|Publication number||US7764803 B2|
|Application number||US 11/180,615|
|Publication date||Jul 27, 2010|
|Filing date||Jul 14, 2005|
|Priority date||Jul 16, 2004|
|Also published as||CN1764326A, EP1617703A2, EP1617703A3, EP1617703B1, US20060012559|
|Publication number||11180615, 180615, US 7764803 B2, US 7764803B2, US-B2-7764803, US7764803 B2, US7764803B2|
|Original Assignee||Lg Electronics Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (27), Referenced by (4), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This nonprovisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 55737/2004 filed in Korea on Jul. 16, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a speaker apparatus, and particularly, to a speaker apparatus for a mobile device using a display window.
2. Description of the Related Art
Development of communication technologies and increase in user requirements have recently enabled mobile communications terminals (hereinafter, referred to as a ‘terminal’) to provide multimedia functions such as music, videos, games, and the like in addition to the typical calling function. In order to provide these and other multimedia functions, as shown in
The loud speaker 10 includes one or two circular speakers with a diameter of approximately 10˜15 mm, and is generally mounted in a case or in a hinge unit in case of a folder-type terminal.
However, the size of the loud speaker 10 is limited, typically to the diameter of 10˜15 mm, as shown in
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a speaker apparatus capable of effectively reproducing sound in all frequency ranges including low frequency region by using a display window as a vibration plate.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, a speaker apparatus may include a display window for protecting a display module; a support member for elastically supporting the display window; and a vibrator for vibrating the display window to generate a sound when an electrical audio signal is inputted.
The support member may be a coil spring which supports the corners and/or edges of the display window.
The vibrator may be positioned in the corners and/or the edges of the display window. The vibrator may include a permanent magnet or a magnetic material attached to the display window, and an electromagnet arranged to face the permanent magnet or magnetic material. The magnetic material can be a metal or any other material to which physical force may be exerted under magnetism The magnetism of the electromagnet may be varied according to a variance of an electrical audio signal, for example a variance in the strength of the electrical audio signal.
The display window, the support member, and the vibrator may be positioned in a cabinet which has a concave a chamber-like shape.
A stopping jaw may be formed at an outer circumference of the display window and a first rib corresponding to the stopping jaw may protrude from the cabinet. The stopping jaw and the first rib may have a gap therebetween so as not to influence each other while vibrating.
A second rib for preventing the display window from being separated from the terminal may protrude from the stopping jaw, and a damper may be installed between the first and second ribs.
The speaker apparatus using the display window may further include a filter for filtering the electrical audio signals received from an audio interface so that the electrical audio signals within a desired frequency range or ranges are provided to the vibrator.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In the drawings:
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a speaker apparatus is provided for a mobile communications terminal capable of effectively reproducing sound in a low frequency region by using a display window as a vibration plate. While a mobile communications terminal is discussed for simplicity, the embodiments of the invention are capable of being applied to any type of mobile devices, for example PDAs and MP3 players, where it is preferred to keep the overall dimensions of the mobile devices themselves to a minimum.
For this purpose, an aspect of the present invention embodies a speaker apparatus for using a display window as a vibration plate in which a permanent magnet or a magnetic material is mounted, for example in one or more corners or edges of the display window, and an electromagnet is positioned to face the permanent magnet or magnetic material. The size of the display window in each mobile device may be different depending on the type of the device. A folder-type communication terminal may use a display window with a cross-sectional length of about 50 mm, which corresponds to being approximately three to five times as long as the diameter of of the speaker typically used in the related art. In other words, the cross-sectional area of the display window is roughly nine to fifteen times as large as the speaker of the related art and therefore should have better low frequency characteristics.
The display module 50 is used for visually displaying information. For instance, a LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) module may be used as the display module 50. The display module 50 is generally structurally weak to physical forces, such an impact from an external source. The display module 50 may be placed in the terminal casing to a predetermined depth. To protect the display module 50 from damage, the transparent display window 100 may be installed above the display module 50. Also a concaved portion or chamber-like portion of the terminal casing may serve as a cabinet 400. The shape of the cabinet 400 serves to reflect sound generated by the vibration to be emitted to the exterior in a single direction.
A shape of the display window 100 may be arbitrary, but is preferred to follow the shape of the display module 50. The display window 100 is preferably a bit larger than the display module 50 so as to provide maximum protection to the display module 50. A rib 110, which is a part of an outer circumference of the display window 100, may be positioned to be overlap with a rib 410 protruding from a side surface of the cabinet 400. The ribs 110 and 410 may act to prevent the display window 100 from being separated from the cabinet 400. A stopping jaw 120 may be provided at a portion where the display window 100 and the rib 410 overlap. The stopping jaw 120 and the rib 410 may have a predetermined gap distance therebetween so that the rib 410 does not act as an obstacle to disturb the vibration of the display window 100.
A damper 500 may be installed between the ribs 110 and 410 to prevent impurities from being introduced into the cabinet 400 and to allow the display window 100 to vibrate without being warped. The damper 500 may be formed from compression sponge or resin used in a typical cone speaker.
Any or all of the corners and/or edges of the display window 100 may be connected with the cabinet 400 by the support member 200. The display window 100 may be elastically supported by the support member 200 so that the display window 100 can be vibrated by the vibrator 300. The support member 200 may be formed from a coil spring or any other compressible material to elastically support the display window 100. The vibrator 300 may be installed between the display window 100 and the display module 50. When a force by the vibrator 300 is applied to the display window 100, the support member 200 vibrates and absorbs the load to restore the display window 100 to its original position.
The vibrator 300 is equipped in each of the four edges of the display window 100, respectively. Each vibrator 300 includes a piece of magnet 310 installed on the display window 100 and a magnetism generator 320 installed to face the piece of magnet 310. Preferably, the piece of magnet 310 is embodied with a permanent magnet. The magnetism generator 320 is embodied with a magnet capable of generating great magnetism, for instance, an electromagnet having an iron core in the center of a solenoid 321, the iron core having a great magnetic permeability. Here, a particular shape of plate is provided at the end of the magnetism generator 320, which prevents the solenoid 321 from being separated.
When a time-variable electrical audio signal is provided to the solenoid 321, strength and/or direction in the magnetic field occurs causing the magnet or magnetic material 310 to move. Accordingly, the display window 100 vibrates to generate sound. If it is desired to limit the response of the display window 100 to only a certain range or ranges of frequencies, a filter 600 may be connected to the magnetism generator 320. For example, the filter 600 may be a low pass filter (LPF) to limit the response range of the display window 100 to those frequencies that cannot be adequately be reproduced by the speakers already provided in the device. Preferably, the filter 600 is added to an existing audio interface integrated circuit.
When the filter 600 is connected to the magnetism generator 320, an audio interface (not shown) managing the input/output of a microphone and speaker provided to the mobile device may output the electrical audio signal to the filter 600. The filter 600 may filter the electrical audio signal to provide the solenoid 321 signals corresponding to the allowed sound frequency range.
It should be noted that the filter 600 may also be a band pass and/or high pass filters. This provides the user an ability to enhance the frequency response suited to different types of music or environment. For example, it may be desirable to have better higher frequency characteristics for classical music. Indeed, the frequency response characteristics for the filter or filters 600 attached to the magnetism generator 320 may be adjustable so that the user is able to adjust the response characteristics of the display window 100 as well as any other speakers that may be provided on the mobile device.
An operation of a speaker apparatus using the display window according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.
When sound is to be generated, the audio interface for managing the input/output of the microphone/speaker may output the electrical audio signal to the magnetism generator 320 directly or via the filter 600. As a result, a magnetic polarity and/or the strength generated by the magnetism generator 320 may be changed in response to the electrical audio signal. This change causes the magnet or magnetic material 310 mounted in the display window 100 move. As the magnet or magnetic material 310 moves, the display window vibrates to generate sound.
The magnetism of the magnetism generator 320 may be determined according to the electrical audio signal applied to the solenoid 321. The change in the magnetism generated by the magnetism generator 320 effects the amplitude of the vibration of the display window 100, namely, the strength of the audio generated by the vibration of the display window 100. As the display window 100 vibrates, the support member 200, for example a coil spring provides support to the display window 100 so that the display window can vibrate in a stable manner.
Therefore, a strong low frequency sound or any desired frequency range of sound can be generated by the vibration of the display window 100. When the filter 600 is mounted in the audio interface integrated circuit, the sound of a particular frequency range can be outputted.
The operation of the speaker apparatus using the display window installed in the mobile device has been explained above. However, the invention not limited only to utilizing the display window. Conventional loud speakers, such as the related art loud speaker 10, as shown in
Also, one or more filters, such as the filter 600, may be utilized to enhance the sound quality generated from the loud speakers 10 as well as the display window 100. Further, the response characteristics of the filter 600 may be user adjustable.
As mentioned above, the speaker apparatus using the larger-sized display window than the conventional speaker as the vibration plate can more effectively reproduce sound in the low frequency region which has been difficult to be reproduced using the conventional speaker. Utilizing filters—low pass, band pass, high pass—can also enhance the sound quality.
Furthermore, since the display window is used as a vibration plate, extra space for installing the speaker apparatus is not required. As a result, the overall dimensions of the mobile device can be reduced.
As the present invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above-described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, unless otherwise specified, but rather should be construed broadly within its spirit and scope as defined in the appended claims, and therefore all changes and modifications that fall within the metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such metes and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3247925 *||Mar 8, 1962||Apr 26, 1966||Lord Corp||Loudspeaker|
|US7174025 *||Dec 29, 2004||Feb 6, 2007||New Transducers Limited||Resonant panel-form loudspeaker|
|US7391879 *||Jan 28, 2005||Jun 24, 2008||Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V.||Loudspeaker|
|US20010026625 *||Jan 3, 2001||Oct 4, 2001||Henry Azima||Resonant panel-form loudspeaker|
|US20020065113||Nov 20, 2001||May 30, 2002||Ukyo Mori||Electron device|
|US20020075135||Dec 20, 2001||Jun 20, 2002||New Transducers Limited||Multi-functional vibro-acoustic device|
|US20020118847||Nov 20, 2001||Aug 29, 2002||Neosonica Technologies, Inc.||Transparent panel-form loudspeaker|
|EP0323110A2||Dec 20, 1988||Jul 5, 1989||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Projection screen device|
|FR2336721A1||Title not available|
|GB2062408A||Title not available|
|JP2000358290A||Title not available|
|JP2001189978A||Title not available|
|JP2002252895A||Title not available|
|JP2003018686A||Title not available|
|JP2003102087A||Title not available|
|JP2006500803A||Title not available|
|JPH03780A||Title not available|
|JPS5859699A||Title not available|
|JPS6326198A||Title not available|
|JPS58194228A||Title not available|
|JPS60101890U||Title not available|
|WO1997009842A2||Sep 2, 1996||Mar 13, 1997||New Transducers Limited||Acoustic device|
|WO1999045423A1||Mar 4, 1999||Sep 10, 1999||Flixel Ltd.||Micro-mechanical flat-panel display|
|WO2000002417A1||Jul 1, 1999||Jan 13, 2000||New Transducers Limited||Resonant panel-form loudspeaker|
|WO2003049493A1||Nov 8, 2002||Jun 12, 2003||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Display window for radiation of sounds in communication and multimedia devices|
|WO2004019652A2||Aug 14, 2003||Mar 4, 2004||Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.||Loudspeaker|
|WO2004100600A2||May 3, 2004||Nov 18, 2004||Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.||Transmission of acoustic vibrations to a surface over the display of a mobile device|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US8848967 *||Dec 10, 2012||Sep 30, 2014||Lg Electronics Inc.||Mobile terminal|
|US9380366||Jun 5, 2012||Jun 28, 2016||Yeil Electronics Co., Ltd.||Securing structure of sound output mechanism and sound processing means of mobile device capable of outputting visual and sound signals|
|US9420364 *||Nov 24, 2014||Aug 16, 2016||Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.||Display device with sound generation regions having different areas|
|US20130156233 *||Dec 10, 2012||Jun 20, 2013||Lg Electronics Inc.||Mobile terminal|
|U.S. Classification||381/152, 381/333, 381/388|
|Jul 14, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: LG ELECTRONICS INC., KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KANG, CHUNG-GU;REEL/FRAME:016759/0549
Effective date: 20050711
|Jan 9, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4


Reader ghb624 found a few of these bolts in a storm-water drainage channel. At the time he wasn’t familiar with them but was intrigued by their shape and construction. After a bit of searching on some forums he came upon what sounds like their probable function.
Those are restraining bolts for ductile iron water main installation.
The fittings have a flange drilled for bolts. The plain pipe end has
a field installed flange (the brand show is called a Mega-lug) the
field installed flange has teeth which bite into the plain end of the
pipe. The bolt heads on these teeth shear off when the proper torque
The T-bolt looking things in the original post clamp the factory
flange on the fitting to the Mega-lug. The whole point is to resist
inertial forces from “blowing off” the fittings/hydrants/valves, etc.
Sounds good to us — after all, ghb624 found these in an area where such bolts might logically wind up. You just never know what you’ll run into slogging through a drainage ditch.
Toolmonger Photo Pool [Flickr]


text:
Perth to Los Angeles from $992 Return on Air New Zealand, $1043 on Singapore Airlines (Sep-Nov, Feb-Mar) @ Flight Scout
Last edited 17/08/2018 - 14:57 by 1 other user
Air New Zealandand Singapore Airlines, both top products, have some great prices to Los Angeles at present all the way from Perth.
Dates until March (bar the Dec-Jan crazy season).
Alliances: Air NZ and Singapore are in Star Alliance.

domain: geography


text:
"The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination."
Albert EinsteinWelcome to the elementary ART program for Carmel Unified. My name is Terri Woodward and I love to share my passion for art and teach children about the history, the artists, and the tools in every class. Our three elementary schools, River, Tularcitos, and Captain Cooper share an enriching art program as part of their growth and learning. As the students grow through their elementary years they master greater skills within an array of art lessons. Their progression grows within the lessons that challenge each grade level yet encourages self expression. Every class from kindergarten through fifth grade has the opportunity to view famous works of art. We discuss the history behind the works, why and how as well as the artists. With each visit to the classroom students enjoy a hands-on experience by creating their own masterpiece in the style of the art/artist studied that day. In addition to introducing famous works of art and artists, the program focuses on but is not limited to:*portrait, landscape, still life, and sculpture
*perspective, illusion, realism
*abstract, surrealism, impressionism, ancient art
*line, shape, color, value, texture, and space
*style, technique, media
*mood, rythm, and balance
*pattern, movement, and symmetry
The principle goals of this program are to encourage children to:
1. LOOK at art and be INQUISITIVE about it.
2. FEEL "comfortable" with art and ENJOY it.
3. LEARN the fundamentals and vocabulary of art.
4. THINK visually and ANALYZE what they see.
5. BECOME familiar with famous art masterpieces, artists and art history.
6. BUILD knowledge and appreciate different cultures, artists, and styles.
7. EXPLORE various mediums from clay to watercolor, oil pastels to chalk.
8. CREATE works of art with confidence and pride as they develop their own natural talents and
understand they can turn their ideas into something magificent."Art teaches children about creative problem solving, emotional resilience,and innovative thinking."- Meg BourneWHILE WE ARE AT A DISTANCE, LET'S LOOK BELOW:Awesome websites worth visiting for everyone:Metropolitan Museum of Art is good fun #MetkidsGreat virtual tours of art museums can be seen on Arts and CultureClick on the link following your childs grade level for your connection to art classKindergarten will have fun learning to draw a frog prince by watching this Deep Space Sparkle video Frog PrinceFirst Grade create your own unique unicorn by watching this Deep Space Sparkle video Flashy UnicornSecond Grade Because our last lesson was on the ancient Greeks, check out the Metropolitan Museum of art Met Kids Map and see if you can find the Greek vase on the map. Tap on it. What does that vase have in the bottom? Can you draw a picture of the clay pot you made in school? Try to decorate it with a different geometric pattern.Third Grade The last time we met we studied Australia and aboriginal people. Check out this video to see if you recognize any of the symbols we discussed and see if you can create a picture story about one of your favorite vactions. Aboriginal InspirationFourth Grade We had a lot of fun working on our class optical illusions this year so I'm challanging you to try this 3-D illusion. On a side note, you don't need to cut out the pieces in the end. 3-D Optical IllusionFifth Grade Because we aren't be able to meet for our next art class, I wish you to learn how to create the illusion of space (element of art) - Viewing a 2-D surface as if it were three dimensional. I think you will enjoy this 1 Point Perspective.Links I appreciate:Why the arts? http://youtu.be/1M5hs6ahcKUWhy is art important? http://youtu.be/A7n-EXobxzE"Every child is an artist" - Pablo Picasso
Last Modified on Monday at 7:09 PM

domain: artistic


For those not familiar with reloading fired cases, some background:
There are minimum and maximum lengths set for cartridge cases. And cases tend to stretch when fired. Depending on cartridge, how heavy or light a load, how tight the chamber is and sometimes the phase of the moon, they stretch a little or a lot. One too short may not hold the bullet properly, one too long can jam into the chamber and cause problems like high pressure. So you have to check them and trim them when needed.
Lee recently brought out a new case trimmer setup consisting of a trimmer(standard or deluxe version) and trim dies. The dies fit into your press and hold the case, the trimmer fits down from the top to do the cutting. The standard version cuts to length; the deluxe includes a self-adjusting deburring piece that removes burrs from the inside and outside of the case mouth(something you have to do, especially if loading cast bullets). Dad bought a set and loaned it to me to try out.
Here's the die for .30-06 and the trimmer(which fits all the dies)
Here's the trimmer inside the die
I found seven .30-06 cases that needed trimming and resized them. You insert one in the case holder and raise the ram. The case enters the die and, when all the way up, you'll see the trimmer rise a bit.
I measured all seven after trimming. The minimum/maximum for this case is 2.84-2.94"; the five commercial cases were right at 2.88", the two military 2.86"(why the difference, no idea). That's well within the specs for the case. And you can adjust the trimmer to cut shorter if need be. The case mouths were smooth, and nicely chamfered by the deburring part.
The cutter comes with a tray that fits on the shellholder to catch chips; I'd suggest using it.
I use a Lyman 'M' die to expand the necks/case mouths on some cartridges so as to load cast bullets*. Cases that had been expanded this way didn't want to fit all the way into the die, those resized with the standard expander in the resizing die, no problem.
The knob on the cutter was a bit stiff in rotation, might loosen a bit with time or might be able to adjust it.
I'll want to try it out further, but so far looks good. Trimmed consistently and smoothly.
*With jacketed bullets in rifles, the jacket is tough enough that you just set the bullet in place in the case mouth and the seating die presses it in. With cast bullets you have to bell the case mouth so that the corner won't shave lead off the bullet. Handgun die sets come with a die for the purpose, most rifle dies you have to get it separately.


text:
Home › The Gluten Dude Forum › Connect With Celiacs in Your Area › Maryland › Hi from Baltimore/Towson
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Hi, I live in the northern Balt, Towson area. I also reside in cyberspace in Twitter @baltgf (Baltimore Gluten Free) :)
Looking forward to connecting with more people soon!
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A total of 27 participants represented Hyundai Motor Europe in this year’s J.P. Morgan Corporate Challenge® in Frankfurt am Main, running a distance of 5.6 kilometres for a good cause.
The European final of the 2016 edition of the Hyundai Skills for the Future Award took place in Madrid on 1-2 June, where more than 100 students from 15 European countries competed.
Europe has been experiencing turbulent times but is living up to the challenges. Thomas A. Schmid, Chief Operating Officer, talks about fostering entrepreneurship among Europe's young people.
As part of its Skills for the Future programme, Hyundai Motor Europe is donating cars to students at technical schools that have shown innovative skills in the last year.
Hyundai Motor Europe has announced the winner of the 2014 ‘Brilliant Young Entrepreneurs' competition at a ceremony in Amsterdam, Netherlands.


We recently celebrated Independence Day. July 4, 1776, was the day we declared our independence from Britain, but the battle for the freedom we sought raged on for seven more years, until 1783.
Those early colonists, however, taking the bull by the horn, published their independence in the newspapers of the day right away. They didn’t wait for that remaining seven-year battle to end, they continued to declare their independence while in the midst of the battle.
Who were those colonists? Compared to the rigid structure of the English military during the American Revolutionary War, our American fighting men were enormously outnumbered, ill equipped and, for the most part, were made up of volunteers. That volunteer force consisted of farmers and fishermen, bakers and bankers, physicians and potters, and husbands and brothers. As a matter of fact, even President George Washington only wanted to be a farmer.
He had no political or military aspirations at all, but the quickly unfolding events of the times thrust him into the history books. These were not fighting men, but simply very brave and patriotic individuals who collectively believed in freedom from tyrannical rule. If you truly want to put a face to “Freedom Fighters,” you need look no further than those early American colonists.
The weapons that were used during the war consisted of a wide range of armaments, but the muzzle loading flintlock musket, some with attached bayonets, and cannons of course, were the primary arms. Other weapons consisted of wide assortments of rifles and pistols, swords and various other cutting weapons. But the most commonly used weapon was that smoothbore flintlock musket with calibers ranging from .62 to .75, approximately equivalent to 16 to 11 gauge shotgun shells.
There was no rifling in the muskets to spin the ball, hence the rounds sometimes didn’t fire straight and true. Both ball and shot were used, or in some cases a combination of the two. They used black powder. For that reason the balls were oftentimes undersized so that troops could, with practice, fire quickly, seating the next load down the barrel within a matter of seconds without fear of fouling.
The primary British musket used by their military folks was the Brown Bess, a .75 caliber that used .69 caliber balls. The French musket, the Charleyville, was supplied to the colonists. It was a .69 caliber weapon, but the Americans fired .65 caliber balls through it for that same fouling issue with black powder.
Those muskets had long barrels, some from 42 to 44 inches, and long triangular shaped bayonets could be fitted at the ends of the barrels. The bayonet was actually a type of replacement for the ancient pike used to defend against cavalry troops. Paper cartridges were used in order to speed the loading process and to reduce the slight risk of loose black powder being ignited by sparks.
Wooden dowels right around the same diameter of the balls were used as formers to make paper tubes. The ball and black powder was then put into the paper tube, or sleeve, and then it was sealed, tied with a small length of string, or in many cases the end of the paper tube was simply twisted three or four times with the rifleman’s thumb and forefinger. Some folks wet their fingers in their mouths before twisting the paper as it seemed to make the twisted paper adhere better.
To load one’s musket the soldier would open his cartridge box, although many of those boxes remained open during the extraordinary heat of battle, grab a cartridge, bite off the end to expose the black powder, pour a small amount into the pan of the lock, close the pan, drop the powder and the ball into the barrel, remove the long rammer from the barrel (although many rammers would remain close at hand rather than attached again at the bottom of the rifle’s barrel, this also due to the exigent nature of a fight for your life), ram the ball and powder hard down into the end of the barrel, and then aim and shoot after cocking the lock.
All of that was accomplished in mere seconds, and in the stress of armed conflict, with trembling fingers and a heart rate someplace off the charts, it must have been something so out of the ordinary as to be beyond the realm of what most people could ever imagine. They were expected to fire one round every 15 or 20 seconds for four or five minutes at a time, and then the barrel had to be cleared because of that black powder fouling problem.
The muskets did not have gun sights, just the slight bulge from the bayonet lug near the barrel’s muzzle, but the soldiers used the top of that lug as a rudimentary sight. Some muskets from that era have been found to have gouges in the tops of the barrels, raising a sliver of metal that acted something like a rear sight.
The ball would oftentimes come out the end of the barrel spinning in odd directions due to the gases escaping unevenly behind it. There was no guarantee that the ball would fly straight, and after 75 yards or so it was almost impossible to hit a man sized target with any regularity. To compensate for that, muskets whenever possible were fired in volleys sometimes 18 or 20 at a time thereby ensuring the greater percentage of hits against enemy forces arrayed against them.
Rifles were also used during the war. While far more accurate than the muskets, loading took longer, approximately 30 seconds or longer, with some rifles taking well over a minute to load. The colonists were in danger of running out of nearly everything, but when the French joined them in their fight against the British, they supplied rifles, muskets with bayonets, uniforms, boxes of ammunition and thousands of other supplies.
Cannons were used throughout nearly all of the battlefields during the war, and whenever they were utilized against infantry units unsupported by their own cannons, they invariably lost the fight with large loss of life. Most cannons used in the war were 3, 4 or 6-pound guns. They were mounted on wooden carriages.
These muzzleloading cannons were all smoothbore guns and smaller than the ones used in later wars. Some of the 3-pound guns had iron legs that they rested on and were referred to as “grasshoppers” due to their tendency to jump when fired. Sometimes 12-pound guns were used in the field, but that was not usually the case. There were larger guns, but those were normally mounted on ships and in fortifications.
Most cannons fired solid cannon balls, varied smaller shot, or once in awhile shells. Shells were hollow iron balls that were filled with black powder and fitted with fuses that were lit just seconds before the gun was fired. The shot used could be any combination of musket balls, buckshot, grape shot, or just about anything on hand.
The grape shot was typically iron or lead balls around one inch in diameter. Cannons could range out to several hundred meters. A 3-pound cannon, as an example, had a range of about 800 meters using a cannon ball, or around 200 meters with the grape shot, as they were fired in clusters of several balls at once. Loaded with shot and at relative close range a single cannon round could potentially destroy an enemy company.
The cannons employed by our colonists were manufactured in France, Spain, Portugal and Sweden, as well as numbers of captured British examples. Those employed by the British were primarily of English origins.
When we read about what the colonists managed to do under extremely adverse conditions while using weapons that would make modern day military firearms enthusiasts quiver if they somehow were faced with being outnumbered up to ten to one, while using those weapons of the day for self-preservation, it is truly amazing. I for one have to scratch my head in disbelief and look upon those wonderful people with absolute awe and admiration.
The Glock G45 and S&W M&P are two of the most popular handguns on the market today. There's a reason for this. They’re both fantastic guns. But is one better than the other? Technically, no. But personally, yes. Let's find out.


Building Maintenance Supervisor required to take up permanent role working on prestigious MoD site in Innsworth, Gloucestershire. The role will see you supervise maintenance operatives and specialist sub-contractors in the performance of their duties, providing a customer focused and cost effective service to the MoD.
Employees in this role will provide key operational support to the business, delivering a great service to customers, whilst ensuring works are completed on time and within service requirements.
Oversee the compliant, effective and timely delivery of Statutory, Mandatory and Reactive Maintenance and Additional Services (Projects)
Monitor Supply Chain performance, service delivery, quality and safe working on site
Ensure suitably qualified and experienced operatives are directed to relevant tasks
Monitor Supply chain work teams to ensure that Operatives have appropriate vehicles, equipment stores and skills to perform allocated jobs
Support Area Delivery Managers to deliver tasks on maintenance and Additional Works activities
Provide Professional and Technical support and advice where required to maintenance teams, the Employer and End Users
Support the Help Desk, respond to request for professional and technical advice
Ensure safety equipment and PPE is stored and maintained correctly
Periodically examine maintenance records to ensure that necessary work has been undertaken as required by the HFM task sheet and accompanying documentation
Report all dangerous occurrences and near misses
Ensure compliance and adherence of with Health, Safety, Sustainability and Fire procedures
Issue and cancel CA permits and related documents, to ensure a safe working environment
To keep and maintain records and update WorkManager as required
If a Skilled Person, accept sole responsibility for the practical implementation and operation of JSP 375 within your area of appointment
Ensure as far as reasonably practical that all persons within the site observe the requirements of JSP 375
Assess the competence of skilled persons for continuing appointment and review experience and performance before re-appointment by AP, and at other times as necessary. Ensure skilled persons are aware of any restrictions related to their work
Produce risk assessments and method statements, and where necessary safety programmes and permits to work
Inspect safety equipment before and after use, and maintain registers and inspection and calibration
Review risk registers and follow maintenance and management processes
Ensure compliance with health, safety, sustainability, quality and other statutory requirements
HNC level qualification in a Building/Civil Engineering or Electrical/Mechanical Engineering related discipline, or trade qualification and suitable experience in a similar role.
Emergency first aid
Familiarity with and experienced in working to SRP safe system of work
Good standards of numeracy and literacy
Basic IT skills, including using a PDA, and MS Office
Able to obtain and maintain basic and SC security clearance
Full UK driving licence
Apply today for a confidential discussion and advise on completing an application.
Girling Jones Ltd is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy.


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Middleville Homes For Sale | Middleville MI | Van Dyke Team
Middleville is located in Barry County and enjoys easy access to Grand Rapids. Middleville has restaurants, shopping, close proximity to biking and hiking trails, nature preserves, etc. Click here for a MAP of this location.
Thinking of buying a home in or around the Middleville Area? You've come to the right spot! The Van Dyke Team would love to help you find your home in West Michigan. And Middleville area is certainly an area worth exploring.
Listing information is provided through IDX through RealComp II Ltd. All information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers’ personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Copyright 2019 Realcomp II Ltd.


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Three years after the first news about the new Atari game console's development emerged, the company is finally ready to launch it on the market. Representatives of the company officially announced that the first 500 Atari VCS would be assembled and shipped to customers in the middle of this month. But it will please only a small part of the retrogaming fans, as almost 12,000 people gathered during the crowdfunding pre-orders.
If there are no problems with the quality of the first batch, the manufacturer will proceed to the small-scale assembly stage, which will be provide larger quantities of consoles.
Atari still has not announced the final characteristics of the new product, and the starting line of games is also unknown.
When creating Atari VCS, the developers were inspired by the Atari 2600 Video Computer System model, but the novelty is designed to launch not only retro games but also modern ones such as Fortnite, though with image quality limitations, as well as online services like YouTube, Netflix, or Disney +.
An AMD Ryzen processor should provide similar functionality with integrated Radeon graphics, 4/8 GB of RAM, and Atari OS based on Debian Linux. The Atari VCS console will be available for $390.
What is also interesting? At the beginning of the year, Atari was planning to build Atari branded hotels for gamers with gaming rooms and streaming equipment in the United States.

domain: news


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Is it possible to make a virtual WiFi network? Like in a VM lab?
I imagine it like:
Box3: OpenWRT image/access point firmware
It would make lab work MUCH easier to set up and tear down.
Anyone got something like this?
A Mastodon instance for info/cyber security-minded people.

domain: design


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Noise, a space that’s much too incredibly hot or not dark more than enough, an uncomfortable mattress, covers, or pillow–all can protect against an excellent evening’s sleep. Fix Those people complications In case you have them.
It’s a perfectly-known proven fact that having a heavy meal just prior to bed could cause you to have a lousy night time of rest, but Are you aware that there are several foods that can assist you sleep much better?
Valerian: May well decrease the length of time it requires to drop asleep. Appears to enable people today sleep superior. Unintended effects may incorporate headache, belly upset, mood swings and heart challenges.
Berry Sleep is really a non-addictive melatonin sleep aid which doesn’t depart you experience groggy the following day. It’s just one to contemplate for those who’re not keen on having strong anti-histamines or pharmaceutical supplements.
Liquor generally results in sleep disruption later inside the night and should lead to awakenings. Eat caffeine carefully and not following midday.
modifying detrimental ideas, emotions, and patterns of habits. A examine at Harvard Clinical University even located that CBT was more effective at managing Continual
When somebody consults a health care provider about insomnia, They might be questioned to help keep a sleep log for quite a few weeks to watch sleep patterns. The procedure options for limited-expression or Persistent sleeplessness involve not merely medications, but often sleep pattern and behavioral modifications for optimum long-phrase outcomes.
This really is in distinction to traditional sleeplessness medicines which attempt to improve exercise while in the sleep facilities from the Mind. The medication is mostly considered Risk-free an well tolerated but some aspect weffects may perhaps manifest.
" The recommended dosing has not too long ago changed ans differs determined by gender together with other factors. You ought to question your medical professional and pharmacist about correct concentrations and warnings.
Some medicines also interfere with sleep. These include allergy and chilly remedies, beta-blockers, specified ache relievers, steroids, and bronchial asthma medications. Indulging in alcohol or caffeinated beverages at night can disrupt sleep and is commonly a pattern Medical doctors and sleep experts concentrate on at once.
sleeplessness than prescription sleep medication—but with no hazards or Negative effects. CBT might help here to loosen up your mind, improve your outlook, boost your daytime behavior, and established you
Some doctors prescribe it for Individuals who have insomnia, but are usually not diagnosed with melancholy also, even though it is not really FDA-accepted for this use.
Possibly the most often acknowledged attribute that will help by way of food is tryptophan — Sure, that sleepiness within the Thanksgiving turkey isn't any joke.
It may be a more major subject and could be Serious sleeplessness (though your health practitioner could call it “sleeplessness ailment”). Nearly 10 % of Grownup People in america are afflicted by this problem, and it’s not a little something to become ignored.

domain: medical


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Curtain Cleaning in Glenferrie 3122
We are the local curtain cleaning specialists to the Glenferrie 3122 area. We can ensure those hard to reach places on your curtains get the attention they deserve. Curtains are notorious for collecting dust and grim, they block out sunlight and in turn make windows and the air in your home dirty. In short, clean curtains means a cleaner home.
Appointments for Curtain Cleaning in Glenferrie 3122Our Glenferrie 3122 Curtain Cleaning services are performed by professionals that are local to the area and have years of experience providing our top quality service to local people. Get in touch with one of our knowledgeable call centre personnel now, they can answer any queries you may have, provide you with a free no obligations quote or they can simply go ahead and book you a Glenferrie 3122 appointment straight away.
It is that easy, call us on 0386 521022 and in less than five minutes you can be on your way to a cleaner, healthier home. Alternatively, use our simple and effective Get Glenferrie 3122 Curtain Cleaning Now.
Places of interest in and around 3122 Glenferrie
Glenferrie Road runs from Kew to Malvern, in Glenferrie 3122, Australia, and includes major shopping districts at both Hawthorn and Malvern.
Designed by architect John Beswicke in the Second Empire style, the Hawthorn Town Hall was built from 1888-1890 and housed the council chambers for the City of Hawthorn. It is located in Glenferrie 3122, Australia.
Gardiners Creek, also known as Kooyongkoot Creek, is a waterway in the eastern suburbs of Glenferrie 3122, Australia, part of the Yarra River catchment.


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Christmas in the Dolomites in San Candido
Ever since the first time, in the winter of 2013-2014, the San Candido Christmas Market, also known as Christmas in the Dolomites in San Candido, has proven to be a genuine attraction for the public. That is probably also because the concepts of tradition and naturalness particularly stand out during the San Candido Christmas Market and the pedestrian precinct surrounding the Church of Saint Michael is enveloped in an especially romantic light.
What Christmas in the Dolomites in San Candido offers is true enchantment. The traditional small wooden stalls above all offer lovely hand crafted Christmas gift idea products, such as warm felt slippers and snug blankets, classic decorations for decorating Christmas trees and a large number of sculptures made from stone pine.
Absolutely not to be missed at the San Candido Christmas Market, one of the region's smallest markets, are the delicious local South Tyrolean specialities such as the “Lebkuchen” (panpepato biscuits made with flour, honey, almonds and candied fruit), the “Zelten” (traditional fruit bread) and vin brulé or “Apfelglühmix” (South Tyrolean apple juice boiled with orange juice and spices). Enjoy this fairy tale atmosphere and relish in the listening pleasure of the refined notes of Christmas carols. The accommodations in San Candido will also positively amaze you with their sensational offers for the Advent period.
Here is the up-to-date programme.
San Candido Christmas Market opening hours 2017 / 2018
Also known as the Christmas in the Dolomites in San Candido, the San Candido Christmas Market is open from 24th November 2017 until 6th January 2018. Its opening hours are:
|24.11. - 26.11.2017:||10.30am - 7pm|
|01.12. - 03.12.2017:||10.30am - 7pm|
|08.12. - 10.12.2017:||10.30am - 7pm|
|15.12. - 23.12.2017:||10.30am - 7pm|
|24.12.2017:||10.30am - 3pm|
|26.12.17 - 06.01.18:||10.30am - 7pm|

domain: travel


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Final Report Summary - SECRETASES & MYELIN (Role of secretases in myelination)
Demyelinating hereditary neuropathies are a group of rare disorders in which the defect is due to problems in the synthesis and maintenance of myelin, the fatty substance wrapped around the nerves. These diseases are due to mutations in more than 70 genes and they result in muscle weakness, altered sensation and pain. These neuropathies can affect children, all members in a family, and in the most severe forms lifespan can be shortened. For all these reasons there is no effective treatment for this class of disorder and the study of the mechanisms controlling the synthesis of myelin is essential to identify novel avenues of intervention.
We and other groups previously characterized an important growth factor, called Neuregulin 1 type III that controls the formation of myelin in the nerves. We also recently showed that this growth factor is processed on the nerves by other proteins. These molecules, called secretases, act as “biological scissors” and their cleavage could either promote or inhibit the activity of this growth factor regulating myelin formation. In addition we also recently found that these “scissors” induce the expression of other molecules that promote myelin formation and maintenance in the nerves.
The main objective of the proposed studies was to investigate the role of secretases in Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) myelination. Specifically we proposed to use a combination of cell culture techniques and in vivo animal models that allows us to study the molecular mechanisms regulating PNS myelin formation and maintenance.
Collectively, our study suggests that Neuregulin 1 type III controls myelination in multiple ways and we provide data supporting the existence of a novel pathway whose modulation could be beneficial for the treatment of peripheral demyelinating neuropathies.
Elucidating the mechanisms controlling NRG1 type III expression and activity and identifying how secretases are involved in PNS meylination, will provide important insights into the mechanisms controlling regulation of myelination and potentially of neuronal survival. Of note, the secretases implicated in NRG1 type III processing are fundamental also in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and regulate several other biological events. Further, recent studies have implicated glial cells and neuron communications in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. All these studies have shown that altered neuron-glia signaling leads to impaired synaptic transmission. This non-cell autonomous mechanism is common to many neurodegenerative diseases in which the expression of a mutated protein in non-neuronal cells causes toxicity and neuronal cell death. How glial cells are involved in these non-cell autonomous mechanisms is still an unresolved question. Clarifying the interaction between glia and neurons is thus necessary for an appropriate understanding of the mechanisms regulating many if not all neurodegenerative diseases and more importantly, to develop efficient therapeutic treatments. This is particularly relevant in order to significantly reduce the cost of demyelinating pathologies, diminish the social impact of these diseases and, more importantly, improve the quality of life of individuals affected by demyelinating disorders and possibly by neurodegenerative diseases.

domain: literature


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To get in touch email@example.com
Sales / general enquires please contact art dealer Jean-David Malat JDMalat@operagallery.com
Due to popular demand is a reworked version of the “No More Heroes” tryptic:
“Carry Your Own Sins Missy”, “Animal Farm” and “Eat My Lies”.
These are a super low edition of 7 each due to a lot of hand finishing which includes gold leaf, oil paint and pencil detailing.
The release date is Thursday 25th at 13.00 BST.
… made with 6972 spray painted Lego pieces and finished with acrylic paint
(Size 94cm x 120cm)
Despite the title, this work represents Everychild and plays with the infinite futures that seem open to us as children. The use of lego creates a sense of nostalgia and echoes the sense of play and fun central to the image itself.
1208 handmade badges depicting erotic images, Nazi Germany and iconic Britain. Oil and acrylic paint with aerosol finishing.
(size 95 x 130 cm)
Featuring Kate Moss donning a hybrid of German & British war symbolism. “Verkäufe” is German for ‘sales’ and the work hints at an ever growing trend towards outlandish shock tactics in order to sell a product. In essence the work hints at the increasing relationship between war and profit.
… consists of 1,389 badges of Western cultural imagery interspersed with corporate logos, fast food and obesity.
The piece focuses on the supersized culture of modern society and our relentless greed for wanting bigger and better.
Superman embodies notions of goodness, physical beauty and power. The defacing of the image of superman questions the desires and aspirations that drive us all to believe that mass consumption will make us better human beings, leading fulfilled lives. Does ‘super’ necessarily mean good?


No plans to go back to Congress to change inflation act - White House
WASHINGTON, Dec 2 (Reuters) - There are no plans to go back to Congress to push for changes to the Inflation Reduction Act, the White House said Friday, a day after President Joe Biden said it could be tweaked to appease European leaders.
"We don't have any plans to go back to Congress for legislative changes to the inflation," White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre told reporters. "For any historic legislation like IRA there is a complex implementation and process which is actively under way at federal agencies," she said.
During a press conference with French President Emmanuel Macron Thursday, Biden said "There are tweaks that we can make that can fundamentally make it easier for European countries to participate and/or be on their own."
European countries worry tax breaks in the $430 billion Inflation Reduction Act for North American companies will disadvantage their own.
"There are ways we can address Europe’s concerns," Jean-Pierre said. "This is a matter we are working out through substantive consultations in European counterparts," she said.
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


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Emerging Market Opportunities
What are your options for investing in emerging markets?
Have A Question About This Topic?
Retirees traveling abroad need to know that their health insurance travels with them.
How will you weather the ups and downs of the business cycle?
Five strategies for managing your student debt.

domain: economics


Democrat Dan McCready has withdrawn his Nov. 7 concession in the race for North Carolina's 9th District and is demanding his opponent "tell us exactly what he knew, and when" regarding absentee ballot irregularities. Republican Mark Harris leads McCready by 905 votes in unofficial returns a month after polls closed, though the state board of elections has declined to certify the results as it investigates a contractor who worked for Harris' campaign. Previously convicted of perjury and insurance fraud, Leslie McCrae Dowless is alleged to have hired people to encourage low-income voters in Bladen County to cast absentee ballots, which were returned to him, not the state, in violation of North Carolina law, reports the Charlotte Observer. Investigators are looking into allegations that ballots were tampered with or perhaps not turned in to the state at all.
Concerns were similarly raised and possibly ignored earlier when Harris' primary opponent, Robert Pittenger, received 17 absentee mail-in votes in Bladen County compared to 437 for Harris, reports the Washington Post. "Dowless' efforts were widely known, and we did share our concerns," Pittenger says, though the National Republican Congressional Committee denies receiving reports of fraud. On Thursday, McCready said, "I didn't serve overseas in the Marines just to come home to NC and watch a criminal, bankrolled by my opponent, take away people's very right to vote." Top House Democrats say they will refuse to seat Harris until the issue is resolved, which may require a new election. State Republicans first want to see "overwhelming" evidence that fraud changed the outcome of the vote. (Read more Election 2018 stories.)


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The Face Of Donbas
The Face Of Donbas takes an intimate look into the lives of those living on both sides of Ukraine’s ongoing War (Both civilian and military).
By using a challenging and at times, risky flash system subjects are removed for their background, be it a trench, bombed out house, or graveyard – allowing the viewer to focus on the person and their story, not their war-torn and often chaotic surroundings.
Considered as ‘Europe’s Forgotten War’ the conflict had been defined by stark images (MH17, Euromaidan and trench warfare) leaving the everyday people who remain on the front and their complex perspectives on/relationship with the war in the shadows. This project gives a voice to the perpetrates, victims and bystanders of this conflict – capturing the true complexity of this grim conflict. If there is one thing I learned from the over 60 interviews and several months in the field it is that the ideological frontlines are far blurrier and wider than those established by military forces, and will live on long after peace is negotiated.
Through their eyes and body language the viewer is able to feel their pain, their loss and sadness, there is anger and disdain, excitement and pride, arrogance and fear, and in some, hope – a wholistic and realistic painting the war in all its complexities.
If you are interested in an exhibition or the publification of this project please reach out.
This project would not have been possible without the commitment of Diana Chipak who joined me in the field – helping lessen the mental blow of spending long periods in a conflict zone. In order to help maintain the privacy and wellbeing of those featured in the series names and occasionally locations have been altered.


Alum Rock Celebrates & Welcomes Collaborative Partners in Innovation!
Various partnerships have advanced our work over the years, and continue to support our work in best practices for exceptional access and accelerated innovation! Our partners support Alum Rock in building capacity in expertise, as well as, in providing resources. Read below to learn about some key partnerships that continue to build and shape best practices in Technology integration in Alum Rock.
Verizon Innovative Learning Schools (VILS)
VILS are schools in which all learning is accessed through a learning management system and utilizes the latest educational applications that truly redefine teaching and learning. Extensive professional development through ongoing training and one to one coaching motivates capacity in our schools for lifelong learning.
The Tech Interactive
Our partnership with The Tech, in downtown San Jose, has unified the excitement in Alum Rock around all things STEAM! Through teacher fellowships, with extensive training, designed to build expansive opportunities and expertise across all schools, STEAM explorations in mechanical engineering and software engineering really shine at our district’s annual STEAM Faire hosted at The Tech!
Alum Rock is on a continuous professional development path in utilizing the latest and most useful educational applications, as we continue to develop and strengthen our systems of sustainability. For questions about the various tech offerings throughout the district, contact Christine.Salloom@arusd.org, in the Academic Services department.


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Ziad Doueiri‘s latest movie “The Attack”
After working for six years on this movie, The Lebanese Cinema Committee rejected the movie because it wasn’t Lebanese enough, and having Israeli actors in it. Doueiri was hoping to nominate his movie for an Oscar under the Foreign Film category.
For those of you who don’t know Ziad Doueiri, he is a Lebanese-born cinematographer, film director and writer, best known for his award winning film West Beirut. He apparently originally worked as a camera assistant under Quentin Tarantinofor movies that include Jackie Brown (film), From Dusk Till Dawn, Pulp Fiction, and Reservoir Dogs. [Wiki]
Instead of supporting Ziad and allowing him to compete (and maybe emerge as a winner) at the 2013 Oscars, the Lebanese Film Committee rejected his movie. Ignorance at its best.
After having been selected at the Telluride Film Festival and Toronto International Film Festival, and having won the Special Jury Award at the San Sebastian Film Festival in Spain and the Golden Star at the Marrakesh Film Festival, the film had a high chance of being nominated for the Foreign Film category at the Oscars this year, said Doueiri. There is just one catch: In order to submit a movie to the Oscars, it must be sent in as an official selection from its country of origin – in this case, Lebanon.
And so in October 2012, Doueiri presented his film to Culture Minister Gaby Layoun, who handed it over to the Cinema Committee. But “The Attack” was rejected. “First, they said it was because wasn’t Lebanese enough,” said Doueiri. “And then it was because it wasn’t shot in Lebanon and has Israeli actors in it.” [NowLebanon]
The Attack is expected to be released on May 1, 2013 in France. I don’t know if we will see it in Lebanese theaters. I wouldn’t be surprised if they ban it.
The film, which is based on Yasmina Khadra’s French-language novel by the same name (L’Attentat), is the story of an Arab surgeon living and working in Tel Aviv. After a bomb attack in a Jewish restaurant, the surgeon finds out his wife is the prime suspect. “I was told by Focus Features, a division of Universal Studio, that the film It’s too pro-Palestinian for Americans and too pro-Israeli for Europeans,” explains Doueiri. But as a filmmaker, he believes he should be judged for his film’s quality, not politics. In the end, the US company pulled out of the project a few months prior to the start of filming, and Jean Brehat and Rachid Bouchareb, the French producers of Doueiri’s previous film, “West Beirut,” took the project.