNN, Biden told reporters that he initially asked the Defense Department to shoot down the spy balloon 1-2, but ultimately agreed with the military’s assessment that it was shot down on land. could put American lives in jeopardy. Therefore the shooting down should take place over the open sea.
“The President agreed and directed them to fire the balloon safely over the sea as soon as possible. As a result, they planned to shoot down the balloon while it was at sea, in territorial airspace. of the United States,” a White House official told CNN.
According to this official, this is a responsible action that the head of a country must take.
“He prioritized the safety of the American people and ensured that the military would take steps to protect against the balloon’s collection of sensitive information, minimizing any intelligence value that could not be obtained. In the process, we still track the balloon and have information about it,” the White House official said.
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed support after the US shot down a Chinese hot air balloon.
“Today (February 4), the United States shot down a Chinese high-altitude reconnaissance balloon that violated the airspace of the United States and Canada and violated international law. Canada strongly supports the US action and we I will continue to work together on security and defence,” Trudeau said.
‘The government must explain because it’s too slow’
However, President Biden still faces a lot of criticism, mostly from the Republican Party. Many previous comments from congressmen, officials and citizens had asked the Biden administration to shoot down the balloon immediately, but this was not done.
They argued that Mr. Biden was soft on China and that the balloon should have been shot down sooner, since it entered US airspace on January 28. Republicans in both the House and Senate called the incident a display of “weakness” and demanded an explanation from the administration.
Republican Representative Jim Jordan wrote on Twitter: “Will (former president) Trump let Chinese spy balloons fly into our airspace? Or (former presidents) Reagan, John F. Kennedy, Truman Did you let this happen? No, no, no and no. So why would President Biden let China do this?”
Mr. Jordan continued to lash out at Biden with another tweet: “President Trump secures America’s borders. President Biden brings us chaos. President Trump builds a prosperous economy. President Biden gave us record inflation. President Trump was tough on China. President Biden let them drop spy balloons over our country.”
Nikki Haley, a former US ambassador to the United Nations and former governor of South Carolina, tweeted that Mr Biden was weak.
“China would never let a spy balloon fly into their airspace. No strong leader would allow that. And now it’s flying towards South Carolina. Grab it. this hot air balloon. Check what it collects. Hold President Xi Jinping accountable. We need to take back American power,” Haley wrote.
In general on Twitter, the harsh comments about the delay in shooting down the hot air balloon are somewhat prominent.


New Delhi: India has the highest number of cases for each of the major neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in the world. NTDs are mostly found in impoverished communities in tropical areas, but some have a larger geographical distribution. In view of the increased number of NTDs in India, Nirmal Kumar Ganguly, former director general of the ICMR, said that there are 172 million patients with NTDs worldwide, of which India has the highest number of patients.
There are many such diseases in India, about which people do not have much awareness. But it affects a large number of people in any corner of the country. These diseases are called NTDs, which include viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases that mainly affect the world’s poorest people.
These disease also include serious ones like leishmaniasis (kalazar), lymphatic filariasis (hathipaon), leprosies, etc. Earlier, a dangerous disease named Guinea worm was also included in it; however, now the world has gotten rid of this disease.
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly said,
There are 172 million patients with NTDs worldwide, of which India has the highest number of patients. Because two-thirds of the total patients are found in India only. The poorest communities in India are found to be most affected by these diseases.
Mr Ganguly said that the government is very serious about neglected tropical diseases, and awareness campaigns are being run regarding these diseases. The government is making every possible effort to account for these diseases; from raising awareness to identifying the right treatment, the government is bearing the entire expense.
The former director general of the ICMR said,
Not only this, but the government is also running a door-to-door campaign regarding NTDs. In different parts of the country, many camps are organised in poor, backward areas for awareness and treatment of such diseases. The goal of the government is that by the year 2030, maximum awareness about these diseases can be created among the people and treatment can reach the patients so that these diseases can be eliminated.
Mr Ganguly said that India has taken significant steps to address major NTDs through dedicated programmes, be it for leprosy, the elimination of filariasis, or kalazar. The number of cases across all has come down significantly. National days for NTDs and dedicated days like National Filaria Day also exist.
Highlighting the challenges, the former director general of the ICMR said that providing diagnostics and drugs to all states at a given time, coordinating efforts across various ministries, encouraging innovation, and ensuring research aligns with control programmes is the priority. India is doing well with designated programmes, research by institutes, and new modules, but further coordination is essential.
He said that, actually, there are 20 neglected tropical diseases. Few of them have India eradicated, like the guinea worm. India has reached the elimination stage, where it is no longer of public health importance to treat the trachoma, which has no vision.
Mr Ganguly added,
So these are the real achievements of India. The other achievement of India is that the three major parasitic diseases, one of which is leishmaniasis, are the only few cases that we are getting, and the majority of them are prevalent in six endemic blocks, while others are free of them. So, Bangladesh has declared elimination for this, and Nepal is also coming down. So there has been a great achievement for leishmaniasis (kalazar).
He further said only the challenges at the moment of neglected tropical diseases are there for dengue, which is very prevalent, and we have to deal with that appropriately. Leprosy is another disease where, more or less, we have received the elimination, and most of the places of elimination mean that it is no longer public and dimmer except in a few areas.
For NTDs, the focal point should be women and children, as they are often the most vulnerable and most affected. Strengthening the health system and integrating dedicated health programmes sustainably with the available health system is crucial for effectively addressing NTDs, Ganguly added.
The former director general of ICMR also said that, at present, these diseases have gained priority globally, not just in India, and this is essential as the success of these programmes is dependent on globally developed medicines and partnerships.
The London Declaration in 2012, where NTDs were given significant importance, and the Kigali Meeting in 2012, where over 100 participants pledged to prioritise NTDs. World NTD Day on January 30 was established. Partnerships were formed, and companies supplied drugs free of charge.
(This story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
NDTV – Dettol have been working towards a clean and healthy India since 2014 via the Banega Swachh India initiative, which in its Season 10 is helmed by Campaign Ambassador Ayushmann Khurrana. The campaign aims to highlight the inter-dependency of humans and the environment, and of humans on one another with the focus on One Health, One Planet, One Future – Leaving No One Behind. It stresses on the need to take care of, and consider, everyone’s health in India – especially vulnerable communities – the LGBTQ population, indigenous people, India’s different tribes, ethnic and linguistic minorities, people with disabilities, migrants, geographically remote populations, gender and sexual minorities. In a world post COVID-19 pandemic, the need for WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) is reaffirmed as handwashing is one of the ways to prevent Coronavirus infection and other diseases. The campaign will continue to raise awareness on the same along with focussing on the importance of nutrition and healthcare for women and children, fight malnutrition, mental well-being, self-care, science and health, adolescent health & gender awareness. Along with the health of people, the campaign has realised the need to also take care of the health of the eco-system. Our environment is fragile due to human activity, which is not only over-exploiting available resources, but also generating immense pollution as a result of using and extracting those resources. The imbalance has also led to immense biodiversity loss that has caused one of the biggest threats to human survival – climate change. It has now been described as a “code red for humanity.” The campaign will continue to cover issues like air pollution, waste management, plastic ban, manual scavenging and sanitation workers and menstrual hygiene. Banega Swasth India will also be taking forward the dream of Swasth Bharat, the campaign feels that only a Swachh or clean India where toilets are used and open defecation free (ODF) status achieved as part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, can eradicate diseases like diahorrea and the country can become a Swasth or healthy India.


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Reporters Without Borders today called for the immediate release of two American reporters, Laura Ling and Euna Lee, who were arrested by North Korean security forces on the border with China exactly one month ago on 17 March.
The worldwide press freedom organisation condemned Pyongyang for treating the two women as criminals while they were simply doing their job as journalists.
A total of 1,100 journalists and bloggers have already signed a petition in their support started by Reporters Without Borders and the International Women’s Media Foundation. You can sign the petition.
Laura Ling and Euna Lee, one of Korean and the other of Chinese origin, are accused of entering the country “illegally” and carrying out activities hostile to the state. They were working for online Current TV when they travelled to the border area with China to investigate the trafficking of North Korean women.
If found guilty they face up to 10 years of forced labour. Article 63 of the penal code relating to “crimes” against North Korea provides for jail terms of five to ten years for foreigners gathering news in the country.
Reporters Without Borders will be holding a special North Korean evening in Paris on 27 April designed to demonstrate the difficulties journalists have in investigating the plight of North Korean refugees on the Chinese border. There will be a screening of a previously unseen documentary filmed in the border Tumen river region where the two American journalists were arrested.

domain: news


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Question: I quitted sadhana two years ago. In order to get more in Self and speed up a process of awakening and get rid of unrest, and more smoothly embrace that energy -
It seems that things are happening without my effort. It seems that my wish to wake up makes an intense magnetic pull and that something beyond me is pulling the strings, it is not because of my will. Maybe sadhana will help but then maybe work on kundalini will make chaos in my energy field. I have had such experiences before and I stoped sadhana in order to not go creazy or something.
Jan: Apparently your kundalini has awakened. If not, you would not have experiences of kundalini entering your brain and the bliss that follows from that. Yes, I suggest you take up some practice again. You can try the meditations described on my website (The basic techniques, not the pranayama). They integrate Shakti nicely.
The emptiness you speak of is scary at first. But you will have to get used to it and with time the bliss and the emptyness will merge and Tanja will dissolve into IT. Where you are right now, there is bound to be irritability and fear of insanity coming up. But trust Shakti and surrender to Shakti and put up with the tribulations on the path and you will move rapidly towards the Self. Bliss does not become stable, it goes up and down. But the nothingness will never go away. Real bliss is a recognition of Self in everything around you. The border of this recognition is a scary emptyness and fear of death. Confront that and surrender. You still have identification with I-
Q: Thank you for encouraging me to do my sadhana again. It is producing more bliss and more emptyness, and more "electricity" in body, and of course more chaos... I hardly control normal behaviour and my socialisation with people is poor because I can not hold on anything; everything seems so unreal, so dream-
I have read almost everything on your site and this reading gives me courage to go on dispite fear of losing indetification-
Jan: Shakti has grabbed you and it is up to you to make it a happy experience rather than a traumatic one. There is NO way back. You can either suppress the inner transformation or you can surf on it. You don't have to enhance the shakti transforming you, but you have to learn to surf it.
Working on the heart chakra is always nice. On my meditation page you will find
1) The basic meditation, which has three parts (two actual methods).
2) At the bottom of the page, you have "Chakra breathing".
I suggest you do the basic meditation and add chakra breathing in the heart as an extra variation. In fact, if you just do chakra breathing in the root chakra, the heart chakra and the crown chakra alternately, you will get some deep and powerfull meditations.
Q: What did you do with fear when you passed through dark night of the soul?
J: I suffered, cried, prayed and meditated. I isolated myself from other people and meditated many hours every day. This phase can take many years, or it can be fast. I think there is no rule. Juan de la Cruz said in his book Dark Night of the Soul that the depth and length of the night is in proportion to the depth of purification going on and the hight, or depth, of the state you are being prepared for. I think this is quite true.
Q: I have heard bliss wil go away. That bliss is just an emotion and that you will transcend all such eventually.
J: Many meditators don't understand bliss. They think pure being is a still nothingness, but in truth it is vibrant with bliss and love. It is not love of objects or things as in the old days, but it is a state and it is inseperable from pure being.
Six months later...
Question: ...so .... after you suggested to me to practice that simple meditation of yours to ease suffering of dark night it becomes easier to my mind to dwell in emptiness. But still I was in a inner battle. And than one night in August everything falled apart. I disapeared completly. In periphery of my being there was chaos. World which I know was changed. It became chaotic, it was not hold together anymore because there was no Tanja to connect "my storry" as she knew it .
Everything which was observed was unknown, as seen for the first time, not real and dreamlike. When she disapeared mind was in fear of unknown, and that fear was not belong to Tanja at all. It was some kind of instinct which was observed from the distance. When Tanja disapeared at that moment only what was left was awarness which was empty, without qualities, without emotions, still and deatached. When Tanja reapeared it was such a relife for her .... like burden is taken from my sholders and nor me, neither the world is same anymore.
So ... what do you think what was that ....I would like to hear you opinion. It seems like in that moment disapeared mechanism of ego ... There is no suffering anymore. And there is bliss which is apearing in my being so easily with just a small change in perspecitve ...
Jan: I am sorry to hear you are having such an inner battle. On the other hand happy to hear you have one foot in radical Freedom and the Self. Yes, the fear does not belong to the Self, it is the mind reacting to no longer being in control of everything. Mind is like a spoiled child. When you reach void, the empty awareness, mind will either be quiet or it will react with fear. This fear hits us all. There is a book I would recommend you: Collisions with the Infinite, by Suzan Segal. She lost her self and war very bothered by anxiety. I also know that anxiety well. I also know when self reappears it is a relief, yet you are no longer identified anymore. What you have experienced/are experiencing, is Self-
Q: But what is this disappearing? And what is this coming back again?
J: What disappears is false identification. In the instant when it disappears, awareness will be in the Self and there will come a temporary unconsciousness of personality, of small self. However, after a while awareness of small Self will seem to return. What returns is awareness of it. small self never went awway, because it was never there in the first place! Where should it go when it is nothing but a consctruct of imagination without any ontological basis?
Q: "Without ontological basis"?
J: Yes, that is shorthand for saying the small self has no reality in and of itself; that the small self really does not exist except as a construct in awareness. The small self is a network of relations between units made up of experiences, thoughts, reactions, memories, etc. These units relate to each other, and this infinitely complex network of relationships is what one identirfies with. When identification suddenly goes away, one will have the experience that the small self has vanished, but after a while one will discover that the mechanism of units relating to each other goes on. This will seem as if the small self has reappeared, but infact it is just the same old mind doing its usual stuff, which is making sense out of life. What is gone, however, is identification with it.
Q: So what is this identification mechanism really? Does it have any onotological basis?
J: No, the identification mechanism is also an illusion without any reality of its own. The identification mechanism is in itself also just a relationship, but it is the most subtle of relations, which is between pure awareness and all other relationships. When pure awareness relates to a network of relationships between thoughts, feelings, impressions and reactions, then the sense that "I am these relations" may arise. Then basic I AM-
Q: So what happens in Self-
J: The identification mechanism breaks down, so to speak, and you no longer identify with the complex of mental and emotional relationships in the mind. Awareness realizes itself in its ultimate purity without any intermediary sense of a relationships or a perception. This is Self-

domain: literature


Duluth Police Department Searching For Missing 47-Year-Old Man
Have you seen this man lately? The Duluth Police Department is asking for the public's help locating him.
The Duluth Police Department released his picture along with some information on Monday evening. Here's what we know:
- The man's name is Jaydean Joseph Dorrheim.
- He is a 47-year-old white male.
- He is a resident of the Duluth area.
Dorrheim hasn't been seen in Duluth since Friday, March 15th.
Take a look at his photo below:
Keep your eyes peeled for a grey 1999 Chrysler Town & Country. That is the car he is believed to be driving. The car has North Dakota license plates that read 411 CLN.
Not only is Dorrheim missing, but he also has a medical condition. For this reason, the Duluth Police Department says they are "concerned for his welfare."
If you have any information on Dorrheim or his whereabouts, you are asked to call 911.


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Every girl has the ability to lead. But only one girl in five believes she can. A lack of role models, unhealthy images
of beauty, peer pressure to not stand out and a mean girl culture are just some of the obstacles that stand between
girls and their full potential. Now that you are here, girls are one step closer to breaking down those barriers.
Volunteer opportunities with Girl Scouts are tailored to fit your calendar, your skills and your interests. Your time
as a volunteer will provide girls the free and safe environment they need to pursue whatever interests, causes and
leadership roles that are most important to them. With your support, girls will stand up, stand out and stand tall.
Explore what being a volunteer could mean for you. We know what it means for girls.

domain: sociology


text:
Spot propylene up in Europe and Asia, US fails to follow
This was mainly attributed to the production updates in the three regions as planned/unplanned production outages in Europe and Asia paved the way for increases while the restart of Flint Hills’ PDH unit caused supplies to improve in the US.
In Europe, spot propylene prices on FD NWE basis rebounded from a two-month low by the end of July to recently hit nearly one-and-a-half month high on a weekly average. Regional supplies remain tight given low run rates amid hot weather conditions as well as ongoing and upcoming shutdowns. Low water levels in the Rhine River in Germany also posed an obstacle for smooth transportation across the country, yet water levels have started to rise recently.
Spot propylene prices on FOB Korea basis have also been steadily rising since early July to hit a fresh two-and-a-half month high, as weekly average data unveil. Roughly 2.9 million of propylene capacity is slated to be offline between August and November across Asia.
When it comes to the US, however, spot propylene prices on FD USG basis turned downward by late July after posting cumulative increases of around $140/ton during the month of July.
To track the most updated propylene production news, please see PP Production News (For members only)
More free plastics newsPlastic resin (PP, LDPE, LLDPE ,HDPE, PVC, GPS; HIPS, PET, ABS) prices, polymer market trends, and more...
- Supply constraints spark stronger PE trend than PP in global markets
- ABS, PS uptrend falters in China after H1 2020 ends at multi-month highs
- Stats: China’s total PP imports spike in May; Vietnam and India’s rising shares shine out
- Tight supply drives HDPE, LLDPE gains in Southeast Asia
- European PE markets set for 2nd bullish month on rising costs
- Turkey’s PP and PE markets propelled to a firm start to H2 despite vulnerable conditions
- Asian PVC sees V-shaped recovery in Q2, what will Q3 bring?
- Will capacity additions cast cloud on ethylene upsurge in Asia?
- US PVC offers in Egypt rise steadily but resistance grows in tandem
- PE buyers’ resistance grows in SEA; duty-free origins more competitive than Mid-East

domain: geography


In a boost to legislators trying to ban the sale of semiautomatic assault weapons in Connecticut, a federal agency declared Wednesday that the Colt Sporter is an assault rifle generally unsuitable for sporting use.
The statement by the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms is significant, because the state Senate today will consider exempting the Sporter from a proposed ban on dozens of semiautomatic firearms.
The exemption for the Connecticut-made Sporter is one of several amendments that opponents of the legislation are expected to offer this afternoon in an attempt to weaken or kill the bill.
Sen. George C. Jepsen, D-Stamford, the sponsor of the bill, said exempting a gun simply to protect a Connecticut manufacturer would violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution and nullify the ban.
Passage or defeat of the bill, which has been rewritten in recent days to answer some criticisms leveled by gun owners, is expected to hinge on a freshman senator who says he will not make a decision until today.
Unless other senators committed to the bill change their minds, the fate of the bill appears to rest with Sen. Joseph J. Crisco Jr., D-Woodbridge, who has received 300 calls opposing the bill in the past three weeks.
"I will make my decision on the floor of the Senate" this afternoon, Crisco said.
The legislation would ban the retail sale in Connecticut of a specific list of semiautomatic firearms that legislators say are based on military designs, including the Colt AR-15 and Sporter, the AK-47, MAC-10 and TEC-9.
Residents who purchase the affected guns by July 1 may legally keep them if they obtain a certificate of possession. No one could resell the weapons in Connecticut after Jan. 1, except to a licensed gun dealer.
The bill also would impose a minimum five-year mandatory prison
sentence for using one of the banned weapons in the commission of most felonies.
Jepsen said Wednesday that he remained at least one vote short of passage, with a handful of legislators publicly uncommitted.
"We're either going to lose 19-17 or win with the lieutenant governor breaking an 18-18 tie," Jepsen said.
Lt. Gov. Eunice S. Groark presides over the Senate and can vote only in case of a tie. With Gov. Lowell P. Weicker Jr.'s support, Groark has said she would vote for Jepsen's bill.
Opponents of the bill agreed with Jepsen's assessment. Robert Crook, a lobbyist for the Coalition of Connecticut Sportsmen, said the difference between defeat or victory would be "one or two votes."
Jepsen's allies quickly publicized the ATF statement on the Colt Sporter, hoping it would persuade senators today to reject an amendment exempting the weapons from the ban.
"This is the federal government saying today that the Sporter does not have a sporting purpose," said David Weaver of Handgun Control Inc., a Washington, D.C., group lobbying for the bill.
Patrick Squire, a lobbyist for Colt's Manufacturing, said the statement by James O. Pasco, an assistant director of the ATF, was based on a 1989 policy and was "old news."
As recently as two days ago, however, an ATF spokesman had told The Courant that the agency never had expressed an opinion on whether the Colt Sporter was a semiautomatic assault rifle under the agency's criteria.
Pasco said Wednesday the ATF issued a statement on the Sporter in response to a query by Bridgeport Police Chief Thomas J. Sweeney, a strong advocate of the legislation, as are many other police chiefs in Connecticut.
"As far as we are concerned it is another semiautomatic assault weapon," Pasco said.
At the direction of President Bush, the ATF in 1989 issued a study setting criteria for banning the importation of semiautomatic rifles.
Jack Killorin, a spokesman for the agency, said the directive was prompted by the use of imported weapons, such as the AK-47, in several high-profile crimes.
The imported guns would be banned unless they were of "a type ... generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes," Killorin said.
The ban did not affect the sale of domestic-made guns in the United States, although it prevented the importation back into the country of many U.S.-made weapons that had been exported, including the Colt AR-15.
Colt's withdrew the AR-15 from the civilian market in 1989 and introduced the Sporter, which had been altered so that it was more difficult to convert to an automatic weapon.
The banned weapons, which are capable of rapid fire, were based on military designs and had features such as detachable magazines and flash suppressors, Killorin said.
Squire said the ATF criteria for labeling the weapons as "assault rifles" were questionable. The guns may resemble military weapons, but they function like any semiautomatic firearm, he said.
The Colt Sporter, which resembles the standard rifle of the U.S. military, the M-16, is commonly used for target shooting and hunting, he said.
The National Rifle Association and other opponents of the bill say they consider the very phrase, "semiautomatic assault rifle," an oxymoron; they accept only the classic military definition of an assault rifle: a fully automatic weapon.
Fully automatic weapons, commonly known as machine guns, already are heavily regulated


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As Long As It Has the Right Vibe: An Interview with Skeppet
The first time you listen to the epic “Den Nya Kusten” (Swedish for “The New Coast”) by Sweden’s Skeppet, you’re likely to be thoroughly drawn in by the hypnotic collision of sounds that ooze from your speakers. There are only a handful of musical elements at work in these recordings (guitar, keys, percussion), but their flow leaves you transfixed by a groove that builds so smoothly during the track that you hardly notice twenty minutes have passed by the time it’s over. It sounds so natural that it seems as if all the musicians had to do was plug in their instruments and hit record. However, it may surprise listeners to learn that Phase 3, the group’s latest LP (released earlier this summer via Not Not Fun), has been in the works since the beginning of the decade. The pair of Andreas Malm and Henrik Wallin has been making music together in various forms since the early 2000s, and after connecting with the Not Not Fun crew, they refined their jams and let four wicked tunes gestate until they were ready for the public’s consumption. And it was well worth the wait: the entirety of Phase 3 is a towering achievement of psychedelic music circa 2014.
From their home base in Sweden, Andreas and Henrik were kind enough to answer my questions via e-mail, discussing the band’s beginnings, first record, their approach to songcraft, and what’s next to come in their exciting musical careers.
Jason Cabaniss: Can you describe your respective musical backgrounds?
Andreas Malm: I started playing in various punk rock and hardcore bands in the early 90s – Three Minute Access was one of them. After that followed a period of post rock, taking influences from bands such Fly Pan Am. The discovery of German kosmische music and early American minimalism pushed us in new directions before moving into more free form noise rock with the forming of Fria Konstellationen around 2003. I am also in the tape loop-based duo Amph with Peter Henning (of Mirrors Are Black and Sprachlos Verlag), and occasionally I do solo stuff as Body Awareness.
Henrik Wallin: I have always been interested in music, listening and buying records and so on. I was the DJ at the high school discos (probably because I was the only nerd with a lot of records). Started going to live shows in Linköping in the early 90s. Didn’t start playing and making music myself until pretty late, I guess I was about 25 or so. The first band was called the Greatest of All Time. We were quite into American indie rock. This was back in 2001 I think. It lasted for about one year. Then we started Fria Konstellationen. Alongside Skeppet I also do stuff on my own as Foxy Music.
Was there a particular moment or experience that made you want to start actually playing music? What were your first instruments?
HW: As I mentioned, I started playing music quite late. I’m not sure there was a particular moment that made me start, perhaps hanging around watching gigs and meeting the right people. I started playing bass in my first band, then I switched to guitar. I have never really learned to play any instrument properly, just been trying to figure it out by myself. It can be a bit limiting, but I think it also makes it quite interesting to not really “know” what you are doing.
AM: As a kid, playing the recorder didn’t really get me into music. In the 90s there was this great hardcore scene in our hometown, Linköping, evolving around influential band Outlast. That, along with hearing bands like Fugazi and Void, got me into playing bass. Eventually I started playing around with drums in some band. Synths came much later, after moving to Malmö, just before the forming of Skeppet.
Just for fun, what was the first record you ever bought?
AM: Not sure, but I think it was the “Domino Dancing” 7″ by Pet Shop Boys. They were my first real favorite band. Still a great song!
HW: Dio, Sacred Heart. I think I got it only because I thought the cover was cool. I really like Dio but this is not their best album.
How did you two come together, and at what point in your relationship did Skeppet come together?
We’ve known each other since the late 90s. We grew up in Linköping, and attended the same shows and hung out with the same people. In 2003, Fria Konstellationen was born from the remains of the defunct bands we were playing in around that time. Fria Konstellationen was a pretty active band for some five years but since 2009 or so we only rarely play live and we haven’t recorded new stuff for ages. Sometime around 2006, we started jamming as a duo, but at that time we didn’t have any plans for recording or playing live. In 2008 we made some recordings that were released in early 2009 as the second release on our own Kosmisk Väg imprint.
‘Phase 3’ contains a number of lengthy pieces, yet they have a coherent structure and vibe that indicates a lot of work and care went into each track. Can you describe your approach to songcraft, and how much time went into the creation of this record?
Skeppet: Making songs, and recording them, is a time-consuming and slow process for us, as we are not very disciplined. Usually we’re jamming the songs for a long time before moving on to recording them. A lot of time is put into recording and mixing, which is partly due to our lack of recording skills. The recording of “Den Nya Kusten” probably started in 2010 or early 2011. A first version of Phase 3 was completed in 2012, but then we decided to do the final mixing of the tracks with Björn Stegmann, with whom we’d worked for live shows on several occasions. After completing the final mix, we decided to rework one track (“Genom öknen”) and include a new one (“Solskeppet”). The final version of the album was completed in the summer of 2013.
I’m not surprised by how well ‘Phase 3’ fits into the Not Not Fun catalog, given the amount of tight psych groups like Bronze and Jonas Reinhardt that have come before you at the label. When and how did you get connected with Britt at NNF?
When Skeppet started playing, NNF served as a great source of inspiration for us, with bands like Sun Araw, Pocahaunted and Robedoor, and later Peaking Lights, Rangers and Ducktails. We met Britt in Berlin when Sun Araw and Pocahaunted played at West Germany in 2009. We had just put our first tape, so we talked and handed Britt a copy. Some time later he wrote that he liked some of the tunes, and that he’d like to hear our future recordings. Later that year we did a split tape with Viking Jews (Hannes Norrvide of Lust for Youth) that we sent to NNF. Britt wrote us that he really liked the track “Coast Rider,” and that they wanted to do a tape or LP release. This must have been in 2010. So the LP has been in the making ever since…
Your label, Kosmisk Väg, contains music from Skeppet as well as other musical projects (Fria Konstellationen, Sand Circles, and others). I’m struck by the raw, drone-inflected psychedelia of some of the tunes. What do you look for in an artist or group whom you might be interested in adding to your label’s roster?
Yes, we kind of started Kosmisk Väg as an excuse to release our own projects. Then it went to releasing friends. The idea has never been to release stuff with a uniform sound or style. We like a lot of different kinds of music, so basically we are into releasing anything we like, regardless of genre, as long as it has the right vibe.
Does Skeppet play live very often? What touring plans do you have?
We played live a lot for a while in 2010, when the split LP on Release the Bats came out. After that we have played occasionally. The last couple of years we have performed as a trio, with Martin Nilsson (Upper Layer Snoozer/Super Jam) joining in on congas. We have plans to play more shows later this year, no tour scheduled yet at the moment, though.
What’s next for Skeppet and Kosmisk Väg?
Not Not Fun will release a compilation tape of old Skeppet songs later this year. It’ll contain some unreleased material, along with tracks from our out-of-print Kosmisk Väg and Release the Bats releases and more. We’re also in the process of recording new Skeppet stuff, but as you know by now, recording is a long and slow process… Kosmisk Väg also has a few nice releases on the way.
[Featured image photo by Jonas Eriksson, all other photos by Thomas Skoog]

domain: artistic


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By Melodie Constance. Other Design Kitchen. Publised at Tuesday, December 12th 2017, 05:31:16 AM. How you normally live and what you plan on using the kitchen space for, is another deciding factor between peninsulas and islands. As mentioned earlier, peninsulas generally close off a certain section of the kitchen by creating a border between the cooking space and the dining or living space. If you don’t plan on doing lots of entertaining in your kitchen and you want a bit of privacy when cooking, a peninsula is a much better choice than an island in your kitchen.
By Marcelline Odette. Scandanavian Kitchen. Published at Sunday, October 08th 2017, 19:28:53 PM. Scandinavian-style kitchens are all about s seamless blend of form and functionality wrapped in an inviting ambiance. Cutting across budget constraints and themes, Scandinavian design fits in with almost any style that you already have going in your home.
By Jonathan Sybille. Other Design Kitchen. Published at Saturday, October 07th 2017, 17:10:07 PM. You can also use a cake stand for ingredients! If you cook a lot, why not use a cake stand (or two) to hold key ingredients such as chocolate chips and raisins? We love this idea, and it looks absolutely wonderful in any kitchen, especially if you can find a cake stand with the same colour scheme as your kitchen.
By Jonathan Sybille. Other Design Kitchen. Published at Thursday, October 05th 2017, 16:53:00 PM. While this hue may be used as the major theme, it can also complement white and grey, which are common in many kitchens now. This hue is durable, ultra-gloss, of high marine quality and a perfect choice for many applications in the kitchen.
By Renard Jocelyne. Other Design Kitchen. Published at Sunday, October 01st 2017, 16:45:27 PM. Add plump throw pillows on cushioned chairs. Provide a black chalkboard wall for kids and hang their framed artwork. Line the table with fun placemats, a basket of fruits of all sorts, or an assortment of flowers in full bloom.
By Melodie Constance. Modern Kitchen. Published at Saturday, September 30th 2017, 19:06:43 PM. Mosaic tiles define even more popular kitchen trends in modern backsplash designs. Mosaic tiles are practical and beautiful. This backsplash material creates smooth, glossy surfaces, ideal for stylish home decorating. The wide range of mosaic tile designs can make a kitchen backsplash design in bright or neutral colors, monochromatic or colorful, classic or eclectic.
By Florentin Vincent. Rustic Kitchen. Published at Wednesday, September 27th 2017, 16:49:35 PM. Rather, here you will find images and descriptions of rustic kitchens that feature amazing natural wood elements, old stones that have tumbled through time, rough hewn wood beams, and a few unexpected modern elements that mix surprisingly well with rustic life.
By Florentin Vincent. Rustic Kitchen. Published at Tuesday, September 26th 2017, 16:38:42 PM. One of the details that sets rustic design apart from other styles is that the approach to decor is a little more flexible — and there’s often more of it. Feel free to amass a collection of various pieces that you love in order to create an eclectic design.
Seryan - Kitchens Design Gallery
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domain: design


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As USC pursues the formula it needs to win championships and reclaim greatness, a natural question emerges about the needs the Trojans have.
Their first priorities are at defensive line and offensive line. They can also really use help at linebacker and in the secondary. Wide receiver is not their first need.
Yet, they do need help everywhere, and if they can get a boost at receiver, they aren’t going to say no to the opportunity.
Antonio Morales of The Athletic provided context on what Lincoln Riley had — and didn’t have — at Oklahoma.
there were certainly more moments than usual last fall in which Oklahoma’s offense looked pedestrian by its extremely high standards. The Sooners scored just 23 points against Nebraska in September, then 16 the next week against West Virginia. Baylor limited Oklahoma to 14 points in a loss, and and Iowa State contained the Sooners to just 305 yards of offense.
You could put a lot of this on quarterback Spencer Rattler’s struggles or Caleb Williams’ relative inexperience. But another clue lies in what Riley had at receiver throughout his first five seasons since being hired as the Sooners’ offensive coordinator
In 2015, Sterling Shepard posted a 1,000-yard season and was a second-round pick in the NFL Draft. In 2016, Dede Westbrook caught 80 passes for 1,524 yards and 17 touchdowns and was a Heisman Trophy finalist. In 2017, Marquise “Hollywood” Brown and CeeDee Lamb emerged as two of the team’s top receiving threats. They went on to dominate the next few years and became first-round picks in 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The Sooners had talented pass catchers in the receiving room the past two seasons, but none became a clear-cut No. 1 option like Lamb, which likely limited the ceiling of those offenses.


Red Storm Joins the Sea of Green on St. Patrick’s Day
The luck of the Irish was on full display during this year’s St. Patrick’s Day Parade, as snowy forecasts gave way to clear and sunny skies – and the St. John’s community was a major part of the festivities.
Alumni, friends, students, faculty and administrators joined together to march up Fifth Avenue, holding a St. John’s banner and wearing green University gear. Prior to the parade, they enjoyed Mass at the famous St. Malachy’s, The Actors’ Chapel and breakfast at St. Andrew’s Restaurant and Bar.
“This event is a perfect combination of two historic New York City institutions,” said Walter Smith ’80C, ’85MBA. “I’ve marched with St. John’s for the last 10 years or so, and it’s always a lot of fun.
There are so many people in the crowd who cheer for us, because everyone in New York has a connection to St. John’s.”
For Michael Walsh ’62C, ’65GEd, ’66G, this annual tradition is a chance to reconnect with alumni of all ages, from recent graduates to those who attended the University’s historic Brooklyn campuses.
Patricia Maiasky Cooke ’68Ed has never lost touch with the University she loves. She also welcomes any chance to celebrate her Irish culture, and as she mingled with other alumni over breakfast, she marveled at the family feeling that always surrounds SJU.
“I’ve never met most of these people before, but we’re united by our love of St. John’s,” she explained. “It’s a wonderful feeling, to remember your college days, a time that was clearly the most free and fun period of our lives. It’s like we’re turning back the clock, and it’s especially enjoyable here on St. Patrick’s Day.”


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Hi everyone, it's time for another share of Joy Clair Stamps. Pop by the store, you will absolutely love their stamps.
Today I'm working with April Showers. This stamp set contains 13 stamps that are sure to get your creativity flowing.
Using yellows, oranges and reds, I created the background with the different flowers included in this set. To keep the focus on the flowers, the umbrella was stamped in black and left uncolored.
Here's hoping for an early spring.
Thanks for stopping by today.


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Guitar chord transcription software
While it's close to Open D, the G on the third string turns the open chord in this tuning into a Dsus4. Adults are also more self-aware with better developed ears, which makes it harder for them to tolerate the sometimes unpleasant sounding learning process. No problem. When he and a partner bought Gibson in 1986, for just 5 million, the onetime giant was dying. Tone Knob: Guitar chord transcription software to adjust guitar chord transcription software tone of the pickups. BTW the pickguards are cheap but they are as nice as the fender pickguards I've bought. I started my journey with the guitar because I i ran so far away guitar chords to learn how to play some of my favourite songs. Everything you need without adds and like stated before it's completely free. To unlock this song, you must defeat Lou in the final guitar battle on any difficulty. Play the whole spectrum of sounds you normally make on guitar. Sofyware some good tips in the comments as well. I have shown the most guitar chord transcription software way of fingering them (in one case, the A form barre chord, shown two different ways), but some players prefer to curl their thumb transscription the edge of the fretboard to grab the bass note and form a mini-barre for the treble strings. CAUTION: Please carefully check the applicability (and sensibility) of each recommendation of this experimental calculator. Also included are a precision tuner, metronome and a variety of stomp boxes for stunningly real amplifier tones. On the other hand, softwqre solid-state amplifier may be the choice for you if you're looking for more of a guitar chord transcription software, crisp sound and the best possible reliability. Ceramic magnets are guitar chord transcription software affordable than Alnico and also can be stronger, proportionally, so they are often used to create hot pickups that drive an amp hard. Disclosure: We are a professional review site that receives compensation from the companies whose products we review. Dammit, the Deftones are on. The important guitar chord transcription software is that everything is routed properly and accepts Gibson's parts with minimal adjustments necessary. It is American voiced with bright treble and solid bass for an 8. Barre guitar chord transcription software, or to use the less guitar chord transcription software ghitar, bar chords, are the reason the guitar is so cool. Here are guitar chord transcription software resources to get to work and add some more depth to the harmonic component of your playing. Enter your email address and click the blue button to get 50 exclusive step-by-step video lessons for FREE. I was sold; I knew what I wanted to do. Generally, if you're playing live, you want an amp with some power behind it. I've been bass guitars in ireland customer since 1981. Notice that the Low E string is not played, so there are no open strings played. Realistically, I think most people are somewhere in between those two extremes. I dont expect free software and am willing to pay top dollar for programs that have taken time and money to develop. Mark's Guitar Exchange is estimated to generate 52,888 in annual revenues, and employs approximately 1 people at this single location. POWERCHORDS. I have bookmarked it for later. Promotion of group. Softward Shop- We accept all major credit cards (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, JCB Card) Diners Card, PayPal, and Bitcoin. Instructables will help you learn how to make rooftops guitar chords and lyrics. This lick is the characteristic sound of one of the most famous slide sounds of all time: Dust My Broom - a song originally by Robert Johnson with conventional fretting but covered in the most famous version by electric slide chlrd Elmore James. I own a full frame DSLR camera and some nice fast lenses and don't think I'm compensating for anything!.More...
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Special Edition No. 1 - 12:
the numbers 1 to 12 come in a handmade box, titled with hot foil embossing. They include two different gelatine silver photographs from the "Ostrava" series (each has an edition of 6), printed and signed by the artist.
€ 400Price incl. Tax excl. Shipping costs


As small as a 500ml beverage can, MP-C20U catches PM2.5 without the slightest difficulty.
Elegant, and efficient, MP-C20U will clean sealed spaces such as sanitary rooms or inside a car as well as personal space such as around your desk.
Photoclea system automatically degrades and disposes of bacteria and chemicals that land on its surface - resulting in consistent, powerful absorption and performance.
Cado’s high-performance two-layer filters provide both high suction power, and the ability to filter out harmful particulates, pollen and dust.
Blue-light activated carbon filter coated with photocatalyst absorbs and decomposes harmful substances. Silver-ion antibacterial HEPA-type filter captures tiny particles and prevents the growth of viruses, fungi, bacteria, and other dangerous organisms etc.
Squeezed a single sheet of aluminum, MP-C20U features a gorgeous, seamless body. Its seamless body lessens vibration and noise.


text: Marine fabrication is the foundation of our business and was the original inspiration behind Prime Fabrication. Trevor Streech, as the son of a lifelong waterman and yacht designer, inherited a passion for boating. He has extensive knowledge and appreciation for this specialized field of work. Trevor takes great pride in designing and crafting beautiful, high quality stainless marine fixtures. Rails, T-tops, towers, rod holders, transom name plates, and dingy chocks are just a few of the needs we have met for our boating clientele.


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The control of genotoxic impurities is crucial for ensuring regulatory compliance, and with the implementation of the ICH M7 guidance for impurity assessment and control, it is more important than ever for drug manufacturers to employ effective strategies for dealing with toxic or mutagenic impurities.
Where there is a risk that potential genotoxic impurities are likely to still be present in the final drug substance or drug product, then reliable, robust and sensitive methods are required for accurate determination. However, genotoxic impurities and degradants can present specific analytical challenges, for example, containing non-UV chromophores and a wide variety of ionizable groups, etc., which can make method development more challenging. Additionally, with the introduction of the recent M7 guidance and the more precise definition of acceptable intake limits, there may also be a need to achieve lower detection limits during routine testing.
In this work, we present the process of developing a robust, dual-detection UPLC method suitable for the routine testing of esters of benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids. The approach utilizes both UV and mass detection for fast and accurate monitoring and quantitation. The impact of different chromatographic parameters (columns, pHs and organic solvents) on the separation of the sample components will be evaluated and in addition to the chromatographic parameters, we will investigate different factors that can affect the quality of mass information and the sensitivity of the method. The selection of mobile phase, sample diluent and acquisition parameters to optimize the quality and sensitivity of the MS detector results will be discussed and the linearity, sensitivity and specificity of the method will be shown.
Using this approach, we show that the esters of benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids can be accurately measured in the 1.5 to 15 ng/mL range using mass detection, allowing significantly lower detection limits than those achievable using a PDA detector. The additional benefit of this approach is the ease with which methods can be transferred to routine testing labs required to monitor low level genotoxic impurities. This is a result of recent developments in technology and the wider acceptance of the need and benefits of modern technology for ensuring the quality of drug substance and drug product.

domain: medical


Mathematical modeling of two-phase mass transport in liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cells
by Yang Weiwei
Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering
xxviii, 196 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm
A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an electrochemical energy-conversion device that converts chemical energy of liquid methanol into electrical energy directly. Because of its unique advantages, such as higher energy densities, facile liquid fuel storage, and simpler system structures, the DMFC has been identified as one of the most promising power sources for portable and mobile applications. Although promising, the DMFC technology is facing some challenging technical issues. For given electrolyte and electrode materials, the performance and operating stability of a DMFC are determined by the mass transport of different species in the cell. A better understanding of mass transport behaviors in DMFC is thus essential. However, the opaque materials that form the constituent components...[ Read more ]
A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an electrochemical energy-conversion device that converts chemical energy of liquid methanol into electrical energy directly. Because of its unique advantages, such as higher energy densities, facile liquid fuel storage, and simpler system structures, the DMFC has been identified as one of the most promising power sources for portable and mobile applications. Although promising, the DMFC technology is facing some challenging technical issues. For given electrolyte and electrode materials, the performance and operating stability of a DMFC are determined by the mass transport of different species in the cell. A better understanding of mass transport behaviors in DMFC is thus essential. However, the opaque materials that form the constituent components of the fuel cell make it rather hard to experimentally reveal the real-world details of how different species are transported and distributed inside the cell. Mathematical modeling, therefore, becomes essential to shed light on the mass transport processes in the DMFC.
This thesis focuses on numerically investigating the mass transport processes in the liquid-feed DMFCs. First of all, an integrated mathematical model that can simulate the intricate mass transport processes occurred in different regions of the DMFC was developed. The model consists of three sub-models. The first one that describes the two-phase flow and mass transport in the anode and cathode porous regions was formulated based on the classical porous-medium multiphase flow theory. As compared with conventional models, the present model in the porous structures eliminates (a) the assumption of constant gas pressure in the unsaturated porous medium flow theory, (b) the definition of the liquid-gas mixture pressure in the multiphase mixture model, and (c) the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between phases in the multiphase mixture model. The second sub-model was developed based on the drift-flux and homogeneous theories to simulate, respectively, the flow in the anode and cathode channels. The third one is a microscopic agglomerate model that was applied to the effect of microstructure of the catalyst layer. This integrated model is solved numerically using a home-written computer code based on SIMPLE algorithm with finite-volume-method. The validations of the model against both the experimental and numerical data reported in the open literature show that the present model can predict the cell performance with fairly good accuracy. The model can then be applied to investigate the mass transport behaviors of reactants (methanol, water and oxygen) and products (carbon dioxide and water) in a DMFC.
The liquid-gas two-phase mass transport of methanol through the DMFC anode was numerically investigated. Predictions by different models with various considerations on methanol transport were compared. The results indicate that the present model that considers two-phase methanol transport with interface phase exchange can yield a more accurate prediction of cell performance than conventional DMFC models that ignore the interfacial mass exchange. Particularly, it is shown that the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between liquid methanol and vapor methanol invoked in conventional models will overestimate the mass transfer of methanol to the anode catalyst layer, thereby resulting in an inaccurate prediction of cell performance. Besides, the numerical investigations show that the mass transfer of methanol to the anode catalyst layer is coupled with the counter transport of gas CO2 from the anode catalyst layer to the anode flow channel. The presence of gas CO2 in the anode porous region will reduce the transfer path for liquid methanol, thus increasing the overall mass transfer resistance of methanol from the channel region to the catalyst layer. Also, it is revealed that the gas-void (gas CO2) fraction in the anode porous region is influenced by the gas-void fraction in the anode flow channel which sensitively depends on the methanol flow rate. A higher methanol flow rate will result in relatively lower gas-void fraction in the channel, thereby increasing the mass transport of methanol from the channel region to the catalyst layer. Finally, the overall mass transfer coefficient of methanol from the channel to the catalyst layer is calculated, which is in well agreement with the experimentally-determined empirical correlation reported in the literature.
The water transport behaviors through the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) were then numerically investigated. The effects of the design variables of each constituent component of the MEA on each of the three water crossover mechanisms, namely electrosmotic drag, diffusion and back-flow, were examined. Emphasis is placed on studying the ways of how to reduce the rate of water crossover so that the anode water loss can be reduced and the cathode flooding can be alleviated. The numerical results shown that lowering the diffusion flux of water to the cathode and enhancing the back-convection flux of water to the anode are both feasible in suppressing the overall rate of water crossover to the cathode. It is revealed that the reduction in the diffusion flux of water to the cathode can mainly be achieved by lowering the liquid saturation level (or increasing the gas-void fraction) in the anode electrode, which depends on the optimal design of the anode porous layers. As for the enhancement of the water back-flow to the anode, it can be realized by building up a much higher hydraulic liquid pressure in the cathode electrode, which relies on the optimization of cathode porous layers.
In addition, the coupled oxygen and electron transport through the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) was modeled. The influences of both the inherent anisotropic GDL and the anisotropy caused by the GDL deformation were examined. The results indicate that the anisotropy of the GDL significantly influences the local distributions in cathode potential and current density. It is found that the GDL with deformation results in an increase in the concentration polarization due to the increased mass transfer resistance in the deformed GDL. However, the ohmic polarization is found to be smaller in the deformed GDL as the result of the decreased interfacial contact resistance and electrical resistance in the GDL. This result implies that an appropriate clamping force needs to be achieved so that the cathode performance can be maximized.
Moreover, the dynamic response of a DMFC to the change in the cell operation conditions was numerically investigated with a transient two-phase mass transport model. Various physicochemical processes that may affect the cell dynamics were examined. The results show that the dynamic cell voltage exhibits a significant overshooting in response to a sudden change in the cell current. This is due to the dynamic change in the methanol-crossover flux in response to the change of cell current results, which causes a strong cathode potential overshooting. In particular, it is revealed that the slow response in the methanol transport through the porous electrode and the membrane is one of the dominant factors that influence the cell dynamics, implying that the assumption of fast mass transport processes that employed by other transient DMFC models is unrealistic and will lead to inaccurate predictions.
Keywords: Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), two-phase flow, mass transport, methanol crossover, water crossover, overpotential, liquid saturation, non-equilibrium, phase-change, dynamic behavior, model


Updated visiting arrangements
New visiting arrangements have been introduced at the county’s hospitals, in light of rapidly rising rates of COVID infection across the country.
Open, general visiting to adult wards is suspended. However, visits can be pre-arranged with the wards in certain circumstances, for example on compassionate grounds.
Visiting may also be permitted in special circumstances and where patients would benefit from a carer being with them - for example for ongoing personal, physical, and emotional care and support. This might include patients with learning disabilities, dementia, or other vulnerabilities.
The Trusts ask all visitors, as well as patients attending appointments, to complete a lateral flow test prior to visiting to check their COVID negative status and provide proof of this when visiting the ward. When visiting the wards, people will be required to wear a hospital-supplied face mask and comply with social distancing and hand hygiene guidance as advised by our staff.
It is important that people of all ages still attend medical appointments and patients can be reassured that, due to careful infection prevention and control procedures, transmission rates in our hospitals remain low. Those attending appointments are encouraged to attend alone whenever possible, to reduce the number of people in hospital buildings.
All visitors are reminded:
- Do not visit healthcare facilities if you have COVID symptoms
- Please use a Lateral flow test to check that you are not COVID positive before visiting. Lateral Flow tests are available to order online from GOV.UK or can be collected from your local pharmacy or community. Find where to get rapid lateral flow tests with NHS.UK.
- When visiting, please ensure you wear a hospital supplied face mask at all times
- If you have a medical exemption for wearing a face covering, please consider whether your medical condition makes you more vulnerable to infection if visiting and use digital options where possible
- Social distancing and handwashing remain very important everywhere – particularly in hospitals
Full visiting guidance is available on our visiting page
The updated arrangements will apply to Gloucestershire Royal Hospital (GRH), Cheltenham General Hospital (CGH) and seven community hospitals in the county:
- The Dilke (Cinderford)
- North Cotswolds (Moreton-in-Marsh)
- The Vale (Dursley)
They are also applicable to the county’s mental health and learning disability inpatient units:
- Wotton Lawn (Gloucester)
- Charlton Lane (Cheltenham)
- Berkeley House (Stroud)
- Laurel House (Cheltenham)
- Honeybourne (Cheltenham)
Special circumstances include:
- Patients with dementia, delirium, or cognitive impairment that require support from an established carer in accordance with the principles of John’s campaign.
- Patients with mental health needs who require support from an established carer.
- Patients with autism or learning disabilities who require support from an established carer.


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Facebook is reportedly preparing to launch its Watch video streaming service in India next year, after launching the service in the US back in August.
According to The Ken, citing people aware of the development, the service will launch in the South Asian country at some point between January and March.
The service, which is regarded as a competitor to YouTube, was introduced to a limited number of users in the US in early August – before being rolled out to all US users at the end of month and the beginning of September.
In the US, Watch is available on mobile, desktop and TV. It offers original content from media outlets such as BuzzFeed, ATTN, Disney’s ABC, Vox, A&E Networks, and live sport from Major League Baseball (MLB).
Watch in India will also house content suited to the region, as you’d expect when any streaming service launches in a country.
In the meantime, Facebook has launched an app dedicated to video creators in order to lure some of them away from YouTube to Watch. With Facebook Creator, Facebook makes it easier for users to create video and livestreams from their mobiles.


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More than 250 executives from across the Middle East attended this event in Dubai on 24th April.
The awards celebrate outstanding game changers who use the Alteryx self-service data analytics platform to make a difference with their teams, their company and their industry.
Dean Stoecker, chairman and CEO of Alteryx and Abboud Ghanem, regional vice president, Middle East and Africa at Alteryx selected the best user cases for the first MEA regional awards.
Recognised for spreading the culture of analytics and uncovering insights that positively influence their organizations and communities, the selected cases reflect the UAE Vision 2021’s strategic objective of creating a smart, innovation-driven and knowledge-based economy and Dubai’s city-wide initiative to transform into the world’s smartest and happiest city.
The following use cases were awarded:
- Al Futtaim for driving an analytics culture across the organization
- Dubai Tourism for the best use of predictive capabilities
- Dubai Airports for the use of analytics to significantly improve airport operations
- Majid Al Futtaim Ventures for the best use of digital analytics
- Public Pensions Agency in Saudi Arabia for the best use of geospatial customer analytics
- Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) for the most innovative AI use cases
Speaking on the occasion, Abboud Ghanem, regional vice president, Middle East and Africa at Alteryx commented, “We are privileged to recognize the achievements of these special honourees and know their impact extends way beyond the award spotlight. These award winners are living examples of how analytics is crucial to successful digital transformation within the MEA region and can literally alter organizations and cultures while driving insights to solve challenges that seemed impossible before.”
Alteryx recently reported 96% year-over-year (YoY) growth in international markets for the full year 2018, which accounted for 29% of overall revenue as of December 31, 2018. The new Dubai office is a part of the company’s investment in the region and continued global expansion as they meet the burgeoning growth of data analytics in region. Alteryx will offer further support to current and prospective customers as they gain knowledge from data by enabling data producers to analyze it for insights and make data-driven decisions.