US 5094839 A
A polishing composition carrying abrasive particles having a carrier vehicle comprising an organic liquid vehicle, such as glycerine, a mixture of gelling agents comprising an edible gum and a seaweed extract, and water in a ratio which forms a relatively viscous semi-gel or sol. The preferred gelling agent mixture is gum tragacanth and agar which provides the carrier vehicle with physical properties improving its ability to cling to the rotary applicators and the work surface during use as a polishing agent. The preferred compositions include greater than about 85 percent by weight of glycerine and less than about 10 percent by weight of water and exhibit Newtonian or near Newtonian flow characteristics and resists apparent melting at temperatures generated during use. Also disclosed is a method of using such a composition in a multiple step sequence using a reduction in abrasive particle size in each polishing step to achieve a smooth, mirror-like finish, particularly useful with certain types of restorative tooth materials.
1. An abrasive polishing composition comprising an amount of diamond or other equivalent hard abrasive particles effective to remove material from a substrate being polished dispersed in a semi-gel or sol carrier vehicle, said carrier vehicle including:
a) a humectant selected from the group consisting of glycerine and propylene glycol or mixtures thereof in an amount greater than about 85 percent by weight of the carrier vehicle;
b) solid gelling components comprising a mixture of gum tragacanth and a seaweed extract selected from a group consisting of agar, carrageenans, algins or mixtures thereof, the ratio between said gum tragacanth to said seaweed extract ranging between 0.75 to 2 parts gum to 0.75 to 2 parts seaweed extract; and
c) water in an amount less than about 10 percent by weight of said carrier vehicle.
2. The composition defined in claim 1 wherein said solid gelling components are of food grade quality.
3. The composition defined in claim 2 wherein said gum is gum tragacanth.
4. The composition defined in claim 2 wherein the total amount of said gelling components is less than about five percent by weight of the total carrier vehicle formulation.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein said gelling components are gum tragacanth and agar.
6. The composition defined in claim 5 wherein the ratio of gum tragacanth to agar is about 0.9 to 1.2 parts gum tragacanth to about 1 to 1.5 parts agar.
7. The composition defined in claim 5 wherein said semi-gel or sol has Newtonian or closely approximates Newtonian flow characteristics.
8. The compositions defined in claim 1 wherein said water content is between about 1 to 9 percent by weight of the carrier vehicle composition.
9. The composition defined in claim 1 wherein said semi-gel or sol has Newtonian or closely approximates Newtonian flow characteristics.
10. The composition defined in claim 1 further comprising an effective amount of methyl paraben and propyl paraben as preservatives.
11. The composition defined in claim 1 wherein said semi-gel or sol exhibits resistance to liquification and reduction of viscosity at temperatures generated under normal use conditions.
Compositions used for fine polishing applications generally are relatively old and well-known, such as the oil soluble pastes, oils and waxes. Some compositions, particularly those useful in the dental field, employ a humectant such as glycerine, polyglycols and other known humectants with water to form a liquid vehicle. Gelling agents are also employed to provide thickness and include natural and synthetic gums and gum-like materials. It is also known that such compositions should include known preservatives to reduce bacterial attack of the composition and provide extended shelf life.
In dental polishing compositions, such as disclosed in prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,905; 4,528,180, 4,705,680 and 4,814,160, combinations of such ingredients are disclosed and are directed to dental creams, pastes and gels which incorporate the well-known cleaning or polishing components such as water-insoluble alkaline earth metal salts or similar agents.
These polishing compositions are useful and satisfactory for manual brushing of teeth. However, they are not satisfactory for polishing applications wherein rotary applicators are employed to obtain very fine, highly reflective mirror-like surfaces because of the type of abrasive incorporated therein. Diamond or other equivalent hard abrasives are typically necessary to accomplish a higher degree of polishing as opposed to mere cleaning of such surfaces to provide a smooth, mirror-like finish.
Presently available dental diamond polishing compositions incorporate a carrier vehicle for the diamond particles which appear to have very similar physical properties to the typical manual brushing compositions forming a creamy mass, gel or paste. Such diamond polishing compositions exhibit less than wholly satisfactory physical properties related to adherence to the applicators and/or the tooth surface during use and the ability to retain a relatively viscous character during polishing.
To obtain the desired smooth, mirror-like finish, in an acceptable manner requires using rotating applicators which may generate high shear forces and significantly increased temperatures. Under these rigorous conditions, a significant amount of the prior art compositions tend to be spun off during use. Such spin off or spattering is due to one or a combination of the following deficiencies; the intrinsic lack of sufficient adherence to the applicator or the work surface; a significant decrease in apparent viscosity due to friction caused increase in temperature which appears to be a form of melting; or a decrease in viscosity due to shear forces generated during use. This decrease in viscosity due to shear forces is common to prior art gels or pastes incorporating unidentified gums and gum-like materials and is a psuedoplastic or thixotropic flow property.
The loss of the composition by spinning off during use represents inefficient use of the abrasive particles dispersed in the carrier. The lack of sufficient adherence of the composition to the applicator and the work surface being polished also tends to diminish the effectiveness of the polishing action upon the work surface. Attempts to overcome such deficiencies in prior art polishing compositions included overloading of the composition with the abrasive agent. This is particularly uneconomical when the more expensive abrasive materials are employed and does not always yield the intended result.
Additionally, spin off of the composition during use is distracting and excessive spattering of the composition, particularly in dental "chairside" applications, is inconvenient and generally undesirable to the user and the patient.
While many presently available "diamond polishing and glazing" formulations have a consistency which permits the product to be dispensed from a syringe-type package or a squeeze tube, at least one is packaged in a semi-hard paste form somewhat like conventional shoe polish or the like.
Those skilled in this art have failed to develop a carrier agent possessing improved physical properties related to providing more efficient and effective use of the abrasive which is also convenient to manufacture, package or provide and use.
There is a need for an abrasive polishing composition having an improved balance of physical properties wherein the vehicle carrying the abrasive adheres well to the applicator and to the work surface, as well as to itself, and also possesses Newtonian or near Newtonian flow characteristics wherein viscosity is not significantly reduced by shear forces. Further the polishing composition should resist a decrease in viscosity due to the build up of heat during typical applications which can significantly reduce adherence of the composition to the applicator and work surface.
The present invention relates generally to abrasive containing polishing compositions and particularly to those employing diamond or other hard abrasive particles for achieving a high grade, mirror-like surface using relatively high speed applicators. More particularly, a polishing composition suitable for dental laboratory and intra-oral applications for providing a glazed or highly polished finish to teeth and tooth restorations as well as being suitable for industrial applications is disclosed which exhibits improved properties for more efficient and effective polishing action.
It should be noted that the rotary applicators used to perform the mirror-like polished surfaces referred to herein rotate at speeds in the typical range of 200 to 20,000 rpm's for example. Therefore significant centrifugal forces and heat generation may be encountered during this process.
The vehicle carrying the abrasive particles of a preferred polishing composition according to the present invention includes glycerine as a humectant, gelling agents in the form of a mixture of gum tragacanth and agar, and a relatively small amount of water. More particularly, the ratio of the gelling agents employed provides a viscous semi-gel or sol type mixture which possesses improved properties related to viscosity and adherence to the applicator, the surface being polished and to itself. These factors are important to obtain more effective and efficient use of the abrasive particles.
Additionally, such a composition must also be economical to package for convenient dispensing and use. In dental applications, the components must be suitable for use in the human oral cavity. Shelf life and resistance to bacterial growth are other important factors which must meet high standards for commercial acceptance.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that a semi-gel or sol which exhibits Newtonian or near Newtonian flow characteristics, rather than the more typical psuedoplastic characteristics, demonstrates improved efficiency. Further the composition must adhere well to the applicator and substrate, as well as itself, to provide improved efficiency and effectiveness of the abrasive particles dispersed therein compared to the paste or paste-like prior art compositions.
The latter adherence characteristics are characterized by the stringy nature of the composition when applied between two surfaces which move away from one another. The Newtonian flow characteristic is important to avoid significant decrease in viscosity upon application of shear forces, such as encountered during use. Also preferred compositions exhibit resistance to melting during use which tends to increase spin off and spattering during use and to cause the composition to flow off the work surface. In either case relatively expensive abrasive particles become unavailable to do work and are wasted or the time required to obtain the desired finish is extended.
It has also been found that not all water soluble gum and seaweed extract combinations provide a semi-gel or sol mixture which possesses the aforementioned desirable properties. Further, it is important in compositions according to the present invention that the water content be significantly lower than taught or typically used in prior art polishing compositions. In compositions according to the present invention, water is preferably below about 10 percent by weight. About 1 to 7 percent by weight of water provides the better properties employing the preferred mixture of gelling agents.
A mixture of gum tragacanth and agar provide the preferred combination of gelling agents in a ratio of about 1 to 40 parts agar to 1 to 40 parts gum tragacanth. The preferred compositions employ this combination of gelling agents in ratios of about 0.75 to 2 parts by weight agar to about 0.75 to 2 parts by weight gum tragacanth. In the more preferred compositions, these ratios are about 1 to 1.5 parts agar to about 0.90 to 1.2 parts gum tragacanth.
In particular, it has been found that the preferred semi-gel or sol compositions of the present invention provide significantly improved polishing results on composite tooth restoration materials compared to the prior art pastes, which results were confirmed by microscopic examination. Although prior art, commercially available diamond polishing compositions exhibited some utility with brush and felt wheel applicators, marked improvements were noted using preferred compositions of the present invention when applied with these types of applicator instruments.
Therefore it is an object of the present invention to provide a semi-gel or sol composition carrying dispersed abrasive particles which provides improved polishing action and greater efficiency of use of the diamond abrasives.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a polishing composition employing ingredients which are readily usable for human oral applications for polishing teeth and tooth restoration materials in "chairside applications" as well as being useful in laboratory and industrial applications.
It is another object of the present invention, to provide a diamond polishing composition of the type described wherein a semi-gel or sol possesses physical properties which lend themselves to facile dispensing by the user via syringe, single-unit dose packages or other types of convenient dispensing packaging.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a polishing composition of the type described wherein the carrier agent exhibits Newtonian or near Newtonian flow characteristics.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a semi-gel or sol type polishing composition which exhibits significantly improved physical properties related to adherence to the applicator and the work surface while also tending to adhere to itself to reduce spin off during use and to promote for effective use of the abrasive particle by allowing the particle to remain in effective contact with the work surface for a longer time.
The present invention relates to a semi-gel or relatively viscous sol type polishing composition particularly well-suited for carrying small diamond or similar hard abrasive particles for use in producing very fine, mirror-like surfaces. The ingredients of the carrier agent portion include a humectant, preferably glycerine, as a primary liquid vehicle in amounts greater than about 85 percent by weight of the composition. Glycerine functions as a lubricant and a preservative particularly useful with gum tragacanth, one of the preferred gelling agents.
A mixture of solid gelling agents, preferably gum tragacanth and agar, are employed in the liquid portion of the carrier vehicle in a ratio of about 1 to 40 parts agar to 1 to 40 parts of gum tragacanth. A more preferred ratio is about 0.75 to 2 agar to 0.75 to 2 gum tragacanth. A particularly preferred ratio of the gelling agents is about 1 to 1.5 agar to 0.9 to 1.2 gum tragacanth. The most preferred ratios include a slightly greater amount of agar compared to gum tragacanth. The total amount of the gelling agent mixture in the composition of the carrier is preferably in the range of about 1.5 to 4.5 percent with the more preferred range being about 2.1 to 3 percent.
In addition, it is very important to maintain a relatively low amount of water in the composition. Preferably the percentage of water is between about one-half to about 3 times the total weight percent of the mixture of gelling agents. The more preferred compositions of the carrier vehicle include water in the range of about 1 and one-half to 6 percent by weight. If the water content is significantly increased above about 10 percent using the more preferred ratios and total amount of the gelling agent mixture, such compositions exhibit significantly reduced polishing properties for the intended polishing applications. Further, a lower water content is helpful in tending to resist bacterial growth in the composition for bacteria which require a higher water content to exist or multiply. Since certain bacteria can attack the gel composition itself, bacterial growth is undesirable for dental as well as industrial applications.
In the preferred compositions of the present invention useful for dental applications, including performing interoral polishing techniques on a patient in the dentist's chair, the ingredients must be non-toxic, meeting or exceeding U.S.P. grade materials. The gelling agents include an edible gum and a seaweed extract, both of which are food quality and have been used in a variety of food applications. All of the above ingredients are readily available in U.S. P. grade.
An effective amount of recommended and well-known preservatives are included in the composition of the present invention, such as methyl paraben and propyl paraben. These preservatives are soluble in glycerine and other equivalent humectants. Methyl and propyl paraben are added in the present invention in typical effective amounts of about 0.2 and 0.1 weight percent respectively.
Gum tragacanth is a relatively well-known water soluble, edible gum and has been used in prior dental paste and cream formulations, such as disclosed in the prior U.S. patents referred to in the background portion of this application. It has typically been used alone as a gelling agent to stabilize the solid abrasive substance in the liquid vehicle components. Additionally the prior art suggests that other gums provide similar equivalent gelling properties.
However, in accordance with the present invention it has been found that gum tragacanth, when combined with the seaweed extract agar or its equivalent, provide the more preferred physical properties which significantly improve polishing compositions as referred to herein. It has also been found that not all gums or gum-like materials are equivalent to gum tragacanth in providing the unique properties which are desirable in diamond or equivalent type abrasive polishing compositions suitable for applications using relatively high speed rotary applicators under the relatively vigorous conditions required to obtain high grade abrasive polishing action. For example, gum arabic, guar gum, gum karaya and algin were used in various combinations with glycerine and water. The gels formed exhibited one or more physical properties less desirable than those of the preferred compositions disclosed herein, such as greater tendency to spin off, or less effective polishing action, or in certain cases, less than satisfactory shelf life.
Some of these less preferred gums mentioned herein were combined with each other or seaweed extracts and exhibited significantly poorer polishing results and/or tended to exhibit significantly less adherence to the applicator and work surface. In most of these cases, satisfactory shelf life also appeared to be a significant problem which would detract from their commercial acceptance.
Agar is a commonly known edible, seaweed extract whose structure is not completely known. It is considered to be a non-sulfated linear molecule composed of alternating residues of 1,3, beta D-galactopyranose and 1,4-3,6 anhydro -alpha-L galoctopyranose together with a non-gelling or very weak gelling agaropectin composed of a complicated acidic polymer containing ester sulfate groups and organic acid groups.
Other seaweed extracts in the form of commercially prepared propylene glycol alginate, algins or certain carrageenans can be substituted for agar. However tests using such substitute compositions, particularly for the dental polishing applications referred to herein, indicated less desirable results relative to one or more of the most desirable properties obtained using agar. In some instances, the polishing properties are fair to good, but the adherence to the applicator or the work surface is not as excellent as agar-containing compositions. In other instances, the semi-gels or sol formed appear to be too stiff or too thin which significantly detracts from the desired physical properties necessary for improved performance and efficiency of use as earlier discussed herein. However, even some of these less preferred compositions exhibited a degree of positive improvement over the conventional diamond paste or cream type polishing compositions presently available for use in dental applications, even if not as significantly improved compared to the more preferred compositions.
Reference to compositions being "stiff" reflect a gel which is relatively firm with little or no flow deformation upon standing whereas the adjective "thin" reflects a gel or sol which flows readily and does not tend to retain its shape when disposed in a free, unsupported configuration. The preferred compositions of the present invention do exhibit a flow characteristic, but flow slowly upon standing in an unsupported relationship over a given time. The more preferred compositions do not flow so easily as to immediately or quickly deform from an unsupported shape.
With respect to all of the above mentioned gelling agent mixtures and particularly to the gum tragacanth and agar mixtures, it is important that the water content remain at a relatively low level compared to prior art dental polishing compositions. The most desirable compositions contain less than about 10 percent by weight of water with the most preferred containing between about 1 to 7.0 percent water. Test results revealed that as the water content approached 10 percent or higher, the results regarding polishing effectiveness were not as good as for those compositions containing between 1 to 7 percent water.
Further, it was found that the total amount of the gelling agent mixture effects the desired properties of the final composition. A total approaching about 4.4 to 5 percent by weight of the mixture of the gelling agents tends to make the composition too viscous and/or gelatinous for the intended purpose. Such compositions are difficult to apply to the applicator. Additionally, the choice of packaging such compositions is significantly reduced as they are not easily loaded into or dispensed from a syringe type applicator and not sufficiently workable to permit convenient manufacture of packaging in squeezable dispensing tubes or individual dose packets.
Conversely, there must be a sufficient amount of the gelling agent mixture to form the semi-gel or sol having the desirable properties described herein according to the present inventions. While an absolute lower limit has not been established, about 1.5 to 2.5 weight percent of the mixture of gelling agents provides operable compositions having the desirable properties referred to herein. The more preferred total amount of the mixture of gelling agents in the ratio referred to herein is about 1.9 to 2.2 weight percent of the total carrier composition.
It should be noted that the weight percentages mentioned herein are on the basis of the total weight of the carrier vehicle including a small percentage of preservatives and exclude the weight of the diamond particles or other equivalent abrasive polishing agents dispersed therein. The amount of abrasive particles added can vary depending upon the application and the type of abrasive used. For most applications, about 0.5 to 1.0 carat of diamond particles per gram of the vehicle carrier provides excellent polishing results. The specific amount and particle size of the abrasive may vary depending upon the nature of the surface finish desired. However, it has been found that about 0.5 carat of diamond particles work very well in dental applications which is about one-half of the amount used in many presently marketed dental diamond polishing compositions. Such a reduction in the amount of abrasive material employed while still achieving the improved polishing action indicated in the tests results to date further evidences the improved properties of the carrier vehicle included in polishing compositions of the present invention. It is believed these properties improve the degree to which the dispersed abrasive particles are maintained in a more effective relationship with the rotating applicator and the work surface to enhance performance.
Other well-known abrasive materials would be expected to work well in accordance with the present invention in industrial applications and would be chosen according to the nature of the work surface and the type or nature of the work to be performed.
In the dental field for example, substituting zirconium silicate for diamond provides a good composition for typical tooth cleaning applications normally done in routine dental visits. The attributes of the carrier vehicle described herein are also applicable in this particular application wherein a rotary dental applicator is used to primarily clean tooth or tooth restorative surfaces. Such compositions are commonly known as "prophy pastes".
The following specific examples are given to illustrate the present invention further, but it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Each of the following formulations illustrate laboratory batch sizes which could be appropriately proportionally increased for production size batches. The following steps illustrate the method of making compositions according to the present invention set forth in the examples.
Glycerine, or other humectants are added to the mixing vessel first. At room temperature, the preservatives methyl paraben and propyl paraben are added in small portions while stirring, and the components are heated to between 180-200 degrees F. with continued stirring until the preservatives are completely dissolved in the glycerine. Water and the gelling agents, agar and gum tragacanth are then added in small portions into the solution with rapid stirring while the temperature is maintained between 180-200 degrees F.
With continued stirring, the mixture is heated further to a temperature between about 212 to 220 degrees F. Stirring is continued for between 45 to 70 minutes as necessary to allow for maximum dispersion of the gelling agent mixture. It is desirable to minimize the entrapment of air bubbles while adding the gelling agents. The time the solution is maintained at the maximum temperature range should not exceed 70 minutes and temperatures should not exceed about 220 degrees F. to avoid excessive darkening of the mixture. After completion of the above heating cycle, the mixture should be strained through a number 20 mesh sieve (U.S. sieve size), or an equivalent, if any visible undispersed particles of the solid gelling agents are present. With appropriate care in adding the gelling agents, the amount of such visible particles is usually insignificant relative to the proportions added.
After the heating cycle has been completed, the temperature of the mixture should be adjusted to between 180-200 degrees F. and the diamond o other abrasives particles added in small portions with mixing until completely homogeneously dispersed throughout the mixture.
For production runs, the mixture is then ready for filling into the chosen dispenser, such as for example, a typical 2 gram plastic syringe type commonly employed for diamond polishing pastes. Upon cooling to room temperature, the composition sets up to the viscous, semi-gel or sol such as described earlier herein.
A carrier vehicle was prepared according to the present invention having the following composition:
______________________________________ Weight Weight in grams Percent______________________________________Glycerin, U.S.P. 114.3896 96.31Methyl paraben 0.2288 0.19Propyl paraben 0.1144 0.10Agar, powder 150 mesh, U.S.P 1.3080 1.10Gum tragacanth, U.S.P. 1.1913 1.00Distilled Water 1.5417 1.30 100.00______________________________________
The mixture of the above components was prepared as described above herein and allowed to sit overnight. A semi-gel or sol was formed having a somewhat sticky and stringy nature which was evidenced dramatically when applied between two surfaces which were then drawn apart. The composition formed tends to draw out in a plurality of strands with significant amounts remaining on the opposing surfaces upon drawing the surfaces away from one another. This illustrates its tendency to adhere to the surfaces contacted as well as to itself. The composition was tested by placing a small portion on a conventional rotary applicator inserted into a conventional low speed dental hand piece operated at about 6000 to 7000 rpm on various tooth restorative materials. These materials included porcelain and those referred to in the trade as microfil, macrofil and hybrid composites. Microscopic investigation showed excellent polishing effectiveness. Very little, if any, significant spin off of the polishing composition was noted during the polishing step. No liquefying or other significant decrease in viscosity of the composition was apparent during the polishing step which was conducted in 15 to 30 second time intervals.
It is important to note that it is necessary to apply only a relatively small portion of the composition to the applicator to achieve good results. It is obviously apparent that if a significant excess is applied, spin off and initial spatter increases, however this is simply poor technique evident to any skilled user of compositions for these applications.
It is also important to note that in this and the following examples, the prior surface condition of the surface being polished was prepared in the same manner. Such preparation included using commercially available micron sized diamond dental burs or diamond coated strips, such as those sold by Abrasive Technology, Inc. under the trademarks "MFS" Diamonds and "COMPO-STRIP" Other similar commercially available products could be used for final contouring of tooth surfaces. Such tools typically employ diamond particles in the 10 to 50 micron range.
Further, it should be noted that the comparative testing referred to herein using presently commercially available prior art dental diamond polishing compositions also included this same pre-conditioning step of the work surface.
The testing of compositions of the present invention also included using different forms of conventionally used and accepted rotary actuators. These included, the bristle brush, rubber prophy cup, and felt wheel. A new small conical nylon tip designed for access to otherwise difficult to reach tooth surfaces was also used. While a difference in performance was noted between the various applicators, (the bristle brush type appeared best for all compositions tested) the preferred compositions of the present invention consistently were markedly improved in resisting spin off and spatter and generally provided improved polishing effectiveness compared to prior art commercially available diamond polishing compositions. This is particularly noteworthy as some prior art compositions tested included twice the amount of diamond abrasive particles per gram of the composition compared to the tested compositions of the present invention. The improved polishing effectiveness is attributed in part to the ability of compositions of the present invention to cling better to the applicator and the work surface with no apparent significant decrease in viscosity due to shear forces or increased temperatures, as well as to a reduction in the loss of the composition by spinning off during use.
Further, it was noted that during the testing using some restorative tooth materials, particularly the hybrid and microfil composite types, sequenced two-step polishing steps obtained a very dramatically improved finished surface. These steps include using extra fine diamond dental burs for final contouring and preferably diamond coated strips for access to difficult small areas. A two-step sequence includes first polishing the surface using a composition of the present invention having five micron diamond particles for 15 to 30 seconds. This is then followed with a second similar step of polishing with the same composition, except 0.25 micron diamonds are substituted for the 5 micron size particles in the carrier vehicle.
The reference to 0.25 micron particles is defined as particles which are presumed to average 0.25 microns and may include particles in the size range of 0 to 0.5 microns. Similarly, the other micron sizes are used in a conventional sense known in the industry to specify the average particle size covering the range obtained using standard methods of size separation.
For some tooth restoration materials, a three step procedure appears most useful to achieve the best results utilizing carrier vehicles according to the present invention having 9 micron diamond in first polishing step, followed by a composition containing 1 micron diamond particles and lastly a composition containing 0.25 micron diamond particles.
Compared to commercially available diamond polishing compositions using nominally labeled 3 micron diamond in a single step, tests to date show the graded size, multiple step procedure disclosed herein provided a truly superior finish on composite restorative tooth materials unachieved in the past.
Microscopic investigation has revealed that the prior art dental diamond compositions often fail to satisfactorily remove prior surface treatment scratches and tend to do no more than smooth the larger surface deviations leaving microscopic scratches in which dental plaque tends to more easily accumulate. The improvement in surface lustre is only fair at best, particularly when compared to that achieved utilizing compositions of the present invention. The polishing results using of these prior compositions were significantly inferior compared to multiple sequenced polishing steps as referred to above using compositions according to the present invention.
The preferred vehicle or carrier compositions of the present invention suspend larger particle size particles (such as 9 micron) and the smaller size particles (down to 0.25) very well and are very effective in creating a condition between the applicator and the work surface to promote effective polishing action representing a significant improvement over the prior art compositions in single step applications.
However, combining the increased efficiency and effectiveness of compositions of the present invention with the multiple step polishing sequence, surface finishes which are truly superior and heretofore unachieved have been obtained.
The following table illustrates other carrier vehicle composition examples prepared in a similar manner as in Example I and lists the weight percent of each ingredient except the methyl and propyl paraben preservatives which are added in the same percent as in Example I.
______________________________________EXAM- GUMPLE WATER AGAR TRAGACANTH GLYCERINE______________________________________II 0 4.1 0.10 95.50III 2.6 0.1 4.10 92.90IV 2.6 4.1 0.10 92.90V 1.04 1.11 0.57 96.98VI 1.56 0.74 0.94 96.46VII 1.04 1.11 1.41 96.14VIII 1.56 1.45 1.07 95.62IX 1.3 1.1 1.0(guar gum) 96.30X 6.0 1.1 1.0 91.60XI 10.0 1.1 1.0 87.60______________________________________
Using the compositions listed in Examples II through XI in tests as described in Example I revealed that the more preferred compositions regarding polishing effectiveness, adherence to the applicator and the work surface to resist spin off, as well as ease of manufacture in a convenient dispensing package were Examples I and X with Examples V through VIII rated as good.
Examples II, III and IV were effective in polishing action, although not rated as highly as the above-mentioned more preferred compositions. Further, Examples II through IV tended to be thicker and not as desirable for easy loading into syringe type dispensers or single-dose containers.
Examples IX and XI did not exhibit the desirable physical properties or polishing effectiveness to as high a degree as compared to the more preferred compositions.
Examples I and X were considered the best of all the compositions tested to date. Example X even rated somewhat better than Example I in polishing action, particularly when using the bristle brush type applicator. Initial tests showed Example X appeared to produce the most lustrous, microscopically smoothest surface of all compositions tested.
All of the compositions are readily removed from the applicator and work surface by flushing with water.
Many varieties of combinations of edible, natural gums and seaweed extracts were tested, such as the alginates as a substitute for agar and guar gum as a substitute for gum tragacanth. However, while some of these compositions showed a degree of utility relative to polishing action, the gum tragacanth and agar formulations provided the best results in tests completed to date. Further, some of these other combinations were significantly less effective regarding reducing spin off of the composition during use or resisting decreases in viscosity due to heat or shear forces as compared to the preferred embodiments disclosed herein.
While testing to date was relatively extensive, development of more specific ranges of the various components disclosed may require further test data to obtain a more detailed analysis of the specific physical properties which appear to be the most important regarding enhancing the improved polishing action noted using compositions according to the present invention.
It should also be noted that the comparative testing referred to herein was conducted using prior art commercially available dental diamond polishing compositions having only general label information including identifying diamond particle size as 3 microns. However, the specific components and formulations are apparently proprietary and not identified other than the generic reference to gums or seaweed extracts.
However, the difference in physical properties between these commercially available compositions and those of the present invention are readily apparent even to the untrained eye, particularly relative to the more viscous and adherent nature of the semi-gel or sol formed in the present invention. Further, the elongated strands formed when compositions of the present invention are drawn out is strikingly different compared to the creamy or paste-like consistency of these commercially available compositions.
It should also be noted that the tests referred to herein were evaluated on a qualitative basis of the visual improvement of lustre and microscopic examination of the polished surfaces as well as the visually detectable difference in spin-off or spattering during use of the various compositions tested.
It should also be understood that conventional additives to add color, flavor or possible fluorides in amounts which do not effect the functional properties of the polishing composition may be added thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention.
In view of the forgoing description, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that an improved polishing composition and method is disclosed which is a significant step forward in preparing a superior surface finish for industrial applications in general and particularly as applied in the dental field.
While certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed in detail, it is to be understood that various modifications may be adopted without departing from the spirit of the invention or scope of the following claims.


In internal combustion engines the cam play a very important role and also takes huge impact on itself. The failure of cam is major issue which happens due to the follower, this failure is also known as the lobe failure. Lobe is the surface of the cam on which the material removal is major issue and all the impact is made by the follower. This failure produces the great amount of wear and tear in the cam. To overcome the failure and to keep the cam safe from the huge impact the design plays the role. It keeps the cam profile protected from wear and tear produced by the follower. The follower and cam design provide the smooth operation with least impact resulting in the extremely low wear and tear. In this single groove cam and ball point type follower design the ball point of the follower has the advantage of rotating 360 degrees, so during any impact the follower rotates and provides no wear and tear to the cam profile. This new design has reduced the wear and tear up to 60% on cam profile and cam lobe. This design also increased the life of component and has provided the improvisation to the existing design for further future applications.
This design works on the principle or mechanism of a ball pen. As in a design of ball pen rolling of ball it happens same in a case of ball point type follower. Cam’s groove comes in contact with that ball point. Heat generation is less between cams and followed. The decrease in friction. And considering all these parameters, single groove cam and ball point follower is designed.
Due to this friction and heat generation, follower life decreases. A cutting effect on the surface of the cam is also the result of friction. Because of these reasons arrangement and a successive pair of cam and follower get affected. Successive Pair of cam and follower remains incomplete. In every mechanical component, there is no such system that lubrication would be provided at each place because of this there is a decrease in camshaft's life. In existing rocker arm and in lifter the roller is rotate only in 2 Direction X & Y. but in this system rocker arm and lifter rotate 360° means X, Y and Z Direction. This system manufacturing cost is cheapest. The Ball point type follower is rotate in 360° like ball pen type so it will reduce the friction cause of rotation of ball.
As we seen the cam failure major cause is lobe wearing. From that I conclude that on this design of single groove cam and ball point type lifter the contact between the cam and lifter friction and heat generation is less than the others and this is a new concept for mechanical and automobile industries. When both components are on moving and rotating motion the wear and tear are affects on cam lobe. There are different types of followers like a knife edge,


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‘Engage’ is an initiative developed and implemented by Lakewood’s Community Health department. The intent of ‘Engage’ is to partner with schools, and community and public health organizations to improve the health and well-being of the communities in which Lakewood serves. This is done through current programs and initiatives such as: Regional Healthy Food Collaborative, Healthy Kids Collaborative, Farmers Market, and more. New programs are continually being developed to help address areas of need, as indicated by the Community Health Needs Assessment.
Regional Healthy Food Collaborative
A collaborative initiative working together to positively impact the communities in which we serve, by increasing access to safe, nutritious and affordable food for positive health impact. The three food access interventions which are part of the Healthy Food Collaborative are: Choose Health, Food Farmacy and Fresh Delivered.
Choose Health – Connecting food insecure families with health food
- Eligibility is based on positive food insecure screenings done by Lakewood providers
- Serves 100 families
- Bi-monthly summer, and monthly winter, shares of locally-sourced food
Food Farmacy – Individually-tailored intervention. Physician or care team referral required.
- Bi-monthly food
- Health coach with goal setting and support
- Top 10 social determinants of health screening and referral
- Education, cooking skills, and budget classes offered
Fresh Delivered – Home-based healthy food program connecting seniors with healthy food in their home.
- Multi-unit housing focus – serving seven buildings across three counties
- Locally-sourced during the summer
- Fare for All (in select buildings) over the winter
- Serves 200 seniors annually
Healthy Kids Collaborative
A collaborative initiative working to improve the physical activity and nutrition environment for children in the places they live, learn and play.
Cardinal Pax – Provides a free supply of nutritious food for children when school lunch and breakfast are unavailable on a weekend or school holiday.
- Each bag contains two breakfasts and two lunches
- 50 students a week benefit from the program
- School social workers prepare and deliver the bags to the children’s backpack at the end of the week
- Serves the Staples Motley School District and Sacred Heart School
Farmers Market – Lakewood hosts the Staples Area Farmers Market throughout the growing season, typically May-October.
- Every Thursday from 2 to 5:30 p.m. in the southeast parking lot of the Main Campus
- Every Saturday from 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at 798 1st NE, Staples
- Items for sale include fresh produce, fresh cut flowers, meats, eggs, homemade baked goods, jams and jellies, and more.

domain: food


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How does the free trial work? To be able to order Adult, you first need to choose a pack with TV. More info. After your purchase, you can use the activated TV option within 24h. Note: At certain times of the day it takes a little longer to activate this option with a maximum of 24 hours. If the activation has not yet taken place, please contact us.
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Entertainment channel from Brazil. Blue tv Brazil. Viisi Finland. Islami Muzik TV Turkey.

domain: entertainment


The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation is investigating after a barricade situation took a deadly turn, family told FOX13.
According to family, Toby Bailey recently lost his job, a contract with a janitorial business, and was ex-con so he could not find work.
He started drinking and eventually barricaded himself in his home on Stage Road near Covington Pike in Bartlett, family said.
At some point, his wife called the police, and after they arrived, he threatened the officers.
Download the FOX13 Memphis app to receive alerts from breaking news in your neighborhood.
- Mississippi high school student wearing 'Black Lives Matter' shirt claims she was kept out of Trump rally
- Memphis police car involved in crash as Donald Trump visited Southaven
- Death investigation underway after granddaughter finds grandparents on the floor of their MS home
- PHOTOS: Mid-South's Most Wanted Fugitives
His wife and children were able to get out of the house, then swat and family tried to convince him to come out of the house.
SWAT officers from the Bartlett Police Department deployed tear gas into the home and entered the house at approximately 1:30 Wednesday morning.
Police said they found Bailey inside the home and at least two officers fired their service weapons when Bailey raised a handgun in the direction of the officers.
A third officer also shot and killed a Rottweiler inside the home.
Paramedics pronounced Bailey deceased at the scene. No law enforcement officers were injured.
Family told FOX13 Bailey was a father of four.
Cox Media Group


MotionCAM is available in black and white.
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The AJAX MotionCAM motion detector not only lets you know if someone is in the protected area, but also sends a 640x480 pixel picture directly via the AJAX Application on your smartphone, and all this within 0.15 seconds. This allows you to see immediately who or what triggered the alarm, and to take appropriate action.
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Tarcutta will be playing live in Melbourne for Galactic Cabaret. Get yourselves down to Bar 303 High Street, Northcote this Sunday 18th October.
“Be enchanted by the ultra culture mash up of see in the dark instrumental gravity, swirling pop and grandfather wise folk hop.”
Yes please. Doors open 7:30, entry is just $5.
Head to the Hidden Shoal Store for a copy of Tarcutta’s awesome self-titled debut.


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domain: health


text:
Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India. The natural resources, policy incentives and location-specific advantages of Jharkhand support investments in sectors such as mining and metal extraction, engineering, iron and steel, and chemicals.
Jharkhand is rich in mineral resources such as coal (27.3 per cent of India’s reserves), iron ore (26 per cent of India’s reserves), copper ore (18.5 per cent of India’s reserves), uranium, mica, bauxite, granite, limestone, silver, graphite, magnetite and dolomite. Since Jharkhand has around 40 per cent of the country's mineral wealth, its extensive mineral resources make mining, metals and related sectors especially lucrative for investments. Jharkhand is the only state in India to produce coking coal, uranium and pyrite. The state is also a leading producer of coal, mica, kyanite and copper. Jharkhand is the largest producer of tussar silk (a non-mulberry silk) in India.
Jharkhand has coal resource of about 82,439.52 MT. Jharkhand accounts for 20-25 per cent of the total steel produced in the country. During 2017-18, 1,191 thousand tonnes of limestone was produced at a total value stood at US$7.16 million in Jharkhand. Limestone production and value stood at 465 thousand tonnes and US$2.21 million as of April - July 2018.
The GSDP increased at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.81 per cent between 2011-12 and 2017-18 whereas the Net State Domestic Product of Jharkhand state grew at a CAGR of 11.12 per cent.
According to the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP), the cumulative FDI inflow in Jharkhand including Bihar from April 2000 to December 2018 is US$ 113 million. During 2018-19**, exports from the state stood at US$ 891.72 million.
The following are some of the major initiatives taken by the government to promote Jharkhand as an investment destination:\
Jharkhand offers a wide range of fiscal and policy incentives to industries under the Industrial Policy 2012.
The Government of Jharkhand has implemented a Single-Window Clearance System (SWS) for faster and one-point clearance of industrial projects, single-point dissemination of industrial project-related information and streamlining of inspection of industries by different agencies/authorities.
The state has established chemical clusters in the Sahibgunj, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh and Deoghar districts to promote investments from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs).
In April 2018, 151 companies invested about Rs 2,700 crore (US$ 418.93 million) in the state of Jharkhand on the occasion of fourth ‘Jharkhand Momentum’.
As of February 2019, Jharkhand had a total installed power generation capacity of 1,771.20 MW, comprising 762.41 MW under private utilities, 554.05 MW under state utilities and 454.74 MW under central utilities.
Power generation in the state reached 13,476.31 GWH between April-March 2019.

domain: geography


: In the early days of lunar exploration, no one knew what the surface of the moon was really like. On July 31, 1964, NASA obtained the first close-up photographs of the moon from Ranger 7, a spacecraft that made a historic impact that day.
The short 1964 documentary "Lunar Bridgehead," produced by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, chronicles the moments leading up to and following Ranger 7 mission's lunar impact 50 years ago. The mission had the objective of sending back photos of the small-scale topography on parts of the moon's surface, for the benefit of science and a future human voyage to the moon.
The film is available online at:
Ranger 7 marked the first successful mission from the United States to explore the moon.
"It looks as though this particular shot has been indeed a textbook operation," William H. Pickering, the director of JPL during the mission, said at the time.
Ranger 7, which included two solar panel wings and six TV cameras, was built at JPL. It launched on July 28, 1964.
The spacecraft sent back more than 4,300 photos. Engineers at the Goldstone antenna tracking station in the Mojave Desert were the first to glimpse these first pictures of the lunar surface.
The black-and-white JPL film shows the anticipation and excitement of the people involved in the mission. As the 11-foot-tall (3.6-meter) spacecraft approached the moon -- "Stand by for impact," the voice from Goldstone announced - the countdown began, ending in applause and cheering.
For more information about Ranger 7, visit:


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text:
The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), on which so many have pinned so much hope, has disappointed many of its supporters after its Delhi Law Minister Somnath Bharti took the law into his own hands.
Much has been written and spoken on Bharti and his antics, which led his leader and Chief Minister to hold a dharna (sit-in) demanding the suspension of the policemen involved.
Unlike some people, I have no problems with an elected Chief Minister sitting on dharna, but the petty demands and the manner in which a sudden compromise was achieved do raise questions about the AAP leadership’s actions.
Let me say that Delhi Chief Minister and AAP leader-in-chief Arvind Kejriwal probably realised that the crowds were not responding to his calls to join them near the Press Club, it was terribly cold and rainy, as well as Republic Day time. (It was the time of the year when rehearsals, dress rehearsals happen for the Republic Day parade to celebrate the day when India gave itself its Constitution. Not much is allowed to interfere with that – not even a new Chief Minister’s decision to stage a sit-in).
It was a good decision by Arvind Kejriwal to back down and lift the dharna after a face-saver that sent a couple of police officers on leave pending an inquiry. Curiously, as soon as Kejriwal announced his decision to lift the dharna, a senior cop was on television saying that these men had asked for leave previously.
Given that AAP has captured the public imagination in recent months, and is the subject of intense discussion and scrutiny, it shouldn’t surprise the reader that I have been talking to many people about recent events.
There are two kinds of people whom I have spoken to – people who believe that AAP has frittered away a lot of goodwill by coming out in support of its Law Minister and focusing on theatrics rather than governance.
This section feels that the people of Delhi have given AAP a mandate to govern and they better get on with the job. Many of them are both disappointed and angry at the party’s behaviour.
The second category is people who believe that AAP was raising valid issues relating to the conduct of the police in Delhi and that they were unnecessarily being vilified by the media and parties like the Congress and the BJP.
Given the unprecedented, massive public support that AAP received in Delhi and the attention across the country, these views hardly come as a surprise. But it should worry the year-old party that some supporters already seem disenchanted with it.
The job of governance, clearly, is more complicated than the job of agitation. Again, agitation can lead to good governance and there is some merit in the argument that the Delhi police ought to report to the Delhi government and not to the Centre.
With age on its side, AAP can legitimately say that some mistakes have been made, but will strengthen the organisational base of the party, and apologise where they have gone wrong.
Many well-meaning persons have already joined AAP because they are sick and tired of the political practices of mainstream parties in the country. Others are waiting in the wings because the party has promised a new political practice.
However, the “raid” conducted on the Ugandan women and the language used by Law Minister Bharti would suggest that AAP has not chosen the saying sorry option. The parochial and sexist remarks made about nurses from Kerala by AAP leader Kumar Vishwas has also, rightly, attracted criticism.
As India changes, it’s clear that individuals want all their rights protected. Vigilantism is not the answer to complex social issues and ill-considered action cannot be a solution to these problems.
If the AAP doesn’t take quick corrective measures and opts for language and idiom that respects the rights of all sections of people – both foreign and Indian – women and men – it may not be able to recover the ground it has lost.

domain: news


Daymond John, Best And Worst Of The Dow In 3Q & Uber vs. Lyft 10/10/22
Oct 10th 2022, 11:20 pm
Stocks fell for a fourth consecutive day, and Jim Cramer is taking investors through the trading day's timeline to dig deeper into what brought the indices lower. Then, Daymond John joins Cramer to talk about his efforts to uplift black entrepreneurs and business owners after being hit by the pandemic. Next, Cramer's reviewing the best and worst performers in the Dow Jones in 3Q to sort out the stocks investors should have their eyes on from the ones to steer clear of. Plus, should your portfolio take a ride with Uber or Lyft? Cramer's taking a closer look at both names and giving you his take.


The New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers will square off on Monday Night Football in a Week 10 game that could help determine the 2019 NFL Draft order or, remarkably, breathe a little life into Big Blue’s NFC East chances.
The air quality in the Bay Area remains a concern for both teams as three massive wildfires, including the devastating Camp Fire, continue to burn in the area.
As of now, expectations are that the game will continue as planned. And if so, here’s three reasons for optimism.
Giants are surprisingly healthy
Returning from their bye week, the Giants had all 53 players practice in full this past week, including wide receiver/return specialist Jawill Davis, who cleared concussion protocol and returned to the field.
Linebacker Alec Ogletree (hamstring) and tackle Chad Wheeler (ankle) also practiced in full this week, which is nothing but good news for Big Blue.
Sure, the team may still be reeling from some other injuries earlier this season, but it’s been a long time since the entire 53-man roster and practice squad participated together, so that should serve as a big boost going into Week 10.


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Turmec, the market leaders in designing, building and installing waste processing and recycling solutions, is delighted to announce that it has been awarded a contract to design and install a new C&D (commercial and demolition), and C&I (commercial and industrial), waste processing system for […]
Amazing video courtesy of Tim at Verlane Media you will see Turmec conveyors made in Rathcairn in the Gaeltacht area of Co Meath shipped all the way to Brisbane for installation in the "State of the Art Recycling Facility" currently being built at Rino. Construction has begun Team Turmec are […]
Turmec awarded €30 million contract to design and install world’s largest state-of-the-art construction waste processing facility in Brisbane, Australia
- Rino Recycling (rinorecycling.com.au) facility at Pinkenba, Brisbane designed to achieve materials recovery and landfill diversion rates of up to 99% and throughput rates of 475 tonnes per hour to produce a full range of high-quality construction materials.
Rathcairn, Co. Meath, Thursday, 4th […]
Residual waste from households across the south of Ireland will be recovered as recyclate and sustainable fuel in a new and more efficient facility from next year.
Glanway’s investment in the Turmec plant will increase annual capacity by 80% to 180,000 tonnes and boost recovery rates.


The spare tire on Wun Tun Zoop is back under the chassis in it’s factory home.
This is thanks to the acquisition of a spare tire hoist from Ebay. After a bit of prep work with wire brushes and red scotchbrite the pieces all got a nice coat of primer and black epoxy. Once it was all dried I headed under the van to mount the unit and put in the frame bushings for the winder tube. Basically one bolt and one pin. Then it was time to wrestle the monster 1-ton spare under and get it positioned on the lift cable. With that done it was a simple task of winding it up into place with the factory tools. That takes a bit of cranking but it ended up in the spot it belonged in.
So now i have a whole bunch more room in the van . Nice! Well on to the next project. Replacing the damaged passenger door handle which arrived in the mail yesterday.
Maybe tomorrow! We shall see.


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Chaos Battle Chess is an upcoming strategy and auto-chess game that's heading for iOS and Android later this year. It's being developed by This Game Studio whilst publishing duties are being handled by the prolific Rogue Games.

The game has been available for Android in soft-launch in various regions as the developers work towards creating a balanced game prior to full release. It's an 8 player, a last-man-standing setup where players will draft units from across space and time.

"We met an odd-looking personage coming out of your lane," said Gilbert as they sipped. "Who was he?"
PlayStation 2 favourite Dragon Quest 8 is getting a re-release on Nintendo 3DS. It will hit the handheld in Japan on August 27th, but there's no word on a Western release.

I wouldn't hold your breath - Dragon Quest 7 came to 3DS in Japan over two years ago, and never got translated into English. As ever, fans are picking up the slack.

We last saw Dragon Quest 8 on iOS and Android. We said, "A port that's both bold and reverential, Dragon Quest VIII might not be the perfect fit for mobile devices, but it's not too far off".

We would ask Square Enix if it plans to release the game in English but we might as well shout our question down a well.

You've heard of Goat Simulator right? Yes, it's hilarious to amble about as a goat doing goat things, but what about a goose? House House had that same thought and you'll soon be able to live out your own experience on Nintendo Switch.
so um pic.twitter.com/v4EFCKjhWG— House House (@house_house_) August 28, 2018 Announced during this evening's Nindie Direct, Untitled Goose Game is a mix of genres. Part stealth, part sandbox, but 100% goose. Play the role of 'the horrible goose' as you go about ruining people's day by chasing people, eating lunches, and messing with all sorts of things.

Do the townsfolk deserve it? Probably not. But you're a goose, what do you care? So long as you can waddle about, honk at people, and munch on misplaced sandwiches, life is pretty sweet.

Untitled Goose Game swaggers onto Nintendo Switch in early 2019.

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domain: game


text:
Buenos Aires International Festival Brand. Buenos Aires City Council, 2009
The new brand of the Theater Festival consists of four articulated parts: the acronym FIBA, the look, the diversity of colors and complementary institutional characters. They form a solid image which is at the same time diverse, active, dramatic, fresh and regional.
The symbol works as a brand in itself and contains the DNA of the future image and publicity of the event. The main referent is the BA of Buenos Aires which watches silently and awakens sensations.
This look, within the graphic context, is what links FIBA to the stage activity. It is a context given by the variety of colors and the personification of the eyes from the complementary figure of the dolls.
The dolls represent the materialization of the expressions of the look, positioned with gestures and movements. They assert the cultural character of the festival, as the image is strongly linked both to pre-Inca paintings (mourners from the North of Argentina), as well as to expressions of Latin America and the third world in general from the sensations that they produce. These images multiply the expressions and differences specific to the festival, providing it with more personality and sympathy.
©Sebastian Guerrini, 2009

domain: artistic


KOURA, Lebanon: "Poor creatures," is your first thought, as an overcrowded cattle truck
trundles past you on the highway on its way either from the port or to the slaughterhouse.
Beginning their journey late on a Sunday earlier this year, this group of migrants arrived from the Andes Mountains on buses and cattle trucks
, with the William waiting offshore.
We had to literally be shoehorned on to the train and had to travel in conditions worse than a cattle truck
. One lady was unable to get off the train at University Station and I had an awful job to get off at Selly Oak.
John Harrower said: "Yes, been stuck on it from Stirling to Edinburgh like cattle on a cattle truck
. One hot day we were on and woman were asking the conductor to please don't let anyone else on as the train was packed, but he did anyway."
They eventually made the journey by cattle truck
to Stalag Lsa, in Wolfsberg, Austria.
"There were 48 of us in a cattle truck
. You could see ice from your breath.
She was loaded into a cattle truck
with some of her girls and taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where the Nazis used her for slave labour and worked her to death.
The 16-year-old A-level student was the front seat passenger in his Peugeot 206 hatchback when it crashed with a cattle truck
With the train I was on packed like a cattle truck
(and doubtless others would have been) many of the visitors travelling had a very dim view of our rail service.
One suggestion was that disabled people were lucky to have what they did and that if they wanted to use a train why didn't they just put a cattle truck
on the back and shove us all in there.
A MAN who drove a cattle truck
for five days without a proper break has been sentenced to 40 days imprisonment.
A former army Captain who escaped the Nazis through the floorboards of a cattle truck
and went on to become a leading figure in the jewellery industry, has died aged 92.
While the roads were under water, Transport Secretary Ruth Kelly was explaining that pounds 50 billion needs to be ploughed into the railways over a five year period in an attempt to at least reduce the "cattle truck
" horrors faced daily by commuters.
Earlier this week The Dikler was enduring a run on the rattler with conditions becoming increasingly akin to a cattle truck
when the doors opened at Sunningdale.
I take the ScotRail cattle truck
to Glasgow every day and when I look out over the nearby M8, I lose count of the number of cars which only have one person in them.


text:
The studies aren't conclusive but some seem to suggest those with mental health diagnoses tend to be treated differently by police officers.
For example, Watson, Corrigan Ottti report that
Teplin, Pruett and Teplin found that officers are more likely to arrest subjects with a mental illness
in the introduction of their paper.
There are lots of mental health diagnoses which are very common and should not be relevant to most situations like people with depression and OCD.
If asked about mental health issues, is it okay to deny having them, or to not answer the question?

domain: law


text:
Australian born, Peter Goldman is a fashion photographer with 20 years experience
based in New York City.
His clients include:
The New York Times, Vogue Australia, Vogue Brasil, Marie Claire, Sleek Magazine, Le Mile, Nicotine, Pressure Paris, Elle Singapore,
Elle Brasil, Oyster, Syn, DScene, Personae, Ladygun, Please.
Proenza Schouler, Brock Collection, Jonathan Simkhai, Shop-Alexis,
Morgan Lane, Tibi, Moda Operandi, Roopa, Eleanor Balfour, Marni,
Prada, Isabel Marant, Maison Margiela, Tanya Tailor, Rodarte
He also currently holds the position of Photography Director for Moda Operandi, overseeing all photography.
Available worldwide for Bookings and Requests.


text:
On Sept. 16, 2011,a federal judge in Miami sentenced Lawrence Duran to 50 years in prison, the longest sentence ever imposed in a Medicare fraud case, for his role in a massive fraud scheme that resulted in more than $205 million in losses. Duran was also ordered to pay $87 million in restitution.
Duran was co-owner of American Therapeutic Corporation with Marianella Valera, his girlfriend. Both of them pleaded guilty in April to fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy charges after being arrested in October 2010. In their pleas, Duran and Valera admitted that they executed the scheme from 2002 until their arrest in 2010. A total of 34 people, including employees of American Therapeutic, doctors, and nurses were arrested in connection with the scheme.
Please see full article below for more information.
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5 November 2010
German police arrested a man on Friday over videos published on the Internet threatening bomb attacks unless an Islamist jailed earlier this year is released, authorities said.
Last month, three videos appeared on the Internet calling for Daniel Schneider to be released or sent to Afghanistan by the end of November. If not, the videos warned of bomb attacks in Germany.
A German convert to Islam, Schneider was one of four members of the so-called Sauerland cell jailed in March for a thwarted plot to attack US soldiers and civilians in Germany.


One very basic question:
There are two machines: machine A (ACE Server machine), and machine D (Development machine).
Machine A and D has two drives C and E. In machine A %pihome% is in E drive, and in machine D %pihome% is in C drive.
When I open ACE code of machine A in machine D, which path code it should open? Should it open code available in %pihome% path of machine A or machine D?
Currently Visual Studio of machine D is opening code available @ path = %pihome% of machine A, which is unexpected IMO.
Version of PI ACE on machine A - 2010 R2 SP1
Version of Visual Studio of machine D - 2013 Professional


text:
IAIA’s Beekeeping Journey
There’s a swarm of honey bees on the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) Campus, and they’re working to bring goodness to the students, staff, and faculty. IAIA’s Land-Grant program established honey bee hives on campus this spring and hired several student-workers to help grow the community of pollinators. In turn, the bees will provide food sustenance and products that can be used for student art.
As pollinators, the bees also play a vital role in maintaining equilibrium within the ecosystem. Pollination directly impacts the production of food, and it helps to maintain ecological biodiversity. Sustainability is one of the core values at IAIA, and introducing this population of bees is helping to support the revitalization of biodiversity on the IAIA Campus and surrounding community in line with IAIA’s Climate Action Plan.
Land-Grant, in partnership with Continuing Education (CE), will host webinars that discuss honey bees in three distinct ways—ecological impact, nurturing and revitalizing local landscape, and developing more habitat for pollinators.
Listen to a short audio recording of Land-Grant Extension Educator Melanie Kirby (Tortugas Pueblo) and learn more about IAIA’s beekeeping journey. Visit IAIA Continuing Education to view the course schedule.

domain: biology


all glitzed up.
The Glitoris is a Semen Cartel. The Website is designed to share music. DJ Glitoris throws parties that make ya ass clap.
For DJ bookings, or to have an mp3 retracted, please contact:
theGlitoris likes music (and parties) to have four-on-the-floor beats, house influences, a knack for catchy hooks, beats made for dancing, and unsyncopated ensemble rhythms. Whatchu' know about that?!
© 2010 TheGlitoris.com
All rights reserved.
Brand New Video from Kreayshawn!
Liking the quality of this video over that ratchet “breakfast” track. I feel it’s commercially acceptable, and it’s catchy (which is redundant), watch “Go Hard!”
Kreayshawn - Go Hard (Music Video). Liking the quality of this video over that ratchet “breakfast” track. I feel it’s...
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text:
The Sapphire 3 Oxylight Therapy system provides many of the most popular skin rejuvenation therapies all in one device. This non-invasive technology uses LED light, oxygen, biosonix ultrasound, microdermabrasion and lymph drainage in combination to treat a variety of skin problems.
This system is effective, safe, and relaxing all while providing instant skin improvements for the following:
- Sagging skin
- Fine lines
- Tightening of the skin
- Enlarged or clogged pores
- Post laser or surgical healing
- Visible Results After One Treatment
Sapphire 3® Oxylight® is very relaxing, and generally 4-6 treatments are recommended for maximum benefit. Maintenance treatments may follow once a month. There is no discomfort and no recovery time is necessary. Treatments are progressive and you’ll notice further improvement with every treatment. The Oxylight utilizes both LED light and oxygen in the therapeutic process.
LED Oxylight therapy: The treatment incorporates numerous light wavelengths in order to eliminate detrimental bacteria, boost the production of collagen, enhance oxygenation and allow for skin tightening. Specifically, the Oxylight system uses red, blue and yellow wavelengths of light in conjunction with beneficial radio waves, oxygen and vitamin exfoliation. All of his works to revitalize and heal your skin, giving you the glowing, youthful complexion you want.
Oxygen: The Oxylight uses a specialized oxygen system that brings in the surrounding air and effectively filters it to the point where it’s 95% pure. This healthful, purified air is then used for oxygen sprays, high-pressure oxygen sprays, negative pressure vacuum therapy and other results-driven treatments. The oxygen is often applied to the skin with serums and vitamins incorporated. As a result, you get a luxurious treatment that provides numerous health benefits.

domain: medical


text:
As we told you last night, Ford’s perennial best-seller, the F-150, got a significant update. One of the things that changed with this new 2024 F-150 was the front fascia, the grille, the lights, the indicators – you know, the whole face. But not just one face: there’s at least four distinctive and updated F-150 faces, and I’m sort of curious to know which ones you find most appealing. Having a choice of distinctive faces isn’t especially common on cars today. And when it was more common, it was usually done for devious badge-engineering reasons. But, here we are, in the Year of our Ford 2023, and there’s four F-150 faces. Let’s look at them:
So, we have the aggressive, FORD-yelling, Raptor face up top, covered in lights like an amber Las Vegas, bold and loud. Then, there’s the geometric angles of the Tremor, with simpler lights and an orange-bronze accent loop-bar in the middle. This one feels like fancy architecture to me.
Then we have the luxurious King Ranch, which really should be a new Dorito flavor, but in this context means luxury, so that’s what we get: chrome, slim, more refined grille bars, a divided grille like two geometric burger buns, and the whole thing bordered by alabaster white LED DRLs.
FInally, we have the base model face, which I actually think may be my personal favorite. It’s simple and straightforward, I like the grille mesh oblong pattern, and it all kind of reminds me of the ’80s F-150 face:
The way the indicators/DRLs bisect the headlamps is nice, too. It’s a good look, I think.
But! That’s just me! I want to know what you think, what face would you graft on your F-150, were you to F-150 an F-150. Let’s do a poll, why not:
I’m curious. Ford, if you use any of this for market research, you better hook us up with something good.

domain: design


text:
Estimated read time: Less than a minute
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (AP) — Brandon Roberts scored a season-high 19 points to lead Samford to a 94-60 win over NAIA-member Auburn-Montgomery on Tuesday night.
Marcus Johnson scored a career-high 15 points for Samford (7-8), shooting 5-of-5 from the field — including three 3-pointers — and 2-of-2 from the free throw line. Tyler Hood added 11 and Darius Jones-Gibson 10.
The Bulldogs trailed 13-12 before 3-pointers by Roberts both sparked and capped a 25-5 run, which gave Samford a 37-18 lead with 3:30 left in the first half.
Auburn-Montgomery trailed by at least 14 the rest of the way, and by as many as 40 in the second half.
Samford made 13 of 26 3-pointers, shot 52 percent overall and recorded a season-high 24 assists.
Tristen Harrell led Auburn-Montgomery, which committed 21 turnovers, with 21 points.


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The White House’s new coronavirus response strategy—announced the day after President Biden’s 2022 State of the Union address—aims to seek a return to normalcy in the U.S., but will require funding from Congress.
The strategy comes on the heels of the president’s State of the Union address Tuesday night and as U.S. new cases decline, though deaths remain high. Mr. Biden used the speech to spotlight a key component: a new a “test to treat” initiative that he said would enable Americans to get tested at a pharmacy and, if they are positive, “receive antiviral pills on the spot at no cost.”
Many of the other initiatives — including the plan to quickly develop vaccines, which was announced in November — are not new. But taken together, they amount to a blueprint for the next phase of the response, though the White House insists the fight against Covid is far from over.
“Make no mistake, President Biden will not accept just ‘living with Covid’ any more than we accept ‘living with’ cancer, Alzheimer’s, or AIDS,” the plan declares.
Read the full story at the New York Times.