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What is type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a severe condition where the insulin your pancreas makes can’t work appropriately. What triggers type 2 diabetes?
All of us require insulin to live. It does an essential task. It enables the glucose in our blood to enter our cells and sustain our bodies.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your body still breaks down carbohydrate from your food and beverage and turns it into glucose. Because this insulin can’t work properly, your blood sugar levels keep increasing.
For some individuals with type 2 diabetes this can eventually tire the pancreas out, implying their body makes less and less insulin. This can lead to even greater blood sugar levels and indicate you are at danger of hyperglycaemia.
Is type 2 diabetes major?
Around 90% of individuals with diabetes in the UK have type 2. It is severe condition and can be long-lasting.
If left untreated, high sugar levels in your blood can seriously harm parts of your body, including your eyes, heart and feet. These are called the issues of diabetes With the best treatment and care, you can live well with type 2 diabetes and decrease your risk of establishing them.
Managing type 2 diabetes
Learning how to live with type 2 diabetes can be difficult, but we’ll assist you to discover what works for you. Some individuals can manage it through much healthier consuming, being more active or slimming down. Eventually many people will need medication to bring their blood sugar down to their target level.
Can type 2 diabetes be cured?
There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but some individuals have the ability to put their diabetes into remission. This means that your blood glucose levels are healthy and you don’t require to take diabetes medication any more. Remission can be life-changing, but it’s not possible for everyone.
Treatments for type 2 diabetes
There are a variety of different ways you can treat type 2 diabetes, such as making healthy lifestyle options, utilizing insulin or taking medication. Your health care group will assist you to find the right treatment for you. This can reduce your danger of establishing complications and help you to live well with diabetes.
Symptoms and signs of type 2 diabetes.
When you have type 2 diabetes your body can’t get enough glucose into your cells, so a common sign is feeling very exhausted. There are also other symptoms to keep an eye out for. These consist of sensation thirsty, going to the toilet a lot and losing weight without trying to.
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes can develop more slowly than the signs of type 1 diabetes, making the condition more difficult to identify. That’s why a great deal of individuals do not get any symptoms, or don’t notice them.
Some individuals also don’t believe the signs are essential, so do not request assistance. This means some people can live for up to 10 years with type 2 diabetes prior to being identified.
Risk aspects of type 2 diabetes.
There are several factors that can impact your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It’s truly crucial to be aware of these risk aspects due to the fact that the signs of type 2 diabetes are not constantly obvious. They can consist of:
- your age
- Bro, sis or child with diabetes if you have a parent
- your ethnic background
- being obese
Freshly detected with type 2 diabetes.
Understanding where to get begun following a type 2 medical diagnosis can be a challenge. You might feel overwhelmed, but it is essential to know there isn’t a one-size fits all approach to handling the condition.
Along with using the info on this page to comprehend your condition, you can meet other individuals with type 2 diabetes in our Knowing Zone. You’ll hear recommendations from others in your position, and get practical tools to assist you feel more positive handling your condition. r pancreas can’t mWant to understand more?
Whether you are freshly detected, wanting to improve your diabetes management, or in requirement of information to support others, we are here to help. We’ve got lots more info about:
Preventing type 2 diabetes
Did you understand that around 3 in 5 cases of type 2 diabetes can be prevented or postponed? Our details about avoiding type 2 will show you the steps you can require to lower your threat of developing the condition.
Inspecting your blood sugar level levels
Inspecting your blood glucose levels is a crucial part of managing your diabetes, so we’ll take you through how to check them and what your readings suggest.
And we’ve also got more details about what occurs your blood sugar level levels get too low, called a hypo, or too high, called a hyper, so that you’re aware of the signs and indications to watch out for.
Dealing with type 2 diabetes
Having type 2 diabetes can bring up lots of concerns about your lifestyle, but we’re here with the responses. From nutritional advice and dishes to help you understand what to eat when you have type 2 diabetes, to assistance about keeping active and remaining fit– we’re here to support you.
We’ve also got more details for various age groups, such as young individuals and older people, along with practical school recommendations for moms and dads of children with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is likewise connected with other health conditions, such as thyroid illness and dental problems. It is very important to be knowledgeable about these, so make certain to read our info about diabetes related conditions.
Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition, and it may seem like there’s a lot of information to take in. If you’re feeling stressed out or anxious, we’ve got psychological support and recommendations that you might find helpful.
For some individuals, managing their diabetes with technology can be life-changing. But we also understand it can be overwhelming if you’re unsure where to begin. Our information and guidance about diabetes technology will help you comprehend what the different kinds of tech do and how to access them, so you can find what works for you.
Research study into type 2 diabetes
We have been moneying leading research tasks into type 2 diabetes for over 80 years. You can find out more about the impact of this research, and how it has helped to change the lives of millions coping with the condition. ake enough insulin. This means your blood sugar (sugar) levels keep rising.#Best apps for diabetes management

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The full NFL 2010 schedule hasn’t been released yet, but a few pieces of news are starting to trickle out, and one of them is the date and opponent for the Buffalo Bills’ annual regular-season game in Toronto.
The Globe and Mail reports that the Chicago Bears will play the Bills at the Rogers Centre on Sunday, November 7.
The report notes that this scheduling could be a cause for concern for the Canadian Football League: It will be the first time an NFL game is played in Canada before the CFL season is over. In fact, the 1 p.m. Bears-Bills game probably won’t be over before the Toronto Argonauts’ game at Montreal starts at 4 p.m. Eastern.
The Bills played home games in Toronto in 2008 and 2009, but those games were in December, after the Grey Cup. This time the NFL is stepping onto the CFL’s turf before the CFL season is completed.
Addendum 5:39 pm ET – The Bears will open against the Lions at home and play the Giants on Sunday night during Week 4.

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The new Azure T, specified with the high performance version of Crewe’s iconic 6¾ litre V8 engine, is the latest in a line of Bentley models to bear the ‘T’ legend. The 1996 Continental coupe was the first modern Bentley ‘T’, followed in 2002 by the Arnage T, both flagship models with a distinctive sporting character and thunderous performance.
The Azure’s already striking form is now enhanced by 20-inch 5-spoke wheels and tyres, ‘Le Mans’ front wing vents, dark tint matrix grille and a sculpted, retractable Flying ‘B’ mascot.
For the performance-oriented Azure T, the twin-turbocharged V8 engine produces 500bhp and 1000 Nm of torque – an 11 per cent increase in power and a 14 per cent increase in torque over its 450bhp/875 Nm Azure stable mate.
The famous Bentley wave of torque is even more prodigious than before and performance is significantly raised with a top speed of 179 mph (288 km/h) and a 0-60 mph time of just 5.2 seconds (0-100 km/h in 5.5 sec). Member of the Board, Sales and Marketing, Stuart McCullough comments:
“The new Azure T reflects our passion for creating the world’s most exhilarating and prestigious convertibles that, true to the Bentley T tradition, blend sophistication with a powerful presence.”
BENTLEY AZURE T – NEWS IN BRIEF
Exterior design styling changes, as standard, include:
20-inch five-spoke ‘Bright Finish’ alloy wheels
Retractable ‘Flying B’ bonnet mascot
Dark tint matrix upper and lower grilles
‘Le Mans’ lower front wing air vents
Bentley ‘Jewel’ fuel filler cap
Twin exhaust tail pipes
Choice of 42 exterior paint colours
Interior design enhancements, as standard, include:
Diamond quilting to seats and door panels
Drilled alloy brake and accelerator pedals
‘Engine-turned’ aluminium finish to fascia
Instrument faces in black
Embroidered ‘Bentley’ emblems to front seats and rear seat centre
Choice of 8 unbleached veneers and 25 hides from full Bentley range
Knurled finish to: organ stops, mirror adjustors, door handles (interior and exterior), light switch and seat lumbar controls
Knurled & chromed gear knob
Further enhancements to the standard Azure T specification include:
Large display audio head unit with Secure Digital (SD) memory card slot
Hide covered boot rail
Further enhancements to the Azure T optional specification include:
‘Naim for Bentley’ premium audio system delivering the world’s best in-car sound stage and featuring 10 speakers, a dual channel sub-woofer and an 1100 Watt amplifier, plus eight individual Digital Signal Processor (DSP) modes to reproduce true emotions and a ‘live’ concert-like experience.
Arnage T powertrain with 6¾ litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine, producing 500bhp and 1000 Nm of torque – increases of 11% and 14 % respectively
Top speed raised to 179 mph (288 km/h).
0-60 mph in 5.2 seconds (0-100 km/h in 5.5 seconds).
Acceleration to 100 mph cut to 12.1 seconds (0-160 km/h in 12.0 seconds).
Six-speed ZF automatic transmission with sophisticated locking torque converter provides fast yet ultra-smooth gearshifts
Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) logic system improves dynamic response and handling with less intrusive intervention when a reduction in grip is detected
Tyre Pressure Monitoring System fitted as standard
A UNIQUE OPEN-TOP MOTORING EXPERIENCE
Based on the Azure, the Azure T offers a range of discreet exterior cues that further enhance its powerful stance and hint at its increased performance potential. Key ingredients of its distinctive appearance include design features 20-inch five-spoke, two-piece alloy wheels and ‘Le Mans’ lower front wing air vents.
Further distinguishing points from the Azure are standard features such as dark-tinted upper and lower grilles, ‘jewel’ fuel filler cap (made from billet aluminium) and door mirror mountings finished in body colour.
Like the Bentley Brooklands, the Azure T sports the iconic Flying ‘B’ mascot, which can retract neatly into the grille surround. Originally designed by motoring artist F. Gordon Crosby, the ‘B’ was first used on the 1930 Bentley 8-Litre.
EFFORTLESS PERFORMANCE FROM MIGHTY V8
The engine and transmission of the Azure T are identical to those already employed in the high-performance Arnage T and Arnage Final Series saloons. In this specification, Bentley’s remarkable all-aluminium 6¾ litre V8 engine produces 500 bhp (507PS/373kW) and 1000 Nm (738lb ft) of torque – with over 90 per cent of that torque available between 1,800 and 3,800 rev/min – figures that ensure the signature Bentley ‘wave of torque’ delivers effortless performance for a unique open-top convertible driving experience.
Each of these hand-made V8 engines comes with a black-finish air intake manifold bearing the signature of the team leader who oversaw its construction by Bentley technicians in the Crewe factory. The six-speed ZF automatic transmission ensures optimum flexibility, response and refinement. Three transmission modes (Drive, Sport and Manual) allow the driver to take full advantage of the powerful 500 bhp V8 engine.
A sophisticated electronic management system provides fast yet smooth gearshifts regardless of how the car is being driven. Another important feature of the latest Azure T is the separation of the sports suspension and sports gearbox settings, allowing the driver to select their preference for each system independently – via a ‘Sport’ switch on the dashboard for the suspension and by positioning the gearlever for the transmission’s Sport mode.
Bentley’s V8 guarantees outstanding performance levels. From standstill, acceleration to 60 mph is achieved in just 5.2 seconds (0-100 km/h 5.5 seconds), 100 mph reached in 12.1 seconds (160 km/h in 12.0 seconds) and a top speed of 179 mph (288 km/h) is possible.
DYNAMIC HANDLING, SUPERB RIDE AND AWESOME BRAKING
The Azure’s double wishbone front and rear suspension is carried over to the Azure T unaltered. Set-up and fine-tuned to give a refined ride that best suits the character of this convertible Bentley, the system features coil springs with computer-controlled, adaptive electro-hydraulic dampers and automatic ride-height control with auto-load compensation.
The Azure T’s suspension delivers impressive body control in all driving conditions, while the new five-spoke, two-piece 8.5J x 20-inch Sports alloy wheels with 255/40 ZR20 Pirelli P Zero tyres further improve handling and road holding.
As an option, Azure T owners may specify an upgraded braking system with carbon/silicon carbide, cross-drilled brake ventilated discs. Measuring 420 x 40 mm (front) and 356 x 28 mm (rear), these discs are the largest fitted to any production car on sale today. With eight-piston callipers, the brakes provide impressive deceleration and also give an 8 kg reduction in unsprung weight, benefiting steering response, ride suppleness and acceleration.
This lightweight braking system ensures virtually fade-free use, time after time, and superb resistance to disc distortion under high thermal conditions. Under normal use, the brake discs will last the lifetime of the car and pad life is doubled compare to the standard system.
Befitting its role as a new Bentley flagship convertible, the Azure T embodies a range of standard features that were previously unavailable or only available as cost options on the Azure. The seats and door panels have Diamond Quilting, the fascia features an ‘engine-turned’ aluminium finish (reminiscent of 1920s racing Bentleys), and the instrument faces are finished in Black rather than Parchment.
Bentley emblems are embroidered on the front seat backs and the rear seat centre, an iPod/USB interface is provided, while the full range of Bentley’s premium veneers is available, a knurled finish is applied to several handles and switches and a knurled, chrome gear knob is fitted.
The new Azure T will have a strong appeal to Bentley customers, as Trevor Gay, Personal Commissioning Manager at Mulliner (Bentley’s specialist commissioning department), explains:
“The Azure has always stood apart from the rest of the Bentley range and the higher-performance Azure T will allow customers the opportunity to use the Mulliner service to create a bespoke convertible to their exact specification.”


A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission or double-clutch transmission) is an automated transmission in automobiles, closely related to a manual transmission. It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. It can fundamentally be described as two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. Although usually operated in a fully automatic mode, many also have the ability to allow the driver to manually shift gears in semi-automatic mode, albeit still using the transmission's electrohydraulics.
This type of transmission was invented by Frenchman Adolphe Kégresse just before World War II, although he never developed a working model. If we discount the "Easidrive" automatic transmission developed in the late 1950s by UK's Smiths Industries and Rootes, a system that used dual electro-magnetic clutches and was offered as an option on Hillman and Singer models, the first development of the twin-clutch or dual-clutch transmission started in the early part of 1980 under the guidance of Harry Webster at Automotive Products (AP), Leamington Spa, with prototypes built into the Ford Fiesta Mk1, Ford Ranger, and Peugeot 205. Initially, the control systems were based on purely analogue/discrete digital circuitry with patents filed in July 1981. All of these early AP twin-clutch installations featured a single dry clutch and multiplate wet clutch. Porsche has been experimenting with DCT since 1964. After trying different designs they concluded with a final design tested from 1981 till 1986 and was first used in Porsche 956 in 1983. DCT work continued from Porsche in-house development, for Audi and Porsche racing cars later in the 1980s, when computers to control the transmission became compact enough: the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (English: dual-clutch gearbox) (PDK) used in the Porsche 956 and 962 Le Mans race cars from 1983, and the Audi Sport Quattro S1.
A dual-clutch transmission eliminates the torque converter as used in conventional epicyclic-geared automatic transmissions. Instead, dual-clutch transmissions that are currently on the market primarily use two oil-bathed wet multiplate clutches, similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles, though dry-clutch versions are also available.
The first series production road car with a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32.
As of 2009, the largest sales of DCTs in Western Europe are by various marques of the German Volkswagen Group, though this is anticipated to change as other transmission makers and vehicle manufacturers make DCTs available in series production automobiles. In 2010, on BMW Canada's website for the 3 Series Coupe, it is described both as a seven-speed double-clutch transmission and as a seven-speed automatic transmission. It is a dual-clutch automatic.
In DCTs where the two clutches are arranged concentrically, the larger outer clutch drives the even-numbered gears and the smaller inner clutch drives the odd-numbered gears. Shifts can be accomplished without interrupting torque distribution to the driven roadwheels, by applying the engine's torque to one clutch at the same time as it is being disconnected from the other clutch. Since alternate gear ratios can preselect an odd gear on one gear shaft while the vehicle is being driven in an even gear (and vice versa), DCTs are the fastest-shifting road car transmission available and are able to shift faster than a professional racing driver using a manual transmission. DCTs can shift more quickly than cars equipped with single-clutch automated-manual transmissions (AMTs), also called single-clutch semiautomatics. Also, with a DCT, shifts can be made more smoothly than with a single-clutch AMT, making a DCT more suitable for conventional road cars.
Dual-clutch transmissions use two fundamentally different types of clutches: either two wet multiplate clutches, bathed in oil (for cooling), or two dry single-plate clutches. The wet clutch design is generally used for higher torque engines that can generate 350 newton metres (258 lbf⋅ft) and more (the wet multiplate clutch DCT in the Bugatti Veyron is designed to cope with 1,250 N⋅m (922 lbf⋅ft)), whereas the dry-clutch design is generally suitable for smaller vehicles with lower torque outputs up to 250 N⋅m (184 lbf⋅ft). However, while the dry-clutch variants may be limited in torque compared to their wet-clutch counterparts, the dry-clutch versions offer an increase in fuel efficiency, due to the lack of pumping losses of the transmission fluid in the clutch housing.
Currently, three variations of clutch installation are used. The original design used a concentric arrangement, where both clutches shared the same plane when viewed perpendicularly from the transmission input shaft, along the same centre line as the engine crankshaft; when viewed head-on along the length of the input shaft, this makes one clutch noticeably larger than the other.
The second implementation uses two single-plate dry clutches – side-by-side from the perpendicular view, but again sharing the centre line of the crankshaft.
A later variation uses two separate but identically sized clutches. These are arranged side-by-side when viewed head-on (along the length of the input shaft and crankshaft centre line), and also share the same plane when viewed perpendicularly. This latter clutch arrangement (unlike the other two variations) is driven by a gear from the engine crankshaft.
BorgWarner Inc. supplies wet dual clutches and electrohydraulic control modules (mechatronics) for these dual-clutch transmissions, along with complete dual-clutch transmission and transaxle assemblies. BorgWarner, which call their technology "DualTronic", entered series production (excludes Bugatti Veyron) for Volkswagen Group, which renamed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) in 2003 in the Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32. The company signed further agreements with three other (unnamed) European automotive manufacturers to incorporate their components in DCTs.
On 14 January 2009, BorgWarner announced a joint venture with the China Automobile Development United Investment Co., Ltd., which is owned by 12 Chinese automakers. This joint venture is known as the BorgWarner United Transmission Systems Co., Ltd., and is located in Dalian, China. The company has produced various dual-clutch transmission modules beginning in 2011.
The Nissan GT-R uses BorgWarner components, including the dual-clutch module, clutch-control, shift-actuation systems, and synchronizer assemblies.
Eaton Corporation developed the first dual-clutch transmission for class 6-7 trucks in North America - Procision.
Fiat Powertrain Technologies
Fiat Powertrain Technologies developed a dual-clutch transmission with Magneti Marelli and BorgWarner called Euro Twin Clutch Transmission. Magneti Marelli produces the control system, which integrates BorgWarner's hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units. It can handle torque inputs of up to 350 N⋅m (260 lb⋅ft), making it the highest-torque dry-clutch application. Its weight of 81 kg (179 lb), including oil and transmission control unit, its three-shaft architecture, especially axially, means it can be installed in several types of B- and C-segment vehicles.
FEV developed a DCT with an integrated electric motor, providing hybrid capability. The 7H AMT Transmission provides seven forward speeds with multiple usage of gears (the electric drive can use unused gears from the combustion engine path): this aims to substantially reduce the complexity of the unit, as well as the package size and weight. Another spin-off from this design was the FEV xDCT that provides 10 forward speeds, but with the mechanical complexity of a standard six-speed DCT.
Getrag has developed a range of DCT transaxles, including 7DCL750, a seven-speed transaxle for midengine longitudinal applications, capable of taking more than 750 N⋅m (553 lbf⋅ft). Getrag provided its DCT in its first commercial applications, for the Dodge Journey and Volvo S40 and V50, from mid-2008. Getrag has developed the 6DCT250 dry clutch DCT for use in front wheel drive transverse applications. With use of electromechanical actuation, rather than electrohydraulic, the 6DCT250 transmission surpasses the conventional manual transmission in fuel consumption and CO2 emission.
In the second quarter of 2008, Getrag had signed an agreement with Chrysler to supply its PowerShift DCTs for use in American markets. However, due to the global economic downturn, this was subsequently cancelled.
In 2006, Getrag was also working with Bosch to develop a DCT for use in hybrid vehicles.
In 2015, Getrag introduced a new seven-speed, wet-clutch DCT, the 7DCT300, with a maximum torque of 300 Nm. The first application was the Renault Espace with a 1.6 L, Turbo GDI engine.
Getrag dual-clutch transmissions are used in the BMW M3, BMW 335is, BMW X1 (F48), BMW Z4 (E89) sDrive35i, Dacia Duster EDC, Ferrari California, Ferrari 458 Italia,LaFerrari, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, Mitsubishi Lancer Ralliart, Ford Fiesta, Ford Focus, Renault Megane, Renault Scenic, Smart Fortwo, Volvo V40, Volvo V60 Volvo V70 vehicles.
The 2011–2016 Ford Fiesta and the 2012–2016 Focus with the Getrag DCT's are the subject of a class-action lawsuit and many individual lawsuits.
Italian specialist Oerlikon Graziano was in the process of developing a wet-clutch DCT for original equipment manufacturer fitment into supercars. They planned to have it in production by 2010. Their DCT is aiming to have a torque-handling capacity of 750 N⋅m (553 lbf⋅ft), and they are also aiming to improve shift quality over their current AMTs. As of 2011, they supplied the seven-speed DCT for McLaren's MP4-12C supercar with a shifting time of 50ms.
LuK Clutch Systems, LLC. designed and manufacture the dual dry single-plate clutch system for the Volkswagen Group seven-speed DQ200 direct-shift gearbox (DSG) introduced in 2008. This DSG variant is used in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines with relatively low torque outputs. LuK are naming their technology "XSG" for their overview of automated shift gearbox systems, and "Parallel Shift Gearbox" for its own proprietary DCT.
English specialist consulting engineering company Ricardo plc designed and built the Bugatti Veyron's seven-speed dual wet multiplate dual-clutch transmission, specifically to cope with the 1,250 N⋅m (922 lbf⋅ft) of torque generated by W16 engine.
The Volkswagen Group's DCT uses the acronym DSG, under the direct-shift gearbox name, from the German: Direkt-Schalt-Getriebe. It is used in all of their mainstream marques, including Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, and also its top-tier marque Bugatti. Audi originally used the direct-shift gearbox name, but now uses the name "S tronic" for its DCTs.
The first ever series production DCT was the Volkswagen Group DQ250 six-speed dual-clutch transmission, with dual concentric wet multiplate clutches. It was produced at the Group's Kassel plant under exclusive license from BorgWarner for use in transverse powertrain installations, of either front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive (4WD) layouts. The 4WD versions are fundamentally identical to the FWD versions, but the 4WD versions use an additional bolt-on power take-off unit to direct engine torque to the Haldex Traction rear axle. This DQ250 variant is used in a wide range of models: Volkswagen Passenger Cars (Polo, Golf/Rabbit/Golf Plus, Scirocco, Jetta, Eos, Passat, and Touran); Audi cars (A3, and TT); SEAT cars (Ibiza, León, Altea, and Toledo); Škoda cars (Octavia and Superb); and Volkswagen commercial vehicles (Caddy and T5 Transporter).
A second variant of the DSG went into series production in 2008—the DQ200. This unit has seven forward ratios, but the notable difference over the original DQ250 is the change from wet to dry clutches. This variant uses two single-plate dry clutches, arranged in a tandem design (instead of concentrically) and therefore similar in size. The DQ200 is again for use in transverse applications, but is intended for use in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines that generate relatively low torque outputs. When used in the latest Golf with the 90 kilowatts (122 PS; 121 hp) engine, this new seven-speed DSG uses roughly 6% (5.9l/100 km for the seven-speed DSG compared to 6.3l/100 km with the six-speed manual gearbox) less fuel than the same engine with a manual transmission and up to 20% less than a conventional automatic transmission. The original DQ250 also remains available.
Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi AG have also developed an all-new DCT, the DL501, for use in longitudinal powertrains. Like the original transverse DQ250, this DL501 uses dual wet multiplate clutches, but unlike the DQ250, this variant uses seven forward ratios. This DL501 variant made its debut in the Q5, and also is used in the latest versions of the A4 (B8) and S4 (B8). It is also being considered for use in an all new A6.
After the facelift in 2012, the Audi R8 uses a seven-speed S tronic.
Ricardo plc produces the seven-speed DCT for the 736 kilowatts (1,001 PS; 987 bhp) 2005 Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4.
Lamborghini (VW GROUP)
Lamborghini's first dual-clutch transmission is available in the Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 (2014–present). The name of the transmission is 7-speed LDF Dual Clutch "Doppia Frizione" with shift characteristics variable via Drive Select Mode and all-wheel drive with electrohydraulic multiplate clutch.
The car has three modes changed using the steering-wheel-mounted "ANIMA" or mode selector. The three modes are strada, sport, and corsa, each with faster shifts. Launch control raises the rotation speed to 4200 rpm before dropping the clutch. The Huracán upshifts automatically at redline, but not before running into the limiter for a fraction of a second. Using the paddles to call for earlier shifts knocks 0.1 to 0.2 sec off the figures.
Kia Motors has announced the application of the all-new seven-speed DCT to a production model for the first time, the new Kia Cee’d GT Line, which made its global debut at the 85th Salon International de l’Automobile in Geneva on 3 March 2015.
Compared to the six-speed DCT currently used in the European-market Cee'd models, the new transmission is expected to deliver a fuel-economy improvement of 7% and a 5% improvement in 0–62 mph acceleration times. Like most new DCTs, the new transmission features dual dry clutches and two input shafts, allowing for seamless torque delivery between shifts, as well as gear-jumping to the optimal ratio, should the driver ask for it. If that was to apply to the current Forte K3 Koup or ProCee'd GT and GT line, with its 204-hp/265 nm 1.6L inline-four Gamma II T-GDI Turbo engine and also 133-ps/300 nm 1.6L CRDi diesel engine, for example, that would raise its fuel economy from 24 mpg city/36 highway to about 26/39 while bringing its 7.4-second 0–60 run to about 7.0 seconds.
The new transmission is the first of its type from the brand and has been developed in-house by Kia's research and development teams at its Namyang, Korea R&D center. More fuel-efficient than Kia's existing six-speed automatic transmission, the new DCT has been engineered with low fuel consumption and a sporty driving feel when in manual mode, and with comfort and smoothness when left in automatic mode.
Innovative hollow double-gear input shaft allows quick shifts. The DCT is made up of two dry clutches, each fitted with an electric motor-driven clutch actuator to improve responsiveness, and an innovative hollow double-gear input shaft. The hollow shaft itself allows the system to quickly engage even gears, while a solid shaft that runs through the middle operates odd gears. This crossed gear shifting enables continuous power delivery and more efficient packaging, two development cornerstones for the engineering teams behind the project.
The hollow shaft mechanism lets the DCT operate sequentially, the car anticipating the next gear that the driver is likely to need next under acceleration or braking or jump immediately to any of its seven forward gears (and reverse). This is particularly useful under kick down or heavy braking, allowing the driver to remain in control of the vehicle at all times.
The continuous power delivery of the DCT minimizes the loss of torque and forward motion by the powertrain during gear shifts, resulting in more decisive acceleration and a smoother drive. This contributes towards the transmission's boost to performance in all road conditions in its first application in the Cee’d GT line.
Combined with an increase in power from 128 to 133 ps, the DCT's seven gears allow the GT Line's diesel engine to operate at its most efficient speeds at all times. With the engine's torque increased from 265 to 285 nm, the new DCT is engineered to effectively manage outputs up to 300 Nm, achieving a better balance between the engine's improved, more effortless performance and potential for greater fuel economy.
Reduction of noise, vibration, and harshness has also been a focus for the team behind the DCT's development, with an external damper ensuring a higher level of refinement for the new transmission. After the Cee’d GT Line, which will go on sale across Europe in Q4 2015, the new seven-speed DCT will be made available on a range of other Kia models.
In January 2008, BMW introduced a dual-clutch transmission for their M3 model, manufactured by Getrag, embedding a DualTronic dual-clutch module from BorgWarner, and dubbed "M double-clutch transmission" (M DCT). The same transmission is used in the second-generation Z4 (the Sdrive35i and sDrive35is versions), and is an available option on the 335i (coupe, convertible), 335is and later 135i builds.
BMW released the new M3 (F80) and M4 (F82) with the seven-speed DCT in 2014. The same DCT was used in the M2 (F87) released in 2016.
Chery group uses a Getrag dual clutch transmission for its Tiggo7 which is equipped with a turbocharged 1.5l engine.
The Mercedes SLS AMG uses a Getrag AMG 'SpeedShift' seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox, mounted at the rear in a transaxle configuration, and connected to the engine by a carbon fiber driveshaft enclosed in an aluminium torque tube. According to Mercedes-Benz, it is capable of gear changes in as little as 100 ms. The SLS and the Ferrari California share the same DCT unit.
The Mercedes-Benz CLA 250  and GLA250  both use a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox developed in-house.  The in house developed 7G-DCT can also be found in A-class and B-class Mercedes cars.
The "Twinamic" dual-clutch transmission built by Getrag is offered in third-generation Smart Fortwo and Forfour from 2014 on.
Ferrari incorporated a Getrag-designed and -manufactured seven-speed dual wet-clutch transmission in their California and 458 Italia sports cars.
Chrysler received the Fiat Powertrain Technologies C635 dual dry-clutch transmission for use on Chrysler's turbo inline-four in the Dodge Dart in 2013.
Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) started production of "TCT" dual dry-clutch transmission (DDCT) in early 2010 at the Verrone plant. The C635 DDCT gearbox is used for B (supermini), C (compact), and D segment (large family) cars, and can handle torque up to 350 N⋅m (258 lbf⋅ft). Fiat's C635 DDCT gearbox was introduced in Alfa Romeo MiTo in 2011.
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company released a wet-clutch "PowerShift" transmission on the 2008 Ford Focus (international) and Ford C-MAX. This wet-clutch DCT was designed with gearbox specialist Getrag under the Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture, founded in 2001, and is expected to feature in other Ford and Volvo models.
Ford announced the US-market version of the Mark VI Ford Fiesta for 2011 featured a dry-clutch PowerShift transmission. Ford also announced the introduction of PowerShift transmission to North American market by 2010. The PowerShift transmission has remained extremely problematic since its release, causing repeated problems with rough or missed shifting in a majority of units. Some units need service for three separate failure modes, and still do not perform as required after a complete replacement. A class-action lawsuit was filed by buyers of Fiesta and Focus models and is pending final approval.
The Volvo version will be built in Koping, Sweden, at Volvo's transmission plant. The PowerShift gearbox will be introduced on the second-generation Volvo S60, and then on to the V50 and C30 models. The XC60 is expected to get this Ford PowerShift gearbox along with other new models to make more sporty cars.
In the company's restructuring plan, it revealed that dry dual-clutch transmission would have been available in the 2012 calendar year. However, this plan was cancelled. The GM dual-clutch gearbox was introduced on the GMC Granite, a concept car. Had it been released, the new front-wheel drive transmission would have incorporated the latest innovations for improving fuel economy and performance. The transmission alone would have provide upward of 10% improvement in fuel economy over today's conventional six-speed automatic transmissions. The transmission co-developed between GM and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation features dry, dual-clutch technology. It would have provided shift comfort equal to a conventional fully automatic transmission, with superior quality, while reducing CO2 emissions.
The 2020 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray will feature a dual-clutch transmission.
Honda implemented the eight-speed DCT in the Acura ILX and TLX. It is also the only company to pair their DCT with a torque converter to smooth low-speed crawling (a problem found in many traditional DCTs). The Acura NSX super car also uses a nine-speed DCT, which consists of launch gear and a cruising gear while seven gears in the middle are geared closer to each other. The Sport Hybrid versions of the Acura RLX and MDX models both have a 7-speed DCT. Neither the 7 nor 9-speed DCTs contain a torque converter as the electric motors of the hybrid system already alleviate the rough slow start issue.
In October 2009, Honda launched the VFR1200F, a motorcycle with a 1,237 cc (75.5 cu in) V4 engine and optional DCT dubbed the Next Generation Transmission. In May 2009, Honda CEO Takeo Fukui mentioned that Honda was working on a new dual-clutch transmission system that could be matched with future hybrids.
2012 NC700 series have dual-clutch models available: NC700SD, NC700XD and NC700D Integra. It is the second generation from the six-speed dual-clutch transmission first used on the Honda VFR1200F.
2013 Honda introduced the CTX700DCT, a 670 cc dual clutch motorcycle selling as a 2014 model.
The 2016 CRF1000L Africa Twin is available in both 3rd generation DCT and standard transmissions. The NC line has moved to the 3rd generation as well.
In 2016, Honda announced that they are studying a DCT for use in sport bikes as well.
The 2018 Gold Wing and Gold Wing Tour will both offer a 7-speed automatic DCT.
The DCT transmissions used in some Hyundai and Kia passenger vehicles are supplied by Hyundai DYMOS. At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Hyundai unveiled ix-onic concept car, which was said to feature a six-speed dual-clutch transmission.
Hyundai released the Veloster with the 6-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2011.
Hyundai released the Sonata and Veloster Turbo with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2015.
Hyundai released the i30 and Tucson SUV with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2016.
Hyundai released the Elantra Sport with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2017.
Hyundai's new Ioniq Hybrid offers a 6 speed transmission with dual clutch for 2017.
Hyundai's new Venue small SUV offers a 7 speed DCT transmission in India from 2019
John Deere Tractors introduced its DirectDrive dual-clutch transmission in 2012 in tractors. Currently the transmission is available in the 6R models, although it will likely be phased out in favour of the new AutoPower (AutoPwr) transmission on the new 6230R and 6250R, announced in 2016. The tractors are expected to be in full production by mid - 2017 and the transmission used in them is expected to be seen in future John Deere machinery across the whole range, such as Forage and Combine harvesters. The AutoPower joystick used in the 6230R and 6250R can achieve the top speed from one push of the toggle and has several buttons integrated onto the stick that are programmable for different features. The tractors have also won the prestigious 'Machine of the Year' award 2017.
Lotus Cars has submitted a patent application for a lighter, simpler and more compact dual-clutch transmission system. The gearbox shown in the application is an eight-speed unit, with seven forward gears and reverse.
McLaren Automotive introduced a seven speed dual clutch on MP4-12C made in Italy by Oerlikon Graziano. The design comes with a feature called Pre-Cog that lets the driver preselect the next highest or lowest gear decreasing shift times.
The Mitsubishi Motors Lancer Evolution X and Lancer Ralliart are supplied with Mitsubishi's Twin Clutch SST (abbreviated TC-SST, for "Twin Clutch Sport Shift Transmission" or "Twin Clutch Sportronic Shift Transmission") dual-clutch transmission, controllable by steering wheel mounted magnesium paddle shifters. It is the Getrag-built, PowerShift 6DCT470 transmission in the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
The Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation presented a world first with a double-clutch transmission for commercial vehicles. The new six-speed M038S6 "Duonic transmission" features wet clutches and incorporates the ability to creep in traffic for smoother operation. Although Duonic-equipped trucks will probably be driven mostly in fully automatic mode, the transmission can also be manually shifted.
The Nissan GT-R's rear transaxle six-speed dual-clutch transmission also contains the differential for the car's all-wheel drive (AWD) system. Much of the dual-clutch system was engineered by BorgWarner, partnered with Nissan's gearbox supplier Aichi Machine Industry, and weighs a total installed mass of 117 kg (258 lb). Code named the GR6, the transmission is quite durable in that it is able to hold in excess of 600 lb⋅ft (810 N⋅m) of torque. Nissan reports shift times of 150 milliseconds.
PSA Peugeot Citroën
PSA has dual-clutch transmission, produced by Getrag, in its Peugeot 4007 and Citroën C-Crosser SUVs, both based on the Mitsubishi Outlander. However, dual-clutch transmissions are never offered in other models.
Porsche (VW GROUP)
Porsche AG offers a series production of two new longitudinally installed "7DT" wet-clutch versions of its previously race-only Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (PDK) transmission, built by ZF Friedrichshafen AG.
The first variant, the 7DT-45, is used on its 2009 997 Carrera and Carrera S models. This version is also offered on the 2009 Cayman and Boxster models. It uses a ZF Sachs ND2015 clutch pack and has a torque handling capacity of 500 N⋅m (369 lbf⋅ft). A higher torque version of the same transmission, the 7DT-70, is also available for the 2010 911 Turbo. This is rated at 780 N⋅m (575 lbf⋅ft) and uses a different ZF Sachs clutch—the ND2216.
The second PDK variant, the 7DT-75, is available on the 2009 Panamera and 2014 Macan. This is constructed fundamentally differently from the 7DT-45/7DT-70 versions; in that the internal shafts are mounted above the input shaft, so as to achieve a lower centre of gravity for the Panamera and Macan. It also uses just one oil circuit, whereas the 7DT-45/7DT-70 use two separate circuits with very different specifications of fluids needed.
Both variants use seven forward speeds. Like all DCTs, the Porsche PDK transmission is fundamentally two separate manual transmissions in one. With the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th gears and reverse available on one shaft, and 2nd, 4th, and 6th gears available on the other shaft.
Porsche claim the Doppelkupplung PDK transmission will replace the outgoing conventional Tiptronic automatic transmissions. However, other reliable industry sources state that Porsche still intends to use conventional automatics; with the eight-speed ZF 8HP being cited.
Porsche claims noteworthy improvements in CO2 emissions of around 15% when comparing DCT installations against its former automatic transmission, of which half can be directly attributed to the DCT. When compared directly with a manual transmission, 16% improvement can be directly attributed to the DCT.
Getrag received the first order for its dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 from Qoros Automotive Co., Ltd, an independent JV carmaker in China. Attributes of the transmission include easy shifting, reduced fuel consumption compared to conventional automatic transmissions, and flexibility and functionality in hybrid applications. Start of production is planned for 2013 in the Getrag plant Nanchang. In addition to the six speed manual transmissions Getrag will supply to Qoros, the dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 will be applied to the first car under Qoros brand, which will meet all European standards and be exported to western European markets.
A different type of dual-clutch transmission has been used in some railcars. The two clutches are placed one on the gearbox input shaft and the other on the gearbox output shaft. To make a gear change, both clutches disengage simultaneously and a brake inside the gearbox engages. The gearchange occurs with all gears stationary, so no synchronizing mechanism is needed. After the gear change, both clutches re-engage. There is a significant break in power transmission, so this system is unsuitable for shunting locomotives.
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domain: finance


Cobb County celebrates 25 years of AAA ratings!
Cobb County is celebrating a significant 25-year milestone. The Chief Financial Officer handed out awards at the Board of Commissioners meeting after learning all three New York-based credit rating agencies have again rated Cobb with their highest mark. Cobb has now received a AAA rating for 25 consecutive years. The ratings come from the Fitch Group, Moody’s, and S&P Global Ratings - considered the “Big Three” agencies.
The milestone marks not just an accomplishment for the county’s finance team, but CFO Bill Volckmann says it benefits all Cobb residents. “The AAA rating means a lower cost of borrowing, easier market access, the strong reputation of the business community, and strong county management,” Volckmann said. “I would like to thank the County’s current Chairwoman, Board of Commissioners, and County Manager for their direction and leadership that continues to provide the foundation for the County’s financial achievement.”
Volckmann thanked the previous boards, prior county managers, and the prior finance directors for making this possible.
AAA ratings for county governments are rare. Only 49 counties in the United States (about 1.5%) are AAA-rated by all three agencies, and Cobb is one of only three counties in Georgia with this distinction.
“This shows the financial strength of our county,” said Cobb Chamber President and CEO Sharon Mason. “It is also critical for economic development, for continuing to attract, recruit, and retain high-paying jobs.”
Virgil Moon was Cobb’s finance director when the streak started. “I know all the hard work that has gone into it. It's a team effort to get that recognition every year,” Moon said. “To keep it for 25 years means we’ve kept great employees, great leadership, hard workers, and had the help of the business community to keep this rating year after year.”
Fitch Group defines a AAA rating as “denoting the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.”
View a congratulatory video from leaders across Cobb County here


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2018 newly speed adjustable d12 muti-cell flotation with plexiglass cells. us $1000-$3000 / set. 1 set (min order) ... widely used best price lab small flotation cell machine for gold. up to 5 years warranty. us $1000-$30000 / set. 1 set ... high quality laboratory small ore flotation cell from chinese professional factory. us $1000-$3000 / set.
4). small flotation cell: xfd series single flotation cell is provided for flotation of minor ore samples in labs of geological, metallurgical, chemical and other industries. the product is produced by the only enterprise designated by the former ministry of geology and mineral mineral resources, in compliance with the industrial.
6. the froth flotation cell of claim 2 wherein said upper perimeter edge of said crowder device is adjustable relative to said lower perimeter edge to selectively adjust the angle of slope of said substantially continuous contact surface. 7. the froth flotation cell of claim 2 wherein said crowder device is configured as a truncated cone..
60tph gold ore beneficiation production line in zimbabwe. raw materials are processed to go into ball mill and then leached by cyanide. in the early processing stage, the gold ore is processed into a reasonable size by means of two-stage closed-circuit crushing process with jaw crusher and cone crusher, so that the ores can be beneficiated.
Alibaba.com offers 495 flotation cell price products. about 90% of these are mineral separator. a wide variety of flotation cell price options are available to you, such as condition, local service location, and applicable.
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Characterization and flotation studies were carried out on a slime sample from a low grade iron ore belongs to gua mines of sail with a view to develop flotation based process for its up gradation.
Copper ore may be separated from crude ore using a flotation pro-cess that takes advantage of the physical (as opposed to chemical) properties of small copper ore particles. to maximize the copper yield, ph control is necessary in the flotation tanks. the copper flotation process crushed ore, along with water and lime slurry, is fed into a ball.
D1 laboratory flotation cell. used denver d-1 lab flotation machine (4) tanks; ... join 9000 metallurgists. search 911metallurgist. buy laboratory & small plant process equipment we have all the laboratory and plant equipment you need to test or build/operate your plant. ... we can improve all plants / mineral processing engineering.
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Durable copper ore ball mill copper ore ball mill for sale. copper ore for sale, copper ore for sale suppliers and, alibaba offers 37,298 copper ore for sale products about 20% of these are mine mill, 16% are crusher, and 4% are other mining machin a wide variety of copper . chat now bob's rock shop: bingham canyon copper. learn more.get.
Froth flotation and gold extraction manhattan gold silver. jul 23 2014 first refractory gold ore is ground as finely as possible – usually so the individual grains are much less that 100 micrometers the ground up ore is mixed with water to create a slurry which is mixed with surfactants to increase the gold’s hydrophobicity this mixture is placed into a tank or flotation cell filled.
Full text of a manual of flotation processes see other formats.
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Gold/copper coblat /iron /lead zinc tin fluorite/ phosphate/ sulfide mining ore separate process inflatable flotation cell machine us $ 2000-50000 / set min. order: 1.
Grinding ball mill machine pyz 1750. good ball mill type pyz china t hr pyz 2200 flotation cell mine mining machine flotation cell type pyz 1200 100 t hr iron copper mineral processing type cone crusher fine crusher application mid hard and above mid hard ores and rocks pybpyzpyd series dimension l w h all weight 11 2 81 4t rotate speed.
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Hundreds of ore processing plants we designed have been in work at domestic and abroad and won good reputation. come with your iron, gold, silver, copper, manganese, tin, etc ore processing project, and back with satisfied plant. construction waste.
Iron ore mining process and iron ore mining equipments- ty. with fine ore particles, it is more efficient to upgrade iron ore. wet ball mill and fine ore crushers are used during this process. spiral classification. tow stage spiral classification of close-circuit is conducted, with.
Jan 01, 2018 3. industrial flotation plant the rougher flotation circuit consists of three parallel lines of eight self-aerated mechanical cells of 257 m3 with an average residence time of 28 min. some typical characteristics of the feed are: 3800 tph of solids, with 34 % of solids, a cu grade of 0.6 % and particles with a 23 %.
Machinery used in copper mining crusher machine for sale. stone crusher machine. ty production of stone crusher: jaw crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher, hammer crusher and mobile crusher, stone crusher is mainly applied to soft or hard and extremely hard materialscrushing, plastic, widely used in various ores, cement, refractories, aluminum where the soil clinker, carborundum, glass raw.
Mar 01, 2015 flotation studies with phosphate ore were conducted to compare the ccc and 3pc. the studies were conducted on a laboratory column with an internal diameter of 2.54 cm, a height of 2.20 m, and an effective volume of 1.5 l, consisting of five adjustable glass.
Metso d12 laboratory flotation machine with suspended type mechanism, including totally enclosed anti-friction spindle bearing, stainless steel shaft, stainless steel standpipe with air control valve, two removable metso urethane diffuser type hoods, and two removable metso urethane open type impellers of different sizes for use in the 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 gram stainless steel tanks and a.
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Oct 27, 2011 flotation process is a more complex mineral processing process, and its influencing factors can be divided into not adjustment factors (undressed ore properties and the production water quality) and adjustable factors (flotation process, grinding fineness and pulp density, pulp ph value, flotation reagents.
Ore dressing equipment of iron ore flotation cell. sf flotation cell 25/3/2015 1,200 sf flotation cell is a mechanical agitation type flotation equipment with self slurry suction and self air xcf air inflation flotation cell 25/3/2015 1,200 an air inflation mechanical agitation floatation get price mining cip plant gold flotation tank,jaw crusher for small ore nickel ore can be divided into.
Small flotation cell superior quality iron ore magnetic separator. high effciency gold mine iron ore magnetic separator with large tantalum magnetic separator with high efficiency the magnetic separator is used for separating crude mineral by different magnetic system with its unique design which has a proven record of high efficiency such as hematite limonite wolfram ilmenite and tantalum.
Small froth surface area (high degree of crowding) in an outotec skim air flotation cell at a flotation concentrator in brazil. instability, it is important to realize that there are limitations with how much material the froth phase can support and transport to the launder lip in a given period. this is termed the froth carry rate (fcr), and.
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The capacity of the flotation cell is improved too. if the air inflation is over large, the flotation surface is easy to turn, which causes it unable to form a stable foam layer and influences the mineral particles floating. if the air inflation is too small, the fewer bubbles are, the slow the flotation speed is, the lower the flotation.
The davis magnetic tube or davis magnetic tester is a laboratory machine designed to separate a small sample of pulverized magnetic iron ore into magnetic and non-magnetic fractions. the davis separation tube is positioned between poles of a powerful electromagnet at an angle of 45 (adjustable) that is agitated back and forth and rotated by a.
The flolevel system is easy to install from the top of the flotation cell and easy to calibrate. it comes with adjustable 316ss bracket, with flange mounting options and a colour display.
The flotation process in denver cell counted with the rougher and scavenger stages where the greatest possible recovery of chalcopyrite ore was sought in the samples having as key parameters the main characteristics of the particles . for the case of the samples managed by the sludge removal process in hydraulic screen jig did not require an.
The super duty diagonal-deck no. 6 concentrating table, equipped with pool sand riffling, handles from 20 to 50 tons of fine sand feed, and 30 to 150 tons of coarse sand per 24 hours - depending on character of ore and operating.
There are many factors affecting the flotation process, including non-adjustable factors and adjustable factors.among them, non-adjustable factors refer to the ore property, adjustable factors mainly include grinding fineness, pulp concentration, pulp ph value, reagent system, pulp temperature, water quality, flotation time and so.
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What is used to crush copper ores reitstall . copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore (less than 1% copper) and ends with sheets of 99.99% pure copper called cathodes, which will ultimately be made into products for everyday use.the most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy andget.
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[introduction]: concentrating table (shaking table) is a gravity separation equipment of separation different weight mineral by asymmetric reciprocating motion [capacity]: 0.1～1.8 t/h [improvement]: the cam lever type head is adopted; the stroke is adjusted by changing the position of sliding head on rocker arm; jig frequency is controlled by the smoothing motor.
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Cherry Blossoms = Metro Record — Beautiful weather, peak bloom and the National Cherry Blossom Festival Parade all contributed to especially high ridership on Metrorail this past weekend. On Saturday, riders took 638,474 trips on the rail system, making it the highest Saturday ridership since the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on October 30, 2010. Saturday’s ridership was nearly double that of an average Saturday(93 percent higher). [Metro]
Ride to Provide Returns Saturday — The annual annual charity bike event hosted by NFL players Lorenzo Alexander and Kedric Golston returns to Reston Town Center this weekend. Hundreds of participants will bike ride on the W&OD Railroad Regional Park Trail to aid wounded veterans and kids in need. [Ride to Provide]
Are You Committing E-Z Pass Errors? — Faulty installation could be messing up your E-Z Pass, costing you a bundle in fees. [WTOP]
The skeletal remains of Michael Delaney, the Reston man who went missing from Reston Hospital in May 2020, have been found in the Sugarland Run area, Fairfax County police confirmed….
One of the two residential towers planned for the Faraday Park development near the Wiehle-Reston East Metro station is now open to residents. Move-ins for 242-unit Faraday West tower officially…
Open houses this weekend include a 4 BD/2.5 BA home on a large lot with a swimming pool.
Reston Community Center has announced the lineup its 2021-22 Professional Touring Artist Series. After a truncated season with limited audiences last year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the series will…


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Join us as we enjoy a low-key happy hour with our clients and “friends of the firm,” which, if you are reading this, means you. No topic, no agenda; just an opportunity to mingle with some fresh faces and check out Conshohocken Brewery’s newest location on us.
Regina Robson was recently made a member of the Beta Gamma Sigma chapter at St. Joseph’s University. Beta Gamma Sigma is an academic honor society whose purpose is to foster personal and professional excellence among its members with a particular emphasis on ethical leadership. Congratulations, Regina on this wonderful honor.
The Hazards of ‘Weaponizing’ Capital Call and Dilution Provisions By Edward S. Robson There are many ways that an owner of a closely-held business can use
Four Ways to Ruin the Attorney-Client Privilege and Get Yourself in Trouble. By Edward S. Robson Attorneys communicate with their clients under the protection of
Pa. Supreme Court Tackles Attorney-Client Privilege Issues in Derivative Cases By Edward S. Robson This column previously analyzed the Commonwealth Court’s decision in Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation,
The Lowdown on Retirement Plans—How Does ERISA Protect Employees Employment-based retirement plans offer significant advantages to employees over the options individuals might have on their
Retirement Planning 101: The Differences Between a Pension, 401(k) & 403(b) It seems many financial terms are known by shorthand that does not readily describe
Make Business Divorce Easier—Spell Out Duties in Operating Agreement Closely held companies are like marriages but without the sex or kids to hold things together.
Are Improvements to Retirement Savings Options on the Horizon? News outlets recently flooded social media with headlines about the rise of “401(k) millionaires” in the
Enough With Arbitration Provisions: Litigators Hate Them and GCs Should Too Arbitration provisions are a common feature of commercial transactions for businesses trying to alleviate

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GCI Consultants Investigates Water Leakage in
Hurricane-Resistant Windows Ravaged by Hurricane Irma
Field Water Infiltration Tests Used to Re-Create Catastrophic Wind and Rain Conditions of Irma
West Palm Beach, FL—Jan. 31, 2018—As Hurricane Irma trekked through Florida, she left behind a trail of destructive flooding, wind damage and power outages. But the effect of the storm’s extraordinary long-drawn-out winds, along with the deluge of heavy rains happening at the same time, resulted in something more widespread and in many cases just as damaging: an unprecedented number of leaky hurricane windows.
Since Irma, the costs of the damage and necessary repairs due to water penetration into a building’s supporting structure and interior finishes are among the leading reasons for insurance claims.
Hurricane-Resistant Doesn’t Mean Hurricane-Proof
“Thanks to improved building codes, windows that comply with the requirements of hurricane prone regions do provide enhanced performance, including increased energy savings, improved safety and greater resistance to wind pressures, water leakage and air leakage,” explains William Smith, president at GCI and a leading expert in the design and construction of glazing systems and building envelopes. “However, hurricane-resistant doesn’t mean hurricane-proof.”
According to Paul Beers, founder and CEO at GCI, hurricane-resistant windows are tested to prescribed standards of wind and water pressures, but the tested ability of the window can be exceeded by hurricane forces. “For example, laboratory tests put windows under pressure for periods of 15 minutes, but the unique story with Hurricane Irma were winds and rain that lasted for 16 hours and resulted in an unprecedented amount of water leakage in windows that had never leaked before,” says Beers. “Now, months after Irma hit, we’re finding many of these hurricane-resistant windows continue to leak during small rain storms and we’re trying to help people find out what’s causing the water infiltration.”
Field Water Infiltration Tests
During Hurricane Irma, the accessories that seal windows, such as gaskets and weather strips, were subjected to stress that caused leaking. In some cases, the window components may have been leaking before Irma but were undetected.
“Damaged drywall or wood trim can point to water intrusion that started earlier than Irma, whether from sealant failure or construction and maintenance issues,” says Beers. “If an investigation suggests that water infiltration has been occurring for a while, it’s time to develop a field water-testing program, to follow the path of intrusion and, ultimately, eliminate the cause.”
Field water infiltration testing determines the resistance of manufactured windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration. The test involves constructing an air barrier across the inside of an assembly and vacuuming air from it, while applying a uniform water spray across the exterior. The water infiltration test is a field version of laboratory certification tests and simulates the conditions of a wind driven rain storm.
“The good news is hurricane-resistant windows rarely sustain irreparable damage, but windows that leaked during Hurricane Irma should be checked now to ensure they’re as functional as they need to be to make it through another hurricane that approaches Irma’s intensity,” says Beers. “Conducting a field water test will determine exactly what’s wrong with the window and how to resolve the problem.”
To learn more about the effects of water leakage during Hurricane Irma, watch GCI’s two-part video series. For assistance with wind damage assessment and recovery call 1.866.858.6516 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.
About GCI Consultants
GCI Consultants is a firm dedicated to intelligent consulting in the field of construction engineering. The experienced team of experts brings specialized industry knowledge to issues related to the integrity of the exterior building envelope. Services include design advice for new construction, forensic investigations of building envelope failures, quality control inspections and expert witness testimony.


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States are addicted to cannabis tax revenues. According to a new report from New Frontier Data, states with legalized marijuana are on track to generate approximately $655 million in state taxes on retail
Markets It's been difficult for Americans to legally invest in the world's booming marijuana business but a new online fund will let you do it at the click of a mouse. Canadians are bringing a new meaning
Online learning has come a long way in the last few years. There are interactive courses, tons of online tutorials, and one of my personal favorite ways to practice coding: games. While a game alone probably
Bipartisan lawmakers have introduced legislation that would remove marijuana from the federal list of controlled substances and make the government responsible for regulating the industry. Oregon Sen.


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Most people would agree that selling 100 million units of anything is impressive. Apple, Microsoft, and every other technology manufacturer out there aspires to achieve such widespread appeal with every new product. Though the odds of reaching that threshold are next to impossible, Sony managed to accomplish the feat with its PS4 recently.
The machine surpassed 100 million units sold in five years and seven months and is now considered the fastest-selling home console ever. As Sony and its PlayStation division celebrate the accomplishment, it’s time to explore what exactly set the system up to attain such tremendous success.
How PS4 sales hit 100 million units | Reasonable launch price
One of the biggest things that the PS3 had going against it back in 2006 was its steep launch price. The 20 GB hard drive model costed $500 while the 60 GB model costed a whopping $600. As a result, the console didn’t enjoy strong sales from the get-go and Sony lost money on each unit sold through 2010.
The company clearly learned its lesson with its next home console, as the PS4 was competitively priced at $400 — significantly less than its closet competitor, the Xbox One. Similarly to the PS3, Sony took a loss of around $60 per unit in order to reduce the machine’s price at retail. The tactic paid off wonderfully, as the machine sold over 10 million units less than a year after it launched.
How PS4 sales hit 100 million units | The messaging was on point
Since the PS4’s reveal during 2013’s PlayStation Meeting until today, Sony has focused its messaging almost exclusively on video game fans. The lead architect behind the system, Mark Cerny, discussed how the machine was made with developers in mind and how Sony reached out to studios like Bungie in order to build a console they could easily craft games for.
At E3 2013, Sony doubled down on its commitment to service video game fans by stating that the PS4 will allow consumers to play used games and single-player titles offline. It was a direct response to Microsoft’s policies with the Xbox One and apparently convinced many people who didn’t own a PS3 to switch sides during the eighth console generation. The machine’s slogan, “This is for the players,” resounded with the audience it was targeting. For returning PlayStation users, the announcement of Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End a day before the PS4’s release was icing on the cake.
Sony continued to cater to devoted fans throughout the console’s life cycle. Two years after the machine launched, long-awaited titles like The Last Guardian, Final Fantasy 7 Remake, and Shenmue 3 were announced during the company’s E3 2015 showcase. Users eager to play the final installment in Rocksteady’s Batman Arkham trilogy or the next Call of Duty game were treated to exclusive content. After a long hiatus, PlayStation Experience returned and invited PlayStation fans from all over the world to try out a wide array of unreleased games for the first time ever.
While some fans today aren’t too pleased with how Sony is censoring content on its platforms, the goodwill that the company has managed to accrue since 2013 remains mostly intact.
How PS4 sales hit 100 million units | The competition fumbled
When the Xbox One was unveiled a few months after the PS4, Microsoft focused on the console’s multimedia and social capabilities instead of taking a page from Sony’s gamer-centric approach. Many fans were put off by the messaging, and although the company showcased a variety of exclusive software for the machine a month later during E3, it refused to backtrack on its policies regarding used games and periodic online check-ins.
On top of this, a Kinect sensor had to be plugged into a user’s Xbox One at all times in order for it to function, thus raising concerns that Microsoft was planning to spy on its fans in order to sell data to advertisers. The company reversed a lot of these controversial decisions before Xbox One’s launch in November 2013, but the brand image had sustained a hefty amount of damage in the months leading to its release.
Another close competitor, the Wii U, still struggled to find an audience by the time the PS4 hit store shelves. Though it was meant to appeal to “core” video game fans, many saw the system’s GamePad as a gimmick similar to the Wii’s motion controls. Additionally, the console’s lackluster graphical capabilities and processing speed failed to attract studios to develop for it. Nintendo’s marketing efforts were also poor, as the company failed to clarify whether or not the machine was an add-on for the Wii right out of the gate.
How PS4 sales hit 100 million units | Lots of exclusive software
Sony has delivered on the PS4’s promise of being the “best place to play” by offering users quality exclusives every year since launch. Infamous: Second Son, Until Dawn, Bloodborne, The Last Guardian, Uncharted 4, Horizon Zero Dawn, Shadow of the Colossus, God of War, and Marvel’s Spider-Man are a few great PS4-only titles that have released so far. Even with the machine entering its last years on the market, more games like Death Stranding, Ghost of Tsushima, and The Last of Us Part 2 are set to make their debut exclusively on Sony hardware.
The commitment to developing exclusive Game of the Year contenders ensured that people knew where all the strongest software was being developed, which also called back to Sony’s original “player first” message. It also didn’t hurt that almost every title was a single-player game; something players are always hungry for.
With the next PlayStation console arriving sometime soon, Sony should try to replicate the expansive catalog of first-party software that PS4 owners enjoy. Sequels to some of these critically acclaimed titles are bound to attract current users over to the company’s next machine. Combine this with gamer-centric messaging and a sensible launch price, and the PS5 might have a shot of surpassing 100 million units sold too.


Topics for Bachelor theses:
If you are interested in a Bachelor thesis in the group "Environmental Modelling in the Climate System", please contact Prof. Dr. Holger Tost directly.
- Detection of convective clouds from geostationary satellite data(Erkennung von konvektiven Wolken anhand geostationärer Satellitendaten)Based on the MSG cloud mask or other properties (Cloud top temperature, Cloud optical thickness), the task would be to identify convective cloud systems with various criteria, e.g. cloud cluster size, time evolution of the cloud field (dissipation time), based on a manual detection scheme.
Additionally, the convective clouds / cloud clusters should be detected with an e.g. gradient based detection algorithm. Once a detection algorithm is functional, the organisation of convection with the help of organisation indices should be described and analysed.
The combination of these approaches could build the foundation for an improved machine learning algorithm.
- Organisation of convective clouds based on superparameterised model output(Analyse des Organisationsgrades konvektiver Wolken basierend auf Modelloutput)Model simulations applying a convective superparameterisation can provide detailed global information about small scale features of convection. The project aims at analysing the degree of organisation of convection with typical organisation indices across the CRM cells within one GCM grid cell. This should be performed for various regions and seasons. A key point of the analysis is whether the degree of organisation is consistent across the GCM gridcells.
- Analysis of ensemble spread based on random perturbations
- Statistical analysis of precipitation patterns from global model simulations
Additional topics can be discussed on request.


On Thursday, the Prince’s government launched a brand new e-health initiative. The free to use tool Monaco Santé will allow everyone in the Principality to stay connected to their health.
As a result of the pandemic, the Principality’s health services are going virtual. Launched this week, the website and app Monaco Santé will support patients with their daily medical needs. In just a few clicks, residents, commuters and even tourists will be able to book an appointment with a healthcare professional in Monaco. 175 doctors, dentists, osteopaths and more are all currently offering appointments through the website.
The website has many functions besides allowing users to book appointments. Monaco Santé provides a way of staying up to date with health-related news, as well as accessing emergency service numbers and details of health care professionals. Working to reduce physical contact between patients and professionals, the website allows medical advice to be accessed in a much safer way.
Today we have layed the foundations of e-health in the PrincipalityFréderic Gent, Monaco’s Chief Digital Officer
More services to be added in future
Monaco Santé has been designed to constantly adapt. New services will be added and the website will be updated to reflect the changing health situation in the Principality. By April, users will be able to have online consultations, as the pandemic has proven how successful virtual appointments can be.
Monaco Santé is available in five languages (French, Spanish, English, Italian, Russian) and can be downloaded on iOS and Android.