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Thousands of Happy Customers
"Prague to Bratislava"
This tripe was awesome. We were able to see things that we would not have been able to see on our own. Our guide was amazing, friendly, and very knowledgeable. We would definitely use Side Trips again.
"The best way to travel between cities"
The private tour from Prague to Bratislava was the highlight of my trip! Alexandra was an amazing guide; she was fun, engaging, and knowledgable. I loved seeing the towns of Kunta Hora and Brno, touring the grounds of Lednice Palace, and experiencing a wine tasting at Holanek Vineyard in the Moravian region. Alexandra took care of all the details and even provided umbrellas when it rained; she was extremely helpful by providing suggestions for things to do in Bratislava. The door-to-door service made the logistics easy. I will definitely be taking another tour with this company when I need to travel between European cities. Thank you Triin and Alexandra for making this a memorable experience!
"Better than I could have imagined!!!"
I was booked on this very small group tour that ended up being cancelled the day before it was scheduled for on Monday, July 8, 2019, becasue the other passengers had cancelled out, but then Triin Magi at Sidetrip stepped up to the plate. Triin listened to my disappointment of this tour bus being cancelled since it was my lifelong dream to visit my dad's country of Slovakia and I had set my heart on this tour bus that would be a tour from Prague down to Bratislava. Triin arranged for me to take a train down to Bratislava and to be met by the most wonderful tour guide ever, whose name is Gabriela. Gabriela was right there at the train station and she took me on the best private tour from Bratislava up to Ledniche (the village of my surname), and all around the surrounding areas. My camera had broken and Gabriela was ever so kind to take all the photos I wanted on her own camera for me to not miss these special memories to share with my own family and friends in the U.S. after my return. I would highly recommend using Sidetrip for any all all of your travel excursions and please do ask for Gabriela when you are heading to Bratislava, she absolutely goes above and beyond in her tours and is extremely professional yet at the same time very easy to speak with and relate too. Thank you all at Sidetrip for making this such a special trip for me!! Gratefully and Joyfully, Pamela L.
"Amazing tour from Prague to Bratislava!"
Peter was amazing as a tour guide! He was a great a conversationalist and educated us on a lot of Czech and Slovakian history. It was truly a pleasure! He also recommended great places for us to eat lunch and dinner at. The stops were also super fun! We stopped at Kutna Hora and Brno and got to experience the local culture for sometime. We also had a chance to check out the summer family residence of the Leichtenstein family and taste some of the local wine and burcak! Bratislava didn't have much to experience, so if you have the opportunity to go from Bratislava to Prague, this is highly recommended, not the route we picked. But otherwise super fun!
Love the sceneries, especially garden at Lednice Castle, along this one way trip to Bratislava. Pav, our tour guide & driver is so helpful. I learned about Chez Republic. She even dropped us off at our hotel at Bratislava due to late arrival. Worth the money.
"Great way to see interesting sights outside the major cities!"
We had a wonderful day with Sarka on our trip from Prague to Bratislava. The sights were very beautiful and interesting and Sarka was a very nice guide who made sure we were comfortable throughout the long trip and taught us a lot about the region and each of the stops. We definitely recommend taking a Side Trip Tour as an alternative to a train or large bus that allows you to stop and take in lots of more "off the beaten path" sights as you make your way from one major city to the next. Kutna Hora, the Milukov Region, and Lednice were our favorite stops of the day. Thank you!
"The highlight of our trip"
An excellent day with a knowledgeable and funny guide. Highly recommended! If you’re going from Prague to Bratislava or viceversa it’s a must!
"Don't miss this tour!"
The tour from Prague to Bratislava was amazing! The guides, were very gentle and good prepared! Their presence made the tour even more interesting! I recommend this tour!
"Great way to experience the Central Europe!"
Absolutely one of the highlights of my trip! Our guide was very friendly and knowledgeable! Great experience!
"Awesome fun filled day"
We had an amazing day exploring the country side from Prague to Bratislava. Our guide knew all the good spots and had amazing knowledge during our chats in the car. Seriously no better way to travel between the two Cities.
"Prague to Bratislava"
Very good, helpful & knowledgeable guide, very interesting sightseeing stops. Good lunch break, arrived in Bratislava in good time.
The tour was a combination of education, hilarity, and fun. I would highly recommend it to anyone looking for a great time.
"Best way from Prague to Bratislava!"
Initially, I was just going to take an express bus from Prague to Bratislava, but fortunately I stumbled online to this tour. It was fantastic! It was a great value. I had wanted to go to some of these sites and this was the most efficient and cost effective way of seeing them. This is definitely a must!
"The ONLY way to get to Bratislava"
My family LOVED our trip between Prague and Bratislava. The stops were GREAT and made what could have been a boring travel day into a fun adventure! We never would have found the sites we visited on our own, nor would we have learned as much. The van was comfortable and the restaurant where we are at lunch was excellent. Book this trip; you won’t regret it!
"Fantastic way to travel from Prague to Bratilava"
This was an enjoyable and extensively informative experience. Our tour guide made the day particularly fun and productive with his enthusiasm and historical/cultural knowledge. He ensured that everyone's questions were amply answered, provided interesting tips and local insights and brought super energy to the group. I would highly recommend this tour bus!
"A memorable day"
We had a hugely enjoyable trip from Prague to Bratislava. Indeed in some ways it was quite the best day of our holiday! In addition to seeing places we might never otherwise have visited. Thank you Traveller Tours, for a memorable day.
"Just like a family outing"
The group got a good insight into the history of the two countries .Ten hours well spent saw plenty.
"Perfect day to see all major sites"
The tour was super great. We stopped at the most important sites between Prague and Bratislava, saving time and trouble. We were only 8 people in the group, which was perfect for this tour, and we had a fantastic guide. Perfect day with great company.
"Best way to cross from Prague to Bratislava"
We didn’t know what to expect out of a 10 hour tour with total strangers, then the tour made the highlight of our stay, the guide was perfect in creating a lively atmosphere throughout and caring for all our needs. The scenery and the places visited were amazing... highly recommended!
"Would definitely recommend to anyone!"
I took the tour from Prague to Bratislava and it was fantastic! We had a really fun day and learnt so much from the guide. My favourite was the wine region and the Lednice and Vatice palaces were so beautiful.

domain: travel


The Mk-48 is designed to combat fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and high performance surface ships. It is carried by all Navy submarines. The improved version, Mk-48 ADCAP, is carried by attack submarines and the OHIO class ballistic missile submarines. The Mk-48 replaced both the Mk-37 and Mk-14 torpedoes.
Background and Features:
The Mk-48 has been operational in the US Navy since 1972. MK-48 ADCAP (Advanced Capability) became operational in 1988 and was approved for full production in 1989. The USS NORFOLK (SSN 714) fired the first ADCAP torpedo on July 23, 1988, sinking the FORREST SHERMAN-class destroyer JONAS INGRAM (DD 938).
Mk-48 and Mk-48 ADCAP torpedoes can operate with or without wire guidance and use active and/or passive homing. When launched they execute programmed target search, acquisition and attack procedures. Both can conduct multiple reattacks if they miss the target.
A highly capable weapon, the Mk-48 can be used against surface ships or submarines, and has been test fired under the Arctic ice pack and in other arduous conditions. The ADCAP version, in comparison with earlier Mk-48 torpedoes, has improved target acquisition range, reduced vulnerability to enemy countermeasures, reduced shipboard constraints such as warmup and reactivation time, and enhanced effectiveness against surface ships. The Mk-48 is propelled by a piston engine with twin, contra-rotating propellers in a pump jet or shrouded configuration. The engine uses a liquid monopropellant fuel, and the torpedo has a conventional, high-explosive warhead. The Mk-48 has a sophisticated guidance system permitting a variety of attack options. As the torpedo leaves the submarine's launch tube a thin wire spins out, electronically linking the submarine and torpedo. This enables an operator in the submarine, with access to the submarine's sensitive sonar systems, initially to guide the torpedo toward the target. This helps the torpedo avoid decoys and jamming devices that might be deployed by the target. The wire is severed and the torpedo's high-powered active/passive sonar guides the torpedo during the final attack.
The Mk-48 Mod. 5 ADCAP torpedo is an improvement to the Mk-48 submarine launched torpedo. It is a heavyweight acoustic homing torpedo with sophisticated sonar and a fuzed warhead. The ADCAP enhancement includes all digital guidance and control systems, digital fuzing systems, and propulsion improvements which add speed, depth, and range capability. The Navy will produce about 1046 MODS ADCAPs, replacing an equivalent number of baseline (Mod. 5) ADCAPs, and maintaining the total inventory of ADCAP torpedoes at 1046.
The ADCAP torpedo OPEVAL was completed in August 1988, and the B-LRIP report was sent to Congress in December 1988. ADCAP was reported to be operationally effective against certain threats, but not operationally effective against other threats at that time. The system was reported operationally suitable. The Navy subsequently authorized full-rate production, but Congress constrained procurement because of the concerns identified in test reporting. Modifications were implemented by the Navy to improve performance in certain scenarios, upgrade fuzing systems, and improve reliability. These modifications were considered effective. In 1994 a second software upgrade was introduced to improve performance and reliability.
The MODS ADCAP (Mk-48 Mod. 6), when properly employed, is more effective than the ADCAP torpedo (Mk-48 Mod. 5). Unfortunately, production Mod. 6 ADCAPs have shown a significant vulnerability, differing from the test units. This production problem is typical of problems seen in the initial phases of LRIP. The program office is investigating. DOT&E will continue to follow this.
|General Characteristics - Mk-48 and Mk-48 ADCAP Torpedo|
|Primary Function||Heavyweight torpedo for submarines|
|Power Plant||Piston engine, pump jet|
|Length||19 feet (5.79 meters)|
|Weight||Mk-48: 3,434 lbs (1545.3 kg)|
Mk-48 ADCAP: 3,695 lbs (1662.75 kg)
|Diameter||21 inches (53.34 centimeters)|
|Range||"greater" than 5 miles (8 kilometers)|
|Weapon acquisition range||1,600 yards (1,463.04 meters)|
|Depth||officially: 1,200 feet+ (365.76 meters)|
reportedly: 3,000 feet (914.4 meters)
|Search/attack depth settings||Minimum: 20 yards (18.288 meters)|
Maximum: 1,500 yards (1371.6 meters)
|Speed||officially: 28+ knots; 32.2 mph; 51,52 km/h|
actual: 40 - 55 knots
|Run characteristics||6-8 minutes downward|
|Guidance System||Wire guided and passive/active acoustic homing|
|Warhead||650 lbs (292.5 kg) high explosive|
|Unit Cost||$2.5 million (Mk-48)|
|Date Deployed||Mk-48: 1972|
Mk-48 ADCAP: 1989


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Simple Feast Catering
Catering company offering in-house and on location services. Simple Feast’s downtown Charlottetown location called Rendezvous can hold up to 125 for stand up events and 55+ for a sit down meal.
“Simple Feast believes that quality ingredients make quality meals. That’s why we aim to use local ingredients when possible, from local producers, suppliers and merchants. Simple Feast also believes in supporting other local businesses on Prince Edward Island to help support our economy. In the future we will offer other products from other local businesses to be added to our menu.”

domain: economics


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Near the Texas border in New Mexico lies the most amazing cave we have ever seen. Carlsbad Caverns is one of the deepest, largest, and most ornate caverns ever found. We began our visit with a self-guided, mile-long tour down the natural entrance. We were immediately taken-in by the immense size and beauty of the cave’s opening. As we descended into the cave, the smell of bat guano was overpowering, but thankfully the smell subsided further-in, and the wonders of the cave took over.
Nearing the end of this tour, at an amazing 750ft below ground, lies a small information center and cafe. There, we met up with our hobbit-sized tour-guide for a 90-minute walk that descended another 500 ft to the most ornate portions of the cave: the King’s Palace, Queen’s Chamber, and Papoose Room. These chambers are something everyone must see for themselves; words and photos can do them no justice.
After our guided tour, we had just enough time for a walk around the “Big Room”, a natural limestone chamber which is almost 4,000 ft long, 625 ft wide, and 350 ft high, making it one of the largest in the world. The chamber is decorated with large columns and other surprises around every corner.
After spending 4 hours underground, we took an elevator back to the world above, and anxiously awaited the grand finale of our day: the flight of ~300,000 Mexican Free-tailed Bats that make Carlsbad Caverns their home. We were fortunate enough that they had not headed off to their Winter home yet, as they do this time of year. We gathered in the amphitheater situated at the cave’s opening around 5:30pm as a ranger educated us about the bats we were about to see. Just after 6:00, Lisa was the first of the group to notice the bats starting to spiral out of the cave at the rate of about 5,000 bats per minute, some of them flying right over our heads! This process seemed unending as we watched the bats continue to fly out for what seemed like an hour. Sadly, for the health of the bats, we were not able to take pictures of their ascent, but we did snap one of some bats still overhead as we walked to the parking lot. What an amazing experience, making Carlsbad Caverns one of our favorite National Parks, and a day we will not soon forget!


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Last updated on November 9th, 2023 at 07:09 am
So you’re thinking of visiting Paris in winter? Then I’ve got you covered! My winter travel guide will give you all the tips and things to do in Paris in winter. And all of these valuable resources to plan a trip to Paris are from a local!
Paris is a city that changes every season; what you may experience during summertime isn’t the same as what you will experience in Paris during the winter.
While Paris is a trendy European destination all year long, it becomes twice as prevalent during the holiday season, with everyone wanting to enjoy a jolly Paris vacation.
Visiting Paris In Winter: The Complete Guide
Winter in France (and Europe) starts a little before the year ends and finishes early or mid-March. However, you can feel the drop in temperature early in November; therefore, it already feels like winter. Thus, this will also include November.
Let’s start with positivity and tackle the many pros of a winter visit to Paris; maybe it will be the best time for you to visit!
If you’re visiting Paris in December, you must check out my guide on all the best things to do & see if you want to celebrate Christmas in Paris.
Pros and Cons Of Visiting Paris In Winter
The city’s landscape forever changes throughout the season, and winter is no exception, as you may imagine. Thus, you should know that visiting Paris in Winter has pros and cons. This will help you decide the best time to visit Paris for you!
Pros Of Visiting Paris in Winter
Avoid the Crowd
This means no endless queuing to go to museums or famous landmarks. That’s a plus when you have to queue outside! As soon as the holiday season is over and we set off into the first day of a new year, you can expect the crowd to decrease day by day.
For example, you never want to set foot in Versailles in the middle of summer; it’s absolute hell on earth. I’m not kidding; you can’t enjoy your visit. Versailles in winter is a lot smoother!
This doesn’t apply if you want to visit for Christmas and do some Christmas activities, such as seeing the illuminations or visiting Christmas Markets. If you’re going to do that, I recommend doing it in early December before the holiday starts in France on a weekday. This way, while they might be tourists like you, you won’t be flooded with the locals as kids are in school and adults at work for most!
Holiday Season – Christmas and New Year In Paris.
Winter also means the holiday season in Paris; the city is twinkling and sparkling from the streets to the lavish window Christmas displays. It’s the perfect cosy Christmas feeling! Everything throughout the French capital is in a festive mood; it’s delightful for the mind and the body with all the delicious food you can enjoy and smell floating in the air.
Some good displays to see during the winter in Paris are the ones from the big shopping centre like the Galerie Lafayette, where they put another themed tree each year and coordinate the windows display to it.
Another famous attraction near the Champs-Elysée is the Dior Shop, where they create a new festive facade every year.
If you visit Paris during Christmas, check out my travel guide about all the best spots to see Christmas lights in Paris.
Enjoy the Paris Winter Sales.
France holds two big sales every year. The first big sale of the year usually starts mid-January, so if you’re dreaming about that Parisian shopping session, winter is the perfect time for this!
The sales are for all kinds of stuff, including the designer brand. I have never quite looked into their sales, but if you fancy some lovely pieces, maybe you will find something you like on sale!
Benefit of Lower Prices after the Holiday Season.
As soon as the holiday season is over in Paris, the prices for accommodation and transportation to visit the city of light tend to lower by a decent chunk. As we enter the off-peak season, many people are reluctant to visit some places during the winter.
It’s the perfect opportunity if you’re on a budget! Think about all the other exciting things you could do or eat with that budget.
Hot Beverages and winter food.
Think Vin Chaud, Chocolat Chaud that you can enjoy throughout the cold days and “en terrace”. Or stay cosy in a tea salon!
Christmas markets are popping left and right before winter; some stay until mid-January.
They are full of sweet smells of mulled wine, warm chocolate, doughnuts and other local food brought to you by the local farmers and businesses.
Of course, you can enjoy plenty of other food in Paris all year round, including winter.
Such as the infamous macaroons, the traditional éclair au Chocolat or my personal favourite, the “Mille-Feuilles” (although, know that the Tarte
If you are in Paris after the new year, one of the best things to do in January in Paris regarding food is to try out a “Galette des Rois”. If you’d like to know more about this cake, check out my post about the best things to do in Paris in Winter.
Book the best Paris accommodation on Booking.com!
Cons Of Visiting Paris In Winter
Conditions and Unpredictable Weather
No blue sky unless you’re lucky; you can have it sometimes. Otherwise, the grey sky is the norm in Paris during winter. While that might sound a little depressing, it’s not! You can still pack up your day with plenty of activities. And, even if it rains, there are plenty of activities on a rainy day in Paris.
Winters aren’t that cold, for the most part; however, sometimes it can get freezing, so staying outside isn’t always fun.
The trick to fighting the cold is to layer your clothes!
Also, with the cold and wind, activity such as river cruising in an open boat isn’t quite fitting for winter if you wish to do that.
No Luxurious Garden and vegetation
Paris has many beautifully lush gardens and parks full of vibrant flowers that are perfect for a picnic you would love to visit. If you want to chase the cherry blossoms around the city, winter in Paris is not the season for you! Just not in winter if you come here to see this.
Also, as I said above, with the river cruising, some activities that imply staying outside for a relatively long time can become more of a hassle than something you’d enjoy if it’s too cold.
Winter is the best time for you to visit Paris if:
- If you don’t mind the cold weather, walking with the crisp air of the winter on your face doesn’t bother, or the occasional moody rain, you will be more than satisfied visiting Paris in winter!
- You don’t like to queue! If you have a lot of museums or famous landmarks to visit, then it’s best to see them during the winter in the off-peak season.
- If you’d like to save money, travelling during the off-peak season is a no-brainer. The flights/trains/accommodations are cheaper. If you’re on a budget, it’s an excellent season to visit Paris (albeit during Christmas)
If that fits your criteria, head to the city of light in winter and have a blast! If you have ever been to Paris during the winter, let me know if you enjoyed it!
Conclusion On Visiting Paris In Winter
Winter is, without any doubt, a significant period to visit Paris if you enjoy all the festivities and colder seasons. Some of the best things to do in Paris in winter are a blast to experience. Now you know everything there is to learn to plan a good Paris winter vacation.
I also think that winter in Paris during the end of the year, with all the Christmas lights scattered around Paris, makes it even more romantic, so if you’re planning a couple’s trip and are into this, then winter in Paris might be the perfect time for you!
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Visiting Paris In the Winter: Pros and Cons
✈ Best Travel Ressources To Plan Your Next Trip
If you need help planning your next trip, don’t worry. I’ve got you covered! Here are my favourite websites and apps to plan a trip!
✈ How To Find Flights?
My favourite website for booking flights is Skyscanner; it is a good comparator for finding the cheapest flights.
Google Flight is also a good help when it comes to comparing flights.
✈ Where To Book Accommodations?
The best sites to book accommodations are Booking.com or Expedia. They both allow you to collect points for a discount; it’s worth comparing the two as they often have different pricing for the same hotels.
Another perk about Booking.com and Expedia is that you can get bundle deals for flights and accommodations, which can sometimes help you save a lot of money. And don’t worry; you can also select to add accommodation for only a specific part of the trip if you’re not only staying in one place.
✈ Best Sites To Book Activities
My go-to website when I need to book an activity is GetYourGuide when I can’t get a ticket directly on the website or if it’s easier to go through them.
I always check if the price is the same, though, as the whole point is for it to be easier but not more expensive.
If I don’t find the activity I want on GetYourGuide, I like to check Viator for more options!
You can also check out Klook if you need to book more than just activities and would like to get everything from the same website—(i.e. transport cards, car rental, hotel…).
✈ Other helpful travel resources
– Radical Storage: If you need a place to keep your luggage for an extended period when you travel, I recommend using them. It was a great help when we needed a place to keep our luggage safely while we left the city for a few days.
– TheTrainline: If you love to travel by train like me, then TheTrainline needs to be your go-to website for train travel in Europe. It is very reliant and easy to use.
Disclaimer: this resources box contains affiliate links, which means I earn a little commission if you book anything through my links at no additional cost. They help me support the blog and generate more content. Happy travels!

domain: geography


|The current land ownership in the Southeast Quadrant of Bailey's Crossroads.|
The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors approved a land swap with the Weissberg Corp. at the same site in Bailey’s Crossroads where a similar deal with AvalonBay fell through last year.
The agreement, approved March 1, paves the way for new housing, “a future new county or private office building,” and a new road in the Southeast Quadrant area, bordered by Columbia Pike and Moncure Avenue.
After AvalonBay withdrew from a land swap agreed to by the BoS in February 2016, Weissberg, which owns the land AvalonBay had planned to trade with the county, expressed interest in a similar agreement, the BoS states.
|After the land swap.|
Weissberg proposes to build a 355-unit apartment building called Columbia Crossroads on Moncure Avenue. The company would gain a 1.32-acre property currently owned by the county and occupied by the Bailey’s Crossroads Community Shelter. The shelter is relocating to land purchased last summer by the county on Seminary Road.
The land swap would give Fairfax County an adjacent 1.49-acre property on Columbia Pike owned by Weissberg.
In a separate transaction, the county will buy a 1.44-acre property owned by Landmark Atlantic occupied by the 52-year-old Bailey’s International Center. The county entered into a contract to buy the Landmark property last April, and it expects to close on the deal later this year.
As a result of these transactions, the developer will end up with a consolidated 4.47-acre property along Moncure Avenue for its proposed apartment project.
The county will own a 2.76-acre consolidated plot for a possible East County office building and a new road connecting Seminary Road and Columbia Pike.
The agreement “doesn’t commit the county to build an office building on its parcel,” the BoS states. “The consolidated county property could accommodate a possible East County Human Services Center as identified in the county’s Capital Improvement Program. This center would consolidate human services functions currently operating from various leased spaces in the area.”
The BoS says “the decision to build a new county human services center, or to continue leasing space, will be considered by the Board of Supervisors at a future time.”
Under the land swap deal, the county and the developer also agreed to seek a joint rezoning that will be needed before either can move forward.
The deal would allow the homeless shelter to stay open until Oct. 31, 2019, when the new shelter opens a quarter mile away at 5914 Seminary Road.
According to the BoS, the proposed redevelopment would help “advance the broader vision for a revitalized Bailey’s Crossroads.” In 2010, the county updated the land use plan for the Bailey’s Community Business Center to recommend the development of a “town center” with a mix of uses.


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View All Calendars is the default. Choose Select a Calendar to view a specific calendar. Subscribe to calendar notifications by clicking on the Notify Me button and you will automatically be alerted of the latest events in our community.
Carbon Valley Regional Library
The Firestone Art and Music Show Reception on October 1st is a great time to meet artists, listen to live music, take part in children's activities and a community art project, enjoy refreshments and take part in this special event.Local artists can submit pieces of their work to be on display as part of the Firestone Art & Music Show during October. Artists ages 15+ from the Carbon Valley and surrounding areas are encouraged to participate. Artwork that can be displayed includes, but is not limited to, paintings, drawings, sculptures, photography, jewelry, carvings and metalwork.

domain: library


The Milwaukee Bucks are investigating a serious security breach in which a team employee gave personal financial data of players and other employees to an unknown scammer.
According to reports, that scammer impersonated Bucks’ president Peter Feigin with a false e-mail address and asked for players’ salaries, tax and Social Security data and other personal information.
It happened April 26th, and the Bucks confirmed the breach.
The team calls the incident a case of human error, and is giving security training to affected employees while offering credit monitoring and identity restoration help to players and others who were victimized.
The Bucks also say they’ve notified IRS and the FBI, as well as the NBA and its players union after they first learned about the data breach on Monday.


Not to be a broken record I have G&P mags for sale, check the Parts and Accessories section for my thread.
If you want new though MAG is in my opinion the better of the two. They feed great and I've seen them feed 30+ RPS setups, the main spring in the channel is actually surprisingly strong that it gets hard to load the last few BB's when it's full up and the spring isn't fully broken in yet.
ಠ_ಠLess QQ more Pew Pew
READY TO >> RACE


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FUNDAMENTALS OF MULTIMEDIA ZE-NIAN PDF
Fundamentals of Multimedia [Ze-Nian Li, Mark S Drew] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This book offers introductory-to-advanced. : Fundamentals of Multimedia (Texts in Computer Science) ( ): Ze-Nian Li, Mark S. Drew, Jiangchuan Liu: Books. Fundamentals of Multimedia by Li Ze-Nian, , available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide.
|Published (Last):||8 November 2006|
|PDF File Size:||7.51 Mb|
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|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Ffundamentals processing and videos processing are well explained!! Fundamentals of Multimedia Li Ze-Nian. Graphics and Image Data Representations. This new multimedia text comes from experienced instructors who have taught upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses for more than five years. Pearson Prentice Hall- Computers – pages. Amazon Restaurants Food delivery from local restaurants. ComiXology Thousands of Digital Comics.
I fundamfntals this book as a textbook for an undergraduate course on Multimedia Application Development together with Guzdial’s book on Squeak. Learn more about Amazon Prime. Material based on a real course —Written by experienced teachers.
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Ze-Nian Li and Mark S. Provides ample opportunity for students to practice the concepts learned. Multimedia Information Sharing and Retrieval. Multimedia Authoring and Tools 3. Multimedia Communications and Networking. Developed from materials actually used in class, Fundamentals of Multimedia introduces all the important multimedia topics for students in computer science and engineering.
Some of the chapters included in the book are multimedia authoring and tools, fundamental concepts in video, graphics and image data representations, basic video compression techniques, basics of digital audio, lossless compression algorithms, MPEG audio compression, multimedia network communications and applications, and wireless networks.
Pearson offers special pricing when you package your text with other student resources. Ze-Nian Li and Mark S. It gives a very good insight into alot of contemporary multimedia formats, such as movies, pictures and audio.
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About Li Ze-Nian Dr. We don’t recognize your username or password. This comprehensive textbook introduces the Fundamentals of Multimedia in an accessible manner, addressing real issues commonly faced in mltimedia workplace.
Fundamentals of Multimedia
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It is easy to find evidence that Americans' retirement preparations are modest at best.
Fewer than seven in 10 workers report having saved for retirement, and more than half say they have less than $25,000, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute. In retirement, 22 percent of married couples and 47 percent of unmarried people count on Social Security for at least 90 percent of their income.
Yet Americans are improving, and doing so faster than any other country, according to new research from the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies in conjunction with the Aegon Center for Longevity and Retirement.
Preparedness in Britain improved almost as rapidly, and the researchers identified a cause: Both countries have increased the number of workers who are automatically enrolled in retirement plans, in Britain's case through legislation, and in the United States, via employer action.
"This is no coincidence," the study reports.
The Aegon study assessed retirement readiness on a scale of one to 10 by asking six questions on topics such as income replacement in retirement, responsibility for retirement security and the quality of people's retirement plans.
Overall, in the nine countries that have been surveyed since 2012, retirement readiness rose to 5.5 from 5.2. In the United States, however, that figure increased to 6.7 from 5.6.
The U.S. improved on all six questions, said Catherine Collinson, executive director of the Aegon center, while other countries had more mixed results.
"In all the countries in the survey, the U.S. ranks as one of the highest, if not the highest, in the level of personal awareness and the need to save for retirement," she said.

domain: news


text:
Entrusted by Department of Crop Production of MOA, ICAMA organized the Guidelines Review Committee (GRC) to review the three agricultural industry guidelines in Beijing on Dec. 19, 2014. IncludingGuidelines on pesticide physico-chemical propertiestest, Guidelines on method validation of analytical method for agrochemicalsandtest Guidelines on the batch analysis of Technicalforpesticide registration.
It is believed that the above three guidelines drafted by ICAMA will improve theregulationonpesticide registrationand qualitycontrol, ensurecompliance with international norms and fill the gapsin relevant sectors of China.
TheGuidelines on pesticide physico-chemical propertiestestprovidesa revisionof22 existingtestguidelines, andadds16newtest methods formeasuringpesticide physico-chemical propertieslikesolubility in water, relative self-ignition temperature for solids, inflammation of gases, and so on. Itwill play a significant role inimprovingChina??sstandard series on physico-chemical propertiestest.
TheGuidelines on method validation of analytical methods for agrochemicalsdefinesfundamental principles and requirements on establishingappropriatemethods fordeterminingthe contents of active ingredient(s), stabilizers, safeners and impurities in TC/Tks,and those ofactive ingredient(s), stabilizers, safeners,synergistsand impurities in formulated productsas well. TheGuidelinesalsospecify therelevant test itemand evaluationindexes.
TheGuidelines on the batch analysis of Technicalforpesticide registrationestablishesfundamental principles and requirementsconcerninganalytical standard, samples, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and test report preparation.TheGuidelinesprovidesa scientific basis for TC/TKsevaluation, andfacilitatesthestandard operationofthe batch analysis.
Copyright by Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals,Ministry of Agriculture ,P.R.China

domain: agronomy


November 28, 2006
Orange hang on after strong start
Associated Press/Kevin Rivoli
Syracuse’s Darryl Watkins fouls Holy Cross’ Tim Clifford during the first second half of Monday’s clash of unbeatens at the Carrier Dome. Syracuse won 72-64.
SYRACUSE — Unbeaten Syracuse finally won a tight game, and that’s probably a good thing at this stage of the season.
The No. 15 Orange used a smothering defense in the first half to put Holy Cross in a deep hole, then held off the Crusaders 72-64 Monday night.
For a team that had won its first six games by an average of 18 points, the close call — Holy Cross trailed by double digits most of the game before rallying late — might end up being a blessing in disguise with No. 17 Wichita State (4-0) visiting on Saturday.
“This is my first time playing in that type of situation,” said junior point guard Josh Wright, who had 13 points, five rebounds, four assists, one turnover and a dunk. “It was so hard mentally. It was more mental than anything because physically I could play all day. I took a great lesson from it.”
Syracuse, which trailed by 15 points in the first half of two of its previous three games, made certain that wouldn’t happen again with an early stifling defense.
Holy Cross shot just 30.8 percent in the first half and the Orange went 13-for-17 on free throws as the Crusaders picked up 13 fouls and failed to get a single opportunity at the line.
Holy Cross missed 10 of its first 13 shots and scored just five points in the first 11 minutes. The Crusaders also committed 14 turnovers before the break and fell behind 22-7 at 8:17 after a 3-pointer by Demetris Nichols and two free throws by Wright.
“We played the best defense we’ve played in a long time. We did a tremendous job,” Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim said. “We left them open twice, and they made two 3s. Otherwise, we would have had the best defensive half that we’ve ever had here.”
It showed in the box score.
Speedy Torey Thomas, who was averaging 14.4 points per game, struggled to penetrate and made his lone basket of the first half on a driving layup with 1:23 left. Thomas, who missed his first five shots, finished with six points in 37 minutes.
Center Tim Clifford, who was in foul trouble early, scored five points, all in the second half before fouling out with 4:37 left. The 6-foot-10 center, who was averaging 11.2 points per game, had only one rebound.
“I’m tremendously disappointed in our energy and focus tonight,” Holy Cross coach Ralph Willard said. “The first half was ridiculous. We didn’t execute offensively at all, and we didn’t follow the game plan defensively. We let them get some separation from us.”
A 3-pointer by Alex Vander Baan, who finished with eight points and 11 rebounds, and a hook in the lane by Greg McCarthy in the final minute narrowed Syracuse’s lead to 31-19_at halftime.
The second half was almost the reverse. The Orange were hit with 15 fouls and Holy Cross made 14-of-19 free throws. That, and a surge by Keith Simmons, helped the Crusaders make it close at the end.
“The fact that the game became a game in the second half means nothing,” Willard said. “We didn’t come out and execute what we prepared to do, and we paid the price.”
A layup by Eric Meister and three free throws by Colin Cunningham had the Crusaders within 62-55 with 3:21 left. A 3 by Simmons in the final minute pulled them to 66-60, and two free throws by Cunningham with 17.4 seconds left made it 68-64.
Eric Devendorf and Nichols then each made a pair of free throws to seal the victory, easily the Orange’s narrowest of the season.
“The first half we came out with more of a focus on playing defense and taking those guys out of what they wanted to do and pretty much get out to a fast start,” Wright said. “The second half we weren’t as excited on defense and we paid for it.”
Simmons, a career 45 percent shooter on 3-pointers, missed both shots he took from beyond the arc in the opening half and finished 2-for-7 from long range. But he did score 16 of his game-high 22 points in the second half.
“We came in and let the whole idea of playing Syracuse get to us. What happened in the first half is unacceptable,” Simmons said. “We just played scared. That played right into their hands.”
Nichols scored 21 points to lead Syracuse, while center Darryl Watkins, who sat out the previous two games with a nose injury, had seven points and six rebounds in 21 minutes while playing with a plastic guard over his nose.
“It was a good team we played tonight,” Watkins said. “If we spotted them points, we would have been down 20 at the end.”
Colgate 78, Binghamton 70: At Hamilton, Jon Simon scored_23 points to lead Colgate in a win over Binghamton.
The teams went into the half tied_at 31 after Duane James made a three-point shot for Binghamton_(3-2) at the buzzer.
A three-pointer by Mike Gordon gave Binghamton a 41-37 lead with about 16 minutes left to play.
Colgate responded with blocks by Daniel Waddy and Marc Daniels, which led to a three by Simon.
Colgate took back the lead for good with a four-point play by Simon to put the team up 44-41.
Siena 64, New Jersey Tech 40: Michael Haddix scored a game-high 13 points, leading three double-figure scorers, as Siena won at New Jersey Institute of Technology. David Ryan added 12 points and Edwin Ubiles scored 11 for the Saints (2-2).
Clayton Barker and Marc Milbourne Swan led NJIT (2-3) with 10 points apiece as the Highlanders were held to a season-low scoring total.
Buffalo 64, Temple 62: In Philadelphia, Eric Moore scored 21 points and hit 5-of-10 3-pointers to lead Buffalo past Temple. Yassin Idbihi added 12 points and 14 rebounds for the Bulls (5-2), who spoiled the home debut of Temple coach Fran Dunphy. Dionte Christmas led the Owls (0-2) with a career-high 23 points while Dustin Salisbery had 15 and Semaj Inge 10.
To read this article and more, pick up today's Cortland Standard
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Abatement/Scrubber Plant Efficiency
As the world’s stakeholders demand cleaner businesses, the purpose, efficiency and visibility of “clean-up” processes becomes ever more important. Whether the process is De-SOx, De-NOx, HCl and HF abatement, VOC reduction, or particulates filtration there is a cost to running and maintaining the responsible asset. Measurement allows scrubbing efficiency to be validated, optimised and automated.
Key measurements include Dust/particulates, HCl, HF, SO2, SO3, NO, NO2, N2O and NH3


text:
Impact of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography response evaluation in patients with high-tumor burden follicular lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy: a prospective study from the Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte and GOELAMS
Tous les auteurs :
Dupuis J, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Julian A, Brice P, Tychyj-Pinel C, Tilly H, Mounier N, Gallamini A, Feugier P, Soubeyran P, Colombat P, Laurent G, Berenger N, Casasnovas RO, Vera P, Paone G, Xerri L, Salles G, Haioun C, Meignan M
PURPOSE: [(18)F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is widely used for the staging and restaging of patients with aggressive lymphoma, but less is known about the utility of PET in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). In a prospective study, we evaluated the prognostic value of PET performed during treatment and at the end of treatment in 121 patients with FL treated with first-line immunochemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with previously untreated high-tumor burden FL were treated with six cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) plus two cycles of rituximab, without rituximab maintenance. PET was performed before treatment, after four cycles of R-CHOP (interim PET), and at the end of treatment (final PET). PET scans were centrally reviewed. RESULTS: The total number of patients included was 121. Median age was 57 years. After central review, interim PET (n = 111) was negative in 76% of patients, and final PET (n = 106) was negative in 78%. With a median follow-up of 23 months, 2-year progression-free survival rates were 86% for interim PET-negative versus 61% for interim PET-positive patients (P = .0046) and 87% for final PET-negative versus 51% for final PET-positive patients (P < .001), respectively. Two-year overall survival also significantly differed according to final PET results: 100% versus 88% (P = .0128). CONCLUSION: PET performed either after four cycles of R-CHOP or at the end of therapy was strongly predictive of outcome in this prospective study. Therapeutic intervention based on PET results during or after inductive treatment should be evaluated.
J Clin Oncol. 2012 Dec 10;30(35):4317-22

domain: medical


text:
with black-eyed peas & dill
Inspired by Dan Buettner's book on longevity, Blue Zones, our rich stew features a hearty, protein-dense mix of black-eyed peas, fennel, tomatoes and dill. This soup is a staple among the people of Ikaria, a Greek Island where folks live longer than almost everyone else on earth. Imagine olive trees, warm breezes from the Aegean Sea, and gardens overflowing with vibrant produce in every bite you take.
water, tomato puree (tomatoes, water, citric acid), black eyed peas, fennel, onions, extra virgin olive oil, dill, sea salt, lemon juice, black pepper, rosemary
Serv. Size: 8 fl oz, Serv. Per Container: 2, Amount Per Serving: Calories 60, Fat Cal. 10, Total Fat 1.5g (2% DV), Sat. Fat 0g (0% DV), Trans Fat 0g, Cholest. 0mg (0% DV), Sodium 260mg (11% DV), Total Carb. 10g (3% DV), Fiber 3g (12% DV), Sugars 2g, Protein 3g, Vitamin A (8% DV), Vitamin C (15% DV), Calcium (4% DV), Iron (8% DV). Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Meals you wish you had time to make. Ready-to-eat, nutrient-dense, vegan & gluten-free.

domain: food


text:
Get ready for Bass Light Festival, all the way live. Bass Light Festival is playing this year in many cities . Buy premium Bass Light Festival tickets and experience the thrill of a live concert with Bass Light Festival at affordable prices.
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domain: entertainment


text:
AMONG THE ALLIGATORS OF GEORGETOWN COUNTY -- Dr. Louis Guillette has just ticked off a nine-foot gator.
Plucked from the swamp by a three-pronged hook, the hissing critter has tired after a 10-minute tug-of-war where it tried to spin out of a wire-harness clamped firmly around its neck.
When the fight ebbed, extra-strength rubber bands were placed around its snout, while a wet towel covered its eyes.
"It's a female," one of the wranglers says. That makes Guillette, a reproductive biologist at the Medical University of South Carolina, smile.
The alligators of South Carolina are the latest "canary in a coal mine" species. They are animal-sentinels that will help tell whether and how far along the flood of pollutants, toxins and agricultural runoff in state waters are on their way toward adversely affecting humans.
Female gators are the best test creatures because weaknesses in the reproductive system are among the best harbingers of bad things to come.
It's not that far a stretch to use alligators as a comparison to how poisons affect humans, Guillette says. "There are as many commonalities as there are differences."
For example, both man and alligator are top of the food chain. Both are long-life species stretching into the decades, and both have a reproductive life cycle spanning about 30 to 40 years. Plus, "at the gene level and at the cell level, an ovary is an ovary, a testes is a testes," he said, no matter the animal.
That distinction is important because the PCBs, heavy metals and other chemicals threatening the planet now, usually go after the reproductive cycle hardest.
Guillette's workplace is the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center Heritage Preserve, 20,000 pristine marshy acres spread across three islands near the mouth of Winyah Bay. Its former owner was one of the original Boston Red Sox families who later gave the property to South Carolina.
Though the site is owned by the state, access is limited, which can be a good thing considering that the mosquito swarms there on Friday rivaled Messerschmitts in their ferocity.
Guillette who spent the last 25 years studying alligators in Florida, recently arrived at MUSC to study the gators here. He has a lengthy title that includes an endowed chair of marine genomics at the school, and professorial work in obstetrics and gynecology.
While South Carolina is new to this kind of gator study, Florida has been doing it for some time. "We had animals that watched John Glenn go up the first time," he said.
The Florida study also uncovered some unsettling results. Some of the female alligators were found to be exposed to agricultural chemicals and showed signs of ovarian failure and infertility, essentially giving what would be a human woman in her 20s or 30s the body of a 50-year-old.
Over the next few years Guillette and his team hopes to lasso as many of the Georgetown gators as possible, take blood and urine samples plus other measurements needed to track the health of the population. What they uncover could later affect what pregnant humans are taught, including what foods to eat and chemicals to avoid, or if a pollutant is registering dangerously high.
Catching gators for the study remains the tricky part. A three-pronged treble hook, minus the sharp barbs, is tied to the end of a rope that is tossed at a gator as it swims by. It is not as easy as it sounds to set the hook and drag one of the beasts to shore since alligators will dive at the slightest disturbance.
Also, when you see an alligator head moving on top of the water, it can be deceptive as to where their bodies are below the waterline. The animals often will hang perpendicular fashion, "sea-horse style," making the "hook" hard to set.
Once an animal is dragged to shore the sampling goes fast, because stress levels can affect blood samples. The gator gets tagged to show its habitat and record where it goes if it is caught again. None of the alligators in Guillette's study are "volunteers," he likes to joke. Collecting and monitoring gator eggs is also part of the study.
The nine-foot female, or "sow" to the male "bull," examined Friday probably weighed more than 200 pounds. Age wasn't easily discernible but she was probably 24 or older.
After the samples were taken, she slowly made her way back into the murky water.
Philip Wilkinson, a retired S.C. Department of Natural Resources biologist, and the widely identified father of alligator studies in the state, accompanied Friday's mission, saying there's still much to be learned, and that can be learned, about the alligator's role on the planet.
"Most people don't give 'em too much credit," he said. "But they have more sense than you think they do."
Reach Schuyler Kropf at 937-5551.


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- Body 88% Polyester, 12% Spandex
- Mesh 95% Nylon, 5% Spandex
- Cami Leotard with mesh flutter sleeve
- Scoop back
- Ballet leg line
- All colors are fully front lined


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Springtime weekend on the North Norfolk Coast
18 people attending
8 places left
OutdoorLads is returning to the stunning location of Wells-Next-the-Sea on the Norfolk Coastline for a Springtime weekend. Set in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Wells has a beautiful coastline with some fantastic walking to offer over this late Spring weekend!
The hostel in Wells is a small, but modern and comfortable hostel, converted from a old church hall. With well kept rooms and a number of small lounges to relax in, it's a great hostel, positioned in the town so that we can make use of the amenities there, but with walks available from the doorstep.
On the Saturday there will be a long (but relatively flat) day walk to stretch your experience of the coast, taking in endless seas and skies, not to mention plenty of cake and coffee! There may be the option of a bus on the way back for those that prefer a shorter amble. In either case, there are pubs and cafes available at the half way point for refreshment!
This is the Norfolk coast, so do expect some breeze, and some hills despite being considered a flat county!
On the Sunday, after clearing the hostel, those who have time have a choice of a range of activities-from a visit to Holkham nature reserve and Holkham Hall - or even Holkham beach - or a visit to England's largest seal colony on a boat trip out at Blakey Point - which is fantastic, and a Norfolk must-do! As Norfolk is well known for being flat, it's the perfect location for some road biking if anyone would like to bring their bike along. (No ODL-led ride planned, however.)
For the culture aficionados Norwich is only a short drive away - a beautiful fusion city full of historical wonder, fab restaurants and cafes.
Breakfast will be provided on both days, with a cooked dinner on Saturday evening, and of course, the traditional OutdoorLads buffet on Friday evening. On Saturday evening, there's an opportunity to visit a local pub for those who fancy it, or simply relax and chat to others in the hostel.
Dogs: Up to two very well behaved dogs can attend this event, but only by prior arrangement with the event leader (e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org ) and at a cost of £30 per dog (this is a YHA charge.) Those with dogs will be allocated a specific bedroom, and remain responsible for the dog at all times, which must be kept out of the food preparation and dining areas. (Both dog places now taken.)
Photos: Provided by L Provart, R Mitchell, and used by OutdoorLads with permission.
IMPORTANT! - Participation Statement
You MUST complete a Participation Statement, in addition to booking your event space before attending an OutdoorLads event. You only need to complete this Participation Statement once, not for each event you attend.
What to bring
For the hostel, bedding is provided, but you'll need to bring your own towel, clothes, toiletries and any drinks you want for yourself. You'll need a contribution to the Friday night buffet, and to be adequately prepared for Saturday's activities - see the kit list below:
Water: bring at least two litres
Medicines: if you have hay fever, diabetes, minor ailments etc.
Day rucksack: typically 20-30 litres, they are comfortable to wear and allow you to use your arms freely
Boots: waterproof and breathable and designed for hiking, trainers are OK if the ground is dry and there’s little chance of rain
Gaiters: recommended for wet weather or boggy conditions
Socks: proper walking socks will keep your feet dry and help prevent blisters
Layered clothing: lets you quickly adapt to changes in the weather and body temperature. Go for a base layer (vest or t-shirt) and a mid layer (a micro fleece or shirt) and in cooler weather add an outer layer (a windproof jacket or thick fleece)
Trousers: ideally no jeans as they become heavy and cold in the rain, breathable fabrics are more comfortable and dry and on warm days shorts are OK
Waterproof jacket: essential when hiking in all but the calmest of weather, breathable fabrics are more comfortable and dry
Gloves: Windproof, or better still, waterproof gloves are the best choice, bring a spare pair if expecting rain
Hat or cap: stay warm in winter and shaded in summer
Sunglasses: for any sunny day, even in winter
Sun cream: can be useful even on cloudy and winter days
Snacks: bring biscuits, energy bars, gels, bananas, chocolate or dried fruit for example and put them somewhere easy to get hold of
Lunch: bring a packed lunch unless otherwise stated
Food & drink
Breakfast and Saturday night's evening meal is provided in the cost of the weekend, as is tea and coffee all weekend. If you have any dietary requirements, please make sure it's noted in your profile so we can cater accordingly. You'll need to make sure you bring a item for the buffet on Friday evening, and any additional drink for yourself over the weekend.
Food included for the weekend:
Saturday morning-Cold Breakfast provided
Saturday evening-Cooked Dinner
Sunday morning-Cooked Breakfast
You'll need to provide your own packed lunch for Saturday.


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Next patrick mele the favorite patriot blue mixed with bold blue both by benjamin moore new york based patrick mele s favorite blue which he created for a breakfast room in a victorian house in westchester county ny is a custom one mixed in a 50 50 ratio popular blue paint colors 2018.
Even though mar 01 2019of the 2019 colors of the year two were shades of blue suggesting the paint s commercial viability and when we asked paint experts what their best selling products were a surprisingly high number of them cited blue paint colors as the most popular in other words if you paint your home blue you ll be in good company popular blue paint colors sherwin williams. Incidentally sep 21 2018blue is a go to color for top interior designers for good reasons it s versatile enough to work in just about any room and the range of shade options whether it s a misty gray or a lagoon blue green are endless below some of our favorite interior designers share the blue paint popular blue paint colors 2019. On the other hand oct 16 2018there s a reason people love to paint their walls blue this hue can come off as evocative and moody or serene and calming and it almost always goes with other colors choosing the right shade popular blue paint colors benjamin moore. When apr 09 2017woodlawn blue and wedgewood gray are 2 of the best blue paint colours so many of today s most popular blues have a lot of green in them not these 2 these are almost true blues and only have a small amount of green in them this stops them from looking icy cold and helps them hold up a bit better in a north facing room top blue paint colors sherwin williams.
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domain: design


Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that middle-class Americans could afford, he converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into an accessible conveyance that profoundly impacted the landscape of the 20th century. His introduction of the Ford Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As the Ford Motor Company owner, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism", the mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout North America and major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation and arranged for his family to permanently control it.


Structural cracks are everywhere. What can be done about it, and how do we identify them? We will learn how to determine the potential for failure from crack propagation due to fatigue in this article.
Early in my engineering career, I was traveling by air with an experienced aerospace engineer to attend a meeting to discuss the failure of an engineering structure that had catastrophically fractured. I naively asked how it was possible for a critical part to be put into service that contained cracks. The experienced engineer told me that all engineering structures have cracks in them, including every single part in the aircraft in which we were currently flying!
Once we safely landed, and after kissing the ground to express my happiness for getting out of the cracked-filled flying machine, I decided I should pay more attention to the study of failure due to crack propagation. Preventable failures due to cracking in engineering materials have caused many disastrous crashes, which have resulted in the loss of many lives. One infamous example is the Aloha Airline Flight 243 in 1988. The fuselage fractured in-flight due to fatigue failure originating from multiple corroded rivet holes, resulting in the disastrous crack propagation shown in Figure 1.
Since my early flight, I have worked on many different engineering problems that have involved predicting the life of engineering components due to crack propagation using computer-based numerical-modeling approaches. In this article, we assume that cracks exist in the structures, and the cracks potentially grow from repeated cycles of loading, commonly referred to as fatigue loading. Three core analysis approaches used to determine the potential for failure from crack propagation due to fatigue will be discussed, with emphasis on when and how to adopt these approaches to analyze the life prediction of engineering structures. These approaches are:
- Fatigue analysis of bodies without modeling the defects
- Damage modeling
- Fracture mechanics-based fatigue analysis of cracked bodies
Fatigue Analysis of Bodies Without Modeling the Defects
The most basic approach (and most prevalent method) to evaluate the effect of cracks in engineering materials and predicting the life of a component – particularly ones made of engineering metals such as steel, aluminum and titanium – is fatigue analysis. A typical fatigue analysis is performed by first determining the cyclic stresses occurring in the part due to the applied loading. Although the failure mechanism is assumed to be the initiation and propagation of cracks, a general fatigue analysis is performed on the “uncracked” geometry.
Fatigue analyses predict the life by comparing to known fatigue test data, and the data is plotted on what is known as S-N curves, where S is the cyclic stress magnitude and N is the number of cycles.
To generate fatigue data, one would run a physical test where the part is cyclically loaded at a given stress range until it fails. The cyclic stress, S, is plotted against the number of cycles to failure, N. An identical part could then be loaded with a different cyclic load amplitude. The cycles to failure for that stress range are plotted, and the process is continued until the S-N curve for that part is fully described. There is usually a lot of scatter in the data due to variations in the material tested, so it is commonly represented with a curve fit on a logarithmic scale. An example of an S-N curve is shown in Figure 2.
A structural-analysis simulation, typically using a computer-based technique such as finite-element analysis, can now be performed by applying the cyclic loading (pressure, temperature, acceleration, etc.) on the part. Based on the predicted stresses, the fatigue data is used to determine the cumulative cycles required to induce failure. And even though the cause of failure is the propagation of cracks in the part, this approach is performed without ever explicitly modeling a crack.
Unfortunately, fatigue data for specific part geometry and components typically does not exist and can be expensive to generate. Reasonably accurate life assessments can be made using specimen testing, however, where standard test specimens for given materials are used to generate the fatigue data. Specimen-based fatigue data for many engineering materials is readily available.
Differences between the fatigue specimen and actual components, including surface finish, manufacturing process and size effects, are accounted for by applying various safety factors to the life calculation. Most finite-element codes have built-in fatigue modules to assist in these calculations. A finite-element model with a color contour of cycles to failure generated from a fatigue analysis is shown in Figure 3.
Another approach that ignores the geometric presence of the crack in failure analysis is damage modeling, which is most commonly used to evaluate the failure behavior of fiber-matrix composite materials. It consists of reducing the elastic material constants gradually to model the accumulation and progression of damage from cracking that can occur in the fibers, the matrix and the interface between lamina. Again, no actual crack is modeled, but the effect of the crack is accounted for, in this case by using degraded material properties.
When modeling damage, the cyclic loading is continually reapplied in the finite-element model, the loading is redistributed in the composite structure based on the current state of damage, and the updated structural response is calculated. This procedure can be continued until the load-carrying capability falls below a certain level or the analysis stops converging due to excessive “numerical” damage. As with general fatigue analyses, most finite-element analysis codes have the ability to model damage. Figure 4 contains a plot of finite-element-based damage simulation.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Analysis
Fracture mechanics is an analysis approach where a crack of a given shape, length and location in a material of known fracture toughness is modeled to determine if the crack will propagate to failure under a given stress level. The derivation of the equations of stress near a crack tip – obtained directly from the theory of elasticity – show that if the stress intensity is greater than the material fracture toughness, the crack will propagate. Fracture toughness is a measurable material property found from testing.
Fracture mechanics can be combined with fatigue such that the rate of crack growth per load cycle can be determined for a given crack under cyclic loading. Therefore, the cyclic loading is applied, the current rate of crack growth is calculated, the crack is extended a small amount and the procedure is repeated.
Since one is explicitly modeling the actual crack geometry, this procedure of combining fracture mechanics with fatigue is considered a more accurate approach than using S-N data. This is true because the actual crack direction and depth is included in the analysis, and the entire crack-propagation procedure is modeled. This approach is often used for critical engineering parts to set inspection intervals. For example, an inspection of an engineering part can be used to find the current largest flaw existing in the part. An analysis can be done to determine, for this particular flaw, the number of load cycles until it grows to a specified size. A future inspection can be scheduled for the predicted interval (with a healthy safety factor included), and the inspection/analysis procedure can be repeated.
There are two different ways of performing the combined fatigue/fracture-mechanics method:
- Obtaining the stresses in the uncracked body and using these stresses in stand-alone fracture-mechanics calculations
- Including the crack directly in the finite-element analysis
In the first case, the type of crack is selected from a library of known fracture-mechanics solutions. An example is the through-thickness crack under tension (Fig. 5). The finite-element stresses are used in the expression to determine the stress-intensity factor from which the crack growth per cycle can be identified.
The second approach, including the crack directly in the finite-element analysis, is by far the most complex and challenging. The procedure consists of building the crack into the model, performing the analysis to obtain the stress-intensity factor at the crack tip, then extending the crack and repeating the analysis for the full crack-propagation path. The path that the crack will propagate along must be determined based on the changing crack geometry and corresponding stress state.
This approach can be very time-consuming since the finite-element model must be continually updated to model the advancing crack front. In addition, a new fine mesh is required near the changing crack tip to accurately predict the stress-intensity factor. Figure 6 illustrates a finite-element model with explicit modeling of a crack.
Additional Modeling Techniques
There are other more recently developed approaches to simulate the potential crack-based failure of structures. The XFEM method includes the effect of a crack in the finite-element model by changing the element formulations for the elements that lie along the crack path.
Cohesive zone modeling (CZM) is a technique for modeling delamination cracks in layered media. Some special-purpose codes or user-defined routines in standard finite-element codes have been developed that automatically update the mesh to account for a propagating crack. All of these techniques can be applied to a fatigue analysis used to predict the cycles to failure of a propagating crack.
Selecting the Right Approach
As with most engineering analysis decisions, the right approach to discover and mitigate disastrous fatigue-driven crack propagation is based on the application and the overall goal of the analysis. Many engineering structures continue to be successfully designed and analyzed using S-N data with appropriate safety factors.
The more complex and accurate approaches will take longer and be more expensive. They are focused on engineering structures where material optimization, cost and loss-of-life potential are present. Regardless of the approach, failure and fatigue analysis is a vital tool for designing safe engineering structures.
For more information: Contact Dr. Michael Bak, senior engineering manager, CAE Associates, 1579 Straits Turnpike Suite 2B, Middlebury, CT 06762; tel: 203-758-2914; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org; web: https://caeai.com
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IMPROV UTOPIA Ireland
July 5 - 8, 2019 (Fri - Mon)
Newgrange Lodge in Newgrange Ireland (50 Minutes North of Dublin)
Our first ever international retreat is a four-day, three-night improv retreat for adults 18 and over and happens in early July. It takes place in Ireland at the Newgrange Lodge North of Dublin. Newgrange itself is a prehistoric monument that was built in 3200BC which makes it older than the Pyramids and Stonehenge. It is heavily featured throughout Irish folklore and legends. Improvisers from all over the world come together and learn improv from internationally renowned teachers. This three-night retreat experience includes improv workshops, camp activities, private showers and bathrooms, all your meals and much more. This retreat is a relaxed environment to learn while experiencing community, camaraderie, and nature. All levels of experience welcome. Master instructors we've had in the past are Craig Cackowski, Dave Razowsky, Susan Messing, Joe Bill and many more.
"As someone relatively new to improv, this was an amazing experience in a very supportive and safe environment. It doesn't matter your level of experience, everyone will make you feel welcome." - Kate M
Over 3/4 Full! Sign Up today!
Prices Include: Camp is all inclusive, Co-ed rooms (Single-sex cabins upon request), 8 meals, workshops included.
- Registration - $480 USD
- Payment Plan: Two Pay Plan - $495 USD ($250 USD first payment the rest in 30 days.) *Payment Plan available up to 30 days before camp.
- ROOM UPGRADES: (First come, first serve)
- Single Room - $200 (Queen Bed for a couple to share)
- Double Room - $150 Each (Shared with one person)
- Triple Room - $100 Each (Shared with three people)
- Four to a Room - $50 Each (Shared with Four people)
- Regular Rooms are a part of your registration fee and can be 6 to 12 people per room.
There is a one time non-refundable 2.3% + $0.30 fee added to each transaction.
CAMP TUITION INCLUDES
Tuition is All-Inclusive! You get:
- Workshops: 10 hours of workshops from master improv teachers! Performances: Improv jams and shows with your cabinmates!
- Lodging: Shared rooms with private bathrooms, showers and electricity. Upgrades available.
- Food: All meals are included. Special dietary and allergy-friendly meals are available, too!
- Community: Meet improvisors from all over the world... community and camaraderie in nature!
Workshop: Get Real
with Hannah Chase
In this class, we'll explore the power and humor of truthful behavior in scenes. We'll dig into all of the occasionally squirmy, sometimes absurd, and often sweet ways that we interact with others, in order to give our scenework a little boost of heart and authenticity.
About Hannah Chase
Hannah Chase is the Megawatt Director, as well as an instructor and performer at the Magnet Theater. She first discovered improv in 2002, and has studied and worked with some truly fantastic teachers and performers across the country over the last 16 years.
You can see Hannah perform on Thursdays with her Block Party team, The Music Industry, and on Saturdays in the Armando Diaz Experience. Hannah has also performed at dozens of improv festivals across the country.
Hannah has created and directed a number of shows at the Magnet including The Cast, which plays on Saturday nights at the Magnet and which Elise Czajkowski (comedy journalist for the New York Times) called "One of the most exciting improv shows in New York City.... the perfect show for comedy and theater fans alike." Hannah also created and directs The Blob, a Time Out NY Recommended Comedy Pick, as well as a number of other recurring shows.
Outside of The Magnet, you can hear Hannah's voice in a number of Truth podcasts. In her free time, she loves alphabetizing lists, editing films, trying on other people's glasses, learning about the brain, and reading and writing medical memoir comics. She's still working on her website. It's been five years.
Workshop: The Who is Where the Heart is
with Susan Harrison
Who are the people in your scene? What do they care about? How do they feel about each other? Sometimes as improvisers we can get so caught up in the plot or premise of the scene that we forget about the people in it. But if we figure out the Who then, more often than not, the rest will follow.
This workshop will look at characterisation, playing relationships, and making stuff matter to the characters you create, in a fun and playful way.
Susan has been improvising for ten years and has been a member of Olivier Award Winning Showstopper! The Improvised Musical for the past seven, performing with them on the West End, throughout the UK, Toronto, Edinburgh, Ireland & beyond. She is part of the improv duo BEINGS & co-hosts an improvised podcast Hayley and Ruth:Two Starswith comedian Gemma Arrowsmith. She has performed in several of the Annual London 50 Hour Improvathon’s, alongside improvisers from all over the world. She is a teacher for Hoopla Impro London and has taught at numerous other Improv and Acting schools such as; Monkeytoast, ALRA, GSA, The Actors Centre and The Bridge.
She is currently developing an improvised show with folk music called These Folk which had its debut at Welcome 2019, The International Improv Festival in Rome.
Susan also does scripted work. She was a series regular in BAFTA winning CBBC sketch show Class Dismissed and a series regular in the CBBC spoof news show DNN, for whom she wrote and created her own characters. Theatre credits include: Peter Pan Goes Wrong (Mischief Theatre/West End), The Elephantom (National Theatre/West End), Bagpuss (Soho Theatre) to name a few.
Workshop: Listening 2.0
with Rick Andrews
Listening in a scene goes beyond just hearing the words your scene partner said. It's about taking in every small detail available to you: tone, body language, stage picture. Good listeners put themselves in their scene partner's shoes to see the scene as they see it. Our essential task as an improviser boils down to, "What do I think this other person thinks is true?" In this workshop, we'll endeavor to do that really, really...really well.
Rick Andrews is a teacher and performer at The Magnet Theater, and has been studying, performing, and teaching improvisation since 1999. He began improvising with Improv Boston, and continued with a stint in Saint Louis, MO. He has been fortunate to learn from many improv greats, including Armando Diaz, Ed Herbstman, Joe Bill, Mark Sutton, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts, Will Luera, Jill Bernard, and more.
Rick has taught workshops at improv festivals across the country, including the Boston Improv Festival, Baltimore Improv Festival, Black Box Atlanta, and many more. He co-produces Duofest, an annual festival of improv duos in Philly, PA. He has taught improvisation to people as old as 75 and as young as 6, and has done workshops for production companies and zoos alike.
He enjoys running, putting words on pages, thinking about the brain, and he loves improv more than anything.
Workshop: How Hard Can You Say Yes
with Heather Urquhart
Much of the joy of improvisation lies in the fluidity and ease of play that comes from saying yes. Saying yes to your partner protects a delicate idea and binds you together with your partner to protect and nurture it. Like proud idea-parents. And really saying yes can be tricky to really, unself-consciously do.
In this workshop, students will use both physicality and scenework to test out just how hard they can say ‘yes’ to themselves and the ensemble, supporting ideas wholly and generously, allowing the force of the agreement to take them into new and unexplored territory. Students will be encouraged to put all of their focus first on their scene partner and then the group as a whole to find the freedom and easiness that this brings.
Heather trained in Physical Theatre and then studied improvisation at Chicago’s I.O and Annoyance theatres. She is a performer with the Olivier award winning 'Showstopper! The Improvised Musical' and a director & performer with The Maydays, who have headlined numerous international Improv Festivals, and have monthly residencies in Brighton and London and their own Brighton improv school.
Her duo improv show ‘Ten Thousand Million Love Stories’ based on audience love stories has toured extensively around the US, Europe & most recently to Malawi.
She is one of the Artistic director’s of the Nursery Theatre which is dedicated to the growth of Improvisation in London and has also co-written a book on the subject of musical improvisation called ‘Sing it!’
Over the last 3 years Heather was the representative of the UK in the EU funded 'Our Lives' project, an international theatre project that brought together actors from all 28 countries of the European Union combining improvised theatre with the biographies and experiences of the actors.
Heather was winner of the award for best female performer in the Brighton Fringe & winner of the Argus Angel Award for artistic excellence for new musical The Opinion Makers. She is a vocalist with the mercury music prize nominated Electric Soft Parade and sings with Doo-wop punk trio New York Dollies. She also improvises a concept album every month with Fred Deakin of Lemon Jelly.
Workshop: Mime and Object Work
with Cédric Marschal
This workshop focuses on a side-skill : miming and object and space work. Having a clear vision of your environment, the objects and furnitures that are around, the size and weight of the mimes you use, is an helpful friend to make your stories more true to you, your partners and the audience. It helps you react in a more consistent way, more grounded to the reality of your scene. In this workshop we will train our bodies to play truly in our imaginary environments, to make them more visible to us and the audience. It finds its inspiration in Lecoq's work, clown, commedia dell'arte. Let's take your mime in hand !
Camp is one of the best improv experiences that I could have had. To be in a place where everyone loves improv as much as you do is such a rush. The teachers are supportive and are invested in your learning. The view is awe striking and I always wanted seconds at meal times. You truly do make amazing friends and memories there.
Christina L - Los Angeles, CA

domain: artistic