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Since the worldâ„¢s resources of material and energy are getting progressively, by necessity, there is growing involvement in studies of wear on a global basis. Wear of sliding components result in reduced mechanical efficiency and an irretrievable loss of material in the form of wear debris. Wear at the interface between moving particles is a normal characteristic of machine operation. The kind and rate of wear depend on the machine type. Lubrication is provided between the moving surface to minimize the wear but during operations millions minute wear particles entering the lubricating oil. These particles are in suspension in the oil, larger particles may be trapped by filter while others generally too small to be removed, remain in suspension in the circulating oil.
Condition based monitoring has, in the past, been referred to as an art, when quite clearly it is a science, and despites the cost of machine, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to this science from the viewpoint of understanding and modeling failure mechanisms and the study of probability to failure. Predictive maintenance technique has now become common exercises as they maximize the machine availability time and minimize the cost of maintenance, since the machine can be stopped just before as impending problem in an other wise healthy machine
Fault detection using vibration analysis is difficult in very low speed â€œ high load noisy machines. In the case of slow speed bearing the vibration generated by damaged components is very low, usually close to the floor noise and difficult to identify. In these situations, Wear Debris Analysis has proven useful in providing supporting evidence on the bearing or gear status. It also provides information on the wear mechanism, which is involved.
WEAR MECHANISMS AND PARTICLES
Sliding adhesive wear particles are found in most lubricating oils. They are an indication of normal wear. They are produced in large numbers when one metal surface moves across another. The particles are seen as thin asymmetrical flakes of metals with highly polished surfaces.
Cutting abrasive wear produces another particle type. These particles resemble most of all shavings from a metal shop. E.g.: Spiral, loops and threads.
These presences of a few of these particles are not significant, but if there are several hundred, it is an indication of serious cutting wear. A sudden dramatic increase in the quantity of cutting particles indicates that the break down is imminent.
A consequence of periodic stresses with very high local tension in the surface, which occurs, with the meshing of years. These wear mechanisms give plate particles a
rough surface and an irregular perimeter. Small particles often develop in connection with roller bearings. Refer table 1.
TYPE OF COMPONENT TYPICAL EXAMPLE NATURE OF WEAR DEBRIS ASSOCOATED WITH FAILURE
Loaded, moving components in which load is concentrated in a non confirmed contact Rolling bearings, gear teeth, cams and tappets Ferrous particles of various size and shapes
Loaded, moving components in which load is concentrated in a small area Piston rings and cylinders splines, gear couplings Ferrous flakes less than 150 mm across, and fine iron or iron oxide particles
Loaded, moving components with the load spread over a large area Plain bearings, pistons and cylinders Usually very small and ferrous and non-ferrous flakes and particles, bearing fatigue can give rise to larger flakes
Wear metals are caused by the relative motion between metallic parts. The motion is accompanied by friction and wear on the surfaces, which are in contact with one another. The metal particles are rubbed off due to friction and enter the lubricating oil, the degree of wear can be evaluated as being normal or abnormal. The wear metals have the same chemical composition as the components from which they come, and type of wear metal can provide information on which part being worn. Increased quantities of iron are common, since many parts are composed of iron, while an increase in content of less common metals such as silver can often indicate precisely which component is being worn abnormally.
The size and shape of wear material will differentiate between the following wear mechanisms.
The particle material will pin point to the source and therefore deteriorating component-wearing race, rolling element or cage, rubbing scales, gear teeth etc.
Spherical particles can be heat generated if there is insufficient lubrication or there is a depletion of extreme pressure additives in high load or high stress conditions. Spheres are also produced by fatigue (cavitation erosion) of rolling element bearings. Fatigue spherical particles formed within bearing fatigue cracks range in size from 1 to 10 microns. A marked increase in spherical particles indicates possible equipment distress.
These particles are also heat generated and may indicate lubricant starvation. They appear as darkened, rough particles in varying degrees of oxidation, in contrast to rubbing wear platelets which appear in silver/grey shades
For systems, which operate normally, wear metals are produces at constant rate. This rate is the same for all normally operating systems of the same type.
The theoretical curve showing the concentration of wear metals as a function of time for a close system without oil consumption is shown in figure.
TYPES OF WEAR PARTICLES
There are six basic particles type generated through the wear process. These include ferrous and non-ferrous particles and comprise of:
1. Normal Rubbing Wear
Rubbing wear particles are generated because of normal sliding wear in a machine and result from exploitation of particles of the shear mixed layer. Rubbing wear particles consists of flat platelets, generally 5 microns or smaller, although they might range up to 15 microns depending upon equipment associations. There should be little or no visible texturing of the surface and thickness should be 1 micron or less
2. Cutting Wear Particles
Cutting wear particles are generated as result of one surface penetrating another. There are two ways of generating this effect.
A relatively hard component can become misaligned or fractured resulting in hard, sharp edge penetrating a soft surface. The particle generated this way is coarse and large, averaging 2-5 microns wide and 25-100 microns long.
Hard abrasive particles in the lubrication, either as contaminants such as sand or wear debris from another part of this system, may become embedded in soft wear surface(two body abrasion) such as Lead/Tin alloy bearing. The abrasive particles protrude from the soft wear surface and penetrating the opposing wear surface. The maximum size of cutting wear particles generated in this way is proportional to the size of abrasive particles in the lubricant. Very fine wire-like particles can be generated with thickness as low as 25 microns.
Cutting wear particles are abnormal. Their presence and quantity should be carefully monitored. If the majority of the cutting particles in a system are a few micrometers long and a fraction of a micrometers wide the presence of particulate contaminants should be suspected. If a system shows increased quantity of large (50 microns long) cutting wear particles, a component failure is potentially imminent.
3. Spherical Particles
These particles are generated in the bearing cracks. If generates their presence gives an improved warning of impending trouble as they are detectable before any spalling occurs. Rolling fatigue generates few spheres over 5 microns in diameter while the sphere generated by welding, grinding and corrosion are frequently over 10 microns in diameter.
4. Severe Sliding
Severe sliding wear particles are identified by parallel on their surfaces. They are generally larger than 15 microns, with the length-to-width thickness ratio falling between
5-30 microns. Severe sliding wear particles sometimes show evidence of temper colors, which may change the appearance of the particle after heat treatment.
5. Bearing Wear Particles
These distinct particle types have been associated with rolling bearing fatigues.
Fatigue spall particles constitute actual removal from the metal surface with a pit or a crack is propagated. These particles reach a maximum size of 100 microns during the microspalling process. Fatigues spalls are generally are flat with a major dimension-to-thickness ratio of 10 to 1. They have a smooth surface and a random, irregularity shape circumference.
Laminar particles are very thin free metal particles with frequent occurrence of holes. They range between 20 to 50 microns in major diameter with a thickness ratio of 30:1. These particles are formed by the passage of wear particles through a rolling contact. Laminar particles may be generated throughout the life of a bearing.
6. Gear Wear
Two types of wear have been associated with gear wear:
Pitch line fatigue particles from a gear pitch line have much in common with rolling-element bearing fatigue particles. They generally have a smooth surface and frequently irregularly shaped. Depending upon the gear design, the particles usually have a major dimension-to thickness ration between 4:1 and 10:1. The chunkier particles results from tensile stresses on the gear surfaces causing the fatigue cracks to propagate deeper into the gear tooth prior to spalling.
Scuffing or scoring particles are caused by too high a load and / or speed. These particles tend to have a rough surface and jagged circumference. Even small particles may
be discerned from rubbing wear by there characteristics. Some of the large particles have striations on their surface indicating a sliding contact. Because of the thermal nature of
scuffing, quantities of oxides are usually present and same of particles may show evidence of partial oxidation that is tan or blue temper colors.
Contaminant particles are generally considered the single most significant cause of abnormal component wear. The wear initiated by contaminants generally induces the
formation of larger particles, with the formation rate being dependent on the filteration efficiency of the system. In fact, once a particle is generated and moves with the lubricant, it is technically a contaminant.
SIGNIFICANT OIL CONTAMINENTS
Lubricating oil used in engine may possibly include concentration of such elements as iron chromium, copper, lead, tin, antimony, borated silver, silicon. A list of common contaminants and their possible origins is given in table 2.
1.Aluminium Pistons, bearings
2. Boron Coolant leak
3. Copper Bearings, bushings, washers etc.
4. Iron Piston rings, ball and roller bearings
5. Lead Bearings, bushings
Iron concentration usually rises as a consequence of higher wear rate of cylinder liners or piston rings (or of piston where these are of ferrous materials). A common cause is that of piston rings stuck in their grooves with consequent blow-by of combustion gases and burning of the oil film adding to scuffing and piston seizure.
Iron and silicon together in high concentration suggests linear and ring wear from dust in the intake air. This could be caused by inefficient or chocked air filters. Air filter filled relatively low in the body of a vehicle may choke and allow direct to enter.
Copper and lead concentration in an engine fitted with copper â€œ lead bearings suggests incident failure of one or more bearings. Copper and tin increased could be caused by high wear of bronze and bushes.
Antimony in some engines might indicate a rise or copper content from crankshaft or camshaft bearings.
Chromates are used in some engines coating water to suppress corrosion, their presence in lubrication oils indicates that cooling water has leaked into the crankcase(this effect can be masked in an engine fitted with chrome-plated piston rings and cylinder lines)
Solver in contaminated oil results from the wear of plating, bearings and silver soldered fittings.
USED OIL CONTAMINATION â€œ TIME TRENDS
The quantity of each contaminant reflects the extent of surface wear of the components of a machine under normal conditions; wear rate is small and uniform so that oil contamination collects slowly. As large surface defects develop, abnormal wear occurs and contamination increases. A curve typical of the change of the iron concentration with time as shown in fig.
Initially, when the machinery is now or recently overheated, a sharp rise in metallic concentration occurs from A to B as the parts wear in. Once this phase is completed, the concentration should remain steady, the oil shouls then be changed. Some residual wear metal products remain from the old oil and circulate in the new oil following the oil
change at c, with normal functioning the metallic concentration would be expected to increase slowly as by C-D. If abnormal conditions arise, the concentration may increase by D-F.
The physical analysis of the wear debris that has been generated by the deterioration of the moving parts within the system. A diagnosis of the wear mechanisms and extent of the damage to components is made using the following parameters.
The test package includes:
Â¢ Wear index: A measurement of the amount of ferrous wear within a system.
Â¢ Particle Quantifier Index (PQ): A measurement of the wear debris filtered from the used oil.
Â¢ Magnetic Separation Index (Mag I): A measurement of ferrous wear debris magnetically separated from other debris.
Â¢ Contamination Index (Contamin): A measurement of the amount of metallic contamination.
Â¢ Average Size: The average size of the particle size of the wear debris.
Â¢ Maximum Size: The maximum particle size of the wear debris.
Â¢ Density Index (Density): A measurement of the density of the largest wear particles.
Â¢ Particle Type: The wear particle classification according to the size and shape used to determine the mechanism of wear.
WEAR PROCESS MONITORING TECHNIQUES
The method of wear process can be classified into three main types, which are shown in fig.
1. Direct detection method:
Wear debris in the lubricant is detected in the machine by arranging for the oil flow through a device, which is sensitive to the presence of debris.
2. Debris collection methods:
Wear debris is collected in a device, fitted to the machine which is convenient to remove, so that the debris can be extracted for examination.
3. Lubricant Sample Analysis:
A sample of lubricant is extracted from the machine and analyzed for wear debris contamination.
These methods are normally used to monitor the conditions of components lubricated by a circulatory oil system.
When applying a wear debris monitoring method to any machine for the first time there is an initial learning period required, partly to gain experience in using the
equipment, but mainly to establish wear debris characteristic levels which indicate normal and incipient failure conditions. This learning period can take up to 2 Yrs. During this
time it will also be necessary to establish the inspection and sampling intervals for intermittent monitoring methods such as debris collection and lubricant sampling. This time interval will depend on the application but fortnightly or monthly is probably a reasonable choice for an industrial application in the absence of more precise guidance.
Debris collection and lubricant sampling can also indicate the nature of the wear problem and engineers carrying out monitoring need to be given a regular feedback of information on the accuracy of their diagnosis. They must therefore either see the components of thin machines when they are stripped for overhaul, or atleast be given
precise data on their condition.
Direct Debris Collection Method
Wear debris is collected in a device, fitted to the machine, which is convenient to removed so that the debris can be extracted.
Existing Filter system
Filtration is widely used to remove harmful particles from oil. The simplest method of debris monitoring is to extend such an approach by carefully collecting and checking the contents of machineâ„¢s oil filtration system at regular intervals
These collects all particles down to the mesh size of the filter. The complete filter unit can usually be extracted from itâ„¢s housing without breaking any pipe connections and the machine need not be stopped. If a bi-pass- valve is fitted. To collect all particles the filter should be fitted in the oil system immediately downstream of the components being monitored. These are mainly used for detecting non-ferrous debris not collected by magnetic plugs often they are used in conjunction with these.
Debris Collection Method
As it is an on-line control method, magnetic plugs are used in oil-lubricated machines. The monitoring equipment is mounted directly in the lubricating system of the machine. The underlining principle is that the Ferro-magnetic particles in the oil are attracted by the magnetic plugs. The magnetic plugs or chip detectors are usually of the self-closing type which prevent oil loss during removal. This method only detect ferrous material.
The quantity of particles collected depends upon the path of the oil flow and the placement of the plugs are therefore placed so that they provide a maximum amount of information about wear(particle production) of the critical parts. Regular examination and evaluation of the coating of the plug allows one to eliminate the quantity and size of the particles, as it often follows a typical bath-tub curve. By means of such a graph it is possible to identify appropriate times for the performance of preventive maintenance.
This technique supplements the two other oil monitoring methods. The magnetic plugs captures particles from about 100mm and upwards, ie, a large number of particles are detected which would not normally be recorded by means of ferrography.
The magnetic plug is thus in a position to capture the large flakes which are formed due to the break down of the surfaces by fatigue. The magnetic plug is therefore, used particularly in connection with the monitoring of the gear boxes and bearings. A
scattering of black particle fragments (whiskers) is seen. An unacceptable coating is visible. This indicates abnormal wear. An unacceptable coating can be characterized by the following conditions.
Large individual fragments
Pieces which can be identified as flakes from a bearing
A large number of whiskers
Particularly long whiskers
Magnetic plugs are used in the modern aircraft engines where particle sizes are in the order of 0.2-1 Ã‚Âµm are found.
Direct debris collection methods
Optical oil turbidity monitor
Electrically conducting filters
Inductive detection methods
Capacitive detection methods
Lubricant Sample Analysis
A sample of lubricant is extracted from a machine and analyzed for wear debris contamination. There are two most widely used methods. They are:
1. Spectrometric oil analysis program (SOAP)
These methods are normally used to monitor the conditions of components lubricated by a circulating oil system. Two main lubricating sample analysis methods are:
1. Analysis of the sample to determine the concentration of the chemical elements it contains.
2. Analysis of the sample to determine the amount, size and shape of contaminant particles contained in it.
It is a maintenance tool which is used to check the condition of the oil lubricated mechanical systems(Examples: Motors, Gear boxes, Hydraulic systems). The systems can be kept under surveillance without dismantling them. Abnormally worn compounds can be localized and replaced before a catastrophic failure occurs. The quantity and type of wear metals in sample of lubricating oil is determined. The quantity can indicate something about the magnitude of the wear and the type of wear metals can reveal which component is wearing out.
a. Emission Spectroscopy
An emission spectrometer is an optical instrument where the sample is burned is in a spark between two electrodes. The energy is absorbed by the metal in the sample, and they emit light with wavelengths, which are characteristic for each element in the sample. The intensity of light is proportional to the concentration of the metal in the sample.
b. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
In this, the sample is burned in a gas flame, where the metal compounds are transferred into atoms that can absorb light at wavelengths, which can characteristic for each metal. If one wishes e.g. to determine the quantity of fuel copper, then light with a wavelength characteristic for copper is send through the flame, where the copper atoms absorb a part of light . The quantity of absorbed light is proportional with the quantity of copper in the sample.
Only particle under certain size can be measured, which is of the order of 0-10Ã‚Âµm. With emission spectroscopy somewhat larger particles can be measured.
Users of the SOAP claim that they find that a large proportion of the defects which would lead to the breakdown. This method provides no indication of:
Large particles (E.g. bearings can breakdown due to few large particles)
Defects which occurs quickly (E.g. due to the lack of lubricating oil or due to bearings which burn up)
Defects where no wear metals are formed.(E.g. breakdown due to metal fatigue).
1. It is used in situation s where breakdowns are catastrophic or expensive.
2. It is widely used in the military services.
3. In US, it is used by the Air force, Navy and the Army.
4. It is used for many civil aviation companies.
It is a technique which is based upon the systematic collection of oil samples from an oil- lubricated machines. The method identifies, isolate and classify wear particles from machine parts. A magnetic field is used to sort the wear particles in the flowing oil. This technique was used successfully to monitor the condition of military aitcraft engines, gear boxes and transmissions.
Three of the major type of equipments used in wear particle analysis are the
Direct â€œReading(DR) ferrorgraphy, the analytical ferrograph system and ferrorgram scanner.
Registraion of the quantity of large and small wear particles is used to monitor the development of process between checks. Abnormal wear is revealed when there is a change in distribution of the particles called wear index of the oil.
FerroGraph Analysis Apparatus:-
Here the particles are separated on a treated object glass where due to its displacement in a special magnetic field( with a very high field gradiation) causes the particle should be sorted according to size. The largest particles are deposited first while smaller ones travel farther with the flowing oil. The density i.e. the concentration of particles at a single location on the ferrogram, is measured with a optical densitometer by allowing light to pass through it.
The wear index SA = AL2-AS2 is obtained by the comparison of the density AL of the large particles and the density AS of the small particles.
1. DR Ferrography
This is a quick method for which direct reading of the index SD can be achieved in about 5 minutes.
In this apparatus, a controlled flow of oil passes through a calibrated glass tube which is mounted in a specially designed magnetic field. The separation causes the particles to be sorted by the size of the bottom of the tube.
The apparatus uses photocells to convert the measured light intensities attained by passing light to the tube to electric signals. The measured region of the apparatus is 0 -190 DR units, where maximum value is 190 DR corresponding to the cases where the bottom of the tube is completely covered with metal particles.
Density at two fixed measuring points in the tube are used corresponding to the densities of large and small particles. DL and DS respectively.. The sum of DL and DS is termed the total wear and the difference DL â€œ DS is termed as abnormality wear. The wear index SD=DL2 â€œ DS2
Areas of Application:-
The ferrographic DR measurement provides a warning of an incipient failure earlier than the standardized spectrometric method.
2. The Analytical Ferrograph
Additional information about a wear sample, can be obtained with the Analytical Ferrograph system, instruments that can provide a permanent record of the sample, as well as analytical information. The Analytical Ferrograph is used to prepare a Ferrogram -- a fixed slide of wear particles for microscopic examination and photographic documentation. The Ferrogram is an important predictive tool, since it provides an identification of the characteristic wear pattern of specific pieces of equipment. After the particles have deposited on the Ferrogram, a wash is used to flush away the oil or water-based lubricant. After the wash fluid evaporates, the wear particles remain permanently attached to the glass substrate and are ready for microscopic examination.
Ferrogram Maker Instrument
Wear-Debris analysis made easy
The EDAX Eagle Micro-Probe EDXRF system provides a fast and simple method for the component identification of wear-debris particles.
EDAX has led the way in the development and supply of elemental analysis instrumentation based on the method of energy-dispersive (X-ray) spectrometry (EDS). The EDS method utilizes the simple spectral information produced as a result of electron transitions deep within an atom. These X-ray spectra (so called because of their energy/
wavelength) obtained from a sample under investigation within a suitable analysis instrument, provide unique information about the type and quantity of the elements present. EDAX introduced the first commercially available EDS system for electron microscopy applications
The EDS technique is a familiar elemental analysis attachment to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) where electrons are used as the primary energy source to excite the X-ray spectra. SEM-EDS methods are used for wear-particle analysis for both their morphological and compositional properties, and are particularly useful where the study of very small particles (approximately five microns or less) is necessary. On the other hand, the radiation output from an X-ray tube may also be employed as an energy source. The resultant benefits for systems using an X-ray energy source include greatly simplified specimen handling/presentation needs, less sophisticated instrumentation, simpler and faster operation and lower cost. Such a standalone system is called an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF), of which the EDAX Eagle is a specialised example.
The EDS technique is a familiar elemental analysis attachment to a scanning electron microscope
Ease of analysis:-
The magnetic plugs are degreased prior to the transfer of the debris on to a clear sticky tape (the traditional method used for debris archiving and/or optical examination). Without the need for any further sample preparation, the tape/debris is presented to the spectrometer for analysis where, in typically less than two minutes, its analysis may be obtained. Also the measured spectrum can be compared (using spectral pattern-recognition methods) to stored reference spectra of the monitored assembly's component parts and hence to identify the component that has worn or been damaged.
The wear debris monitoring method access the nature of the particles generated when components wear.
They can indicate exact nature of the machine problem
The methods of wear debris analysis used as an indication of machine conditions are:
indication from the amount of debris present
indication from the size distribution of debris
indication from the physical form of debris
application of chemical analysis of debris
1. VENKATRAMAN.A, SENTHILVELAN.T, WINTER SCHOOL ON RECENT TRENDS IN DIAGNOSTIC MAINTENANCE.
2. PRABHU.B.S, WORKSHOP ON PLANT ENGGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TRIBOLOGY.


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Lodging in Küsnacht:
Gasthof Ochsen lies in the heart of the village and is yet only a few minutes' walk to the lake. In winter, as you enjoy a hearty Swiss-German meal, you will be charmed by the warmth of the wooden appointments and the traditional tile heating oven. In summer, dining is also available in the delightful little garden outside.
The Sonne is one of the most charming places to stay on this side of Lake Zurich, the Gold Coast. Located directly on the lake, the Sonne has welcomed their guests for 350 years with elegance, tradition and personalized service.
Lodging in Zurich:
The Florhof has a long history, dating back to 1576. Situated on a very quiet street, it is directly adjacent to the historical Old Town of Zurich. The enchanted garden courtyard houses an ancient fig tree and an 18th century fountain, both beckoning the pilgrim to rest and reflection. A veritable oasis in the heart of Zurich.
In this charming and welcoming hotel/pension you will be just across the street from the historical district of Zurich. A short walk through the Old Town brings you to the beautiful promenade of Lake Zurich.
Lovely, historical place in the center of the Old Town.
Welcoming and modern accommodations, not in the middle of the Old Town but just across the street.
More modern accommodations, not in the middle of the Old Town but just across the street.
The Justinus-Haus in Zürich enjoys an exceptional location on the heights of the city and offers a wonderful view.
39 completely renovated, modern, easy going and urban rooms located on 6 floors with comfortable and compact bathrooms with showers.
Located in the centre of Zürich, Casa Heinrich Guesthouse enjoys a quiet location in one of the city's side streets. It offers modern rooms with kitchenette, flat-screen TV and free Wi-Fi.
Restaurants in Küsnacht:
These are only a handful of the many delightful and quality restaurants you can enjoy, many of the smaller ones of course without websites.
Restaurants in Zurich:
Excellent restaurants of all kinds abound in Zurich. Here are only a very small handful of hidden jewels, including an all-organic, partially vegetarian restaurant.
Mere Catherine (Mediterranean cuisine)
very near Grossmünster Cathedral
Restaurant Schlauch (all organic - or nearly)
hidden and secluded, but right in the middle of the Old Town
Sites for local tourism offices (look in upper right corner of sites for possible English page or translation):
For even more information about Switzerland, please see this Swiss news and information website:


Most tractors on the market have PTO, especially the modern-day models. You can find PTO on utility tractors, row crop tractors, and even compact tractors. It would be difficult to find a tractor without PTO since they came out in 1918. Not all PTO power outputs are created equal, some can run all day everyday while some can only operate for short periods of time.
The following article covers the most common questions about tractor PTOs, including the different types of PTOs, the machines that they run, and how to engage PTOs on modern tractors.
What does PTO stand for?
PTO stands for power take-off and is the device that transfers power from the tractor’s engine to a farming implement that doesn’t create its own power. A PTO is a common accessory on tractors that typically consists of a clutch assembly with a shaft and bearings in a cast iron housing.
Is PTO important to have on a tractor?
It is important to have a PTO on your tractor if you are going to be using farming equipment and machines that require a PTO to operate. If you don’t have a PTO, these machines will not work properly, and the job will not be able to be finished with the highly efficient equipment available. This type of equipment saves farmers time and labor costs, while allowing them to farm very large areas, and undertake extensive projects.
What types of machines require PTOs to run?
- Cotton pickers
- Rotary Tiller
- Power Harrow
- Ratoon Manager
- Potato Digger
- Post Hole Digger
- Water Pump Generator
- Soil Planers
When was PTO on tractors first available on the market?
The International Harvester Company first added PTOs to some of its production tractors in 1918. The first models connected directly to the tractor’s transmission, which exposed the transmission’s moving parts to possible damage. Since then, PTOs have become common on modern tractors and now protect the transmission from damage, have standardized structures for safety, and have universal compatibility.
Do all PTOs conform to the same standards?
Not all tractors with PTO have the same abilities. Some older and less common models have different power outputs and run times than modern PTOs. Large tractors with PTOs will work faster and more efficiently than the PTOs on small tractors. To ensure that no parts become damaged it is important to check the tractor’s operating manual before you attach any implements to its PTO for the first time.
What types of PTOs are on the market?
- Transmission PTO – This type of PTO connects directly to the transmission and can only transfer power when the gear is engaged.
- Live PTO – This type of PTO has a separate clutch and can transfer power even when the gear is not engaged; but the tractor must be stopped to do so.
- Independent PTO – This type of PTO also has a separate clutch and can transfer power even when the gear is not engaged; but the tractor doesn’t have to be stopped to do so.
What is the difference between Live PTO and Independent PTO?
Both Live PTO and Independent PTO are modern devices that allow farmers to transfer power to heavy equipment when the gear is not engaged, but they differ in how they are designed to engage with the separate equipment.
The differences in the mode of engagement are as follows:
- Live PTOs require a clutch for engagement, while its possible to engage independent PTOs without a clutch.
- An independent PTO can be engaged while moving, but its it impossible to engage a live PTO while the tactor is moving.
What is reverse PTO?
Typical PTOs can only rotate in one direction, but reverse PTOs can be modified to reverse the direction of rotation if necessary. This can be beneficial for situations where implements can get stuck and when equipment can get broken if it can’t go in reverse.
Do all PTOs rotate in the same direction?
Yes, all PTOs of the same type are designed to rotate in the same direction so the implements and machine are interchangeable and will all work with the standard PTOs available on all modern tractors. If the rotation direction wasn’t standard, you would be able to switch between all the different equipment needed to run a farming operation.
If you are an observer sitting in the operator’s seat and facing the PTO while it rotates, then:
- Rear-mounted PTOs rotate clockwise
- Front-mounted PTOs rotate counterclockwise
How does a PTO on a tractor work?
The PTO shaft taps energy from the tractor’s engine and transfers it to a hydrologic pump that when filled with pressure will cause the hydraulic fluid to work its way to the hydraulic equipment on the machine to be powered.
What does the PTO shaft in a tractor do?
The shaft of the PTO is what transfers the energy from the engine to the farming equipment. There are many different types and series of PTO shafts, and the equipment and the tractor must match the shaft types for everything to work correctly.
How do you engage the PTO on a tractor?
- If it is a transmission or live PTO, then put the tractor in neutral and employ the parking brake before engaging the PTO.
- Press the clutch pedal down and switch the PTO to the “ON” position. Keep the clutch pressed down for 5 seconds to allow the PTO to properly engage.
- Slowly release the clutch and watch for the PTO indication light to come on.
How it is different when engaging an independent PTO on a tractor?
If it is an independent PTO, then you don’t have to stop the tractor because it is only necessary to slow down before engaging the PTO. An independent PTO also does not require you to engage the clutch to turn on the PTO. It is the quickest and easiest system for engaging the PTO which saves time and money in the field.
Hi, I’m John Stephens, chief editor and writer for Totalgardener.com. I’ve been gardening and raising animals for over 15 years starting with a small backyard plot in Northern Virginia where I grew corn, potatoes, squash, and using a high mulch technique called the Ruth Stout Method. I also raised ducks and small mammals for meat and eggs in a movable pen similar to the ones used by Joel Salatin. I later moved to Colorado where I experimented with growing greens using aquaponics inside. I eventually added a microgreens setup and home sprouting operation. I’m excited to share everything I’ve learned plus more from the other local gardening and animal raising experts I know.


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Dr. Martens: Jadon 8-Eye Boot(Adult Unisex)Picking up on the 1980s Rewind theme, the Quad Retro Jadon boldly perches on a classic upper atop a thick, towering sole to vertigo-inducing new heights. The Jadon deftly mimics elements of military with rave, and utilitarian with clubbing; there's a unisex appeal to this too, aided by the inside zip, all mashed up with metallic eyelets and the famous yellow stitch. Features the original Dr. Martens air-cushioned sole, providing underfoot comfort and durability since 1960. It is oil and fat-resistant, tough and offers good abrasion and slip resistance; This is a Goodyear-welted product. The upper and sole are sewn together, not merely glued, like many footwear constructions. This, together with our Z welt-stitch and heat-sealing process, makes it unique to Dr. Martens.
Fila: Quadrix Running Shoe(Women)Keep your foot feeling fresh with Fila's Quadrix Running Shoe. It has an allover pattern of mesh panels for ventilation while walking or running. Contrast patches in the gaps between the panels adds flair. The rough outsole ensures great traction with every step. This shoe has a padded tongue and collar to ensure soft comfort for your foot.
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LaCrosse: QuadComfort 4 X 8" 480001(Men)The four cushioning layers of QuadComfort provide the perfect balance of comfort and support so you can put in extra hours on the job. Waterproof, lightweight and comfortable - your feet will be asking for more.
OGIO: Squadron 15"(Adult Unisex)The Squadron 15 backpack features an armor protected laptop compartment that fits most 15" laptops, integrated foam panels to keep your electronics and other valuables protected, dual side water bottle/accessory holders, deluxe organization panel and fully adjustable ergonomic shoulder straps with foam padding for extra comfort.

domain: design


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Raoul, 21 other attorneys general urge Kia and Hyundai to do more to stop car thefts
CHICAGO (CBS) -- Illinois Attorney General Kwame Raoul is joining more than 20 other state attorneys general to call on Kia and Hyundai to take more steps to prevent a surge of auto thefts tied to a TikTok challenge.
Thousands of Kia and Hyundai owners have had their cars stolen in recent months. Kia and Hyundai models made between 2010 and 2021 were not equipped with "engine immobilizers," an anti-theft device that the states say were standard on other new cars during that period. The immobilizers prevent a car from running without a key or fob.
Last year alone, more than 7,000 Kia and Hyundai vehicles were stolen in Chicago, accounting for about 10% of all registered Kias and 7% of all registered Hyundais in the city, according to Raoul's office.
Data from Chicago police show Kias and Hyundais made up 38 percent of all motor vehicle thefts in the city last year.
The vulnerability of some Hyundai and Kia vehicles emerged in TikTok videos that show how to steal the cars using a USB cord and a screwdriver.
Since a surge in thefts of the vulnerable Kia and Hyundai models, the South Korean automakers have rolled out more anti-theft software, but the attorneys general are pushing for them to do more.
"I urge Kia and Hyundai to accelerate a software upgrade to ensure consumers' vehicles are properly equipped to guard against theft. Additionally, these companies need to provide free alternate protective measures to owners with vehicles that cannot support the software upgrade," Raoul said. "I stand committed to protecting consumers and our communities, and I urge these car companies to do their part to prevent these thefts."
The software being released updates the theft alarm software logic to extend the length of the alarm sound from 30 seconds to one minute and requires the key to be in the ignition switch to turn the vehicle on.
About 3.8 million Hyundais and 4.5 million Kias are eligible for the software update, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Hyundai says all models produced after Nov. 1, 2021, have immobilizers as standard equipment.
Insurance companies have taken notice of the elevated theft rates. State Farm said in January that it has temporarily stopped offering insurance for some model years and trim levels of Hyundai and Kia vehicles in some states because thieves were targeting the cars.
for more features.

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text: With so many yogurt brands available on the market, the question is what is the best yogurt for you? Figuring out Weight Watchers food to buy from Walmart is quick and easy with this list. However it is best and safe to consume one week before that date. How is the best yogurt for you made? We took the delicious taste and texture of a rice krispie treat and gave it the benefits of 11g protein and added vitamins and minerals. It is even getting hard to find other traditional dairy foods like cream cheese and sour cream since there are too many yogurt options. The next benefit is that yogurt can reduce the risk of high blood pressure. Another one is by acting directly on specific body functions, such as digestion or immune function. At Yoplait, we produce the delicious range of Weight Watchers Yogurts and Desserts, using our dairy expertise to create delicious and healthy recipes! Because of the milk, yogurt can help prevent osteoporosis. Product Title Weight Watchers Popped Crisps, BBQ, 5 bags per box (Pack of 4) Average Rating: (0.0) out of 5 stars. Heinz Weight Watchers Chicken, Potato & Leek Soup 295g 295g. Weight Watchers diet recipe for deviled eggs great for anytime of the day. £2 £3 25.7p per 100g. If you’re trying to match your Weight Watchers journey while shopping at Aldi’s, then you’re going to love my Weight Watchers Aldi’s Shopping List of things to buy. Buy 3 for £2. There are varieties made from skim milk that result in the ones many call fat-free, whereas those made from whole milk are known as full-fat yogurt. Not only that, but yogurt can also be used as a substitute ingredient in all sorts of recipes. For starters, Greek yogurt is more strained than regular yogurt making it thicker and creamier than regular yogurt. Well, many yogurt products are made using active and good bacteria. The weight watchers can joyfully enjoy this fine yogurt at peace. If you belong to the weight watchers club, here's a list of weight watchers friendly food that you can buy at Aldi for 8 smart points or less. The mission of the Straus Family Creamery is to consistently provide high quality, great tasting, organic milk products that are made with minimal processing and wholesome ingredients. New research suggest that yogurt is a food to eat to lose weight. Shop for Weight Watchers foods at Walmart to save time & money. Durch meinWW wird das Abnehmen noch leichter gemacht. We also recommend this ice cream because it has a lower calorie than the Skinny Cow. The bacteria are then added to heated, pasteurized, and homogenized milk. This Greek non-fat plain yogurt is packed with a ton of essential nutrients like calcium and protein. LIFE 7d + Muller Corner Crunch Yogurt 6 x 130g 6 x 130g. https://anastasiablogger.com/recipes/weight-watchers-smoothies Add to trolley. Its texture even has a smooth consistency to it that every yogurt eater loves. 95 Plus, it will keep you full for a longer time than regular yogurt. Medical marketing manager for Dannon Co., Miguel Freitas, Ph.D., said that the benefits associated with probiotics are specific to strains of these beneficial bacteria. This post contains links to products that you can purchase. After the process of curdling the milk, a separation of the milk solids and liquids happens. WW, formerly known as Weight Watchers, and Noom are two of the most popular commercial weight loss programs. Offer . Yogurt-eaters are more likely to have lower blood pressure and lower levels of circulating triglycerides and, blood glucose. However, there is a fine line where these two products differ. It is creamy, and it does not have that tangy smell. Dairy high in the fatty acids found in full-fat dairy helps control hunger and shift the metabolism in healthy ways according to recent studies. One surprising thing about the best yogurt for weight loss is that you want fat! Having to worry about a quarter for the shopping cart can be a little annoying, but I love the quality of the brands that they offer and the price point that they have. This product contains 14 to 15 grams of protein packed into 100 calories. Those who consume more than three servings of yogurt per week appear to be better at managing their weight. The next ice cream you can try is Simple Truth Low Cow Lite Ice Cream. What’s The Best Store Bought Hummus for Diabetics That’s not all. Trotz der Tatsache, dass diese immer wieder nicht ganz neutral sind, bringen diese ganz allgemein eine gute Orientierungshilfe! Let’s not forget that the best yogurt for you contains several useful nutrients that the human body needs. Average Rating: (2.0) out of 5 stars 2 ratings, based on 2 reviews. On Offer. Greek yogurt has less sugar and carbohydrates than regular yogurt. 90p 30.5p per 100g. Wie sehen die amazon.de Rezensionen aus? Well, the company did take the yogurt category by storm less than 10 years ago and since then has had a positive impact on the consumption in America. It also contains more protein. Buy 3 for £2. YES….Weight Watcher deviled eggs for a great snack, appetizer or parties that is easy, quick and tasty. More Buying Choices $29.99 (6 new offers) Best Seller in Shirataki Noodles. If you’re trying to match your Weight Watchers journey while shopping at Aldi’s, then you’re going to love my Weight Watchers Aldi’s Shopping List of things to buy. For us, the best yogurt product among the top 5 choices is no other than Dannon Light& Fit Yogurt! I don’t think there is any best yogurt for you that can help you for instant best yogurt for you. What makes Greek yogurt different from the regular one? These moreish treats will really satisfy any sweet moments, and for a POINTS value of just 1 per mallow. Here is a collection of 30 delicious zero point Weight Watcher’s desserts that are great after a meal, as a snack or to fulfill a late night craving. Shop the latest Food products at the WW Online Shop today. This impressively old commodity is now being consumed worldwide due it is marvelous health benefits. to buy guide January – February 2014 Find out inside where to buy all your favourites from the range of Weight Watchers® Foods, and what their ProPoints® values are. If you click through and make a purchase we make a commission. Now you may think, what is the best yogurt for you and weight watchers? Having to worry about a quarter for the shopping cart can be a little annoying, but I love the quality of the brands that they offer and the price point that they have. Because the best yogurt for you and fruit are high fiber food, it’s best yogurt for you. What’s The Best Egg Protein Substitute For Weight Watchers Shop the latest Food products at the WW Online Shop today. The best yogurt for you is then finally cooled and can be sweetened by adding fruit, sugar, extract flavors or any sweetener. What are the health benefits of yogurt? Category Was vermitteln die Amazon Bewertungen? Moving forward to the difference between Greek yogurt and regular yogurt and as to which one is the best yogurt for you? It is a standard Greek yogurt that has 100 calories. Greek yogurt, plain – nonfat Plain yogurt, nonfat A dairy product known as yogurt is said to be helpful to all sorts of people – the young, the elderly, all the people part of the health-conscious community especially the weight watchers. As with any online Weight Watcher’s recipe it’s always a good idea to double and even triple check point values before indulging in any of these zero point Weight Watcher’s desserts. This one doesn’t only have a low point. But there are several best yogurt for you you should know. Category 95. Add John West Weight Watchers Tuna In Mayonnaise Sweetcorn 3 X 80G Add add John West Weight Watchers Tuna In Mayonnaise Sweetcorn 3 X 80G to basket. With this yogurt, anyone with a strict meal plan or anyone in a health program can easily keep track of what they consume, how much they consume and the pros and cons that come with it. You must wait a week to see best yogurt for you. 95. At Costco, you can get almost every single item on your zero points list and then some. First off, the body needs a healthy amount of “good” bacteria in the digestive tract. Weight Watchers Daily Food Vlog 30 Smart Points 4 28 29 What s the best yogurt for weight watchers greek yogurt light fit greek yogurt light fit the 5 best greek yogurts of 2020. Product Title Weight Watchers Oat and Mixed Berry Breakfast Cookies Average Rating: ( 4.0 ) out of 5 stars 6 ratings , based on 6 reviews Current Price $14.95 $ 14 . Buy 3 for £1.50. That person in the community can even help in finding the best yogurt for you. Add to trolley. Entspricht der Weight watchers where to buy der Qualitätsstufe, die Sie als Kunde in diesem Preisbereich erwarten? Although it is not all natural, it has the same amount of protein as Chobani while having less than 20 calories per serving. So, you do not need to worry about the calories because it will keep you full for a long time. However, it does fit well into any weight watchers’ budget. When it comes to starting the Weight Watchers program, it can be challenging to know exactly which foods to buy that will keep you will feel full while also keeping your points in check. Entdecke jetzt die neusten Produkte im WW Online Shop. Sold & shipped by QSD. Welche Intention beabsichtigen Sie als Benutzer mit Ihrem Weight watchers where to buy? Ich möchte von WW den Newsletter erhalten und über Angebote und Veranstaltungen per E-Mail und über Social-Media-Plattformen informiert werden. The curd is made by curdling or coagulating the milk. PB2 Powdered Peanut Butter Bundle, 16 oz (Pack of 2) The Basic Weight Watchers Grocery List. Frozen yogurt should be thawed in the refrigerator before being eaten. The milk used in Stonyfield’s Whole Milk Greek Yogurt comes from cows that are pasture-raised. Offer. Is there any best yogurt for youfor instant best yogurt for you? WW7307 JanuaryFebruary WTB Guide.indd 1 02/12/2013 09:28. The bacteria used in the process of making yogurt are called yogurt cultures. Offer. However, what could be the best yogurt for you? More importantly, it is delicious, contains a zero percentage of fat and only six grams of sugar which is ideal for those who need yogurt especially for weight watchers. Product Title Weight Watchers Pumpkin Spice Oatmeal. This list of Weight Watchers Friendly Items will help you with your Weight Watchers planning at Aldi. Always keep in mind that while consuming yogurt, make sure it is fresh and has not expired yet. WeightWatchers. On Offer. The new satisfaction that it gives to a person’s life can be enumerated and seen daily. While there are lots of “bells and whistles” foods you can purchase, sticking to the basics will keep you the most healthy and promote realistic, steady weight loss. (5) As far as flavors, plain is always best because it’s unsweetened. Add to trolley. one of the new Weight Watchers Caramel Mallows. The newly formulated version only has 80 calories (20 more than it had before), a bit more sugar, and is thicker than the previous version (which was a bit runny). Please consult a healthcare practitioner before making changes to your diet or taking supplements that may interfere with medications.All writing and content on Positive Health Wellness is simply the opinion of the author and should not be treated as professional medical advice.Positive Health Wellness is participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. On Offer. 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In bulk trotz der Tatsache, dass die Urteile dort hin und wieder manipuliert werden können bringen! Marshmallow and a part of their lifestyle heinz weight watchers from heinz Spaghetti in sauce!

domain: food


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Kate Mckinnon is absolutely one of the most beautiful people I've ever seen.
So this is a story of how she(Kate) meets a girl who she would have never seen herself with but falls in love with her personality and smile.
(there will be smut so be advised. I will label it on the chapters)
Hope you enjoy ^_^

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We'll have to chalk this up to mere coincidence, because there is NO way McDonald's anywhere is launching a new product with only a week to prepare.
However… did McDonald's Japan push up the entry of the tofu nugget?
Nawwww… read on. By the way… along with the facts, I'm going to have a bit of fun here, you know… make a Happy Meal out of it.
These new Tofu Shinjo Nuggets made mainly from tofu (which is made from soy beans, of course) and vegetables have been released less than a week after it came to light that McDonald's Japan was halting all its chicken products imported from China.
There was a scandal at chicken-nugget supplier Shanghai Husi Food Co. of China—a story that was first revealed via Chinese media reports earlier this month—that Shanghai Husi was using expired meat in its products.
Apparently, the company knowingly mixed out-of-date meat with fresh product, re-labeled the expired goods, and sold it as being fresh.
That's just criminal.
Of course, McDonald's Japan has stopped using that supplier.
“I would like to extend my sincere apology to our valued customers,” states McDonald's Japan chief executive Sarah Casanova (I love that name), at a news conference on July 29, 2014.
Casanova adds that the tainted meat issue is “restricted to one supplier in one city.”
That's right... one supplier in one city. Not all of its Chinese suppliers.
About 20% of McDonald's chicken nuggets sold in Japan came from Shanghai Husi.
Workers produce food at the Shanghai Husi Food Co., a factory of U.S. food provider OSI Group, in Shanghai, July 20, 2014 (AFP Photo/). Some of the tainted meat MIGHT be in this photo.
McDonald's Japan says it will now use chicken meat from a recognized supplier in Thailand. Kob kun krab. That's Thai, and what a man would say, when uttering a polite 'thank-you very much'.
McDonald's will also use another supplier in China to help fill the chicken need.
Now... just before everyone goes - oh, those effing Chinese, you should know that Shanghai Husi is a subsidiary of OSI Group, a U.S. company. Ooooooh.
According to the Chinese newspaper the Global Times: "Famous international brands have not adopted a dedicated attitude toward Chinese consumers."
The implication is that this crime, and crimes like it, were brought to China by foreign companies imposing their will.
Maybe. But maybe not. I'm still saying there's a communication issue here - you know, like 'we need to supply our top customers quickly and efficiently at any cost'. And maybe to he folks at Shanghai Husi, that meant doing something criminal. Maybe. This is all supposition.
OSI Group has been supplying McDonald's in China since 1992, and actually set-up the Shanghai Husi meat processing plant in 1996. It would seem strange that this type of criminal, morally-reprehensible behavior has been going on since then.... so I would assume that the Chinese Global Times newspaper is indulging in a bit of kiss-ass propaganda with the Chinese government.
This is one of those instances where people had let product go bad and, afraid that if the bosses found out, everyone would lose their job, so they tried to hide it. This is stupidity, and poor personal managing choices. It is not a reflection on a whole company or on a nation.
(Yes, you will hear all sorts of stupid stuff happening in China, but truthfully, there's a whole lot of stupid stuff happening in every country. Having worked as a journalist with a top North American newspaper, I can still tell you that it was not always 'all the news that's fit to print', but rather 'all the news we feel like telling you'. The internet does alter that a fair bit, however.)
As for Tofu Shinjo Nuggets, McDonald's Japan says that “The new nuggets do not include any chicken” but are made from ingredients that include onions, soybeans, carrots and minced fish.
Shinjo is a kind of Japanese food made of fish paste, starch and other ingredients. I am unsure what type of fish, or even what parts of the fish are used.
(It's like the term 'meat by-products' can imply blood and bone and well, use your imagination. It doesn't mean the finest cuts. To be fair, no one at McDonald's Japan is using the term 'fish by-products', but 'fish paste' is pretty damn vague, and does get around having to describe the actual ingredient(s). But again… there are these so-called 'other ingredients'. I'm sure there is nothing to worry about, because no one would ever sell anything remotely harmful to a customer, would they?) (Oh… waitaminute!)
These nuggets will be constructed or manufactured in Japanese factories, and will be available at a cost of ¥249 (US/Cdn $2.44) for four pieces beginning July 30, 2014 until late September.
Tofu Shinjo Nugget is the first nugget product to feature tofu as the main ingredient - though you will note that the key word is 'nugget product', implying there are other tofu products not called 'nugget'.
The new tofu nuggets will be served with a ginger-flavored sauce (though I'm sure I would also like the Mary-Ann-flavored sauce). “Because it isn’t meat, it tastes a bit different. It’s a bit softer,” the spokesperson says. “Calorie-wise, it is a bit lower than chicken as well.”
Yes... deep fried, breaded anything isn't going to be super-healthy.
As for these Shinjo Tofu Nuggets… the most important thing to ask is: "Does it taste just like chicken or fish?"
Or, if you are Japanese, perhaps the most important thing to ask is: "Does it taste just like tofu or does it taste like spoiled tofu - you know… natto?"Ugh. Scandalous.
Or, could they not simply have used the Chicken Of The Sea brand of white tuna meat? I'm pretty sure there's no chicken in it? The Japanese call white tuna meat the crappy part of the tuna fish, referring to it as 'shi chicken'… a brand fact I always found amusing.
Lastly, just to poke the panda bear, just what will McDonald's Japan do if relations with China get worse before they get better? Where will it get all of its chicken meat for its Chicken Nuggets? I mean… it did not sever ties with China, just ties with Shanghai Husi Food Co.
It still gets chicken from other suppliers there - I'm guessing (I don't know for certain)… but if Sino-China relations do get worse, can Thailand supply McDonald's Japan with all its chicken needs? I mean its fresh chicken meat?
And… since China and Japan are em-broiled in a MAD battle for superiority over who has the largest wang (in Japanese, suzuki) over ownership of some strategic islands that have been in Japan's possession for a century… is it possible that China is trying a bit of subterfuge, by purposely supplying Japan with tainted meat?
Is this a game of chicken? It sure tastes like it. LOL! Or is it LOL?
It is a pity about McDonald's Japan. I'm sure it cares greatly for consumer safety - just like all good companies should.
The only time I can think it isn't, is for arms manufacturers, though even all guns come with a safety.
And… for the record… tofu does not taste like chicken… if it does, it's because of the sauces added to it. Not that there's anything wrong with that.
I happen to like tofu. It's tasty and good for you.
I personally don't feel the need to have a healthy food option such as tofu at my local fast-food restaurant, but I understand why it it is there. I can eat in a more healthy, controlled manner at home any time. When I eat out, or receive take-out, much like what every one suspected prior to the past 20 years, was that it was a treat. A chance to spoil oneself.
Now with the level of foods available at our local grocer - from healthy to not-so-healthy to convenience (same thing, often), it's like consumers expect the same damn options from fast-food outlets.
That, to me, is the real shame.
Trust me… people who never eat a salad at home are certainly not going to order a healthy salad option at McDonald's. And… if you can eat a salad option at home, why would you need to go to McDonald's?
The convenience… of course!
Tofu is being presented not as another healthy option - the thing looks deep-fried, after all - but rather it is being presented as a tasty convenience.
If I was in Japan, I would at least try the Shinjo Tofu Nuggets… but I'm pretty sure four nuggets ain't gonna cut it.


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Your Chocolate Priestess always keeps her eyes open for new products. Several months ago my local Kroger had a new display of products that seemed very similar to those I grew up with from Dolly Madison and Hostess. These were Mrs. Freshley's products that come in thirteen different categories and several varieties in each category. The Milk Chocolate Acolyte loves these, Sisters and Brothers, so I tried a few myself.
The brownies are soft and moist but not overly so. They have a very solid cocoa flavor and remind me a good deal of the Little Debbie variety of brownies. The amount of chocolate tastes varies a little if you eat a bite with the chips or without. Frankly, Sisters and Brothers, I can’t say that I taste nuts nor do I feel them as I chew or mush a bite around in my mouth to search for them. I get the start of a duel buzz from sugar and cocoa after eating one entire brownie. The softness and the frosting do stick to my mouth and tops of my teeth a bit, much like you’d want a brownie to do. I find these often on sale in my local Kroger and I’ve seen them in my local Dollar Tree as well. The end result is that if you can get these on sale or at your dollar store, they are well worth that price and probably a little more. The Milk Chocolate Acolyte just bought three more types of Mrs Freshley's products last night when we went grocery shopping.
Sisters and Brothers, may you too take the time to slowly appreciate what the Divine and human ingenuity have offered you in chocolate.


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Coalwood, West Virginia. Home of the Rocket Boys. Homer Hickam's story of life in Coalwood, ROCKET BOYS, and the movie "October Sky" gave rise to the October Sky festival held in Coalwood, Homer's hometown. This year it is being reluctantly moved to nearby Beckley. I've been to this festival and it's a really good time. Homer, O'Dell, and some of the other Rocket Boys come to talk and sign autographs. The book is wonderful and the movie is pretty good too.

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New 2021 Audi S7 Release Date, Review, Interior – Right now, Audi trips this 2021 Audi S7 considering that the brand name-new automobile. All alike, the possibilities of this model will never be shifted right up until 2021 regardless that it is going to quickly be one in 2021. By having remarkable effectiveness, the car could contest with the particular Mercedes-Benz CLS, which has an identical vehicle reasonably. Awaited, the newest design might have minimal alterations contrasted with all the initially until the product range until now in the other Audi design. The actual S7 is free, with many different unintelligible to complete your competitors in their category.
Table of Contents
2021 Audi S7 Redesign
Typical aspects of the brand new 2021 Audi S7 includes 17 “amalgam car tires, Guided front side lighting fixtures, front and rear point, 6 safety provides, developing features software Audi develop decide on Audi keep support help basic begin with a level, motor vehicle halting receptors, Audi Car parking Process As well as, cautiously oversaw controlling out plan ESC, reasonable twice sector digital setting plan subsequent excess tire weight, MMI radio station as well as noise plan Audi noise plan, 4-talked multiple-operate pioneer, Wireless network, start quit project, remedial halting operate, voyage management plus a sizeable selection of more capabilities. Virtually unlimited possible effects for individualization from the motor vehicle from the customer are manufactured conceivable from a large selection of additionally readily available gizmos. Popular as impressive Matrix Brought headlamps in blend with equipped warning signs of the study course. Quattro all-tire might be gone with video game differential rear center, that the auto encounters the transforms with increased accessible energy by undoubtedly circling stamina involving the rear auto tires. For lovers of workout routines making despite the competent supervision also set up two types of your workouts method.
The best edition from the new manufacturing of change infotainment frameworks is actually MMI directing along with MMI contact, in whose essential features that boast an able Nvidia prepares processer and management through contact support. This program might be extended by helping cover their quickly Web Audi relate, that may be utilized by virtually all explorers. The innovative seem system Danish specialists Strike plus Olufsen changes within the 2021 Audi S7 within a demonstrate place on wheels.
2021 Audi S7 Engine
When European countries have their talk about of vast diesel offer you and several-tube petroleum 1, US was content with just V6 plus V8 gas powerplants. Existing 3.-liter turbocharged V6 graded on 333 hp may be substituted by way of 2.9-liter two-turbocharged V6, which usually in Panamera‘s situation helps make 440 hp. V8 provides utilized in S7 plus RS7 designs must also get its reveal of changes by using 4.-liter dual-turbocharged V8 moving out far more strength. At this time, 2021 Audi S7 generates 450 hp as well as 406 lb-feet of torque, although sprinting so that you can 60 miles per hour very last 3.9 moments, therefore you could count on only superior to that. Things such as Quattro AWD, adaptive oxygen revocation in addition to 7-velocity twin-clutch system auto need to keep on. RS7 utilized 8-pace typical intelligent, which ended up being better compared to the powerful sounding two-clutch system solution, while handling to change using the same rate, to ensure may possibly keep on also.
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NHL collective bargaining agreement talks lasted almost five hours on Wednesday and lead to a second meeting in as many days as the two sides attempt to come to an eleventh-hour agreement.
With the season on the verge of cancellation, NHL Players’ Association president Trevor Linden requested a small-scale meeting at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport on Wednesday. Linden, along with NHLPA senior director Ted Saskin and outside counsel John McCambridge represented the NHLPA while Calgary Flames’ part-owner Harley Hotchkiss, NHL executive vice-president Bill Daly and outside counsel Bob Batterman attended on behalf of the league.
Neither NHL commissioner Gary Bettman nor NHLPA executive director Bob Goodenow were present.
Wednesday’s talks were described as “a good, candid dialogue” by Daly.
“I thought the atmosphere was good,” Daly told reporters after the meeting. “But I don’t want to add any other than that. We want to continue the process.”
“There was dialogue and communication, and that’s what I set out to accomplish,” Linden stated.
In his only statement of the day, Hotchkiss said, “We credit Trevor Linden’s initiative in requesting this session, which was informal, open and professional and which resulted in a constructive exchange of viewpoints.”
The groups will meet again in Toronto on Thursday to continue discussions.


China’s death toll from the H7N9 bird flu rose to ten as the number of infections increased to 38 and authorities detained eight people for spreading rumors about the virus.
The latest fatality was a 74-year-old man who died in Shanghai today, the city government announced on its official microblog. He was one of three new H7N9 infections confirmed in China’s financial hub today. Another two cases were reported in the neighboring province of Jiangsu, according to the National Health and Family Planning Commission.
China has said it has enough flu medication to fight the outbreak, and the government is also preparing a vaccine that it expects will be ready within seven months, the official Xinhua News Agency reported today. A gene mutation known to help influenza resist Tamiflu was found in the first of three H7N9 bird-flu patient specimens in China, sequence data show.
Police also detained eight people in the provinces of Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Gansu and Liaoning for spreading rumors on the Internet about the H7N9 virus, Xinhua reported today, citing local authorities. They are being detained for up to ten days for fabricating posts, causing panic among some web users and local residents, according to the report.
In Shanghai, the 74-year-old man who died was hospitalized on April 5 after falling sick on March 31. The city’s two other new infections were an 83-year-old woman who became ill on April 2 and a 68-year-old man who fell ill on April 4. Both are in stable condition, the city said.
Jiangsu’s two new cases were a 31-year-old hotel chef from the city of Yangzhou who fell ill on March 31 and a 56-year-old teacher from the city of Suzhou who fell sick April 3. Both men are in critical condition, the national health agency reported.
Shanghai has accounted for six of the bird flu fatalities in China and 18 of the infections. Confirmed H7N9 cases have only been reported in the city and the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui.
To contact Bloomberg News staff for this story: Daryl Loo in Beijing at email@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jason Gale at firstname.lastname@example.org


As part of the task, it was necessary to design a virtual test tube model and perform simulations on it. It was necessary to carry out a calculation of pressure losses, and in addition, also to determine the sufficient high velocity of air needed for the measurements. Already after the first calculations, it was clear that we could not achieve the required speed of 100 m/s. We thus lowered the requirements to more than 50 m/s using connected suction units. We also achieved a steady and homogeneous flow in the test tube at such speed. We made simulations showing the operation of the test station. We found pressure disruptions in the tube, which can be interesting for analysis at the built test site.


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Carving tools take your textured wall from repeating layouts to tailor made creations which have been truly works of artwork. When you need a novel style that needs thorough consideration to each depth, carving equipment undoubtedly are a necessity. They include:
Like standard concrete, stamped surfaces will previous for many years when appropriately installed and managed, even though subjected to harsh Wintertime weather conditions. Occasionally, stamped concrete could be more strong than conventional concrete, especially if a shade hardener was used when it absolutely was poured.
Stamped concrete looks really practical because most stamping mats are molded from the actual resources They can be made to duplicate. To accomplish normal-looking colour variations, including you would see in genuine stone, stamped concrete contractors often use integral or dry-shake shade along with floor-applied coloring mediums.
Concrete resurfacing methods are certainly not restricted to just concrete stamping. There are actually limitless styles and textures for refinishing previous, cracked concrete with ornamental finishes.
We are actually focusing on an answer to this and might report that our removing from the more mature sealer and software of a fresh VOC Accredited Sealer has developed great effects. The trick is obtaining off the outdated sealer.
The following move is to get ready the existing floor with primer. The primer is blended with sand and placed on cracks, joints and depressions.
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Colour is either additional in the course of the mixing method (integral coloring) to be certain an even distribution of shade through the concrete or added after the concrete is poured, by spreading dry coloring across the floor (broadcast coloring).
On typical, vertical stamped concrete with ordinary texture and complexity in the design will operate concerning $12-$18 for every square foot. This sort of design might have a pair of various colours and could contain pure stone prints, uncomplicated brick, or One more rather consistent design and style.
Jenise and two pals installed a stamped concrete tile driveway at her mother and father’s home. She labored closely While using the inventor with the stamped concrete tile technique to accomplish the job and was joyful to become on the list of 1st to showcase the program on her blog.
When you are looking to update that outdated fireplace, or spruce up interior and exterior partitions, contact your local Concrete Craft nowadays and question about vertical concrete selections at half the expense of other supplies.
Can it be all right to use salt like a de-icer? Which is regrettable for J's and this might transpire to any firm, but is usually a cherished lesson in becoming also trusting within your subs rather than popping out to the website when there have been issues. Upstairs sitting space may be remodeled all over again into a fourth bedroom. You are able to far too Call us by the use of the "Contact us" tab. Make contact with your Increte technical rep for suggestions. If a structural wall hopes to return down to obtain your goals, then so be it.
Ornamental Stamped Concrete flooring in India, wall Stamping and all Stamped concrete are non-porous, impermeable surface area, which suggests that weeds can’t develop through it Which stains such as oil can be very easily cleaned off. The colors are 100% UV and don't fade away as a result of immediate daylight. Ashlar-Stone-Ashlar-Stone


I’m willing to make a bet that your organization stores sensitive data in your Windows File Servers; files and folders that you really don’t want making it into the wrong hands. As an IT manager; you need to be doing everything you can to ensure the integrity of your data. If you’re wondering how best to do this, I’d suggest you start right here. Listed below are some of our … Read more
Auditing file and folder accesses on Windows File Servers enables you to see whether any users are accessing or trying to access resources without authrization. A large proportion of organisations are not making the most of file server auditing, choosing to stick to native auditing processes which can be both time-consuming and complex. At Lepide, we recommend deploying a third-party solution (obviously…), such as LepideAuditor. With an increasingly mobile workforce … Read more
The most valuable data in your organization is likely to be held in Active Directory (AD), databases, and on file servers. We often pay a lot of attention to securing AD and databases but file servers should also be appropriately secured. Here are my top 10 tips for keeping file servers protected. 1. Physical security Don’t let somebody walk out the door with your file server. But server theft isn’t … Read more
Windows File Server act as a repository of files and folders, which can be accessed by many users. Though there are many benefits to a collaborative work environment, preventing unauthorized access by tracking permissions to shared folders can become tricky. In this article, we will show you how to detect shared folder permissions on Windows File Server using our award-winning LepideAuditor. Why is it important to track shared folder permissions … Read more
Many IT Administrators find it difficult to implement an in-depth and pro-active File Server Audit strategy. If an important event happens and you want to investigate, you may have to wade through gigabytes of event logs on the Windows devices; which can often be like finding a needle in a haystack. Event logs stored on Windows File Systems are so verbose that deriving meaningful information from them can be very … Read more
For many organizations, IT operations are driven by regulatory compliance requirements. Systems containing sensitive data must be secured and maintained in a way that adheres to the regulatory requirements. Industry specific applications, such Electronic Health Records systems, are commonly designed with regulatory compliance in mind. After all, the application vendor knows which industry will use the application, and what the regulatory requirements are for that industry, and can therefore design … Read more
This tutorial explains the steps of performing Current Permission Analysis of the shared files and folders using LepideAuditor Suite for File Server . It offers customizable auditing, dedicated Radar Tab with graphical representation of Audit Data, predefined audit report, Historical Permission Analysis, and Current Permission Reports. When it comes to current permissions, it provides a detailed report of all the permission related data including change in applied permissions by folder, … Read more
All organizations should be able to immediately see what’s happening to their files/folders and when it is happening. With security breaches becoming more common, and compliance mandates becoming more prevalent, the requirement to ensure you have adequate auditing on your file/folders is more important than ever before. In this article we will show you how to audit your file/folder level access using native tools in three steps: A). Enabling the … Read more
How securing data access across Windows Servers help organizations to better manage their shared data06.03.2015, File Server, by Satyendra.
Security Auditing of an enterprise – whether in an extremely large organization or a smaller one is one of the most important concern pertaining to protect your confidential or private data from hackers eyes. Unauthorized file access, falsification and even deletion and modification of files & folders has become a common phenomenon in organizations where it becomes difficult to audit events, track malicious user actions & monitor illegal access.
In the first part of this article, we created and enabled Dynamic Access control, configured claim types and also configured resource property list. In this part, we will continue with the configuration of Central Access Rule and configure Central Access Policy. Once Central Access Policy is configured, we need to create a new group policy to publish Central Access Rule and configure the shared folder with the necessary classifications. And … Read more