5. HUMAN IMPACTS (OTHER THAN FISHING)
In UK waters most problems associated with human impacts other than fishing are local in nature particularly in industrialised estuaries and coasts such as the Firth of Clyde. The major component affecting the Clyde is associated with the substantial historical and current inputs of hazardous substances from industrial and domestic waste. The region is the most industrialised and urbanised area of Scotland and is arguably Scotland's most heavily contaminated water body (Webster, et al. 2005). The marine environment is described as the ultimate sink for many hazardous substances that result from the waste produced by industry. Substances identified as a particular cause for concern in the Clyde include cadmium, lead, mercury, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants ( POP's). Although the use of some of these substances has been banned they still continue to be present in the marine environment as a result of historical use (Baxter et al., 2011). Information on sewage and industrial discharges into the Clyde and their effects on the environment have been well-documented as part of the Annual Reports produced by the former Clyde River Purification Board which is now incorporated into the Scottish Environment Protection Agency ( SEPA).
The most concentrated source of contaminants into the Clyde is at Garroch Head, south of the Isle of Bute and at Cloch Point ( Figure 5.1). Sewage sludge has been disposed of at Garroch Head since 1904 until the site was closed under the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/ EEC 1998. By the 1990's more than 1,500,000 tonnes of sewage sludge was being disposed of annually at Garroch Head. The site had been moved 4 km south in 1974 after the introduction of the Dumping at Sea Act where dumping was confined to a circular area one nautical mile in diameter. Levels at the old site were particularly persistent as the effects of the new site, which experienced higher rates of input and more precise dumping, had amplified the effects of sludge disposal at the former site (Rodger et al., 1992). The problem was further exacerbated due to the hydrology of the area, where currents are relatively slow (<10 cm s -1) and does not allow enough dispersion of pollutants; this causes localised problems to occur (Mojtahid et al., 2008). Monitoring has been undertaken at Garroch Head following the cessation of dumping in 1998, to assess recovery. However, the disposal of dredged material at sea continues in the Clyde at Cloch Point and is authorised under part II of the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 ( FEPA). Other sources of contaminants into the Clyde include run-off from urban areas, oil spills and atmospheric deposition which diffuses into the marine environment.
The pollution into the Clyde constitutes a major source of persistent organic pollutants ( POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs). In more recent times increased regulation has reduced contaminant inputs. However, due to the persistent nature of many hazardous substances, high concentrations can still be found in marine sediments as a result of historical inputs. The extent to which these hydrophobic compounds are accumulated is dependent on sediment type. Sediments with high organic carbon content and a small particle size, such as those of the inner Clyde, have a greater potential to accumulate hydrophobic contaminants than coarser sediments (Webster et al., in press). The immediate effect of the accumulation of such contaminants has been to cause organic enrichment of the sediment which in turn causes changes in the benthic infauna and a decrease in biodiversity (Rodger, 1992, Kelly and Campbell, 1995).
PCBs are synthetic substances which have been produced in Europe since 1929 until the mid 1980s and used in hydraulic fluids, insulators, sealants and grouting ( OSPAR, 2010). PCBs are toxic, persistent and lipophilic and are bioaccumulated by fish especially in the liver due to its high lipid content. They can adversely affect reproduction, and may affect immune systems which can result in disease epidemics. Organisms at the higher levels of the food web, especially seabirds and marine mammals, can be particularly affected ( OSPAR, 2010).
PAHs are widespread chemical pollutants that are introduced into the marine environment from many different sources. They are natural components of coal and oil and are mainly produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels; as a result they are one of the most widespread organic pollutants ( OSPAR, 2010). PAHs are toxic, persistent and are known to be both mutagenic and carcinogenic. Due to their low aqueous solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs tend to associate with particulate matter and can be bio-accumulated especially by shellfish.
Inputs of trace metals such as cadmium and mercury result from discharges of sewage and from the fish farm industry. Most trace organic compounds are insoluble in water and are below detection concentration levels. However, Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane ( HCH)) which is used in insecticides is relatively soluble in water and present in measurable concentrations. The Clyde Sea currently has the highest inputs of Lindane (y- HCH) compared to the rest of Scotland (Baxter et al., 2011).
The Water Framework Directive ( WFD) establishes a legal framework for the protection, improvement and sustainable use of surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater across Europe. In Scotland, this work is undertaken primarily by SEPA in conjunction with the Scottish Government. For aspects of coastal waters not covered by the Water Framework Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive ( MSFD) sets out environment protection and improvement measures for marine waters.
Monitoring of hazardous substances in the Scottish marine environment is required in order for Scotland to meet international obligations to OSPAR and under EU legislation. Hazardous substances highlighted to be of concern such as those already mentioned are monitored routinely in Scotland by either Marine Scotland or SEPA. The monitoring programmes cover the different marine components measuring contaminants in waters, sediments and biota to determine the long term fate of these materials. Those that are soluble remain in solution where insoluble contaminants are more likely to be incorporated in the sediments or bio-accumulated in animal tissue.
To assess contaminant concentrations in the Firth of Clyde in relation to the Garroch head dump site, fish have been sampled annually since 1992 and sediment samples taken since 1999 (Webster et al., 2005). Assessment criteria have been developed for metals and organic contaminants ( PAHs and PCBs) in both sediment and biota on an international basis through the auspices of OSPAR, ICES and the EU. The main programme for monitoring the status of contaminants in UK waters is the 'Clean Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme' ( CSEMP). CSEMP measures the concentrations of specific chemicals which are persistent, toxic and have the ability to accumulate in food chains, at almost 500 sites around the UK ( UKMASS, 2010). Assessment criteria for these sites have been developed based on concentration thresholds (in sediments and biota) above which these contaminants could be toxic to both marine organisms and to human consumers of seafood.
Blue, Status is acceptable. Concentrations are near background for naturally occurring substances ( e.g. PAHs) or close to zero for man-made substances ( e.g. PCBs).
Green, Status is acceptable. Concentrations of contaminants are at levels where it can be assumed that little or no risks are posed to the environment and its living resources at the population or community level.
Red, Status is unacceptable. Concentrations of contaminants are at levels where there is an unacceptable risk of chronic effects occurring in marine species, including the most sensitive species.
OSPAR international standards for concentrations of contaminants are as follows; contaminant concentrations are considered to be low if they are below the Background Assessment Concentration ( BAC), slightly elevated if above the BAC but below the Environmental Assessment Criteria ( EAC) and of concern if above the EAC.
The general trend in Scottish waters for metal contaminants is that the input in disposed waste is declining and these downward trends for mercury, cadmium and lindane are reported in Charting Progress 2 and Scotland's Marine Atlas (see Figure 4.2). In a recent study by Webster et al. (in press) PAH, PCB and PBDE concentrations were found to be significantly higher in sediment and fish liver from the Clyde compared to all other sea areas around Scotland. The PAH data from this study showed that all PAHs in all sea areas were at acceptable concentrations (green) except for the Clyde.
The Clyde Sea area is sampled at seven different stratum from north to south; 1 Firth of Clyde Inner Dunnon; 2 Firth of Clyde Inner Cumbraes; 3 Largs Chanel; 4 Firth Clyde Middle Offshore; 5 Irvine Bay; 6 Firth of Clyde Outer Offshore; 7 South Arran ( Figure 5.3). Although PAH concentrations in the sediment were found to be above assessment criteria in the areas of the inner Clyde, a downward trend was detected. PAH concentrations also showed a significant gradient going from north to south stratum with the lowest concentrations being in the strata closest to the open sea (Webster et al., in press) see Figure 5.4.
Figure 5.4 Interval plot of time-averaged individual parent PAH concentrations in sediment (μg kg -1 dry weight normalised to 2.5% TOC) for the strata in the Clyde. The error bars are the 95% confidence limits. Sites are highlighted 'blue', 'green' or 'red' on the basis of the concentration relative to assessment criteria. (Source, Webster et al., in press)
The accumulation of mercury in fish flesh has been investigated in relation to the disposal sites in the Clyde (Clark, 1989). Mercury is of particular interest as it can be transmitted through the food chain and can be potentially passed on to humans. However, fish from the Clyde have not accumulated mercury above background concentrations (Roger, 1992).
The most toxic PCB ( CB118) is present above the EAC in mussels and one sediment site in the Firth of Clyde and it is of concern that adverse biological effects may be seen in marine biota in the area (see Figure 5.5).
Figure 5.5 A - CB118 in sediments normalised to 2.5% TOC. B - CB118 in Biota. . C- Pyrene in sediments normalised to 2.5% TOC. D - Pyrene in Biota. Source, Scotland's Marine Atlas (Baxter et al., 2011)
In order to determine the biological effects of hazardous substances bioassays of two species, the crustacean Corophium volutator and the polychaete worm Arenicola marina, are used (Baxter et al., 2011). Toxicity is determined by the number of test organisms which survive in the test sediments compared to uncontaminated control sediments. The sediments from two sites in the inner Firth of Clyde were found to contain the highest level of contaminants from the coastal areas around Scotland and the bioassays indicated that adverse effects are possible at these sites (Baxter et al., 2011). However analysis of the sediments does not show any adverse impacts at present.
The overall status of the sea areas around Scotland assessed for persistent organic pollutants ( POPs) are considered to be acceptable as concentrations were below those likely to result in chronic effects except for in the Clyde Sea area. However, a downward trend in PAH in sediments in the Clyde has been detected and in comparison to other seas around the wider UK the environmental status of the Clyde has few problems (see Figure 5.6).
Marine and beach litter is a significant issue in the Firth of Clyde and around Scotland. Marine litter has been an ongoing problem for many years and originates from many different sources such as recreation and tourism, fishing debris, sewage related debris and shipping waste (Somerville et al., 2006). In addition, the litter in Scottish seas may be derived locally or have travelled thousands of miles from well outside Scotland's influence. Some sea lochs around Scotland act as a natural collecting funnel (known as litter sinks) such as at the head of Loch Long at Arrochar in the Clyde Sea, which collects large accumulations of litter on the beach even though the population of the surrounding area is quite small.
It has been estimated that approximately 80% of marine litter originates from land-based sources and that up to 90% of the waste consists of plastics which can persist for a significant amount of time (Davison, 1996). Litter in the marine environment gives rise to a range of adverse ecological impacts, including; entanglement, smothering, ingestion, disturbance of habitat, transport of invasive species and poisoning by the breakdown of products. The major impacts of marine litter on fishery interests results from damage to nets and fouling of fishing grounds (MaLITT, 2002). Fishing itself remains one of the worst sources of marine litter. The most significant impact of litter from fisheries is ghost fishing where lost fishing gear, particularly from creel fisheries, continues to capture target and non-target species. However, in the Clyde the effects of this have been shown to be minimal with most species able to escape from creels over time (Adey, 2007).
In general there is little known about the extent and composition of marine litter around the Firth of Clyde. This is mainly due to the lack of a systematic monitoring programme being in place in Scotland and no agency that has overall responsibility for tackling marine litter (Donnelly et al., 2010). However, Marine Scotland is currently leading the development of a Scottish marine litter strategy.
Historically the ports of the Firth of Clyde have played a vital role in the prosperity of Scotland. The Clyde is a major international shipping location, which has several major ports, busy shipping lanes and a BP oil terminal in Loch Long. The major ports of the Clyde are Glasgow, Greenock, Hunterston, Ardrossan and Stranraer. The contribution of ports and water transportation to business and Scotland's economy is quite significant. About 95% of UK imports and exports are transported by sea. Clydeport itself is the third largest port in Scotland and the eleventh largest in the UK by volume of traffic. Figure 5.7 illustrates the shipping infrastructure in the Firth of Clyde.
Aquaculture has been the fastest growing food production sector in the world and currently Scotland is the largest aquaculture producer in the European Union (Hall-Spencer et al., 2006). Scotland's fjords provide sheltered cool waters and high water exchange well suited for the farming of salmon (Hall-Spencer et al. 2006). The industry in Scotland is dominated by salmon production but also has significant rainbow trout and mussel production. Scotland Highland and Island salmon farming has grown dramatically and is an increasingly important industry helping to underpin economic growth in rural coastal communities (Baxter et al., 2011). The Firth of Clyde has in recent years, like many other areas on the West Coast of Scotland, become an important focus of aquaculture processes. There are a number of salmon farms to the North of the region, such as in Loch Fyne and Loch Striven, and some further south at Arran. Figure 5.8 shows the trends in salmon and shellfish (particularly mussel) aquaculture for Scotland since 2005.
There are growing concerns over the environmental effects of the aquaculture industry (Fernandes et al. 2001). Aquaculture generates considerable amounts of effluent from nutrients, waste feed, faeces and from the by-products of pesticides. In shallow waters with weak under currents, waste products from marine cages settle on the bottom accumulating and smothering organisms on the sea floor. This can result in alterations to the infaunal community structure and lowered species diversity. In deeper waters and where there are stronger currents effluents released should be dispersed over a larger area. Fish farms located over maerl beds; although in a tidally strong location can get particulates trapped within the complex matrix of the thalli. Marine fish farming can thus have harmful effects on the surrounding environment. In semi-enclosed sea lochs, cage aquaculture of Atlantic salmon is the most common source of organic enrichment. The area of sea floor impacted by fish faeces and uneaten food will depend on the size and tonnage of the farm, on water depth, and on the local hydrodynamic conditions (Hughes, 1998).
The following is adapted from Scotland's Marine Atlas, Regional assessments, Solway, North Channel and Clyde (Baxter et al., 2011)
The Clyde hosts a wide range of human activities and consequently is subject to a number of pressures. Aquaculture, particularly salmon and shellfish production, takes place in a number of sea lochs and there is widespread fishing, mainly for Nephrops and scallops.
There are significant ports, shipping and ferry activities with 20% of Scottish cargo volume passing through the Clyde ports. The Clyde is one of the busiest areas for ferry traffic with key links to various islands and peninsulas, as well as Northern Ireland, accounting for ~60% of overall Scottish passenger traffic.
Scotland's only Naval base is on the Clyde.
The Clyde is popular for recreational sailing, supporting ~40% of Scottish boat berths. There are also popular bathing beaches on the Ayrshire coast.
The Clyde Estuary and Ayrshire coast are relatively urbanised and industrialised compared with other parts of Scotland. This results in discharges from waste water treatment works and industrial effluents to estuary and coastal waters, as well as water abstraction, mainly for power generation.
Pressures resulting from these activities include the introduction of contaminants from industrial effluents and sewage works and dumping of dredge spoil from harbour maintenance. Fishing using trawls and dredges results in the abrasion of the seabed. There are also local effects of aquaculture on seabed ecology. Recreational boating and commercial shipping activities have probably led to the introduction of non-native species.
At the area level ( i.e. all Clyde Sea) there are few concerns in relation to hazardous substances, radioactivity, oil and chemical spills and algal toxins.
Contaminant loadings to the Clyde Estuary are lower now compared to historical discharges but a legacy of localised contaminated sediments remains. These in turn have caused elevated concentrations of contaminants in mussels in the Clyde Estuary.
Water quality in the Clyde Estuary is compromised by discharges of industrial effluent and treated sewage although effluent treatment has improved resulting in returning populations of residential and migratory fish.
The quality of bathing and shellfish waters in the Firth of Clyde is affected by inputs of bacteria from diffuse sources, which increase during periods of high rainfall.
Local accumulations of litter are observed on some beaches possibly being transported by the prevailing currents. The source is not always possible to identify.
The status of habitats within the Clyde is mixed. Intertidal habitats (rock and sediments) are deteriorating. In relation to rocky intertidal habitats this is due to invasion of non-native species, in particular wireweed. Shallow subtidal sediments are relatively degraded while shallow, subtidal rocky habitats appear to be in a better state.
In general, mobile species such as cetaceans, seals and seabirds also show a mixed picture but overall are stable at the area level.
In contrast, the reduced populations of commercial fish are a major concern.
The introduction and establishment of a number of invasive non-native species, for example, intertidal wireweed ( Sargassum muticum) and the subtidal carpet sea squirt (Didemnum vexillum), first found at Largs in 2009, is very concerning.
Many of the concerns associated with the Clyde result from historical practices and management approaches. Enhanced scientific knowledge, improved regulation and greater environmental awareness have resulted in significant reductions in inputs of contaminants and improvements in water quality.
Pressure on coastal and inshore habitats is increasing from industry such as the proposed Hunterston power station (with a possible change in cooling water requirements), aquaculture and recreational activities.
The Clyde may have a potential resource to support the generation of marine renewable energy, mainly offshore wind and tidal. Growth of the industry and development of associated infrastructure, including seabed cables, is anticipated. Further work will be required to understand the effects on seascapes and landscapes, communities, tourism and recreation.
Increasing shipping activity, possible new container facilities at Hunterston, and recreational sailing will risk the further introduction of non-native species.
Underwater noise associated with industrial and recreational activities is expected to increase. There is also the possibility of increased ferry traffic to Northern Ireland with facilities in Loch Ryan due to expand.
As Europe, the UK and Scotland prepares to implement the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Clyde Sea offers a potentially exciting test area, where indicators and targets describing Good Environmental Status (GES) could be developed, an integrated ecosystem monitoring scheme devised involving cross-organisational working ( i.e. Marine Scotland, SEPA, SNH) and a series of management measures implemented to take the Clyde towards GES by the target date of 2020. The Clyde offers: a pragmatic scale; a solely national management regime; a varied mix of status and pressures; diverse habitats; a representative range of stakeholders.
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text:
A Mix of live action with animation
Director: Jon Turteltaub
Produced by: Barry Sonnenfeld, Barry Josephson, Jon Turteltaub
(Through Junction Entertainment), Christina Steinberg (Through
Music: Alan Menken, who won several Academy Awards
for music on Disney's "Beauty
and the Beast," "Pocahontas,"
Little Mermaid," is composing the music for "Enchanted".
Voice Talent: As of April 11, 2001 - Susan Sarandon
is in negotiations to star in the Walt Disney Co.'s live-action/animated
feature "Enchanted" David Hyde Pierce ("Frasier")
also is in talks to co-star in "Enchanted". David Hyde
Pierce will be the voice of Nathaniel, the queen's valet. The
movie will start in an animated fairy tale kingdom. There, a peasant
girl fall sin love with a prince. Unfortunately, an evil queen
(Sarandon) decides to nip this romance in the bud and sends the
girl out of the kingdom and into the real world of New York City.
Not long afterward, the girl, who is real herself now, falls for
a man there, just as the prince (who is in love with her) and
the queen come to the real world looking for her and must decide
whether to return home.
Fantasia 2006 (2006)
"Fantasia 2006 it is a go. One sequence is already completed
and another one in the early stages of production, directed by
Glen Keane. The music will be from different parts of the world.
Roy Disney, during a chat session during the release of "Fanatsia 2000",
said that they were currently working on a segment set to music
that was originally written for the musical version of "The Lion King"
The segment has no lyrics but it could contain some singing by
lebo m, or something similar to that. The story revolves around
a group of black children in an African township. They find a
kite and start to play with it. It is suggested that they start
daydreaming about it too. Most likely this is the
A 3-D animal feature.
The Big Break
(NEW YORK) - Walt Disney Pictures has rattled cages for Mark
Gibson and Phil Halprin's pitch "The Big Break," an
animated project described as an animal version of "The Great
Escape" set in the Bronx Zoo. Disney made a pre-emptive outright
purchase of the project, which sources said may combine use of
claymation and computer graphic animation. (The Hollywood Reporter)
This film has been canceled.
Wild Life is a fabulous tale of Manhattan nightlife, fashion,
drugs, and fame. An elephant is to be made a big star by a bunch
of simpering warholian freaks. The characters are badly drawn
2D nonsense that are going to be done in CGI.
The Frog Prince
Eric and Susan Goldberg are working on a creating a parody
of the Disney formula with their take on the classic story "Frog
Prince". There isn't a lot of artwork seen so far, but the
buzz on this project is very very positive.
Don Quixote (2005)
Don Quixote was once in production a couple times before and
once again is back in production. From the latest drawings done
by the Brizzi Brothers, so far they are a dark, spooky tone to
them. They show a gangly but obviously youthful Don Quixote, his
burly and dim sidekick Sancho Panza, and some other younger looking
dude who completes a trio of adventurers. There seems to be enough
artwork for about 4 movies. I hear that the Brizzi Brothers work
faster and more intensely than anyone else in story. Somehow they
pack enough information in those regular sized little story sketches
to show what the whole movie could look like if not given the
normal Disney Animation treatment.
The Brizzi Brothers (who directed the Firebird sequence in
Fantasia 2000 and who are also responsible for the opening sequences
in The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Tarzan) started working on
this project in the late '90s. Supposedly the tone of their drawings
was so dark and spooky that the project was cancelled by Disney
in September 2000. Nevertheless, in a November 2000 to Anime Magazine,
Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi said that they were still working
on the film and that the project would surely be greenlighted
soon. So there's still a little hope, even though the Brizzis
supposedly resigned from Disney after the salary cuts of April
As a sidenote, Disney has tried to make a movie based on Don
Quixote for decades but could never find the right approach.
Information from Aint-It-Cool-News.
(October 30, 2001)
This film has been canceled.
Billy the Kid (2005)
Eagle Trouble (2006)
Animator: Glen Keane
The Snow Queen (2008)
Chicken Little (2009)
Silly Stories (2010)
Puss in Boats (2011)
The Search for Mickey 50th Classic (2010 or 2012)
The Lady of the Lake
Oliver and Company 2
The Walt Disney Feature Animation
FanSite Main Page

domain: artistic


text:
Jesus, Savior, Pilot Me (and, O Savior, Thou Who Wearest A Crown)
Hymn Arrangement for Solo String Instrument and Piano (Violin, Viola or Cello). BSM0012a/b/c. Available for purchase from Jackman Music Corporation.
Texts by Edward Hooper (1818-1888) and Karen Lynn Davidson (b. 1943)
Music by John Edgar Gould (1822-1875) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)


text:
|Type||Weapon – Crafting material – Thrower|
|Use time||24 Fast|
|Tooltip||Throws a light-cursed dagger, which eats away at enemies it hits|
Overuse of this weapon exhausts you, massively reducing its damage
Killing enemies recovers some of your exhaustion
|Debuff duration||2 seconds|
|Debuff tooltip||Pure darkness is melting this enemy|
|Debuff duration||20 seconds|
|Debuff tooltip||Some throwing items are now much weaker|
The Light's Anguish is a craftable, non-consumable throwing weapon that can autofire. It throws dark daggers that are not affected by gravity, can pierce one enemy, and inflict the Light Curse debuff onto hit enemies.
Like most non-consumable throwing weapons, using this weapon builds up an exhaustion meter that appears below the player. Not using the weapon will make the meter slowly go back down. However, if it becomes completely filled, the user will be inflicted with the Exhaustion debuff, causing all non-consumable throwing weapons to deal massively decreased damage for some time. The meter resets after the debuff ends.
Its best modifier is Unreal.
- Aesthetically, Light's Anguish is very similar in color and style to Night's Edge, Eternal Night, Light's Lament, and Falling Twilight.
- Light's Anguish has a Crimson counterpart, Embowelment, which uses Crimtane Tomahawks instead of Demonite Tomahawks as a component.

domain: game


text:
Second generation FLIR common modules
An improved modular FLIR system is provided that fits in the same space elopes that were provided for the Army's GEN I FLIR's. The resolution is more than doubled by using a narrow two dimensional array of Hg-Cd-Te detectors with pn junctions as a time-delay-integration line sensor, improved optics and analog-digital conversion with image enhancement.
Latest The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Patents:
- Manufactured twinning in metal structures for improved damage tolerance
- Passive outdoor aerosol sampler device
- Renewable Highly Biobased Polybenzoxazine Thermosets for Composite Applications
- Deformable array of semiconductor devices
- Mass spectrometry ionization based-assay for the detection of enzyme activity and/or presence
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) Imaging Systems as used by the U.S. Army and other military or civilian organizations.
2. Description of Prior Art
The Army has adopted a first generation (GEN I) common module approach for the production and fielding of Forward Looking Infra-Red sensors (FLIR's). This concept provides common access to core FLIR components in order to reduce costs and facilitate maintenance, but yet still allows system integrators the flexibility of configuring each particular sensor to individual needs. There are several shortcomings to the common module concept, however. Due to the variety of sensor requirements and technology improvements, each common "module" evolved into a family of modules and thus complicated supply and repair logistics. Expensive module interfaces have been developed for each sensor platform. Centralized universal upgrades have not been possible. The performance of each sensor is often very different from any other, thus complicating training and strategic deployment. Many improvements in the technology of infra-red sensoring and imaging have since been made to the extent that it is neither cost effective nor physically possible to modify GEN I Common Module FLIR sensors to achieve enhanced performance. Rather the state of the art is now such that a new generation of FLIR sensors must be established. Examples of these technology advancements include the availability of multi-element photovoltaic (PV) focal plane arrays, time-delayed-integration (TDI) for enhanced sensitivity, miniaturized electronic multiplexer circuitry, digital video image processing, improved cryogenic cooling, long lifetime unidirectional scanners and integrated laser-hardened optics. Advances have also been made in the creation of two dimensional staring arrays which do not require field-of-view scanning, but the general consensus is that this technology is too immature to match the performance of the proposed new GEN II scanning FLIR sensor system, to be described. It has been determined that the Army would greatly benefit from the development of a new Kit concept, wherein GEN II FLIR technology is fielded in the form of preassembled kits ready to install into at least three general categories of Army FLIR environments, large Attack Helicopters, Tanks or Armored Vehicles, and smaller Scout class vehicles.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, all of the Army's current FLIR sensor needs can be met by supplying three new FLIR kits. These kits will provide better resolution, countermeasure resistance, video processing, and data transfer than the first generation FLIR's and will support either digital or analog processors. The first Kit, designated as Night Vision (NV)-80, will serve all major ground vehicle systems such as tanks, missile launchers, augmenting viewers, sights and intelligence gathering equipment. The second kit, designated as NV-81, is designed for turreted helicopter aircraft like the Apache and Comanche requiring wide, pilotage application fields of view. A third kit, designated NV-82, is designed for aircraft with turrets having wide apertures or three-way fields of view, also common to Apache and Comanche aircraft that use FLIR sensors for targeting applications. Certain modules within these kits that will be designed to be mixed and matched, thus permitting them to serve a wide range of requirements that may arise in the future.
One object of the invention is to provide FLIR kits having reliable and enhanced performance complying with efficient new predefined envelopes and interfaces for the Army's and other services' second generation of Night Vision equipment.
A further object of the invention is to provide a minimum of kits formed from a minimum number of components or modules to meet all the current needs of the Army.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of a prior art GEN I Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) imaging system based only on standard modules;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a detector line array as used in above GEN I system;
FIG. 3 is a pictorial view of a GEN II system that will replace the system in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a two dimensional detector array as used in above GEN II system showing the kit within a dashed outline.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the U.S. Army currently uses First Generation (GEN I) FLIR common modules in nearly all major sensor platforms today. A platform is a support placed on a weapon system, a surveillance system, a vehicle or any combination of these systems to which FLIR sensor modules may be conveniently attached. The Afocal Assembly 10 is considered to be part of the platform, for example this assembly may be fixed mounted unit initially provided for a daylight sight or gun camera. Outfitting the assembly with IR lenses in the 8 to 12 micron range, hereafter referred to as far-infrared readies it for FLIR use.
The scanner module 11 contains an oscillating mirror 11A that provides operates at 30, 45, or 60 cps. The IR radiation after being reflected about 90.degree. by the scanner mirror is passed to an IR imager module 12, which focuses the scanned image of the scene, gathered by the afocal, through an IR window onto a small array chip or sensor mounted in a dewar module 13. The sensor or detector is a linear array of discrete light sensitive electronic elements, oriented normal to the optical axis and the direction of scan, e.g. vertical to a horizontal scan. As the scanner pans this array across the horizontal field of view, the electronics read out an entire two dimensional FOV within the time frame of one scan. A slight relative rotation or nodding motion of the scanner between scans is used to provide mechanical interlace. Interlace lines are produced by each successive scan. The scanner can snap back to its initial position (Uni-Directional) after a complete scan or generate a reverse scan (Bi-Directional) to return to that position. To provide a useable S/N value, the chip is cooled by a cryogenic dewar module 14 with a cold finger 14A that extends through the dewar to gently touch the chip and extract heat from it.
As shown in FIG. 2, the detector chip 13B carries a line array of far-infrared detectors 13C that produce 160, 320 or 480 resolution lines generated in parallel. Each detector output is interfaced with an input on a different preamplifier 15A and post amplifier 15B in an electronics module, usually through a harness 13A. Integrated circuits in this module provide the preamps, postamps and sometimes simple logic circuits to compensate for image distortion. Dotted line 13D denotes the motion of an IR image pixel on the forward scan of the imager and dotted line 13E indicates the motion of the same pixel during the return scan.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the electronics module has an output for each line post-amplifier 15B to interface a Light Emitting Diode (LED) module 16. An LED is provided for the postamplifier of each detector in the Dewar Module. The LED's thus mirror the responses of the photodiodes as a visible light line image. Reflecting the light from the LED's about 90.degree. using the back of the vibrating mirror 11A recreates the field-of-view (FOV) of the image from the Afocal Assembly in visible light. A Binocular Eyepiece Module 18 is commonly placed in the path of the recreated image reflecting it to a convenient viewing angle and imaging the scene for a human eyes. The electronics module may also include integrated circuits with a single output to delay and reformat the detector signals into a video signal like that used in standard television.
Such modules, or common modules in the first generation, are part of a family that includes the standardized modules in the Module Table below. Each user purchases the standardized or specialized modules required for his mission; combines them and installs the necessary platform to interface his system, e.g. a man portable system, a land vehicle, a marine vessel, or an aircraft. A few man-portable systems have escaped the modular concept in order to reduce their weight, since they are inherently simple low resolution systems. Vehicle systems, on the other hand, tend to become more complex high resolution systems that benefit from the modular approach. Numerous improvements have been made in the technologies that govern the make up of the modules, some of which have been compromised to meet current module criteria and others have been shelved until these module constraints are removed. Similarly, technological advancements and improved system performance requirements demand a more integrated approach to interfacing these new modules. This has reached a state that warrants a new second generation of kits composed of new modules.
______________________________________ Module Table for GEN-1 FLIR DESCRIPTION NUMBER ______________________________________ Preamplifier Video AM-6923/UA Postamplifier - Control Driver AM-6924/UA Regulator, Voltage, Bias (Large 5 volt) CN-1503/UA Regulator, Voltage, Bias (Small 3 volt) CN-1559/UA Auxiliary Control, Video PL-1402/UA Scan-Interlace (Small, 30 Hz) PL-1403/UA Scan-Interlace (Small, 30 Hz) PL-1403A/UA Scan-Interlace (Large, 40-60 Hz) PL-1408/UA Detector - Dewar (Small, 60 element) DT-591A/UA Detector - Dewar (Large, 120 element) DT-617A/UA Detector - Dewar (Large, 180 element) DT-594/UA Detector - Dewar (Large, 180 element) DT-594A/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (1W Low Vib) HD-1033B/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (1w Low Vib) HD-1033C/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (Split .25w) HD-1045(V)/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (Split 1W) HD-1111(V)/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (Integ. .25) HD-1132(V)/UA Cooler, Cryogenic Mechanical (Integ. 1W) Not Assigned Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)1/UA Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)2/UA Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)3/UA Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)4/UA Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)5/UA Scanner,Mechanical MX-9872(V)6/UA Light Emitting Diode Array (180 element) SU-96/UA Light Emitting Diode Array (120 element) SU-122/UA Light Emitting Diode Array (90 element) SU-127/UA Imager, Optical (Small) SU-97/UA Imager, Optical (Small) SU-97B/UA Imager, Optical (Large) SU-103/UA Imager, Optical (Large) SU-103A/UA Imager, Optical (Large) SU-121/UA Collimator, Visual (Small) SU-98/UA Collimator, Visual (Large) SU-102/UA ______________________________________
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown, in a pictorial block diagram, the components of a GEN II IR imaging kit. At present, only components within the dashed outline are to be parts of this kit, future requirements may require that ATR's and digital enhancement modules be included as well. The first component or module 30 has a first housing 30A that contains the afocal lens system. This system includes an objective lens 30B to gather light from a distant scene and/or target object. The scene is first lo focused on an intermediate focal plane within the module that contains a number of thermal references 30C. The light from the scene image and references is gathered by a collimating lens 30D and emerges as parallel rays focussed at infinity. The lenses require special materials and treatment to reduce absorption of the far-infrared, which not only reduces available flux but also heats up modular components causing malfunctions. The focal plane references require a regulated d.c. input and a control feedback loop to the imaging system to perform their function furnished by one or more leads like lead 30E. This focal plane is also an excellent plane in which to place a filter 30K to prevent overloading the detectors or provide better discrimination of certain targets. Rotating filter wheels with many filters are often used to analyze atmospheric contaminants and these may inserted in the focal plane and coupled to a System Electronics Component, to be described, by signal leads like 30E. The lenses may include a motorized focussing mechanism 30F and thus require a similar d.c. input lead 30G with reversible polarity for remote focussing. The mechanical coupling or interface between the first and second modules thus requires a circular stop opening for the collimated output image beam and half of a first electrical connector 30H with two pairs of mating contacts, like contact 30I insulated from the module housings which are commonly grounded. The interfaces between all modules may be the usual bolted flange type, like 30J with gaskets to seal out grit particles and caustic atmospheric agents. The lenses or a thin planar window may be provided as seals for the optical openings in the module housings when separated. Electrical connectors are sealed through by their insulation or suitable grommets.
The second component or module 31 is enclosed in a second housing 31A the wall of which either contains the mating portion of said first connector or has leads sealed through the wall to it. Similar connectors will be noted between successive modules as this description proceeds. The housing 31A encloses a mirror type scanner 31B driven by a synchronous motor 31C. Unlike the scanner in first generation modules, this scanner scans in one direction only (i.e. unidirectional mode). The rate of scanning is chosen to be 30, 45 or 60 cycles per second to match electronics modules to be described presently. The mirror may thus be one of n facets of a quiet and smooth running synchronized rotor spinning at 30/n 45/N or 60/n cycles per second. The mirror can also scan slowly and snap to its initial position to produce each scan, if desired. To maintain mirror motor synchronicity this module requires at least a single phase motor input lead 31D carrying current with a frequency related to 15 cps, and might obviously benefit from two or three such phase input leads. The interface between the second and third modules must then include a stop aperture at least the height and twice the width of that between the first and second modules. It also must provide half of a connector 31E with the same number of insulated terminal pairs like pair 31F for dc and at least one terminal pair per phase of the motor input.
The third component or module 32 has a third housing 32A that contains an imaging lens system. A decollimating lens 32B focusses the collimated beam into an image of the scene plus references at a second focal plane, which like the first provides a good location for special filters, if desired. An ocular lens 32C matches the image size to an array 32D of photodiodes. These photodiodes are by nature photovoltaic devices which are defined in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, Copyright 1985, as being "of, relating to or utilizing the generation of a voltage when radiant energy falls on the boundary between dissimilar substances (as two different semiconductors)". It is well known that HgCdTe photodiodes are photovoltaic devices and this is evidenced by the terminology used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,217 entitled "METHOD OF MANUFACTURING AN INFRA-RED DETECTOR DEVICE" granted to Michael D. Jenner, et al. 9 Mar. 1982.
As shown in FIG. 4, the diodes 41 are square and arranged on a Hg-Cd-Te chip 42 in vertical rows normal to the direction of image motion, e.g. horizontal motion, with vertical spaces between diodes equal some fraction of the diodes' height. The diodes in subsequent rows in the direction of image motion are displaced a fraction of the width of a diode forming a set of four or more different rows. This pattern is repeated n times to secure an increase in the signal to noise ratio of n.sup.-2. Chip 42 is mounted on a silicon based chip 43 carrying a charge-coupled-circuit (CCD) by means of solder bead connectors 44 having the same pattern as the photodiodes, i.e. one for each diode. When heated and pressed together the silicon chip receives the photodiode outputs from the Hg-Cd-Te chip and, when driven by a clock signal at the scan frequency of the second module, samples the photodiodes and formats their outputs into parallel and/or series type analog video type line output signals. Parallel readouts will of course involve increased output leads, e.g. one lead per line of the image. This array will generate 480 lines per scan or a 960 line interlaced frame.
Returning to FIG. 3, a special dewar 32E is required for this array, a suitable embodiment of which is described in patent application Ser. No. 08/176,866. The dewar must have an easily removable IR window to provide access to the detector array without removing the cold finger mounting to which it is attached. The dewar is a thin glass structure easily damaged by the metal cold finger. This module must have a thermally insulated tubular fitting 32F that mounts through the module wall and the wall of the dewar. The exterior end of the fitting couples to a section of cryogenic tubing 32G and this in turn couples to a cryogenic cooler 32H attached to the base of the module housing. Cooling requirements vary with the size and sophistication of the chip. Balanced split cycle coolers from 0.25 to 1.75 watts, using helium as a coolant, are readily available in the art. A portion of the wall of this module is apertured to receive the remaining half of the second connector and half of a third electrical connector 32I. The third connector carries terminal pairs, like pair 32J, wired to matching terminal pairs of the second connector. In addition it carries a terminal pairs for a dc voltage lead 32K, a clock voltage input lead 32L and a video output lead 32M for the line outputs from the silicon chip. The cooler has its own connector with terminal pair 32N for a power lead 320.
The fourth component or module 33 has a fourth housing 33A that contains the electronic controls that feed the detector and reformat its output. The wall of this module is apertured for a standard input connector 33B supplying primary power such as n-phase 110 v 60 cps or other common power sources. This power is transformed into low voltage regulated ac and dc outputs and clock pulse outputs. The above module wall is also apertured to receive half of the third connector. Appropriate ones of the above ac outputs are coupled to the third connector to power the focussing and scan motors. A dc and clock signal in is supplied integrated circuits like the photodiode array and charge-coupled-device (CCD) that samples the photodiodes. They are also coupled to fourth module components such as preamps and postamps for the CCD outputs, image enhancing circuits, analog video formatting circuits, and analog to digital converters and digital storage (control and status) devices. The above module wall is also apertured to receive half of a power connector 33H for the cooler, and half of a fourth connector 33C for an optional fifth module and a connector 33H for a TV type monitor of either analog or digital design. The fourth connector has terminal pairs like 33D for an ac Power lead 33E, a input interrogation signal lead 33F to access information in the digital storage devices and an output lead 33G to carry the information accessed to an optical device for further processing and/or use. The wall is further apertured to receive a monitor connector 33H having terminal pairs like 33I. One pair is coupled to an ac power lead 33J for the monitor and another pair is coupled to a video lead 33K which carries the accessed information from a display formatter to the monitor.
The above mentioned optional device, not now a part of the kit, may be an Augmented Target Recognition (ATR) device. Its wall would thus be apertured to receive the remaining half of the fourth connector. The ATR device includes Read-only-memories (ROM's) containing far infrared target signatures which form data banks on far-infrared target images. The ATR also has circuits known as segmenters wired to its half of the fourth connector in order to select specific portions of the digital data generated by the electronics in the fourth module. This device also includes comparators which compare these specific portions with the target signatures stored in the data banks to generate recognition probabilities, classification possibilities, risk factor presented by the target imaged by the FLIR and, if possible, proper responses, Numerous types of ATR's have been proposed, and many are designed to interface other systems such as radar and sonar. The purpose here is to provide a standard interface to such digital devices and analog devices like the TV type monitor. The latter requires a connector 34B with only one pair of terminals for a video lead to superimpose target symbols on the scene generated by the fourth module.
The three Field Kits to be provided will be designated as the NV-80, NV-81 and NV-82. The NV-80 is a specific second generation FLIR kit for use in land vehicles such as tanks, missile launchers and the like; the NV-81 is a second generation FLIR kit for pilot application use in aircraft; and the NV-82 is a complex second generation FLIR kit for use in aircraft with long range targeting sensors. The modules in each kit may vary slightly, but commonality is preserved when possible. The 80 model kit uses a detector with a one watt cooler, a non-interlace second module and optical modules that provide narrow (2 degree.times.3.6 degree) and medium (7.5.times.13.3) fields of view (FOV). All models use the same fourth module. The 81 kit uses an interlace scanner which captures 960 lines per frame twice that of the other kits. This kit uses optics for a very wide FOV (30.times.53.3). The 82 kit uses a detector designed for a 1.75 watt cooler. The resulting image is very free of noise and suitable for use with ATR's. The first module of this kit is designed to give an intermediate FOV (6.times.10.6) because it is intended to interface with another platform specific afocal assembly with multiple fields of view.
1. A second generation Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) kit comprising
- a series of four modules, said modules having housings proportioned to fit within one of three geometric envelopes defined by spaces in Army vehicles that have been allotted to GEN I FLIR systems,
- the first two of said modules each having an optical axis with at least one variable far-infrared optical element along said axis, an optical input at one end of said axis for far-infrared radiation, at least one electrical input transducer coupled to each of said variable optical elements and external electrical inputs for dc and ac signals to energize the electrical transducers therein;
- the first and second of said modules having an optical output for said far-infrared radiation at the end of said axis opposite said one end;
- the third of said modules including an optical axis, an optical input at one end of that axis for far-infrared radiation, and external electrical inputs for dc and ac signals, said third module further including a dewar containing an array of mercury-cadmium-telluride far-infrared detectors with pn junctions, an input for cooling fluid circulated in said dewar and an electronic signal output connected to said detectors;
- the fourth of said modules having inputs and outputs for electronic signals only; and
- the respective pairs of said inputs and outputs being serially interconnected.
2. A kit according to claim 1 wherein the first of said modules includes:
- an afocal lens comprising said at least one variable optical element and a collimating lens between said optical input and output, said afocal lens having a focal plane wherein the image of a distant scene is focused, thermal references mounted in said focal plane along the periphery of said focused image, whereby said collimating lens simultaneously gathers, combines and collimates infrared radiation from said distant scene and said references into a narrowed beam at said optical output.
3. A kit according to claim 2 wherein the second of said modules includes:
- a scanning means comprising said at least one variable optical element between said optical input and output thereof to gradually displace said narrowed beam in only one scan direction normal to the optical axis of said beam for a distance about equal to the dimension of said narrowed beam in said scan direction and to restore said narrowed beam to its original position at the end of each scan.
4. A kit according to claim 3, wherein:
- said scanning means redirects the optical axis of said displaced narrow beam at a right angle.
5. A kit according to claim 3 wherein said third module includes:
- an ocular lens means substantially centered in said beam to focus a moving image of said scene and references on a focal plane in said third module;
- said array of detectors comprising a two dimensional image line sensing array of uniformly spaced far-infrared photodiodes mounted in said focal plane to form parallel rows, with n photodiodes in each row, n being orders of magnitude less than the number of rows, the rows being staggered and normally aligned with the direction of the image's motion to provide oversampled analog video response signals for time delay and integration; and
- a silicon based ccd integrated circuit means coupled with said array to produce photodiode output sampled signals in response to timed input clock signals, and to create analog video signals by delaying, shifting and integrating selected ones of said sampled signals.
6. A kit according to claim 5 wherein said fourth module includes:
- a video output terminal for a monitor with a video input; and
- an analog signal processor means coupled between the output of said third module and said video terminal to format video input signals for said monitor.
7. A kit according to claim 5 wherein said fourth module includes:
- an analog-to-digital converter means with an input coupled to the output of said third module to convert said analog video signals to digital video signals; and
- digital RAM storage means coupled to the output of said converter to store said digital signals.
8. A kit according to claim 7 wherein said fourth module includes:
- digital processors coupled between the output of said converter and the input of said storage means to enhance the image quality of said digital video signals.
9. A kit according to claim 5 wherein:
- said dewar surrounds said detectors and has an input tube to supply coolant, said dewar having a removable far-infrared window at one end covering said detectors, whereby said detectors can be removed without disassembling the detectors mounting structure from said dewar.
10. A kit according to claim 9 wherein said third module further includes:
- an electrically powered cooling means, using a low density gas coolant, to produce cryogenic coolant temperatures; said cooling means being attached to the end of said dewar opposite said one end.
Filed: Jun 23, 1994
Date of Patent: Apr 23, 1996
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington, DC)
Inventors: Bill A. Blecha (Springfield, VA), Thomas Coty (Alexandria, VA), John J. Curry (Alexandria, VA), Howard T. Graves (Alexandria, VA), Robert C. Guckian (Alexandria, VA), John M. Hall (Alexandria, VA), Samuel B. McDowell (Garrisonville, VA), Steve H. Nguyen (Fairfax Station, VA), Raemon N. Samuels (Fairfax City, VA), Thomas E. Smith (Woodbridge, VA), Joseph J. Wiedmann (Springfield, VA), Richard A. Wright (Stafford, VA)
Primary Examiner: Carolyn E. Fields
Attorneys: Milton W. Lee, Alain L. Bashore, John E. Holford
Application Number: 8/264,280
International Classification: H04N 533;

domain: design


The Indian Air Force’ Southern Command Chief undertook a solo flight of 30 minutes of the home-grown Light Combat Aircraft, Tejas Tuesday.
The CMD-HAL, T Suvarna Raju thanked Air Marshal RKS Bhaduauria, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Southern Air Command for ‘reposing’ the faith in the aircraft, HAL said in a statement Tuesday.
HAL has established assembly line including second production line for LCA to meet the operational requirements of the IAF. Currently, HAL has the production capacity of eight LCAs per annum and is ramping up the capacity to 16. The ramping-up cost is shared equally by HAL and IAF/Navy, the statement said.
Major sub-assembly such as front, centre and rear fuselages and wings have been outsourced to the private players. The 45 Squadron of the IAF “The Flying Daggers” was the first squadron to be equipped with LCA-Tejas in July last year.
Today, the Squadron hosted the Air Marshal Bhadauria, who has been associated with the Tejas programme for long. The Squadron which is expected to move to its permanent location at Sulur, near Coimbatore, next year is presently involved in training of Air and Ground Crew, formulation of procedures and realization of the operational potential of the aircraft.
The squadron has undertaken detachments at operational bases to test the weapon capability of this agile aircraft. With the induction of an additional assembly line, HAL is all set to ramp-up the production rate in order to meet the delivery schedules.
Yemeni Houthis Target World's Largest Oil Processing Facility in Saudi With 10
Indian Army to get Indigenous T-72, T-90 Tank Ammo
We’ll Buy Patriots if They Equal S-400 Capabilities: Erdogan
Indian Bharat Electronics to Supply IAF with $754 M Worth Akash Missiles
Israel to Modernise Ukrainian MiG-29 Jets for $440M
MiG-35 Shows Off New AESA Radar at MAKS 2019
Su-57’s Technology predecessor, the Su-47 ‘Berkut’ Displayed at MAKS 2019
Russia Unveils its Biggest Ever Drone to Compete with US Global Hawk
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly permeating the defence industry to aid and improve human decision-making
Upgrade of Russias Sukhoi Su-30SM fighters to equip them with armaments, radar, sensors and engines from the more powerful Su-35...
US companies sanctioned by China for supplying weapons to Taiwan may be denied rare earth elements (REEs), which have critical...
While the US F-35 stealth aircraft has become one the fastest selling fighter jets in the world aircraft market, thanks...
Russian state-run Almaz-Antey has released additional data on its latest export-version of Buk-M3 Viking air defense missile system (ADMS)
The MiG-29, one of Russias most exported military jet has been upgraded in India that expands its capabilities from an...


- A soil moisture sensor is used to measure the amount of water content in the soil.
- Just insert it in the soil, and read the moisture level by detecting the water present around it.
- The reading provides valuable information about whether the soil is dry, moist, or saturated with water.
- It helps gardeners, farmers, and homeowners to understand when and how much to water their plants.
- Using this device can save water, time, and money while ensuring plants receive the right amount of water for optimal growth.
- It’s a simple and effective tool that anyone can use to keep their plants healthy and thriving.
- Operating Voltage: 3V to 5VDC
- Output: Analog/Digital
- Weight: 15g
- Dimension: 98mm x 23mm x 4mm


Vibratory Screen Circular Vibrating Screening Sieve
The Martin Screen Vibrator is designed for vibrating screens and serves as a direct replacement for Derrick Screen Vibrators. Martin Engineering produces a variety of models in different mounting configurations. Bolt it in, wire it up and turn it on. Direct fit replacement drive needs no adapter mount.【Introduction】 Laboratory Sieve Shaker vibration screen, shaker screen is widely applied in laboratories for light, heavy Geological, metallurgical, chemical, building material, coal, mine, grinding wheel ceramic and pharmaceutical industries and research institutes, laboratory vibrating sieve is an ideal vibrating sieving machine for industrial sieves and screens of materials in the.


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Remote northern Indigenous communities will no longer have to pay more than the rest of the country for baby formula, thanks to a new deal with an Australian food supplier.
The Arnhem Land Progress Aboriginal Corporation (ALPA) reached an agreement with Wattle Health Australia to supply formula for $30 to 28 remote communities across the Northern Territory and far north Queensland, the same price as in urban supermarkets.
While the primary recommendation remained that infants receive breast milk, for some mothers it was not possible and the formula would provide a consistent alternative, said ALPA’s chief executive Alistair King.
“The contract is going to give us a consistent, reliable supply, which is something we haven’t had before,” he said.
“It means that mums will know that we’ve got a premium product on show in our stores all the time and that you know it’s a good affordable price and a good quality Australian product.”
Mr King said as well as issues with consistency of product, in one remote community the price of formula had been raised to $60.
“If they’re only buying a couple of tins and by the time you freight it up and if they’re putting a standard margin on it then it all adds up, it all compounds,” he said.
“It’s the thing with pricing in remote communities … you haven’t got the same volumes [as commercial supermarkets].”
$70 cake sold in Borroloola
Food pricing in the remote community of Borroloola came under scrutiny earlier this year, when it was discovered the store was selling cake for nearly $70 and corned beef for $8.60.
Wattle Health Australia wanted to help Indigenous communities access the formula at an affordable price, said co-founder Lazarus Karasavvidis.
“We are proud to be part of such a meaningful initiative with ALPA and their Queensland retailer Island & Cape that is aiming to close the gap in health for Indigenous Australians,” he said.
The head of the Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance of the Northern Territory (AMSANT) said the agreement was a “fantastic outcome”.
“I’ve experienced personally where babies were provided with juices and other sweeteners in their bottles,” AMSANT chief executive John Paterson said.
“Hopefully parents and families will find this new formula, at a reasonable cost, will be a much better choice.”
Mr Paterson also said given the importance of infant health to future development, there could be long-term benefits of having the formula readily available.
This is one small step for closing the gap and it’s a tangible outcome,” he said.
“I put the call out there for the rest of the food industry to have a look at this partnership and have a few more wanting to provide similar support and assistance.”

domain: news


text:
Gifts of Art and Soul
Let Happiness Be Yours
…a wish for life’s greatest gift
This gift book is about opening up to happiness and rediscovering what brings you joy. Happiness is there for us in moments of peace, of beauty, of silence, of being close to nature. Happiness is there for you in doing what you love…in doing what inspires you. This is a giftbook for yourself and to be shared with friends and read again and again.

domain: literature


text:
Michelangelo’s iconic frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, created from 1508-1512, include several notable biblical scenes, including The Temptation of Adam and Eve. In this depiction, the pair are shown being expelled from the Garden of Eden as punishment for committing the original sin after gaining knowledge of good and evil.
The symbolism in this fresco is rich, with Michelangelo using dead branches as a symbol of sacrifice and representing the vineyard with a cross. He took liberties in his portrayal of Adam and Eve by adding fig leaves to their bodies. However, Rembrandt’s etching shows them at the moment of temptation surrounded by light and with an ominous presence from a serpent present.
While portraits depicting prelapsarian Adam and Eve often represent them in their natural state without clothing or shame, Michelangelo chose to show them clothed as they are expelled from paradise. This shows just how much thought went into Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam fresco located on another section roof panel that depicts God touching fingers with Adam – one may suggest that this connects to subsequent scenes portrayed within Genesis creating theme coherence throughout chapel artworks.


What Type of Oil Does a Chevy Equinox Need?
Welcome mechanics fanatics, in today's article we will discuss the importance of choosing the right type of oil for your Chevy Equinox. Understanding the specific requirements for your vehicle is crucial in ensuring optimal performance and longevity. Join us as we delve into the intricacies of selecting the correct oil viscosity and quality for your Chevy Equinox, providing valuable insights for maintaining your vehicle's engine health.
- Understanding the Importance of Using the Right Oil
- Choosing the Correct Oil Viscosity
- Synthetic vs. Conventional Oil
- Checking Oil Quality and Levels
- Adhering to Maintenance Schedules
- Frequently Asked Questions from mechanics
- How often should I change the oil in my Chevy Equinox?
- What are the recommended oil specifications for a Chevy Equinox?
- Can I use synthetic oil in my Chevy Equinox?
- What is the oil capacity for a Chevy Equinox?
- Are there any specific considerations for oil changes in extreme weather conditions for a Chevy Equinox?
Understanding the Importance of Using the Right Oil
Using the right oil for your Chevy Equinox is crucial for maintaining the optimal performance and longevity of the engine. Failure to use the correct oil can result in increased friction, overheating, and potential damage to engine components. It's essential to refer to the manufacturer's recommendations to determine the suitable oil viscosity and type for your specific vehicle.
Choosing the Correct Oil Viscosity
The correct oil viscosity ensures proper lubrication and protection for your Chevy Equinox's engine. Viscosity refers to the oil's resistance to flow at different temperatures. For instance, 5W-30 oil is commonly recommended for the Chevy Equinox, with the "5W" representing its flow characteristics in cold temperatures and the "30" indicating its viscosity at operating temperature.
Synthetic vs. Conventional Oil
Understanding the differences between synthetic and conventional oils can help you make an informed decision. Synthetic oils offer improved performance and protection, especially in extreme temperatures and demanding driving conditions. While conventional oils are generally more affordable, synthetic oils often provide better wear protection and enhanced fuel efficiency, making them a worthwhile investment for your Chevy Equinox.
Checking Oil Quality and Levels
Regularly checking your Chevy Equinox's oil quality and levels is essential for preventing potential engine problems. Inspect the oil color and consistency to ensure it is clean and free from contaminants. Additionally, make it a habit to check the oil level using the dipstick and top it up as needed to maintain proper lubrication and engine health.
Adhering to Maintenance Schedules
Following the recommended oil change intervals and maintenance schedules is crucial for preserving the performance and reliability of your Chevy Equinox. Adhering to these schedules ensures that your vehicle's engine receives fresh, high-quality oil at regular intervals, minimizing wear and maximizing longevity. Stay proactive in maintaining your vehicle to avoid costly repairs and extend its lifespan.
Frequently Asked Questions from mechanics
How often should I change the oil in my Chevy Equinox?
You should change the oil in your Chevy Equinox every 3,000 to 5,000 miles for regular oil or every 6,000 to 7,500 miles for synthetic oil.
What are the recommended oil specifications for a Chevy Equinox?
The recommended oil specifications for a Chevy Equinox are typically dexos1 or dexos2 certified oils, as specified by General Motors.
Can I use synthetic oil in my Chevy Equinox?
Yes, you can use synthetic oil in your Chevy Equinox.
What is the oil capacity for a Chevy Equinox?
The oil capacity for a Chevy Equinox is typically 4.0 quarts for the 1.5L and 2.0L engines, and 5.0 quarts for the 1.6L engine.
Are there any specific considerations for oil changes in extreme weather conditions for a Chevy Equinox?
Yes, in extreme cold weather, it's important to use low-viscosity oil to ensure proper lubrication at start-up. In extreme heat, using high-viscosity oil can help maintain adequate lubrication. Additionally, it's crucial to follow the manufacturer's recommendations for oil change intervals and types of oil to use.
In conclusion, when it comes to choosing the right type of oil for your Chevy Equinox, it's important to consider the manufacturer's recommendations and the specific needs of your vehicle. Using the correct viscosity and quality of oil is crucial for maintaining optimal performance and longevity of your engine. Remember to check your owner's manual and consult with a professional mechanic to ensure you are using the best oil for your Chevy Equinox. Taking these steps will help you keep your vehicle running smoothly and efficiently for years to come.
If you liked What Type of Oil Does a Chevy Equinox Need? You can see more at Automotive Mechanics.


text:
Remember when word got out Patrick Demarchelier did a photo shoot with Britney Spears and everyone thought it was for Vogue? But then Anna Wintour was all, “I don’t think so! That bitch ain’t Vogue!”? Well, not in those words, but she made it clear she’s not planning on womanizing Brit anytime soon. Anyway, it turns out the shoot was for Glamour, according to E! Online’s exclusive sources. They say Britney will mug for the January cover of the magazine — perfect timing for the December 2 release of her new album, Circus. We know Marie Claire and Elle have reality shows, but landing a Britney cover is so much better. That said, the January Vogue had better pad its ass because it’s going to take a beating on the newsstand.
Related: No ‘Vogue’ for Britney Spears

domain: celebrity


text:
Foreign ministers of the Brics grouping on Thursday expressed concern on the influence of the battle in Ukraine on international power and meals safety and backed talks between Moscow and Kyiv.
External affairs minister S Jaishankar joined through video hyperlink his counterparts from Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa for a meeting that mentioned methods to additional intra-Brics cooperation in politics and safety, economic system and finance, and people-to-people and cultural exchanges.
The meeting, which was chaired by Chinese international minister Wang Yi beneath the rotating presidency of Brics, mentioned the state of affairs in Ukraine and “supported talks between Russia and Ukraine”, in keeping with an announcement issued by the exterior affairs ministry. The ministers “expressed concern at the energy and food security implications of the conflict”, the assertion mentioned.
The international ministers expressed their “strong condemnation of terrorism whenever, wherever, and by whom-so-ever” and expressed their dedication to fight all kinds and manifestations of terror, together with cross-border motion of terrorists.
The meeting was held towards the backdrop of the dragging standoff between Indian and Chinese troops on the Line of Actual Control (LAC), which has taken relations between New Delhi and Beijing to an all-time low.
The international ministers reiterated that Brics international locations shall proceed working collectively to include the unfold and results of Covid and supported the main position of the World Health Organization in combating the pandemic.They reiterated the significance of ongoing discussions on the World Trade Organization, together with the proposal for a waiver beneath the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights for Covid vaccines and therapeutics, and known as for implementing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
They additionally backed a name for advancing reforms and making certain larger illustration for creating international locations in worldwide organisations and multilateral boards.
Ahead of the meeting, Chinese President Xi Jinping on Thursday mentioned the Brics international locations have to strengthen political belief and safety cooperation and assist stabilise worldwide relations at a time of international turbulence.
The 5 international locations ought to “oppose hegemonism and power politics, reject Cold War mentality and bloc confrontation, and work together to build a global community of security for all,” he mentioned.
With inputs from Sutirtho Patranobis

domain: politics


Blush V Neck Shirred Dress
L 38 B 40 Ah 18
Bust – Arm Hole – Length in inches
SM: 36 - 16 - 35
ML: 40 - 18 – 38
Item is measured using standard tape measure when it is laid flat on the floor.
For striped and printed fabric, patterns may vary depending on fabric cut.
For overrun Item, return and/or exchange is not valid. Flaw: Pen Mark


text:
Walmart set to take second shot at Zionsville store
After years of fighting, a central Indiana town may soon be welcoming Walmart.
For the second time in a decade, Walmart is proposing a Zionsville location, built just north of 106th Street at Michigan Road, at the Hamilton-Boone County line. Residents and business owners have fought off a new Walmart in the store in the past, but this time, the argument may be changing some people's minds.
"At the end of the day, it's still a Walmart," said Brian McCall.
McCall calls Walmart a "small town killer." He says he and other Main Street business owners are ready to fight a second attempt to open a Walmart in Zionsville.
"When you've got something that is drawing people west instead of east, they're going to find a reason to shop out there, they're going to have less reason to come to Old Town Zionsville to do their shopping," McCall said.
Even though Walmart wouldn't compete directly with many of Old Town's speciality shops, its discount pricing could hurt shops like Akard's, the family-run hardware store.
"Sure, you know, we sell the same things they sell. A lot of times when they're buying, they're buying for the entire nation and, sometimes, their pricing is a little different than ours," said LeighAnn Akard.
Still, she says, Akard's still has the edge when it comes to things like high-end equipment, rentals, special orders and servicing what they sell. This time around, though, Walmart's opposition may not be such a united front. Artist Rae Marie Crisel is among those that have had a change of heart.
"I feel like the tax revenue coming in would be very helpful. Most of what we have are apartments in the area and that puts a burden on our school system, but probably not enough tax revenue to support it," she said.
The tax argument may stick with a lot of people. Zionsville already faces plenty of "big box" competition, including four Walmarts within 10 miles. Factor in Target, Meijer and Kmart, and there are 10 big box stores in that range.
Rosie Handley, for one, would love to see a Walmart in Zionsville.
"It's a one-stop place. You go in, you get what you need, and out you go," she said.
The proposal, which includes a different store design from the previous attempt by Walmart, will be considered at a meeting on October 15.

domain: economics


IMR 4227 is a medium burn speed, magnum pistol propellant. If a pistol says Magnum, IMR 4227 is the choice for true magnum velocities and performance.
In rifles, this powder delivers excellent velocity and accuracy in such cartridges as the 22 Hornet and 221 Fireball.
IMR recommends always consulting www.IMRReloading.com for the most accurate, up-to-date data.
Available in 1-LB and 8-LB containers.
Posted by Richard Ryan on Aug 8th 2022
love it. use it in a number of rounds
Loading data not listing calibers that were used iin several world wars
Posted by Rick Simopnson on Jun 11th 2022
Not listing the .303 British rifle caliber for powders that are commonly used is a real disappointment. .303 British caliber with lead bullets like the Lyman 200 grain that is very popular and it is a wonder why it is not listed but something 6.5 Creedmore is. How many British .303 rifles are in the hands of shooters the world over compared to the 6.5 calibers?
Posted by Bob on Feb 26th 2022
I have used 4227 since 1969 in both rifles and big bore pistols
Posted by Bob on Dec 11th 2021
4227 and 454 Casull
Posted by A. G. Pitts on Nov 21st 2021
Trying to get consistent loading info for 454 Casull can be frustrating, but it is out there. Using 4227 with 300gr cast bullets in a RIFLE. (Loading tables are all for pistols) But I am getting 1300 fps and 3" groups @100yds with hopes to make it tighter next spring. 4227 leaves a lot of unburned powder in a rifle barrel. I hope someone comes out with 454 rifle data soon.
Posted by Jeremy R on Nov 18th 2021
The powder arrived very quickly and well packaged. I use this for .357 loads. I load 125gr JHP, which makes for some real hotsteppers. The powder arrived very quickly!
Posted by Scott H on Nov 18th 2021
Excellent product, fast/clean burn. Works as it should
Posted by Ralph on Nov 7th 2021
Works exactly as I needed to, creating my favorite .350 legend load.
IMR 4227 - Sharps Rifle
Posted by Bob K on Oct 22nd 2021
With the current shortage of reloading supplies, recently I purchased some IMR 4227. This powder has historically been used for magnum pistol loads. However, the manufacturer of the hard cast bullets for my Sharps do recommend this powder for reloading 45-70. I've used this powder with 300 and 405 grain bullets, with excellent results at 100 yards. Unfortunately, that is the only distance available to me where I reside. The load is very pleasant to shoot. normally 50 rounds every times I go to the range. With the cost of commercial ammunition, reloading is a must.


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The next day, the yard was packed. The whole city, aware of Kasim`s humble character and Ali`s innocent nature, was curious about how their Qazi would solve this problem. Kasim and Ali were both brought before the Qazi. «What!» he thought, «how dare this beggar breathe the smell of my kitchen?» My kitchen! The smell of food cooked with my money! The rogue! I`ll make him pay for it! I will take him to Qazi and demand justice! Boiling with rage, Kasim walked towards Ali`s house. Without saying a single greeting, he called his neighbor. «Ali, you have to pay Kasim for the favor you enjoyed. The court orders you both to come here at the same time tomorrow. By God, justice will be done! Kasim gave Ali a contemptuous look and left with a victorious smile on his lips. Poor Ali was confused. Just as he was leaving, the Qazi called him into a corner and whispered something in his ear. Ali`s face lit up and he rushed home. «You thief, thief! How dare you fly from me! Poor Ali did not understand what theft he was accused of.
Without enlightening, Kasim dragged the poor man to the Qazi. The news spread like wildfire and a large crowd gathered to watch the action. Kasim stood in front of the Qazi and presented his case in a loud and pompous voice. One day, Kasim threw a feast at his home. The smell of all the specialties cooked in his house floated in the wind and spread throughout the neighborhood. Kasim, of course, never bothered to invite his poor neighbor. Instead, he looked from his balcony into his neighbor`s yard. To his dismay, he saw the poor man sitting enjoying the delicious smell coming from his kitchen.
Kasim`s heart almost stopped in shock. Once upon a time there was a poor man named Ali. He worked hard to make a living and was happy with everything he had. Now Ali had a neighbor Kasim, who was as stingy as he was rich. It never gave him pleasure in seeing others, especially his poor neighbors, happy. He was always looking for an excuse to get Ali into trouble. «Don`t you dare touch it!» The sinister voice of the Qazi sounded. «Ali paid you in full.
Just as the smell of your food gave him pleasure, so the sound of his money gave you pleasure. You were reimbursed with the same document – justice was done. The courtroom rang out thunderous applause for the Qazi for his sharp wit and intelligence. The Qazi, his voice still gloomy, continued, «Kasim, pay Ali one hundred gold coins and punishment for harassing your neighbor and disturbing the peace of the house.» Please try the question to explain !!! «Your Honour, this man had the audacity to sit in his garden and enjoy the delicious aroma of food in my kitchen without lifting a finger. I demand payment for the pleasure he had at my expense. Your Honour, you have always been fair, and I am sure you will do justice in this case as well. Explanation: There is no explanation for this answer. «Kasim, aren`t you happy to hear the sound of so many coins?» asked the Qazi. With sparkling eyes, Kasim exclaimed, «Oh Your Honor, the sound of this money gives me the greatest pleasure!» and the greedy man was about to take the piggy bank away from Ali.
He gave us prophets: historical analysis of prophecy Friends of Lent, biblical results of fasting and prayer Indeed, the Qazi was a righteous man, as honorable and spiritual as he was just. He listened calmly – the shock on his face was slowly replaced by a twinkle in his eyes. Now he turned to Ali. «Is what this man says true? Did you appreciate at his expense? «Yes, Your Honour, but I couldn`t help it. Ali was carrying a large box. Kasim`s face flashed with anticipation when he recognized Ali`s piggy bank. «All my money, Your Honor,» Ali said. «Okay. Now shake the box so we can all be sure your box contains money.
Ali shook the piggy bank vigorously, and there was a loud ringing. The Qazi turned to Kasim. «Oh Kasim, doesn`t that sound good?» «Aah, yes, yes, your honor.» «Ali, shake the box again,» the Qazi ordered. Ali obeyed.


Sea Jet: A Future Warship By The U.S. Navy
The Sea Jet is a 133 foot long scale model of a future warship designed by the U.S. Navy. The model boasts the water jet system, AWJ-21, developed by Rolls Royce Naval Marine corporation. The tests of an all water jet propulsion system, which will replace the conventional rudders and (screw) propeller completely, will be carried out in the Idaho lake. After the AWJ-21 tests are finished, the water jet system will be withdrawn, and another new propulsion system, RIMJET (a conventional propeller mounted in a pod that is placed outside the ship), installed and tested. The U.S. Navy aims to determine, whether the new systems will make the ships quieter and more agile in coastal waters. Building all electric ships is planned within the next decade.


text:
Cabbage slaw recipes with vinegar keyword after analyzing the system lists the list of keywords related and the list of websites with related content, in addition you can see which keywords most interested customers on the this website
Whisk vinegar, mayonnaise, sugar, salt, and pepper together in a separate bowl; drizzle over cabbage mixture and toss to coat. Step 3 Cover bowl with plastic wrap and refrigerate at least 2 hours before serving.
Vinegar Coleslaw Recipe (No Mayo) | Platings + Pairings
Vinegar Coleslaw is a super simple side dish recipe made without mayonnaise. It’s tangy, delicious and crunchy. I love to serve this vinegar slaw with my Easy Roasted Chicken, Shake n Bake Pork Chops, or grilled dishes like this Grilled Chicken with Peanut Sauce, Grilled Shrimp Skewers, or Grilled Pork Tenderloin.It also makes an amazing topping for Fish Taco Bowls or Veggie Burgers.
This Easy Coleslaw Recipe Belongs in Your Recipe Box ...
Vinegar coleslaw: This classic coleslaw recipe keeps things simple with ingredients like cabbage, carrots and vinegar, plus sugar for the dressing. The sweet, tangy slaw is the perfect complement to a heavier dish like tangy pulled pork sandwiches or Texas-style beef brisket .
In a large bowl combine the green cabbage, red cabbage, and carrots. In a medium bowl whisk together honey, apple cider vinegar, lemon juice, dijon mustard, salt, pepper, and celery seed if using. Slowly whisk in the olive oil until the dressing thickens. Taste and season with more salt and pepper as desired.
Vinegar Coleslaw Recipe (No Mayo Coleslaw) | Downshiftology
Add the shredded green cabbage, carrot and onion to a large bowl. In a smaller bowl, whisk together the apple cider vinegar, Dijon mustard, honey, olive oil, celery seed, salt and pepper to create the dressing. Taste the dressing and decide if you'd like to add more honey.
Sweet Vinegar Coleslaw (No Mayo) | foodiecrush .com
In a large bowl, combine the coleslaw mix with the red onion, shredded red cabbage, and carrot. In a small bowl, whisk the canola oil, apple cider vinegar, sugar, caraway seeds, celery seed, kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper. Pour over the cabbage mixture and toss. Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour for flavors to blend.
Vinegar Coleslaw (No Mayo!) 5 Ingredients + 5 Minutes!
Make Ahead. While a 14 ounce bag of cabbage mix might seem like a lot, it isn’t. After marinating in the vinegar coleslaw dressing, the water will start to leach out of the vegetables and then will deflate, leaving you with a much smaller bowl of coleslaw.
Info!Website Keyword Suggestions to determine the theme of your website and provides keyword suggestions along with keyword traffic estimates. Find thousands of relevant and popular keywords in a instant that are related to your selected keyword with this keyword generator

domain: food


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Rolls-Royce Motors was created from the demerger of the Rolls-Royce car business from Rolls-Royce Limited in 1973. Rolls-Royce Limited had been nationalised in 1971 due to the financial collapse of the company caused in part by the development of the RB211 jet engine. In 1973 the British government sold the Rolls-Royce car business to allow Rolls-Royce Limited to concentrate on jet engine manufacture.
In 1980 Rolls-Royce Motors was acquired by Vickers. In 1998 Vickers decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors. The leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied engines and other components for Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars. However their final offer of £340m was outbid by Volkswagen, who offered £430m.
However Rolls-Royce plc, the aero-engine maker, decided it would license certain essential trademarks (the Rolls-Royce name and logo) not to VW, but to BMW, with whom it had recently had joint business ventures. VW had bought rights to the "Spirit of Ecstasy" mascot and the shape of the radiator grille, but it lacked rights to the Rolls-Royce name in order to build the cars. Likewise, BMW lacked rights to the grille and mascot. BMW bought an option on the trademarks, licensing the name and "RR" logo for £40m, a deal that many commentators thought was a bargain for possibly the most valuable property in the deal. VW claimed that it had only really wanted Bentley anyway, and in sales terms this was the stronger brand, with Bentley models out-selling the equivalent Rolls Royce by around two to one.


BERLIN - The vision of a bigger and better Berlin town center is beginning to take shape.
On May 23, Town Manager Jack Healy and the two principals of Newport Realty Group, Mark Lovley and Tony Valenti, signed the purchase and sales agreement for 861, 889, 903 and 913 Farmington Ave.
Those four properties next to the train station will make up the project known as “Farmington at Steele.”
The planned 80,000-square-foot development will include 76 market-rate apartments, 10,362 square feet of medical office space, and 8,618 square feet of restaurant and retail space, all organized into five buildings.
Building “A” will be a two-story medical office. Building “B” will be three stories, with retail space on the ground floor, and a total of 16 market-rate apartments on the second and third floors. Building “C” will be a coffee shop-style establishment with potential rooftop seating. Finally, buildings “D” and “E” will be connected by a clock tower and underground parking garage, and will have 30 apartments each.
The estimated $18 million project will be funded entirely by the Newport Realty Group’s private financing through equity and banking partners. No state funds will be used during the development phase.
Approximately $2 million in grants from the state Department of Economic and Community Development and the Office of Policy and Management will be used for aspects of the project that are required by the state, including an environmental survey of the land.
While, initially, the proximity to the train station was what attracted him to the project, Valenti told The Herald that working with the town of Berlin “has and continues to be awesome.”
“In partnering with the town, we will give Berlin what it needs. Luckily, those needs fit perfectly with ours,” Valenti said. “This is one of our bigger projects, so we’re definitely focused on it.
The project is being completed in phases, and at least one step is getting completed every single day, Valenti said.
The next big step is formal application and approvals from the town’s Planning and Zoning Commission, which should take place around the end of July or early August. This would allow for construction to start in October.
Farmington at Steele is part of an expanding vision for Berlin Economic Development Director Chris Edge.
“My goal is to have five restaurants and a brewery between Dairy Queen and Walgreens,” Edge said.
According to Edge, this project will generate tremendous commerce, and bring residents, businesses and additional excitement to the Farmington Avenue corridor.
This development is an example of the transit-oriented opportunities that the new train line from New Haven to Springfield has created for the state of Connecticut.
Adam Hushin can be reached at 860-801-5046 or email@example.com.


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Efficiently and responsibly managing and protecting our water and land resources for the sustainability, health, safety, and economic benefit of the State of Arkansas
Nonpoint Source Management
The ANRC 2018-2023 Nonpoint Pollution Management Plan is available here.
Nonpoint Source Pollution is defined as rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and even our underground sources of drinking water.
Potential sources of NPS Pollution include:
- Excess fertilizers and chemicals from agricultural lands, residential, and urban areas
- Sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding streambanks
- Bacteria and nutrients from livestock and animal wastes
The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission is responsible for developing and implementing the State's Non-point Source (NPS) Pollution Management Program. This program is a cooperative effort of many local, state and federal agencies.
Each year the NPS Management Section receives Federal monies from EPA to fund projects associated with the abatement / reduction or control of NPS pollutants. Projects may include implementation of BMPs, demonstrations of effective techniques, technical assistance, education and monitoring. The NPS program uses the Federal 319 Guidance and their NPS Program Management Plan as part of the criteria for selecting grant recipients. Recipients must provide a minimum of 43% non-federal match (in-kind or cash). Recipients eligible for funding must be non-profit (documented and recognized), State/local government agencies or academic institutions. Federal agencies are ineligible for NPS grant awards.
Funds are targeted to priority watersheds. The priority watersheds were designated by the use of a risk assessment matrix process and the Nonpoint Task Force . The current priority watersheds for 2011-2016 are as follows:
- Illinois River
- Upper White River
- Lake Conway - Point Remove
- Bayou Bartholomew
- L'Anguille River
- Upper Saline
- Poteau River
- Lower Ouachita - Smackover
- Strawberry River
- Cache River
There are many NPS issues within the State at this time.Â Each section of the State has different concerns. The primary concerns by region of the State at this time are as follows:
- Northwest and West Arkansas - excess nutrients (phosphorous) primarily from animal agriculture. Sediment is also an issue in NW Arkansas due to the accelerated urbanization and construction (residential, commercial, and industrial).
- East and Southeast Arkansas - sediment from row crop agriculture, thus a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the Bayou Bartholomew and L'Anguille River watersheds.
- North Central and Northeast Arkansas - sediment from poor pastures and nutrients from animal agriculture (cattle).
- South and Southwest Arkansas - excess nutrients from animal agriculture (poultry and cattle).
- Statewide -lack of riparian buffers / vegetation, sediment and nutrients in runoff which is not filtered naturally and eroding streambanks deliver excess sediment into streams. Urbanization and increased impervious surfaces which increase velocity and volume of runoff resulting in (hydromodification):
- unstable streambanks and steambank failure,
- increased in-stream channel erosion
Need more information?
Visit www.arkansaswater.org or contact:
Vacant, AG Division Manager
Arkansas Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Division
10421 W. Markham Street
Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
Phone: (501) 682-3914 Fax: (501) 682-3991

domain: geography


ROWVILLE STUD PARK
Stud Park Reserve is located in Knox City Council and adjoins Rowville Primary School. The reserve is comprised of a regional playground, Rowville Community Centre, infrastructure for a variety of sporting clubs, a sports oval, established trees and car parks.
Stud Park is Municipal Open Space which serves a regional size area and accommodates the needs of many community groups. Stud Park is the location for the annual Stringy Bark Festival which focusses on ways to inform and empower the local community to make achievable changes in their daily lives that contribute to a more sustainable way of living.
Previous master planning has addressed key issues of access, facilities and social and recreational spaces.
dsb Landscape Architects engagement included detailed design development and final tender documentation for the master plan issues.
The space was designed to integrate the proposed multiplay courts with the fitness stations, community recreational facilities (such as table tennis tables) and new shelter with picnic facilities
Knox City Council


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Bananas Foster French Toast - New Orleans, LA
When it comes to the best places to eat in New Orleans, this spot is definitely on the must-go list... for this meal specifically. Breakfast: Bananas Foster French Toast from Surrey's in the Southern Garden District of Nola. This right here bourbon caramel sauce and banana cream filling in the french toast... To Die For. It will leave your sweet tooth soothed and humming.
Surrey's is a funky diner-esque spot that opens early. After your meal, be sure to take a walk around the neighborhood to look at the traditional New Orleans style homes (and mansions) in the Garden District.
1418 Magazine St, New Orleans, LA 70130 (504) 524-3828
Be sure to check out our list of the BEST PLACES TO EAT IN NEW ORLEANS.


text:
REVIEWS: Russell's Reviews, Volume One # 6
lalo.martins at gmail.com
Mon Feb 11 21:33:10 PST 2008
Also spracht Arthur Spitzer (Tue, 12 Feb 2008 01:16:18 +0000):
> Or write about No-Significant-Part-in-Beige-Countdown-Midnight Force
> Squad who have the power to exist beyond BC and BM's grasp...
/me coughs and points at Kid Not-Appearing-In-Any-Beige-Midnight-Story
So many of our dreams at first seem impossible,
then they seem improbable, and then, when we
summon the will, they soon become inevitable.
GNU: never give up freedom http://www.gnu.org/
More information about the racc