|Publication number||US6360159 B1|
|Application number||US 09/589,297|
|Publication date||Mar 19, 2002|
|Filing date||Jun 7, 2000|
|Priority date||Jun 7, 2000|
|Also published as||DE10127368A1, DE10127368B4|
|Publication number||09589297, 589297, US 6360159 B1, US 6360159B1, US-B1-6360159, US6360159 B1, US6360159B1|
|Inventors||Paul R. Miller, Mike Barbieri, Chaun He|
|Original Assignee||Cummins, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (56), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a system and method for controlling an/or compensating noxious emissions from an internal combustion engine. More specifically, the invention relates to the control of NOx emissions from a diesel engine.
It is well known that internal combustion engines generate noxious gases as combustion by-products, among them, the oxides of nitrogen such as NO and NO2, or commonly referred to as NOx. It is certainly desirable from an environmental standpoint to limit the quantity of noxious gases generated during an engine combustion cycle. Over the years, various environmental regulatory agencies have imposed emissions standards on internal combustion engines. These standards have become steadily more stringent over the years.
One common approach to meeting these emission standards involves the use of a catalytic converter connected to the engine exhaust. This catalytic converter essentially purifies the exhaust gas emitted from the engine. Of course, there is a limit to the amount of purification that a typical catalytic converter can achieve, complicated in the case of the desired NOx reduction reactions, by the excess O2 inherent in diesel exhaust gas.
In another approach, a fraction of the exhaust gas can be recycled back to the engine's intake charge (air+EGR) flow using a well-known exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. This exhaust gas recirculation approach substantially reduces the NOx component of the exhaust by substituting inert combustion products for some of the excess intake charge (air+EGR) O2, thereby limiting the NOx promoting peak combustion temperature and excess O2 availability for the subsequent combustion process; however, the EGR system can only reduce, but not eliminate all noxious pollutants from the engine exhaust. The inherent tradeoff between NOx formation and particulate formation/oxidation process demands that optimization occur resulting in the needed emission regulation compliance at the best overall performance level for the engine user. The optimization process is complicated by increasing degrees of hardware and software (control) freedom and available to the engine developer coupled with broader and more complex compliance requirements imposed by regulators.
A further approach has been to optimize the air-fuel ratio, which can ultimately optimizes the combustion process. Optimized combustion can significantly reduce the noxious emissions from an internal combustion engine.
While many systems have been developed to address emissions compliance, these systems are frequently obsoleted by new, more stringent emissions regulations. Moreover, the ability for a particular system to consistently reduce noxious emissions is affected by deterioration of the components of that system. Furthermore, the performance of any emissions reduction system is dependent upon the ambient conditions—i.e. fresh air temperature, pressure and humidity.
In view of these difficulties, there remains a consistent need for an emissions control/compensation system and method that can adapt to these changing needs.
These difficulties are addressed by the present inventive system and method for controlling noxious emissions, such as NOx, from an internal combustion engine. The invention utilizes a closed loop and/or an open loop control algorithm to control one or more compensating levers, each compensating lever corresponding to a controllable engine operating parameter that when changed yields a change in the NOx emissions. The compensating levers can be, for instance, start of injection, variable geometry turbine position, waster gate/exhaust throttle openness, or other engine operating parameters that have an effect on the composition and quantity of pollutants in the engine exhaust.
In the closed loop control approach, the mass flow rate of the NOx is compared to a predetermined target to obtain a delta value. This delta value is applied through a PID controller to generate a corresponding change in one or more of the compensating levers. In certain embodiments, this change value can be supplied directly to pertinent engine control routines within an engine control module (ECM).
In other embodiments, an open loop approach is utilized in which predetermined relationships are generated between one or more controllable engine operating parameters, or compensating levers, and changes in a measure of the noxious emissions. In the open loop approach, a current value for one of the levers is compared against a nominal value, such as a value related to emissions regulatory standards. The change in this value can be evaluated according to a predetermined relationship between the change in the operating parameter and the resulting change in the emission level. This relationship then produces a NOx delta value corresponding to that change in emission level. Thus, with the open loop approach, the current measure of the NOx is essentially inferred from the current values of engine operating parameters. This in contrast to the closed loop approach that relies upon generating an actual measure of the subject emissions and comparing that actual measure with a commanded value.
In one embodiment of the open loop approach, only one such engine operating parameter or compensating lever is sensed and used to generate a NOx delta value. In other embodiments, two or more engine operating parameters can be used to generate two or more emission delta values, based upon corresponding predetermined relationships. In one aspect of the invention, the emission delta values are normalized values so that they are indicative of the effect on emissions without regard to the triggering operating parameter. Thus, in this embodiment, the multiple emission delta values can be combined into a composite delta value. This composite value can then be applied to the inverse of the predetermined relationship for a desired compensating lever to determine a change command for that lever.
It is one object of the invention to provide a system and method for controlling an internal combustion engine to reduce the level of certain pollutants in the engine exhaust. Another object resides in features that control certain engine operating parameters that generate desirable changes in a measure of these pollutants.
One benefit of the system and method of the present invention is that it can combine the benefits of open and closed loop control approaches. Another benefit is that the inventive system can account for degradation of engine components and can be readily modified to account for more stringent emissions regulations.
Other objects and benefits of the invention can be discerned from the following written description and accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart depicting the steps of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a mathematical block diagram providing further detail to the flowchart shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a mathematical block diagram of a PID component of the system depicted in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a graph of a compensation function in relation to a control/feedback variable, in this case the intake oxygen fraction, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph of a predetermined relationship between the change in the operating parameter and the resulting change in emission level, in this case the change in the charge (air+EGR) temperature.
FIG. 6 is a further compensation function in relation to the change in start of injection, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. The inventions includes any alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices and described methods and further applications of the principles of the invention which would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
The present invention contemplates a system and method relying upon both open loop and/or closed loop control strategies. Under both strategies, a “mission goal” dictated process is executed to determine a primary compensating lever (control/feedback variable). This mission-dictated process adjusts the compensating lever to bring the specific emission component back into compliance in a way that best serves the mission goal. In the preferred embodiment, these mission goals can include fuel economy, long life or transient performance. In a further aspect of certain embodiments of the invention, the compensating levers or control/feedback variables, can include start of injection; charge (air+EGR) mass, O2 level or temperature, variable geometry turbine position, or wastegate/exhaust throttle flow area. Of course, other control/feedback variables can be utilized.
The flowchart in FIG. 1 illustrates one preferred embodiment of the emission control system of the present invention. It is understood that the steps of this flowchart can be implemented by software within the engine control module (ECM), or a separate emissions control module that communicates with the ECM. Similarly, the steps and systems of the present invention can be implemented by a combination of electronics and software.
As the flowchart illustrates, the steps of the compensation method begin at a starting point 10, which can typically be initiated when the engine is started. In the first step 12, data from the various engine and condition sensors is acquired. This data includes ambient condition values, such as temperature and pressure, as well as engine operating parameters. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the engine operating data is obtained from various sensors throughout the engine, such as sensors for NOx concentration, fresh air mass flow (MAF) sensor, intake manifold temperature and engine speed sensor. In addition, the data obtained in step 12 can include fuel mass flow, percent fueling and engine torque. The engine torque can be acquired from a model-based estimate as a function of engine speed and fuel quantity, for instance, or from an actual torque sensor.
The present invention contemplates obtaining data from a NOx sensor. The typical sensor of this type measures exhaust O2 and NOx. A well known NOx sensor relies upon an electrochemical or catalytic reaction that generates a current, the magnitude of which is indicative of the concentration of the subject gas present in the exhaust. In the most preferred embodiment the NOx sensor generates a signal that measures the molar concentration of the gas within the exhaust.
As indicated above, the method according to the present invention contemplates both a closed loop process 20 and an open loop process 40 for controlling the compensation of the subject exhaust gas, in this case NOx. The closed loop segment 20 of the flowchart of FIG. 1 proceeds from step 12 to step 22 in which the mass flow rate of the NOx gas is calculated. Referring to FIG. 2, one specific approach for calculating the NOx mass flow rate of relies upon certain input data 82. Specifically, the mass flow calculation utilizes the NOx sensor value “NOx_PPM”, which corresponds to the molar concentration of NOx, “MAF_LBM”, which corresponds to the fresh air mass flow, and “Fresh_AFR” which corresponds to the ratio of fresh air mass flow and fuel mass flow rate. The sensor values “MAF_IBM”_and “Fresh_AFR” are passed through modules 90 and 84, respectively, which operate on the input signals to eliminate a zero value.
The output from module 84 is then provided to a calculation module 86, which is used to calculate the molecular weight of the exhaust gas. The calculation module 86 applies a pre-determined formula to obtain a value “M_EXH”, which value is sent through a module 88 to prevent a divide-by-zero problem in subsequent calculations. These values are then fed to a mass flow calculation module 92. As illustrated in FIG. 2, this module 92 applies a specific equation to the input data to calculate the engine exhaust NOx flow rate “mdotNOX1”. The output of the module 92 is passed through a filter 96 to which a filter constant 94 is applied. The result is at output 98, namely “mdot_NOx”, which is the filtered mass flow rate of the NOx in the engine exhaust.
Returning to FIG. 1, after the mass flow rate of the subject gas is then calculated, the method proceeds to step 24 in which an error or delta value is computed based upon the calculated mass flow of the NOx relative to a pre-determined reference (or target) value. Details of the step are illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown in FIG. 2, the conditioned output of filter 96 is provided as measurement input 108 to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller 110. In addition, the engine brake horsepower (BHP) and brake specific NOx reference values are used to generate a command value of the NOx mass flow rate 107 to the PID controller 110. More specifically the brake horsepower is obtained from logic that estimates the engine brake horsepower from engine speed, fuel rate and other sensed or inferred torque influencing conditions (or directly from a torque sensor, if present) in one of the inputs 82 to the closed loop system 80 showed in FIG. 2. As illustrated in the figure, the BHP value can be passed through a module 100 to prevent a divide- by-zero condition. This BHP value is then applied to a multiple/divide module 102. The other input of the multiple/divide module 102 is the output 108 corresponding to the mass flow rate of the NOx. The result of this divide step is a brake specific NOx output value 104. At this point, both the NOx mass flow rate output 98 and the brake specific NOx value 104 can be provided to other engine control routines within the ECM.
More specific to the computation step 24 of the flowchart in FIG. 1, the estimated BHP value is applied to a multiplier module 106. This module 106 also receives a reference value 105, namely “bsNOx_REF” (brake specific NOx reference (g/hp.hr)), as input. This value 105 can be obtained from a pre-determined reference map stored within a memory of the ECM for instance. Thus, the output 107 from the multiplier module 106 constitutes a reference or calculated mass flow rate for the NOx, which can be compared against the actual calculated NOx mass flow rate based on sensed data, represented by the measurement signal 108 provided to the PID controller 110.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the two inputs 107 (corresponding to the reference value), and 108 (corresponding to the actual value) are provided to a summing module 135, which generates a delta mass flow rate value 136. In other words, step 24 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 compares the actual NOx mass flow rate to a commanded mass flow rate based upon the current engine operating conditions. The premise behind this comparison is that any non-zero delta value means that the NOx emissions fall outside the commanded value for the current engine performance and condition. Thus, a non-zero delta value means that some change in the engine operating parameters is necessary to bring the NOx emissions back into compliance.
This action occurs in step 26 of the flowchart in FIG. 1. More specifically, this delta value is passed through a PID controller that is calibrated to a specific compensating lever. The PID controller then generates a closed loop delta value to be added to the specific lever command. In accordance with the present invention, a compensating lever is a particular engine operating parameter, which when changed can impact the mass flow rate of the subject noxious gas (in this case NOx) in the engine emissions.
For example, in the preferred embodiment, the compensating levers can include fuel mass, oxygen charge (air+EGR) mass, variable geometry turbine position, wastegate/exhaust throttle flow area, start of injection (SOI) and/or EGR flow rate et al. The lever can be pre-determined based upon the particular mission goal to be satisfied. For instance, if the mission goal is for fuel economy and the NOx emissions are too high, the most effective compensating lever toward contributing to the mission goal is likely to be the EGR flow rate, provided other limiting conditions aren't imposing a limitation on changes from the current. In this instance, increasing the EGR flow will decrease the NOx emissions with the least fuel economy penalty. Alternatively, where fuel economy is the mission goal and NOx emissions are too low, advancing the start of injection closer to optimum can increase the NOx emission mass flow rate back to the acceptable reference value while maximizing fuel economy.
If the mission goal pertains to long engine life and emissions are too high, the SOI may be retarded with the EGR being maintained at its nominal level to minimize system deteriorating effects of EGR usage. Conversely, when emissions are too low, the EGR flow rate can be decreased, again to minimize system-deteriorating effects of EGR usage, while the start of injection is maintained at its nominal level. Further, if the mission goal is to optimize transient performance and NOx emissions are too high, the SOI can be retarded, so as to minimize the transient performance preparedness deterioration associated with EGR usage. Again, conversely a decrease in the EGR flow rate is prescribed where emissions are too low and the goal is to optimize transient performance. Of course, it is contemplated that other compensating levers can be utilized where their effect on emissions can be readily quantified.
In the specific illustrated embodiment, the start of injection (SOI) is the compensating lever used to control the NOx emissions rate for the closed loop component 80. In the preferred embodiment, step 26 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 is accomplished by the PID controller 110 shown in FIG. 2, and illustrated in a normal detailed block diagram in FIG. 3. The PID controller 110 receives the measurement value 108 for the emissions mass flow rate, as well as the pre-determined command value 107 corresponding to an optimum mass flow rate. As previously discussed, the two input signals 107 and 108 are used to generate a delta value 136. The purpose then, of the PID controller 110 is to compensate that delta value, or, in other words, to reduce that delta value 136 to zero. It has been found that a proportional-integral-derivative controller provides a good means for correlating this NOx mass flow rate delta value to a delta command to be applied to a compensating lever.
In addition to the inputs 107 and 108, the PID controller 110 receives inputs 112 corresponding to maximum and minimum limits to the delta values that can be applied to the particular compensating lever. In the present case, since the compensating lever is the start of injection, the maximum and minimum values are “DSOI_MAX” and “DSOI_MIN”. The PID controller 110 also receives three gain inputs 114, corresponding to the proportional gain, integral gain and differential gain to be applied.
The internal elements of the PID controller 110 can be of known configuration. The detail block diagram of FIG. 3 is provided for illustrative purposes. The proportional element of the controller 110 is encompassed by the multiply component 155. This component receives the proportional gain value of the inputs 114 and multiplies that value by the delta value 136. The result of this multiply is the value “SOI_P_TERM”. The integral element of the PID controller 110 receives the delta value 136 and multiplies that in multiply module 157 by the integral gain from the inputs 114.
The output of this multiply module is fed to a summing module 163, which receives an additional input from the integral feedback loop. This integral feedback loop obtains a signal from the summing module 167 and subtracts the ultimate output of the PID controller, namely the closed loop delta SOI command signal 120. This subtraction occurs in module 161. The result of this subtraction is fed back to a multiply/divide module 159 in which the result is divided by the proportional gain input value. The result of the addition in the summing module 163 is fed to a min/max filter 165, which yields an output “SOI_I_TERM”.
Finally, the derivative element of the PID controller 110 receives the measurement value 108 and multiplies that value by a pre-determined filter gain 137 in a multiply module 139 the output of this multiplication is fed to a filter 141 which also receives a filter time constant input 143. The output of this filter 141 is fed to a summing module 151. The summing module 151 receives an additional input for the delta value 136. The delta value 136 is fed to a multiplier where it is multiplied by the derivative filter gain of the inputs 114. This product is fed to an additional filter 147, which receives another input 149 corresponding to a filter time constant. The output of this second filter 147 is then provided to the summing module 151 from which the output of the filter 141 is subtracted. The various filter values 137, 143 and 149 can be pre-determined to condition the derivative component of the PID output. The filter values can specifically condition the derivative value based on the mission-specific goals discussed above.
The result of this subtraction passes through a derivative module 153 to the summing module 167. Thus, the summing module 167 receives the three SOI_TERMS corresponding to the proportional, derivative and integral elements. As previously explained, the output of this summation is fed back through the integration loop to summing module 161. In addition, this result is fed to another summing module 173. This module 173 receives an additional input 171 corresponding to a pre-determined SOI delta offset command. Nominally, this command value is zero as reflected at the input of PID 110 shown in FIG. 2.
The output of this summing module 173 is provided to a final limit filter 175. The output from this limit filter is the closed loop delta SOI command 120. Thus, the closed loop portion 80 of the system shown in FIG. 2 generates a value corresponding to a change in the start of ignition command provided to the engine control module. This change value can either advance or retard the start of ignition for the engine, depending upon the particular mission protocol. The P, I & D gain values of the inputs 114, as well as the filter inputs 137, 143 and 149, can be calibrated based upon the particular mission goal to be met by the closed loop control system.
Returning to FIG. 2, it could be seen that the output 120 (“CL_DSOI_CMD”) is sent to switch 118. The state of the switch is determined by an input signal 116. This signal 116 is “on” if closed loop correction is requested by the emission compliance manager, or is “off” if closed loop correction is not deemed necessary by the emission compliance manager. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the closed loop delta SOI command is fed to a summing module 125 where that command can be combined with a similar command generated by the open loop portion of the system. Alternatively, only the closed loop system can be used to provide emission correction. In this instance, the output 120 would be fed directly to the output 127 of the system corresponding to the final SOI delta value (“DEL_SOI”). This output 127 can then be provided to the appropriate engine control routines within the ECM to advance or retard the start of injection. This delta command can also be fed to a zero-comparison module 128 to generate an SOI increment enable signal 129 to inform the ECM whether the start of injection needs to be changed or not.
While one embodiment of the invention contemplates utilizing the closed loop system only, the most preferred embodiment combines the closed loop component 80 with an open loop component 60. The open loop component 60 implements the steps 40 of the flowchart in FIG. 1. In the open loop system, the first step is to acquire appropriate sensor data in step 12. As shown in FIG. 2, this sensor data can include the intake manifold temperature, the engine speed and the percent of fuel provided to the engine (i.e. current fuel divided by maximum fuel at the current engine speed).
Once the sensor data has been obtained, the first substantive step of the open loop element 40 is to determine a delta value for the particular chosen feed back variable. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the chosen feedback variable is the intake manifold temperature (IMT). This feedback variable corresponds to a sensed condition of the engine operation that is indicative of, or has some relationship to, the noxious component of the engine exhaust. Thus, in the illustrative embodiment it is known that variations in the intake manifold temperature can yield different NOx content in the engine exhaust.
This feature of the invention capitalizes on the relationship between the variation in this engine operating parameter and the variation in the emission rate of the NOx. Thus, the first substantive step 42 of the open loop method 40 requires a determination of this delta value. This determination is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 2. In particular, a calculation module 64 calculates an expected or normal intake manifold temperature based upon the current engine speed and percent fuel values from the inputs 62. This normal IMT value can be obtained from a table lookup or a pre-determined equation. The specific normal IMT value from module 64 is provided to a summing module 66 where it is subtracted from the actual IMT sensor value of the input 62.
In the next step 44 of the open loop process 40, a formula is applied to generate a delta NOx value based upon the change in the particular feedback variable. This step is incorporated into module 68, which receives the output from the summing module 66. The module 68 can implement a table lookup or equation driven determination. The module relies upon a pre-determined relationship, stored in memory, between the change in the selected engine operating parameter, in this case IMT, and an expected change in the emissions output rate, in this case NOx.
Once this delta NOx value has been calculated, a delta command for a pre-determined open loop compensating lever can be generated in step 46 (FIG. 1). The module 70 of the mathematical block diagram of FIG. 2 represents this step. In the specific illustrative embodiment, the compensating lever is again the start of injection (SOI). Thus, the module 70 applies the output of module 68 to a pre-determined relationship between the delta NOx and a delta SOI. The module 70 of the present invention capitalizes on the relationship between a change in the compensating lever, in this case SOI, and changes in the emission output level of the NOx. The module 70, thus, operates as an inverse to the module 68. The output from the module 70 is fed to a multiplier 72 where the delta SOI value is multiplied by a pre-determined scaler input 73. The results of this multiplication is fed to a summing module 74 in which a pre-determined open loop SOI offset value 75 can be applied. The value 73 and 75 can be pre-determined based upon the mission goals.
The output of the summing module 74 is the open loop delta SOI command 78. As with the closed loop system, the open loop delta command is only utilized if the open loop switch 76 is on. Thus, the conditional step 48 of the flowchart in FIG. 1 looks to the input signal 77 to determine whether the engine operator has activated the open loop compensation component. If not, then in step 50 the open loop delta command is set to zero, in the same way that the closed loop command was set to zero in step 30 in the event the closed loop switch was off. On the other hand, if the open loop switch is on, switch 76 passes the command “OL_DSOI_CMD” to the sending module 125 where it is combined with the like closed loop command. In this illustrative embodiment, the final output command 127 corresponding to the change in start of injection is the composite of the open loop and closed loop values, as combined in step 52 of the flowchart. The routine returns at step 54 to the data acquisition step 12, so the routine cycles continuously during the operation of the engine.
In the specific embodiment, the open and closed loop systems operate on the same compensating lever—in this instance, the start of injection. Of course, other compensating levers can be utilized within both the open loop and closed loop components 60 and 80, respectively. Moreover, the open loop system 60 could utilize a different compensating lever from the closed loop system 80.
The relationship exploited in the modules 68 and 70, and in the steps 44 and 46 of the open loop method 40, rely upon relationships between various engine operating parameters and their impact on the emissions level. These relationships are shown graphically in FIGS. 4-6. In particular, these graphs depict three different engine-operating parameters, namely intake oxygen fraction, intake charge (air+EGR) temperature change, and change in start of injection, as they pertain to a “Z” function of NOx. This “Z” function is a normalized NOx emission ratio, namely the predicted NOx emission divided by a reference value. These “Z” functions represent the relationship between the NOx emissions and variations in the selected operating parameters. Thus, referring to step 44 or component 68, a “Z” function can be applied to the delta value for the feedback variable to obtain the NOx emission ratio. The inverse of this step is applied in module 70 to derive a delta command for application to the ECM.
Since the “Z” functions are a normalized value, they are nearly, in effect, independent of any engine operating parameter. Thus, a “Z” value can be calculated based upon one engine operating parameter, such as intake oxygen fraction as depicted in FIG. 4, and that same “Z” function value can be applied in the inverse to a different engine operating parameter, such as start of injection as depicted in FIG. 6.
One significant benefit of this aspect of the invention is that a composite “Z” function value can be generated based upon “Z” function results for a number of engine operating parameter values. For instance, changes in each of the sensor input operating parameters of FIGS. 4-6 can yield a specific “Z” function value. These resulting three “Z” function values can be combined into a composite “Z” value. The inverse of this composite value is then applied to one of the curves of FIGS. 4-6 to yield a change command for the specified input parameter. For instance, the composite value can be applied to the curve of FIG. 6 to determine whether the start of injection is advanced or retarded and by how much. With his approach, the open loop compensation system 60 can be modified to provide an additional summing module to sum the results of multiple modules 68 and 70 operating on different input parameters.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. It should be understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected.
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|US8504175||Jun 2, 2010||Aug 6, 2013||Honeywell International Inc.||Using model predictive control to optimize variable trajectories and system control|
|US8620461||Sep 24, 2009||Dec 31, 2013||Honeywell International, Inc.||Method and system for updating tuning parameters of a controller|
|US8700291||Apr 26, 2007||Apr 15, 2014||Fev Motorentechink Gmbh||System for controlling the exhaust gas return rate by means of virtual NOx sensors with adaptation via a NOx sensor|
|US8776505 *||Jun 30, 2011||Jul 15, 2014||Hyundai Motor Company||Method for predicting NOx amount and exhaust system using the same|
|US8776506 *||Jun 30, 2011||Jul 15, 2014||Hyundai Motor Company||Method for predicting NOx amount and exhaust system using the same|
|US9170573||Dec 17, 2013||Oct 27, 2015||Honeywell International Inc.||Method and system for updating tuning parameters of a controller|
|US9371781||Dec 29, 2011||Jun 21, 2016||Fev Gmbh||NOX adjustment control with internal and external exhaust gas recirculation|
|US20030065690 *||May 4, 2001||Apr 3, 2003||Kelley J. Roger||Regulatory online management system|
|US20030216855 *||May 15, 2002||Nov 20, 2003||Liang Cho Y.||NOx emission-control system using a virtual sensor|
|US20060101812 *||Nov 18, 2004||May 18, 2006||Vladimir Havlena||Exhaust catalyst system|
|US20060102121 *||Nov 8, 2005||May 18, 2006||Detroit Diesel Corporation||Internal EGR for an internal combustion engine|
|US20060117750 *||Dec 7, 2004||Jun 8, 2006||Shahed Syed M||EGR system|
|US20060137335 *||Dec 29, 2004||Jun 29, 2006||Stewart Gregory E||Pedal position and/or pedal change rate for use in control of an engine|
|US20060137340 *||Dec 29, 2004||Jun 29, 2006||Stewart Gregory E||Method and system for using a measure of fueling rate in the air side control of an engine|
|US20060137347 *||Mar 30, 2005||Jun 29, 2006||Stewart Gregory E||Coordinated multivariable control of fuel and air in engines|
|US20060168945 *||Feb 2, 2005||Aug 3, 2006||Honeywell International Inc.||Aftertreatment for combustion engines|
|US20060213184 *||Mar 24, 2005||Sep 28, 2006||Honyewll International Inc.||Engine exhaust heat exchanger|
|US20060287795 *||Jun 17, 2005||Dec 21, 2006||Tariq Samad||Distributed control architecture for powertrains|
|US20070089399 *||Oct 21, 2005||Apr 26, 2007||Honeywell International Inc.||System for particulate matter sensor signal processing|
|US20070089715 *||Oct 26, 2005||Apr 26, 2007||Honeywell International Inc.||Exhaust gas recirculation system|
|US20070101977 *||Dec 28, 2006||May 10, 2007||Honeywell International Inc.||Method and system for using a measure of fueling rate in the air side control of an engine|
|US20070144149 *||Dec 28, 2005||Jun 28, 2007||Honeywell International Inc.||Controlled regeneration system|
|US20070156363 *||Dec 29, 2005||Jul 5, 2007||Stewart Gregory E||Calibration of engine control systems|
|US20080147295 *||Dec 19, 2006||Jun 19, 2008||General Electric Company||System and method for operating a compression-ignition engine|
|US20090306877 *||Jun 6, 2008||Dec 10, 2009||Southwest Research Insititute||Combustion control system for internal combustion engine with rich and lean operating conditions|
|US20100131181 *||Apr 26, 2007||May 27, 2010||Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh||System for controlling the exhaust gas return rate by means of virtual nox sensors with adaptation via a nox sensor|
|US20110071653 *||Sep 24, 2009||Mar 24, 2011||Honeywell International Inc.||Method and system for updating tuning parameters of a controller|
|US20110087420 *||Dec 20, 2010||Apr 14, 2011||Honeywell International Inc.||Engine controller|
|US20120124970 *||Jun 30, 2011||May 24, 2012||Hyundai Motor Company||METHOD FOR PREDICTING NOx AMOUNT AMD EXHAUST SYSTEM USING THE SAME|
|US20120124973 *||Jun 30, 2011||May 24, 2012||Hyundai Motor Company||Method for Predicting NOx Amount and Exhaust System Using the Same|
|USRE44452||Dec 22, 2010||Aug 27, 2013||Honeywell International Inc.||Pedal position and/or pedal change rate for use in control of an engine|
|CN102562329A *||Dec 31, 2011||Jul 11, 2012||Fev有限公司||Oxynitride control having inner and external exhaust gas recirculation|
|CN102562329B *||Dec 31, 2011||Jun 17, 2015||Fev有限公司||Oxynitride control having inner and external exhaust gas recirculation|
|U.S. Classification||701/103, 701/101, 123/674, 701/105|
|International Classification||F02D41/40, F02D41/14|
|Cooperative Classification||F02D41/146, F02D41/005, F02D41/1488, Y02T10/44, F02D41/401, F02D2041/1409, F02D2250/36, Y02T10/47|
|European Classification||F02D41/00F6B, F02D41/14D9D, F02D41/14D3L, F02D41/40B|
|Jun 7, 2000||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CUMMINS ENGINE CO., INC., INDIANA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MILLER, PAUL R.;BARBIERI, MIKE;HE, CHUAN;REEL/FRAME:010865/0233
Effective date: 20000428
|Jun 25, 2002||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Sep 19, 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 21, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 19, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
January Open Garden - FOHC
Date: January 21, 2023
Time: 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM
Contact: (916) 875-6913
Sponsor: UCCE Master Gardeners of Sacramento County
Location: Fair Oaks Horticulture Center
Fair Oaks Horticulture Center (map and directions)
11549 Fair Oaks Boulevard
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
Open gardens are informal FREE events where you roam the gardens, watch what we are doing, see what we are growing and ask questions. Bring samples of your problem plants, mystery pests and questions. Get one-on-one advice based on the most recent research-based sustainable practices.
Tired of winter’s dreary landscapes? Come out to the Horticulture Center to enjoy a morning in our garden: it’s bursting with life. Master Gardeners will be available in all areas to answer questions.
- Compost: Sorting home food waste - Compost pile? Worm bin? Organic Waste Can?
- Water-Efficient Landscape Garden: Flowering bulbs and colorful foliage.
- Vegetables: Tasty cool weather crops such as chard, broccoli, bok choy, beets and peas.
- Herbs: Brighten your winter dishes with flavorful herbs.
Proper pruning methods and the importance of pruning for:
- Berries: cane berries and blueberries.
- Orchard: deciduous fruit trees.
- Vineyard: grape vines.
Bring all the questions you’ve been saving up for the Master Gardeners and pick up a copy of the 2023 Gardening Guide and Calendar featuring Edible Gardens veggies, available for $10, including sales tax. Also available online.
Located outside–rain or shine.
Advice to grow by - Ask us!

domain: agronomy


text:
It’s not at all an overstatement to say that very few people have the top idea about winning the lottery. As opposed to adopting the right lottery winning strategy or system, many believe that winning a lottery is purely a matter of luck, blessing from the ancestors etc. Naturally, these are the few myths which prevent one from sensational.
There is limited change planet rules of your lottery while playing about the web. You just need to step the game level to increases winning chances. Experts’ opinion is that online lottery is a lot easier to play and remembering few things can allow choose the suitable numbers. Overall winning combination sum in online lottery combination ranges from 121 to 186 points. Is actually possible to very simple to play online lottery at home, or anywhere you like. All you will need do might be to choose a positive combination that adds up the final results in amount that ranges in the said range.
A regarding novice lottery players bet the lower numbers, especially the calendar dates of 1 to 31, because of they play birth dates and anniversary dates. Most pick-6 lottery games have upwards of 40 or 50 amounts. If these numbers do win, the big jackpot generally greatly diminished because it’s divided among a several winners since so lots of play performing this.
Realising that any number or number combination contains the same chance of being drawn immediately forces you to be a smarter online lottery website gambler. When you start using systems or lottery software possess based on mathematics that you might want win you will be an even smarter grower!
When Someone said them, I don’t know if I would laugh or perhaps sorry for those who got caught during this “program”, spent their hard earned money, and now are waiting for their dreams to become.
Online bingo has changed the face of wow. The introduction of online bingo has made bingo more exciting and pleasurable for bingo addicts. Websites like Rollover Bingo are highly revolutionary. This website is the only place that provides free lotto lines. Today, the contemporary Rollover Bingo cards you the more free lottery lines acquire. Players can enjoy the best of both the worlds – Lotto and internet-based bingo. Today, the contemporary bingo they play you will free national lottery lines are rewarded within. Join the fun, join the wife and kids. Teenagers and adults can both have pleasure in the poker game. They can win exciting prizes and improve their mental alertness in notion. They are about to become less forgetful after playing video game. It helps improve a player’s multi-tasking capabilities too.
A major advantage of playing lotto online is actually will provided have to remember your Lottery numbers and you will do not have to look at the result in the event that there is a draw. A person emerge successful when the draw is made, you will receive a contact to the id in order to submitted. Also, if you forget your lotto ticket number, you may easily retrieve the number from the web page by submitting your personal data. With data sgp legalizing the internet lotto games, there is absolutely nothing that can stop you earning extra cash!!

domain: hobby


text:
Hi, and welcome to my site!
I am a character animator. I have worked on a variety of projects that span many different medias and software. I have worked mainly as a character animator, character designer, storyboards artist, and illustrator. This site features my animation and my still work.
Check out my interview on Animation Insider:
Watch my newest 3D Reel on this page!
I created all animation seen on this reel.
(Except for forground characters in shot 3. Those were animated by Patrick Rossano.)
1-10. Sony Imageworks, "Arthur Christmas."
11. Animation Mentor, Bishop Rig. Audio from, "Multiplicity."
12. Animation Mentor, Stewie Rig. Music from, "The Mask."
Dance Choreography from Yulia Zagoruychenko.
13. Legos Animation Test for Doodle Pictures.
14. Norman Rig, Audio from, "As Good As It Gets."

domain: entertainment


text:
Sony’s hacking woes continue: Over the holiday weekend a number of the studio’s watermarked awards DVD screeners leaked online, including WWII actioner Fury and the upcoming Annie, Still Alice, and Mr. Turner. The leaks come just days after an online attack crippled the company’s computers. A fifth film, the March 2015 release To Write Love On Her Arms, also surfaced on file-sharing platforms over the Thanksgiving break as Sony emails remained incapacitated across the studio.
Musical remake Annie is the biggest unreleased title in the leak; due in theaters worldwide next month, it opens wide in the U.S. on December 19. Still Alice, the Alzheimer’s drama that’s propelling Julianne Moore into the Oscar race, hits limited screens on December 5. Mike Leigh’s period biopic Mr. Turner is set for a December 19 limited bow.
Unsurprisingly, David Ayer’s Brad Pitt starrer Fury, which opened in October and is still in theaters, is the most popular illegal download of the bunch. It shot to #2 among downloaded films since appearing online on Thursday.
Sony was attacked on Monday by hackers calling themselves the Guardians of Peace who froze computer screens across the company with the message “Hacked by #GOP” and a ticking clock to meet the infiltrators’ demands before sensitive data was released to the world. “The theft of Sony Pictures Entertainment content is a criminal matter, and we are working closely with law enforcement to address it,” said an SPE spokesperson Saturday evening.
While the studio investigates the source of the attack, wild speculation has even veered to hackers upset over the Christmas release of Sony comedy The Interview, in which James Franco and Seth Rogen try to assassinate North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un. The basis for those reports was one unsubstantiated online report that has not been corroborated but picked up as factual. The truth is, the studio can’t yet rule it out because it doesn’t know where the breach came from. For what it’s worth, that film has not leaked online – yet.
Subscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy.


text:
Music is the companion with whom we find solace. Music is the heartbeat that keeps us feeling lively. There is some music in every part of our life- be it the chirping of birds or roaring of sea-waves. Sometimes a particular song or tune takes us into a completely different world. Sometimes we feel connected to a song’s lyrics or it reminds us of someone special in our life. If you also share a deep connection with music, then download this great app to get beautiful quotes related to music. Love music? Then express your love! Key Features: • Smart User Interface with stunning design • Fresh and Handmade images • Daily updates of latest quotes images • Perfectly designed HD Quotes images • Browes Quotes via Tags • You can make your liked images into favourite by just taping on like button • You can download Quotes images with high Quality and with easy one tap download option • You can make your favourite Quote images Collection • Instant share on so
Downloads: 345+ (for Android)Report app for spam or abuse!

domain: artistic


Geography - GEO
GEO 325 Introduction to Physical Geography 3 Credits
Physical geography focuses on the reshaping of the Earth's surface through the many interactions that occur between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It entails an examination of the terrestrial and aquatic character of the Earth, its climate and biodiversity and the sources of energy that promote change. Ultimately, physical geography provides a panoramic view of our relationship to a physical setting that is undergoing constant modification.
Fulfills College Core: Field 6 (Natural Sciences)


Website home builders have actually been around for a long period of time and their appeal is growing with the development of computer systems. Their very first introduction was with the Apple i-cape. Site home builders are useful tools which enable the building of web sites without manual coding by users. They fall into 2 general classifications: desktop-based tools and online tools. Desktop-based tools require a computer system with a Web connection, while online tools run on servers and need very little computer system abilities.
A great website contractor permits the simple construction of expert, attractive and practical web pages. You can change the look and feel of design templates very quickly and produce your own layout, color design and theme. Some even allow you to sneak peek the pages you have created using a demonstration mode. When you have actually developed your website, you can publish it to the Internet for others to see. Some website contractors likewise allow you to share your pages with other users by establishing an account with them. Site contractors normally offer extensive tools for material development such as constructing a picture gallery, online forums, RSS feeds, surveys and more.
For people who do not have technical knowledge or for business that wish to outsource Web Design and Site Contractor service, a Do It Yourself website contractor is the best option. These are not simply templates, but actual programs in which you can design your site, modify its contents and add new pages extremely quickly. With a well created and executed website, you can make it highly competitive and ensure your presence on the internet is extremely noticeable. Here are a number of different ways to pick the very best DIY site home builder for your needs.
There are many things that you need to look for in a website builder. Initially, you must pick one that looks like a professional web designer. The code ought to be composed in a simple to comprehend style of a skilled web designer, and the program must have similar style components to popular programs like Microsoft Frontpage, Dreamweaver, and Photoshop. In addition to that, it is likewise crucial that the designer has substantial experience in structure websites that are both practical and visually attractive. You do not want a site designer who just has experience building websites that look like Flash movies!
Another thing to consider when picking a Do It Yourself website builder is the sort of interface that it offers. Many web designers use a wide range of alternatives, from the drop down menus to hot spots and sidebars. Some even use to code or configuration tool that will enable you to tailor the look of your pages and make them unique. While it is possible to find some complimentary choices, you might discover that utilizing a paid program makes developing your websites a lot easier. With the ideal features, a great designer will allow you to quickly construct a website entirely various from any other.
One of the most popular DIY site builder options available today is a WordPress template. With a WordPress template, you can change the appearance of your websites whenever you like. This provides you a possibility to develop a website that is different each time, in a manner that is similar to a template. For instance, if you decide you wish to add a splash page to your website, you can just modify the code to integrate a various splash page. This is among the very best Do It Yourself site home builder programs due to the fact that it is simple to find out and install.
If you would prefer to use a various website builder, you can attempt a squarespace template. A squarespace design template is a pre-made design template that is designed to be simple to install and use by any web designer. The squarespace website builder comes with a design template that consists of standard contact info and background images. In order to make your website unique, you will most likely wish to customize the squarespace design template. Many people have effectively utilized this method to produce a variety of special sites utilizing squarespace as their primary format. You might want to do some research to learn which squarespace design templates are popular with others and find a template that you like that has comparable functions.
Lastly, if you desire your website builder to appear like a professional web designer, you ought to look into PSD to HTML sites. The benefit of utilizing a PSD format is that you can alter the look of your template with ease. You can change colors, relocation components around, and make it look like a professional web designer has designed your site. Although there are lots of site home builders that use HTML, you can also quickly alter your design by altering the HTML codes in the design templates. These are simply some of the options that are offered to you and the very best location to begin looking is on the internet.


text:
We are looking for WOOFERS keen for off-grid rainforest living, building and learning to join us in our mission to rejuvenate our wonderful “Roundhouse” home at Middlebrook! From mid-May to August we will be working intensively on the existing home and surrounding gardens, taking advantage of the cooler weather and break in the wet-season. We are in tropical Far North Queensland with the magnificent Woonooroonan National Park in our back yard. Please see our profile for descriptions/what to expect and get in touch if you want to join us for a short or even longer time. Experience is great but not essential, we are happy to teach! Looking forward to your contact. Jenn and Kali 🙂
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domain: geography


text:
The Far West's connection with the Bush Church Aid Society of Australia (BCA) will be acknowledged next weekend as part of the organisation's celebration of a century assisting remote communities across Australia.
The remote and rural ministry arm of the Anglican Church in Australia, Bush Church Aid pioneered a number of services in Ceduna and surrounding towns.
The Ceduna Anglican Church has been involved in organising events across the weekend to remember the importance of Bush Church Aid in the region.
It established the Flying Medical Service, hospitals in Ceduna, Cook, Penong, Tarcoola and Streaky Bay, as well as a radio school, pharmacy and a church.
The Ceduna School House Museum will be open from 4pm to 5.45pm on Saturday for people to have a look at the Bush Church Aid items on display, from nursing and pharmacy equipment to a desk from the radio school and material of pilot Allan Chadwick.
Dinner will be hosted in the Ceduna Foreshore Hotel's function room from 6pm, with BCA Indigenous ministry officer Neville Naden the guest speaker.
That will be followed on Sunday with a thanksgiving service led by the Bishop of Willochra, the Right Reverend John Stead, at the Anglican Church from 10am.
Also speaking is BCA's South Australian and Northern Territory regional officer Steve Davis, while lunch will be provided after the service.
Reverend Susan Doughty, the deacon in charge of the Ceduna Anglican Parish, said Bush Church Aid's connection to the region stretched back almost 100 years.
"Bush Church Aid sent priests to districts and they went as far west as the border, including Penong and isolated communities on the railway, and also went to Wirrulla, Minnipa, Streaky Bay and the Gawler Ranges," she said.
"They provided support to isolated families.
"In Ceduna the first pharmacy was set up by Bush Church Aid, so was the first hospital, and the first nurses and matron who worked in the district were Bush Church Aid women, in the early 1930s."
Ms Doughty said while BCA did not retain much of a presence in the Far West region it was still present in towns such as Coober Pedy and Roxby Downs, while its legacy could be felt in Ceduna.
She said the weekend was a chance to thank the BCA pioneers.
"Bush Church Aid ministry still continues and provides ministry and medical support to people in very isolated communities," Ms Doughty said.
"As far as Ceduna is concerned, a lot of the infrastructure that exists today, including the hospital, pharmacy and ambulance, was set up out of faithfulness and the ministry of people being sent to communities they didn't know.
"I'm new in town, but as I've talked to people the number of those impacted by Bush Church Aid is quite phenomenal, and people born between the 1930s and 1960s remember it."
She said while Bush Church Aid workers brought their faith, they also recognised the needs of people in the community regardless of beliefs.
Ms Doughty said the community was welcome to celebrate the occasion by coming to the dinner and service.
People will need to buy their own dinner at the hotel.
You can RSVP your attendance at the dinner to Susan Doughty on 0408 837 819 or email@example.com.

domain: sociology


text:
Dr. Daniel Snower, MD
Dr. Daniel Snower, MD is a Hematology Specialist in Detroit, MI and has over 38 years of experience in the medical field. He graduated from Washington University in 1984.
Ascension St. John Hospital - Pediatric NICU22101 Moross Rd Detroit, MI 48236
Compare with other Hematology Specialists
Compare Dr. Snower with our nearby Hematology Specialists at Cleveland Clinic.
These providers are on the medical staff of Cleveland Clinic.

domain: medical


text:
The thing is, no craft day is complete without DESSERT!!! To be honest, the desserts are more important than the craft most days. So I decided to stop by Frisch’s Big Boy and grab all of their holiday desserts and bring them with me!
I grabbed a famous Frisch’s Pumpkin Pie, their Pumpkin Cheesecake and – of course – their seasonal Pumpkin Spice Caramel Cake!!
What spices can you use to make your house smell good?
So I went ultra simple with this fall potpourri: cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves plus cranberries and oranges – that’s it. And really – you’re good with just those. You can always sprinkle more spices in – but these are so good on their own.
My big tip here is to buy in bulk online (all my links are in the recipe below)!!! We always do craft day on a tight budget and I was able to get these spices all in bulk for $5-7 on Amazon! Another great place to check are those Amish stores that sell things in bulk. Definitely do NOT buy spice jar type spices for these! And you’ll never need to buy cloves or nutmegs again! hahahahaha
These simmer scents for fall and winter are like a liquid potpourri! And it’s so easy to gift or use at your own home! If you just want to use it for potpourri – just put a big pot of water on the stove or in your crockpot and add all the ingredients (slice the orange). If you want to drink it, use water & apple juice instead of just water! Simmer and you’re good! As the water evaporates, just add more. I had this pot going for 6-8 hours!
So we let the first potpourri simmer for a while just to make sure we liked the smell – and while we did that – it was dessert time! Frisch’s Pumpkin Pie is famous around Cincinnati. It’s creamy and has that punch of spice and pumpkin – it’s so good! They make them around the clock right before Thanksgiving because the demand is so high!
In addition to the pumpkin pie and pumpkin spice cake, they also have a Pumpkin Cheesecake! It’s so creamy – it’s like a lighter pumpkin pie with a light coating of whipped cream on top. The crust is sweet but not too much! We loved it!
These simmer pot recipes for fall and winter will give you a fragrant home that lasts all day! And the thing is – everybody wants their home to smell nice! This is such a fun and cute gift idea and it goes together in minutes!!! You can have a few bags ready to go – then as the holiday season moves along – grab and give!
Gift Idea: Holiday Simmer Pot
How to cook Gift Idea: Holiday Simmer Pot
- Spread open cellophane bags
- In each bag place:
- – 1/2 cup cranberries
- – 2 cinnamon sticks
- – 2 whole nutmegs
- – 1 orange
- – 2 Tbsp whole cloves
- Tie bag with ribbon
- – Place large pot of water on stove – turn on high (or use a crock pot!)
- – Slice orange into wedges or slices and place into water along with cranberries, cloves, cinnamon sticks
- – Feel free to use micro-grater to grate some of nutmeg into water – then add rest of whole nutmegs to water
- – Simmer
- – As water reduces, just add more! It can simmer all day!
- – If you swap water for apple juice, it becomes a hot cider you can serve to your guests!
– Buy the nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon in bulk online or even at an Amish store – SO MUCH CHEAPER!!!!
– If you want to be more creative – print up little note cards with the simmer instructions and include as gift tags
– If you use apple juice instead of water – you can drink this!

domain: food


text:
One of Emma's favorite comfort foods.
These little carb-y nuggets was pretty much all I ate during my pregnancy, well that and eggplant dumplings. Not at the same time though, bien sur! The other day I was so happy to finally have found organic egg-free gnocchi in my local food market. My favourite treat, with a vegan twist. They really are the perfect easy lunch on a cold day like today, at the moment I’m really enjoying smothering them in olive oil, sea salt and fresh thyme for a herb-y kick.
The Bedroom Detox
Read Emma's guide to how you get a toxic-free bedroom!
How to Wash Clothes in a Conscious and Eco-Friendly Way
Our ultimate guide to conscious garment washing with natural and eco-friendly detergents.
Light and Sincerity
Emma is looking forward to the new year.
The Best Acai Bowl Recipe Ever (and Other Irresistible, Quick and Easy Mason Jar Lunches)
The search is over – here's the best acai bowl recipe you will ever find. And some other irresistible stuff.


text:
Bloomberg reports that sometime next year, the Federal Reserve will likely face an unusual confluence of economic circumstances. One of its mandates, full employment, will call for monetary policy to tighten relatively quickly. On the other hand, inflation, will suggest it should stay loose. How should the Fed weigh these competing goals? It may want to dust off an outdted doctrine from the 1990s, “opportunistic disinflation” and replace it with “opportunistic inflation.”
To read more, click here.

domain: news


text:
Flax seeds (Tisi/Alsi) Ladoo Regular in Jaggery
Benefits of Flax seeds (Tisi/Alsi)
- High in Fiber, but Low in Carbs
- Flaxseeds Are a Rich Source of Lignans, Which May Reduce Cancer Risk
- High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- They Contain High-Quality Protein
- Flaxseeds may lower blood sugar due to their insoluble fiber content.
- Flaxseeds have been proven to lower blood pressure and are especially helpful for those with high blood pressure.
- The high fiber content of flaxseeds can help lower cholesterol
Rustic, delicious and a traditional recipe, flaxseed (alsi) ladoos have great taste of jaggery while flaxseeds give them a great texture and adds omega-3 fatty acids and a whole lot of essential vitamins and minerals. Make them and enjoy them with your tea or satiate your hunger pangs the healthy way!
Flax seed benefits could help you improve digestion, give you clear skin, lower cholesterol, reduce sugar cravings, balance hormones, fight cancer and promote weight loss… and that’s just the beginning!
Flaxseeds, sometimes called linseeds, are small, brown, tan or golden-colored seeds that are the richest sources of a plant-based omega-3 fatty acids, called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the world!
The Benefits of Flaxseed
- Good Source of Proteins : Flaxseed is a rich source of dietary proteins, having a high essential amino acid index and providing most of the daily intake of proteins that our bodies need.
- Rich in Flavonoids : Flaxseed is a good source of flavonoids, especially flavone-C and o-glycosides, according to “Phytochemicals and Phytopharmaceuticals”. These polyphenolic compounds inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability and fragility, thus leading to a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
- Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Flaxseed is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, second only to fish oil. Omega-3 fatty acid is the most active agent that fights inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a leading cause of heart diseases, asthma, allergies, diabetes, and even certain cancers.
- Rich in Fiber : Flaxseed is rich in fiber, both soluble and insoluble types. While soluble fiber helps to maintain proper gastrointestinal functions, insoluble fiber plays a vital role in keeping the heart healthy by lowering serum LDL cholesterol levels. This property of flaxseed also aids in maintaining normal blood sugar levels for people suffering from diabetes.
- Presence of Phytochemicals : There are abundant phytochemicals in flaxseed that act as antioxidants, which are the main agents in preventing and fighting against cancer. Also, flaxseed is a rich source of lignans, which convert into chemicals that balance female hormones in the body. There is evidence that lignans aid reproductive health, prevent menopausal symptoms, and counter the effects of type-2 diabetes.
- Boosts Immunity : The alpha linolenic acid and the lignans found in flaxseed boost the immune response in the body and prevent against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and the autoimmune disorder lupus.
- IBeneficial for Dieters : Flaxseed forms an essential part of many diet programmes, since it keeps blood sugar levels in check. Due to its richness in fiber, it keeps the stomach full and avoids the intake of surplus calories through overeating.
- Prevents Cancer : Omega-3 fatty acids have been proved to reduce the risk of breast, prostate, and colon cancer according to the journal Nutrition and Cancer.
- Maintains Eye Health : Flaxseed consumption can reduce “dry eye” syndrome. Also, the omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the risk of macular degeneration, an eye disease caused by damaged nerves in the eye.
Please store in a Air Tight Container. Keep it away from too Hot or Cold place, better to store in cool and dry place.
Natural products can be allergic to some people. Please take necessary precautions.
7-8 bussiness days. ( Reason : We make Premium Quality Handmade Fresh for every order.
We Deliver the order on all working/business days. We do not deliver on Sundays and Public Holidays.
All food products are Non Returnable
|No Preservatives, No Genetic Engineering
|Country of Origin
|Flax seeds (Tisi) Ladoo Regular in Jaggery
|~Store in a cool and dry place
~Store in Air Tight Container
|Item Package Quantity
|350 grams / 800 grams ( as per invoice )
|FSSAI No 20417004000110
|Packed in Gift Packaging Box


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The families of the Azovstal defenders appealed to international leaders, particularly the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan for help in evacuating Ukrainian soldiers defending the Azovstal combine in Mariupol.
“You have the opportunity to go down in history as a hero who brought peace”, - the father of one of the soldiers said during a press conference in Kyiv.
“My husband is now in Azovstal. I appeal to everyone, please save our soldiers. We call on everyone: do something, we don’t have time”, - said the wife of one of the soldiers fighting in Mariupol facilities.
She also addressed the Turkish president: “I ask you to help save the lives of our soldiers in Mariupol. You have great authority among world leaders”.
According to the father of one of the soldiers, there is not a war going on at the compound, but a massacre: “This is a violation of all conventions, it is a simple killing of people. We want the evacuation of people located in Azovstal, the wounded and the bodies (of the dead) to neutral territory”.
As he stressed, the evacuation of soldiers should be undertaken by a person who has the political authority to carry it out smoothly.
“From a political, geopolitical point of view, such a country could be Turkey, and such a hero could be its president. Please like a man to a man, as a father to a father, please help take my son and his companions out of there. You already have experience in similar operations in the Middle East. We ask you to send a civilian unarmed ship to take our people out of there”, - the father stressed.
The wife of one of the soldiers said she last had contact with her husband on May 7: “He said that it is possible that we will not see each other again, the siege of Azovstal is narrowing. For us this is the end”


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A paper authored by Brown re-searchers in the June 15 issue of the scientific journal Blood had reported on the role of a particular protein complex, Arp2/3, in jump-starting the process of blood clotting. The researchers had shown that Arp2/3 is required for a blood platelet to morph into the shape-changing filaments that begin a clot - a discovery that could lead to new treatments for abnormal clotting, which causes about 80 percent of all strokes. The finding, the study's authors believe, may also help unravel the cellular mechanism that prompts all cells to change shape, a mystery that has puzzled scientists since they first observed the building blocks of life under a microscope 200 years ago.
But on June 21 the study's findings were overshadowed - temporarily at least - when the lead researcher, Zhi Li '02 Ph.D., who now lives in New York City, allegedly slipped into the Bio-Medical building on Brown Street and, using a key, entered his former lab, deleted computer files, and pocketed containers holding antibodies, cloned plasmids, and a herpes virus, along with a lab notebook and several computer disks. Much of the material was related to the Blood study. According to a Providence Police report, Li later admitted that he'd acted to prevent anyone else from re-creating the research and thus, in his view, taking some of the credit for his discovery.
A Chinese national, Li was arrested on August 2 in New York City and later extradited to Providence, where he was arraigned on two felony counts of breaking and entering, one felony count of computer-related crimes, and one felony count of larceny over $500. Each charge carries a maximum sentence of ten years in prison. Bail was set at $100,000 cash.
Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Elaine Bearer, the senior researcher on the Blood study and Li's faculty adviser, says the paper was based primarily on work conducted under her supervision by Li and by Eric Kim '02, who completed experiments requested by the article's peer reviewers.
The break-in raises broader questions about research security on campus and echoes similar concerns that followed the September 11 terrorist attacks and, earlier, the 1998 arrest of a former graduate student for taking radioactive material from another campus lab.
At issue, Bearer says, is balancing the need for lab security with the open exchange of ideas and information that a university requires. Although the use and storage of radioactive and other hazardous materials are supervised by Brown's Office of Environmental Health and Safety, the day-to-day business of running the labs and protecting the intellectual property within them is largely left up to individual academic departments.
Following the June incident, Provost Robert Zimmer, who arrived at Brown only in July and who oversees research at the University, declined to discuss specific issues relating to lab security, but he did say the topic is being studied by school officials. "If the situation needs to be corrected," he says, "we're going to correct it."
Brown police chief Paul Verrecchia says the burglary, which was facilitated by a University-issued key that had never been returned, demonstrated that departments need to do a better job controlling lab and office access. "Departments are issuing keys," he says, "and they're either not keeping a record of who the key is issued to or [not] asking back for the key once the person leaves the University."
Stephen Morin, who heads the environmental heath and safety office, agrees: "If we can't count on a locked door being a true measure of security," he says, "then we need another measure of protection." He contends, however, that individual academic departments are in the best position to know who should have access to which labs. "I think it would be helpful if everyone understood what the University expects," he says. "I'm not sure that's true now."
Meanwhile, with the sound of betrayal still in her voice more than a month after the break-in, Elaine Bearer says she continues to believe that the need for security should not trump academic freedom.
"I very much hope," she says, "that neither this event, nor 9/11, nor any other fears people have will change that."


Yorgos Lanthimos has carved out a wonderful niche space, crafting films that mix whimsy and darkness in equal measure. From Dogtooth and Alps to The Lobster and The Killing of a Sacred Deer, each of his movies forms a strange little world that we’re invited to visit. His latest, The Favourite, takes many of his narrative and stylistic quirks up a level, for a wickedly biting take on the British court.
A kind of sly nod to the likes of Barry Lyndon, Lanthimos takes Stanley Kubrick’s formalism and deliberate pacing and adds acerbic humor, resulting in a film that’s overtly luxurious and at times quite hilarious.
The story details the complicated relationship between an ailing Queen Anne (Olivia Colman) and her friend and consigliere, Sarah (Lanthimos’ regular collaborator Rachel Weisz). Abigail (Emma Stone), a former aristocrat who was sold by her father to cover gambling debts, arrives to the estate literally covered in muck seeking employment.
From there, a game of power and revenge emerges, with the three women creating a kind of moral maelstrom where winners and losers trade places constantly. On the periphery are the men vying for control, including the leader of the opposition (Nicholas Hoult) and Sarah’s military commander husband (Mark Gatiss).
Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara’s script excoriates all involved, with a nuclearized pettiness that makes the decision makers look farcical in the face of the seriousness of their tasks. The insularity of the court is beautifully realized. The confines of the vast castle (shot at Hatfield House in England) become prison-like, which makes the workings of these people look insigificant against the backdrop of such ostentation and opulence.
Lanthimos manages his greatest trick in the small moments. He makes things feel sinister, silly and seductive at the same time. With astonishing costumes and a wide-angled, sweeping style, the film is a visual treat. Once you add in excellent performances and nutty, preposterous dance sequences or bouts of violence, you’ve covered more ground than a dozen lesser films.
Strange and sublime, it’s hard to argue against The Favourite being my favourite film by Lanthimos. It’s an absolutely smashing dive into the mendacious and malevolent world of the British aristocracy. The three leads are exceptional. Colman’s infantilized ravings, Weisz’ cool exterior, and Stone’s smiling deceit all provide color to the piece. A sumptuous film with a raven-black comic bent, The Favourite is a knockout.


Hurricane Matthew: Port Conditions (Update for Charleston)
Please see the below notices regarding Charleston and Savannah Ports.
Charleston, SC: Wednesday, October 5 (afternoon) – Based on the latest forecast and expected conditions, the
South Carolina Ports Authority will resume normal operating hours at all terminals on Thursday, October 6. The port will
continue to monitor conditions and provide further updates as needed.
Savannah, GA: Wednesday, October 5 – The Georgia Ports Authority is monitoring Hurricane Matthew very closely.
Preparations are being made at GPA’s Brunswick and Savannah terminals for heavy rains and sustained storm force
winds. Until further notice, the port is pursuing normal terminal operations. All vessel, gate, and field activities will
continue as usual. The port is monitoring developments during the day to ensure safety of personnel, equipment, and
cargo. Anticipate further updates as additional information develops.


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NIAID Launches Universal Flu Vaccine Study
A major research priority for NIAID is finding a universal flu vaccine--one that could durably protect all age groups against multiple influenza strains. NIAID has launched a new study testing a potential vaccine candidate.
10 Things to Know About HIV Suppression
Achieving and maintaining a durably undetectable viral load by taking HIV treatment as directed prevents sexual transmission of the virus to an HIV-negative partner.
Asthma Awareness Month
Read NIH's statement on World Asthma Day 2018 and watch a video featuring clinical research volunteers.


Green Party Leader Elizabeth May has invoked a late Liberal MP's last words to the House of Commons to pressure the prime minister to do more to confront the threat of climate change.
May rose in question period Wednesday on the heels of a report from the federal environment watchdog that warned Canada is woefully unprepared for the storms, floods, and fires expected to result from climate change.
She quoted the final remarks of Arnold Chan, the Toronto MP who died of cancer last month. Chan's speech was read into the record by his Liberal colleague Mark Holland just days before his funeral.
"It is imperative that we stop treating climate change as solely an environmental issue, but recognize it as an all-encompassing priority that we as a society and a government must confront with the utmost urgency," she said, using Chan's words.
Yet May said the report from Environment Commissioner Julie Gelfand, released Tuesday, makes plain what most already know.
"We're not there. We're not acting with urgency. We're not acting," May said.
She urged Trudeau to "commit to a re-set" that would seriously reduce emissions.
We're not there. We're not acting with urgency. We're not acting.Elizabeth May
Trudeau instead touted how, a year ago this week, he took the step of announcing a pan-Canadian price on carbon pollution.
"This is the kind of leadership that we never saw from a previous government. We know there is a lot more to do but we continue to work diligently on protecting the environment and growing the economy together in ways that will benefit future generations."
The Trudeau government is phasing in a carbon price of $10 per tonne in 2018 that will rise by $10 per tonne until it hits $50 per tonne in 2022. Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer has claimed the tax will "raise the cost of everything" and make Canadian businesses less competitive.
Chan's last speech lauded both May and Environment Minister Catherine McKenna for their leadership on what he called one of the great "existential threats" facing his children's generation.
"Climate change is not just about storms, flooding and heat. It is also about crop failure, food shortage, water scarcity, mass displacement of people, and the violent conflicts that can arise out of those situations," Chan said in his remarks.
May and New Democrats have been sharply critical of Liberals for adopting the previous Conservative government's carbon emissions targets.
Earlier in question period, NDP MP Guy Caron — who was just chosen by new leader Jagmeet Singh to pinch hit for him in the House — called Gelfand's report "devastating."
Caron noted how the watchdog found only five of the 19 federal departments that were audited have identified risks related to climate change.
Caron also criticized the government for greenlighting pipeline projects while Canada is on track to fall short of its Paris climate deal pledge to cut emissions to 523 million tonnes by 2030.
"Do the Liberals understand that when it comes to the environment, the proof is in the pudding?" he asked.
Trudeau responded that the federal government has a "concrete plan" to cut emissions for the first time in Canada's history.
"The Conservatives ignored our environmental responsibilities for 10 years. The NDP is not focused on growing the economy," Trudeau said. "We know we have to do them both together."
With files from The Canadian Press
Also on HuffPost:


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First responders from Hatzolah of Los Angeles have been very busy in these past two weeks, as the fires blazing across southern California continue to devastate the area, Jewish Press informs.
The organization’s volunteers have spent their time evacuating the elderly from Jewish nursing facilities and helping other agencies move their residents to safety in addition to their other medical response tasks, Jewish Press notes.
Jewish residents who live in the affected areas have waited as long as possible before giving in to the inevitable and leaving their homes. In the case of Rabbi Mordechai Nemtzov, the spiritual leader of Chabad of Ojai Valley, it was indeed a very last-minute decision, taken when the flames were barely a half-mile from his home — and he returned as soon as possible to check on his congregants.
The rabbi left with his family, taking the synagogue’s Torah scrolls, some of their holy books and their silver with them. Upon his return trip with water bottles and other support, he learned that at least two members had already lost their homes to the wildfire; they escaped with their lives but little else, Jewish Press adds.
A number of Jewish schools were also forced to close as the smoke and junk in the area made it increasingly difficult to breathe. Among the schools that were temporarily closed last week were Valley Torah High School, Emek Hebrew Academy and Yeshivah Ketanah of Los Angeles.
U.S. President Donald Trump declared a state of emergency last Friday in response to the fires, paving the way for federal agencies to help coordinate relief efforts in California.
The wildfires are continuing to burn after having already destroyed an area larger than New York City, according to a statement by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. The fire, which began December 4 and is making its way across Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, is now the fifth largest wildfire in the state’s history and is only about 25 percent contained, state officials said, Jewish Press notes.


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MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) -- A man convicted in a Memphis bank robbery has won a small-change victory from an appellate court.
In a ruling announced Thursday, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals left intact the conviction and the 52-month sentence of Calvin Rene Calhoun Jr.
Calhoun was charged in the robbery of a Regions Bank office in Memphis two years ago. Calhoun pleaded guilty and was sentenced.
While the appeals court upheld the federal district court, it did remand the case for two minor corrections. One reduces the restitution Calhoun must make by 50 cents, to $4,259. That's the value of cash burned when a dye pack exploded as he fled the bank. The judge didn't mention 50 cents orally at sentencing.
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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|Project by woodmaker||posted 07-06-2015 05:26 PM||540 views||0 times favorited||0 comments|
Just messing about this week-end.
I don’t like the Victorian pen now that I made it. Looks ugly compared to photos on PSI web site.
The walnut vessel I made for my neighbor because he is supplying me with a walnut tree he cut down. :-) Very nice neighbor huh? Other than pens this is my 2nd vessel turning.

domain: design


Sissel "Back Change" sitting cushion: particularly soft
The Sissel "Back Change" sitting cushion is made of polyester and covered with mesh. The materials thereby provide optimal ventilation and can be washed. The cushion’s air filling, takes strain off your back and supports your lumbar region. Using the handpump, you can adjust the stability and firmness of the cushion to suit your needs. The sitting cushion has a curved top and a flat bottom. It promotes active sitting and thereby supports your back by applying and relieving strain.
- Material: polyester with mesh cover
- Diameter: approx. 40 cm
- Weight: 1.2 kg
- Max. load: 100 kg
- Colour: anthracite


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Five people, including a former aide to Kerala’s ruling CPM veteran V S Achuthanandan, have been arrested in connection with the protest for justice for a student, who was found hanging at his hostel room in January.
K M Shajahan, Achuthanandan’s former additional private secretary, Shajar Khan, S Mini, S Sreekumar and Himaval Bhadrananda had joined the protest of Jishnu Prannoy’s mother, K P Mahija, in front of the police headquarters here on Wednesday. They have been slapped with non-bailable charges.
The five were denied bail after the prosecution argued that they might foment violence.
CPM had removed Shajahan from Achuthanandan’s personal staff when he was the chief minister. Later, he was ousted from the party. Shajahan had recently been involved in an agitation against Lakshmi Nair, a celebrity chef and principal of Kerala Law Academy. The agitation against Nair had embarrassed the CPM. Nair has been anchoring a cookery show on the party-controlled Kairali TV, which has Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan’s media adviser, John Brittas, as the managing director. Shajahan had moved the high court challenging a CBI court’s verdict discharging Vijayan in a corruption case.
Shajahan’s mother, L Thankamma, alleged that there was a conspiracy behind her son’s arrest. “Shajahan has never been involved in any criminal case. As he had been involved in the Lavalin (corruption) case, Vijayan has grudge against Shajahan,’’ she said.
Khan, Mini and Sreekumar have been protesting against self-financing engineering colleges.

domain: law


text: 100% Bhagar(Sama/Varai chawal) flour and nothing else. This makes it suitable for fasts and festivities. No preservatives, no artificial colours, no flavours make our Bhagar flour satvik and best suited for all vrats, fasts and upwas. Make instant healthy and tasty parathas, upma, laddoos, halwa, thalipeeth and much more. All our products are 100% vegetarian and hence you can buy these for vrats without any hesitation.


Published on Jul 4, 2012 by TheYoungTurks
“A federal law to prevent U.S. companies from paying bribes to business overseas recently came to the forefront when The New York Times reported that Walmart officials had covered up alleged bribes made by company representatives in Mexico. The retail giant faces federal investigation for violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Wealthy individuals connected with Walmart have meanwhile taken advantage of new campaign finance rules that allow for unlimited contributions — and raise fears of unlimited influence over a future administration. Jim and Alice Walton, children of the founder of Walmart, have contributed $200,000 each to Restore Our Future, the super PAC supporting Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney‘s campaign…The Waltons are not alone among super PAC donors with businesses facing FCPA investigation. At least three other major contributors currently have FCPA worries, and others may be looming. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, another big-money campaign spender, continues its lobbying to loosen enforcement of the anti-corruption law…”.* The Young Turks host Cenk Uygur breaks it down.
*Read more here from Paul Blumenthal in The Huffington Post:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/18/sheldon-adelson-bribery-super-pac-do…
I’m almost always optimistic.
But this year, one thing’s sure to turn my mood dour: The nightmarish thought of Republicans winning the presidency or more of our Democratic governorships.
It’ll be reality if we don’t snap out of it. Scott Walker‘s escape in Wisconsin should serve as a lesson. They’ll win when they outspend us 10-to-1.
We’ve been warned — now we’ve gotta fight back. Our country desperately needs Democratic leadership. Give what you can right now to help the DGA meet its end-of-quarter goal. They have just $32,640 left to get there.
With one day left, you have to give now for us to win.
In all eight states where we’re protecting governorships, we can win. No doubt about it.
And we have to. It’s the only way to protect middle-class families from taking the hit for billionaires’ tax breaks. It’s how we’ll make gains in education and job training programs, and protect women and voters from attack.
Make no mistake: It’s going to be hard. New Hampshire, North Carolina and Washington — these are critical swing states. The polls show we’re either tied or right around the margin of error. These puppies are close.
So we’ve all got to come together right now. A drop at a time will fill a bucket. That means anything you can give will make a difference.
We’ve won close elections in tough places — like Kentucky and West Virginia — so I know we can do it. But everyone has to help. We still need $32,640 by June 30 to have what we need to go forward. There’s just one day left. Will you give now?
Take a stand, now, before the deadline. So much is riding on it.
by Sam Stein
WASHINGTON — A leading labor union and allied super PAC are launching a multi-million dollar ad campaign hitting Mitt Romney for his notable primary-season blunders while seeking to drive a wedge between him and Hispanic voters.
The Spanish-language spot, paid for by the Service Employees International Union and sponsored by Priorities USA Action, will air in Colorado, Nevada and Florida, key swing states with large Hispanic populations. With 4 million dollars behind it, the campaign is one of the largest of the cycle to target that increasingly influential voting bloc.
“In the primary process, Mitt Romney embraced the most extreme policies in the history of the Republican party. Latinos say they are insulted and angry when they watch Romney, a multi-millionaire with a couple Cadillacs, joke about his ‘unemployment’ status,” said Eliseo Medina, Secretary-Treasurer of SEIU. “When Latinos hear Romney, in his own words, they really know what’s going on and what he is saying…”
FLORIDA AD IN SPANISH
- Obama backers launch $4 million Hispanic ad blitz (sfgate.com)
- Democrats attack Mitt Romney with Spanish-language ads (boston.com)
- Mitt Romney’s Blunders Used Against Him In Ad Campaign Aimed At Latinos (huffingtonpost.com)
- Pro-Obama super-PAC, SEIU launch $4M ad blitz targeting Latinos (thehill.com)
Uploaded by TheYoungTurks on Apr 7, 2012
Via Sam Stein at The Huffington Post: “Mitt Romney‘s increasingly likely victory in the Republican presidential primary is a testament to the value of a well-organized and heavily financed campaign. And while evidence of that could be seen in prompt ballot filings and expensive television ad buys, Romney’s infrastructure advantage began to take root a year before the campaign actually started. The Romney campaign benefited from an intricate network of state-based political action committees that started him down the road toward the nomination sooner and pushed him further than anyone else in the Republican race. The PACs covered the costs of everything from Starbucks coffee and Bed Bath & Beyond purchases to legal bills and consulting fees. With the help of only a handful of incredibly wealthy donors liberated from federal contribution limits — several couples donating more than $100,000 on a single day — Romney was able to pay advisers who would become campaign staff, recruit surrogates, and re-affirm his standing within social conservative circles, going so far as to make a $5,000 donation to help maintain tough criminalization standards for marijuana users. All of it was done months before he had formally announced his second run for the White House…”.* The Young Turks host Cenk Uygur breaks it down.
I hope that I’m not the only one who enjoys the comedy presented on this blog. 🙂
RICK SANTORUM PLAYS MIND GAMES WITH POLITICO‘S CORRECTIONS DESK – “Rick Santorum on Thursday afternoon slipped away from the campaign trail to speak to a fundraiser for a supportive super PAC, despite denying previous reports that he planned to do so. The fundraiser drew between 20 and 25 donors to a gated country club in Dallas where Santorum spoke for about half-an-hour about the previous evening’s debate and the upcoming primaries, then chatted briefly with supporters, according to a source familiar with the event. It’s unclear how much money the event raised for the super PAC, which is called the Red, White and Blue Fund. But Santorum’s presence could help significantly with its fundraising going forward because it marks the first time that the candidate has bestowed something of a blessing on the super PAC…But Santorum’s campaign initially demanded a correction to a Politico report last week revealing his plans to speak at Thursday’s super PAC fundraiser. And Santorum himself after Wednesday’s debate appeared to deny he would be appearing at an event for the Red, White and Blue Fund, telling a Yahoo News reporter ‘I’m doing some fundraising. I’m not doing a Super PAC event.'” [Politico]
Ha ha, lying.
- Santorum Denies Super PAC Appearance; Then Appears At Super PAC Event (alan.com)
- The Politico Catches Rick Santorum in a Lie (themoderatevoice.com)
- Super PACs: 2012’s campaign Godzillas – Politico (politico.com)
- Super PAC Leaders Paying Themselves Handsomely (newser.com)
- Could Rick Santorum super PAC do more harm than good? – Christian Science Monitor (csmonitor.com)
- Santorum Addresses SuperPAC, Releases Negative Romney Ad (abcnews.go.com)
- Colbert, Pelosi cut super PAC ‘deal’ (politico.com)
- The Center for Public Integrity: Top fundraiser for Romney super PAC gets a $1.9 million payday (huffingtonpost.com)
- Pro-Santorum super PAC goes up in Super Tuesday state (politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com)
- Rick Santorum Super PAC adds $600,000 to Michigan ad campaign (dailykos.com)