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TCM’s Star of the Month for May is Sterling Hayden and the Friday Night Spotlight is on Orson Welles. Strong picks, I like them both a lot, but most of their films are slightly outside our typical period of coverage. Highlights here include "Secretary Stories" on May 1, "Written by Lester Cohen" on May 5, and Jane Murfin day May 28. More on all that in a bit. First up, housekeeping.
In case you missed my Manhattan Melodrama post, the first of this year’s Classic Movie Blog Association blogathons just wrapped up. You’ll find all of the other posts listed on the main CMBA site HERE. I did my best to finish up early on this one (for once) so my post could be included in the eBook version of the Blogathon, which includes about half of the posts. You can pick that up for FREE on Smashwords or for 99¢ on Amazon.
A note to those who have upgraded from Standard subscription to Classic Movie Daily—First, thank you! Next, if you’re receiving two copies of this email just click that “Preferences” button at the top right of the email and deselect the Standard subscription (while making sure the box for Classic Movie Daily is still checked off - Standard subscribers can similarly upgrade to Daily). After that you shouldn’t receive duplicates.
Standard subscribers, expect to hear from me a little less this month as I push back to probably 8-10 days between reviews while I finish up work on my coming Helen Twelvetrees book. The Daily will remain Daily.
I recently plugged subscriber Bob Nardone’s Facebook group, Stars of the Silent Movies and Early Talkies, in an edition of Classic Movie Daily, but I also wanted to mention it here, in the main feed. If you’re on Facebook and want a constant stream of pics and info about the same types of movies and stars discussed here, then you’ll want to join Bob’s group.
Okay, enough chit chat. On to my picks and recommendations for TCM’s May schedule:
Pick of the month: I admit Sweepings isn’t the best movie playing on TCM this month, but I’ve probably watched it more than any of the others (excluding some of the Orson Welles titles that I’ve been watching over and over since grade school). I posted about it a couple of Christmases ago, probably a mistake, using the holiday as an excuse to concentrate on the Helen Mack character, who’s a pretty minor figure in the movie, even if she steals every scene that she’s in. There’s a lot more to her in Lester Cohen’s novel, which I recommend—used copies are rare but affordable on Amazon.
I love a sweeping saga, even if it does mean we have to put up with Lionel Barrymore trying to look decades younger than he really is for a little while. I especially love a good story about business or a businessman, which Sweepings is on the surface, though deep down it’s about family, fatherhood, and the expectations taken for granted from one generation to the next.
Besides Helen Mack Sweepings boasts an excellent performance from Gregory Ratoff, who has his own complicated relationship with his boss, department store founder and Pardway family patriarch Lionel Barrymore. Gloria Stuart fans will be disappointed, Eric Linden fans slightly less so, but there’s plenty of William Gargan, who plays the eldest son here and actually came back to play the part of the uncle in 1939 remake Three Sons (which plays on TCM immediately after Sweepings). Alan Dinehart plays the uncle in the 1933 movie.
Long for a movie of its era at 80 minutes, it actually isn’t enough time to tell this story as well as it could have been. Those who do pick up the book will be treated to a lengthy prologue that begins with brothers Daniel and Thane as boys, plus a lot more Mamie towards the end of the story. In between are some extra instances of adultery and details of drug addiction that didn't make the movie.
Other movies I’ve either written about and/or recommend … Based on the US schedule, all times Eastern. Days begin and end at 6:00 am.
May 2, 8:00 pm-2:00 am - Three starring Greta Garbo: Ninotchka (1939) at 8:00 pm; Queen Christina (1933) at 10:00 pm; Anna Christie (1930) at 12:00 am.
May 5, 6:00 am - One Man’s Journey (1933) starring Lionel Barrymore, May Robson, Joel McCrea, D: John S. Robertson.
Pick of the month. May 5, 7:15 am - Sweepings (1933) starring Lionel Barrymore, Eric Linden, William Gargan, D: John Cromwell. Followed by inferior remake Three Sons (1939) starring Edward Ellis at 8:45 am.
May 6, 6:00 am - Night Nurse (1931) starring Barbara Stanwyck, Ben Lyon, Clark Gable, D: William A. Wellman. Plays again on May 26 at 7:45 am.
May 6, 9:45 am -The Asphalt Jungle (1950), the quintessential caper movie and the highlight of any Sterling Hayden program of films.
May 7, 1:45 pm - Bright Leaf (1950) starring Gary Cooper, Lauren Bacall, Jack Carson, D: Michael Curtiz. Part of a Gary Cooper birthday celebration that begins at 6:00 am and wraps up with the two following it, The Fountainhead (1949) at 3:45 pm and The Pride of the Yankees (1942) at 5:45 pm.
May 7, 2:45 am - Five Came Back (1939) starring Chester Morris, Lucille Ball, C. Aubrey Smith, D: John Farrow.
May 10, 9:00 am - Stella Dallas (1937) starring Barbara Stanwyck, Anne Shirley, John Boles, D: King Vidor. Part of TCM’s Mother’s Day lineup.
May 13, 5:45 am - The Tunnel aka Trans-Atlantic Tunnel (1935) starring Richard Dix, Leslie Banks, Madge Evans, D: Maurice Elvey. Interesting early science fiction made in Britain. Includes cameo appearances by Walter Huston as the President of the United States and George Arliss as the Prime Minister of Britain.
May 14, 7:30 am-8:00 pm - A day of British science fiction, which I guess actually began at 5:45 with Trans-Atlantic Tunnel (above) and includes classic titles such as The Cosmic Monsters (1958) and X: The Unknown (1956).
May 17, 6:00 am - Grand Hotel (1932) starring Greta Garbo, John Barrymore, Joan Crawford, D: Edmund Goulding.
May 17, 10:15 pm - The Blue Angel (1930) starring Emil Jannings, Marlene Dietrich, Kurt Gerron, D: Josef von Sternberg.
May 18, 6:00 am-8:00 pm - Frank Capra birthday tribute including essential titles Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), and Meet John Doe (1941).
May 19, 10:30 am - Primrose Path (1940) starring Ginger Rogers, Joel McCrea, Marjorie Rambeau, D: Gregory La Cava.
May 21, 2:15 am - A Night to Remember (1958) starring Kenneth More, Honor Blackman, Anthony Bushell, D: Roy Ward Baker. My favored Titanic movie.
May 22, 10:00 pm - The Trial (1963), probably my favorite of the Orson Welles movies playing during TCM’s May Friday Night Spotlight, though I love the better known titles too. Thought I’d include it as it makes a good place to link to my review of My Lunches with Orson. I also love F for Fake (1973), which plays a little later at 1:30 am.
May 23-25 - TCM’s annual three-day Memorial Day marathon of war movies. Personal favorites include Dive Bomber (1941) at 3:00 pm on the 23rd; Sahara (1943) at 6:00 am on the 24th; A Walk in the Sun (1945) at 4:00 pm on the 24th; The Big Parade (1925) at 12:15 am on the 24th; and Battleground (1949) at 8:00 pm on the 25th.
May 26, 6:15 am - God’s Gift to Women (1931), a terrible disappointment starring Frank Fay with Joan Blondell, but a rare opportunity to see Louise Brooks play in a Hollywood-made talkie.
May 26, 8:00 pm - The Count of Monte Cristo (1934) starring Robert Donat, Elissa Landi, Louis Calhern, D: Rowland V. Lee.
May 27, 6:15 am - Little Men (1940) starring Kay Francis, Jack Oakie, George Bancroft, D: Norman Z. McLeod.
May 28, 6:00 am-8:00 pm - A daytime marathon of movies written by Jane Murfin includes the most eclectic pre-Code choices of May, plus some gems in What Price Hollywood? (1932) and Professional Sweetheart (1933). It will be my first time catching The Life of Vergie Winters (1934), which has been on my want list for awhile.
May 29, 6:00 am - The Case of the Lucky Legs (1935) starring Warren William, Lyle Talbot, Allen Jenkins, D: Archie Mayo.
May 29, 7:30 am - Miss Pacific Fleet (1935) starring Glenda Farrell, Joan Blondell, Hugh Herbert, D: Ray Enright.
May 30, 10:30 pm - Fury (1936) starring Spencer Tracy, Sylvia Sidney, Walter Brennan, D: Fritz Lang.
There is no Star of the Month for June. Instead TCM celebrates “Pin-Up Girls.” I doubt we will.
I’m sure they’ll squeeze some goodies into June, they always do, but I get the feeling most of my picks will be playing between 3:00 am and 8:00 am again.
Kristina beat me this month: May's Classic Movie Guide is up over at the Speakeasy. Be sure to check it out for links to other bloggers and their classic picks for May.

domain: hobby


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RACGP updated home-care guidelines:
The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) has released new home-care guidelines for patients with COVID-19. These updated guidelines include information and advice on the following:
- Supporting patients through a COVID-19 diagnosis
- Determining medical and social risk factors and disease severity
- Determining home-care suitability and the appropriate monitoring protocol
- Escalating care where necessary
Updated guidelines can be found at the following link: RACGP - Home-care guidelines for patients with COVID-19
Department of Health resources:
The Department of Health has published several collections of resources about COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine rollout, and clinical guidance from the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI). These resources are updated when new information is available, so GPs should ensure they have access to the latest versions.
The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) has released a statement on the emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variant of concern.
At this stage, there is no evidence to suggest that earlier booster doses, before six months after the second primary course dose, will augment protection against the Omicron variant. ATAGI will continue to closely monitor the epidemiology and emerging data on the likely impact of vaccination on this variant and update recommendations shortly.
More information is available on the Department’s website.
Interval for Booster doses
A booster dose is available to anyone in Australia aged 18 years and over who has completed their primary course of vaccination at least six-months ago.
The ATAGI has advised that in special circumstances, the six-month interval may be shortened to five months when needed for logistical reasons.
Vaccination providers may choose to administer a booster dose a few weeks earlier than the six - month interval for logistical reasons, for example:
- for patients with a greater risk of severe COVID-19 in outbreak settings
- if an individual is travelling overseas and will be away when their booster dose is due
- in outreach vaccination programs where access is limited.
Providers should use their clinical judgement to determine whether it is appropriate to administer the dose early It should be noted that there are very limited data on benefit for boosters given prior to 20 weeks after completion of the primary course, and the duration of protection following boosters is not yet known. More information is available in ATAGI's clinical guidance on COVID-19 vaccines.
Difference between boosters and third doses
There have been a number of enquiries about the difference between a booster dose and a third primary course dose.
A booster dose is available to anyone in Australia aged 18 years and over who has completed their primary two-dose course of vaccination at least 6 months ago. Individuals remain fully vaccinated with the primary two-dose vaccination course and the booster is not mandatory.
A third primary dose is available as part of the primary course in individuals aged 12 years and over, who are severely immunocompromised, to address suboptimal or non-response to the standard two- dose schedule. These doses are provided as part of the primary course, they are not boosters.
The table below provides a summary of the key differences:
||Comirnaty (Pfizer) is the only approved COVID-19 vaccine that can be used as a booster, regardless of the initial vaccines provided.
However, individuals who cannot receive Pfizer due to medical contraindications, can receive a primary dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca).
The Theraupertic Goods Administration (TGA) is currently evaluating Spikevax (Moderna)’s application to use its vaccine as a booster.
|An mRNA vaccine is preferred:
Individuals who received two
AstraZeneca doses or who cannot receive mRNA vaccines due to medical contraindications can receive a third dose of AstraZeneca.
||Boosters are available for any individual aged 18 years and older who completed their primary course dose at least 6 months ago. Boosters are not currently recommended for those with severe immunocompromise (i.e. as a fourth dose).
||Third primary doses are available to individuals aged 12 years and older with severe immunocompromise.
||6 months after completion of the primary two-dose course. May be shortened to 5 months.
||2 to 6 months after completion of the two-dose course.
||ATAGI statement on booster dose
TGA approval of booster dose
|ATAGI statement on third dose (this includes a list of immunocompromising conditions for which a third dose is recommended)
Resources for third doses for the immunocompromised
On 8 October 2021, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) released advice recommending a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine as part of the primary course in individuals who are severely immunocompromised. These resources will assist GPs with patients requiring a third dose:
Requirements for workers in health care settings who are exposed to COVID-19
The Australian Health Protection Principal Committee (AHPPC), with advice from the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA) and the Infection Control Expert Group (ICEG), has endorsed a Worker Permissions and Restrictions Framework for Workers in Health Care Settings.
The framework outlines nationally agreed recommendations that will support safe decision making when determining appropriate workplace restrictions and permissions for a worker exposed to COVID-19. The framework provides guidance on how GPs and practice staff can avoid having to isolate after a patient who attended the practice later tests positive to COVID-19.
The Worker Permissions and Restrictions Framework is available here.
Vaccine product information
- ATAGI and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) have released joint guidance on the risk of myocarditis and pericarditis following Pfizer vaccination following an observed risk in overseas studies, especially in males under 30 years of age after the second doses. The Pfizer Product Information has been updated to reflect this.
- The Product Information (PI) for the AstraZeneca vaccine has been updated to include Capillary Leak Syndrome (CLS) as a contraindication for the AstraZeneca vaccine. Providers should be aware of the information contained in the PI and individuals with a known history of CLS should not be vaccinated with AstraZeneca.
- Consent form: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-consent-form-for-covid-19-vaccination
Patient information sheets
- Information on AstraZeneca: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-information-on-covid-19-astrazeneca-vaccine
- Information on Pfizer: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-information-on-covid-19-pfizer-comirnaty-vaccine
- After your AstraZeneca: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-after-your-astrazeneca-vaccine
- After your Pfizer: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-after-your-pfizer-comirnaty-vaccine
- Provider information on consent: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-consent-information-for-providers-covid-19-vaccination-consent-and-faqs
- Frequently asked questions on the Taskforce Ivermectin recommendation: https://covid19evidence.net.au/wp-content/uploads/NC19CET-Ivermectin-FAQs-20210826.pdf
Clinical guidance and decision guides
- ATAGI Clinical guidance: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-atagi-clinical-guidance-on-covid-19-vaccine-in-australia-in-2021
- COVID-19 vaccine – Clinical considerations: https://www.health.gov.au/initiatives-and-programs/covid-19-vaccines/information-for-covid-19-vaccination-providers/covid-19-vaccine-clinical-considerations
- Selection of second dose in specific circumstances: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-clinical-advice-on-the-use-of-a-different-covid-19-vaccine-as-the-second-dose
- Shared decision making guide – pregnancy: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-shared-decision-making-guide-for-women-who-are-pregnant-breastfeeding-or-planning-pregnancy
- Shared decision making guide – frail older people: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-shared-decision-making-guide-for-frail-older-people-including-those-in-residential-aged-care-facilities
- Shared decision making guide – palliative care: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-shared-decision-making-guide-for-people-receiving-palliative-care-or-end-of-life-care
- Shared decision making guide – immunocompromise: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/atagi-covid-19-vaccination-shared-decision-making-guide-for-people-with-immunocompromise
- Provider guide on immunocompromise: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/atagi-provider-guide-to-covid-19-vaccination-of-people-with-immunocompromise
- Primary care guide on TTS: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-primary-care-approach-to-thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-after-covid-19-astrazeneca-vaccine
- Provider information – TTS: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-information-for-immunisation-providers-on-thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-tts-following-covid-19-vaccination
- Patient information – TTS: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/patient-information-sheet-on-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-and-thrombosis-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-tts
- COVID-19 vaccination – Guide to engage and support aged care workers to get a COVID-19 vaccine: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccination-guide-to-engage-and-support-aged-care-workers-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine
Resources for doctors working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients
- Updated guidance on TGA advertising restrictions, explaining how you can inform your patients about different vaccine brands availability in your clinic. This includes social, posters and web content.
- A video animation in plain English that could be sent to your patients’ emails or used in your clinic waiting room explaining what to expect on your vaccination day, side effects and the need for two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.
- A suite of talking points designed for healthcare workers, to assist them with having conversations with patients about COVID-19 vaccines.
- Updated social resources with suggested captions to use across your social media networks
Resources for doctors about pregnancy
Members are also reminded that if you are part of the vaccine roll out and have any problems, the key point of contact in the Commonwealth to raise these is the Vaccine Operations Centre (VOC) that can be contacted on:
Phone: 1800 318 308
Note: The VOC hours of operation are between 7am to 10pm (AEDT).

domain: medical


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Attachment-Related Anxiety and Religiosity as Predictors of Generalized Self-Efficacy and Dispositional Hope
Background. Attachment-related anxiety and avoidance have a significant impact on self-esteem, optimism, and hope. Moreover, previous studies have shown that religiosity can also be an important factor in promoting hope and emotional regulation.
Objective. The first aim of this study was to explore the relationship between attachment-related anxiety, attachment-related avoidance, dispositional hope, generalized self-efficacy (GSE), future time perspective (FTP) as future time opportunities (FTO), and focus on limitations (FOL). The second purpose was to detect the effect of religiosity on hope, GSE, and FTP.
Design. The study involved 153 Turkish participants (Females n = 81, 52.9%), between the ages of 18 and 66, who filled out the Dispositional Hope Scale, and the Experience in Close Relationship-Revised (ECR-R), FTP, and GSE inventories via a Google survey. A Pearson correlation test, multiple linear regression analysis, and an independent t-test were computed.
Results. Attachment-related anxiety was inversely related to dispositional hope and GSE, while it was positively associated with FOL. Attachment-related avoidance was negatively related to dispositional hope and FTO, whereas it was positively correlated with FOL. FTO was positively correlated with GSE and dispositional hope. Religious participants had a higher level of dispositional hope and GSE than non-religious participants. A lower level of attachment-related anxiety and religiosity was associated with a higher level of GSE and hope. Females showed a higher level of makeup agency than men, whereas the men reported a higher level of FOL than the women.
Conclusion. This study concluded that both attachment-related anxiety and religiosity were predictors of hope and GSE. Gender differences played a significant role in FOL and make-up agency. Moreover, it was found that attachment-related anxiety and avoidance have different functions in GSE and FTO.
Keywords: Adult Attachment Styles; Dispositional Hope; Generalized Self-Efficacy (GSE); Focus on Limitation (FOL); Future Time Opportunities (FTO); Experience in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire
Attachment theory underlines the importance of the relationship between mothers and children in children’s development (Ainsworth et al., 1978). The quality of the interaction between mothers and children shapes children’s cognitive skills (O'Connor & McCartney, 2007), emotional regulation (Brumariu, 2015), and attention skills (Clarke et al., 2002). The skills learned during childhood play an important role in a romantic relationship. Some studies reveal that the quality of attachment figures in childhood shapes attachment styles in adulthood (Hasim et al., 2018). For instance, early caregiver experiences have a significant impact on the quality of a person’s intimate relationships as an adult (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016). Nevertheless, gender differences play a significant role in the parents’ impact on romantic relationships. If males are insecurely attached to their fathers, they are more likely to report a higher level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance in their romantic relationships. On the flip side, if females have an insecure relationship with their mothers, they are more vulnerable to aggressive behavior (Santona et al., 2019).
Furthermore, attachment styles in childhood shape brain development in adulthood. A longitudinal study has examined the brain activity of 59 babies 18 months of age 20 years later. The research found that babies who had an insecure attachment experience at 18 months, had a wider amygdala at 22 years old than babies with a secure attachment experience (Moutsiana et al., 2015).
The continuous scale of adult attachment styles is divided into two dimensions --attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. There is a further classification within the attachment model by Griffin and Bartholomew (1994) which I utilized in this study. Participants with a higher level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance fall into the fearful group. A higher level of attachment-related anxiety and a lower level of attachment-related avoidance refers to a preoccupied attachment style, whereas a higher level of attachment-related avoidance and a lower level of anxiety indicates a dismissive attachment style. If individuals report a lower level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, they are classified as belonging to the securely attached group. However, since measurements on the continuous scale of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance are more reliable (Fraley et al., 2015), I preferred to use the two-dimensional models of attachment styles as attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. However, to understand the concept of attachment styles on other variables, they are further classified into groups as well.
People’s attachment styles adjust their social interactions. Securely attached folks are better at having social interactions (Shaver & Mikulincer, 2006). Nevertheless, a high level of attachment-related avoidance and anxiety distorts personal skills. Those people are vulnerable to psychological problems and report a lower level of dispositional mindfulness. It should be noted that participants with a higher level of attachment-related anxiety exhibit behavior that is inversely associated with mindfulness, accepting emotions, quality of life, and self-acceptance than participants with a higher level of attachment-related avoidance (Calvo et al., 2020). Therefore, we can conclude that attachment-related anxiety and avoidance have different effects on psychological dimensions.
There are slight differences in psychological well-being across attachment styles. Both attachment-related avoidance and anxiety are negatively related to psychological well-being. Promoting a high level of self-esteem may elevate the level of mental well-being, personality traits, and secure attachment style (Marrero-Quevedo et al., 2019). Therefore, it should be highlighted that self-esteem may control attachment styles.
Negative interactions with attachment figures affect people’s thoughts, perceptions, emotional regulations, and hope. It has been found that people with a secure attachment style are prone to trust other people. Securely attached participants with a high level of hope are less likely to suffer from burnout syndrome (Simmons et al., 2009). In addition to that, individuals with a higher level of attachment-related avoidance are likely to feel hopeless (Gnilka et al., 2013).
Hope has two elements. The first one is called the make-up pathway, which is related to anticipation of the future, goal-oriented thoughts, and the perception of self-ability. The second one is the agency thoughts that are relevant to a motivation-orientation and desire to reach certain goals (Snyder, 2000). Hope is interwoven with optimism. Inner and external factors adjust the perception of hope. Hope elevates emotional regulation, psychological well-being (Peh et al., 2016), mindfulness (Munoz et al., 2018), and life satisfaction (Kardas et al., 2019). Hence, it can be specified that the expression of emotions, mental well-being, and thinking patterns are associated with hope.
Hope controls the relationship between psychological disorders and attachment styles. A previous study found that insecurely attached people are vulnerable to psychological disorders such as depression, general anxiety disorder, social anxiety, and eating problems. When people report a higher level of hope, these problems are alleviated (McDermott et al., 2015).
Thus, it should be underlined that hope and insecure attachment styles are inversely correlated. In addition, hope can regulate the negative effects of psychological diseases if people have attachment difficulties. Even though people who are exposed to negative life events may develop symptoms of depression, hope decreases these problems (Visser et al., 2013). Thus, it should be said that hope and attachment styles are related to each other. Having a secure attachment style boosts hope and ego resilience, which results in psychological well-being.
Generalized Self-Efficacy (GSE)
Self-efficacy refers to a person’s motivation, goals, and sense of capability (Bandura, 1977). Generalized self-efficacy (GSE) accounts for the capability to find an adaptive solution for unexpected events and/or stressful conditions (Schwarzer, 1994). It has been found that GSE is negatively correlated with depression symptoms, anxiety, and helplessness (Behice, 2006).
A review of the literature has suggested that securely attached children tend to explore the world. They are independent and have a higher level of self-esteem compared to insecurely attached children. As those children grow up, they have a higher chance of becoming resilient and competent. On the other hand, insecurely attached children's self-perception deteriorates. They report more impulsivity. They indicate a higher problem in their social relationships. They are less trustful and skilful compared with securely attached children (Hong & Park, 2012).
The same effect is observed in adulthood. People with a higher level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance report a lower level of self-efficacy. Having a lower level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance increases the level of self-efficacy. Those people with a lower level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance with a higher level of self-efficacy show a higher level of mental well-being (Bender & Ingram, 2018). In addition to attachment styles, hope has a significant impact on self-efficacy. Hope leads people to have a higher level of self-efficacy (O’Sullivan, 2011).
If individuals are hopeful with a high level of GSE, they are more likely to have an optimistic view of the future. It has been suggested that a future time perspective is positively related to GSE. When people have a higher level of self-efficacy, they show an optimistic orientation toward the future (Zebardast et al., 2011). Thus, it should be concluded that hope, and a lower level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, promote GSE.
Future Time Perspective (FTP)
Future time perspective (FTP) theory examines a person’s expectations about the future, goals, and perception of the world (Lang & Cartensen, 2002). A previous study has found that when people had a higher level of FTP, they were more likely to have a higher level of consciousness and self-esteem (Akirmak, 2019). The FTP is a cognitive process that shapes how people evaluate their lives. In this case, it has similar features to hope. Hope affects both FTP and life satisfaction (Dwivedi & Rastogi, 2016).
It can be said that hope can control FTP and induce psychological well-being. If people perform at a higher level of FTP, their levels of aggression, depression, and anxiety decrease. Furthermore, those people with a higher level of FTP can manage their impulsivity (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). Hence, it can be determined that FTP plays an important role in regulating emotions and cognitive behavior.
Attachment styles play an important role in emotional and cognitive functions. Attachment styles during childhood are vitally important in determining which strategies children will have in the future (Laghi et al., 2009). Hence, it can be said that attachment styles in adulthood will have a significant effect on FTP.
Attachment styles are related to religiosity values. One study has reported that people who adhered to religious traditions tended to have an avoidant attachment style, while the anxious attachment style was not related to religious rituals (Cobb, 2017).
Religiosity plays a crucial role in creating mental well-being and cognitive skills. Religious people are more hopeful than non-religious individuals (Hasson-Ohayon et al., 2009). The positive effect of religiosity is observed in their level of happiness. Religious participants have been found to be more likely to have a higher level of happiness than non-religious ones (Abdel-Khalek & Lester, 2017).
This result could be due to the fact that religious people are integrated into a group. As individuals engage in church activities, their life satisfaction increases (Leondari & Gialamas, 2009). The integration with the group helps religious individuals to have good coping strategies for their emotional regulation (Vishkin et al., 2016). When religious people are faced with stressful events, they are better at finding new coping strategies to deal with them than non–religious people (Agbaria, 2021). Therefore, those cognitive and emotional advances may aid in helping for religious people to have higher levels of hope and GSE.
In conclusion, this study had two aims. The first was to explore the relationship between attachment-related avoidance and anxiety with dispositional hope, GSE, and FTP. The second was to analyze the effect of religiosity on hope, GSE, and FTP.
There were two research questions:
What is the relationship between dispositional hope, GSE, FTP, and attachment styles?
Does religiosity influence the level of hope, GSE, and FTP?
Participants and Design
The study was carried out between December 21, 2020 and January 31, 2021 in Turkey. Participants were contacted through social media portals. There were 153 Turkish participants (Females N = 81, 52.9%). The mean age of the participants was 34.76 (SD =13; range 18-66 years). The majority of participants reported that “I am religious” (n = 103, 67.3%). The majority of the participants had secure and preoccupied attachment styles (Secure n= 57, 37.3%; Preoccupied n = 57, 37.3%). Most of the participants had a university degree (n = 111, 72.5%). Detailed information on the sample is shown in Table 1.
The participants filled out the Dispositional Hope Scale, the Generalized Self-efficacy Scale, the Future Time Perspective scale, and the Experience in Close Relationships scale via a Google form. Individuals did not gain any benefit by participating in the study. Participants had to be older than 18 years old to join. Eight participants were excluded due to their extreme outlier scores.
“I am religious”
“I am not religious”
Dispositional Hope Scale
The Dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991) measures how people find ways to cope with stress, to what extent they are goal-oriented, and how they handle problems. The scale has three time perspectives: past, future, and present. The hope scale has two components: 1) the make-up of the person’s agency (goal-directed energy) and 2) the person’s make-up pathway to organize strategies toward goals. In the current study, the Turkish version of the dispositional hope scale (Tarhan & Bacanli, 2015) was used. The make-up of agency sub-scale had four statements ranging from the past to current times regarding the perception of accomplishment (e.g., “I have been pretty successful in life”). The make-up pathway sub-scale had four statements consisting of descriptions about handling problems in difficult situations (e.g., “I can think of many ways to get out of a jam”). The scale ranged from “1 = Definitely False” to “8 = Definitely True.” Higher scores indicated a higher level of hope.
In the current study, the dispositional hope scale showed a good internal consistency reliability score (McDonald Omega’s coefficient =.81). Both of the two sub-scales showed an acceptable reliability score, and the internal reliability score for the make-up pathway sub-scale (McDonald Omega’s coefficient =.76), and for the make-up agency sub-scale (McDonald Omega’s coefficient =.75).
Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)
The generalized self-efficacy scale (GSE) (Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1995) analyzes the perception of self-efficacy in terms of solving problems in the face of unexpected issues. It includes 10 statements including self-beliefs, strategies, and optimism (e.g., “If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution”). In the current study, the Turkish version of the GSE (Erci, 2005) was used. The scale ranged from “1= Not at all True” to “4 = Exactly True.” The scale had a good internal reliability score (McDonald Omega’s coefficient = .89).
Future Time Perspective Scale (FTP)
The Future Time Perspective scale (Cartensen & Lang, 1996) emphasizes people’s perceptions and goals towards their prospects in the future. The scale consists of 10 statements about people’s thoughts, possibilities, and expectations regarding their future. The scale is divided into two categories: 1) future time opportunities (FTO) with seven statements (e.g., “I expect that I will set many new goals in the future”), and 2) focus on limitations (FOL), which includes three descriptions regarding the perception of limited prospects the future (e.g., “There are only limited possibilities in my future”).
The Turkish version of the FTP was used (Ozekes &, Soylu, 2019). The scale ranged from “1= Very Untrue” to “7 = Very True.” The FTO sub-scale had an excellent reliability score (McDonald’s Omega’s coefficient =.90), while FOL had a high internal reliability score (McDonald’s Omega’s coefficient =.83).
The Experience in Close Relationships - Revised Questionnaire (ECR-R)
The revised version of the Experience in Close Relationships scale (Fraley et al., 2000) was used to determine the anxious and avoidant attachment styles in the adult population. The questionnaire includes 36 questions exploring attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. The attachment-related anxiety scale measures to what extent a person is sensitive to abandonment, fear of being unloved, and the level of trust in the romantic relationship (e.g., “I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me”).
The attachment-related avoidance sub-scale is defined as having a close, intimate, safe, comfortable relationship with partners, and the quality of communication between partners (e.g., “I find it easy to depend on romantic partners”). The Turkish version of the Experience in Close Relationships scale (Selçuk et al., 2005) was used in the current study. The scale ranged from “1 = Strongly Disagree” to “7 = Strongly Agree.” Both of the sub-scales showed high internal consistency scores. For anxious attachment, the reliability score (McDonald’s Omega’s coefficient) was .85); for the avoidance attachment, that coefficient was also .85.
The data was computed by SPSS, version 26. Skewness, kurtosis, and standardized scores of skewness and kurtosis were measured to determine whether the study was normally distributed.
Z-scores between -3.29 and +3.29 in the moderate sample between 50 <n< 300 qualify results as parametric (Kim, 2013). In this study, the z-scores of all of the subscales ranged between -3.29 and +3.29. Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between dispositional hope, FTP, GSE, and adult attachment styles. An independent t-test was computed to measure the effects of gender and religiosity on FTP, GSE, and dispositional hope. Religiosity, attachment styles, and gender were chosen as independent variables, while the dispositional hope scale, GSE, and FTP were dependent variables.
Moreover, the classification of attachment styles as secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissive was measured by the median of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. In this case, the effect of attachment styles on GSE, FTP, and hope was explored using One-Way ANOVA.
Multiple linear regression analyses were computed to explore the effects of religiosity and attachment styles on FTP, GSE, and hope. The serial Mediation Model of the SPSS Microsoft Process (Version, 3) (Hayes, 2018) was used to compute the mediation effect of anxious attachment style (mediator 1) and avoidant attachment style (mediator 2) between GSE and FOL. In the second model of serial mediation analysis, model 6, the indirect effects of anxious attachment style (mediator 1) and avoidant attachment style (mediator 2) between hope and FOL were explored. The significance of direct effects and 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals (CI) of indirect effects with 5, 000 bootstrap samples were computed. To detect the significance level, the assessment criterion was that confidence intervals did not cross zero (Preacher & Hayes, 2008). The internal consistency reliability scores of the scales were computed using the method of McDonald’s Omega coefficient analysis (Flora, 2020).
In addition, G*Power (Faul et al., 2020) was used to examine whether the study had a large enough sample power size. The type of the power was the bivariate correlation model of the post hoc two tails for Pearson’s correlation test, while in the fixed model, R2 deviation from zero was measured to reveal the multiple linear regression sample size.
Note. SD = Standard Deviation, SE= Standard Error, Z= Standard Score
The results indicated that dispositional hope was positively related to FTO (r = .45, p = .0001) and GSE (r =.73, p = .0001), while it was negatively correlated with attachment-related anxiety (r = -.22, p = 0.006) and avoidance (r = -.19, p = .02).
FOL was positively correlated with attachment-related anxiety (r = .31, p = .0001) and avoidance (r = .29, p = .0001), while it was negatively related to FTO (r = -.35, p = .0001). FTO was negatively correlated with attachment-related avoidance (r = -.17, p = .04), whereas it was positively associated with GSE (r =.41, p = .0001).
GSE was negatively associated with attachment-related anxiety (r = -.29, p = .0001) and attachment-related anxiety was positively correlated with attachment-related avoidance (r =.35, p = .0001).
Pearson’s Correlation Test between Variables
Note. FOL = Focus on Limitations, FTO = Future Time Opportunities, Hope = Dispositional Hope, Makeup = The make up the Pathway, Agency = Make up the Agency, GSE = Generalized Self-Efficacy.
* p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p <.001
One-Way ANOVA showed that attachment styles had a significant influence on hope: F (3, 149) = 4.09, p = .008. Participants with a fearful attachment style had a lower level of hope (M = 49.26, SD = 7.70) than individuals with a dismissive attachment style (M = 52.00, SD = 6.59), preoccupied attachment style (M=52.85, SD = 6.13), or secure attachment style (M = 53.81, SD = 6.95).
Attachment styles had a significant impact on GSE: F (3, 149) = 3.59, p = .015. People with secure attachment styles had a higher level of GSE (M = 31.77, SD = 5.60) than individuals with dismissive attachment styles (M = 29.95, SD = 4.41), preoccupied attachment styles (M = 29.30, SD = 4.82, or fearful attachment styles (M = 28.46, SD = 5.88).
Attachment styles had a significant effect on FTO: F (3, 149) = 4.29, p = .006. Participants with a fearful attachment style had a lower level of FTO (M =30.75, SD = 9.09) than securely attached individuals (M = 34.79, SD = 9.73), or those with a preoccupied attachment style (M =37.90, SD = 7.90) or a dismissive attachment style (M = 36.32, SD = 7.13).
Attachment styles had a significant influence on FOL: F (3,149) = 6.03, p = .001. Participants with a fearful attachment style showed a higher level of FOL (M = 15.26, SD = 4.54) than those with a dismissive attachment style (M = 14.74, SD = 4.17), preoccupied attachment style (M = 13.05, SD = 5.07), or a secure attachment style (M = 11.54, SD = 5.30).
The results suggested that religious people significantly demonstrate a higher level of hope than non-religious individuals. The hope score for people who were religious was M = 53.00, SD = 7.00), as opposed to the hope score for non-religious participants (M = 50.00, SD = 7.70); conditions: t (159) =2.20, p =.02).
Moreover, religious people showed a higher level of GSE than non-religious individuals. The GSE scores for religious people were M = 31.00, SD = 5.30, while those for non-religious participants were M = 28.50, SD = 7.70; conditions; t (151) = 2.20, p = .03.
The results indicate that women have a significantly higher level of make-up agency than men. The mean score for women was M = 25.3, SD = 4.09, while that for men was M = 23.8, SD = 4.73); conditions; t (151) = 2.07, p = .04).
In addition, the men had a higher level of FOL than the women. The mean of FOL for women was M = 12.59, SD = 5.09; the mean of FOL for men was M = 14.57, SD = 4.94; conditions; t (151) = -.2.43, p = .016).
The first model of the multiple regression analysis data showed that both irreligiosity and attachment-related anxiety are related to GSE: F (2, 150) = 10.36, p = .0001, R2 =.12. Both attachment-related anxiety (B = -.09, p = .0001) and irreligiosity (B = -.2.22, p = 0.16) are negatively correlated with GSE.
Multiple regression analysis measured the effects of attachment-related anxiety and irreligiosity on GSE
Note. DV = GSE, R2=.12, Adj. R2 = .11, CI = Confidence Interval, LL = Lower Limit, UL=Upper Li
The second model of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that both irreligiosity and attachment-related anxiety are associated with hope; F (2, 150) = 6.78, p = .002, R2 = .08). Both attachment-related anxiety (B = -.09, p = .005) and irreligiosity (B = -2.87, p = 0.19) were negative predictors of hope.
Multiple regression analysis measured the effects of attachment-related anxiety and irreligiosity on dispositional hope
Note. DV = Dispositional Hope, R2=.08, Adj. R2=.07, CI=Confidence Interval, LL=Lower Limit, UL=Upper Limit
The third model of the multiple linear regression analysis found that attachment-related avoidance and anxiety were positively associated with FOL: F (2,150) = 11.5, p = .0001, R2 = .13. Attachment-related avoidance (B = .20, p = .01) and anxiety (B = .22, p = .004) were positively related to FOL.
Multiple regression analysis measured the effects of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance on FOL
Note. DV = FTL, R2 =.13, Adj. R2 = .12, CI = Confidence Interval, LL = Lower Limit, UL=Upper Limit
This study had two main objectives. The first one was to detect the relationship between attachment-related dimensions, hope, GSE, and FTP. The second one was to analyze the effects of religiosity on FTP, GSE, and hope.
Previous findings indicated that when individuals have a higher level of hope, they tend to have a higher score on GSE (Feldman & Kubota, 2015). Both self-efficacy and hope promote mental health (Liu et al., 2018). In addition, a previous study suggested that GSE and hope are strongly related to each other (r = .98) and are inhibitors of a higher level of depression (D’Souza et al., 2020). Moreover, hope adjusts FTP (Adelabu, 2008). The current study found that hope and GSE are strongly related to each other (r = .73), and both are associated with FTO, while they are not correlated with FOL. Hence, it should be highlighted that both hope and GSE might promote a positive orientation toward the future.
Another variable that is related to mental well-being and hope is religiosity. Being religious has a positive influence on hope and mental health (Al Eid et al., 2021). This study found that religiosity has a significant impact on GSE and hope. When participants report that they are religious, they are more likely to have a higher level of hope and GSE than non-religious participants.
On the other hand, having a higher level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance distorts hope (Shorey et al., 2003). Nevertheless, attachment to God plays an important role in the regulation of hope and self-esteem (Ren, 2020). When people are religious, their level of hope increases (Pahlevan Sharif et al., 2021). Not just attachment to God, but also adult attachment styles regulate self-efficacy (Bender & Ingram, 2018). Securely attached participants exhibited a higher level of hope than insecurely attached individuals (Demirtaş, 2019). Attachment-related anxiety was inversely related to hope (Blake & Norton, 2014). In the current study, both attachment-related anxiety and irreligiosity were inversely related to GSE and hope. It should be noted that those variables affect hope more than GSE does.
A systematic review found that mental well-being and goal-oriented behaviors were related to FTP (Kooij et al., 2018). In the current study, FTP was divided into FTO and FOL. FTO is a protective element against depression symptoms, while FOL is related to the stress system. However, FOL is not associated with subjective mental health (Kozik et al., 2015). A study on a Turkish sample showed that FOL was negatively associated with psychological and physical health (Soylu & Ozekes, 2019).
Furthermore, since FTP refers to a thinking orientation toward the future. it is related to the individual’s self-perception. Individuals with a high level of self-efficacy have a higher level of FTP (Dutt & Wahl, 2019).
Moreover, a secure attachment style controls GSE (Bender & Ingram, 2018). Therefore, it can be hypothesized that attachment-related anxiety and avoidance are negatively associated with GSE and FTP. Nevertheless, in this case, the role of attachment-related avoidance should be highlighted. Individuals with a higher level of attachment-related avoidance are autonomous and self-reliant. They might feel better when they are alone (Wardecker et al., 2020). In this case, the current study revealed that attachment-related anxiety was negatively associated with dispositional hope and GSE, and it was positively correlated with FOL. However, attachment-related anxiety was not significantly correlated with FTO. On the other hand, attachment-related avoidance was negatively related to hope and FTO but positively correlated with FOL. However, attachment-related avoidance was not significantly associated with GSE. Thus, it can be concluded that attachment-related anxiety and avoidance have different functions on GSE and FTO. Attachment-related avoidance is a style related to FTO, whereas attachment-related anxiety is associated with GSE.
When attachment styles were classified into secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful groups, we found that participants with fearful attachment styles were prone to score lower on hope, GSE, FTO, and higher score on FOL. Having a secure relationship promotes a higher level of hope, GSE, and a lower level of FOL. Nevertheless, participants with dismissive and preoccupied attachment styles were more likely to have a higher level of FTO that should be detected in the future.
A previous study showed that the level of hope was higher in men than in women (Naik & Yadav, 2017). Furthermore, a recent study after the pandemic suggested that women were more vulnerable to generalized anxiety disorder and stress (Chima et al., 2022). However, the current study indicated that males were more likely to feel that their future was limited and were less likely to engage in goal-directed behavior than the female participants. Therefore, cultural factors should be taken into account in examining the effects of gender.
This study has several conclusions. The first is that attachment-related anxiety is positively associated with FOL and inversely correlated with dispositional hope and GSE. Attachment-related avoidance is positively related to FOL and negatively associated with dispositional hope and FTO. Attachment-related avoidance is not significantly associated with GSE and the make-up pathway. Dispositional hope is positively related to FTO and GSE, while it is not significantly correlated with FOL. GSE is positively correlated with FTO, while it is not correlated with FOL.
The second major conclusion is that religiosity has a significant impact on hope and GSE. Religious individuals have a higher level of dispositional hope and GSE than non-religious people.
The third finding is that women perform a higher level of makeup agency than men, whereas men have a higher level of FOL than women.
The fourth is that both irreligious and attachment-related anxiety are negatively predicted to be related to GSE and dispositional hope.
The fifth is that attachment-related anxiety and avoidance are positively predicted to be related to FOL.
Sixth, when attachment styles are divided into categories, it can be concluded that having a secure attachment style is advantageous for hope, GSE, FOL, and dispositional hope, whereas a fearful attachment style impairs those skills. It should be noted that individuals with a dismissive and preoccupied attachment style have a higher level of hope than securely attached participants, which should be considered in the future.
The present study had several limitations. First, the levels of hope, GSE, FTP, and attachment styles might have been sensitive to the outbreak of COVID. For instance, it was found that the level of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance was higher than in the study conducted in 2019 in Turkey (Koç et al., 2019). Previous studies demonstrated that the mental well-being of people deteriorated during the COVID-19 pandemic, and that age is a significant predictor of mental well-being (O'Connor, et al., 2020).
Second, the study did not focus on any specific age group, and age differences might be an important factor in these scores. Third, the study was based on a Turkish sample; it would be interesting to generalize these scores to other cultures. The fourth limitation was the sample size. The correlation between attachment-related anxiety and FTO (.56) and the relationship between attachment-related avoidance and dispositional hope (.66) had a lower sample size than 80%. Moreover, the study was a cohort study so that the results indicated the relationship between variables rather than determining causal effects.
A specific religious behavioral scale might be used in the future rather than simply asking the binary question, Are you religious or not? Nevertheless, the present study was the first study to examine the relationship between religiosity, FTP, attachment styles, and dispositional hope in a Turkish sample.
This study did not present any risk for the participants. Therefore, no special ethical approval was required. However, all subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary.
The idea of the article, the theory, the introduction, the statistical data, and the results were all conceived, carried out, and written by Emrullah Ecer.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest
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Moutsiana, C., Johnstone, T., Murray, L., Fearon, P., Cooper, P.J., Pliatsikas, C., ... & Halligan, S.L. (2015). Insecure attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(5), 540-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12317.
Munoz, R.T., Hoppes, S., Hellman, C.M., Brunk, K.L., Bragg, J.E., & Cummins, C. (2018). The effects of mindfulness meditation on hope and stress. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(6), 696-707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516674319.
Naik, D., & Yadav, K.V. (2017). Gender differences on hope, optimism and neuroticism among engineering students. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(4), 625-627. https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp%2F2017%2Fv8i4%2F165898.
O'Connor, E., & McCartney, K. (2007). Attachment and cognitive skills: An investigation of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(5-6), 458-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.007.
O'Connor, R.C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A.J., Niedzwiedz, C.L., ... & Robb, K.A. (2020). Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.212.
O’Sullivan, G. (2011). The relationship between hope, eustress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among undergraduates. Social Indicators Research, 101(1), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9662-z.
Ong Jun Ren (2020-04-20). Religion and forgiveness: mediating effect of self-esteem and hope. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/176671.
Pahlevan Sharif, S., Amiri, M., Allen, K.A., Sharif Nia, H., Khoshnavay Fomani, F., Hatef Matbue, Y., ... & Waheed, H. (2021). Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01695-y.
Peh, C.X., Kua, E.H., & Mahendran, R. (2016). Hope, emotion regulation, and psychosocial well-being in patients newly diagnosed with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 24(5), 1955-1962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.552.
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Visser, P.L., Loess, P., Jeglic, E.L., & Hirsch, J.K. (2013). Hope as a moderator of negative life events and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample. Stress and Health, 29(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2433.
Wardecker, B.M., Chopik, W.J., Moors, A.C., & Edelstein, R.S. (2020). Avoidant Attachment Style. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2015.
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To cite this article: Ecer, E. (2022). Attachment-Related Anxiety and Religiosity as Predictors of Generalized Self-Efficacy and Dispositional Hope. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 15(3), 21—37. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2022.0302
The journal content is licensed with CC BY-NC “Attribution-NonCommercial” Creative Commons license.

domain: literature


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The second Artist Spotlight feature is showcasing the talent of an artist by the name of Bran Martez. The 24 year old rapper was born and raised in Detroit, MI with 9 siblings. He picked up a pen at the age of 12 and started rapping. Bran Martez is an artist that does not like to limit himself into one genre. He will make any kind of music that appeals to him. His style has been mostly compared to the New York rapper Fabolous. His favorites to listen to are Drake, Chance The Rapper, Fabolous, Cam’ron and Kendrick Lamar. He is mostly influenced by rap greats The Notorious BIG and Jay Z. Check out more on this artist below.
He is working hard and is determined to make it big. He writes all his music, plus the hooks. He has also produced 90 percent of his beats. He has released 2 solo mixtapes and 1 group collab with CED. He has also collaborated with famous Detroit battle rapper Calicoe. He dedicated a song to slain Detroit rapper Blade Icewood called ‘Letter To Icewood’ which he filmed a video for. Icewood was a superstar in Detroit, MI and has influenced many up and upcoming artists from the inner city. Bran Martez is one of them. Martez is also well known on the battle rap scene as TEZ. He is also apart of the group C.E.D (Chasing Every Dollar).
He has proven in the battle raps that he can hang with the best of the best, and won’t stop until he is named among the best of the best.
Check out his hood anthem below ‘Letter to Icewood’.
Calicoe and Bran Martez ‘Im On’
Battle rap Tez vs Hemi
Dope shirts right?
Follow Bran Martez on Instagram : @Tez_chasineverydolla
Follow on Twitter @Bran_Martez
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domain: entertainment


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The last thing we want our pets to experience in any situation, especially when venturing outdoors, is discomfort. We need harnesses, collars and leashes to keep our canine companions close, but traditional collars and harnesses can lead to choking when correcting course on a walk. Choke Free Dog Harnesses prevent tracheal collapse and are much safer than walking pets on a collar alone. We have stylish choke-free harnesses for dogs from top brands including Puppia, PetEdge and more. The American River Ultra Choke-Free Mesh Dog Harness by Doggie Design sports a breathable design that’s comfy enough for your dog to wear even when they’re not exploring. For the little Houdinis in our lives, escape proof dog harnesses from Gooby prevent dogs from jumping out of their harnesses when pulling. The Escape Free Sport Dog Harness provides a perfect fit with four points of adjustment and a step-in design, while the Comfort X Step-In Dog Harness provides added comfort with a wider opening at the neck. Dogs who like to pull can easily be trained without choking or discomfort. The Easy Walk Harness by PetSafe gently discourages pulling by tightening slightly across your dog’s chest and shoulders while avoiding choking, gagging or coughing. When you shop BaxterBoo’s collection of comfort dog harnesses, your adventures with your buddy will take you even further.
Related Categories: Dog Harnesses, Mesh Harnesses, Comfort Harnesses, Fashion Harnesses, Dog Collars, Dog Leashes, Dog Outdoor, Outdoor Harnesses, Outdoor Collars & Leashes

domain: pet


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Ghana’s all time top scorer Asamoah Gyan says the lowest point of his career came in 2008 during the Africa Cup of Nations tournament hosted in Ghana.
The Ghana legend revealed that the game against minnows, Namibia is the worst moment of his illustrious football career for both club and country.
According to the yet to retire but club-less 37-year-old former Sunderland AFC striker, that moment also built him into becoming the player he is.
“It was 2008. AFCON, the one Ghana hosted. It was a game against Namibia,” he told the Day Show on Tv3.
“Statistically we were ahead. Ghanaians thought we were going to beat them [Namibia] like 20-0. And it was one of those days. I wasn’t lucky. I think I was one of the best players on the field but I wasn’t lucky.
“One opportunity that I got at an acute angle. The goalkeeper fumbled and the ball dropped. The keeper was out and I just hit the ball wide.
“And the following day…eii! That was the first time I experienced criticism. So there were just insulting. It was really bad.”
Gyan spent over a decade with the Black Stars, going on to become the country’s all-time top scorer.

domain: sports


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Hot on the heels of its first channel programme, EMC has launched a reseller strategy to fill gaps in its coverage through tiered levels of support.
The global three-tiered Velocity Channel Partner Programme was kicked off last week in the US, and will be "fine tuned" to suit the EMEA region with a launch set for October.
Existing global partners will use the EMEA programme immediately with EMEA-only Vars joining when the programme is reshaped to suit the needs of the region, according to Colm O'Neil, partner sales manager at EMC UK and Ireland.
O'Neil explained that, after the introduction of its Partner Accreditation and Certification programme in September last year, it was time to tier its support.
"Our partners deliver different levels of skills and revenue and some have rightly come to us asking for more favourable terms and conditions," he said.
The storage company will appoint Velocity Resellers, Velocity Partners and Premier Velocity Partners to differentiate support to resellers.
Nigel Ghent, UK marketing director at EMC, said that he hopes to attract up to 40 UK resellers to the new programme.
EMC wants resellers in the UK to cover regions, vertical markets and application areas where it lacks coverage.
"Part of our overall strategy is to push down into the mid-market from the corporate. The way to do this is to work closer with [resellers]," said Ghent.
The company has invested millions in its UK channel and now sells about 50 per cent indirectly in the UK.
EMC has already introduced its Channel Express online tool for resellers to configure, price quote and order products.
Peter Drinkwater, managing director at EMC reseller Intrinsic, indicated that, despite EMC not being a channel-centric company, it has turned to the channel well and that he had no conflict with its direct sales.
"EMC is used to dealing with big accounts direct and it makes clear which accounts are direct and we have had no problems," he said.
Cotton seedling freezes to death as Chang'e-4 shuts down for the Moon's 14-day lunar night
Fortnite easily out-earns PUBG, Assassin's Creed Odyssey and Red Dead Redemption 2 in 2018
Meteor showers as a service will be visible for about 100 kilometres in all directions
Saturn's rings only formed in the past 100 million years, suggests analysis of Cassini space probe data
New findings contradict conventional belief that Saturn's rings were formed along with the planet about 4.5 billion years ago

domain: geography


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RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das again warned against crypto assets and stablecoins on Thursday. He highlights the necessity of supporting digital currencies issued by central banks, claiming that they are the most economical and efficient form of payment, particularly for cross-border transactions.
Shaktikanta Das said, “The fundamental question is whether governments and central banks are comfortable with private currency because currency is a sovereign function. Their financial consequences, negative consequences for domestic and global monetary system and order, need to be understood.”
He also said that before adopting stablecoins and cryptocurrencies, everyone should be aware of all the risks. “We need to know how many sharks there are before entering the waters,” he added.

domain: news


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Accedi con Facebook
Accedi con Google
Progetti da provare
Altre idee da Mara
parent + parent = baby
How fun would this be? I can do the background, and we could either give them to Nancy and Darrell or hang them in their rooms!
Could be good as mother's day card ideas
Mother's Day Craft Ideas
Bookmarks - what an adorable idea!
Cute way to show off a new addition to the family
Picture framing ideas | Top 10 easy DIY home decor projects do this with wedding pictures "you will" "forever be" "my always"
20 DIY Home Decor Ideas ...so many great ideas!
Wood Sign Tutorial | DIY Home Decor Ideas on a Budget | Click for Tutorial | Easy Home Decorating Ideas
Oh no! Pinterest non funziona a se non

domain: design


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Ros Clarke shows how the laity are both ordinary and precious, and also considers the place of lay leadership in the church.
Revd Rachel Browning looks at the role of deacons in the Bible, through church history, and in the contemporary church and sets out a pattern for the ministry of those called to the distinctive diaconate.
Revd Dr Lee Gatiss takes on the presbyterate, again with biblical and historical context, and with consideration of the roles, responsibilities and rewards for faithful service given to the shepherds of Christ's flock.
Finally, the Rt Revd Rob Munro, now the Bishop of Ebbsfleet, outlines the role of a bishop, the presbyter to the presbyters.
This book is an excellent guide for anyone who has wondered what these different roles are for and how they fit together in the service of God's people.

domain: library


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Timothy Dalton as Sir Malcom Murray
in Penny Dreadful (2014-16)
One final Inktober piece, done in a new painting program I’ve been experimenting with called Rebelle. It provides natural media style tools that rival those of Corel Painter. Still getting used to it, but I think it’s going to be a very useful tool.
I’ve never been a fan of Timothy Dalton, but I thought his performance as Sir Malcom Murray was excellent. And this character is a fine example of the way series creator and main writer John Logan finds inventive ways to re-tool the elements of his Victorian source material. Rather than do the obvious thing, and haul in Professor Van Helsing as the leader of this misfit band who oppose these supernatural horrors, Logan turns to a character who naturally must have existed, but is never mentioned in Stoker’s Dracula – that of the father of Mina Murray Harker, the heroine of the novel. His absence from the original story Logan explains by making him an explorer and adventurer, probably modeled loosely on Sir Richard Francis Burton.
I find this particularly admirable because with a single character decision (“Make him an explorer/adventurer a la Burton, Speke, Livingstone, and their like”), Logan solves several problems at once; he provides a reason for Sir Malcom’s absence during Mina’s ordeal and kidnapping, and for the guilt about that which drives the man, and it provides the kind of background and experience which prepares him for each aspect of the pursuit of Dracula; for the violence of it, the acceptance of the supernatural aspect of his quest (he’s seen such things in his travels), and the obsessiveness required to follow through on what would appear to be a Herculean task.

domain: artistic


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Race and Social Problems
An Official Journal of the Center for Race and Social Problems at the University of Pittsburgh.
Selected for coverage in:
- Social Sciences Citation Index®
- Journal of Citation Reports/ Social Sciences Edition
- Current Contents®/ Social and Behavioral Sciences
Race and Social Problems (RASP) provides a multidisciplinary forum for issues germane to race and its enduring relationship to psychological, socioeconomic, political, and cultural problems. The Journal publishes original empirical studies, reviews of past research, theoretical studies, and invited essays that advance the understanding of the complexities of race and its relationship to social problems. Submissions from the fields of social work, anthropology, communications, criminology, economics, history, law, political science, psychology, public health, and sociology are welcome.
Your article in Race and Social Problems?
Submit your article online via http://www.editorialmanager.com/rasp
Inter-racial Gateways: The Potential of Biracials to Reduce Threat and Prejudice in Inter-racial Dynamics
Cecilia Ayón (December 2018)
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.

domain: sociology


text:
Hydrogen Peroxide vs. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
A Comparison Study of Disinfectant Cleaners based on Hydrogen Peroxide or Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
- The paper compares the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide-based formulations to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in hard-surface antimicrobial applications.
- The study used the AOAC Use Dilution test to evaluate microbiological efficacy, surface cleaning, metal corrosion, and environmental impact.
- Two hydrogen peroxide-based formulations, Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide (SHP) and Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP), were compared to a quaternary ammonia disinfectant against two organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
- The test was conducted under increasingly difficult conditions: deionized water alone, deionized water plus 5% soil, and 400 ppm hard water.
- The Quaternary Ammonia Formulation tested was found to be more efficacious against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the hydrogen peroxide solution.
- The H2O2 solution allowed significant growth of Staphylococcus aureus even at twice the recommended concentration under all test conditions.
- The AHP product with 7% hydrogen peroxide was found to be as efficacious as the Quaternary Ammonia Formulation S-21F but requires four times the amount of active product.
- Estimated time to read: 5-7 minutes.
Have Questions About This Study?
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The cost of the lowest-priced silver plan in the Affordable Care Act exchanges fell by an average of 3.5% from 2019 to 2020, according to a new analysis from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The report also examined premiums in major urban and rural areas in selected states, finding that rural premiums were higher than urban premiums in Arizona, California, North Carolina, Ohio and Oregon, while Alabama, Georgia and Indiana showed a different picture.
NOTES: Premium changes are calculated based on premiums for 40-year-old non-smokers. “N/A” means that the insurer was not participating in the marketplace in 2020 or previous years.
SOURCES: AIS’s Directory of Health Plans, as of January 2020. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, “Marketplace Premiums and Insurer Participation: 2017-2020.” Visit https://rwjf.ws/38Em234.

domain: economics


Manufacturer Hosts Plant Tours
SIDNEY, Ohio - Greg Dickerson walked in, sat down, and prepared himself for his first Emerson Product Managers’ Meeting at the Emerson Climate Technologies facility in Sidney, Ohio. The branch counter sales and Emerson Technical Specialist from Refrigeration Supplies Distributor in Roseville, Calif., was ready for whatever Bob Labbett and his team had to offer.
Equally ready was Kevin Parsley, vice president and sales director at ACR Supply Co., Durham, N.C. He couldn’t put an exact number on how many of these meetings he had attended, but estimated it had been around 15.
Despite their different levels of experience with the meeting, each was ready to interact with the company’s engineers as well as their fellow distributors in attendance. Labbett, vice president of Marketing, Distribution Services, Emerson Climate Technologies, kicked off the meeting welcoming attendees. With the meeting underway, participants were engaged with product information and remained involved in learning and networking throughout the conference.
PROGRAM SUMMARYEmerson Climate Technologies meets once a year with the product managers of its Authorized Full Line and Authorized Copeland wholesalers.
“The overall goal of the Product Manager Meeting is to arm attendees with key information about any new products that are launching or to provide updates on existing products and programs,” said Labbett. “These are more technical sessions providing a detailed overview of the product’s design, features, and performance attributes as well as guidance on installation and service.”
In addition to products, the company also discusses other topics that are relevant to product management such as competitive insights, pricing, merchandising, and upcoming promotions or marketing campaigns.
A highlight of this year’s meetings came with the manufacturing and laboratory tours taken by attendees. Looking out from behind industrial safety glasses, groups were given guided tours of the Condensing Unit Plant, Copeland Scroll Plant, and the Solutions Center.
“Learning about new products and being introduced to the market pertaining to existing products is a great benefit,” said Dickerson. “The most enjoyable part of attending this year’s meeting was the factory tours. To see how a condensing unit is assembled and how the scroll compressor is built is a pretty cool event.”
Like Dickerson, many of the attendees raved about the plant tours; some wished they could spend more time in each facility.
“Coming to the plant is something that should be done on a more frequent basis,” noted Parsley. “Things have changed a lot since my last visit to Sydney, Ohio.”
COMMUNICATION OPPORTUNITIESOne thing Parsley said has changed is Emerson Climate Technologies’ efforts to further communicate information to its customers.
“Emerson’s effort to communicate not in its own language but directly to the wholesale distribution channel in a way that can be easily understood has been refreshing,” he explained. “I enjoyed listening to other attendees’ comments and being able to have positive conversations that led to solutions for different issues that arise.”
Interaction was not limited to distributors as they sat listening and working through different business items. Labbett and his team encouraged attendees to provide constructive feedback to some of the product decisions that Emerson Climate Technologies was making. It was emphasized that the distributors’ feedback would be considered as development and changes were made in the near and distant future. Those presenting created what could be described as a cooperative learning atmosphere as opposed to strictly an informational download.
PRODUCT PRESENTATIONSProducts discussed included CoreSense™, ZPK3 to ZPK5 scroll transitions, XJ condensing units, Copeland™ products, FFAP, electronic unit controllers, pricing programs, rebate programs, and more.
Matthew Neidlinger, manager of Marketing and Planning, Compressor Electronics, Emerson Climate Technologies, was one of the first to present. He covered different products and aspects of the Copeland scroll platform. During his presentation, Neidlinger explained that the company is looking for wholesaler support on its CoreSense and CoreSense Protection lines.
Other product managers presented information on specific product and accessory topics as well. The following are some key points raised during the product and learning sessions:
• Digital Retrofit Kits are a good solution for varying demands and problem jobs.
• Counter Intelligence is an online wholesaler portal that guides counterpersons to the right items and add-ons for new products as well as replacements.
• Copeland Performance Alert™ Refrigeration Diagnostics can be applied to almost all Copeland-brand refrigeration products.
WRAPPING UP“Overall, I thought the meeting was good,” said Jeff Warren, manager, Refrigeration Market, Crescent Parts and Equipment, St. Louis. “It provided a lot of good, pertinent information and the lab and plant tours were great. I am looking forward to going again.”
Labbett stated early in the meetings that he hoped this event would help wholesaler customers feel comfortable with new product transitions and electronics. He expressed his openness on receiving feedback from attendees and emphasized the importance of continuing to build relationships and open lines of communication. He closed the meetings in much the same manner, leaving the door open for continued education and conversation.
SIDEBAR: Industry Panel Offers Advice
Report Actionable Data
“I think that a big issue is the lack of data transparency in the industry and the lack of actionable data for wholesalers to use. Tying this back to the manufacturer/distributor relationship, there is a real lack of data for quantifying those relationships, for quantifying performance in those relationships, and for getting some standard definitions of performance in those relationships. You know it’s not going to be an egalitarian system. There’s going to be winners and losers, but those that perform, grow, and can prove it should get a monetary benefit and should get market advantages over those who don’t. We’re going to have to get the data driven solutions for quantifying the value that both channel partners are bringing to the market every day. We have to have a better way of targeting those resources going forward.”
- Talbot Gee, executive vice president and COO, HARDI
Get Involved in Political Process
“I would encourage you to get involved in the political process. I mean you just can’t sit back and let others, like Talbot and myself on Capitol Hill, to go up there and champion your cause. What we need behind us is a very strong army. You are far more effective in getting your message across than we are as lobbyists for the industry. Take some action, get involved. Ask to call a congressman or a senator. Write a letter, something. This whole process works when we collectively do it together.”
- Paul Stalknecht, president, Air Conditioning Contractors of America
Speak Up and Participate
“I think one of the things I have observed in attending EPA hearings and DOE hearings is that what’s written into the law has an impact on small manufacturers, distributors, and businesses and it has to be considered by the regulators when they’re writing new regulations. And, you know what? There are very few of them in the room when this happens. They don’t hear from us, they don’t hear from you. A good example of this was the regulations that they were writing for walk-in coolers. There was just nobody there representing the little guy effectively. Don’t feel that you are not going to be listened to. You will be listened to.”
- Warren Beeton, vice president of engineering, Emerson Climate Technologies
“My call to action for wholesalers would be to continue your education and training efforts. I implore that you continue to do that and if you can, expand on those efforts by partnering with industry associations. You don’t have to go at it alone. You don’t have to develop that content for your customers alone. There are a lot of resources available to you to handle that. Promote NATE certification to your customers, offer prep classes for them, and offer continuing education to keep that certification current.”
- Mark Lowry, executive vice president, RSES


Following extended works since 2005 on the tram network which aimed at redesigning some routes, extending others and creating a new line 4 linking north to south and upgrading the rolling stock with the purchase of Flexity Outlook T300 (189 passengers capacity) and T4000 (258 passengers capacity), the disclosure on 4 June of the new management contract between STIB and Brussels Region reveals even more ambitious objectives.
The aim is to reach 320 million passengers (80% of total Public transport traffic) per year by 2011.
The project amounts to â‚¬1bn and includes:
- further development of tram lines running on dedicated lanes and increase of commercial speed thanks to UTOPIA a mechanism that gives priority to the tram at traffic light,
- development of bus routes,
- pursuing renewal of rolling stock in purchasing: 5 metro trains, 90 to 130 trams, 281 busses,
- refurbishing of metro stations,
- tarif measures an notably large discount for students 12 to 24 years old (already riding is free under 12 or above 65).
This project together with the recent opening in April 2007 of NOCTIS specific bus services opened until 3 am on Friday night and Saturday night represent a considerable move in the public transport of the Belgium capital.