SEVENTH PROGRESS REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEURSHIP ON MIGRANT WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES, FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN
JANUARY AND DECEMBER 2005
● Rights to humane treatment, to personal liberty, to due process, to judicial protection, to nationality and to freedom of movement and residence
Nelson Iván Serrano Sáenz vs. Ecuador
128. In 2005, the IACHR had occasion to consider the admissibility of a petition concerning the loss and recovery of citizenship. The Rapporteurship believes this case should be considered in its chapter on jurisprudence because of its relevance to migrant workers and their families.
129. In March 2003, the Commission received a petition alleging Ecuador’s violation of the right to humane treatment (Article 5), the right to personal liberty (Article 7), the right to a fair trial and the right to judicial protection (Articles 8 and 25), the guarantee of freedom from ex post facto laws (Article 9), the right to privacy (Article 11), the right to nationality (Article 20), the right to freedom of movement and residence (Article 22), the right to equal protection (Article 24), in combination with violation of the obligation to respect rights (Article 1.1), all of the American Convention, to the detriment of Nelson Iván Serrano Sáenz.
130. The facts in the case concerned Mr. Serrano Sáenz’ detention and transfer to the United States. The petitioners asserted that in December 1971 the alleged victim, an Ecuadorian by birth, had become a naturalized United States citizen. In 1998, a new Constitution entered into force in Ecuador, Article 11 of which provided that anyone who had become a naturalized citizen of another country had the right to retain his Ecuadorian nationality. In May 2000, Mr. Serrano Sáenz applied for his Ecuadorian passport, which was issued to him and which he used to travel to his country in August of that year.
131. In May 2001, Mr. Serrano was accused of four murders in the United States. As a result, in August 2002 the Ecuadorian authorities instituted deportation proceedings against him. In rapid succession, the proceedings were instituted, he was taken into custody, and his deportation was ordered. The decision was executed immediately.
132. As soon as his next of kin learned of these events, they filed an appeal, which was denied on the grounds that the Immigration Law stipulated that orders for deportation were not subject to appeal.
133. The petitioners alleged that the right to humane treatment was violated because Mr. Serrano Sáenz was held incommunicado while in custody and not permitted to speak with this defense attorney. Moreover, at the airport Mr. Serrano Sáenz was held in an animal cage for 7 hours, constituting cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. His right to personal liberty was also violated because no arrest warrant had been issued. Furthermore, he was not taken before any court authority and was not informed of the charges against him. During the 80-minute deportation proceeding, he was not permitted to question the legality of his detention.
134. His right to a fair trial was also violated because the deportation proceeding did not afford him the opportunity to defend himself in the presence of an independent and impartial tribunal. The decision to deport him was made by the Superintendent of Police, who is in the executive branch and appointed and removed discretionarily. The right to a fair trial was also violated by the fact that the Immigration Law denies any possibility of appeal in the case of decisions ordering deportation. The petitioners argued that the right to due process was violated because a deportation proceeding was used to effect an extradition. The petitioners alleged that the State had used deportation to circumvent the clause of the Ecuadorian Constitution that prohibits extradition of nationals. The petitioners’ contention was that Mr. Serrano Sáenz was deported rather than extradited because he was of Ecuadorian nationality. Furthermore, assuming, arguendo, that the individual in question had been an alien, deportation should not have been ordered because the crimes alleged carried the possibility of the death penalty.
135. The petitioners also asserted that the State had violated the principle of legality, because it punished the alleged victim for an act that was not and could not have been a crime: the unlawful presence of an Ecuadorian citizen in his own country. With that, it had also violated the right to nationality. They argued that although the alleged victim had at one time renounced his Ecuadorian citizenship, when the new Constitution became law he recovered his Ecuadorian citizenship automatically and by constitutional mandate. His deportation was also a violation of his right to freedom of movement and residence in his country. They further argued that Ecuador had breached the right to equal protection when the State used a proceeding reserved for illegal aliens against one of its own citizens, thereby violating Mr. Serrano Sáenz’ right not to be expelled from his own country, a right guaranteed to all other Ecuadorians.
136. The petitioners also claimed violation of Mr. Serrano Sáenz’ right to judicial protection because, being held incommunicado and given the brevity of the process, he was prevented from filing any remedy and from preventing his deportation. The law denied him the opportunity to challenge the deportation decision.
137. The State made its arguments when it responded to the petition. It began by explaining that in its view, Mr. Serrano Sáenz had lost his Ecuadorian citizenship in 1971 when he became a United States citizen. While the 1998 Constitution provided for the possibility of dual citizenship, Mr. Serrano Sáenz first had to apply with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to recover his Ecuadorian citizenship. Mr. Serrano Sáenz did not begin that process. For these reasons, Mr. Serrano Sáenz was an alien as far as Ecuador was concerned. The deportation proceeding, therefore, was not a violation of his rights. The State also noted that the proceeding was lawful.
138. The Ecuadorian State explained that the passport issued in 2000 was a travel document, not identification, and that the existence of the passport did not mean that he had been granted Ecuadorian nationality. Moreover, the State believed that the passport had been fraudulently obtained because Mr. Serrano Sáenz failed to mention that he had lost his Ecuadorian nationality.
139. The State also indicated that in its judgment, the life and liberty of Mr. Serrano Sáenz were not threatened by deportation or expulsion, since the arrest warrant issued in the United States was done lawfully. It added that the absence of a remedy to appeal the deportation order was revoked by the Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees in 1993. But a year later, the Supreme Court had overturned that ruling on the grounds that the deportation process was a special criminal proceeding.
140. When examining the petition’s admissibility, the Commission found that it had competence ratione materiae, ratione personae, ratione temporis and ratione loci to examine the petition.
141. As for exhaustion of the remedies under domestic law, the Commission determined that under Article 30 of Ecuador’s Immigration Law the deportation order was not subject to any administrative or judicial recourse, which meant that there were no remedies to exhaust. The petitioners filed an appeal that was dismissed precisely because the order to deport was not subject to appeal of any kind. Furthermore, because the deportation was executed immediately, had there been any recourse it would have been ineffective.
142. As for the other factors that must be considered for purposes of admissibility, the Commission found that the petition was filed within the required six-month period and that the subject of the petition was not pending before another international proceeding for settlement. It also found that the facts alleged appeared to establish, prima facie, a violation of rights guaranteed by the American Convention, except in the case of the allegations regarding violation of the right to equal protection, the right to protection against ex post facto laws, and the right to privacy. In view of these considerations, the Commission decided to admit the petition.
· Rights to life and to humane treatment
Precautionary measures on behalf of Andrea Mortlock
143. On August 19, 2005, the Commission ordered precautionary measures for Andrea Mortlock, a Jamaican woman, age 41, being held in the Passaic County Jail in Patterson, New Jersey, in the United States. Mrs. Mortlock has lived in the United States since 1970 and was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in 1989. She suffers from various related disorders, including neuropathy and extreme exhaustion. Facing the imminent threat of being deported to Jamaica, her life and personal safety are at risk because many of the drugs she is receiving are not available in her country of birth. She may also be unable to receive the medical treatment she needs and may be denied access to public and private transportation. Mr. Mortlock could even become the victim of physical violence. For the foregoing reasons, the Inter-American Commission asked the United States not to deport Mrs. Mortlock until the Commission examined the merits of her petition. Otherwise, any decision the Commission made would be ineffective and irreparable harm could be done. On August 23, 2005, the State informed the Commission that it had relayed the Commission’s communication to the Department of Homeland Security and to the jail where Mrs. Mortlock was being held.
ROLE OF SENDING STATES IN PROTECTING AND ENSURING THE HUMAN
144. The importance that the States of origin are attaching to migrant workers and their families is a recent development. While States have always performed functions to protect their nationals abroad, the concern for migrant workers and their families has increased in recent years due in part to the fact that the States of origin of the migrant workers are becoming increasingly cognizant of how important migrant workers’ remittances (money sent to the country of origin by nationals living abroad) are to their economies.
145. Today, the remittances that nationals living abroad send to their States of origin are a main source of foreign revenue for many countries. In some countries, the income from remittances is higher or only slightly less than the revenues from their major export. The Americas is one of the regions of the world that realizes the greatest benefit from remittances. Six of the 20 countries in the world that receive the greatest amount in the form of remittances are in this region: Mexico, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. Estimates are that in 2004, remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean totaled 45.8 billion dollars.
146. Given the sums involved, for many States these remittances are becoming an invaluable tool of macroeconomic policy. Frequently, the remittances are used to pay off balance of payments deficits. The remittances are also used by the individuals who receive them to purchase consumer goods, food, housing, to pay for health services, to develop small income-earning projects and infrastructure projects. The arrival of this money has an enormous impact, especially on economically depressed communities in both urban and rural areas, where families may depend on these remittances to survive.
147. Correspondingly, and because of the macroeconomic importance of the remittances, the perception that States have of their citizens who live and work abroad has changed. The governments and the public are now starting to measure the contributions that migrant workers send to their countries of origin. More and more, migrant workers are beginning to be viewed not just as an economic force, but as a social and political force as well. Remittances have also strengthened the role that migrants have in their home communities, not merely as suppliers of income but also as social and political agents.
148. As migrants maintain and even strengthen their links with the State of which they are nationals, they are demanding that their States of origin protect and ensure their rights. At the same time, as previously indicated, the States of origin are gaining a greater and greater appreciation of the contributions that migrant workers and their families make, and are engaging in efforts to respond to the needs of that population group. Recognizing how important migrant workers and their families have become, many States have made major efforts to defend the rights of their citizens abroad. In the opinion of the Rapporteurship, these efforts deserve to be applauded and emulated. On the other hand, however, despite the growing importance of migrant workers and their families, some States have been slow or inefficient in responding to migrant workers’ need to have their human rights protected and ensured.
149. Although not physically within the territory of the State of which they are nationals, migrant workers and their families remain bonded with their countries of origin. The legal bond of citizenship preserves the dependency relationship between the migrant worker and his family on the one side, and the State of which they are nationals on the other. This bond manifests itself in a variety of ways. One has to do with protection of their right to recognition of their juridical personality with issuance of papers. Then, too, migrant workers and their families frequently rely on their diplomatic mission or consulate to see to it that their human rights are protected and guaranteed. These are instances in which the sending State’s duty vis-à-vis its citizens is preserved and becomes all the more important because of the vulnerability of migrant workers and their families, especially in the case of undocumented persons. Frequently, the protection of a migrant worker’s rights will depend upon whether the diplomatic mission or consulate has acted quickly and effective with the authorities of the State in which the migrant worker is located. In some instances, the sending State must make a concerted effort to cultivate policies and measures designed to protect the human rights of migrant workers by signing international agreements or setting in motion special programs geared to addressing the needs of their citizens abroad.
150. The Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families thought this might be an opportune moment to reflect upon the important but frequently neglected issue of the sending States’ duty to protect and ensure the rights of migrant workers and their families. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the most common situations in which migrant workers and their families have need of a pro-active sending State that will defend their rights. The Rapporteurship also decided to use this opportunity to spotlight some best practices in this area that other States might consider and emulate.
Right to life, to humane treatment and to personal liberty
151. In many cases, the journey that migrant workers and their families must make to get to their destinations is long and perilous. The number of accidents and deaths of migrant workers in border areas is particularly high. Both the natural barriers and the border controls force migrants to use dangerous modes of transportation, to travel through unpoliced areas where they can easily fall prey to common criminals, and to resort to networks engaged in smuggling migrants and human trafficking. Furthermore, migrant workers and their families, particularly those who are irregular migrants, are frequently arrested and held by immigration authorities and face deportation or expulsion proceedings. This is a particularly trying situation for families that are separated, minors, and persons who are members of indigenous communities.
152. For all these reasons, migrant workers and their families often lose touch with their relatives for long periods of time and sometimes even disappear. At other times, the transit or receiving countries have difficulty identifying migrants who die or are seriously injured in accidents or were the victims of crime. Then, too, States sometimes have difficulty determining the nationality of migrants taken into custody because of their irregular immigration status, making swift deportation or expulsion all the more difficult.
153. Because of these risks, some foreign ministries have developed special consular protection programs designed to protect the rights to life, liberty and personal security (Article I of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man –hereinafter the American Declaration- and Articles 4, 5 and 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights –hereinafter the American Convention) of their nationals abroad. Prominent among these programs are those devised by the Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of the United Mexican States, which is running consular assistance and protection services programs. The “Program for Protection of Mexican Citizens Abroad” is, as its name implies, targeted at providing protective services to Mexico’s citizens abroad who are in need of such services. Salient among the services that the Secretariat for Foreign Affairs provides are the following: services to repatriated nationals and visits to immigration detention centers; repatriation of the sick and minors; identification of mortal remains and their conveyance to Mexican territory; visits to nationals detained for violation of criminal laws; economic assistance to indigent nationals; legal advisory services and legal representation in labor-, family-, criminal and civil matters; location of missing persons; and assistance in recovering the belongings of nationals who have died or were detained, deported or expelled.
154. Then, too, the governments of the United States and of Mexico are working together in the border region to improve security and safety along the border and to reduce fatalities there. Prominent in this initiative is the creation of the search and rescue teams: the Beta Groups in Mexico and the BORSTAR groups in the United States.
Right to nationality
155. In exercise of their sovereignty, States are free to establish the criteria for recognition of citizenship. Recognition of citizenship is one of the first ways to protect and ensure the right to nationality (Article XIX of the American Declaration and Article 20 of the American Convention). The principles generally applied are jus sanguini and jus solis. Jus sanguini recognizes the citizenship of citizens’ offspring, regardless of where they are born. Jus solis, for its part, recognizes citizenship in the case of persons born within the territory of that State. The system established in each State’s constitution and laws may be a combination of the two principles or one to the exclusion of the other.
156. For persons outside the territory of which they are nationals, their right to nationality is protected and ensured through the State’s issuance of identification and travel documents and the citizenship status it grants to its citizens’ offspring and spouses, when the constitution or law so permits.
157. The right to nationality is related to the right to juridical personality and is tangibly protected through issuance of identification papers and travel documents, the very documents that are instrumental in protecting one’s right to juridical personality. States can better protect this right by trimming the excessive bureaucratic procedures or requirements that have to be fulfilled in order to have nationality recognized. Measures are also needed to protect this right in the case of undocumented migrants, especially those set to be deported or expelled from a country. It frequently happens that undocumented migrants spend long periods deprived of the right to personal liberty, waiting for the State of which they are nationals to acknowledge their citizenship and issue them travel documents.
Right to recognition of juridical personality
158. Protecting the right to recognition of juridical personality (Article XVII of the American Declaration and Article 3 of the American Convention) is more complicated in the case of migrant workers and their families. In such cases, both the receiving State and the sending State have a responsibility to protect and ensure this right. In practical terms, in order for the competent authorities –be they administrative or judicial- to recognize juridical personality, a framework of laws must be in place and enforced that ensures the exercise of this right, and a document must be presented certifying identity. When the individual is in the State of which he or she is a national, he relies upon the competent authorities to issue the necessary identification papers and in so doing to protect his right to juridical personality. The situation is more complicated for those who do not live in the State of which they are nationals, particularly for those who are in that State irregularly or without authorization.
159. Protecting and ensuring migrants’ right to recognition of juridical personality, therefore, relies both on the sending State and the receiving State. Content wise, the Rapporteurship will focus on the role of the sending State.
160. Migrants require identification and travel documents, copies of any criminal record they might have, birth certificates, marriage certificates, divorce papers and death certificates, to enable them to prove their identity and civil status to the competent authorities of the receiving State, so that their right to recognition of juridical personality may be protected. It is, therefore, essential that sending States take the necessary steps to issue these documents to their citizens living abroad. This is one of the most important functions that consulates serve.
161. Some States in this hemisphere go to extraordinary lengths to issue these documents quickly and efficiently. But the positive attitude of some States of origin notwithstanding, the cost of these procedures is frequently prohibitive for migrants of lesser means, who cannot afford the identification papers they need. Thus, measures have to be taken to enable migrants of little means to obtain identification papers, as these documents are essential to enabling irregular migrants to regularize their immigration status. Migrant workers and their families also need these documents to change their civil status, have access to basic social services like education, health care and social security, and perform any number of other procedures, in exercise of their right to recognition of juridical personality.
162. The Rapporteurship would like to spotlight the Colombian authorities’ efforts at expediting and facilitating issuance of the criminal records document that the Administrative Department of Security supplies to Colombian citizens living in Spain, who want to regularize their immigration status there. Special note should also be made of the Matrícula Consular, an identification card that Mexican authorities are issuing to help prevent violation of the right to recognition of juridical personality in the case of migrants whose immigration status is irregular and who would not otherwise have any identification document. Thanks to the lobbying efforts of the consulates and migrant organizations themselves, the identification card that Mexico issues to its nationals living abroad is accepted as valid identification by some municipal authorities and various private services in a number of states of the Union. In practice, the migrants can use the document to get a driver license, open a bank account and transact other business where they live. These sending States have succeeded in partially protecting the right to juridical personality of their undocumented migrants. Because of the success of the matrícula consular initiative, other States are following Mexico’s lead and are now issuing this card. These include the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, and Argentina.
Right to due process and to judicial guarantees
163. Consular assistance in the form of legal advice and representation is one of the customary ways that States have helped their citizens abroad. Article 36 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations provides that persons arrested, in custody, prison or detention abroad are entitled to consular protection. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights had occasion to elaborate upon the content and scope of this right in its Advisory Opinion OC-16, where it established the link that exists between this right and the right to due process and to judicial guarantees (Article XXVI of the American Declaration and Article 8 of the American Convention).
164. Originally, consular assistance was thought of as a means of enabling a national deprived of his or her liberty to communicate with a consulate, so that the latter might assist in that person’s defense and serve as liaison with family members. In practice, however, consular assistance has evolved and adapted to meet the needs of nationals deprived of their liberty and migrants who, although not in custody or under arrest or detention, find themselves in other predicaments.
165. While it varies according to the number of nationals living abroad and the resources available to the sending State, consular protection may even involve legal representation services for individuals facing trial for crimes. In other cases, priority is given to those facing trial for crimes that carry particularly severe penalties –the death penalty or life in prison. Nevertheless, because of the volume of cases and the consequences that criminal convictions sometimes have for immigration, some consulates provide training to attorneys and legal assistance to persons accused of lesser crimes.
166. The Mexican Foreign Ministry has been active in providing legal counsel to migrants facing criminal proceedings. In this area in particular, the Mexican government has deployed significant efforts to defend its citizens in the highest domestic courts of other States, such as the U.S. Supreme Court. Mexico has even brought cases to international bodies like the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, to defend its citizens abroad.
167. The protective services that the consulates provide are in many cases the only form of assistance that migrants deprived of their freedom have. The visits that the consular officials make to detention facilities are essential to ensuring the right to due process and to judicial guarantees of persons arrested, in custody, in prison or in detention outside their country of origin. Consulates can collaborate in enabling communication with the defense attorney or the family, and in obtaining evidence.
168. A recent and novel initiative on the part of the Mexican Government has been to expand its legal assistance services into other areas that are important to migrant workers and their families, such as labor disputes, domestic disputes, and issues of extra-contractual civil liability. The Mexican Government decided to expand its legal services into other fields because it recognized that legal representation of migrant workers and their families is vital to ensuring protection of their job rights, their family rights and their right to health and social security (Articles XIV, VI, XI and XVI of the American Declaration and Article 17 of the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, “Protocol of San Salvador”).
169. The right to participate in politics is pivotal to all other political rights. Participation in politics may take various forms: voting, standing for elective office, proposing legislative and government initiatives, to name just a few.
170. As stated at the beginning of this chapter, the link between migrants and their State of origin is preserved even when they are living in another State. It therefore makes sense to protect and ensure the political rights of migrants, and is an obligation spelled out in international instruments that the States have voluntarily ratified. States must make adjustments to ensure that their citizens living abroad are able to exercise and enjoy their political rights. We are referring here specifically to the right to vote and to participate in politics by running as a candidate for elective office (Article XX of the American Declaration and Article 23 of the American Convention).
171. The Americas boasts innovative examples of ways in which migrants’ political rights have been protected. In some States, like Ecuador, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Peru, the United States, Venezuela, Honduras and Brazil, the right to vote is guaranteed. While in some States this right has been guaranteed for decades, in others it is the result of political pressure that resulted in amendments to constitutions and laws. All the same, the right to vote can be virtually illusory when the requirements that the majority of migrant workers and others living abroad have to meet are particularly onerous. Hence, the law and practice governing the exercise of this right must take into account how difficult it is for citizens abroad to register to vote.
172. As stated in Article XXXII of the American Declaration, voting is both a right and a duty, which is why States where voting is mandatory do not exempt their citizens abroad from complying with this duty, and may even levy fines on their citizens abroad who fail to vote.
173. Some of the novel approaches taken are noteworthy. Colombia, for example, allows its citizens abroad to elect a representative to Congress. For its part, Peru has offered an amnesty to Peruvian citizens abroad who have not fulfilled their duty to vote in presidential elections.
174. Peru also has an initiative aimed at better enabling its citizens abroad to participate in Peruvian political life. The Advisory Councils of Peruvians Abroad are collegiate bodies whose function is to articulate the migrant communities’ interests to the consulates. The immigrants living in the jurisdiction of a particular consulate elect the members of the councils at an assembly. These councils confer and cooperate with the consulates, thus enabling them to better serve the needs of Peruvians living within their jurisdiction.
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
175. As vulnerable as they are, migrant workers and their families are exposed to countless violations of their economic, social and cultural rights. The paradox here is that frequently the decision to migrate is driven by violations of economic, social and cultural rights in the sending State. Violation of these very rights in the receiving State compounds the suffering that migrant workers and their families endure.
176. While migrant workers and their families are under the jurisdiction of the receiving State, there are a number of measures that sending States can take to protect their citizens’ rights. These measures are intended to help migrant workers and their families become mainstreamed and to eliminate the problems that result in violations of labor rights, the right to health, the right to social security, and the right to education for their children (Articles XIV, XI, XVI and XII of the American Declaration and Articles 6, 7, 8, 10, 9 and 13 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the “Protocol of San Salvador”). In this case, the sending State is not responsible for the human rights violations, but it can do something to protect the human rights of its citizens abroad.
177. Migrant workers need information about their labor rights and about how to protect and ensure them. States can take pro-active measures to protect the rights of their citizens abroad by waging information campaigns and by promoting and signing agreements with the receiving State’s Labor Offices. The Guatemalan Government, for example, conducts campaigns to inform temporary farm workers of their labor rights in Mexico.
178. One area in which migrant workers are most unprotected is social security. In most cases they may have made social security contributions in both the sending State and the receiving State, but in the end have not contributed enough in either State to qualify for a social security retirement benefit. The Bracero Program between Mexico and the United States in the period from 1942 to 1964 is an example of this risk, and resulted in violation of the migrant workers’ right to social security on the part of both States. In recent years, States have made significant efforts to sign agreements on this matter.
179. In today’s world, growing numbers of people with professional educations are opting to migrate for work reasons. In many cases, after pursuing university studies abroad people frequently opt to stay where they are and work there, thereby becoming migrant workers. In other cases, the job market, economic crises, armed strife or very tense political situations at home, are driving these professionals’ decision to look for work in another State. Once they emigrate, such people often encounter problems and obstacles that prevent them from practicing their profession. As a rule, these obstacles are due to the fact that the receiving State decides to bar aliens or people trained abroad from the practice of certain professions. This is generally a way to control the labor market and the quality of the care or services that people in these professions provide.
180. Faced with this phenomenon, some sending and receiving States have opted to sign agreements for approval of credentials. In other cases, the diplomatic missions of the sending States make overtures to the authorities of the receiving States to convince them of the quality of the education the sending States’ citizens receive and to allow them to practice their profession. Efforts are also being made to standardize academic requirements and to make it easier for the children of migrant workers to fit in academically.
181. We are reminded here of the Mexican Foreign Ministry’s decision to expand its consular assistance program so as to provide legal representation to its nationals involved in extra-contractual civil liability, labor- and family-law proceedings. In these cases, assistance is provided to people who do not have the means to pay the costs of legal representation and in those in which a favorable outcome is very possible. Finally, it is important to note that Advisory Opinion OC-18 was brought by the Mexican State, to draw attention to the right of undocumented migrant workers not to suffer discrimination.
Protection of the family
182. In general terms, migrant workers with small children tend to leave them in the care of family members in their country of origin. When their economic situation permits, these migrant workers try to bring their children to live with them in the receiving State. This poses multiple difficulties. In many cases, their unauthorized migrant status does not permit the parents to go pick up their children; instead, they use migrant smuggling networks to bring their children into the receiving country. In other cases, even though their immigrant status may be authorized, the requirements the law establishes are difficult to satisfy and prevent workers from bringing their children to live with them.
183. Sending States must therefore take measures to prevent the smuggling of migrants, in particular the smuggling of unaccompanied minors who, if smuggled in, are exposed to many dangers. It is also important that States undertake diplomatic measures to press for immigration laws that encourage family reunification.
184. The role that sending States play in protecting and ensuring the human rights of migrant workers and their families is of the utmost relevance. Sending States should, through concrete measures and diplomatic overtures, take measures that directly serve to better protect and ensure the rights of their nationals living abroad. As described in this chapter, even though they are not within the territory of the State of which they are nationals, migrant workers and their families maintain their ties with the sending State and often rely upon it to be able to exercise and enjoy their human rights.
185. Sending States must therefore take a series of measures, as described above. On the whole, many such measures fall within the realm of international relations and are therefore handled by diplomatic missions, consulates, and officials of the foreign ministries. In addition to emulating the best practices of other sending States, other types of measures are also possible. The skills and abilities of foreign ministry personnel need to be enhanced, and the defense of the rights of citizens abroad must be given the importance and priority it deserves on a State’s domestic and international agenda.
186. In general terms, moreover, the efforts of some States to expand the geographic reach of their consulates is one best practice that deserves to be emulated. Some consulates, like Mexico’s, use mobile consulates to bring their services to remote and relatively inaccessible places where communities of Mexican nationals live.
187. The services a State offers to meet its nationals’ needs must include their need for protection. And so the decision to create institutions or mechanisms that serve as liaison between the migrant communities abroad and the State’s agencies is a good strategy. Some States are working to create the institutional scaffolding that will support those functions. Noteworthy examples are the Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior [Institute of Mexicans Abroad], the Vice Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores para los Salvadoreños en el Exterior [Office of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs for Salvadorans Abroad], and others.
188. The Rapporteurship would like to avail itself of this opportunity to call upon the States to undertake major efforts to protect the rights of its nationals abroad. With this chapter, the Rapporteurship’s goal was to make its contribution to the discussion regarding the role that the sending States can and do play in protecting and ensuring the human rights of migrant workers and their families.
 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Admissibility Report N° 52/05, Petition 191/03, Nelson Ivan Serrano Saenz, October 24, 2005.
 Estimates are that in 2004, remittances to Haiti, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Guyana represented more than 20% of those countries’ gross domestic product.
 Stalker, Peter. 2001. The No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, pp. 110.
 The following were among the countries that most benefited from the influx of remittances: Mexico, with $16.613 billion; Brazil, with $5.624 billion; Colombia at $3.857 billion; Guatemala, $2.681 billion; El Salvador, $2.548 billion; Dominican Republic, $ 2.438 billion; Ecuador, $1.740 billion; Jamaica, $1.497 billion; Peru, $ 1.360 billion; Honduras, $ 1.134 billion, and Haiti, $1.026 billion. Source: Inter-American Development Bank. Migrant Remittances as a Development Tool. http://www.iadb.org/mif/remittances/index.cfm.
 Durand, Jorge, Parrado, Emilio A, and Douglas S. Massey. 1996. “Migradollars and Development: A Reconsideration of the Mexican Case.” International Migration Review 30 (2), pp., 423-6. Weiner, Myron. 1995. The Global Migration Crisis: Challenges to States and Human Rights. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, pp. 140-144.
 During fiscal year 2005 (October 2004-September 2005), the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Division of the Department of Homeland Security reported 464 deaths along the Mexican-United States border, which is a 43% increase over the previous year. Source: news.bbc.co.uk, October 4, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4307380.stm.
 See Chapter V of the Third Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2001eng/chap.6.htm.
 See chapters IV and VI of the Second Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2000eng/chap.6a.htm.
 See Chapter V of the Fifth Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2003eng/chap.5.htm.
 On this point, see chapter V and VI of the Second Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/2000eng/chap.6.htm.
 O’Neil, Kevin. 2003. Consular Id’s: Mexico and Beyond. Migration Policy Institute http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=115.
 Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Advisory Opinion OC-16 of October 1, 1999. Series A No. 16.
 International Court of Justice, Avena and other Mexican nationals (Mexico v. United Status), Judgment of March 31, 2004, No. 128.
 Gosh, Bimal. 2003. The Human Rights of Migrants: Strategies for Moving Forward. Development 46 (3): 21-29; United Nations, Human Rights of Migrant Workers, Report E/CN.4/2000/82, paragraph 41; Chapter IV of the Second Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2000eng/chap.6a.htm.
Taran, Patrick. 2000. Human Rights of Migrants: Challenges of a
 See chapter VI of the Fourth Progress Report of the IACHR’s Special Rapporteurship for Migrant Workers and Their Families, http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2002eng/chap.6.htm.
 Massey, Douglas, Jorge Duolan Malone. 2002. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors. New York Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 35-9.
 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-18, September 17, 2003. Series A No. 18.
Massey, Douglas, Jorge Durand, and Nolan Malone. 2002. Beyond
Smoke and Mirrors. New York Russell Sage Foundation, pp, 7-23;
Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller 1993. The Age of Migration.
New York: The Guilford Press,


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The Tyrrhenian Pearl
Tours stopping in Maratea
Beaches set between promontories, clear waters and lush vegetation, recall total relaxation, Maratea stands in a panoramic position, on one of the most striking stretches of the Gulf of Policastro, in Basilicata.
Perched on Mount San Biagio, the city overlooks a magnificent stretch of the Tyrrhenian Sea and is a popular destination for those who want a holiday of sea, relaxation, culture and Italian flavors.
In the ancient core of the historic center of Maratea, the medieval system still survives with narrow streets and important buildings, artistic and architectural remains.
Maratea is also known as the city of the 44 churches, for the numerous religious buildings, chapels, monasteries, caves and hermitages scattered all over the territory, all embellished with splendid works of art and all open to visitors: starting from the Church of San Vito of the eleventh century, one of the oldest. Then there is the Basilica of San Biagio, dedicated to the Patron Saint and built on top of Mount San Biagio, where there are the remains of the ancient Maratea. To visit also the Church of the Immaculate, adorned with precious frescoes, the Church of the Annunciation, the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore and the Church of the Madonna degli Ulivi.
Interesting also the cave of the Angel, hidden between the clearing on Monte San Biagio. Considered by many the residence of a hermit, for the tradition of Maratea it was the first place of Christian worship in the area.
Moreover, the whole area of Maratea has a great naturalistic value and the beaches are one of the most appreciated by bathers: there are many, in fact, from those accessible only by sea, isolated and surrounded by wild nature to those equipped and welcome to tourists who seek comfort as well as relaxation.
Maratea also offers a lot to scuba diving enthusiasts: beautiful and uncontaminated sea beds where an extraordinary variety of fauna lives.

domain: artistic


|PECHORIN'S home account archive eshop globalmediapro|
Helico Model l or ll Helicopter Camera MountGrant Halverson Posted Sep 13, 2005
Wanted: Helico Camera Mount for Bell 206/ AS350 Helicopter
Am trying to find a Helico Camera Mount. These were used by ENG/ TV helicopter operators before gimbaled camera systems. Were originally manufactured in Japan under the name Shinko. It is a side mount with a damper and base plate for the camera to mount. Email Grant on firstname.lastname@example.org if you know of one.
Re: Helico Model l or ll Helicopter Camera MountCarlos Posted Nov 02, 2006
We manufacture a unit simmilar to Helico If interested I can send pictures


text:
The mood of these postcards is fun, whimsical, and adventurous. The theme revolves around exploring the planet Mars with Titina (a lovable character) and her friends. Each card features a unique illustration that captures the imagination while also conveying a sense of wonder about what lies beyond our own planet.
When communicating about this product, we approach it from a human-to-human perspective by emphasizing how sending or receiving one of these cards can brighten someone's day or even inspire them to learn more about space exploration.
Imagine you're on vacation in Paris when you stumble upon an adorable little shop selling postcards from all over the world. You spot the D060 Drawings: Titina and Friends - Planet Mars collection among them – each card featuring different scenes from their adventures on Mars! You decide to purchase several cards so that you can send them back home to your family members as well as some new pen pals you've met along your travels.
As an avid collector yourself, you know that exchanging postcards with others is not just about sharing beautiful images but also creating connections between people across borders – something truly special in today's digital age!
To get started using these cards effectively:
- Choose recipients carefully based on their interests
- Write personalized messages
- Include interesting facts or trivia related to space exploration
- Use colorful pens/markers/stamps
In terms of historical significance related to this theme – there have been many significant milestones achieved in space exploration throughout history such as landing humans on moon etc., which makes it even more exciting for those interested in learning more!
Postcard name: Titina and Friends - Planet Mars
"Finally, Titina and friends go to Mars. It was a very long journey but it was well worth" - description of the author.
Illustration: Swonild Ilenia Genovese, 2022
Part of The Postcard Collection “Titina and friends around the world”, Special Edition
No.92 Planet Mars – collect them all! (You can find the entire list here)
About this item
You can choose any pack size 1, 3, 5 or 10 identical postcards to share them with your friends, maybe to send them via postcrossing or private swaps. You decide the Pack Size!
Classic Regular Postcard size: 10.5 cm by 15 cm = 4 x 6 inches = the standard for the postcard for most of the countries in the world – is the standard for postcard made by UPU (Universal Postal Union) – and implemented by USPS, La Poste, Royal Mail, PTT, Correos, Post NL. Deutsche Post and many other postal administrations.
Material: Made of 100% brand new and high-quality hard paper – 315 grams/ square meter = 5.5 grams per card – thicker than average – special chosen for hard transport conditions through postal services.
Glossy UV coating on front for durability and protection
Perfect for collecting, postcrossing, scrapbooking, parties invitations or just sending a note to a friend. You can use them also for your private swaps organized with your virtual friends.
Easy to use: Special place on the backside for address and also upper boxes for your postcrossing ID or date of mailing to make postcard writing a fun and pleasurable experience.
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So much to see, so little time! To give you a helping hand, here is our list of places you MUST VISIT in Southern Africa.
The Okavango Delta, Botswana
Obviously, my favorite first!
The Okavango Delta in Botswana is a swampy inland delta formed where the Okavango River reaches a tectonic trough in the central part of the endorheic basin of the Kalahari. All the water reaching the Delta is ultimately evaporated and transpired and does not flow into any sea or ocean. Each year, about 11 cubic kilometers (2.6 cubic mi) of water spread over the 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Some floodwaters drain into Lake Ngami. The area was once part of Lake Makgadikgadi, an ancient lake that had mostly dried up by the early Holocene.
The Moremi Game Reserve, a National Park, is on the eastern side of the Delta. The Delta was named as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, which were officially declared on February 11, 2013 in Arusha, Tanzania. On June 22, 2014, the Okavango Delta became the 1000th site to be officially inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The Okavango is produced by seasonal flooding. The Okavango River drains the summer (January–February) rainfall from the Angola highlands, and the surge flows 1,200 km (750 mi) in around one month. The waters then spread over the 250 by 150 km (155 by 93 mi) area of the delta over the next four months (March–June). The high temperature of the delta causes rapid transpiration and evaporation, resulting in a cycle of rising and falling water level that was not fully understood until the early 20th century. The flood peaks between June and August, during Botswana‘s dry winter months, when the delta swells to three times its permanent size, attracting animals from kilometers around and creating one of Africa’s greatest concentrations of wildlife.
Inside scoop: Experience EVERYTHING! Go on every game drive, boat ride and mokoro ride—go tiger fishing and enjoy every sunrise and sunset. No words can actually describe this magical experience.
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
Victoria Falls presents a spectacular sight of awe-inspiring beauty and grandeur on the Zambezi River, forming the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was described by the Kololo tribe living in the area in the 1800s as “Mosi-oa-Tunya”—”The Smoke that Thunders.” In more modern terms, Victoria Falls is known as the greatest curtain of falling water in the world. Columns of spray can be seen from miles away as, at the height of the rainy season, more than five hundred million cubic meters of water per minute plummet over the edge, over a width of nearly two kilometers, into a gorge over one hundred meters below.
The wide, basalt cliff over which the falls thunder transforms the Zambezi from a placid river into a ferocious torrent cutting through a series of dramatic gorges.
Facing the Falls is another sheer wall of basalt rising to the same height and capped by mist-soaked rainforest. A path along the edge of the forest provides the visitor, prepared to brave the tremendous spray, with an unparalleled series of views of the Falls.
One special vantage point is across the Knife-edge Bridge, where visitors can have the finest view of the Eastern Cataract and the Main Falls as well as the Boiling Pot, where the river turns and heads down the Batoka Gorge. Other vantage points include Livingstone Island, the Falls Bridge, Devils Pool and the Lookout Tree, both of which command panoramic views across the Main Falls.
Inside scoop: Picnic on Livingstone Island and swim in the pools above the waterfall!
Table Mountain, Cape Town
Table Mountain is the most iconic landmark of South Africa.
It is also the country’s most photographed attraction, and its famous cable car took millions of people to its top.
Table Mountain has become the single most welcoming icon to not only our people but travelers from all over the world.
But this mountain hides many surprises that wait to be discovered.
It is much more than a scenic photograph background or a place from where you can take a breathtaking photo of Cape Town. There are about 2,200 species of plants found on Table Mountain and 1,470 floral species. Many of these plants and flowers are endemic to this mountain.
Inside scoop: Sunset on top of Table Mountain! Watch the breathtaking African sunset and watch Cape Town’s lights under your feet.
Kruger National Park, South Africa
Kruger National Park, in northeastern South Africa, is one of Africa’s largest game reserves. It covers an area of 19,485 km2 (7,523 sq mi)—the size of Israel—and has a high density of wild animals, including the Big 5: lions, leopards, rhinos, elephants and buffalos. Hundreds of other mammals make their home here, as do diverse bird species such as vultures, eagles and storks. Mountains, bush plains and tropical forests are all part of the landscape.
Inside scoop: Amazing safari destination and game viewing!
Situated in the largest conservation area in Africa (the Namib-Naukluft National Park), Sossusvlei is possibly Namibia’s most spectacular and best-known attraction. Characterized by the large red dunes that surround it, Sossusvlei is a large, white salt and clay pan and is a great destination all year round. The dunes in this area are some of the highest in the world, reaching almost 400 meters, and provide photographic enthusiasts with wonderful images in the beautiful morning and evening light.
Sossusvlei literally translates to “dead-end marsh,” as it is the place where the dunes come together preventing the Tsauchab River to flow any further, some 60km east of the Atlantic Ocean. However, due to the dry conditions in the Namib Desert, the river seldom flows this far, and the pan remains bone-dry most years. During an exceptional rainy season, the Tsauchab fills the pan, drawing visitors from all over the world to witness this spectacular site.
Photographic enthusiasts are spoilt with a glassy “lake” holding reflections of the surrounding dunes. When the pan fills, it can hold water for as long as a year.
Despite the harsh desert conditions in the area, one can find a wide variety of plants and animals that have adapted to survive.
Inside scoop: Climb Big Daddy! Big Daddy is the tallest dune in the Sossusvlei area. This magnificent dune is situated between Sossusvlei and Deadvlei, and at 325 meters it dwarfs the other dunes. Should you want the ultimate bragging rights, take a lot of water and trek to the top of Big Daddy where you can look down onto Deadvlei.
Emily Lockard-Furry began selling travel in 2014. She specializes in destination weddings and honeymoons, but also plans itineraries for multi-generational families and incentive reward travel.

domain: travel


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William Ayers has been trashed by conservative pundits and labeled “an unrepentant domestic terrorist” by Sarah Palin, the Republican vice presidential nominee, but the University of Illinois at Chicago professor has garnered the support of a growing number of peers who admire his scholarship and see the attacks on him as an affront to academic freedom.
Ayers, who helped found a Vietnam-era protest group that was blamed for bombing government buildings, has been a faculty member at Illinois-Chicago since 1987. In a statement signed by faculty members across the country, professors have spoken out against “the demonization” of Ayers, whose alleged ties to the Democratic presidential hopeful Barack Obama have made headlines.
“It’s true that Professor Ayers participated passionately in the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s, as did hundreds of thousands of Americans,” reads the statement, which was posted on www.supportbillayers.org. “His participation in political activity 40 years ago is history; what is most relevant now is his continued engagement in progressive causes, and his exemplary contribution -- including publishing 16 books -- to the field of education.”
The letter is described on the Web site as an outlet for educators looking for a forum to express solidarity with Ayers, noting that its contents could be used in advertisements or press releases in the future.
Bill Schubert, a professor of education at Illinois-Chicago, said he signed the letter to show support for his longtime colleague and friend.
“I certainly support him in the sense that I think he’s an outstanding faculty member and a good colleague,” Schubert said. “I’m very disheartened by any discrediting kind of material in the news.”
The letter, which had been signed by more than 3,000 educators as of Monday, does not specifically mention the most severe allegations from Ayers’ past. The Weather Underground, which Ayers helped to found, planned a series of bombings -- mostly aimed at property damage -- that took aim, among other sites, at the Pentagon and the U.S. Capitol. While deaths were attributed to the group, Ayers was never accused of killing anyone. Federal riot and bombing conspiracy charges were brought against Ayers, but the charges were dropped in 1974 because of prosecutorial misconduct.
Faculty members interviewed for this article stressed that Ayers has emerged as a prominent scholar in the field of education, and they say Ayers’s past is viewed by his colleagues as irrelevant to his current work. Active in faculty governance as well as research, Ayers was recently elected to represent his department on the Illinois-Chicago Faculty Senate for the next three years. He is described by many as a personable professor, known to invite his classes over for dinner at his home.
It’s unclear who began the Web site supporting Ayers. Faculty said they received links to the letter in widely circulated e-mails as early as a month ago, but those who spoke to Inside Higher Ed said they were unsure of where it started. A domain registry search gave no mention of the site’s originator.
The statement lumps the attacks against Ayers into a broader history of “assaults designed to intimidate free thinking and stifle critical dialogue” in all levels of education. The letter specifically cites events at the University of Colorado at Boulder as part of the problematic pattern.
Ward Churchill, a former professor at Colorado whose writings on 9/11 caused enormous controversy, was fired in 2007 amid charges of academic misconduct. Churchill’s case has been cited by many as an abridgement of academic freedom, although even some of his early supporters were troubled by the allegations of plagiarism and other misconduct that surfaced after his writings came under scrutiny.
In an interview Monday, Churchill said he sees parallels with his own case and the way Ayers has been depicted in the news media. Churchill, a fellow Vietnam protester who says he met Ayers “back in the day,” is among those who signed the letter supporting Ayers. Ayers, who has written about his days in the Weather Underground in a memoir and published papers, is being wrongfully persecuted for his political positions, Churchill said.
“This whole thing about checking whether people are crossing lines in an academic context is absolute insanity,” Churchill said. “You’re allowed to profess if you’re a professor.”
While Ayers is a continual proponent of “social justice,” he has not used his classroom as a pulpit from which to discuss his days as a ‘60s radical, according to two students who took classes under him.
“It really was less about him, and that’s another refreshing thing,” said Sofia Kokkino, who took a course in graduate school with Ayers. “He’s not a megalomaniac who wanted to talk about himself.”
Kokkino, who says Ayers invited her class to his house and cooked pasta for them, first met Ayers when she was a high school student doing community service in the juvenile justice system. Ayers was doing research for what would become his book, A Kind and Just Parent: The Children of Juvenile Court.
“I think I became more aware of [his Weather Underground days] when I was getting my master’s,” said Kokkino, who now teaches at a Chicago elementary school. “It didn’t affect me at all. I knew him as part of Chicago and part of the community.”
Asif Wilson, who took a multicultural education course Ayers taught in 2006, said Ayers’s past “wasn’t brought up one bit in the course.”
“I feel like Bill really stressed the importance of not judging a book by its cover, and to treat every child we teach as equal, and to really strive for social justice amongst students,” said Wilson, who now teaches fifth and sixth graders in Chicago.
The support among professors for Ayers is sure only to fuel conservative criticism of academe as a bastion of liberalism.
Margaret LeCompte, an education professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder, said she anticipates continued criticism of academe to come from people like David Horowitz. Horowitz is a conservative activist whose book, The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America, derides liberal faculty.
“I’m sure that all 3,000 of those [who signed the Ayers letter] could be put on the hit list as more ‘dangerous professors,’ and David Horowitz could have a lot of fun with that,” LeCompte said. “But the people who want to think there’s a conspiracy to put more academics in higher education are going to continue to believe that.”
In addition to Churchill, the letter is signed by at least one other target of conservative criticism, Rashid Khalidi. Khalidi, the Edward Said professor of Arab studies at Columbia University, has drawn critics for his support of Palestinian causes and criticism of Israel. The professor, whose ties to Obama have been a source of scrutiny, declined an interview request, and said in an e-mail that he is declining all such requests until after the election.
It is perhaps not surprising that Ayers and Khalidi find supporters in academe, because they “fit well within the academic mainstream,” according to Robert KC Johnson, a history professor at Brooklyn College who has frequently criticized academe for a lack of political diversity.
“I agree with [Vice Presidential Nominee Sarah] Palin that there’s a scandal here – but it’s not that Obama, among his hundreds of other associations with academic figures, was acquainted with, and received support from, Ayers and Khalidi,” Johnson wrote on the History News Network.
“The scandal is the evolution of a groupthink academic environment has allowed figures such as Ayers and Khalidi to flourish.”
Ayers, who said he was out of the country last week and did not respond to an interview request, is currently on sabbatical from Illinois-Chicago. Faculty in his department say he’s received multiple threats via e-mail, and unwanted visitors have approached his office as news of his past has seeped into a heated presidential campaign. But Eleni Katsarou, a clinical associate professor of curriculum and instruction at UIC, said she expects Ayers to return to the university and to continue thriving as a teacher and scholar.
“He’ll come back in January,” she said, “[and] I just can’t imagine he would have any problems centering and grounding himself.”
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domain: news


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On Nov. 23, 2016 we reported that the Fort St. James Syrian Refugee Group had held a town hall meeting to discuss the status of their application to sponsor a Syrian refugee family.
They had been fund raising since early 2016 as their response to this staggering humanitarian crisis. As of July 2016 fully one had of Syria’s population had either been killed or forced to leave their homes with over 5 million Syrians registered with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
In November, due to pause in the processing of Syrian refugees, the Fort St. James group decided to apply to sponsor a family from anywhere in the world. As Louise Evans-Salt said at the time, “A refugee is a refugee and at the end of the day we are helping a family in need.”
On Feb. 27 the group was delighted to hear that the sponsoring agency they were working with, The Mennonite central Committee, would be receiving a list the next day.
On Feb. 28 they got the welcome and exciting news that they had been matched not only with a refugee family, but a Syrian family!
An emergency meeting was called that same evening to present the profile of the family, a couple with three elementary school aged children, to the group.
The long awaited profile was unanimously and with much emotion approved. One member of the group said she had had butterflies in her stomach all day, another said she had ears when she heard the news, a third said “I love them already!”
The application was approved by the Canadian government a few days ago and the group is now following up on the plans that have been in the making since last spring.
With much excitement in the air, the group awaits their newcomer family in four to 12 weeks and hopes to continue fund-raising with the goal of sponsoring a second family in the future.


The Water Management Amendment (Transparency of Water Rights) Bill 2020 before the Parliament of New South Wales threatens to expose vested interests speculating in water for profit at the expense of agricultural production. An online public register proposed in the bill would reveal all foreign and domestic holders of water including from foreign tax havens such as the Cayman Islands, and water holdings of politicians. Although the bill was narrowly defeated in the Legislative Assembly on 6 August, a compromise deal with some amendments may still be possible. And given the ferment in the population in rural Australia, this issue won’t die easily.
Helen Dalton MP from the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party initiated the legislation last year, but the bill lapsed as of 23 April. Now reintroduced in both Houses of Parliament, in the Legislative Council the bill was supported by the Animal Justice Party, Australian Labor Party, Greens, Pauline Hanson’s One Nation, and independent Justin Field. In the Legislative Assembly, Labor, the Greens and independent Alex Greenwich voted with the three Shooters, Fishers and Farmers MPs, but the Liberal Party and Nationals blocked the bill in a 37/44 vote.
A PDF copy of the Bill and Explanatory Notes on the Parliament’s website shows how the “Access Register” would operate to facilitate public access to information relating to water access licences. An electronic search facility would enable details to be obtained including: the name of an individual or corporation, an ABN, name of a government department, name of an irrigation scheme, the number of an access licence, and the number of a water supply work approval.
Dalton points out the absurdity that members of the New South Wales Parliament are not required to disclose their water entitlements as part of their disclosures of pecuniary interests, but under legislation they must disclose such things as their property ownership, gifts, income sources, debts and contributions to travel. For example, some members even disclose the gift of a relatively cheap bottle of wine, yet they may have millions of dollars’ worth in water interests which don’t come to light. Dalton voluntarily disclosed her own water entitlements to make the point, including a 5,041-megalitre delivery entitlement with Murrumbidgee Irrigation. Similar disclosure rules happen at the federal level, which is how we know former PM Malcolm Turnbull has a big cash stash in the Cayman Islands. But water seems even more secret than the tax havens!
In a 27 February 2020 speech in Parliament, Dalton said “getting a water licence is easier than opening up a bank account. It is possible for corporate entities to obtain a licence without disclosing names of major shareholders, company owners, parent companies or other individuals who may directly benefit from the water purchased. … There is … a need to increase the amount of information a person or entity must provide authorities to hold or obtain a water access licence. It is not good enough for a company in the Cayman Islands to buy large quantities of water—which has happened—while keeping the names of directors, board members and major shareholders a secret. That is disgraceful.”
On August 5, just prior to the vote for the bill in the Legislative Council, Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party MLC Mark Banasiak gave a parliamentary speech, making an important point regarding transparency: “Under the New South Wales Government’s system a person can buy millions of dollars of water without revealing their name or true identity. They do not even have to show their Australian Business Number [ABN]. This bill addresses that gross flaw in the system. It is not good enough for a company in the Cayman Islands to buy large quantities of water while keeping the names of directors, board members and major shareholders a secret. If you are a corporation, foreign or domestic, and you want to own Australia’s most precious natural resource then we the Australian taxpayers deserve to know something about you.”
Opposition to the public register endorsed by big corporate interests and the Liberal-Nationals coalition cite privacy reasons. Banasiak blasted the government’s nonsense argument: “The Government’s ridiculous excuse for opposing this bill is that it violates the privacy of mum and dad farmers. It claims a water register will lead to animal activists going onto farms, pulling out crops and sabotaging dams. This is the Government’s only excuse for opposing this bill—and what a rubbish excuse it is. Has this Government ever heard of the White Pages or the Yellow Pages? These directories have names, addresses and phone numbers of irrigators across Australia. Will the Government campaign to have these directories banned for privacy reasons? A water register will not publish personal phone numbers and emails, as suggested by the New South Wales Nationals.”
The bill was referred to the Upper House Portfolio Committee No 4 which released a report on 31 July 2020 on this and two related bills on water. The committee recommended further parliamentary debate considering stakeholder concerns set out in its report. It received 19 submissions, which make clear that big corporate interests oppose the register, while there’s no deluge of community concern about privacy from ordinary farmers. In fact, the opposite is true! Earlier this year, Dalton introduced a petition to parliament which was signed by 11,000 people who supported a national water register and a Royal Commission into the Murray-Darling Basin. And widespread support for a public register has resulted in a broad coalition joining Dalton in Parliament.
The Register of Foreign Ownership of Water Entitlements: Report of registrations as at 30 June 2019 shows foreign water ownership is at 10.5 per cent, or 4,113 GL of the total 39,124 GL of entitlements on issue. China tops the list by country with 756 GL, mostly due to a Chinese company’s stake in Cubbie Station, followed by the USA’s 713 GL and UK’s 394 GL. At least the Chinese part-owner of Cubbie Station uses its water for production, and has an interest in keeping it cheap; more concerning than foreign ownership is the speculative water trading by corporates and individuals which plays a big role in inflating water prices. Last year Water Resources Minister David Littleproud told the ABC that 14 per cent of water trades in the southern Murray-Darling Basin are from corporates and individuals who don’t own land. A public register would provide transparency for one of our most valuable commodities.
By Jeremy Beck, Australian Alert Service, 19 August 2020


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Carmelo Anthony and the New York Knicks were eliminated from playoff contention without even taking the floor on Saturday night.
The Atlanta Hawks earned the Eastern Conference's final playoff spot with a 98-85 victory over the Miami Heat on Saturday night.
The loss means Anthony, a former Syracuse University star, will miss the playoffs for the first time in his 11-year career.
Anthony will now have plenty of time to ponder his upcoming free agency this summer.
This also means that former Henninger star Andray Blatche will be the only player with ties to Central New York to make the playoffs this season.
Here's a look at how players with ties to Central New York fared on Saturday:
- Carmelo Anthony (New York Knicks): off Saturday Up next: vs. Chicago, 7:30 p.m. Sunday (MSG)
- Andray Blatche (Brooklyn Nets): off Saturday Up next: vs. Orlando, 6 p.m. Sunday (YES, NBA TV)
- Michael Carter-Williams (Philadelphia 76ers): played 36 minutes with 23 points (7-for-11), eight assists, seven rebounds and one steal in 111-105 loss at Charlotte Up next: vs. Boston, 7 p.m. Monday
- Wes Johnson (Los Angeles Lakers): off Saturday Up next: vs. Memphis, 9:30 p.m. Sunday (NBA TV)
- James Southerland (New Orleans Pelicans): played 10 minutes with 3 points (1-for-3), four rebounds, one steal and one block in 111-104 loss at Houston Up next: vs. Oklahoma City, 8 p.m. Monday
- Dion Waiters (Cleveland Cavaliers): played 27 minutes with 15 points (6-for-15), four rebounds, two assists and one block in 111-99 loss vs. Boston Up next: vs. Brooklyn, 8 p.m. Wednesday

domain: sports


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Marc DiPaolo introduces us to Wonder Woman's creator and history and he demonstrates how she is a "WWII veteran, a feminist icon, and a sex symbol" all throughout her "career". Wonder Woman stars in multiple films and is most commonly known for her red, white and blue one piece, and her tall, sexy assertiveness. What many people don't know is that she is a big part of history in the comic and superhero world because of how her character influences real life people of all ages, sexes, ethnicities, and races. "Marston created the comic book character Wonder Woman to be both strong and sexy, as a means of encouraging woman to emulate her unapologetic assertiveness." Charlotte Howell notes in her essay titled "'Tricky' Connotations: Wonder Woman as DC's Brand Disruptor" that Wonder Woman is, "inherently disruptive to masculine superhero franchise branding because, according to her creator William Moulton Marston, she was intended to be 'psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who, [he] believe[d], should rule the world.'"
The hi-res images range from stills to behind the scenes photos featuring directors Zack Snyder and David Ayer working with cast members including Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman and Will Smith as Deadshot. In addition to the new images of Jared Leto's Joker, a new image of Gadot as Wonder Woman in her own standalone film is included among the hi-res stills.
Granted by Athena (Goddess of Wisdom), this gives her a degree of wisdom beyond that of most mortals and gives her a strong moral sense. Originally in the Golden Age, her wisdom primarily consisted of her deep knowledge of, and ability to navigate through, human emotions. When she first showed up in Man’s World, she learned enough English language to converse with others in a few hours only. This also aids her in her tactical ability. She is among the smartest and wisest members of the Justice League of America, along with the Martian Manhunter and Batman.
The only hope for peace is to teach people who are full of pep and unbound force to enjoy being bound... Only when the control of self by others is more pleasant than the unbound assertion of self in human relationships can we hope for a stable, peaceful human society... Giving to others, being controlled by them, submitting to other people cannot possibly be enjoyable without a strong erotic element.
Wonder Woman is essential viewing for not only superhero fans, but film buffs and fans of the action epic. The first time I saw the movie, I had very few qualms, and most of those are no longer issues to me. All of them were little things like "I wish we could see this", "a little too much CGI at the end". Any and all issues with the film is not the movies problem and is simply a matter of personal taste because it is a near perfect movie. There are no objectively bad executions with the movie like there were with the previous DCEU films. If you don't like it, then that is without a doubt your problem, because as a lover of films and not superheros, it's near perfect film-making and I will not be surprised if this gets nominated for Oscars, it deserves them.
It was the fall of 1985...I walked into editor Janice Race's office to find out about the fate of Diana Prince. I was curious to learn who was going to draw her. Superman had [John] Byrne and [Jerry] Ordway, Batman had [Frank] Miller and [Alan] Davis (and later [David] Mazzucchelli). Wonder Woman had...No one. A writer, Greg Potter, had been selected but no established artist wanted to handle the new series. After exhaustive searches, it seemed Wonder Woman would have to be assigned to an unknown...I thought of John Byrne and Superman. What a giant coup for DC. A top talent and fan-fave on their premier character..."Janice" I heard myself say "What if I took on Wonder Woman for the first six months – just to get her out of the starting gate?"
It is fair to say that, through the years, the character of Wonder Woman has been heavily sexualized in several of her different incarnations. While this is not deemed as awful by many, it felt very important for the Wonder Woman: Earth One graphic novel to come out in 2016, attempting to reconcile Diana’s image as a feminist character above all else.
Lynda Carter's portrayal of Wonder Woman was one of the best superhero performances ever. She really came across as a super-powerful female, just as Lou Ferrigno came across on The Incredible Hulk as a super-powerful green-skinned goliath. What was even better was when Debra Winger guest-starred in three episodes as WW's sister, Wonder Girl. Talk about a double dose of babeness!!!
Marston set out to commercialize Larson's invention of the polygraph, when he subsequently embarked on a career in entertainment and comic book writing and appeared as a salesman in ads for Gillette Razors, using a polygraph motif. From his psychological work, Marston became convinced that women were more honest than men in certain situations and could work faster and more accurately. During his lifetime, Marston championed the latent abilities and causes of the women of his day.
Wonder Woman is trained in the a variety of martial arts, making her a master of unarmed and armed combat (even proving adept with pistols). Before Flashpoint Batman considered Diana the best melee fighter on the planet, even putting her ahead of Superman, due to the combination of her power and the depth of her training. Even when depowered, she is on par with some of the best hand-to-hand combatants in the DC Universe.
The New 52 universe does not have a "Diana Prince" identity as stated in an interview by series writer Brian Azzarello. However, when she and Superman began dating, for her civilian identity she used the Diana Prince alias whenever she was around Clark Kent; such as when she introduced herself to Lois Lane at Lois's housewarming party under that name.
Principal photography began on June 13, 2018, under the working title Magic Hour. Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden in England, and at a number of locations around the District of Columbia and Northern Virginia in the United States, including the Landmark Mall in Alexandria, Virginia during June and July 2018, with scenes shot in Alexandria from June 18 through July 14. Filming occurred outside the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C. during mid-June. Other filming locations around DC included the Penn Quarter neighborhood, McPherson Square, the DAR Constitution Hall near the White House, the Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian), and the Lincoln Memorial. By mid-July, production in the United States was completed and moved to England. In August, filming on location took place in several places around London, including St. Andrew's Place, Regent's Park and the Royal College of Physicians. Between September and October 2018, production also took place at Almería, in Andalusia, southern Spain, as well as Fuerteventura and Tenerife in the Canary Islands. From September 5 to 11, filming occurred at the fortified complex The Alcazaba of Almería and the Wall of Jayran in Almeria. Production moved to Fuerteventura from September 13 through September 26, with the Corralejo Dunes National Park, Parque Holandés, El Jablito, La Oliva and The Jandía Natural Park as filming locations. Filming in Tenerife began during the last week of September, shooting around different locations of the island for 2 weeks.
Due to the reboot of the character following Crisis on Infinite Earths, numerous things no longer made sense in terms of continuity as it related to the remainder of the DC Universe. As her first overall appearance was now in continuity around the Legends miniseries, it no longer made sense that she was a founding member of the Justice League of America. This founding position was instead given retroactively to Black Canary. Later it was decided that she should be given this position back and thus both she and Black Canary were considered founding members of the Justice League. In reference to the Justice League though, although she has more than 400 combined appearances therein, she has had most of her character development in her own series.


The Full Story
PABA Hears From Serenity House Director On Homelessness Solutions
May 16th, 2017 - 11:00 am
Port Angeles – The Director of Serenity House presented his strategy for reducing homelessness to local business owners.
Serenity House Executive Director, Doc Robinson, outlined his strategy for dealing with homelessness and rental assistance for those who are near homelessness. He addressed his remarks to the Port Angeles Business Association members at their regular Tuesday meeting.
For the hardcore homeless, who are dealing with mental illness and/or drug addiction, Robinson said we need housing in order to stabilize them and keep them out of the legal system, and safe tax-payer money.
Robinson said that Serenity House currently is currently at capacity, housing 62 of this category of homeless. He then went over how he plans to cover the associated costs.
Another strategy Serenity House is striving to achieve is assisting those who require rental assistance to keep from becoming homeless, with increasing their job potential. Robinson said that about 1/3 of the Port Angeles population is receiving rental assistance. Those who qualify for assistance make $14,000 or less per year.
Robinson noted that despite efforts to assist low income families with rent, there are still not enough available rental properties on the peninsula. He suggested looking at vacant commercial properties that might be suitable for conversion to rental housing.
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Indore: Proving themselves as best shooters of Border Security Force (BSF), Bhilavekar Nisha and Durgi Hansdas bagged two gold medals in Inter Frontier Platoon Weapon Shooting Competition. They competed against best shooters in BSF including men. The BSF shooting competition held in different categories and being organised at Reoti Range on city outskirts will conclude on Monday.
This is for the first time that BSF women constables participated in the annual shooting competition. About 100 women from 11 frontiers namely Rajasthan, North Bengal, South Bengal, Jammu, Gujarat, Guwahati, Meghalaya, Tripura, Punjab, Mizoram and Nagaland participated. In an exclusive interview with Free Press, winners of shooting competition talked about their struggles, expectations and journey in BSF. Excerpts of interviews
Setting example in family
Most women in BSF are first women in their families to join the force. One of them is Devjade Yogita, 25. “I have an elder and a younger brother. They are taking care of my parents while I am serving our country.” She is from Maharashtra frontier.
Rekha Yadav, 22, from Uttar Pradesh, is a son to her family and the country. “I am the first one in my family to join BSF and my younger sister will follow suit. We will set an example for everyone,” she said. Only woman achiever from Madhya Pradesh is 29-year-old Rajni. “I have set an example in my family and started a new trend, which my younger brother is following,” she said. Rajni bagged gold medal in the competition. Sumranisha Anisben from Gujarat is the only child in her family who has joined BSF.
It changed everything
While joining the force, most of them were school pass-outs, shy and had never travelled alone. Couple of years of training made them strong and now they know every corner of country and can fight anyone to guard the nation. “I have learned to behave and act selectively. I don’t share everything with my family that might worry them,” 30-year-old Mamoni Boro from Assam said. She bagged gold medal in the competition.
“I had not travelled alone before. Now, I am the person people look for protection; it has been quite a journey from being protected to becoming a protector,” 27-year-old Beauty Kumari from Bihar said. Saroj Rani, 25, calls herself as daughter of nation. Shipra Shah, Parmila Choudhary and Manju Verma talked about opportunities that have helped them to study and grow.
Men gold, silver medallists
Anuj Kumar, Suraj Kumar Singh, Kesar Mininath, Amichand Gurjar, Ashok Singh, Mukesh Choudhary, Satyanarayan, Anoop Singh, Satnam Singh, Gopal Ghosh, Ram Kumar Tomar, Golap Nipoon, Gaurav Choudhary and Surat Singh.


The triple crown in biotech: An all-or-nothing bet on an FDA approval of 3 drugs over 16 months starts today
Bristol-Myers Squibb’s $74 billion Celgene deal closed as expected Wednesday evening. And now a new clock has begun to tick down for Celgene shareholders who came away from the deal with CVRs — contingent value rights — worth $9 or nothing. Those CVRs start trading today as $BMYRT.
The new deadline they have is the end of March 2021, a little more than 16 months from now, when Bristol-Myers will need to gain approvals on 3 late-stage drugs it’s picking up in the buyout: Ozanimod and liso-cel (JCAR017) are due up at the end of 2020, with bb2121 deadlined at the end of Q1 in 2021.
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Latest healthcare technology infrastructure Stories
GNAX Health, a leading healthcare technology infrastructure and application delivery service provider, announced today the addition of Stephen Turley, enterprise storage veteran, as a Senior Storage
Word of the Day
- The deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna, which possesses stupefying or poisonous properties.
- A sleeping-potion; a soporific.
- To mutter deliriously.
The word 'dwale' comes from an Old English word meaning 'error, doubt, delusion.'


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On 5 June Dr Chris Laoutaris of The Shakespeare Institute gave a lecture with Yasmin Arshad, doctoral candidate at University College London, to mark the opening of the Queen's Gallery's new exhibition, 'In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and Stuart Fashion', at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.
The public event, conducted in concert with the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery and the Scottish National Gallery, incorporated papers from Anna Reynolds, the curator of the 'In Fine Style' exhibition and Curator of Paintings at the Royal Collection Trust; Kate Gillespie, Senior Curator at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery; and David Wilcox, Lecturer at the Edinburgh College of Art. Laoutaris and Arshad presented their research on a mysterious painting by Marcus Gheeraerts known as the 'Persian Lady Portrait', which has sparked some racy Shakespeare conspiracy theories and continues to attract controversy. Laoutaris and Arshad will be publishing the results of their research in the British Art Journal later this year.later this year.
- 'In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and Stuart Fashion' exhibition (open unttill 20 July).


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Serie A giants Inter seem likely to make further progress in the Champions League when they go past Atletico Madrid and reach the quarter-finals. But their progress is quickly making Inzaghi their best manager in the modern era.
And that is because of the Italian’s managerial records for the club in Europe, in comparison to what Jose Mourinho, Luciano Spalletti and Antonio Conte achieved. Inzaghi has managed 28 matches in Europe for Inter, winning 15, picking up seven draws. But he has been able to manage so many games because of how his side has progressed in the Champions League.
In fact, Mourinho, Conte and Spalletti combined could only muster as many wins as Inzaghi – 15. Mourinho, during his time at Inter, won ten European games. Spalletti won two of them and Conte won only three and that says a lot about how much the Nerazzurri have progressed in Europe under the stewardship of the ex-Lazio boss. That number could soon go up, depending on how Inter perform in Europe in the rest of the season.
Kaustubh Pandey | GIFN


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The Ida Grove City Council met last evening to discuss the reopening of City Operated Facilities. It was decided that the facilities shall remain closed to the public at this time. Council will re-evaluate mid-May to see where we stand case-wise to determine if it will be appropriate to open at that time. During the next couple weeks, the City will be working to finalize safety plans and securing PPE for staff prior to opening. On behalf of all City employees, elected officials and the Mayor: we appreciate everyone’s patience and understanding while we work out the best plan possible while keeping the best interest of everyone in mind.
https://i0.wp.com/idagroveia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/update-your-content.jpg?fit=740%2C399&ssl=1 399 740 Heather Sweeden https://idagroveia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Ida-Grove-Enfold-Logo-with-tagline2.png Heather Sweeden2020-04-30 14:26:442020-04-30 14:26:44City Operated Facilities Update


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Jennette McCurdy: Feuding With Nickelodoen Over Money?
She openly admitted there were circumstances that led to her no-show at the 2014 Kids’ Choice Awards last weekend,and now it appears there are more issues between Jennette McCurdy and Nickelodeon than she originally led on.
Sources told TMZ that the "Sam & Cat" star is dissatisfied with her salary from the network and upset that her co-star Ariana Grande makes substantially more money.
Although she has no problems with Ariana personally, Jennette feels that the children’s channel is treating her unfairly and has not worked out the present issues.
A rep from Nick stated, “We have nothing but the utmost respect for Jennette and her talent. While the show is currently one of the most popular shows on the children’s channel, 'Sam & Cat’s' production has been put on hold and a second season has yet to be ordered."
Stay linked to GossipCenter for the latest news about Jennette’s feud with Nickelodeon!
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Sunday, December 7, 2014
Blame the Brandy
Inspira. There are 2590 of them on Ravelry. Mine will make 2591. You need two colors of a gradient yarn and I had these orphan balls of Amazing left over from other projects so I thought I would give it a go since I am still celebrating Grinchmas and I'm putting no limit on any startitis that involves something for ME.

domain: hobby


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An eighth person has been arrested by police investigating the murder of Daniel Kirkwood.
The 25-year-old man was arrested in Birmingham at 10.50pm yesterday on suspicion of murder.
This afternoon police were granted an extra 36 hours to question three men, aged 18, 22, and 24, who were arrested in connection with 18-year-old Daniel’s death on Monday.
Four other men, arrested a few hours after the fatal stabbing in Society in Tower Street, Coventry, have now been released on police bail while enquiries continue.
Daniel was found outside the club at 2am with a fatal stab wound to the neck.
He was pronounced dead later in hospital.
Another 18-year-old man suffered a stab wound to the back, a 17-year-old lad was also slashed across the arm with a knife, and a young woman needed stitches.
Their injuries are not life threatening.
Det Chief Insp Sam Ridding, from West Midlands Police’s homicide team, said: “A young man has tragically lost his life while enjoying a night out at a club with friends.
“We are investigating what led up to the attack and why anyone would want to kill Daniel.
“As part of our enquiries we want to hear from anyone who was at the Society club on Saturday night, or who was in the area and may have seen something.”
Tributes continue to pour in for the popular teenager, who had completed a brickwork course at City College in Coventry in 2013.
A fundraiser launched to pay for flowers for Daniel’s funeral has already gone past its £1,000 target, with £1,340 being raised so far.
Anyone able to help the police investigation should call the homicide team at Harborne police station on 101 or speak to Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.

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I am Pauline, French and passionate about food, I like trying new recipe and reproducing French flavours with English ingredients. Cooking is part of my lifestyle.
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My favorite things to cook
No favorites, I just like to try out new things every once in a while. Once I'm confident enough in my ability to make a recipe well, I add changes to it to suit my own tastes.
My favorite family cooking traditions
Every New Year, my mom used to bake waffles. Light waffles, crispy on the outside and soft on the inside. I can still remember the smell of waffles hanging inside the house. Now that both my parents passed on, I hope to continue this tradition for years to come.
My cooking triumphs
Any new recipe that ends up tasting amazing is a cooking triumph for me, although I'm proud of the "vitello tonato" I made for Christmas, which tasted just like in the restaurant.
My cooking tragedies
I love Asian food and often make nasi goreng. I've made it numerous times before, but last year I somehow managed to burn all the meat and vegetables inside the dish while I never left the stove. They were totally black and I could throw the dish away.