text:
You will always find plenty to see and do throughout the year at Edenmouth Holiday Cottages. Located in the stunning verdant countryside of the beautiful Scottish Borders, the cottages provide self-catering and bed and breakfast accommodation for fun filled family holidays, or relaxing get-away-from-it-all staycations.
Situated in the heart of the Borders, just three miles from the historic market town of Kelso, Edenmouth offers guests the opportunity to experience the real feel of the area. Get out and about on foot, on a bike, a bus, or in a car, and you’ll discover a region that is as well known for its stunning beauty, as for its wealth of history.
A relaxing drive around the winding hill roads of the Borders brings new stunning vistas with every turn. Enjoy the sights and sounds of the region in local towns, country houses, castles and historic battle sites. You don’t even need your own car, simply fly into Edinburgh or Newcastle International Airports from anywhere in the world, or take the Intercity train and rent a car to drive to your cottages at Edenmouth by Kelso.
Bus transport is available from the main road just a short walk down the private driveway. Local direct services go to Kelso, Coldstream, Berwick-upon-Tweed and then on to other Borders towns such as Selkirk, St Boswells, Duns, Gaslashiels, Hawick, Peebles, Jedburgh and Wooler. No matter how you choose to travel during your stay at Edenmouth, getting around is easier.
Explore the countryside and local wildlife, enjoy the open air adventure of ruined castles, great country houses, peel towers, and historic estates, including; Floors Castle, Smailholm Tower, Jedburgh Abbey, Etal Castle, Abbotsford – the home of Sir Walter Scott, Melrose Abbey, the Elizabethan fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Cragside, Mellerstain House and Gardens, Manderstone House, Paxton House, Traquair House, and Dryburgh Abbey.
Just under an hour away by car and two hours by the picturesque bus route which weaves in and out of local villages and hamlets, you will find the historic Scottish capital, Edinburgh. Once known as Auld Reekie, the capital is garnered with fine examples of Georgian architecture in New Town, its famous castle, and Holyrood Palace – residence of HRH The Queen: You can also discover the Royal Yacht Britannia, which is moored in the docks at Leith.

domain: travel


text:
The hottest trend of the season has arrived, welcome our DEMI Mule! Designed with a thick contemporary strap and one toe strap detail is a timeless addition to any fashion-forward wardrobe.
High stiletto heel
Open square toe
Easy slip on design
Synthetic upper, lining and outsole
Heel Height 7cm

domain: design


Definition of Local Address Table in the Network Encyclopedia.
What is a Local Address Table (Microsoft Proxy Server)?
Local Address Table was a component of Microsoft Proxy Server created during the setup process that contains information about your company’s private network. The Local Address Table (LAT) is a text file that specifies the ranges of IP addresses that are used in your private (local) network. IP addresses that are external to your private network are excluded from the LAT.
The LAT is used by Proxy Server clients to determine whether they should attempt to contact a host directly or make a proxy request through Proxy Server.
How it works
The LAT consists of a series of IP address pairs that define either a range of IP addresses or a single IP address. Addresses can be added to the LAT either automatically from the Microsoft Windows NT internal routing tables (which occurs when Proxy Server is first set up) or manually, by entering IP address pairs.
The LAT is contained in a file named msplat.txt and is stored with a client setup program on the proxy server in C:\Mspclnt. This directory is automatically shared; clients can connect to this share to run the client setup program, which configures the client computer to function as a client of the Winsock Proxy (WSP) service. The client setup program attempts to configure the client computer’s Web browser as a client of the Web Proxy service. The client setup program also copies the LAT file to the client. Proxy Server is responsible for ensuring that the client always has the most current version of the LAT.
The LAT is used each time a Windows Sockets application on the client tries to establish a connection to an IP address to determine whether the IP address is on the private network or on an external network. Connections to internal networks are made directly, while connections to remote addresses use the WSP service on Proxy Server.
During Proxy Server setup, the LAT is automatically generated from the internal Windows NT routing tables, but these generated addresses might not completely define your private network. You should, therefore, review the generated list of IP addresses and add any needed IP address pairs until all addresses of your internal network are defined. You should also remove any IP address pairs that define external addresses.


text:
Nothing could be truer, because Anghiari, like the rest of Tuscany, is a place to discover. The eye is overwhelmed, attracted first by the architecture of a convent in the green and then distracted by a new site: a farmhouse, a paved road, a landscape of new forms that opens suddenly. Stone arches, streets ahead, stairs, smells, perfumes, history and spirituality. Anghiari is all this but only if you really enter it, with your own personal curiosity and excitement, to discover the soul of what was named one of the most beautiful towns in Italy.
The ancient origins of this precious corner of the world are still visible in the historic centre which blends perfectly with the picturesque houses, squares and valleys that open around it. A taste of the Middle Ages right there, at your fingertips. Indeed Anghiari, despite early Roman settlements, enjoyed its period of greatest importance in the Middle Ages, thanks to its fortunate strategic position. Note that the historic Battle of Anghiari, which took place here on June 29, 1440, marked the victory of the Florentine troops, allied with the Pope, over the army from Milan.
The charm of Anghiari is not limited only to the strong historical matrix and urban and architectural identity, but is extended with the powerful spirituality that animates this village perched in a gently beautiful valley, and cleverly constructed to be made inviolable. Anghiari is a place of spirituality, therefore, a favourite destination for romantic souls and lovers of art, who are deeply moved in front of the ancient abbeys, away from mass tourism.
Abbeys, monasteries, and small churches, offer a variety of itineraries for discovering the spiritual side of the town. Visit the "Cassero," the powerful monastery of St. Bartholomew, transformed by Perugino into a defensive building; the Church of the Abbey; the powerful walls that are actually still mostly intact; and don't miss the apse of the Church of St. Augustine and the Bastione del Vicario.
LOCAL RECIPES AND TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS
Travelling to Anghiari will please your eyes, but let me assure you—it will also please your palate! Here you will find restaurants and taverns for discovering the cuisine of the Tiber Valley and typical local products, combined with an unparalleled hospitality that distinguishes the people of Tuscany. You can taste the excellent local Chianina beef, and dishes made with mushrooms, one of the jewels of the area. Or the "abbucciato aretino," a goat cheese produced in the areas adjacent to the village and "bringolo" and "rasagnolo", types of homemade pasta very similar to the more common spaghetti, which you must try with hare sauce, duck sauce or with the classic mushroom sauce.
ANGHIARI, QUEEN OF THE "FLEA MARKET"
Churches, abbeys and history: an aura of ancient magic wraps close Anghiari and this peculiarity is also found alive in the shops of Old Town, especially in the many antique shops that you will find in the alleys of the village. The memories of long ago can be found here, including the furniture of yesteryear, precious pieces brought back to their original splendour through the passion of local artisans and restorers—pieces which take you back in time whether it's thirty, one hundred of three hundred years ago, reliving the memories of one of the most beautiful towns in Italy.


text:
Nancy C. Hill
Larry A. Winter
Winter, Johnson & Hill, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Appellee,
Jay Requarth, M.D.
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
1. Generally, a cause of action accrues (i.e., the statute of limitations begins
to run) when a tort occurs; under the 'discovery rule,' the statute of limitations is tolled until
a claimant knows or by reasonable diligence should know of his claim. Syl. Pt. 1, Cart v.
Marcum, 188 W.Va. 241, 423 S.E.2d 644 (1992).
2. In tort actions, unless there is a clear statutory prohibition to its
application, under the discovery rule the statute of limitations begins to run when the
plaintiff knows, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should know (1) that the plaintiff
has been injured, (2) the identity of the entity who owed the plaintiff a duty to act with due
care, and who may have engaged in conduct that breached that duty, and (3) that the conduct
of that entity has a causal relation to the injury. Syl. Pt. 4, Gaither v. City Hosp., Inc., 199
W.Va. 706, 487 S.E.2d 901 (1997).
William and Beverly McCoy appeal from two orders entered by the Circuit Court of Kanawha County on June 25, 2001, dismissing a second medical malpractice action they filed against Appellee Doctors Jay Requarth and John Chapman (See footnote 1) on grounds of both res judicata and statute of limitations and against Dr. Scott Miller solely on statute of limitations grounds. The McCoys also appeal from a January 30, 2002, order refusing to reinstate their legal malpractice action against Steven Miller. (See footnote 2) In McCoy v. CAMC, Inc., (McCoy I), 210 W.Va. 324, 557 S.E.2d 378 (2001), this Court affirmed both the lower court's dismissal of the McCoys' first medical malpractice cause of action on grounds of failure to prosecute (See footnote 3) and the trial court's decision not to reinstate the action. Upon our full review of the orders at issue against the record in this case, we find no error and accordingly, affirm.
The first civil action filed by the McCoys was dismissed by order of Judge
Irene Berger on December 20, 2000, for failure to prosecute. In McCoy I, this Court upheld
both the dismissal order and the subsequent order of Judge Berger denying the McCoys'
motion to reinstate their cause of action and to amend their complaint. See 210 W.Va. at
331, 557 S.E.2d at 385.
On February 27, 2001, the McCoys filed a second medical
malpractice cause of action
(See footnote 4) based on the 1995 heart surgery. In addition
to Doctors Requarth and Chapman, the McCoys named Dr. Miller as a defendant, based on his referral of Mr.
McCoy for the bypass surgery. While the underlying allegations of malpractice
stemming from the separated sternum incident are the same as those asserted
in the first action, the McCoys included an additional allegation in the second
malpractice action by averring that the bypass surgery was medically unnecessary.
The McCoys contend that they first learned that the bypass surgery was unnecessary
following an examination of Mr. McCoy by Dr. Joseph A. Chiota, Jr., on August
(See footnote 5)
By order entered on June 25, 2001, Judge Stucky dismissed Dr. Miller, who had not been named in the original medical malpractice cause of action filed by the McCoys, on statute of limitation grounds. By separate order on that same date, Judge Stucky dismissed Doctors Requarth and Chapman on grounds of statute of limitations and res judicata. Through an order entered on January 30, 2002, Judge Stucky refused to reinstate the McCoys' legal malpractice cause of action filed against Mr. Miller. (See footnote 6)
In syllabus point one of Cart v. Marcum, 188 W.Va. 241, 423 S.E.2d 644 (1992), this Court held that [g]enerally, a cause of action accrues (i.e., the statute of limitations begins to run) when a tort occurs; under the 'discovery rule,' the statute of limitations is tolled until a claimant knows or by reasonable diligence should know of his claim. With regard to when the discovery rule could be utilized, we stated in Cart that the 'discovery rule' applie[d] only when there [wa]s a strong showing by the plaintiff that some action by the defendant prevented the plaintiff from knowing of the wrong at the time of the injury. Id. at 242, 423 S.E.2d at 645, syl. pt. 3, in part.
In Gaither, this Court modified its former position that application of the discovery rule was triggered by the acts of a defendant to conceal the discovery of a medical wrong. Rejecting that narrow application of the discovery rule, we held that
In tort actions, unless there is a clear statutory prohibition to its application, under the discovery rule the statute of limitations begins to run when the plaintiff knows, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence, should know (1) that the plaintiff has been injured, (2) the identity of the entity who owed the plaintiff a duty to act with due care, and who may have engaged in conduct that breached that duty, and (3) that the conduct of that entity has a causal relation to the injury.
Syl. Pt. 4, 199 W.Va. at 708, 487 S.E.2d at 903. Recently, in Bradshaw, we overruled a prior ruling which held that the discovery rule was inapplicable in wrongful death actions, and adopted the same requirements we announced in Gaither for applying the rule, with certain additional factors relevant to wrongful death actions. See Syl. Pts. 7, 8, 210 W.Va. at 684, 558 S.E.2d at 683. (See footnote 7)
Based on the holdings in Gaither and Bradshaw, Appellants contend that the discovery rule is triggered by a prospective plaintiff's recognition that the treatment received by the patient caused his injury. They suggest that because Mr. McCoy had no way of knowing until it was told to him that his bypass surgery was unnecessary, the two- year statute of limitations (See footnote 8) did not start running until Dr. Chiota informed him in August 2001 that the cardiac surgery was not medically necessary.
In making these arguments, Appellants seek to further extend the discovery rule beyond the parameters of the previously broadened reach of that rule. In Gaither, we expanded the discovery rule by linking the running of the limitations period with the prospective plaintiff's knowledge, or duty to gain such knowledge, of the identity of the entity who owed the plaintiff a duty to act with due care and the fact that such entity may have breached that duty of care, which in turn caused the plaintiff's injury. 199 W.Va. at 708, 487 S.E.2d at 903, syl. pt. 4, in part. Critically, however, we did not eliminate the affirmative duty the law imposes on a plaintiff to discover or make inquiry to discern additional facts about his injury when placed on notice of the possibility of wrongdoing. The crux of the discovery rule has always been to benefit those individuals who were either unaware of their injuries or prevented from discovering them. See Cart, 188 W.Va. at 244-45, 423 S.E.2d at 647-48; Gaither, 199 W.Va. at 713, 487 S.E.2d at 908 (recognizing that discovery rule has its origins in the fact that many times an injured party is unable to know of the existence of any injury or its cause). When this Court augmented the application of the discovery rule to cases beyond those where the defendant actively sought to prevent the discovery of the malfeasance, we did not eradicate the rule's additional objective of benefitting those individuals who were unaware of their injuries due to no fault of their own.
The countervailing consideration of whether the prospective
plaintiff knew or should have known through the exercise of reasonable
diligence of his injury has always been closely intertwined with the discovery
rule. See Harrison v. Seltzer, 165 W.Va. 366, 371, 268 S.E.2d 312,
314 (1980) (stating that inquiry is whether the injured plaintiff was
aware of the malpractice or, by the exercise of reasonable care, should have
discovered it); Syl. Pt. 2, Hill v. Clarke, 161 W.Va. 258, 241
S.E.2d 572 (1978) (holding that statute of limitations for malpractice
begins to run when plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the alleged malpractice).
This critical element of the discovery rule has not been vitiated
with the Court's modification of the rule's application. Where a plaintiff knows
of his injury, and the facts surrounding that injury place him on notice of
the possible breach of a duty of care, that plaintiff has an affirmative duty
to further and fully investigate the facts surrounding that potential breach.
See Harrison v. Davis, 197 W.Va. 651, 478 S.E.2d 104 (1996) (holding
that plaintiff mother's failure to exercise reasonable diligence in discovering
injuries associated with the birth and wrongful death of her daughter precluded
tolling of statute of limitations by discovery rule).
In this case, had the most basic and routine of inquiries been made during the
discovery phase of the first action, it is likely that Dr. Chiota's eleventh hour opinion of
unnecessary surgery could have surfaced at a much earlier point in the litigation's protracted history.
(See footnote 9) Because Appellants timely retained counsel
and timely brought suit in connection with the sternum separation incident,
this Court cannot turn a blind eye to the fact that additional inquiry on
the part of their trial counsel
(See footnote 10) could have easily uncovered the unnecessary
surgery allegation at an earlier date, thereby allowing Appellants the
opportunity to seek amendment of their complaint to add such an allegation
in a timely fashion.
The facts underlying the malpractice at the center of this case were straightforward. There were no concealed or hidden injuries. As Judge Stucky opined in his order of June 25, 2001, [t]here is no allegation in this case of fraudulent concealment or any action by Dr. Miller to prevent plaintiff from knowing the cause of his injury or bringing this action. Similarly, in a second order of that same date, Judge Stucky found that [t]here is no act on the part of either Dr. Chapman or Dr. Requarth which concealed any of their actions relative to plaintiffs nor is there any act by either Dr. Chapman or Dr. Requarth which prevented plaintiffs from knowing of their injuries and damages[.]
This case falls into that category of cases we discussed in Gaither where an injury or wrong occurs of such a character that a plaintiff cannot reasonably claim ignorance of the existence of a cause of action. 199 W.Va. at 712, 487 S.E.2d at 907. In such cases, as we explained in Gaither, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to prove entitlement to the benefit of the discovery rule. Id. at 712, 487 S.E.2d at 907. The McCoys knew as soon as they were informed following bypass surgery of the need to reattach the sternum that Mr. McCoy had suffered injury from certain acts of improper handling. They promptly sought counsel and brought suit within the two-year filing period. See supra note 8. Appellants have failed to provide this Court with any explanation as to why they could not have discovered at an earlier point in time the facts underlying their allegation that the bypass surgery was medically unnecessary.
Unlike Gaither where the plaintiff reasonably believed his leg amputation
resulted from his own negligent acts in riding a motorcycle, Appellants knew immediately
that the sternum separation Mr. McCoy sustained was caused by actions of parties other than
Mr. McCoy. Gaither does not go so far as to suggest that until a prospective plaintiff is
informed of every possible act of malpractice and the identity of every potential wrongdoer,
the statute of limitations is tolled. To the contrary, Gaither only tolls the limitations period
until the plaintiff in factually specific situations, such as where the plaintiff has no reason
to know or learn of an act of malpractice, is placed on notice of a possible wrongdoing. This
Court has always been clear, as we restated in Gaither, that [m]ere ignorance of the
existence of a cause of action or of the identity of the wrongdoer does not prevent the
running of the statute of limitations[.] 199 W.Va. at 712, 487 S.E.2d at 907 (quoting Syl.
Pt. 3, in part, Cart, 188 W.Va. at 242, 423 S.E.2d at 645). As we explained in Gaither,
[t]his rule was crafted because in some circumstances causal relationships are so well
established that we cannot excuse a plaintiff who pleads ignorance. 199 W.Va. at 712, 487
S.E.2d at 907.
In those instances where the 'patient is immediately aware that something
went wrong,' the statute of limitations begins to run upon the plaintiff's awareness of
'adverse results of medical treatment.' Gaither, 199 W.Va. at 712, 487 S.E.2d at 907
(quoting Seltzer, 165 W.Va. at 371, 268 S.E.2d at 315). In such cases, as we observed in
Gaither, the statute of limitations starts running with the plaintiff's knowledge of the fact
that something went wrong and not his awareness of 'the precise act of malpractice.' 199
W.Va. at 712, 487 S.E.2d at 907 (quoting Seltzer, 165 W.Va. at 371, 268 S.E.2d at 315).
The facts of the instant case paradigmatically fall into the category of cases discussed in
Seltzer where the plaintiff knows instantly that something went wrong. See 165 W.Va. at
371-72, 268 S.E.2d at 315.
Armed with information about the wrongdoing stemming
from Mr. McCoy's bypass surgery, Appellants were then required to make reasonable
and diligent inquiry into all relevant issues related to the malpractice.
(See footnote 11)
Whether or not the original bypass surgery should have been performed was clearly
an issue related to the resulting malpractice claim.
(See footnote 12)
Any physician with training in cardiology could have reviewed Mr. McCoy's records
to ascertain whether the bypass surgery was required. In failing to make such
inquiries within a reasonable period of time sufficient to have permitted a
timely amendment of Appellants' complaint, we are forced to conclude that the
McCoys did not meet their burden of proving entitlement to the discovery
rule. See Gaither, 199 W.Va. at 712 , 487 S.E.2d at 907. The facts
of this case simply do not permit this Court to rule otherwise.
In Gaither, this Court noted that [i]n the great majority of cases, the issue of
whether a claim is barred by the statute of limitations is a question of fact for the jury. 199
W.Va. at 714-15, 487 S.E.2d at 909-10. While many cases will require a jury to resolve the
issue of when a plaintiff discovered his or her injury, including the related issue of whether
the plaintiff was reasonably diligent in discovery his or her injury, the issue can also be
resolved by the court where the relevant facts are undisputed and only one conclusion may
be drawn from those facts. See Harrison, 197 W.Va. at 660, 478 S.E.2d at 113 (upholding
trial court's decision that plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence in discovering
injuries); Cathedral of Joy Baptist Church v. Village of Hazel Crest, 22 F.3d 713, 719 (7th
Cir. 1994); Witherell v. Weimer, 421 N.E.2d 869, 874 (Ill. 1981). Because Mr. McCoy was
immediately aware of his sternum injury and resulting infection, the question of whether
Appellants acted with reasonable diligence to discover the related allegation that the bypass
surgery was unnecessary, under the facts of this case, was properly a legal question for the
trial court to resolve.
was amended on April 4, 2001, to remove the allegation of destroyed records and also to remove CAMC as a defendant. For ease of discussion, we refer to the amended complaint filed on April 4, 2001, as the second complaint in the action; it is the pleading to which the orders at issue on appeal relate.
to reinstate their legal malpractice cause of action against Mr. Miller, it appears, both from the brief filed with this Court and from counsel's oral argument to this Court, that they have abandoned this particular assignment. Appellants indicated in their brief that, following the lodging of their appeal with this Court, they filed a legal malpractice case in the United States District Court against Steven C. Miller and dismissed same because he has no malpractice insurance and is bankrupt with tax liens and no assets. Accordingly, we do not address the trial court's denial of the reinstatement motion.
In a wrongful death action, under the discovery rule, the
statute of limitation contained in W.Va.Code, 55-7-6(d)
begins to run when the decedent's representative knows or by
the exercise of reasonable diligence should know (1) that the
decedent has died; (2) that the death was the result of a
wrongful act, neglect, or default; (3) the identity of the person
or entity who owed the decedent a duty to act with due care and
who may have engaged in conduct that breached that duty; and
(4) that the wrongful act, neglect or default of that person or
entity has a causal relation to the decedent's death.
Bradshaw, 210 W.Va. at 684, 558 S.E.2d at 683.

domain: law


text:
A lot of people have a mother that made cookies. Mine did, too. Sometimes. She might make them in between sewing an entire collection of gigantic dinosaurs for a window display or painting large canvases with 3-D objects protruding out of them. When I was seven, my mother learned to use power tools and, for much of our youth, she was out in our gararges (we moved a few times) making furniture or reworking huge objects made of metal or wood. Even today, because she can't use a computer, she will often ask me to "look on the internet" for large metal grommets or a particular kind of hardware or stain or upholstery fabric. My mother, in short, is always making things, has always made things. She has made a some (but very little) money off of the things she's made, but she doesn't stick with anything long enough to develop a "product" or a static style. When Etsy came about, though, I really thought that my mom would finally have a market for the things she made. For a while, she had hope, too, I think. But the more I learned about Etsy and like sites, the more I saw it shift and, for the most part, come to value a particular kind of aesthetic (one, I might add, quite in line with commercial tastes), I realized that Etsy was, like any face-to-face community, not as tolerant of variances in style or taste. Don't get me wrong, I like the things on Etsy, and I like that I can supposedly "feel good" for not supporting corporations. But I like Nordstrom, too, and corporations have become, it seems, increasingly savvy at letting you know that if you spend so much you are helping kids in Africa with AIDS get medicine or, more recently, feeding the hungry in Haiti. What is the difference, then, between buying things from Etsy to do "good" or things from Nordstrom to do "good"? This is a question that always comes up for me and one, that, is more complicated to answer than what it may seem.
The blog I read for today, then, was the teeming void blog, and after reading a few entries, one that caught my eye was an entry on a 3-D printed weather bracelet that reflected weather patterns. This post fit into the overall project of the teeming void because the posts their are largely regarding a data aesthetic.
Although the idea of data as aesthetics is quite interesting to me, what impressed me most about this post is a link I followed to a site called Ponoko where, apparently, you can have 3-D objects printed for you and laser-cut. There was another post on the teeming void, where the author tested this out by ordering some laser-cut wood pieces.
What interests me about Ponoko, then, and the ability to custom order these kinds of things, is it gives the common person access to a kind of technology that was once only available to the owners of the means of production. (It is also interesting to note that the aesthetic on Ponoko is one that is less commercially polished, unlike Etsy or Nordstrom). This gives me a sense, then, that is technology (even though it is still a consumable product) has some interesting potential for allowing people to make things that were not formerly possible. My mother, for example, would often search for industrial materials but be impeded in her projects by what was on the shelf at Ace Hardware or K-Mart.
As interesting as the weather bracelet idea is, though, I think it points to another issue that came up in our discussion this week: access. Even though Ponoko is on the internet and, in theory, accessible to a lot of people, this certainly doesn't guarantee its accessibility in other senses of the word. A person who is savvy enough and has enough cultural capital to consider "data aesthetics," for example, can experiment with the making Ponoko provides; yet, someone like my mother cannot. Even more so, the raw technologies would perhaps have made it possible for someone like my mother to mass-produce her work by standardizing 3-D, lazer-cut parts; however, that process would likely shape her craft work into something else, something more co-opted and less clunky, less hers.

domain: artistic


Fuzzy Controller Design: Theory And Applications (automation And Control Engineering)
by Zdenko Kovacic /
2005 / English / PDF
5.8 MB Download
Fuzzy control methods are critical for meeting the demands of complex nonlinear systems. They bestow robust, adaptive, and self-correcting character to complex systems that demand high stability and functionality beyond the capabilities of traditional methods. A thorough treatise on the theory of fuzzy logic control is out of place on the design bench. That is why Fuzzy Controller Design: Theory and Applications offers laboratory- and industry-tested algorithms, techniques, and formulations of real-world problems for immediate implementation. With surgical precision, the authors carefully select the fundamental elements of fuzzy logic control theory necessary to formulate effective and efficient designs. The book supplies a springboard of knowledge, punctuated with examples worked out in MATLABR/SIMULINKR, from which newcomers to the field can dive directly into applications. It systematically covers the design of hybrid, adaptive, and self-learning fuzzy control structures along with strategies for fuzzy controller design suitable for on-line and off-line operation. Examples occupy an entire chapter, with a section devoted to the simulation of an electro-hydraulic servo system. The final chapter explores industrial applications with emphasis on techniques for fuzzy controller implementation and different implementation platforms for various applications. With proven methods based on more than a decade of experience, Fuzzy Controller Design: Theory and Applications is a concise guide to the methodology, design steps, and formulations for effective control solutions.


WYLER AG Im Hölderli CH-8405 WINTERTHUR Switzerland
Tel. 0041 (0) 52 233 66 66 Fax. 0041 (0) 52 233 20 53 Homepage: http://www.wylerag.com E-Mail: [email protected]
CLINO 2000 PRECISION INCLINOMETER
CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE CLINO 2000 1.2. STARTING 1.3. POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION
5 5 5 6
2. STARTING / HOW TO USE THE INSTRUMENT 2.1. DESCRIPTION OF PANEL FUNCTIONS 2.2. KEY FUNCTIONS
7 7 8
3. HOW TO USE THE CLINO 2000 3.1. CHECKING THE FUNCTIONS 3.2. ZERO-SETTING / ZERO ABSOLUTE AND ZERO VIRTUAL 3.3. SELECTING THE MEASURING UNIT 3.4. HOLD-FUNCTION 3.5. FUNCTION SEND (PRINT-FUNCTION) 3.6. TERMINATING A MEASUREMENT OR A SET UP 3.7. SELECTING A SENSOR OR AN INSTRUMENT 3.8. SELECTING CORRECT FILTER TYPE FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS 3.9. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT / RELATIVE MEASUREMENT 3.10. MEASURING BY SETTING LIMITS 3.11. DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT WITH TWO CLINO 2000
11 11 12 16 17 18 21 21 21 22 24 25
4. ERROR MESSAGES
5.1. GENERAL 5.2. STORAGE / CARE AND HANDLING OF THE BATTERIES 5.3. SPARE PARTS 5.4. CHANGING OF SENSOR ADDRESS 5.5. CALIBRATION 6. TECHNICAL DATA
27 27 27 28 29 33
6.1. PIN DEFINITION / CONNECTOR
7. REPAIR OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Description of modifications
7th of July 2000 th 24 of Sept 2001 th 8 of Jan. 2003 2.4.2003
HEH HEH HEH/MO HEH
New chapter “3.11. Differential measurement with two CLINO 2000” Units page 14 modified Index included New:Express Repair Service
Page 2 of 36
INDEX Key word A Absolute measurement Absolute measurement / Relative measurement Absolute measurement / Relative measurement Automatic shut off deactivating B Battery display “BATT” Battery lifetime Battery / Care and handling of the batteries C Calibration Calibration Calibration Calibration principle Cancelling any task Changing of sensor address Checking the functions D Data format of transmission Description of panel functions Description of the CLINO 2000 Description of the individual keys Description of the panel Differential measurement with two CLINO 2000 Differential-, resp. reference measurement with two CLINO 2000 E ENTER-Key Error messages Error messages Express Repair Service, ERS F Filter, selection Fine calibration over the whole measuring range Function SEND (Print-Function) G General H HOLD key HOLD-Function How to use the CLINO 2000 Hyper terminal program I Indicator of inclination direction Introduction K Key functions L Limits Limits of error LIMITS, measuring with M Manual set-up of the virtual ZERO Measuring by setting limits Measuring units Measuring units
Page 3 of 36
3.9.1 3.9 3.9 2.2.1
22 22 22 8
2.2.2 6 5.2
10 33 27
5.5 5.5 6 5.5.2 2.2.1 5.4 3.1
29 29 33 30 8 28 11
3.5 2.1 1.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 3.11 3.11
18 7 5 8 10 25 25
2.2.1 4 4 7
8 27 27 34
3.7 5.5.2 3.5
21 30 18
2.2.1 3.4 3. 3.5
9 17 11 19
3.10 6 3.10
24 33 24
3.2.2 3.10 2.2.2 3.3
13 24 10 16
O ON/MODE - key
2.11 1.3 6
7 6 33
P Panel and display Possible configuration Power supply, external Q Quick calibration R Reference, resp. differential measurement with two CLINO 2000 REL zero offset Relative base length, measurement Relative measurement Relative measurement / absolute measurement Repair of Measuring Instruments Reset Resolution Reversal measurement S Selecting a sensor or an instrument Selecting correct filter type for various applications Selecting the measuring unit Selection pointer SEND/ESC key Sensor / instrument, selection Sensor / Port A-B Sensor address Sensor address changing Service Service Settling time Shutting off the instrument Spare parts Spare parts Starting Starting / How to use the instrument Storage Storage T Technical data Technical data Temperature range Terminating a measurement or a set up Terminating a measurement or a set up V Virtual zero, automatic set-up Z ZERO absolute (with reversal measurement) Zero offset ZERO VIRTUAL ZERO VIRTUAL ZERO/SEL “+/-“ key ZERO-Setting / ZERO absolute and ZERO virtual ZEROTRONIC sensor
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3.11 2.2.1 3.3 3.5.2 3.9 7 3.1 6 3.2.1
25 8 16 22 22 34 11 33 12
3.7 3.8 3.3 2.2.2 2.2.1 3.7 2.2.2 2.2.2 5.4 5. 5 6 2.2.1 5.3 5.3 1.2 2. 5.2 5.2
21 21 16 10 8 21 10 10 28 27 27 33 8 27 27 5 7 27 27
6. 6 6 3.6 3.6
33 33 33 21 21
3.2 2.2.1 3.2 3.2.2 2.2.1 3.2 5.4
12 8 12 13 9 12 28
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE CLINO 2000 The CLINO 2000 was developed by WYLER AG as an intelligent display and measuring unit together with the digital instrument’s family ZEROTRONIC. With this instruments all the sensors and instruments of the ZEROTRONIC family can be used (See point 1.3 Configuration) The CLINO 2000 is a - Measuring instrument - Display unit On the CLINO 2000 a number of parameters can be changed and adjusted: - Measuring unit - Measuring mode - Relative base length and many more The CLINO 2000 is compatible with the other instruments of the ZEROTRONIC family by using the RS485 serial communication. The measuring values may be transmitted to a printer or a PC/Laptop via RS232 output. The measuring principle of the ZEROTRONIC family is based on a changing of the capacity of a condenser built of two electrodes and a pendulum in form of a shield installed in between. The measured change of capacity is directly influenced by the change of the inclination of the pendulum. This capacity change is the primarily used signal for the angle to be measured. The measuring system is designed to be completely antimagnetic. The basic signal received in the CLINO 2000 will be computed into an angle by comparing the signal with a reference curve stored and then displayed in the required unit.
1.2. STARTING Before working with the CLINO 2000 it is strongly recommended to carefully read this manual first. This will avoid malfunctioning by making unsuitable manipulations like e.g. deleting the calibration data in the sensor head etc.
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1.3. POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION
Stand alone unit
Two units connected for remote display or differential mode / max. 1000m
LINO 2000 connected with ZEROTRONIC Sensor / max. 15m
CLINO 2000 connected to a PC / RS232
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CLINO 2000 connected with a MINILEVEL or LEVELTRONIC „NT“ for differential mode
All the above configurations can be used. For specifications of the sensors and the instruments see the respective data sheets.
2. STARTING / HOW TO USE THE INSTRUMENT 2.1. DESCRIPTION OF PANEL FUNCTIONS 2.1.1. PANEL AND DISPLAY
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2.2. KEY FUNCTIONS 2.2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL KEYS ON/MODE - Key Function - 1 -
Pressing the ON/MODE key starts the CLINO 2000. When keeping the key pressed all the LCD elements are lighted. After releasing the key the instrument switches to the measuring mode and the calibration data of the internal sensor has been collected. After a short period of time the actual angle will be displayed in the last used measuring unit. In case of trouble an error message will be displayed. (See point 4) ON/MODE key for more than 3 seconds the display starts When pressing the flashing and the automatic shut off is disabled. In the standard mode the instrument shut off after about 5 minutes. To turn off the instrument press the ON/MODE key for more than 3 seconds until the display disappears. Exeption: In case the instrument is powered by an external power supply, the instrument is never shutting off automatically.
Function - 2 -
ON/MODE is also used for moving the selection pointer on the lower The display area. By pressing this key the selection pointer moves from one position to the next.
Function - 3 -
ON/MODE key needs to be pressed for For shutting off the CLINO 2000; the 3-4 seconds until the displayed figures disappear.
Function - 4 -
Used for „ZERO-Setting“ of saved (memory) values in the function „REL ZERO“. ON/MODE key, the To set the memory in this function to ZERO press the displayed values will become ZERO. This has to be confirmed by pressing ENTER
ENTER – Key The key function.
ENTER is used to save an entered value or to accept a selected
SEND/ESC- Key Function - 1 -
The key SEND is used for the transmission of a measuring value through the RS232 port or to send the value to a printer or another connected system. Through the same port the values may also be transmitted to a PC or Laptop for further treatment of the data.
Function - 2 -
Also used for canceling any „HOLD“ function and return to the measuring mode.
Function - 3 -
Canceling any task not yet finished.
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ZERO/SELECT "+/-" - Key The key ZERO "+/-" can be used to change a number of possible parameters like e.g. Measuring units Measuring units, respectively ports ( „A“ / „B“ / „A+B“ / „A B“ ) Changing of the measuring range Changing of the instruments address Set up the relative base length Set up of the „Zero-Offset“ Set up of the „REL Zero-Offset“ etc.
HOLD - Key Function - 1 -
HOLD key a measured value may „frozen“. This value will be With the SEND the CLINO 2000 will return to the displayed until by pressing the key measuring mode.
Function - 2 -
When using the mode REL ZERO and ZERO the actual measuring value can be accepted by pressing the
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2.2.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PANEL Main display
The actual measuring values of an active sensor/instrument are displayed. By using the mode „SENSOR“ other sensors or instruments connected at port B may be selected, differential measurement may be applied. Indicator of inclination direction
The pictograph indicates the direction of the inclination
declining to the right (negative angle) inclining to the right (positive angle) Selection pointer
With the selection pointer the intended function can be chosen: SENSOR
Select the active sensor/port
Absolute measuring mode
Relative measuring mode
Selection of measuring units
Set absolute zero
Output of control signals
Adjustment of filter type
Display and changing of sensor addresses Calibration of sensors Display of active communication through port
Battery display "BATT"
When the battery power is low, the sign "BATT" is constantly on
The actual measuring unit is displayed. 10 basic units are available and most of them can in addition be changed into subunits.
Function - 1 -
The connection/port is displayed for information concerning: - the displayed measuring value - active sensor/instrument for calibration purposes
Function - 2 -
Shows the measuring mode e.g. individual measuring or differential measuring (A-B)
The active sensor address is displayed
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3. HOW TO USE THE CLINO 2000 3.1. CHECKING THE FUNCTIONS The key ON/MODE can be pressed. As long as this key is pressed all elements of the LCD display will show up. After releasing the key the mode is switched to the measuring mode. The active signal is displayed in the last used measuring unit. During the reading of the calibration data six small „o“ will be displayed. The following display variations are correct:
When now the connected instrument or sensor is tilted, the displayed value must change accordingly. If a second instrument or an additional sensor has been connected to port B, a respective message may appear if some errors are noted: The following error messages are possible: ERROR 0 Instrument is defect, to be sent to the service center ERROR 1 No sensor or instrument connected, or not properly installed ERROR 2 No measurement has been done so far with the connected sensor/instrument. The sensor must be addressed correctly (See point 3.7. Selecting a sensor or an instrument) ERROR 3 Calibration data not available. The display shows the malfunctioning item (port and address) also possible when the battery power is not sufficient (Communication with sensor not possible) For other error messages see point 4
To reinstall the basic set up a RESET may be done at any time. The procedure is as follows: ON/MODE and ENTER must be pressed simultaneously for at least one second. All the Both keys manually installed data is lost and the CLINO 2000 will be set to the following basic standards:
Basic standards: Measuring mode: Measuring unit: Relative Base: ZERO-OFFSET absolute: Sensor: Filter
absolute the next possible and useful unit 1000 mm remains intact PORT A, no Sensor (ERROR 2) No 5
Immediately after RESET the error message 2 is displayed. This means the connected sensor must be addressed correctly from new. (See point 3.7. Selecting a sensor or an instrument)
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ZERO-SETTING / ZERO ABSOLUTE AND ZERO VIRTUAL
Remarks: Using ZERO SETTING two different tasks can be realized: a) ZERO ABSOLUTE / The instrument shows "0" when the angle of the mounting surface is exactly positioned in the direction of the center of the earth. b) ZERO VIRTUAL / The instrument shows "0" at any predefined angle.
3.2.1. ZERO ABSOLUTE (WITH REVERSAL MEASUREMENT) The ZERO absolute is the basis for all the inclination measurements in the absolute mode. For such a measurement if high precision is required, it is of utmost importance that the object to be measured and the CLINO 2000 are both at the same temperature level. The CLINO 2000 should have been turned on a few minutes before the measurement procedure. For this procedure a suitable surface must be chosen (rigid, flat and as horizontal as possible). On this surface the CLINO 2000 must be placed; the exact position of the instrument is to be marked on the surface.
The ZERO absolute will automatically be set by applying the reversal measurement. (Taking two measurements on the same spot but in the 180° opposite direction) For this procedure a suitable surface must be chosen (rigid, flat and as horizontal as possible). On this surface the CLINO 2000 must be placed, the exact position of the instrument is to be marked on the surface.
The „ZERO-OFFSET“ is stored in the CLINO 2000
EXAMPLE: The selection pointer of the CLINO 2000 must now be placed ON/MODE key below the marking ZERO by pressing the several times. If the required position is reached, it must be ENTER. On the display the last set confirmed by pressing „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) will be displayed. The direction indicator (+/-) is flashing. The CLINO 2000 must now sit at position one and after a few seconds settling time allowed, by pressing the key HOLD, the first reading is collected. This first value is displayed and the selection pointer below ZERO is flashing which means the second reading is expected. The CLINO 2000 must now be rotated horizontally by 180° and placed exactly on the same spot. After a few seconds settling time HOLD must be pressed again for collecting the the key second reading. The computed „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) is now displayed on the CLINO 2000. (The displayed „Zero-Offset“ is calculated by adding the two readings and dividing the result by two.) Page 12 of 36
If this „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) must now be saved, ENTER must be pressed. Immediately after the key this, the selection pointer jumps to the measuring mode absolute and the measuring result under consideration of the „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) will be displayed.
The „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) computed by applying the reversal method is the deviation of the instrument’s ZERO to the absolute ZERO. The display on the CLINO 2000 therefore is the: Displayed value = Value of the CLINO 2000 minus „Zero-Offset“. The reversal measurement to establish the exact „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) should be done periodically if high quality measurements are required. Especially after longer intervals the method is useful.
3.2.2. ZERO VIRTUAL I) Manual set-up of the virtual ZERO One possibility of using ZERO virtual means to establish an artificial plane, respectively angle, to be chosen as absolute zero. Another possibility is to change the existing „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) of the CLINO 2000 e.g. established by means of using the reversal method. Only well skilled and trained user should make use of this feature!!! Example:
Initial position: The display on the CLINO 2000 shows the measured value of +0°07‘20‘‘. This value is the true inclination of the instrument.
Only one sensor (internal sensor of the CLINO 2000 or the external sensor connected to Port “B”) at a time can be set to ZERO virtual. This sensor must be selected first. The selection pointer must be moved below the marking ZERO in the display of the CLINO 2000 by pressing ON/MODE several times. If reached the selection must be confirmed by pressing ENTER. the key
The last computed or manually entered value „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) is displayed. In our example 00° 00‘ 00‘‘ The direction indicator is flashing
This displayed value may now be changed manually by ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ to the desired applying the keys value. e.g. from +0° 00’ 00’’ to new +0°07‘20‘‘ The direction indicator is flashing The value is now the new „Zero-Offset“ Page 13 of 36
If this so manually established „Zero-Offset“ must now be ENTER must be pressed. The new „Zerosaved the key Offset“ is now saved in the CLINO 2000. Immediately after this, the selection pointer jumps to the measuring mode absolute and the measuring result under consideration of the new „Zero-Offset“ will be displayed. The following new value will now be displayed in the absolute mode:
„ZERO-OFFSET“ is stored in the CLINO 2000 Displayed value = Value of the CLINO 2000 minus „Zero-Offset“. Remarks:
Until the input is confirmed by using the stopped any time by pressing
ENTER key, every manipulation can be
Result: Despite the fact that CLINO 2000 is still placed at the same angle the display of the instrument now shows the value 0°00‘00‘‘ This is the so called virtual ZERO This new virtual ZERO is the reference for all the future measurements based on this angle (originally 0°07‘20‘‘)
II) Automatic set-up of the virtual ZERO Practically quite often a measuring surface is not absolutely horizontal but should be the reference plane for other measurements. In these cases it is useful to set the basic value for this surface to: 0°00’00‘‘ This can be done by manually setting the virtual zero as described before or by automatically define the value with the CLINO 2000 set-up. (It is done by using a reversal measurement mode without turning the instrument 180 deg.) Procedure: Initial position: The display shows the measured value on the CLINO 2000 : +0°09‘16‘‘. This value is the true inclination of the CLINO 2000.
The selection pointer must be moved below the marking ZERO in the ON/MODE several display of the CLINO 2000 by pressing the key times. If reached the selection must be confirmed by pressing ENTER. The last computed or manually entered value „Zero-Offset“. The direction indicator is flashing
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The CLINO 2000 must now sit at position one and after a few HOLD, seconds settling time allowed, by pressing the key the first reading is collected. This first value is displayed and the selection pointer below ZERO is flashing which means the second reading is expected.
After a few seconds settling time the key HOLD must be pressed again for collecting the second reading. The instrument remains at the same position without turning 180°.
The newly computed „Zero-Offset“ is now displayed on the CLINO 2000 (The displayed „Zero-Offset“ is calculated by adding the two readings and dividing the result by two.) ENTER must If this „Zero-Offset“ must now be saved, the key be pressed. Immediately after this, the selection pointer jumps to the measuring mode absolute and the measuring result under consideration of the „Zero-Offset“ (Basic offset) will be displayed.
The „ZERO-OFFSET“ is stored in the CLINO 2000
Displayed value = Value of the CLINO 2000 minus „Zero-Offset“. Remarks:
Until the input is confirmed by using the any time by pressing
ENTER key, every manipulation can be stopped at
Result: Despite the fact that the CLINO 2000 is still placed at the same angle the display of the instrument now shows the value 0°00‘00‘‘ This is the so called virtual ZERO This new virtual ZERO is the reference for all the future measurements based on this angle (originally 0°09‘16‘‘)
Please see also "Relative measurement" Chapter 3.9.2
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3.3. SELECTION OF THE MEASURING UNIT The desired measuring unit can be selected by repeatedly pressing the key ON/MODE until the selection ENTER is pressed. pointer is below the function UNIT and then the ZERO/SELECT "+/-" until the desired The possible formats may now be chosen by pressing the key ENTER. The selection remains valid until unit is displayed. This selection must be confirmed by pressing changed in the same manner as described above. The following measuring units can be chosen: xxx° xx' xx° xx' xx" xxxx' xx" xxx.xxx° xxx.xx xxx.xx xx.xxxx xxx.xx xxxx.xx xx.xxxx xx.xxxx xxxx.xx xxx.xxx
DEG DEG DEG DEG %o A %o "/REL mm/REL mRad "/12" "/10" mm/m GON
Deg / Min Deg / Min / Sec Min / Sec Degree, 3 decimal ‰, 2 decimal Artillerie-Promille mm per relative base, 4 decimal mm per relative base, 2 decimal Milliradian, 2 decimal Inch per 12 Inch, 4 decimal Inch per 10 Inch, 4 decimal mm per m, 2 decimal New degree, 3 decimal
For a measurement with relative base length the selection ON/MODE pointer must be moved by repeatedly pressing the ENTER. key to the position UNIT. Confirm with ZERO/SELECT "+/-" the desired unit By using the keys can now be chosen (mm/REL or inch/REL) The selection must be ENTER. confirmed with the key
On the display the direction indicator is flashing alternatively plus or minus; the existing base length is shown (Standard length is 1000 mm or 10") ENTER this value may be accepted or with By pressing ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ the relative base length may be adjusted as required and then finally confirmed with ENTER.
In the relative mode the angle is related to the height "X" as the elevation over the set relative base length in the chosen unit (in mm, or Inch). Exception:
RESET (see point 3.1)
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This function is available in all measuring modes. Place the CLINO 2000 on a flat stable surface. Use the key HOLD. While the CLINO 2000 waits for a valid measurement (two identical values in succession) the display will show "oooooo". As it is practically impossible for two successive values to be identical while the instrument is handled, the instrument may be positioned after the key is depressed. As soon as the condition for a valid measurement is fulfilled, the measuring value is displayed, the direction indicator flashing. To read the measurement value, the CLINO 2000 may be removed from its located position. The display value is "frozen". SEND/ESC. If a printer is connected, the Use the key measured value will be transmitted and the CLINO 2000 will be ready for use in the normal mode If you just want to read the value, SEND/ESC again will return to the standard mode. pressing If HOLD is required for the next measurement, it is possible without canceling; directly to recall
Remarks: The level of vibration at the measuring location considerably influences the time necessary to collect a valid measurement. Severe vibration may even completely prevent the condition (two identical values in succession), necessary to register a true measurement. In order to regain measuring capability under this condition, take the instrument to an object with a lower vibration level and complete the operation in process. By key using SEND/ESC the further procedure may be cancelled immediately. The displayed value may now be accepted or the process must be repeated. If after 60 seconds no value was accepted, the „ERROR 7“ message is displayed. HOLD function has not been successfully completed within 60 seconds. The procedure needs to be repeated. By using the function RESET the CLINO 2000 will return to the standard settings. With the exception of the calibration data all previous adjustments are lost!!
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3.5. FUNCTION SEND (PRINT-FUNCTION) Using the key
SEND/ESC will send the displayed value through the port "RS 232" to a connected PC, or
Laptop via the RS232 port. This function can also be used in combination with HOLD in order to transmit the „frozen“ value. The function SEND may be activated from a connected PC/Laptop by transmitting a letter „P“ (as letter) through the serial port RS 232
DATA FORMAT OUT-PORT Measurement active MessMode_A MessMode_B MessMode_A_minusB MessMode_A_B
[sss Aaaa sn.nnnnnn] [sss Baaa sn.nnnnnn] [sss Aaaa-Baaa sn.nnnnnn] [sss Aaaa sn.nnnnnn Baaa sn.nnnnnn]
sss = 0 .. 255 - Continuous no. aaa = Sensor Address 1..255 (e.g. 004) / ML/LT NT 1-32 sn.nnnnnn = +9.999999 - Positive Overrange -9.999999 - Negative Overrange other value - Angle in rad e.g. +0.226349
Menue aktive or error ( -0.000000 means no data available) MessMode_A MessMode_B MessMode_A_minusB MessMode_A_B
[9xy Aaaa -0.000000] [9xy Baaa -0.000000] [9xy Aaaa-Baaa -0.000000] [9xy Aaaa -0.000000 Baaa -0.000000]
aaa = Sensor Address 1..255 resp. 0 when address undefined x = 0 - General error 1 - Port A error 2 - Port B error y = 0 - Menu active (no error) >0 - Error codes (According to manual)
Format of transmission asynchrony, 7Bit, 2 Stopbits, no parity
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Example using the Hyper Terminal of Windows NT or Windows Terminal program (Example is WIN NT) 1. Open the Terminal-Program in Windows / Accessories. and insert a name Confirm with OK
2. Enter the serial port definition connected to the CLINO 2000. Confirm with OK
3. Enter the parameters Bits per Second: Data bits: Parity: Stop bits: Protocol:
9600 7 no 2 no
Confirm with OK The HyperTerminal-Windows appear. Repeatedly pressing the key SEND/ESC the actual value will be transmitted in [Rad] Alternatively the value can be called by pressing the key "P" on the PC keyboard.
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CLINO 2000 with address 50 connected to port "A" Meaning of the display: 068
Continuous number. (3 measurements per second are performed)
Port „A“, address 50
- 0.000100 Rad resp.-100 µRad
CLINO 2000 with address 50 is connected to port "A", one external sensor with address 21 is connected to port "B" / Measuring mode: A & B alternatively measured Meaning of the display: 031
Port „A“, address 50
- 0.000104 Rad resp.-104 µRad Port „B“ address 21 +0.001079 Rad resp.+1079 µRad
CLINO 2000 with address 50 is connected to port "A", one external sensor with address 21 is connected to port "B" / Measuring mode: A - B differential measurement Meaning of the display: 141 A050 – B021
Continuous number Measuring mode Differential mode Port „A“ CLINO 2000 with address 50 minus Port „B“ sensor with address 21 Difference Sensor [A] – [B]: - 0.001144 Rad resp.-1144 µRad
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3.6. TERMINATING A MEASUREMENT OR A SET UP In case of the required canceling of a measuring procedure or the changing of parameters the process may SEND/ESC. This is true only as be ended at any time and the previous state will be installed by pressing ENTER before. long as no change has been accepted by pressing
3.7. SELECTING A SENSOR OR AN INSTRUMENT With the CLINO 2000 the possibility exists to display the measured values of the instrument itself as well as the difference between the instrument and an additional instrument or a connected sensor ZEROTRONIC. In case of the differential measurement the second instrument must be connected to the port B (External sensor B). It is not possible to measure the difference of two sensors connected to the same port. Basically the following set-up is possible: - Measurement of the CLINO 2000 (= internal sensor A, corresponding to Sensor/Port A) - Measurement of one or more instruments connected to port B - Differential measurement between the CLINO 2000 and another instrument at port B - Alternating display of the CLINO 2000 and an instrument connected to port B For differential measurement respectively measurement with a reference CLINOTRONIC 2000 see chapter ”3.11. Differential- respect. Reference Measurement with two CLINOTRONIC 2000”
For choosing the measuring mode and the address of the ON/MODE key must be pressed sensors connected the repeatedly until the selection pointer is below SENSOR and ENTER. The possibilities "Port A", accepted by pressing "Port B", "Port A-B" or "Port A B" may be selected by ZERO/SELECT "+/-" The desired applying the key ENTER. After this selection can be accepted by pressing the CLINO 2000 is looking for all the connected sensors respectively their address. Up to 255 sensors may be connected. The address of the first sensor will be displayed flashing. During the searching procedure the frame of the „Sensor address“ will flash in circular motion below the selected port. If more than one sensor is connected to the port B, the one ZERO/SELECT desired can be selected by pressing ENTER. and confirmed with In case of differential measurement between two sensors the same procedure must be repeated for port B. After pressing
ENTER the respective measurement starts.
3.8. SELECTING CORRECT FILTER TYPE FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS A number of different types of filters are incorporated. The standard factory setting is filter type no 5. To ENTER the actual change this setting the selection pointer must be moved below „Filter“. After pressing setting is displayed. The number may be changed from 1 to 10 by using the + or - arrows and then be confirmed by ENTER. pressing The most suitable type of filter is best found out by practically testing, as the measuring conditions have quite an influence. Generally spoken it can be said that the lowest figure (almost no filter) sends the collected signals rapidly to the display possibly resulting in an unstable display. The maximum filter (No. 10) mathematically treats the signal by collecting data and sending somewhat delayed a signal integrated over a period of time.
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3.9. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT / RELATIVE MEASUREMENT 3.9.1. ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT The standard mode (by default) is the absolute measurement. ON/MODE key must be pressed repeatedly until If this is not the case when starting the CLINO 2000 the ENTER and the absolute the selection pointer is in position ABSOLUTE. This must be confirmed with mode is ready. The displayed value is the Value of the CLINO 2000 minus „ZERO - OFFSET“
3.9.2. RELATIVE MEASUREMENT Important remark: The defined „REL ZERO OFFSET“ is superimposed on the „ZERO-OFFSET“ stored in the CLINO 2000. The „REL ZERO OFFSET“ stored temporarily in the CLINO 2000 can be recalled with any time when the same instrument is connected. This value must be confirmed or changed for example to zero. In case of differential measurement ( 1 Sensor or instrument connected to Port A an port B each) the „REL ZERO OFFSET“ will be stored in the CLINO 2000. Displayed value = Value of the instrument minus „ZERO-OFFSET“ minus „REL ZERO OFFSET“
Initial position: The display shows the measured value on the CLINO 2000 : +0°10‘00‘‘. This value is the true inclination of the instrument. The requirement is now to set the instrument's inclination at an angle of zero and use this angle as a reference for future measurements.
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The selection pointer must be moved below the marking REL ZERO in the display of the CLINO 2000 by pressing the ON/MODE several times. If reached the selection must key ENTER. be confirmed by pressing The last computed or manually entered value „REL ZERO value“, in our example 0° 00'‘00'‘ The direction indicator is flashing The CLINO 2000 must now be at the correct position and after a few seconds settling time allowed, by pressing the key HOLD, the reading is collected. This value )"REL ZERO OFFSET") is displayed.
ENTER. This relative Should this value no be stored press zero value is stored in the CLINO 2000. The display jumps into the measuring mode "REL ZERO", the display is 0°00‘00‘‘ and the measurement continues by considering the "REL ZERO OFFSET" As an alternative the value can also be changed manually by ZERO/SELECT "+/-" before confirming using the key ENTER with
Result: Despite the fact that the CLINO 2000 is still placed at the same angle the display now shows the value 0°00‘00‘‘ (Fig. 1) This new relative zero is the reference for all the future measurements based on this angle (originally 0°10‘00‘‘) The selection pointer of the CLINO 2000 can now be placed below the marking ABSOLUTE by pressing the ON/MODE key several times to return to the absolute measuring mode. After confirming with ENTER the original value is displayed. (Fig. 2)
Fig. 2 The values stored in the stacks of „ZERO“ and „Relative Zero“ can be deleted as follows: ON/MODE key repeatedly until the selection pointer is located under "REL ZERO" Press the ENTER. In the display the existing value is seen. By using the key or "ZERO" and confirm with ZERO/SELECT "+/-" the value can be set to "0". This can now be confirmed with ENTER and the CLINO 2000 starts in the measuring mode. The stack is empty.
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3.10. MEASURING BY SETTING LIMITS When your task requires the indication of a surpassed measuring value with an "alarm" the LIMITS function must be used. In this mode it is possible to define an upper and a lower measuring limitation (LIMITS). After installation of the limits a signal will be seen on the screen and also sent through the port RS 232 if the measured value rises above the upper limit or falls below the lower limit.
For the setting of limits the selection pointer must be moved to the position ON/MODE. If reached it needs LIMITS by repeatedly pressing the key ENTER. In the display of the CLINO 2000 to be accepted by pressing a possible installed lower limit is displayed with a marking LO. This value may now manually be adjusted to the required value by using ZERO/SELECT „+/-“. If reached it must be accepted by pressing ENTER. After this the upper value is displayed with the marking HI. This value may now manually be adjusted to the required value by using ZERO/SELECT „+/-“. If reached it must be accepted by pressing ENTER. ATTENTION: The upper limit (HI) must always, absolutely seen, be higher than the lower limit (LOW) After the confirmation in the display the upper limit is seen (remark HI) This value can be changed manually by using the keys ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ and after confirming with ENTER the limit is set.
After the saving of the upper limit the display shows OFF or ON. By using ON/MODE the display jumps between the two possibilities. the key
ENTER. (Means: limits ON or limits OFF) If the limits must not The desired mode must be confirmed with SEND/ESC be stored, the procedure can be cancelled by using
If during a measurement the limits are reached the display starts flashing, alternatively the measured value and the remark HI or LO depending on the limit reached are seen.
At the same time two signal will be transmitted to the port RS 232. The first signal may be used for an external control action or a relay (12V/500 mA) may be activated. The second signal transmits the polarity of the signal in relation to the set limitation.
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3.11. DIFFERENTIAL-, RESPECT REFERENCE MEASUREMENT WITH TWO CLINOTRONIC 2000 Applying differential measurement respectively reference measurement means by definition using two instruments, a Measuring Instrument (A) and a Reference Instrument (B), whereas the difference between the two angles is of interest (A-B). This difference remains unchanged when the same angular change is applied on both instruments. This measurement is a special form of a relative measurement. The differential measurement has the greatest advantages in the following tasks: Measurements made on objects under influence of vibration Measurements made on objects and systems not rigid enough (unstable, flimsy)
Measuring Instrument (A)
Reference Instrument (B)
Preconditions: Both instruments are powered by either internal batteries in each instrument or by using an external power supply connected to one of the two instrument’s free socket “RS232” Both instruments are connected together using the ports “EXTERNAL SENSOR (B)”, with a bus cable (max. 1000 m)
Start-up Both instruments are placed in position and properly connected and power supply installed as mentioned above. First the Reference instrument must be started by ON/MODE. pressing the button ON/MODE key must now be pressed The repeatedly until the selection pointer is below ONLINE ENTER. The display and accepted by pressing shows now “REF” what means that the instrument is in the reference mode.
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Secondly the Measuring instrument must be ON/MODE. started by pressing the button ON/MODE key must now be pressed The repeatedly until the selection pointer is below ENTER. SENSOR and confirmed by pressing The "Port A-B" must be selected for choosing differential mode, applying the key ZERO/SELECT "+/-" until the desired selection is displayed, then accept by pressing ENTER. After this the CLINO 2000 is looking for all the connected sensors respectively their address. The correct addresses of (A) and (B) ENTER. must be confirmed with Remarks: When the differential mode is selected for the first time with the two respective instruments all the calibration data must be collected and computed, this task will usually take up to two minutes time. After this the start-up time will be usually be reduced to approximately 20 to 30 seconds.
On the display of the measuring instrument the measuring result (value of measuring instrument minus value of reference instrument, A-B) is now seen. As long as the installed configuration remains the ON/MODE key must be same only the pressed on the two instruments for a renewed start-up.
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4. ERROR MESSAGES ERROR 0
Instrument’s fault, needs to be sent to the service center
Sensor(s) /Instrument(s) not connected, or not correct address
No measuring has been made with the connected sensor. The sensor must be addressed first (See point 3.7. Selecting a sensor or an instrument)
No calibration data available (the respective sensor/port is displayed)
No sensor address found
More than one sensor found
Changing of sensor address was not successful
HOLD function has not been successfully completed within 60 seconds. The procedure needs to be repeated. Battery not correctly installed
ERROR 8 ERROR 9
It was not possible to save the calibration data successfully in the sensor head
Remarks: After the error message is displayed and confirmed with jumps to the position SENSOR (select sensor)
ENTER the position indicator
5. SERVICE 5.1. GENERAL The CLINO 2000 needs no special service other than the regular cleaning.
5.2. STORAGE a. Storage instrument The CLINO 2000 should be stored in a save place, best in the transportation case. For longer storage periods it is recommended to remove the batteries. b. Care and handling of the batteries Read the instructions in your manual before installing batteries. Make sure to insert the batteries properly, following the symbols showing you the correct way to position the positive (+) and negative (-) ends of the batteries. Keep battery contact surfaces clean by gently rubbing with a clean pencil eraser or cloth. Replace batteries with the size and type specified by the device's manufacturer. Remove all used batteries from the device at the same time, then replace them with new batteries of the same size and type. Store batteries in a cool, dry place at normal room temperature. Remove batteries from devices that will be stored for extended periods. Don't dispose of batteries in a fire—they may rupture or leak. Don't recharge a battery unless it is specifically marked "rechargeable." Attempting to recharge a normal battery could result in rupture or leakage.
5.3. SPARE PARTS The following spares are available: - Batteries - Cables
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5.4. CHANGING OF SENSOR ADDRESS Move the position indicator to the position ADDRESS by ON/MODE and confirm the repeatedly pressing the key ENTER. If only one sensor is connected as setting with described above the respective port and address number is displayed flashing.
If more than one sensor is connected, the error message ERROR 5 is displayed. (More than one sensor found)
ZERO/SELECT the new address can Using the keys ENTER. If the be entered and confirmed by pressing procedure was successful the measurement starts with the newly given address.
Addresses of external Zerotronic sensors may be chosen between no. 1 and no. 254 Addresses of external Measuring instruments (Minilevel NT, Leveltronic NT) may only be chosen between no. 1 and no. 32 The address no 255 is reserved for service purposes and should not be used. The address of the internal sensor of the CLINO 2000 can’t be changed. The following error messages are possible: ERROR 4
No sensor address found
More than one sensor found
Changing of sensor address was not successful
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5.5 CALIBRATION 5.5.1 QUICK CALIBRATION The CLINO 2000 is equipped with an integrated calibration set-up for a quick calibration procedure. On the backside of the instrument a number of precisely manufactured and placed holes are available for installing the dowel pins as calibration aids. These pins are part of the delivery and can be inserted into the holes. With the quick calibration method the values at + and - 45° as well as the exact zero value can be fixed. By this procedure the instrument can be set to a sufficiently high precision for most of the applications. The calibration procedure is as follows: 1.
Start the instrument in the mode „Absolute“
Select menu „ZERO“ and confirm with
ON/MODE several times until Press the selection pointer is below ZERO
Press „MODE“ shortly (less than 5 sec.)
Adjustment of angle at +45°, Pre-set value will be displayed The dowel pins are to be inserted in such a way that the instrument would display +45° when two pins are on a horizontal plane. E.g. hold the instrument on the side of a measuring and setting plate, the pins on top. Press HOLD, keep the instrument stable First displayed is oooooo, then the measured value is seen. ENTER Confirm with
Adjustment of angle at 0°, Pre-set value will be displayed The dowel pins are to be inserted in such a way that the instrument would display 0° when two pins are on a horizontal plane. E.g. hold the instrument on the side of a measuring and setting plate, the pins on top. Press HOLD, keep the instrument stable First displayed is oooooo, then the measured value is seen. ENTER Confirm with
Adjustment of angle at -45°, Pre-set value will be displayed The dowel pins are to be inserted in such a way that the instrument would display -45° when two pins are on a horizontal plane. E.g. hold the instrument on the side of a measuring and setting plate, the pins on top. Press HOLD, keep the instrument stable First displayed is oooooo, then the measured value is seen. ENTER Confirm with During the sampling of the collected values first displayed is: . . . . . ., then oooooo, at the end it will automatically switch in the measuring mode
By applying a reversal measurement set the instrument to absolute zero (see point 3.2.1)
The CLINO 2000 is now calibrated and can be used for measuring.
The calibration aids (dowel pins) must be stored grease applied and any damage is to be prevented. Also the holes in the instrument must remain free of dust and dirt.
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5.5.2 FINE CALIBRATION OVER THE WHOLE MEASURING RANGE The fine calibration may be required when - the existing calibration was lost - the accuracy is not sufficient anymore - a connected sensor or the measuring range has changed
Important Note: 1. Prior to using this calibration mode the basic calibration data for the quick calibraiton with the calibration pins must be removed. Please contact WYLER SWITZERLAND or your local distributor 2. The sensor of the measuring instrument is calibrated at different temperatures for temperature compensation (nomally 3 different temperatures). This temperature calibration will be lost! 3. For the calibration and in order to assure a proper function at least 7 calibration points, equally spread over the complete measuring range, must be planned.
Principle of the calibration method
The bases of all the measurements with digital technology like the CLINO 2000 and the connected sensors/instruments are the calibration data stored in the sensor heads. Throughout the whole measuring range a number of reference calibrating points are stored in the sensor heads. The linearity of the measuring range depends on the number of these reference-calibrating points. Each measured angle delivers a signal in form of a frequency and to these reference frequencies the respective calibration points are matched. From these values a calibration curve will be established. The measured angles between these calibration points are computed by interpolation and displayed on the screen in the desired measuring unit. All sensors/instruments leaving the factory at WYLER’s are calibrated according the measuring range and have undergone a severe quality test procedure.
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For the calibration procedure the selection pointer must be moved to the position CALIB by repeatedly ON/MODE. If reached it needs to be accepted by pressing ENTER. By using the pressing the key ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ the respective port may be chosen. „Port A“, for the internal sensor in the key CLINO 2000, „Port B“ for a possible external sensor. The selected possibility must be confirmed by ENTER. pressing After this the CLINO 2000 is looking for all the connected sensors respectively their address. The address of the sensor will be displayed flashing. During the searching procedure the frame of the „Sensor address“ will flash in circular motion below the selected port. Are several sensors connected the required one must be selected by the key ENTER. and confirmed with
Immediately after this the calibration procedure is starting. In the display the last entered distance between two calibration points is seen. By using the ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ this distance may be entered from new. Two basic possibilities are key available: I) II)
Choose calibration point distance is between 0.5 and 7.5 degrees, in steps of 0.5 degrees. Choose calibration point distance is between 1.0 and 15.0 mm/m, in steps of 1.0 mm/m.
For calibrating the CLINO 2000 it is recommended to use 5° 7.5° steps. After choosing the distance and confirming with
ENTER the procedure continuous as follows:
- In the area of the sensor address the number of calibrating points is displayed (incl. zero position) - In the major display area the total calibration range to be calibrated is seen (Result of number of calibration points and the distances chosen). ZERO/SELECT „+/-“ the number of calibration points may be changed. The By applying ENTER. corresponding calibration range will automatically adjust. Confirm with In the display the first angle to set is seen flashing. In the window „Address Sensor“ the number 1 is seen for the first calibration point to be set. The CLINO 2000 or the external sensor must now be set to the first calibrating position on a suitable calibration gauge (rotary table, sine bar). This angle is displayed flashing on the screen and the figure 1 is seen which stands for the first calibration point.
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If the correct position is installed and a few seconds settling time were allowed the value can be saved by ENTER. During the reading of the data the display remains stable. After successful reading the pressing next calibration point will be displayed and the respective procedure must continue. Example
Measuring range of CLINO 2000
+/- 45 degrees
Distance between the calibrating points
Number of calibrating points
Range of calibration
+/- 50 degrees
1. Calibration point 2. Calibration point 3. Calibration point …………………… 21. Calibration point
- 55.000° - 50.000° - 45.000° + 55.000°
After entering the last calibration point the complete calibration data will be saved in the sensor head. During this procedure a moving bar is displayed and when successful finished the CLINO 2000 switches to the measuring mode. If something went wrong the following message shows up: ERROR 9
It was not possible to save the calibration data successfully in the sensor head
The „ZERO-OFFSET“ and the „REL ZERO OFFSET“ will be set to zero. Until the definitive saving of the calibration values the procedure may be stopped by using ESC.
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6. TECHNICAL DATA Measuring range/ Messbereich
± 45 Arcdeg Optional:
Built-in software and calibration aids
Interne Kalibriersoftware und mitgelieferte Kalibrierhilfen
Settling time Messzeit
Value available after / Anzeige nach
± 10 Arcdeg ± 30 Arcdeg ± 60 Arcdeg Correction of gain by simple 3-point-method Korrektur der Verstärkung (Linearität) mit einfacher 3-Punkt-Methode < 5 sec.
Depending on units set Resolution / Auflösung
Abhängig von ausgewählter Masseinheit Limits of error within 6 months / Gain (TA = 20ºC) Fehlergrenze innerhalb von 6 Monaten / Gain (Linearität) (TA = 20ºC) Limits of error at -45°, 0°, +45° right after quick calibration, using the calibration aids / Gain Fehlergrenze bei -45°, 0°, +45° unmittelbar nach Kurzkalibrierung mit den Kalibrierhilfen / Verstärkung (Linearität) Data connection Anschluss
Special cables / Spezialkabel
Power supply with batteries (Lifetime)
Stromversorgung mit Batterien (Betriebsdauer)
Option, rechargeable batteries:
Fehlergrenze wie oben, jedoch < 30 Arcsec (CLINO 2000 ±45°)
2 x Size AF 1,2 V NiMH rechargeable (25 - 45 hrs) +12... +48 V DC / 200 - 500 mW
Cast iron, rust protected / Grauguss, rostgeschützt
Operating / Betriebstemperatur
Limits of error as above, but < 30 Arcsec (CLINO 2000 ±45°)
2 x Size AA 1.5V Alkaline (35 - 50 hrs)
Housing (Weight) Gehäuse (Gewicht)
Storage / Lagertemperatur
< 12 Arcsec + 0.027%R.O.
RS232 / RS 485, asynchr., 7 Bit, 2 Stopbits, no parity, 9600 Baud
External power supply Externe Speisung
5 Arcsec ( 0.025 mm/m)
150 x 150 x 35 mm (3 kg) 0° to 40 °C.
-20° to 70 °C.
F.S.=Full Scale; R.O.=Read Out;
The instruments are delivered with batteries of AA type. When using the type AF, the installed spacer is to be removed. When using external power supply the batteries may remain in the instrument. Rechargeable batteries must be charged outside of the instrument
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6.1 PIN DEFINITION / CONNECTOR
7. REPAIR OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Normally any instruments requiring repair can be sent to the local WYLER partner (local distributor) who will take the necessary steps and make the arrangements for repair on behalf of the customer.
Express Repair Service, ERS A large number of customers can not miss the instruments for a longer period as these are in daily operation. For these cases WYLER SWITZERLAND has created a new service called "Express Repair Service, ERS". Employing this service the transport time from the user to WYLER SWITZERLAND and back and thus the complete repair time can be reduced considerably. A simplified description of this service:
The customer announces the repair request to the local WYLER partner in his country. The WYLER partner will inform the customer about the possibility of the ERS service outlining the advantages and consequences of this service, such as e.g. o reduced total repair time o required acceptance to repair without quote up to 65 % of the price for a new instrument o suitable packing for air transport o expenses of the ERS In case the customer decides to use the ERS, the customer informs the local WYLER partner or directly WYLER SWITZERLAND providing the necessary data. The customer will receive all information and instructions necessary for a smooth handling, the customer has just to pack the product suitably and to fill in a form for the TNT courier service as well as to announce the readiness to the local TNT office for pick-up. Everything else will run automatically. Products reaching WYLER SWITZERLAND under this service will be handled with first priority, and the instrument will be returned using the same carrier. The invoicing will be through the WYLER partner in your country.
Please do not hesitate to make use of this service in order to have your WYLER instrument back at your disposal as soon as possible. In case of any questions please contact WYLER SWITZERLAND or your local distributor, we will gladly help you to use the ERS successfully.
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WYLER AG Im Hölderli CH-8405 WINTERTHUR Switzerland
0041 (0) 52 233 66 66 0041 (0) 52 233 20 53
Homepage: http://www.wylerag.com E-Mail: [email protected]
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text:
Named the Avocado Acres (Aa) House, this California residence was designed in collaboration with architect Lloyd Russell and Surfside Projects, with inspiration from the iconic Case Study Houses and Eichler’s mid-century modern designs. The home is located in the coastal town of Encinitas, California, and is designed to benefit from indoor/outdoor living with its U-shaped layout.
Made up of three pavilions, which share a sloping curved roof and a courtyard, face out to the outdoors giving each indoor space the feeling of being larger as it extends outside. By facing the courtyard, the front of the home is insured privacy from the street.
The front boasts sharp, angular lines with its tilted roof making way for the clerestory windows, while the back of the house features the curvilinear roofline.
The bright yellow door pops next to the neutral tones of the exterior.
The wood ceiling continues to the exterior helping to unify the interior with the outside space. There is also wood on the floors, making the contrasting concrete walls a great choice.
Photos by Darren Bradley.


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- Does breastfeeding make your boobs sag?
- Can I breastfeed my 7 year old?
- Is breastfeeding too long bad?
- Is it worth breastfeeding once a day?
- Is breast milk still nutritious after 2 years?
- Is it OK to breastfeed a 4 year old?
- Can a baby survive on only breast milk?
- Is it OK to give my 3 year old breast milk?
- At what age is breastfeeding no longer beneficial?
- Are breastfed babies smarter?
- Is it weird to breastfeed a 2 year old?
- How many times a day should a 12 month old nurse?
- How long can a woman produce milk?
- Is it OK to breastfeed a 5 year old?
- Is breastfeeding beneficial after 1 year?
Does breastfeeding make your boobs sag?
Making milk creates denser tissue in your breasts.
Your breasts may or may not return to their pre-breastfeeding size or shape.
Some women’s breasts stay large, and others shrink.
But sagging or staying full can be as much a result of genetics, weight gain during pregnancy, and age as a result of breastfeeding..
Can I breastfeed my 7 year old?
“Breastfeeding a 7-year-old is very different than breastfeeding a newborn or a child of 1 or 2 or 3 or 4,” Sumpter elaborated. “When you don’t forcibly wean your child, it’s a very gradual, slow thing.”
Is breastfeeding too long bad?
Some parenting experts say breast-feeding too long could potentially stunt child development because it may impede a child’s ability to self soothe. However, the American Academy of Pediatrics supports mothers who want to nurse as long as necessary.
Is it worth breastfeeding once a day?
Breastfeeding is not an all-or-nothing process. You can always keep one or more feedings per day and eliminate the rest. Many moms will continue to nurse only at night and/or first thing in the morning for many months after baby has weaned from all other nursings.
Is breast milk still nutritious after 2 years?
Breastmilk maintains nutritional value as well as emotional benefits and the World Health Organisation and the Department of Health recommend that breastfeeding continues, with the appropriate additional of complementary foods, for two years and beyond.
Is it OK to breastfeed a 4 year old?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends nursing up to one year and as long as mutually desired by the mother and the child. … For the rest of the world it’s very common that toddlers 4 to 5 years old still are nursed by moms for bonding and health reasons.
Can a baby survive on only breast milk?
Infants should be exclusively breastfed – i.e. receive only breast milk – for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health. … The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to full use of family foods is a very vulnerable period.
Is it OK to give my 3 year old breast milk?
Perhaps Bialik is onto something? According to the AAP, breast-feeding should continue “as long as mutually desired by mother and child.” Moreover, “there is no upper limit to the duration of breastfeeding and no evidence of psychologic or developmental harm from breastfeeding into the third year of life or longer.”
At what age is breastfeeding no longer beneficial?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months after birth — and breast-feeding in combination with solid foods until at least age 1. After that, breast-feeding is recommended as long as you and your child wish to continue.
Are breastfed babies smarter?
No, Breastfeeding Doesn’t Make Babies Smarter According to a 2015 long-term study conducted by British researchers and published in PLOS one, breastfed boys and girl fared no better on IQ tests than their bottlefed peers.
Is it weird to breastfeed a 2 year old?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that mothers breast-feed for the first 12 months and “thereafter for as long as mother and baby desire.” The World Health Organization recommends the practice up to age 2 “or beyond.”
How many times a day should a 12 month old nurse?
Some children breastfeed often (“like a newborn” is a frequent comment that you hear from the moms of 12-15 month olds), some breastfeed only once or twice a day, and some breastfeed a few times a day on some days and frequently on others.
How long can a woman produce milk?
six monthsThe vast majority of mothers can produce enough milk to fully meet the nutritional needs of their baby for six months. Breast milk supply augments in response to the baby’s demand for milk, and decreases when milk is allowed to remain in the breasts.
Is it OK to breastfeed a 5 year old?
For the rest of the world it’s very common that toddlers 4 to 5 years old still are nursed by moms for bonding and health reasons. The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding babies up to two years, precisely because of the breast-cancer-prevention benefits.
Is breastfeeding beneficial after 1 year?
1. It provides nutrition for the baby. “A lot of people think there is no nutritive value after a year, and that is just simply not true,” says Weiss. Regardless of how old your baby is, he or she will continue to benefit from the protein, calcium, fat, vitamin A, and other nutrients in breast milk.

domain: medical


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OK I need you to sit down and brace yourself. Here’s a shocker: There are actually films other than Prometheus, Dark Knight Rises, Avengers and The Hobbit being released this year. I know it’s hard to believe, but it’s true, I assure you.
One of these mythical “other films” is Rian Johnson’s time travelling action flick, Looper, which sees Joseph Gordon-Levitt as a mob hitman who has to kill his future self, Bruce Willis. And this weekend at Wondercon, we got our first look at Gordon-Levitt as the younger version of Willis, and it looks really uncanny.According to Gordon-Levitt, it took 3 hours of makeup a day to achieve the look, and he also extensively studied Willis (No dirty sophomoric jokes, please) so as to not mimic him, but rather create a character that will eventually grow up to be him. The transformation (at least in still image form) is pretty remarkable.
The film is set in a future where time-travel is possible but highly illegal. The mob though – those dastardly rapscallions – make use of the technology by sending prospective victims bound and gagged into the past, where a special hitman called a “looper”, welcomes them with a complimentary cocktail and a bullet to the head. (OK, the cocktail bit might not be true, but I have hope. I love tiny umbrellas.) It’s the perfect system as there are no bodies to get rid of in the future, and in the past, the victims don’t necessarily exist yet. But when a looper named Joe (Gordon-Levitt) recognizes that next target (Willis) is actually his future self, it creates some problems. Talk about an identity complex.
There was a trailer also aired at Wondercon, but unfortunately it has not been made available for public viewing yet. Those lucky enough to be in attendance have been pretty positive about what they’ve seen thus far though. It’s apparently all looking very slick and polished, with some Christopher Nolan comparisons already thrown into the mix. This buoys my spirits as I’ve really been looking forward to it ever since I finally got my hands on Rian Johnson’s full length directorial debut, Brick, (also starring Gordon-Levitt) which about as good of a modern crime thriller as you could get.
You can bet your temporally displaced behind that I’ll be posting that trailer as soon as we get it. In the meantime though, you can pass the time by watching Johnson and Gordon-Levitt at Wondercon discussing time travel in movies:
Last Updated: March 19, 2012

domain: entertainment


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Impact Snapshot: EP-Trained Student Joins the Anti-Racism Education Project
The Los Angeles Times today reports on a new international initiative, the Anti-Racism Education (A.R.E.) Project. A.R.E. is a platform to connect interested young people with “existing educational resources, a supportive community, and opportunities to engage with Black scholars, activists, and artists who are willing to teach about the Black experience,” according to their website.
Since its launch at the end of May, the project has gained more than 400 members and 100 organizers in 17 countries and counting.
One of those organizers is Clay Thornton, 17 years old from North Carolina. Thorton participated in Essential Partners' collaboration with his school, Cary Academy, one of many secondary schools where EP has trained students, faculty, and parents to engage constructively in tough conversations, both in and outside the classroom.
Thornton is now bringing his EP facilitation skills to the Anti-Racism Education Project, leading online dialogues among members from across the globe, ages 14 to 21.
He says that young people have the power to spearhead tough conversations about race.
“Young people are willing to reach out to their families and their friends who are older and have conversations with them about these topics,” Thornton told the LA Times. “People are going to go to the family dinner table and talk about what they’ve learned” through the A.R.E. Project.
He notes that these dialogues “are not about debating or proving one viewpoint is correct.” Rather, the purpose of these discussions will be “to understand the materials they’ve consumed for the month.”

domain: news


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Positive HBCU Headlines, but Student Debt Continues to be a Long-Term Weight
Historically Black Colleges & Universities (HBCUs) have long provided strong educations while building rich communities that serve the student long after graduation. Those universities have been in the news and getting more attention in the past 18 months, and for good reason.
Massive donations from billionaires like MacKenzie Scott and Reed Hastings to approximately 30 HBCUs have improved the financial security on these universities and surely will have student impact. Corporations like Intel, Fidelity, and Kroger have increased recruiting at HBCUs and increased hiring will build a pipeline of diverse candidates for leadership opportunities in the future. Also, COVID relief funds were utilized by some HBCUs to cancel student debt for a select number of students.
These are critical investments in higher education that can be part of building a more diverse and equal society, but we cannot consider the box checked. Students who want to attend HBCUs still struggle to afford the tuition and rely heavily on student loans. Black students borrow at a higher percentage of their total tuition cost than any other demographic in the nation, and they also have more difficulty in repaying their loans due to lower comparative earnings and minimal help from their families. It has been estimated by some studies that 20 years after taking out student loans, the typical Black student still owes 95% of their loan balance versus just 5% owed by their white counterparts.
These facts make economic mobility perpetually difficult for Black students after graduation despite the massive donations, progress in corporate recruitment and limited actions on student loan forgiveness.
Trajectory Foundation believes that we can help, in our own small way, by reducing the students’ reliance on loans from the moment they step on campus. We get to know our students in a way other scholarship offerings can’t by being more than a resource to their financial well-being. We check-in with student’s progress and offer help with resumes, coaching, and letters of recommendation. We may be small but students feel the impact our donor community provides.

domain: sociology


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After the All India Akhara Parishad, the apex body of sadhus, released a list of 14 “fake babas” on Sunday and called for them to be boycotted, one missing name has evoked animated discussion – Swami Nithyanand.
Nithyanand is facing a rape case in Karnataka, filed in 2009. He also faces seven cases of fraud against his foundation, which bears his name, in India and the United States.
“Nithyanand’s name was raised by Hari Giri but the proposal was fiercely opposed by representatives of Mahanirvani Akhara,” said Dharam Das, the chief abbot of Nirvani Akhara, who attended the meeting in Allahabad where the list was drawn up. Hari Giri leads Juna Akhara.
The All India Akhara Parishad is a conglomerate of 13 akharas, or militant ascetic orders – seven of Shaiva persuasion, three each of Vaishnavism’s Ramanandi sect and Sikhism.
The Parishad’s “fake babas” list is aimed at restoring the credibility of sadhus after the arrest of several self-styled godmen on criminal charges, most recently Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh of Dera Sacha Sauda. Singh is on the blacklist, along with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member Aseemanand, Asaram and his son Narayan Sai, Radhe Ma, Sachidanand Giri and Nirmal Baba.
Nithyanand, though, escaped sanction. “Despite Mahanirvani’s objection, the case of Nithyanand was discussed in detail at the meeting,” Dharam Das said. “But since Mahanirvani’s representatives were not ready to listen to any argument we decided not to put his name on the list of fake babas.”
Nithyanand was anointed Mahamandaleshwar, or high priest, by Mahanirvani Akhara at the Allahabad Kumbh in 2013. The decision had drawn severe criticism from other akharas, which alleged that he had bought the title with “secret guru dakshina donations” to the akhara. Such was their indignation that the Niranjani and Juna akharas organised an open meeting of sadhus and devotees attending the Kumbh to denounce the grant of the coveted title to Nithyananda, who is believed to be one of the world’s richest sadhus.
His omission from the blacklist has not gone down well with many sadhus.
“The Akhara Parishad’s decision to exclude Nithyanand from the list of fake babas signifies that it is not serious about taking concrete steps to salvage the image of the ascetic community,” said Baba Hathyogi, a prominent sadhu from Haridwar who belongs to the Digambari Akhara.
Satyendra Das, a member of the Nirvani Akhara and chief priest of the Ramjanmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya complained: “Akharas tie their hands the moment they take money for granting titles. The practice is so widespread that they are simply not in a position to launch a rectification drive.”
Satyendra Das went so far as to question the credibility of the Parishad’s leaders: “Many are themselves sadhus only in name. How can they cleanse the system?”
His allegations are not unfounded. The Parishad’s president Narendra Giri of the Niranjani Akhara was instrumental in getting Sachidanand Giri, a realtor who owned a bar in Noida, anointed as the chief priest in 2015, while the Juna Akhara’s Hari Giri went out of his way to consecrate Radhe Ma as the high priestess of his akhara in 2012.
Although both Sachidanand Giri and Radhe Ma feature in the “fake babas” list, the support that led to their rise has put a question mark on the Akhara Parishad’s ability to restore the credibility of Hindu ascetics.


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17 Nov 2015
11:30 - 13:00
Session 2: 10 Years of Engagement: Where Are We?
- Ms. Corinna K. Lopa, South East Asian Committee for Advocacy (SEACA)
- Ms. Nguyen Hoang Yen, Center for Health Consultation and Community Development (CDH)
Moderator: Pengiran Datin Paduka Mariam Pg Matarsat, Council of Women of Brunei Darussalam