BBC Micro Model A/B (standard configuration)
|Type||8-bit home computer|
|Release date||1 December 1981|
|Retail availability||12 years|
|Introductory price||£235 Model A, £335 Model B (in 1981)|
|Units sold||Over 1.5 million|
|Media||Cassette tape, floppy disk (optional) – 5.25″ (common) (SS/SD, SS/DD, DS/SD, DS/DD), 3.5″ (rare) (SS/DD, DS/DD), hard disk also known as 'Winchester' (rare), Laserdisc (BBC Domesday Project)|
|Operating system||Acorn MOS|
|CPU||2 MHz MOS Technology 6502/6512|
16–32 KiB (Model A/B)
100–800 KB (DFS)
|Display||PAL/NTSC, UHF/composite/TTL RGB|
640×256, 8 colours (various framebuffer modes)
Texas Instruments SN76489, 4 channels, mono |
TMS5220 speech synthesiser with phrase ROM (optional)
|Input||Keyboard, twin analogue joysticks with fire buttons, lightpen|
|Connectivity||Printer parallel, RS-423 serial, user parallel, Econet (optional), 1 MHz bus, Tube second processor interface|
|Related articles||Acorn Electron|
The BBC Microcomputer System, or BBC Micro, is a series of microcomputers and associated peripherals designed and built by the Acorn Computer company for the BBC Computer Literacy Project, operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation. Designed with an emphasis on education, it was notable for its ruggedness, expandability, and the quality of its operating system.
After the Literacy Project's call for bids for a computer to accompany the TV programmes and literature, Acorn won the contract with the Proton, a successor of its Atom computer prototyped at short notice. Renamed the BBC Micro, the system was adopted by most schools in the United Kingdom, changing Acorn's fortunes. It was also moderately successful as a home computer in the UK despite its high cost. Acorn also employed the machine to simulate and develop the ARM architecture which, many years later, has become hugely successful for embedded systems, including tablets and cellphones. In 2013 ARM was the most widely used 32-bit instruction set architecture.
While nine models were eventually produced with the BBC brand, the phrase "BBC Micro" is usually used colloquially to refer to the first six (Model A, B, B+64, B+128, Master 128, and Master Compact), excluding the Acorn Electron; subsequent BBC models are considered as part of Acorn's Archimedes series.
During the early 1980s, the BBC started what became known as the BBC Computer Literacy Project. The project was initiated partly in response to an ITV documentary series The Mighty Micro, in which Dr Christopher Evans of the UK's National Physical Laboratory predicted the coming microcomputer revolution and its effect on the economy, industry, and lifestyle of the United Kingdom.
The BBC wanted to base its project on a microcomputer capable of performing various tasks which they could then demonstrate in the TV series The Computer Programme. The list of topics included programming, graphics, sound and music, teletext, controlling external hardware, and artificial intelligence. It developed an ambitious specification for a BBC computer, and discussed the project with several companies including Acorn Computers, Sinclair Research, Newbury Laboratories, Tangerine Computer Systems, and Dragon Data.
The Acorn team had already been working on a successor to their existing Atom microcomputer. Known as the Proton, it included better graphics and a faster 2 MHz MOS Technology 6502 central processing unit. The machine was only at the design stage at the time, and the Acorn team, including Steve Furber and Sophie Wilson, had one week to build a working prototype from the sketched designs. The team worked through the night to get a working Proton together to show the BBC. Not only was the Acorn Proton the only machine to match the BBC's specification, it also exceeded it in nearly every parameter. Based on the Proton prototype the BBC signed a contract with Acorn as early as February 1981; by June the BBC Micro's specifications and pricing were decided.
The machine was released as the BBC Microcomputer on 1 December 1981, although production problems pushed delivery of the majority of the initial run into 1982. Nicknamed "the Beeb", it was popular in the UK, especially in the educational market; about 80% of British schools had a BBC microcomputer, as the government from 1981 to 1984 subsidized half the cost of a Research Machines 380Z or BBC Micro.
BYTE called the BBC Micro Model B "a no-compromise computer that has many uses beyond self-instruction in computer technology". It called the Tube interface "the most innovative feature" of the computer, and concluded that "although some other British microcomputers offer more features for a given price, none of them surpass the BBC ... in terms of versatility and expansion capability". As with Sinclair's ZX Spectrum and Commodore's Commodore 64, both released later in 1982, demand greatly exceeded supply. For some months, there were long delays before customers received the machines they had ordered.
Efforts were made to market the machine in the United States and West Germany. By October 1983, the US operation reported that American schools had placed orders with it totalling $21 million. In October 1984, while preparing a major expansion of its US dealer network, Acorn claimed sales of 85 per cent of the computers in British schools, and delivery of 40,000 machines per month. That December, Acorn stated its intention to become the market leader in US educational computing. The New York Times considered the inclusion of local area networking to be of prime importance to teachers. The operation resulted in advertisements by at least one dealer in Interface Age magazine, but ultimately the attempt failed. The success of the machine in the UK was due largely to its acceptance as an "educational" computer – UK schools used BBC Micros to teach computer literacy, information technology skills and a generation of games programmers. Acorn became more known for its model B computer than for its other products. Some Commonwealth countries, including India, started their own Computer Literacy programs around 1987 and used the BBC Micro, a clone of which was produced by Semiconductor Complex Limited and named the SCL Unicorn.
The Model A and the Model B were priced initially at £235 and £335 respectively, but increasing almost immediately to £299 and £399 due to increased costs. The Model B price of nearly £400 was roughly £1200 (€1393) in 2011 prices. Acorn anticipated the total sales to be around 12,000 units, but eventually more than 1.5 million BBC Micros were sold.
The cost of the BBC Models was high compared to competitors such as the ZX Spectrum and the Commodore 64, and from 1983 on Acorn attempted to counter this by producing a simplified but largely compatible version intended for game playing, the 32K Acorn Electron.
Hardware features: Models A and B
The Model A had 16 KB of user RAM, while the Model B had 32 KB. A feature that the Micro shared with other 6502 computers such as the Apple and the early Commodore models was that the RAM was clocked twice as fast as the CPU, with alternating access given to the CPU and the video display circuits. This gave the BBC Micro a fully unified memory address structure without speed penalties. To use the CPU at full speed (2 MHz) required the memory system to be capable of performing four million access cycles per second. Hitachi was the only company, at the time, that made a DRAM that went that fast. So for the prototype the only four 4816s in the country got hand-carried by the rep. Most competing microcomputers with memory-mapped display incurred CPU speed penalties depending on the actions of the video circuits (e.g. the Amstrad CPC and to a lesser extent the ZX Spectrum) or kept video memory completely separate from the CPU address pool (e.g. the MSX).
The machine included a number of extra input/output interfaces: serial and parallel printer ports; an 8-bit general purpose digital I/O port; a port offering four analogue inputs, a light pen input, and switch inputs; and an expansion connector (the "1 MHz bus") that enabled other hardware to be connected. Extra ROMs could be fitted (four on the PCB or sixteen with expansion hardware) and accessed via paged memory. An Econet network interface and a disk drive interface were available as options. All motherboards had space for the electronic components, but Econet was rarely fitted. Additionally, an Acorn proprietary interface named the "Tube" allowed a second processor to be added. Three models of second processor were offered by Acorn, based on the 6502, Z80 and 32016 CPUs. The Tube was later used in third-party add-ons, including a Zilog Z80 board and hard disk drive from Torch that allowed the BBC machine to run CP/M programs.
Separate pages, each with a codename, were used to control the access to the I/O:
|FRED||0xFC00 – 0xFCFF||1 MHz bus|
|JIM||0xFD00 – 0xFDFF||1 MHz bus / paged RAM|
|SHEILA||0xFE00 – 0xFEFF||Mapped I/O for resident hardware – video, cassette, sound, interrupts|
The Tube interface allowed Acorn to use BBC Micros with ARM CPUs as software development machines when creating the Acorn Archimedes. This resulted in the ARM development kit for the BBC Micro in 1986, priced at around £4000. From 2006 a kit with an ARM7TDMI CPU running at 64 MHz, with as much as 64 MB of RAM, was released for the BBC Micro and Master, using the Tube interface to upgrade the old 8-bit micros into 32-bit RISC machines. Among the software that operated on the Tube were an enhanced version of the Elite video game (see below) and a computer-aided design system that required a second 6502 CPU and a 5-dimensional joystick named a "Bitstik".
The Model A and the Model B were built on the same printed circuit board (PCB) and a Model A could be upgraded to a Model B without too much difficulty. Users wishing to operate Model B software needed only to add the extra RAM and the user/printer 6522 VIA (which many games used for timers) and snip a link, a task that could be achieved without soldering. To do a full upgrade with all the external ports did, however, require soldering the connectors to the motherboard. The original machines shipped with "OS 0.1", with later updates advertised in magazines, supplied as a clip-in integrated circuit, with the last official version being "OS 1.2". Variations in the Acorn OS exist as a result of home-made projects and modified machines can still be bought on internet auction sites such as eBay, as of 2011.
The BBC Model A was phased out of production with the introduction of the Electron, with chairman Chris Curry stating at the time that Acorn "would no longer promote it" (the Model A).
Early BBC Micros used linear power supplies at the insistence of the BBC's engineering specification, but these very hot-running PSUs were soon replaced in production by switched mode units.
An apparent oversight in the manufacturing process resulted in a significant number of Model Bs producing a constant buzzing noise from the built-in speaker. This fault could be rectified partly by soldering a resistor across two pads.
There were five developments of the main BBC micro circuit board that addressed various issues through the models production, from 'Issue 1' through to 'Issue 7' with variants 5 and 6 not being released. The 1985 'BBC Microcomputer Service Manual' from Acorn documented the details of the technical changes.
Per Watford Electronics comments in their '32K Ram Board Manual':
Early issue BBCs (Issue 3 circuit boards and before) are notorious for out of specification timings. If problems occur with this sort of machine, the problem can generally be cured by the use of either a Rockwell 6502A CPU chip, or by replacing IC14 (a 74LS245) with either another 74LS245 or the faster 74ALS245.
Two export models were developed: one for the US, with Econet and speech hardware as standard; the other for West Germany. Both were fitted with radio frequency shielding as required by the respective countries, and they were still based on the Intel 8271 floppy drive controller. From June 1983 the name was always spelled out completely – "British Broadcasting Corporation Microcomputer System" – to avoid confusion with Brown, Boveri & Cie in international markets.
US models included the BASIC III ROM chip, modified to accept the American spelling of COLOR, but the height of the graphics display was reduced to 200 scan lines to suit NTSC TVs, severely affecting applications written for British computers. After the failed US marketing campaign the unwanted machines were remanufactured for the British market and sold, resulting in a third 'UK export' variant.
In October 1984, the Acorn Business Computer (ABC)/Acorn Cambridge Workstation range of machines was announced, based primarily on BBC hardware.
B+64 and B+128
Acorn introduced the Model B+ in mid-1985, increasing the total RAM to 64 KB but this had modest market effect. The extra RAM in the Model B+ BBC Micro was assigned as two blocks, a block of 20 KB dedicated solely for screen display (so-called "Shadow" RAM) and a block of 12 KB of 'special' Sideways RAM. The B+128 came with an additional 64 KB (4 × 16 KB "Sideways" RAM banks) to give a total RAM of 128 KB.
The new B+ was incapable of operating some original BBC B programs and games, such as, for example, the very popular Castle Quest. A particular problem was the replacement of the Intel 8271 floppy disk controller with the Western Digital 1770 – not only was the new controller mapped to different addresses, it was fundamentally incompatible and the 8271 emulators that existed were necessarily imperfect for all but basic operation. A piece of software that used copy protection techniques involving direct access to the controller, simply would not operate on the new system. Acorn attempted to alleviate this, starting with version 2.20 of the 1770 DFS, via an 8271-backward- compatible Ctrl+Z+Break option.
There was also a long-running problem late in the B/B+'s commercial life infamous amongst B+ owners, when Superior Software released Repton Infinity, which refused to operate on the B+. A series of unsuccessful replacements were issued before one compatible with both was finally released.
During 1986, Acorn followed up with the BBC Master, which offered memory sizes from 128 KB and many other refinements which improved on the 1981 original. It had essentially the same 6502-based BBC architecture, with many of the upgrades that the original design had intentionally made possible (extra ROM software, extra paged RAM, second processors) now included on the circuit board as internal plug-in modules.
Software and expandability
The BBC Micro platform amassed a large software base of both games and educational programs for its two main uses as a home and educational computer. Notable examples of each include the original release of Elite and Granny's Garden. Programming languages and some applications were supplied on ROM chips to be installed on the motherboard. These loaded instantly and left the RAM free for programs or documents.
Although appropriate content was little-supported by television broadcasters, telesoftware could be downloaded via the optional Teletext Adapter and the third-party teletext adaptors that emerged.
The built-in operating system, Acorn MOS, provided an extensive API to interface with all standard peripherals, ROM-based software and the screen. Features private to some versions of BASIC, like vector graphics, keyboard macros, cursor-based editing, sound queues and envelopes, were placed in the MOS ROM and made available to any application. BBC BASIC itself, being in a separate ROM, could be replaced with any equivalent language.
BASIC, other languages and utility ROM chips resided in any of four 16 KB paged ROM sockets, with OS support for sixteen sockets via expansion hardware. The five (total) sockets were located partially obscured under the keyboard, with the leftmost socket hard-wired for the OS. While the original usage for the perforated panel on the left of the keyboard was for a Serial ROM or Speech ROM, a ZIF socket or edgecard connector could be installed in that location instead. The socket could be connected to one of the empty Sideways/PagedROM sockets via a header cable. The paged ROM system was essentially modular. A language-independent system of star commands, prefixed with an asterisk, provided the ability to select a language (for example *BASIC, *PASCAL), a filing system (*TAPE, *DISC), change settings (*FX, *OPT) or carry out ROM-supplied tasks (*COPY, *BACKUP) from the command line. The MOS recognised a handful of built-in commands, and polled the paged ROMs in descending order for service otherwise; if none of them claimed the command then the OS returned a Bad command error. Connecting an external EPROM programmer, one could write extensive programs, copy to programmable ROM (PROM) or EPROM, then invoke them without taxing user memory.
Not all ROMs offered star commands (ROMs containing data files, for instance), but any ROM could "hook" into certain vectors to enhance the system's functionality. Often the ROM was a device driver for mass storage combined with a filing system, starting with Acorn's 1982 Disc Filing System whose API became the de facto standard for floppy disc access. The Acorn Graphics Extension ROM (GXR) expanded the VDU routines to draw geometric shapes, flood fills and sprites. During 1985 Micro Power designed and marketed a Basic Extension ROM, introducing statements such as WHILE, ENDWHILE, CASE, WHEN, OTHERWISE, and ENDCASE, as well as direct mode commands including VERIFY.
Acorn strongly discouraged programmers from directly accessing the system variables and hardware, favouring official system calls. This was ostensibly to make sure programs kept working when migrated to coprocessors that utilised the Tube interface, but it also made BBC Micro software more portable across the Acorn range. Whereas untrappable PEEKs and POKEs were commonly used by other computers to reach the system elements, programs in either machine code or BBC BASIC would instead pass parameters to an operating system routine. In this way the MOS could translate the request for the local machine or send it across the Tube interface, as direct access was impossible from the coprocessor. Published programs largely conformed to the API except for games, which routinely engaged with the hardware for greater speed, and thus required a particular Acorn model.
As the early BBC Micros had ample I/O allowing machines to be interconnected, and as many schools and universities employed the machines in Econet networks, numerous networked multiplayer games were created. With the exception of a tank game, Bolo, few became popular, in no small measure due to the limited number of machines aggregated in one place. A relatively late but well documented example can be found in a dissertation based on a ringed RS-423 interconnect.
In line with its ethos of expandability Acorn produced its own range of peripherals for the BBC Micro, including:
- Tape recorder
- Floppy drive interface upgrade
- Floppy drives (single and double)
- Econet networking upgrade
- Econet Bridge
- Winchester disk system
- 6502 Second Processor
- Z80 Second processor (with CP/M and business software suite)
- 32016 Second processor
- ARM Evaluation System
- Teletext adapter
- Prestel adapter
- Speech synthesiser
- Music 500 synthesiser
- BBC Turtle (robot)
- BBC Buggy
- IEEE 488 Interface
Other manufactures also produced an abundance of add-on hardware, some the most common being:
- RGB monitors
- Printers, plotters
BBC BASIC built-in programming language
The built-in ROM-resident BBC BASIC programming language interpreter realised the system's educational emphasis and was key to its success; not only was it the most comprehensive BASIC compared to other contemporary implementations but it ran very efficiently and was therefore fast. Advanced programs could be written without resorting to non-structured programming or machine code (necessary with many competing computers). Should one want or need to do some assembly programming, BBC BASIC featured a built-in assembler that allowed a very easy mixture of BBC BASIC and assembler for whatever processor BBC BASIC was operating on.
When the BBC Micro was released, many competing home computers used Microsoft BASIC, or variants typically designed to resemble it. Compared to Microsoft BASIC, BBC BASIC featured IF…THEN…ELSE, REPEAT…UNTIL, named procedures and functions, but retained Goto and GOSUB for compatibility. It also supported high-resolution graphics, four-channel sound, pointer-based memory access (borrowed from BCPL) and rudimentary macro assembly. Long variable names were accepted and distinguished completely, not just by the first two characters.
Acorn had made a point of not just supporting BBC Basic but a number of contemporary languages, some of which were supplied as ROM chips to fit the spare 'Sideways-ROM' sockets on the motherboard. Other languages were supplied on tape or disk based.
Programming Languages from Acorn:
- ISO Pascal (2× 16 KB ROM + floppy disk)
- S-Pascal (disk or tape)
- BCPL (ROM plus further optional disk based modules)
- Forth (16 KB ROM)
- LISP (disk,tape or ROM)
- Logo (2× 16 KB ROM)
- Turtle Graphics (disk or tape)
- Micro-PROLOG (16 KB ROM)
- COMAL (16 KB ROM)
- Microfocus CIS COBOL (running under CP/M on floppy disks via the Z80 second processor)
Acorn produced their own 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set (RISC) CPU during 1985, the ARM1. Furber composed a reference model of the processor on the BBC Micro with 808 lines of BASIC, and ARM Holdings retains copies of the code for intellectual property purposes. The first prototype ARM platforms, the ARM Evaluation System and the A500 workstation, functioned as second processors attached to the BBC Micro's Tube interface. Acorn staff developed the A500's operating system in situ through the Tube until, one by one, the on-board I/O ports were enabled and the A500 ran as a stand-alone computer. With an upgraded processor this was eventually released during 1987 as four models in the Archimedes series, the lower-specified two models (512 KB and 1 MB) continuing the BBC Microcomputer brand with the distinctive red function keys. Although the Archimedes ultimately was not a major success, the ARM family of processors has become the dominant processor architecture in mobile embedded consumer devices, particularly mobile telephones.
Acorn's last BBC-related model, the BBC A3000, was released in 1989. It was essentially a 1 MB Archimedes back in a single case form factor.
Retro computing scene
As of 2005, thanks to its ready expandability and I/O functions, there are still numbers of BBC Micros in use, and a retrocomputing community of dedicated users finding new tasks for the old hardware. They still survive in a few interactive displays in museums across the United Kingdom, and the Jodrell Bank observatory was reported to be still using a BBC Micro to steer its 42 ft radio telescope during 2004. The Archimedes came with 65Arthur, an emulator which BYTE stated "lets many programs for the BBC Micro run"; other emulators exist for many operating systems.
In March 2008, the creators of the BBC Micro met at the Science Museum in London. There was to be an exhibition about the computer and its legacy during 2009.
The UK National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park uses BBC Micros as part of a scheme to educate school children about computer programming.
In March 2012, the BBC and Acorn teams responsible for the BBC Micro and Computer Literacy Project met for a 30th anniversary party, entitled "Beeb@30". This was held at ARM's offices in Cambridge and was co-hosted by the Centre for Computing History.
Continued development and support
Long after the "venerable old Beeb" was superseded, additional hardware and software has been developed. Such developments have included Sprow's 1999 zip compression utility and a ROM Y2K bugfix for the BBC Master.
There are also a number of websites still supporting both hardware and software development for the BBC micros and Acorn in general.
Specifications (Model A to Model B+128)
|Model A||Model B||Model B+64||Model B+128|
|Processor||MOS Technology 6502A at 2 MHz||Rockwell Semiconductor 6512A at 2 MHz|
|RAM||16 KB||32 KB||64 KB composed of 32 KB standard memory, 20 KB video (Shadow) memory and 12 KB extended (special Sideways) memory.||128 KB composed of 32 KB standard memory, 20 KB video (Shadow) memory and 76 KB extended (Sideways) memory.|
|ROM||32 KB of ROM composed of a 16 KB MOS (Machine Operating System) chip, and 16 KB read-only paged space defaulting to the BBC BASIC chip. Four paged 16 KB ROM sockets standard, expandable to 16.||48 KB of ROM composed of 16 KB MOS, 16 KB DFS, and 16 KB read-only paged space defaulting to the BBC BASIC.|
|Keyboard||Full-travel keyboard with a top row of ten red-orange function keys ƒ0–ƒ9. These generated text semigraphics when pressed with CTRL or SHIFT, and could be programmed with keyboard macros. The arrow keys and BREAK could also serve as function keys. Links on the keyboard PCB allowed users to select the behaviour of Shift+Break, and Display Mode on Power-up/Break.|
|Display||As Model B except RGB (Optional upgrade, soldering required).||6-pin DIN digital RGB connector +5 V/0 V, 1 V p-p composite colour or monochrome video (link S39) and built-in UHF (PAL) RF modulator.|
|Graphics||As Model B, but Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 not available due to lack of memory.||Configurable graphics in Modes 0–6 (see table below) based on the Motorola 6845 CRT controller or Mode 7, a special Teletext mode, based a Mullard SAA5050 Teletext chip and only taking 1 KB of RAM.|
|Sound||Four independent sound channels (one noise and three melodic) using the Texas Instruments SN76489 sound chip. Phoneme-based speech synthesis using the Texas Instruments TMS5220 with a custom Acorn ROM (the "PHROM", a TMS6100) of Kenneth Kendall's voice (optional).|
|Tape storage||Tape interface (with a relay operated motor control, controlled via 2 pins on a circular 7-pin DIN connector), using the CUTS [Computer Users' Tape Standard] variation of the Kansas City standard data encoding scheme operating at 1200 or 300 baud.|
|Disk storage||Optional floppy disk interface based initially on the Intel 8271 controller and later on the WD1770, also requiring the installation of the DFS (disk filing system) ROM (and of soldered connector on Model A). (5.25" floppy drive usually used) – Densities: Single-Sided, Single Density[SS/SD], Single-Sided, Double-Density[SS/DD], Double-Sided, Single-Density[DS/SD] and Double-Sided, Double-Density[DS/DD].||Floppy disk controller based on the Western Digital WD1770 controller and DFS ROM as standard (except ANB51, ANB52).|
|Hard-disk storage||None (lack of memory).||Additional ADFS ROM required, external drive unit connected to the 1 MHz Bus interface. (Winchester Hard disc drives with 5 MB, 10 MB or 20 MB capacities. Maximum of 512 MB per drive, up to four drives).|
|Serial Interface||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||5-pin 'domino'-DIN RS-423 serial port.|
|Parallel interface||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||26-pin IDC Centronics-compatible parallel port.|
|User port||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||20-pin IDC "user port" with 8 general purpose digital I/O pins and two special/trigger sensitive digital pins used for control purposes (for e.g. a turtle when using the Logo programming language).|
|Analogue interface||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||DA15 socket with four 8/12 bit analogue inputs based on µPD7002 IC (suitable for two joysticks), two inputs suitable for pushbuttons and an input for a light pen.|
|1 MHz Bus||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||34-pin IDC connector for generic expansion on a "daisy-chain" (used for connecting hard disks, sound synthesisers etc.).|
|The Tube||Optional upgrade, soldering required.||40-pin IDC connector for external second CPU. Options included a second 6502, a Zilog Z80, the ARM Evaluation System, or a National Semiconductor 32016 (the latter was either branded "BBC Microcomputer System – 32016 Second Processor" or "Acorn Computer – Cambridge Co-Processor"), other vendors added 6809, 6800, 68000 and 68008. A 10 MHz 80186 co-processor from a BBC Master can be connected through a co-processor adapter to a BBC Micro, thus enjoying a limited degree of PC compatibility.|
|Network (Optional extra)||Econet large-scale low-cost networking system – around 100 kbit/s using the Motorola 68B54 (standard on US model).|
|Secondary power output|| Power supply for external disk drives, 6-pin, top to bottom, left to right: |
0 V, 0 V
+5 V DC @ 1.25 A, +12 V DC @ 1.25 A,
NC, −5 V DC @75 mA,
Like the IBM PC with the contemporary Color Graphics Adapter, the video output of the BBC Micro could be switched by software between a number of display modes. These varied between 20 and 40-column text suitable for a domestic TV, to 80-column text best viewed with a high-quality RGB-connected monitor (The 80-column mode was often too blurred to view when using a domestic TV via the UHF output). The variety of modes offered applications a flexible compromise between colour depth, resolution and memory economy. In the first models, the OS and applications were left with the RAM left over from the display mode.
Mode 7 was a Teletext mode, extremely economical on memory and an original requirement due to the BBC's own use of broadcast teletext (Ceefax). It also made the computer useful as a Prestel terminal. The teletext characters were generated on board, for use with monitors and TV sets without a Teletext receiver. Train time displays at UK stations were driven by BBC Master computers in this mode until around the late 1990s.
Modes 0 to 6 (the 'ASCII' modes) could display colours from a logical palette of sixteen: the eight basic colours at the vertices of the RGB colour cube and eight flashing colours made by alternating the basic colour with its inverse. The palette could be freely reprogrammed without touching display memory. Modes 3 and 6 were special text-only modes that used less RAM by reducing the number of text rows and inserting blank scan lines below each row. Mode 6 was approximately the same size as Teletext. Modes 0 to 6 could show diacritics and other user defined characters. All modes besides the two text modes supported bitmapped graphics.
The BBC B+ and the later Master provided 'shadow modes', where the 1–20 KB frame buffer was stored in an alternative RAM bank, freeing the main memory for user programs. This feature was requested by setting bit 7 of the mode variable, i.e. by requesting modes 128–135.
|Graphics mode||Resolution (X×Y)||Hardware colours||Video RAM||Type|
|Char cells||Pixels||used (KB)||map|
|0||80 × 32||640 × 256||2||20||0x3000–0x7FFF||Graphics|
|1||40 × 32||320 × 256||4||20||0x3000–0x7FFF||Graphics|
|2||20 × 32||160 × 256||8||20||0x3000–0x7FFF||Graphics|
|3||80 × 25||640 × 200||2||16||0x4000–0x7FFF||Text|
|4||40 × 32||320 × 256||2||10||0x5800–0x7FFF||Graphics|
|5||20 × 32||160 × 256||4||10||0x5800–0x7FFF||Graphics|
|6||40 × 25||320 × 200||2||8||0x6000–0x7FFF||Text|
|7 (Teletext)||40 × 25||480 × 500||8||1||0x7C00–0x7FFF||Text|
A speech synthesis upgrade based on the Texas Instruments TMS5220 featured sampled phonemes spoken by BBC newscaster Kenneth Kendall. The speech system was standard on the US model where it had an American vocabulary. Elsewhere it sold poorly and was eventually largely replaced by Superior Software's software-based synthesiser using the standard sound hardware.
The speech upgrade also added two empty sockets next to the keyboard intended to take 16 KB serial ROM cartridges containing either extra speech phoneme data (in addition to the default speech ROM fitted to the motherboard), or general software accessed through the ROM Filing System. The original plan was that some games would be released on cartridges, but due to the limited sales of the speech upgrade, little or no software was ever produced for these sockets. The cut-out space next to the keyboard (nicknamed the "ashtray") was more commonly used to install other upgrades, such as a ZIF socket for conventional paged ROMs.
Use in the entertainment industry
The BBC Domesday Project, a pioneering multimedia experiment, was based on a modified version of the BBC Micro's successor, the BBC Master.
Musician Vince Clarke of the British synth pop bands Depeche Mode, Yazoo, and Erasure used a BBC Micro (and later a BBC Master) with the UMI music sequencer to compose many hits. In music videos from the 1980s featuring Vince Clarke, a BBC Micro is often present or provides text and graphics such as a clip for Erasure's "Oh L'Amour". The musical group Queen used the UMI Music Sequencer on their record A Kind of Magic. The UMI is also mentioned in the CD booklet. Other bands who have used the Beeb for making music are A-ha and the reggae band Steel Pulse. Paul Ridout is credited as "UMI programmer" on Cars' bassist/vocalist Benjamin Orr's 1986 solo album, The Lace. Black Uhuru used the Envelope Generator from SYSTEM software (Sheffield) running on a BBC Micro, to create some of the electro-dub sounds on Try It (Anthem album 1983).
The BBC Micro was used extensively to provide graphics and sound effects for many early 1980s BBC TV shows. These included, notably, The Adventure Game (the first two series, produced before the BBC Micro was released, used either an HP 9845 or an Apple ][ with a plastic box covering its RESET key to prevent accidental pressing by contestants); the children's quiz game "First Class" (where the onscreen scoreboard was provided by a BBC Micro nicknamed "Eugene"); and numerous 1980s episodes of Doctor Who including "Castrovalva", "The Five Doctors", and "The Twin Dilemma".
- Acorn Electron
- Acorn Archimedes
- BBC Computer Literacy Project 2012
- BBC Master
- Risc PC
- Micro Bit – modern successor to the project
- Micro Men - BBC documentary drama
- Micro Live – BBC television programme
- Making the Most of the Micro – BBC television programme
- BEEBUG – user group magazine
- (BBC) Acorn User
- The Micro User (also known as Acorn Computing)
- ↑ Hachman, Mark (2002). "ARM Cores Climb into 3G Territory". ExtremeTech.
- ↑ Turley, Jim (2002). "The Two Percent Solution". www.embedded.com.
- 1 2 3 4 Hormby, Thomas (8 February 2007). "Acorn and the BBC Micro: From education to obscurity". Low End Mac. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
- ↑ Laing, Gordon (22 March 2004). "Retro computing". Personal Computer World. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ↑ Collins, Barry (7 August 2006). "BBC Basic: the people's language". PC Pro. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
- 1 2 3 Smith, Tony (30 November 2011). "The BBC Micro turns 30". The Register Hardware. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ↑ "The BBC Microcomputer and me, 30 years down the line". BBC News. BBC News. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- 1 2 "'Beeb' creators reunite at museum". BBC News. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
- ↑ Vasko, Tibor; Dicheva, Darina (September 1986). "Educational policies: an international review" (PDF). Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis: 7. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- 1 2 McClelland, David (18 March 2011). "How a BBC Micro shaped the course of GeekDad's life". Wired. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011.
- ↑ Campbell, Robert (1983-07-14). "New clothes for IT in schools". New Scientist. p. 133. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ↑ Williams, Gregg (January 1983). "Microcomputer, British Style / The Fifth Personal Computer World Show". BYTE. p. 40. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ↑ Feder, Barnaby J. (27 February 1984). "British race is on in microcomputers". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Sales neared $60 million in the second half of last year as efforts began to sell to schools in the United States and Germany.
- ↑ "Acorn Computer Makes U.S. Debut". The New York Times. 7 October 1983. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Acorn Computers Ltd., which dominates the educational computer market in Britain, introduced its BBC microcomputer in the United States yesterday and said it had already received $21 million in orders from American schools. [...] the Acorn Computer Corporation, the British company's United States subsidiary.
- ↑ Caruso, Denise (8 October 1984). "Acorn plucks former Apple reps". InfoWorld. CW Communications (via Google Books). 6 (41): 14.
- 1 2 Lewis, Peter H. (18 December 1984). "Peripherals; The British are Coming". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
At a consumer electronics show in London last week, a company official said Acorn intends to rectify the situation by becoming the best-selling educational computer in America. [...] Most important to teachers, the Acorn is already set up for local area networking, allowing all computers in a classroom to be linked together.
- ↑ Edwards, Benj (17 May 2010). "[ Retro Scan of the Week ] The BBC Microcomputer". Vintage Computing and Gaming. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
This scan of an American BBC Microcomputer ad [...]
- ↑ Sadauskas, Andrew (27 July 2012). "BBC Micro B lives on: Strong growth for ARM after increased tablet and smartphone use". SmartCompany. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ↑ Tank, Andrew (10 April 1986). "India's Schoolchildren Have Got Class". Computer Weekly. General Reference Center Gold. p. 29.
- ↑ Keval J. Kumar (1987). "Media education and computer literacy in India: The need for an integrated 'compunication". International Communication Gazette. 40 (3): 183–202. doi:10.1177/001654928704000303.
- ↑ "SCL Unicorn". computinghistory.org.uk.
- 1 2 "BBC Micro – Review". Computing Today. March 1982. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ↑ Dunn, John E (1 December 2011). "Geeks rejoice as BBC Micro celebrates 30-year anniversary". Techworld. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ↑ "BBC Micro celebrates thirtieth anniversary". TechCentral.ie. PC Live!. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ↑ "Home computing pioneer honoured". BBC News. 29 December 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ↑ Stirling, Mike (21 August 2011). "BBC Micro on an FPGA". Retrieved 11 June 2012.
- ↑ Fairbairn, Douglas (31 January 2012). "Oral History of Sophie Wilson" (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ↑ [BBC Microcomputer Service Manual]
- ↑ The start of the revival – The ARM and the Archimedes (1986 to 1988)
- ↑ BBC Micro ARM7 co-processor available – RISC OS News, Software and Information
- ↑ Sprow's webpages – cyber doctor for poorly beebs
- ↑ Watford Electronics 32K Ram Board Manual
- ↑ Scholten, Wouter (17 June 2007). "USA model BBC micro". Retrieved 28 March 2008.
- ↑ Whytehead, Chris (9 November 2007). "Chris's Acorns: German BBC Microcomputer Model B". Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
- ↑ "Name changes for the worse". The Micro User. Stockport, UK: Database Publications. 1 (4): 112. June 1983. ISSN 0265-4040.
- ↑ Bray, Andrew C.; Dickens, Adrian C.; Holmes, Mark A. (1983). "Appendix G". The Advanced User Guide for the BBC Microcomputer (zipped PDF). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Microcomputer Centre. p. 512. ISBN 0-946827-00-1. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
- ↑ "US Issue 1 BBC". Retrieved 23 May 2011.
These machines were originally manufactured for export to America. Having now shipped them back [...]
- ↑ Whytehead, Chris. "Chris's Acorns: US BBC Microcomputer (converted for UK)". Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
- ↑ http://info-coach.fr/atari/documents/general/fd/I8271.pdf
- ↑ BBC Microcomputer System User Guide (PDF). British Broadcasting Corporation. October 1984. p. 422. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ↑ Kevin Edwards (January 1986). "Inside the 8271 – how your DFS really functions". The Micro User. Stockport, UK: Database Publications. 3 (11): 228. ISSN 0265-4040.
- ↑ "Support Group Application Note No. 023" (PDF). Issue 1. Acorn Computers. 9 July 1992. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ↑ "Remembering the BBC Micro". BBC News. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ↑ The BBC Microcomputer User Guide, chapter 42, pp. 418–441.
The light pen, 1 MHz bus and user port were supported by generic memory-mapped I/O calls (OSBYTE 146–151), and Teletext graphics could be printed through OSWRCH like normal text. The Archimedes and its Interface Podule successfully emulated Teletext and the user port through these calls.
- ↑ "Section – Language Extension". A & B Computing. 1 Golden Square, London: Argus Specialist Publications: 27–29. February 1985.
- ↑ Coll, John (1982). The BBC Microcomputer User Guide. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 450, 468. ISBN 0-563-16558-8.
- ↑ Sinclair Research Ltd,ZX Spectrum BASIC programming, chapters 23–25
- ↑ Bolo Cambridge Dissertation
- ↑ Furber, Steve (speaker); Fitzpatrick, Jason (producer, director) (22 September 2009). Steve Furber Talk – Acorn World – 13-09-2009 (Podcast). Haverhill, Suffolk, UK: Centre for Computing History. Event occurs at 25:35, 38:20.
It turns out [the ARM reference model] is quite important because there are some interesting patent defence cases that depend to some significant extent on this information. [...] I wrote the BBC BASIC reference model, [...] and the complete thing is 808 lines of BBC BASIC, and that's the complete processor.The Acorn World exhibition was held in Huddersfield.
- ↑ Whytehead, Chris. "Chris's Acorns: Acorn A500 (prototype)". Chris's Acorns. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ↑ Libbenga, Jan (19 January 2004). "My PC is older than yours". Letters. The Register. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ↑ Pountain, Dick (October 1987). "The Archimedes A310". BYTE. p. 125. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
- ↑ nvg.ntnu.no
- ↑ Ward, Mark (25 August 2010). "Tech Know: BBC Micros used in retro programming class". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ↑ http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/news/18405/30-Years-of-the-BBC-Micro-Celebration-Event-at-ARM/
- 1 2 "Internet portal launched". Acorn User (215). December 1999. p. 7. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ↑ http://www.retrosoftware.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
- ↑ http://stardot.org.uk/forums/index.php
- ↑ Whytehead, Chris. "Chris's Acorns: BBC Microcomputers". Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ↑ Wolstenholme, Ian (1 September 2010). "Beebmaster – Beebhelp – Acorn Serial Numbers". Retrieved 30 November 2010.
- ↑ Reference Data Sheet:SAA5050 Series, Teltext Character Generator, July 1982, Mullard.
- ↑ "Erasure's Big Hit". Acorn User. 1 June 1988.
- ↑ "The Adventure Game S03E03 , Part 3 , Adam Tandy , Sandra Dickinson , Chris Serle - YouTube". 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
- ↑ "The Adventure Game S01E04 part 1 of 3, 14 June 1980 , Denise Coffey , Dr. Garry Hunt , Toby Freeman - YouTube". 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
- ↑ "HP Computer Museum: Technical Desktops: 9845". Retrieved 2016-06-24.
- ↑ "The Adventure Game S02E02 part 4 , 9 Nov. 1981 Madeline Smith , David Yip , Derek Gale - YouTube". 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2016-06-23. ("apple ][" nameplate can be seen at 5:28.)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to BBC Micro.|
- BBC Micro at DMOZ
- BeebWiki – BBC Micro Wiki
- Acorn and the BBC Micro: From education to obscurity
- The Acorn BBC Micro @ The Centre for Computing History
- BBC Micro connected to the Internet converting RSS headline feeds from the BBC News site into audio
- BBC Microcomputers
- Video of a BBC computer show from 1985
- The BBC Microcomputer User Guide


Saraki cautions against enthronement of weak National Assembly, seeks stronger parliament
Senate President Bukola Saraki has cautioned against the enthronement of a weak parliament in Nigeria, saying that what we need is a strong National Assembly to deepen democracy and good governance in the county.
According to him, without a strong parliament and principle of separation of powers among the three arms of government, Nigeria cannot move forward. Saraki stated this after receiving an award of Excellence from the Arewa Online Publishers Forum.Others, who also received the awards for their contribution in promoting growth and development of the Eighth National Assembly, were the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Yakubu Dogara; Senators Shehu Sani, Magnus Abe and Kabiru Gaya
The Senate President, however, cautioned that without a strong parliament, democracy is threatened.He said: “As long as our parliament is strong, Nigeria will be stronger. I think it is important that we lay a solid foundation to strengthen our democracy.”Besides, the Senate President noted with satisfaction that the media has been playing an important role in ensuring the survival of democracy, saying: “You have responsibility to ensure that individual interest gives room for collective interest for a better Nigeria for all.”He commended the group for the award, stressing that he was happy that the media was able to appreciate what the Eighth National Assembly stood for.
“This will spur us to do more for Nigeria individually and collectively,” he assured.Meanwhile, Senate Majority Leader, Ahmed Lawan, is promising a robust, transparent and a more co-operative upper legislative chamber in the Ninth National Assembly that will pursue a harmonious working relationship with the Executive after its inauguration in June.
Speaking to Journalists in Abuja on Wednesday with his campaign team led by Senator Yahaya Abdullahi, Lawan, who spoke with journalists in Abuja yesterday with his campaign team led by Senator Yahaya Abdullahi, debunked insinuations that he could become a rubber-stamp leader if elected President of the Senate.
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Therein lies the problem. To prepare to fight, you must fight. To ready yourself for hurting an opponent, you must expose yourself to getting hurt.
And MMA fighters are being felled by training camp injuries in epidemic numbers.
The UFC has seven champions, from heavyweight to bantamweight, and more than half of them have their decorated careers on hold because of injuries, mostly sustained out of competition. José Aldo was the most recent to fall, the featherweight champ pulling out of next month's UFC 149 title defense on Saturday after injuring a thigh muscle in training. A month ago, bantam champ Dominick Cruz hurt a knee in the gym and had to cancel his UFC 148 defense. Surgery could keep him out for the rest of the year. And speaking of extended layoffs, welterweight champ Georges St-Pierre has been on the shelf since injuring a knee in training last December. He hasn't defended his belt since April 2011.
The other champ in a holding pattern is Junior dos Santos. Although the heavyweight belt holder is himself healthy, his scheduled rematch with the man he beat for the title, Cain Velasquez, is contingent upon a doctor's note. If the ex-champ's injured left hand is cleared for full-contact training, he'll get his shot at Dos Santos at UFC 152 on Sept. 22 in Toronto. If is always a key word in UFC matchmaking, it seems.
And on and on it goes, the injured list growing by the day. Every injury hurts, testing the limits of the UFC's roster depth. But those main event casualties are especially agonizing. Consider the collapse of the non-title headliner for this month's UFC 147.
When Vitor Belfort broke his left hand in training a couple of weeks ago, that scuttled weeks of hype on Brazil's first season of The Ultimate Fighter, as Belfort was scheduled to fight opposing coach Wanderlei Silva. "The Axe Murderer" now will face Rich Franklin. Not exactly a scintillatingly climactic finale for the event a couple hundred miles north of Rio de Janeiro. But it was the closest thing to lemonade that the UFC could concoct when its top-of-the-card bout turned out to be a lemon.
So in case you're scoring at home, that's UFCs 147, 148 and 149, all with second-try main events. Will someone please pack a roll of bubblewrap around lightweight titlist Benson Henderson and ex-champ Frankie Edgar, protecting the headliners of UFC 150 until they arrive in Denver in mid-August?
If your response to that cartoonish image is to say injuries are nothing to make light of, I'll simply point out that I'm approaching this matter in the spirit of Dana White.
"I got guys dropping like rocks," the UFC president said Friday night in an interview on Fuel TV following the UFC on FX telecast, his face lit up by a smile that clearly demonstrated the man has an appreciation for black humor. "People are getting injured left and -- probably three guys injured while we're sitting here doing this interview."
If only White knew how prophetic his words would prove to be. He was speaking a short time before he learned of the Aldo injury.
How does White find humor in his company's ongoing quandary? "I'm numb to it now," he said later in the interview. "Last year, when the stuff started happening, it was devastating. Now I've chalked it up to this is part of the business."
Injuries happen in every sport, even in practice. If hundreds of wide receivers run thousands of pass routes in training camps across the NFL, the odds are that a few will twist an ankle or blow out a knee or Achilles. It happens even though the object of football has nothing to do with putting ankles and knees at risk. When the Yankees lost Mariano Rivera for the season to a torn ACL and meniscus, the future Hall of Fame closer wasn't anywhere near a pitching mound. He was shagging flies during batting practice. Those are the breaks of the game.
In MMA, injuries are even more of an occupational hazard. We've yet to hear any details on the circumstances surrounding Vitor Belfort's broken hand, but it's safe to assume he didn't hurt it while catching a baseball. He probably was punching someone or something, or blocking a training partner's strike. And why wouldn't he be doing that? To get better at what you do for a living, you've got to practice.
Dana White gets that. He understands more than most that there's big money at stake in today's UFC, and that athletes who've made it to that elite level cannot survive by slackening off in training. He grasps that the company he's helped build is a repository for dreams and ambitions and legacies and futures. The UFC poobah knows that habits formed in practice will show themselves on fight night. He understands that fighters are going to fight.
But he wishes his fighters would take it easy just a little. As White explained during the interview with Fuel TV, "I think what's happening, too -- and me and [matchmaker] Joe Silva were talking about this tonight -- you have so many talented guys out there now all in the same camp, going at it like they're fighting for the title. These guys need to tone it down in training a bit and stop hurting each other."
That's a tough thing to ask a guy who's in the hurting business.


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Minister for Justice and Attorney General Kerenga Kua told members of parliament that he will bring upthe topic of Corporal Punishment onthe floor soon.
He said many laws today have no impact onthe warnings given to alcohol abusers.
Eastern Highlands Governor Julie Soso questionedthe Justice Minister on how alcohol and drug-related activities can be addressed to preventthe increase of public harassment and ther social and domestic issues.
Minister Kua’s foremost response was simple; that all those in authority must lead by example.
Hethen stressed that penalties from laws dealing with alcohol trade and consumption are out-dated and do not reflect today’s realities.
The Constitutional Law Reform Commission is currently looking at all legislations including those related to alcohol trade and consumption.
He said Corporal Punishment would have to be introduced if it deters perpetrators from abusing alcohol.
Meantime, Sport Minister Justin Tkatchenko responded tothe fight which resulted after a rugby match in Wabag, Enga province, where one man was killed. Minister Tkatchenko said it was alcohol related.
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domain: law


text:
Heh..heh..heh.. So happy! Finally my Kueh Bingka Labu jadi lah! This morning I fed my lahling one slice and he said it was pretty good. Ho chiak!
This must be my third or fourth attempt at tweaking the recipe to suit me and I can now officially share the recipe. This kueh is not difficult to make. The only hassle is dealing with the pumpkin.
You can either steam or roast the pumpkin and if you ask me, I will tell you that roasting brings out the sweetness and deeper flavors of the pumpkin. How to roast pumpkin? You can read here.
The ingredients for this Kueh Bingka Labu are eggs, coconut milk, flour, sugar, vanilla extract and pumpkin puree. I was tweaking the recipe to get the right ratio of coconut milk and eggs.
This kueh puffs up nicely in the oven but will deflate once cooled. No worries, it is like that. You have to wait till it cools completely before removing it from the pan and slicing.
I'll have to say that I love the result - the kueh turned out soft and creamy (like custard but firmer) with a lovely aroma of santan, eggs and pumpkin. The level of sweetness was just right.
I baked this kueh yesterday and kept it in the fridge. Since it is so good, I bought another pumpkin at Aeon today and will be making this pumpkin kueh again next weekend.
At Aeon today my partner and I queued at the senior citizen's lane. Yes, it's nice to be old and get this kind of privilege heh..heh... By the way, Aeon has has put in place a QR code for customers to scan so that we need not manually write our name and contact number when entering the supermarket.
So what else did I do today? Oh ya...I saw Hainom's Domino's Roast Chicken and I copycat today. I didn't even know Domino's have roast chicken hah..hah...
I simply campak-campak the marinade. These chicken legs are from TTDI market. They did not release much water during marination and roasting. Turned out quite nice and I will share recipe once I document the ingredients properly.
Today our PM announced that the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) has been extended for another 4 weeks to 09 June 2020. Okie, no worries. I am actually glad because I can continue to work flexi-days.
So here's the recipe for the Kueh Bingka Labu if you are interested to try.
Kueh Bingka Labu
Recipe source : Adapted from Sinar Kehidupanku
Note : I used 8" baking pan
- 160g flour, sifted
- 3 eggs, lightly beaten
- 400ml coconut milk (I used 2 boxes of Santan Harmuni)
- 200g sugar
- 200g roasted pumpkin puree
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- 1 tbsp butter (for greasing baking pan)
- some sesame seeds
1. Grease an 8" baking pan and set aside.
2. In a mixing bowl, combine coconut milk and sugar. Stir until sugar dissolves.
3. Add eggs and vanilla extract and stir to combine (I used a whisk).
4. Sift in flour in 3 additions and whisk to combine.
5. Add pumpkin puree and stir to combine the batter.
6. Preheat oven to 180C.
7. Put the greased empty baking pan into the oven and heat for 5 minutes.
8. Remove the pan and pour in the batter. Then sprinkle some sesame seed on top.
9. Put the pan back into the oven and bake for 45-50 minutes until the top of the kueh is browned.
10. Remove from the oven to cool completely before removing from the pan and slicing.

domain: food


A lady with two children who are equally bodily challenged at Battor in the North Tongu District of the Volta Region, has referred to as on authorities and benevolent organisations for guidance.
Alnice and Atsufui, aged 25 and 23 respectively, were paralysed at birth and have been confined to their house.
Their 45-calendar year-outdated mother, Christiana Dzekle mentioned using care of the two has been exceptionally difficult owing to her latest financial state.
The two bodily-challenged girls are not able to do something for them selves as they count on their mum for every little thing which includes feeding.
Alnice, the oldest amongst them lamented to JoyNews that existence has been complicated for their unemployed mother.
Their mom, who could not maintain back again her tears, recounted the ordeal she and her loved ones have absent by to the District Main Government (DCE) for the spot, Richard Collins Arku.
This came to light-weight when the DCE dispersed a quantity of goods to folks dwelling with incapacity, including her two children at the District Assembly. Madam Dzekle also asked for health care treatment for youngsters.
In a response, Mr. Arku claimed inspite of the determination of the government in alleviating plight of folks living with disabilities, NGOs and other benevolent organisations should really come to the support of the lady and her daughters.


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Extreme Binge Drinking during the Transition to Adulthood
Role: Principal Investigator
This project will use existing national prospective data from Monitoring the Future (MTF) to examine the development of extreme binge drinking (i.e., consuming 10 or 15 or more drinks in a row) across young adulthood. Specific aims are to (1) examine how extreme binge drinking varies based on patterns of college enrollment and attainment, (2) document normative age-related changes in extreme binge drinking across young adulthood, and the extent to which they vary based on social role statuses and demographic indicators and are associated with trajectories of other substance use, and (3) investigate concurrent associations between reasons for drinking and extreme binge drinking behaviors.
Dynamic Links Between Risk Factors, Substance Use and Consequences: Ages 18-35
4/2015 – 12/2018
Role: Principal Investigator
This project will move the field toward examining developmental changes in the salience of risk factors across the life course and toward documenting the mechanisms through which long-term substance use consequences emerge. Results will advance our understanding of substance use behaviors with critical health impacts, and will inform the development of interventions that take into account individual behaviors, risk factors, and social roles to find strategies for reducing the negative consequences of drug use in young adulthood.
Intensive Daily Measurement of Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a High-Risk Community Sample of Young Adults: Impacts on Acute and Longer-term Use and Consequences
Role: Multiple Principal Investigator (with Christine Lee, University of Washington)
The current project is to collect and analyze intensive daily (twice daily for 16 weeks across two years) and longitudinal (annually across three years) data from a high-risk community sample of young adult simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) users, aged 18-25, in the state of Washington. Specific aims of this application are to: 1) examine whether SAM use poses additional alcohol-related risks, compared to using alcohol without marijuana, at the daily level; 2) understand the motivations, intentions, and situations that make SAM more likely and more consequential among young adults; 3) model the longer-term associations between SAM use and substance use and health consequences across 3 years; and 4) examine potential moderators of these relationships.
Developmental Models of High-Risk Alcohol Use & Social Roles in Young Adulthood
2/2014 – 1/2019
The long-term objectives of the proposed research are to extend prior research by taking a finer-grained approach with monthly assessments to 1) understand the twists and turns in drinking as they happen as a function of changes in roles and contexts in real time, how different characteristics of social roles influence these relationships, and whom may be most at risk (i.e., moderators of these associations) and 2) test and extend current developmental models of health risks. Understanding how YAs navigate different and simultaneous role transitions and identifying when and for who risk for use and consequences is at its peak can inform interventions by identifying potential mechanisms and optimal timing.
Monitoring the Future: Drug Use and Lifestyles of American Youth
5/2017 – 3/2022
Monitoring the Future provides the nation with annual indicators of the use of licit and illicit drugs, and related attitudes and beliefs. MTF is an ongoing epidemiological and etiological research and reporting project begun in 1975. In addition to being a basic research study, MTF has become one of the nation’s most relied upon sources of information on emerging trends in illicit drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among American adolescents, college students, and young and middle-aged adults. Nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students (about 47,000 students in 400 schools per year) will be surveyed annually from 2017 to 2022.
Monitoring the Future: A Cohort-Sequential Panel Study of Drug Use, Ages 19–60
5/2017 – 3/2022
An ongoing series of cohort-sequential panel studies to examine changes in substance use and related factors across the life course and across historical period, using large nationally representative samples of high school graduates, from the end of high school through age 60. The study examines social and environmental factors and processes, including life-course transitions that may explain change. The target samples are drawn randomly from graduating classes of high school senior participants from the Monitoring the Future surveys.
Personalized mobile app intervention: Challenging alcohol expectancies to reduce high-risk alcohol use and consequences
9/2017 – 8/2022
Specific aims are to examine the efficacy of the mobile alcohol expectancy challenge (mAEC) intervention, expectancies as mediators of intervention efficacy, and whether the intervention weakens the daily link between positive expectancies and consequences and strengthens the daily link between negative expectancies and consequences. The mAEC intervention has the potential to have a major impact on the field of alcohol intervention because it will be scalable and easily disseminated given its use of mobile technology and empirically-supported approach that targets individuals’ alcohol expectancies and capitalizes on daily variability in expectancies and drinking.
The Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Health Equity in the United States
12/2017 – 11/2022
The proposed project will: (1) determine how tobacco control policies influence disparities in smoking initiation among youth; (2) determine how tobacco control policies influence disparities in smoking cessation among adults; and (3) predict which combination of policies are needed to reduce health disparities in tobacco-attributable mortality over time using a tobacco policy simulation model.

domain: medical


text:
Have you noticed changes in your horse's gait? Are they showing signs of fatigue or are disinterested in exercising? Equine laminitis is inflammation of the sensitive and insensitive laminae in ho ...View Article
Welcome to AllCare Veterinary Hospital
CALL US TODAY AT 650-592-8387 (VETS)!
HIGH QUALITY, AFFORDABLE VETERINARY CARE 7 DAYS A WEEK!
FREE first examination. Low Cost Vaccinations and Spay/Neuter Programs.OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK UNTIL 8 PM.
WALK-INS WELCOME - Doctors on duty from 9am-7pm
Located in San Carlos the veterinarians at AllCare Veterinary Hospital are committed to your pet's health. San Carlos based AllCare Veterinary Hospital excels in the science of Veterinary medicine and was founded in 1990. AllCare Veterinary Hospital is an award winning hospital. Allcare Veterinary Hospital received a prestigious Merit Award for its facility design nationally.
AllCare Veterinary Hospital is a full-service animal hospital whose mission is to provide the highest standard of veterinary care for pets. We provide friendly, informative, and supportive services for you and your pets. We provide High Quality Veterinary Care at Affordable prices 7 days a week. We are open when its convenient including evenings and weekends.
AllCare Veterinary Hospital offers the San Carlos animal community emergency veterinary services as well as medical, surgical, and dental veterinary care. With an in-house pharmacy and access to specialists, our facility offers a one stop for your pet's health and medical care. We offer the latest technology to give high quality veterinary care to your pets.
Your Pets . . . Our Family!
We are open for appointments and emergencies during normal business hours and on Saturday and Sunday. Walk-Ins are welcome.
Few things stimulate a cat's pleasure faster than catnip. Exposure to this simple herb can reveal a new side to their feline personality. Many cats will go crazy at the smell of this plant. Catnip ...View Article
When was the last time your pet visited the veterinarian? If you answered "not in a while," it is time to book your next appointment. Have you recently discovered a lump or bump on your pet? Don't ...View Article
Identifying the signs of sickness in a dog can be challenging, even for the most vigilant pet owners. Since a sick dog is unable to verbally communicate what hurts, pet owners must pay close atten ...View Article
With more than half of all dogs and cats overweight or obese, pets are increasingly at risk for a number of chronic health problems, according to the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). A ...View Article
Heartworm is a long, string-like parasitic worm that has the scientific name Dirofilaria immitis. It earns its common name by living in the host’s heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Heartworm can ...View Article


text:
AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo plan to seek approval for their breast cancer treatment datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) following a clinical trial that revealed improved patient outcomes. The study included over 700 participants with inoperable or metastatic HR-positive, HER2-low, or negative breast cancer, and it observed that Dato-DXd improved progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy. However, the overall survival (OS) data remains inconclusive. The public announcements from the companies provided hopeful yet varying perspectives regarding the OS results, inciting conjecture among stakeholders and market analysts. Additional information on the experiment’s results will be presented at a forthcoming medical event. Following the disclosure of preliminary results, AstraZeneca’s stocks climbed 2.7%.
To read more, click here.
[Source: Fierce Biotech, September 22nd, 2023]

domain: news


text:
Morton's The Steakhouse
Drag box to select area
One of more than 75 worldwide locations, the Beverly Hills outpost of Morton's The Steakhouse serves a variety of succulent steaks, as well as a variety of seafood and chicken entrées. The restaurant is famous for its tableside menu presentation, which involves the waiter rolling a cart to your table and describing the menu and the available cuts of beef (a 24-ounce porterhouse, a 20-ounce New York sirloin and a 14-ounce filet). Every Friday and Saturday night, customers flock to Morton's to enjoy the famous slow-roasted prime rib, so it is recommended that you reserve your order when making your reservation. Morton's The Steakhouse is located in the heart of historic Beverly Hills' Restaurant Row, two blocks from the Beverly Center Mall and one mile from the famous Sunset Strip and Rodeo Drive.
435 S la Cienega Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Fax: 310-246-1203
- Fax: 847-945-6554
- Accessibility Details: Ramp to entrance, accessible restrooms
- Hours: Bar: Mon - Sat, 5pm - 11pm; Sun, 5pm - 10pm.
Dining room: Mon - Sat, 5:30pm - 11pm; Sun, 5pm - 10pm.
- Hours: Hours vary depending on the age of the child.
- Accessible: yes


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Although they originated in the ancient world, face jugs – vessels decorated with not-so-pretty faces-have a long history in America. Theories abound, but oral histories have led scholars to believe that enslaved Americans first created the jars as grave markers – the ugly faces were supposed to scare away the devil so the departed could rise to heaven.
South Carolina had a particularly strong face jug tradition, thanks in part to Edgefield’s abundance of durable kaolin clay and Dr. Abner Landrum, who perfected a lead-free glazing technique.
The 1920s saw a resurgence in face jugs. Renamed “ugly jugs,” they were used scare children away from the unsuitable contents stored inside.
Today, potters and ceramic artists all over the country have discovered face jugs. One in particular, Peter Lenzo, will be showing his vessels at If ART beginning Friday, June 5.
Lenzo’s creations are unique in a number of ways. They utilize ceramic found objects like tea strainers and tiny ceramic hands, legs, tea pots and animals. They were created with his son, Joe Scotchie-Lenzo, when Scotchie-Lenzo was just four. According to Lenzo’s blog, when Scotchie-Lenzo couldn’t find what he was looking for to add to the jug, he’d make it and Lenzo would fire it in the kiln. The result is a series of vessels erupting with emotion and energy.
On Friday, June 5, Origins 2000-2002, an exhibition of the collaborative face jugs, will open at If ART. The opening reception begins at 6pm; the show runs through June 27. For more information, visit IFartgallery.blogspot.com
Katie McElveen, Special to The State

domain: artistic


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The heritage of crystal chandeliers dates back to ancient times, the place rich people used candles and oil lamps to gentle their properties. In the 14th century, metalworking strategies enhanced, and chandeliers began to be created from brass and other metals. By the 17th century, glassmaking engineering had sophisticated, and direct crystal grew to become well-liked for chandelier design.
In the 18th century, crystal chandeliers achieved the top of their reputation. They ended up noticed as a image of luxurious and wealth, and had been typically used in royal palaces, grand accommodations, and big houses. crystal chandelier ceiling light Several of these chandeliers had been elaborately created and decorated with intricate patterns and crystals, adding to their visible attraction.
During the 19th and early twentieth generations, crystal chandeliers continued to be well-known, but new supplies these kinds of as bronze and iron commenced to be utilised in their building. With the advent of electricity, chandeliers ended up no lengthier limited to candle or oil lamp gentle sources and could be fitted with electric bulbs.
Nowadays, crystal chandeliers are even now a well-liked choice for people in search of a deluxe and classy lights option. Although numerous classic designs continue to be well-known, there are also contemporary and contemporary styles that incorporate crystal factors. Additionally, advancements in engineering have manufactured crystal chandeliers a lot more accessible to a wider range of consumers, with choices obtainable at a variety of cost factors.
What are Crystal Chandeliers used for?
Crystal chandeliers are attractive lighting fixtures that are typically employed to include class and luxurious to a place. They are typically used as a centerpiece in grand rooms this sort of as ballrooms, dining rooms, and hotel lobbies, but they can also be utilised in other spaces this sort of as foyers, bedrooms, and residing rooms.
One particular of the primary features of crystal chandeliers is to offer illumination to a space. Relying on the measurement and type of the chandelier, it can offer general or ambient lights or be utilised as an accent gentle to spotlight specific characteristics in a space.
Crystal chandeliers are also utilised to generate a focal point or to boost the aesthetic of a space. Their intricate styles and glowing crystals can add a contact of glamour and sophistication to a space, making them a popular selection for those in search of to create a deluxe or opulent environment.
In addition to their ornamental needs, crystal chandeliers can also serve as a standing image or a indication of prosperity and prestige. Traditionally, they ended up used in royal palaces and wealthy residences as a image of power and prosperity.


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Set in a building with a garden and a shared lounge, Home Farm Villa is a villa located in Hoi An that features free WiFi, a 5-minute walk from Hoi An Historic Museum.
Fitted with a balcony, the accommodation offers air conditioning and features a flat-screen TV and a private bathroom with bath or shower.
Guests at the homestay can enjoy an Asian breakfast.
A bicycle rental service is available at Home Farm Villa.
No disponible: Detector de humo
No disponible: Detector de monóxido de carbono

domain: travel


Next week I will be recording with the band Kultur Shock. I will be in charge of recording vocals, violin and saxophone (I think). I am excited about this because their music is great and much different than anything else I have ever worked on. The drums, bass and guitar were recorded by Jack Endino. I took the opportunity last week to check out his studio and watch how he works as well as hear what Kultur Shock were up to. It's always fun for me to see how other people work. I tried to get a better picture of Jack, but he was super focused and sat in this position with ears toward the speakers the entire time I was there.


MONTGOMERY, AL (WSFA) -Teachers juggle a lot during the day including lesson planning and instructing students, and many times they buy their own school supplies as well.
Ninety-four percent of teachers spend money on classroom supplies according to a federal Department of Education Survey.
However, Alabama State Board of Education members want to put more money toward classroom supplies to relieve some of this pressure.
“So if they were buying beakers for their science classrooms, if they were buying colored paper, all those kinds of things that teachers need, either they had to get those from parents, they had to dig into their own pockets, which teachers did both of those things, or they had to do without,” said Dr. Eric Mackey, the state superintendent.
The board approved budget recommendations Thursday morning. It asked lawmakers for $600 per teacher. Currently the state provides $536 per teacher.
“What we’ve asked for is for the legislature to put the emphasis on the classroom,” Mackey said. “Send money to the classrooms.”
The board asked for an additional $11.2 million for technology, professional development, library enhancement and textbooks.
“And so what we’re saying now is we want to catch back up to where we were and we want to fund our classrooms to the highest level," he said.
Other budget proposal top priorities include money for pre-school special education and school safety.
“It’ll be money that schools can spend to secure their campuses, hire SROs (school resource officers), the things that they feel like they need around the state," he said.
Mackey said he believes lawmakers will support much of the budget proposal. The budget recommendations will now go to the governor’s office, and then to the legislature.


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Adorable Puppies Engage in Cozy Tent Conversations
- Subject: The central focus of the image is three charming puppies engaged in delightful conversations. Their interactions create a heartwarming and inviting atmosphere. Setting: The setting is characterized by a cozy tent, enhancing the comfort and intimacy of the scene. The linear drawing style adds a touch of simplicity and warmth to the overall ambiance. Background: The background features subtle details, emphasizing the snug and secure environment within the tent. This choice enhances the focus on the adorable puppies and their endearing interaction. Style/Coloring: The linear drawing style contributes to a timeless and classic aesthetic, while the choice of warm colors imparts a sense of coziness and familiarity. Action: The puppies are depicted chatting, showcasing a lively and playful interaction that appeals to the viewer's emotions. The scene captures a moment of innocence and connection. Items: The central items in the image are the cozy tent and the animated puppies. The simplicity of the setting allows these elements to stand out and evoke a sense of joy. Costume/Appearance: The puppies' endearing appearance, characterized by their cute expressions, contributes to the overall charm. Their engaging personalities make the image visually appealing. Accessories: The absence of excessive accessories maintains focus on the key elements, ensuring that the adorable puppies and the cozy tent remain the primary focal points.


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Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Our squash seeds are sprouting, and the habenero peppers too! Brother is not pleased at all, but we have moved the seed into a new, expanded home, that we have tucked on a raised platform in front of one of the heaters. If it works well for these seed, perhaps we will take over Brother's heater next. Do you suppose he would mind having a tray full of watermelon as a neighbor?

domain: agronomy


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NBA Top Shots (and other NFTs discussion)
NBA Top Shot is the future of the trading card market. Virtual packs can be purchased and either 'showcased' or re-sold on the virtual marketplace with some highlights currently selling for as much as $100,000 USD.
By Kyle Irving
NBA Top Shot www.nbatopshot.com
What is NBA Top Shot?
That's a question that will be asked much more frequently in the near future.
NBA Top Shot is a blockchain-based platform that allows fans to buy, sell and trade numbered versions of specific, officially-licensed video highlights.
In a joint venture that began in July of 2019 between the National Basketball Association, the NBA Players Association and Dapper Labs have come together to create NBA Top Shot, a "revolutionary new experience in which jaw-dropping plays and unforgettable highlights become collectibles that you can own forever," per Dapper Labs Chief Executive Officer Roham Gharegozlou.
In plain terms: think of the future of the sports trading card market mixed with similar principles of cryptocurrency, but it's virtual cards that contain individual NBA highlights.
How it works: the NBA cuts the highlights and then Dapper Labs decides how many of each highlight they are going to sell and number them. They place each highlight into digital packs, just like regular trading cards, and sell the packs on the official NBA Top Shot website for prices ranging from $9 to $230. The pack prices depend on the quality of highlight, the stardom level of the player and the exclusiveness of the card. Once you purchase a pack, those highlights go into your encrypted, secure highlight wallet to be "showcased" or re-sold on the NBA Top Shot Marketplace.
According to Action Network, there have already been five sales on the global, open, peer-to-peer, always-on marketplace worth over $20,000 U.S. dollars, including a specific LeBron James highlight that recently sold for over $71,000.
While this tweet below isn't the specific highlight that sold for $71K, it gives you a better idea of what NBA Top Shot's cards look like.
Currently, there is a highlight card of Ja Morant dunking over Aron Baynes from his Rookie of the Year season last year that is being lobbied for $100,000 on the open marketplace.
If you're wondering how to get started, all of the packs are currently sold out on the NBA Top Shot website - the only place you can buy, sell or trade the virtual cards. Check back here for when packs go back on sale or check out the NBA Top Shot marketplace to start your collection by purchasing individual virtual cards.
"This takes the traditional collectible into a modern, global era," Dapper Labs CEO Gharegozlou told The Action Network. "All markets are immediate and international. No longer do you have to wait for a card to be graded, or delivered, or fear of forgeries."
"...The trading card business is worth $5-$6 billion annually," Gharegozlou stated to The Action Network. "I don't see why we can't get to a place where this business is grossing $1 billion alone.""
I bought my first pack for ~$15usd and flipped one highlight for $125usd and the remaining others are worth about $60usd collectively. My buddy also gifted me a highlight for my birthday that was worth $10 then and is now $100. Does this have anymore staying power than CryptoKitties? I would say yes as it is tied to the NBA with a global fanbase but hoping to hear what others think. We can also discuss any other NFTs (non-fungible tokens) in this thread as they represent a quickly growing market.

domain: sports


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This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
To the Editor:—
An occasion may arise when open cardiac massage is necessary and possible, yet other trained personnel are not immediately available to start a transfusion or to cutdown on a suitable vessel. Rapid replacement of circulatory volume may be a sine qua non to maintain life.Such an event occurred in the emergency room when a 13-year-old boy was admitted with a stab wound of the left side of the chest. While a cutdown was being started, the boy's heart stopped. Work on the cutdown was stopped, and the chest was opened on the left side just below the nipple. The chest was full of blood and there was a hole in the pericardium. After opening the pericardium, the heart started to beat after one or two massages. It was possible to suture the three-quarter inch hole in the ventricular apex on the left side of the heart
McLennan TA, Congreve W. Transfusion into the Left Ventricle. JAMA. 1967;202(10):990. doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03130230116032
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Based on the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, the Disco Volante 2012 will be a car that only a handful of enthusiasts will have the chance to own.
The Milan-based coachbuilder is celebrating the 60th anniversary of the 1952 Alfa Romeo C52 "Disco Volante" with a modern-day tribute in the form of the Disco Volante 2012. Based on the space-frame chassis of the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, the static style model will be built in a very limited run as per Touring's recent tradition. The C52 was destined for a racing career and based upon extreme aerodynamic research that lead to an impressive 0.25 drag coefficient.
Its futuristic shape designed at the start of the space age lent it the name 'Flying Saucer' and influenced the automotive design for decades. The modern interpretation of its 1952 ancestor, with a curious front width and powerful rear wings, remains true to the essential shape and echoes its timeless design. The 8C space-frame chassis has been dressed in hand-beaten aluminum panels and carbon-fiber, while maintaining its mechanical package. Hence under the hood lies a longitudinally-mounted 4.7-liter V8 engine that delivers 450hp and 354lb-ft of torque.
To ensure drivers enjoy an agile, thrilling ride, a six-speed transaxle gearbox with paddle-shift control, limited-slip differential, double-wishbone suspension and large ventilated brakes are also included. Customers looking for 'an exclusive, sporty grand tourer' should expect to pay north of $300,000 for the Disco Volante 2012, which will be coach-built to order.
Join The Discussion


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In GunSpin, it's time to play with different guns and weapons! If you're looking for enemies to shoot, then you'll be surprised! Because in this game, there are no bad guys to kill! Instead, take control of the power of recoil and travel as far as you can to expand your armory. If you believe you have what it takes to accomplish that, then start playing now!
Your objective in this game is to unlock all the weapons in the game. You can do this by making your gun travel as far as you can by firing bullets. To start the game, click on the button on the main menu. On the next screen, you'll see 4 different stats that you can upgrade. In the beginning, you don't have any coins for upgrades, but you'll earn as you play. When in the game, click on the screen to fire. Your gun will travel in the opposite direction of the way you shoot at. Try aiming at the ground with an angle so your weapon can fly across the map without hitting anywhere. Your progress bar is located at the top of the screen. When you fill it, you'll unlock the next weapon. Good luck!
Don't forget to try our other popular online and free gun games by clicking here. Have fun playing!
Minijuegos.com developed Gunspin.
November 6, 2019
- Colorful 2D graphics
- 18 different weapons that you can unlock and use
- Intuitive controls
- Entertaining and challenging gameplay
- 4 different upgrades that you can buy for your gun
You can use your mouse to play this game.
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domain: entertainment