Technical Paper 2:
Tobacco Control in Australia: making smoking history
Services and treatment
Data collected in the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project confirms that while measures of smokers’ motivation to quit do strongly predict quit attempts, they do not predict success in sustained cessation.
Smoke-free healh care
Ensure all state- or territory-funded healthcare facilities (general, maternity and psychiatric) are smoke-free, protecting staff, patients and visitors from exposure to second-hand smoke, both indoors and on health service grounds.
As of 20 April 2009 in the United States, the 1658 healthcare facilities operated by the Mayo Clinic and by SSM Health Care were all 100% smoke-free indoors and out.
Clear advice from health professionals
Ensure all patients, each time they consult a health professional – regardless of whether they are being seen in private or public, in community, general practice or institutional settings – are routinely asked about smoking status and are advised to quit.
Hospital-sponsored stop-smoking programs for inpatients that include follow-up counselling for longer than one month significantly improve patients' ability to stay smoke-free. An update of the Cochrane analysis of clinical trials of programs offered at hospitals around the world finds that efforts featuring long-term support can increase participants’ chances of success by 65%.
The results of a simulation on the effects of physician advice and smoking cessation show that offering basic advice and medication could prevent about 13% and 19% of myocardial infarctions and strokes, respectively.
A meta-analysis of the effects of subsidies for pharmacological treatments for tobacco dependence found that there was a statistically significant favourable effect of full financial interventions directed at smokers on continuous abstinence compared to no interventions with a risk ratio (RR) of 4.38 (95% CI 1.94 to 9.87). There was also a significant effect of full financial interventions when compared to no interventions on the number of participants making a quit attempt (RR 1.19; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.32; N = 3). There was a significant effect of financial interventions directed at healthcare providers in increasing the utilisation of behavioural interventions for smoking cessation (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.77). Comparison of full benefit with partial or no benefit resulted in costs per additional quitter ranging from $US260 to $1453. The authors concluded that full financial interventions directed at smokers when compared to no financial interventions could increase the proportion quitting, quit attempts and utilisation of pharmacotherapy by smokers. Although the absolute differences were small the costs per additional quitter were low.
The US Preventive Services Task Force has reaffirmed its 2003 recommendation that clinicians ask all adults about tobacco use and provide tobacco cessation interventions for those who use tobacco products. The Task Force also recommends that clinicians ask all pregnant women about tobacco use and provide augmented, pregnancy-tailored counselling for those who smoke. The reaffirmation is based on information found in the updated US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. The US Preventive Services Task Force is the leading independent panel of experts in prevention and primary care. The Task Force, which is supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, conducts rigorous, impartial assessments of the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of a broad range of clinical preventive services, including screening, counselling and preventive medications. Its recommendations are considered the gold standard for clinical preventive services.
The New York State Department of Health has released a new round of advertisements urging healthcare providers to make it a priority to urge their patients who smoke to quit. ‘Your Patients Are Listening’ features images of patients with oversized ears to dramatise smokers' receptiveness to cessation assistance from their doctor. ‘Your Patients Are Listening’ is the second phase of the award-winning ‘Don't Be Silent About Smoking’ campaign launched last year by the State Health Department's Tobacco Control Program and its 19 Cessation Centers across the state. The campaign reached nearly four in 10 physicians in New York State. ‘Among doctors, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who saw the campaign, 80% said the advertisements grabbed their attention and 65% reported the advertisements made them think about doing more to help their patients stop using tobacco,’ said Jeff Willett, Director of the state Tobacco Control Program. ‘Clinicians who saw the campaign were significantly more likely to ask their patients about smoking, advise them to quit, and provide medication to assist them. We expect the new advertisements to have an even greater impact on providers' behavior.’ The advertisements for the US$1.2 million campaign have run in medical journals, major daily newspapers, and other publications in New York, as well as on medical websites. The campaign's website, http://talktoyourpatients.org
, offers easy-to-access information and resources to help healthcare providers assist their patients who smoke. Source: New Anti-Smoking Ads Tell Doctors Their Patients Are 'All Ears', Yahoo, 4 March 2009.
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Developments in Australia
A study assessing the effectiveness of a smoking cessation guideline relevant to the public maternity care settings, with an accompanying implementation program throughout Queensland maternity hospitals, found that where hospitals implemented the guidelines, more women reported being satisfied with advice and the way information on smoking was presented. This smoking program resulted in a decrease of women continuing smoking during pregnancy.
Wolfenden and Wiggers have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of a computer-based intervention to identify smokers and provide smoking cessation advice in a New South Wales (Hunter Valley) pre-operative clinic. The intervention was effective in encouraging patient cessation, and was inexpensive to deliver relative to other surgical costs. Furthermore, the computer-based intervention continues to operate in the preoperative clinic in the absence of ongoing research support.
The Cancer Council WA is conducting a survey of smoking cessation programs offered by Australian universities as part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Results are pending.
Pharmacotherapies and services
Improve quality of use of pharmaco-therapies and services demonstrated to assist with smoking cessation.
With genotyping costs declining and the cost of conducting conventional trials increasing, researchers from the US National Institutes of Health and Duke University have modelled data suggesting it may save money to genetically stratify patients in clinical trials for smoking cessation. In mid-sized Phase II trials enrolling around 200 patients, ‘there was the clearest benefit for genotyping under a wide range of assumptions, [such as] cost per subject for the trial and genotyping cost per subject’, according to lead study author George Uhl of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Nicotine replacement therapy
Abstinence rates increase among highly dependent smokers when they are given a higher-dose nicotine patch, according to findings presented at the 2009 Joint Conference of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) and SRNT-Europe (Presentation title: 42 Mg/Day Pre-Cessation Nicotine Patch Treatment for Highly Dependent Smokers. Abstract PA2-3).
Researchers at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, report learning, for the first time, that a breakdown product of nicotine, called nornicotine, has the ability to interfere with a broad range of chemical reactions in the body, and that this interaction has the potential to trigger adverse health effects. The study suggests that those who take medications while smoking or using nicotine patches or gum may be at greater risk for potentially adverse drug interactions. Nornicotine could modify these drugs, possibly reducing drug potency and causing side effects, according to the researchers. Source: Bio-Medicine.org, 2002-03-27, http://news.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-2/Nicotine-patches-and-gum-may-pose-health-hazards-8510-1/
. Other research has indicated that endogenous formation of NNN is virtually nonexistent in long-term patch users.
Australian Researcher Raoul Walsh has reviewed previous studies relating to the effectiveness of over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and concluded that the results of the studies did not convincingly demonstrate that the therapy, when used alone without additional support, was effective in helping smokers to quit.
A study of use of NRT in patients who wished to cut down smoking but who were not yet prepared to quit showed that use of NRT to cut down smoking did in fact prompt many people to quit smoking altogether.
A study of open-label varenicline augmentation found a significant improvement in mood in a small sample of outpatient smokers with persistent depressive symptoms. Larger, double-blind studies are needed to investigate the potential antidepressant effects of varenicline augmentation.
A study of smokers taking varenicline has found that those who had a prior diagnosis of probable lifetime depression did not report qualitatively worse neuropsychiatric symptoms, more new/worsening mood disturbance, or differential abstinence rates compared to smokers who were not prone to depression.
Varenicline also reduces use of alcohol in heavy-drinking smokers.
In view of the potential, if unproven, risk that varenicline may be associated with serious neuropsychiatric adverse outcomes, Cahill and Stead have recommended in their preliminary benefit-risk assessment that patients attempting to quit smoking with varenicline, and their families and caregivers, should be alerted about the need to monitor for neuropsychiatric symptoms, including changes in behaviour, agitation, depressed mood, suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour, and to report such symptoms immediately to the patient's healthcare provider.
A review of the potential for vaccines against nicotine to increase abstinence rates in smoking cessation[146, 147] reports on three anti-nicotine vaccines currently in the advanced stage of clinical evaluation. Results show that the efficiency of the vaccines is directly related to the antibody levels of the probates, a fact that will help to further optimise the vaccine effect. The vaccines are expected to appear on the market between 2009 and 2011.
A Yale psychiatrist, Dr Judson A. Brewer, is bringing together neuroscience and Buddhist practices to help people overcome their addictions. Brewer, Medical Director of the Yale Therapeutic Neuroscience Clinic, has conducted studies with alcoholics and cocaine addicts and is now beginning research to see if teaching people Buddhist practices to increase mindfulness will help them quit smoking. Source: Ed Stannard, Register Metro Editor New Haven (CT) Register, 2009-02-23, www.newhavenregister.com/articles/2009/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_mon_buddhistsmoking.txt.
Pfizer India plans to launch 600 smoking cessation clinics across the country in the next two years, in partnership with private sector hospitals and clinics. The government had last year announced to launch the same number of clinics. The government clinics will use NRT such as chewing gum and patches, along with counselling, to help people quit smoking, a method that doctors say has far less success rate than medication which blocks the receptors in the brain absorbing nicotine. Source: The Economic Times (India), 2009-03-10.
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Developments in Australia
The Therapeutic Goods Administration has issued a warning to doctors regarding the association between varenicline (Champix®) and mental problems. By October 2008, the TGA had received 255 adverse reports describing psychiatric symptoms such as depression, abnormal dreams, insomnia, anger and aggression.
Increase the availability of Quitline services, expanding the modes of delivery of advice and support, and tailoring services for high-need and highly disadvantaged groups including pregnant women and their partners, people with chronic health conditions, those who do not speak English and people with mental illness. Ensure that funding is provided in line with increased demand generated by advertising, improved health warnings and greater activity by health professionals.
Several new reviews[148, 149] and pilot studies[150-155] have indicated the feasibility and usefulness of internet and mobile phone text messaging in encouraging and supporting smokers to quit. A meta-analysis of 22 randomised controlled trials covering a total of 29,549 participants has concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of a Web- or computer-based smoking cessation program for adult smokers.
Telephone-based interventions are also feasible for assisting support persons who want to help smokers to quit.
In the United Kingdom, health insurance company Bupa has developed a ‘QuitClock’ to encourage quitters to stay off cigarettes. QuitClock is a Facebook application that not only helps track the time since the last cigarette was smoked but also offers an at-a-glance view of how much money has been saved. By using Facebook, Bupa enables users to also draw on the online support of friends and family to track progress and leave messages of support. Quitclock encourages users with a week-by-week approach, plus the added support and encouragement from family and friends. Quitclock is freely available to install on Facebook profiles at http://apps.facebook.com/quitclock
, or search for ‘Quitclock’ on Facebook. Source: Eileen Scott, Bupa Corporate Communications, www.bupa.com.
A consortium headed up by University College London has been chosen by the Department of Health to lead a nationally accredited training system for NHS Stop Smoking practitioners. The United Kingdom is the only country in the world that has a nationwide network of free stop smoking services. As part of the drive to modernise and professionalise the work of these life-saving NHS services, in July 2007 the Minister for Public Health, Dawn Primarolo, announced the government's intention to create a nationally accredited training system for the stop smoking workforce. In October 2008, the Department of Health launched a procurement process to find an organisation to set up an NHS Centre for Smoking Cessation & Training (NCSCT) and develop evidence-based training systems for the stop smoking workforce. National charity Quit and NHS Leeds are both involved in University College London's bid. Subject to contract, the NCSCT is expected to be fully operational by the end of June 2009. The initial contract will be for a period of three years. Source: The Department of Health, 30 March 2009, http://tinyurl.com/c25ykp.
Ensure that nicotine replacement therapy is affordable for all those for whom it is clinically appropriate.
Another study has indicated the potential usefulness of providing NRT to callers of the Quitline. The study found that offering a free direct mail starter pack of NRT along with telephone counselling is an effective, cost-sharing method for promoting Quitline use, enhancing participant satisfaction, and increasing the reach and effectiveness of Quitlines among Quitline callers with health insurance.
A study of quit rates among NHS patients prescribed various forms of medication suggests that ease of access may be important in determining outcomes in real-world as opposed to research settings.
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A review in the Millbank Quarterly has called on the US government to include cessation benefits in all federally funded insurance plans as part of six measures the authors argue are crucial to increasing smoking cessation in the United States.
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Division of Medicaid and Long-Term Care, held a public hearing in October 2008 to accept comments on proposed changes to regulations for the Nebraska Medical Assistance Program, also known as Medicaid. The proposed changes will provide for Medicaid coverage of tobacco cessation products and services. The Kaiser Family Foundation noted that Nebraska is one of just seven states where Medicaid does not cover smoking cessation costs. Source: AP, 2008-10-25.
In November 2008 the American Lung Association released a report on Treatments and Services Provided by Each State to Help Smokers Quit, available at www.lungusa.org. The American Lung Association called upon each state to provide all Medicaid recipients and state employees with comprehensive, easily accessible tobacco cessation medications and counselling. The Lung Association recommends states eliminate artificial barriers such as co-pays, limits on the length of treatment and prior authorisation requirements that can make it harder for smokers to get help. Eliminating these barriers is critically important for people with limited incomes, because they create obstacles that greatly discourage these smokers from getting the help they need.
The Lung Association recommends that private insurance plans should also offer comprehensive cessation coverage and encourages states to require all insurance companies to cover these treatments. To date, only eight states (California, Colorado, Maryland, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota and Rhode Island) have enacted legislative or regulatory standards mandating private health insurance companies to provide cessation coverage. Comprehensive coverage requires providing open access to the seven cessation medications and three forms of counselling recommended to treat nicotine addiction by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These medications include over-the-counter and prescription NRT and two non-nicotine prescription drugs: bupropion and varenicline. According to HHS, counselling should include at least four individual, group or telephone therapy sessions lasting no less than 10 minutes each. Source: Helping Smokers Quit, State Cessation Coverage, www.lungnet.org/site_files/Helping_Smokers_Quit_State_Cessation_Coverage_11-13-08.pdf.
Explore whether financial incentives might be effective in helping people to quit or stay non-smokers.
Several commentators have called for exploration of whether payments to patients might be effective in helping people to quit smoking.[161-164]
A US study of General Electric workers has found that those who were paid more than US$1140 were three times more likely to quit for at least six months.
An article in the BMJ reports that new websites in the United States are encouraging people to make public commitments to change their behaviour. Over 20,000 people have publicly signed up to change their behaviour at the online commitment store StickK (pronounced ‘stick’ – the silent second letter ‘k’ refers to the legal shorthand for contract) since the website launched in January 2008. Of these, about a third have placed a financial stake – promising to hand over a total of US$1.28 million if they fail to meet their goals. A similar initiative in the Philippines resulted in around one-third of people achieving their goals, so this approach may have some benefit for smokers in developed countries such as Australia.
Pregnant women who smoke may be offered vouchers to encourage them to give up under several health services in the United Kingdom. Telford and Wrekin Primary Care Trust said plans would include women being tested to ensure they had given up. Source: BBC Online, 2008-10-17.
Expectant mothers in the North-East Essex NHS will get £20 after a week off cigarettes, followed by £40 after another month, and a further £40 if they manage a whole year. The payments will be given as Co-op vouchers to buy anything except tobacco and alcohol. The service will pay for the scheme from its £451,000 annual ‘smoking cessation budget’. Source: Andrew Levy, The Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday (uk), 2009-01-23.
The Suffolk Stop Smoking Services is offering women free haircuts and beauty treatments under a pilot Health Enhancement Reward Scheme (HERS). Source: The Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday (uk), 2009-02-05.
A scheme was launched offering smokers in deprived areas of Dundee Scotland £12.50 a week to quit. Smokers will get the cash in the form of a credit which they can spend on groceries. It follows the success of a similar scheme by NHS Tayside for pregnant mothers. Source: £12.50 a week offer to quit smoking, Press Association, 25 March 2009.
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In the United States, a new policy at Clark Memorial Hospital gives employees who identify themselves as smokers a month to complete a smoking-cessation and education program provided by the state. Those who fail to do so will have a tobacco-use surcharge deducted from their bi-weekly pay. Feedback from smokers about the tobacco-use surcharge has been mixed. Source: Matt Koesters, News-Tribune.net (The Online Edition of the New Albany Tribune and Jeffersonville (IN) Evening News), 2009-03-26.
In Singapore, from 1 May 2009, students who are caught smoking will participate in a mandatory brief online intervention that encourages them to consider quitting smoking. There will also be more concerted efforts to reach upper primary level students. A new initiative called the ‘No Butts Project’ will provide young smokers with a redemption card when they sign up. The stamps can be redeemed for vouchers and discounts from a book store, hair salon and optician when they attend quit smoking events or counselling sessions. Source: Online counselling to be mandatory for underaged smokers, Yahoo, 29 April 2009, www.breathe.sg and www.hpb.gov.sg/quit4life.


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Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing department of psychology processing levels dictated by the acquisition. Past papers for teachers home a level and ib psychology cognitive psychology - levels of processing cognitive psychology - levels of processing 40 / 5. Psychology grade levels 9-12 psychology is the study of both the mind and behavior and in ethical issues in psychology essay: research down processing. The levels-of-processing effect, identified by fergus i m craik and robert s lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of. Levels of processing - an influential theory of memory proposed by craik and lockhart (1972) which rejected the idea of the dual store model of memory. Ib psychology cognitive level of analysis model essay answers they are involved in cognitive processing cognitive psychology concerns itself with the.
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domain: psychology


UN experts accuse Somali government of diverting weapons to clans and al-Shabab militants
UNITED NATIONS – U.N. experts monitoring the partial lifting of an arms embargo on Somalia are accusing the government of "high level and systematic abuses" which have allowed weapons and ammunition to beef up its security forces to get into the hands of clan leaders, warlords and al-Shabab militants.
The experts recommended that the U.N. Security Council re-impose a full arms embargo when the 12-month partial suspension ends in early March. As a possible alternative, it said the government must be subject to enhanced notification and reporting requirements for arms deliveries, "if not a partial tightening."
A 13-page letter from the experts monitoring sanctions against Somalia and Eritrea, obtained Friday by the Associated Press, details a number of incidents of weapons being diverted from the government — including one to an al-Shabab leader.


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Date: February 2010
Duration: 11 hours 24 minutes
Adriana Trigiani's Very Valentine, an instant New York Times bestseller about the life of shoemaker Valentine Roncalli, was hailed by critics as "Sex and The City meets Moonstruck." (People)
As Brava, Valentine begins, Valentine learns that Alfred, her only brother and nemesis, has been named her partner at Angelini Shoes. Devastated, Valentine falls into the arms of Gianluca, a sexy Tuscan tanner. Despite their passion for one another, a long-distance relationship seems impossible.
As Valentine turns away from romance and devotes herself to her work, Bret Fitzpatrick, her first love and former fianc'e, encourages Valentine to exploit her full potential as a designer with a plan that will bring her singular creations to the world. A once-in-a-lifetime business opportunity takes Valentine to Buenos Aires, where she finds a long-buried secret. Once unearthed, the truth rocks the Roncallis and Valentine is determined to hold her family together. More so, she longs to create one of her own, but is torn between a past love that nurtured her, and a new one that promises to sustain her.
Brava, Valentine is Trigiani's best novel yet, delivering a hilarious and poignant mix of colorful worlds and unforgettable characters as only she can create them.

domain: entertainment


PNY ThinkSafe Portable MacBook Locking system
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text: BACKGROUND: Anidulafungin, an echinocandin antifungal marketed for adult use, is being considered for use in pediatric populations, including neonates. The evolution of the nonclinical pediatric safety strategy for anidulafungin serves as an example of case-by-case negotiation through the European Medicines Agency pediatric investigation plan process, resulting in an acceptable juvenile rat toxicity study. METHODS: Study design challenges included animal selection, route, dose, age, and duration of dosing in relation to brain maturity, and appropriate study endpoints. The definitive study consisted of subcutaneous dosing at 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day 4 to 62 (preterm infant to adulthood) with a 5-week recovery period. Study endpoints evaluated the potential for increased juvenile sensitivity to liver toxicity (seen in adults) and for novel toxicities in the central nervous system. RESULTS: Anidulafungin-related effects included slightly reduced body weight, increased liver weight, and a mild decrease in red blood cell mass with increased reticulocyte count. There was no liver pathology and in the posttreatment phase there were no effects on neurological function. Following recovery, effects on body weight, hematology, and liver weight were reversing or reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the juvenile rat no-adverse-effect-level was 30 mg/kg/day. Exposures at this dose are similar to those achieved at the adult rat no-adverse-effect-level, suggesting that the juvenile rat is no more sensitive to anidulafungin than the adult rat. In conclusion, dialog and negotiation between the sponsor and the European Medicines Agency allowed for successful execution of a nonclinical safety strategy that enabled further clinical investigation of anidulafungin in pediatric populations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:333–344, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

domain: literature


Q I'm worried the Government seems to be pressing ahead with plans to bring in a pay-as-youdrive road tax.
Only last month Transport Minister Ruth Kelly said the plans had been suspended - yet some reports claim her department is still asking firms to tender for contracts to set up the system, which will cover every road in Britain.
This concerns and also frightens me. If this scheme were to go ahead many haulage and coach firms would be forced to close while the price of everything would rise as shops would be forced to pass on higher transport costs.
Everybody will be worse off - whether you drive or not.
Personally, such a change will hit me hard. Every weekend I drive from Cardiff to Hampshire to see my elderly parents and if a £1 mile a charge was brought in this would cost me £280.
I know the usual answer given by non-drivers is "get out of your car and use public transport," but that is unsafe, expensive and unreliable. Also, as a woman, I would not feel happy using public transport after dark.
How can the public prevent this scheme? - Jo Welch, Cardiff.
A i Think you may have misunderstood what the Government is doing - easily done, considering how awful they can be sometimes at explaining themselves!
The Department of Transport is looking at car-sharing and pay-as-you-drive lanes instead of the original scheme which would have levied a charge from all vehicles (perhaps with some concessions).
The new scheme looks like it will use motorway hard shoulders, a move which is not popular, as safety could be compromised.
Some people have pointed out factors which suggest the Government may, yet again, have bitten off more than they can chew.
For example, there would need to be some sort of physical lane separation to stop cars inadvertently drifting from a free lane into the pay lane. This would take much time and money to set up.
I am not sure I follow your argument on costs, but I suppose, on the basis that everything the Government has done so far has increased the financial burden on ordinary people, you may be right.
As for ensuring it doesn't happen there are a number of things you can do, like writing to your MP and joining motoring campaign groups.
But hold off on this one. It is far from certain that this scheme will ever see the light of day.


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Global payments giant Visa Inc V has released a paper outlining how the firm could work with Ethereum ETH/USD to enable automated payments from self-custodial crypto wallets.
What Happened: The paper, originally presented as part of a company hackathon held earlier this year, explores how the Ethereum mainnet can offer users the capability of scheduling auto-payments with the support of Visa.
See More: Best Crypto Day Trading Strategies
This functionality is not currently available on the Ethereum mainnet but could be enabled by a proposed Ethereum protocol named “Account Abstraction,” which would allow Ethereum user accounts to function like smart contracts.
This solution provides complete control of funds when using a self-custody wallet. With this feature, users can now use their self-custody wallets to arrange auto payments with increased security and reliability.
The payments giant last year launched a crypto advisory practice to help its partners “navigate a new era of money movement.”
Price Action: ETH was trading at $1,190, up 1.11% in the past 24 hours, according to Benzinga Pro.
Image and article originally from www.benzinga.com. Read the original article here.

domain: news


Be done with the information kiosk and provide a stepping stone to the later analysis next we can look at how the system will be used and document the its require. Communication based remote car rental kiosk solution to other three services department of information processing science master’s thesis name: xiongfeng dai date: 26062013 2 abstract a kiosk is a separate electronic computer terminal that allows the users to access overwhelmed advantage over the traditional kiosk system. Conventional telerobots system’s concept “when robots are connected to the internet, each pair of an operator site and a robot still considered being a telerobots system. The flight information system will be for check-in desks, landside and airside departure information, gates, carousels and for land side arrival information arrival and departure information will be uplifted to the airport's web site.
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Have examined a thesis titled “infokiosk: an information kiosk with text-free user interface”, presented by prashant sunkari, candidate for the master of science degree, and certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Journal of management information system and e-commerce factors affecting adoption of electronic banking system in ethiopian banking industry ayana gemechu bultum1 personal digital assistant (pda), automated teller machine (atm), point of sale (pos), kiosk, or touch tone telephone (alagheband 2006, p11) different forms of e-banking. Patient-centric online & kiosk access 200% enhancement in customer delight hospital management & information system (hmis) 31 agenda powered by sap netweaver hospital management & information system (hmis) 35 quintegra’s sap competencies integration migration management. As the dominant market leader in self-service solutions, kiosk provides 20+ years of proven expertise in design engineering, application development, integration, manufacturing, field support, and secure managed services for even the most sophisticated platforms.
Internet kiosk is a type of interactive kiosk system that allows members of the public to access the world wide web or to check their email kiosk systems can be used to provide information directories, such as where an office, department, or store is located within a particular building. With a kiosk information system, you can have your calendar of activities that can really help updating students through this, your ultimate aim of giving exact information can be easily reached in changing a new technology are issues that may support or be obstacles to a successful kiosk system. Kiosk a small structure in a public area used for providing information or displaying advertisements, often incorporating an interactive display screen or screens mas malamang mas gusto mo mangyari ay ma-access lang yung info within a specified area. In the retail industry, competition has forced many business owners to differentiate themselves from their competitors, by offering unique products and services it’s all about adding value, and businesses striving to do this often overlook an affordable, low maintenance alternative – the bill payment kiosk. Information kiosk terminal is a combination of software and hardware it is a client-server system hu can help me in making my thesis a grading systemw/c can compute the brtakdown of grading system ex: compute no of quizzes in averaging and percentage form.
Information kiosk: biju patanik central library has established a new device ie information kiosk to disseminate information about library resources, services and new initiatives taken @ bpcl the program is designed considering the user's approach so that the desired information can be accessed easily using this device. Payment kiosk & bill pay kiosk from kiosk – 2013 statistics from the fdic report 77% of households in the united states as unbanked (96 million households) further, a full 20% are underbanked – meaning they have a bank account but also use alternative financial services outside of the banking system. Design of a comprehensive student information system (sis) and user interface for the honors college at usf implementation of a comprehensive student information system and user interface to the replace thesis college of honors college.
The breast health information kiosk is developed based on the principle issue that concerns breast health recent statistics showed that breast diseases have become a fatal cause to women this kiosk is devised and designed carefully by taking into considerations of the end users’ basic needs, in promoting enhancement of their knowledge in breast health. Information kiosk system base on thesis work of 2013 ccs graduate students an information kiosk are a good example of a multimedia system aim at information provision information kiosks are often electronic, free standing structures, aimed at providing the public with information. Abstract the philippine normal university information kiosk is a system which was developed in order to provide guidance and information about the details of the university towards the users (eg visitors, students, faculty members etc.
Student information system (sis) for instant access to the every aspect of student related information we provide a comprehensive student information management systemit provides real – time access to student data customization is the key of our solution we take great care in understanding your needs and provide solutions better suited to your requirements and budget. This free information technology essay on restaurant ordering system over interactive kiosk is perfect for information technology students to use as an example this free information technology essay on restaurant ordering system over interactive kiosk is perfect for information technology students to use as an example thesis guide. Information kiosk for shopping mall interactive touch screen enabled kiosks with point-of-view map calibration here is a shopping mall testing our information kiosks to engage its customers and trying novel ideas to differentiate itself from others.
Gis geographical information system nic national informatics centre will wireless in local loop 1 introduction today a new paradigm of agricultural development is fast emerging: in both developing and developed countries the overall development of rural areas is. Chapter 1 introduction 11 introduction a kiosk is a public device that dispenses information to its users a smart kiosk is a machine that can interact with. A hris, which is also known as a human resource information system or human resource management system , is basically an intersection of human resources and information technology through hr software this allows hr activities and processes to occur electronically.


by Frank Holmes, reporter
The most important part of a president’s term is his first 100 days—and Joe Biden has a full agenda to push through the Democratic-controlled Congress.
What’s first on his list? He’s a little confused about that himself.
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“My number one priority is getting the vaccine to people’s arms,” Biden said as he got his own vaccination.
He said he plans to roll out a vaccination release plan as one of his first acts in office.
He says he’ll rely on Dr. Anthony Fauci for expert advice on the pandemic, and he’ll enact a nationwide “100-day” mask mandate.
But as Biden got the second dose of his vaccine, he got mixed up about his own agenda. At that time, he thought passing a $2 trillion COVID-19 “relief” package ranked at the top.
“My priority is to get first the stimulus bill passed and secondly begin to rebuild the economy,” he said.
Now that Republicans no longer control the Senate, Biden and his allies have talked about beefing up the package to provide economic help to hurting Americans—the same help Democrats denied them under President Donald Trump.
That includes a “$2,000 relief direct payment”…but not a single check will be cut for $2,000. Instead, Biden’s plan would add another $1,400 to the $600 check President Trump has already sent to every American.
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Then, Biden rolled out another “priority”: racial discrimination in handing out government aid to business closed by the lockdowns he supported.
“Our priority will be black, Latino, Asian, and Native American-owned small businesses, women-owned businesses … that have faced systemic barriers to relief,” he said.
Biden said having Democrats run the House and Senate will “raise the odds of prompt action” on the $1,400 checks and raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour, another action he plans to take in his first 100 days.
But Biden and his left-wing base are just getting warmed up.
Biden would raise taxes, saying he’ll raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent on his “first day” in the White House. Then, he’ll start raising taxes and fees that will impact middle-class Americans.
The government will need more money with all the spending he plans to do.
He wants to enlarge Obamacare by adding a new “public option,” a form of socialized medicine where the government would slowly run private insurers out of business. The public option would establish a government-run healthcare system so gradually that Americans won’t know how it happened.
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Environmentalists have convinced Biden to rejoin the Paris climate agreement, which President Donald Trump withdrew from. That agreement would destroy U.S. industry while letting the world’s worst polluters—especially China—off the hook.
Biden will also bring back Barack Obama’s “war on coal” carbon regulations, which had the U.S. energy industry on the ropes. And he’ll force taxpayers to subsidize his crony “green energy” companies… just as they did during the Obama years (and got nothing to show for it).
In his first 100 days, Biden will take a first step toward defunding the police by establishing a “national police oversight commission” to make it harder for cops to do their jobs. He also promises to hold ICE agents responsible for what he calls “inhumane treatment” of illegal aliens.
Immigration will take a U-turn under Biden, who said he’ll make DACA — the program that gives amnesty to illegal aliens brought to the U.S. as young people — permanent. And he’s given the signal that anyone who shows up on U.S. soil with a child will be released.
Additionally, Biden says he’ll stop all new construction of the Border Wall.
No wonder illegal immigration exploded by 21% around the time of the election, when the media forecast Biden and his open borders policies would sweep into office.
For conservatives, there is some good news.
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First, Biden has only a 50-vote “majority” in the Senate, with Kamala Harris breaking tied vote. Democratic senators may vote against his bills or hold out for a pay-off in pork-barrel spending.
Second, the number of things he wants to do, and the tight majority he has to work with, could drag this out well past 100 days, when his honeymoon may be over.
Bill Clinton’s former Labor Secretary Robert Reich said Biden and his team are “going to have to be changing tires as the car is speeding down the highway, and changing four tires at the same time.”
“It will be extraordinarily difficult” for Biden to succeed, he said.
Third, liberals have a major problem: Their impeachment of Donald Trump gives them less time to pass Biden’s agenda.
Biden said he has even asked the Senate to spend a “half-day on dealing with the impeachment and half-day getting my people nominated and confirmed in the Senate as well as moving on the (relief) package.”
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Thanks to the Democrats’ hatred of Donald Trump, the best Biden can hope for is to get 100 days’ worth of work passed in his first 200 days.
Frank Holmes is a veteran journalist and an outspoken conservative that talks about the news that was in his weekly article, “On The Holmes Front.”


Perth-raised London-based photographer Morgan Shaw is bringing a taste of Italy to his hometown in his first solo exhibition, La Costa.
Shaw’s large-scale images taken over the last year capture the unique spirit of the Mediterranean, and will be on display from December 15-22 at There Is Gallery in Northbridge — owned by former PR queen Melissa Lekias and her street artist partner Stormie Mills.
Shaw, a former high school teacher, moved to London in 2019, cutting his teeth on campaigns for Cartier and photographing pop stars such as Cheryl Cole.
“I was full-time teaching in Perth and then jumped over to photography to kind of scratch that itch,” he said. “Travelling and seeing new places and exploring new regions and being able to get creative.”
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Staring at the prospect of another winter in London, made more “grim” with the addition of COVID-19, the 30-year-old decided it was a good opportunity to show what he had been working on between his regular gig as a fashion and lifestyle photographer.
“I came back to Perth and was desperately trying to find an exhibition space,” he said.
“I got lucky with a friend introducing me to them (Lekias and Mills). And then he sent the body of work over to them. They loved it and wanted to have a meeting.”
He is thrilled to unveil his work.
“I’m looking forward to showing them off to friends and family and everyone else.”
He said opening night will celebrate all things Italian through the food, drinks, music, and a few “cheeky little Italian experiences on the night”.
“I’m trying to make it a completely Italian immersive experience,” he said.
“I think it captures the vibe of the Mediterranean how the Italian coast feels.”
La Costa Exhibition — There Is Gallery December 15-22


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Source : www.koreancontent.org...
KBS mini series 'Full house' to make inroads into Thailand
As KBS mini series 'Full house' starring Bi - "Rain" and Song Hye-kyo is aired through Thailand state-run broadcasting from next month, Southeast Asia region's Hanryu is expected to blow once more.
Thai's state-run channel 7 said the broadcasting station would air KBS mini series 'Full house' f,...More
Moon Geun-young Studying Hard for Mid-term Exams
Actress Moon Geun-young, who is currently enrolled at Gwangju International High School, says she has been studying hard these days for her May mid-term exams. Because of the exams, Moon had to postpone the promotion of her latest movie "A Naive Dancer", which was filmed in February.
Kim Ji-soo Meets President Roh at Luncheon
Actress Kim Ji-soo attended a Blue House luncheon held for representatives from various cultural circles including cinema, performance, and publishing. After meeting President Roh Moo-hyun at the the luncheon, Kim had a short conversation with First Lady Kwon Yang-suk.
Kim was invited to the lu,...More
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Boho pink pearls nest necklace set/bohemian pink ring/pink pearl ring/boho nest necklace/pink ring/hippie /pink necklace/boho gift for her
Welcome to Bohoqueenstyle!
Nest necklace bohemian necklace, pink pearl boho set with silver chains.
Incuding a nest necklace, a ring with pink pearl and a second nest charm!
Very light weighted and the chain can be adjusted to any length you like.

domain: design


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Producers come in a lot of different flavors. If you are a fan of anybody in the producer’s seat you will find out very early that the super producers are the ones that tend to work for everyone. They have opportunities to work with a number of different artists because they have such a strong presence in the industry. They may have the ability to cross over and work with rappers just as well as they work with R&B, Pop and Alternative Rock artists. This is the sign of the super producer. They are the ones that have a platform that expands beyond a single genre of music.
The Music Producer with A Sound That Becomes A Fade
There are other producers that sounds that fade. They may have the flavor of the month when it comes to production, but it may be hard for them to keep up with the change of the different types of music platforms. And they get box in, and this gets them in a place where they are pigeonhole. They have a sound that is only connected to a certain time frame, and after that time frame is up, they find themselves struggling to have any success in music production. This seems tragic for the music producer, but there is a lesson that you can learn from these type of producers. You learn early that you cannot lock yourself into a single sound and expect to have longevity.
The Underground Producer That Gains Mainstream Success
A producer that tends to stand out more is one that starts as an underground producer and rises to the ranks of a mainstream production engineer. Some of these producers will even take the stage as singers or rappers. This is quite common for people that also have songwriting skills. Music producers that play instruments and also write songs are a double threat. If they can write music, write songs and sing or rap to become a triple threat. You can learn from these producers as well. You realize that they have longevity comes with producing decades of songs that never seem to die out because these producers have been able to adapt to the times. They can transition and make music that will go down as classics.
The Swinging Door That Opens for The New Producers
With all of this said, there is still room for producers that are new to the industry. You can start out with producer loops and get a sound it is different from anything else that is out there. It is all about creating something that is new and exciting. When the door swings open for new producers to come into that environment you need to be ready with your arsenal of beats that can set you apart from everyone else. When you are able to get a spotlight on your music production you need to make sure that you have a tight sound it is well packaged and ready to be utilized by artists are in the industry already.

domain: artistic


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Steve Mcclaren, Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood Friday 21st May 2010 Former England Manager Steve McClaren returns to Wembley. This time he was watching Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood in concert - he is a big fan of both musicians. He also commented on the fact that he is now leaving Holland, where he was the manager of the Dutch league champions, FC Twente, and is now moving to Germany to manage Wolfsburg FC. McClaren said, But it was good to be back at Wembley.
Tristan Corrigan on the difficulties of making music within a genre that is so popular.
The Slaves boys paint the walls off-white in the video for their epic new punk single 'Magnolia', taken from their third studio album 'Acts of Fear...
Imagine Dragons drop a video for their newest single 'Zero' from 'Origins' and 'Wreck-It Ralph' sequel 'Ralph Breaks the Internet'.
From 'Happy' to 'Banana Pancakes', these are soaked in positivity.
Eminem draws attention to the negative response his 2017 album 'Revival' received in the video for his latest song 'Venom'; a song recorded for the...
With the recent release of her third, very well received album 'Hunter' just behind her, Anna had plenty of relatively new songs to showcase.
Up and coming LA singer-songwriter Billie Eilish has unveiled her fourth single of the year, 'When the Party's Over'.

domain: celebrity


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YELLOWKNIFE (MAY 20, 2022; 17:00pm) -- Demand for overnight accommodations has ramped down – with those still accessing overnight spaces expected to leave tomorrow.
With this development, Yellowknife evacuation centre overnight accommodations are being stood down for now.
- Friday May 20 will be the last overnight stay.
- The last breakfast service will be on Saturday, May 21.
- The last bus from Yellowknife to Hay River will leave tomorrow morning.
- Individuals at the evacuation centre have been informed as of today.
Ongoing services for displaced folks still in town
While overnight stays and consistent staffing will be stood down, lunch and dinner will still be made available to folks still in town who need it.
The Evacuation Centre site, now located at the Ed Jeske arena surface at the Yellowknife Multiplex, will remain open through the May long weekend to provide food, donations, and information.
Donations will also still be accepted from 12-6pm at the evacuation centre on Saturday, Sunday, and Monday.
Other options for evacuees
The Hay River evacuation centre can accommodate individuals for overnight stays. The Town of Hay River asks that anyone who wishes to stay there call 1-833-699-0188 before arrival.
Individuals continue to be accommodated in Enterprise, Fort Smith, and Fort Providence – with additional assistance being offered by Fort Resolution and Fort Simpson.
This will be the approach through Tuesday May 24. We will reassess short-term evacuation needs at that time.
Should the need arise, an evacuation centre in Yellowknife can be stood back up on short notice.
If you need a hand or have questions registering for disaster assistance, pathfinders in Yellowknife will be at the Municipal and Community Affairs North Slave regional office during regular office hours next week at 1st Floor, Laing Building in Yellowknife.
They remain available by phone at 867-767-9161 ext. 21031 between 830am - 430pm.
For more information
NWT Emergency Management Organization


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Students from West Monroe High School, Neville High School, Ouachita Parish Junior High School, Ouachita Parish High School and the University of Louisiana at Monroe will be featured Wednesday on KEDM Public Radio 90.3 FM in "Home for the Holidays." Throughout the day there will be live performances by these talented students.
The schedule is as follows:
» 9 a.m., John Farmer, ULM, acoustic guitar, "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas."
» 9:30 a.m., Morgan Guillory, WMHS, sings.
» 10 a.m., William and Robert McClandish, Ouachita Junior High School, pianists performing "A Pachelbel Christmas."
» 10:30 a.m., Conn McClandish, Ouachita Parish High School, cello performance of "What Child is This?"
» 11 a.m., Blake Oden, WMHS, sings "Mary Did You Know?", Morgan Patrick, WMHS, sings "Strange Way To Change The World."
» 11:30 a.m., Kylie Coughran, WMHS, sings, "Santa Baby," Katie Counts and Mason Moody, WMHS, sing, "Baby It's Cold Outside," Hannah Zizzi, WMHS, sings "Don't Save It All For Christmas Day."
» 1 p.m., Amber Atkins, ULM, sings.
» 2 p.m., Alyssa Flowers and Nathaniel Medlin, ULM, sing.
» 2:30 p.m., Katelyn Clark, WMHS, sings "My Grown Up Christmas List."
» 3 p.m., Katie Counts, WMHS, sings "Merry Christmas With Love."
» 4 p.m., Shelby DuBos, WMHS, sings, "Breath of Heaven."
» 5 p.m., Margaret Ann Zentner, Neville High School, sings, "Wexford Carol" and "Cantique de Noel - O Holy Night."
For more information, visit kedm.org.
Marine Corps Band Performs
The Marine Corps Reserve Band from New Orleans is returning to Monroe for its eighth annual Toys for Tots Christmas concert at 7 p.m. Wednesday at Neville High School's auditorium.
The holiday concert is free and open to the public. However, the donation of a new, unwrapped toy for Toys for Tots is appreciated. Last year during its stop in Monroe the band raised nearly 1,000 toys for the charity.
Submit anecdotes or items about local people to Jes' Ramblin' by email at email@example.com or mail to Jes' Ramblin,' The News-Star, 411 N. 4th St., Monroe, LA 71201.


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The library is once again open to the public. It requires a temperature check and mask for entry. Computer time is limited to 45 minutes. You are welcome to come in and browse the collection, but the library does not have tables and seating available at this time.
The Phillis Wheatley Library is offering Virtual Homework Help for children in grades 1st–6th with Ms. Samuels, Monday–Wednesday, 3:30–5:30 p.m.
Go to the ROC City Library website and look under events to sign up for a spot. You must have a Google account to register.

domain: library


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Some of the links in this post are affiliate links, which means if you click on the link and purchase an item, I will receive an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you.
Last night’s VH1 Honors looked like the Lil Kim show. Although the show dubbed, “All Hail the Queens” honored Kim, Queen Latifah, Salt -n-Pepa with Spin and Missy Elliot —-the biggest honors when to the very outspoken Kim. But for Kim the show brought in Teyana Taylor and Lil Mama to create some of Lil Kim’s best moments in music and then there was the Lil Kim inspired fashion show. She really was ahead of her curve—
Fantasia, Monica and Tweet honored Missy’s for her producer-writer excellence, Eve, Ashanti, Dreezy and Keke Palmer paid tribute to Salt-n-Pepa with a medley of hits and Queen Latifah demanded “U.N.I.T.Y.” and got a Bett White shout out!


Trauma center battle about turf interests not patient interests
Published: Sunday, February 3, 2013 at 6:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, February 1, 2013 at 7:22 p.m.
As a trauma surgeon with 35 years of experience, I have seen and treated all types of life-threatening traumatic injuries, and patients have the best chance for survival when they receive trauma care within 60 minutes of their injury. Here in Florida, only 35 percent of trauma patients are treated in designated trauma centers, compared to the state's published goal of 65 percent, and lives are being lost as a result.
Our state is divided into 19 trauma service areas, and unfortunately some of these areas have no active trauma center.
What is jarring is that some would pose the question of whether Marion County, in the case of Ocala Regional Medical Center, even needs a state-of-art trauma center. This is simply preposterous and, quite frankly, fails to put the needs of the community and quality trauma care first.
The University of South Florida and Hospital Corporation of America formed the USF HCA Trauma Network in 2010 with the goal of increasing the number of Floridians who have access to trauma care. I'm proud to say we have already opened six trauma centers in underserved areas across the state.
Our success has drawn some criticism and legal challenges, not because of the quality of our care, but because we dared to upset the status quo by bringing the highest level of surgical care to trauma patients in need. Here is the reality: Shands Gainesville, Shands Jacksonville, and Ocala-based Munroe Regional are trying to shut down our trauma center at Ocala Regional Medical Center. Meanwhile, Jackson North and Jackson South in Miami are trying to shut down our trauma centers at Ocala and Kendall Regional Medical Centers.
Our opponents clearly see our effort to build a statewide network as competition and are putting their business objectives first — not patient interests. The evidence is clear: Shands Gainesville, Shands Jacksonville, Jackson North, and Jackson South are not in the same trauma service area as Ocala, and while Munroe is, it doesn't have a trauma center. What is even more astonishing is their move to shut down Kendall's trauma center. Since its opening more than a year ago, our Kendall team has saved more than 1,000 lives and recently added a state-of-the-art burn unit.
Bottom line, if these challenges are successful, communities in these areas will be deprived of accessible trauma care where patient survival is critical.
The need for accessible trauma care for Marion County residents is underscored by the survival story of Dereck Welzh. Prior to the opening of the new trauma center at Ocala Regional, seriously injured patients would be transported to Gainesville or Tampa, losing critical time, which could be the difference between life and death. Welzh knows what this means all too well. After his spleen ruptured, he died twice of an aneurysm — once in the ambulance and once on the table at Ocala Regional. His chance of survival was between 2 percent and 5 percent, but because of the quality, accessible trauma care in Ocala, he is alive today.
The 300 Marion County patients a year who were subject to long ambulance rides or airlifts to distant trauma centers can now see an expert trauma surgeon in Ocala within minutes — and when minutes matter, every second counts. True, that means 300 fewer patients for hospitals in Gainesville and Tampa; but much more important, it means improved survival chances for patients and their families.
Economic self-interest is the driving factor to the pushback by our opponents. Case in point is the fact that Shands and Jackson, for instance, did not raise any concerns when Tallahassee Memorial Hospital or Bay Medical Center in Panama City filed their trauma applications. Why? The answer is simple: These facilities did not impact their bottom line.
Our health care providers — and policymakers — should concentrate on developing the best means to effectively get care to the patients who need it, not fighting turf battles or pushing self-interested litigation.
We should all work together to build the best trauma system in the country for the sake of saving the most lives and making a positive impact in our communities.
Dr. James M. Hurst, M.D., FACS is the medical director of the USF HCA Trauma Network and a professor of surgery at the University of South Florida.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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NNAF Invests in Abortion Funds
The Need for Abortion Doesn’t Stop. Neither Do Abortion Funds.
Constantly changing laws mean new difficulties for abortion funds and an increasingly hostile landscape for reproductive choices. Our grantmaking programs help provide member abortion funds with the money they need to do their critical work.
NNAF Grant Programs
Financial Support for Abortion Funds
The National Network of Abortion Funds (NNAF) grant programs get money directly to abortion funds. The programs below were designed with the input and partnership of abortion funds. These programs focus on reducing unnecessary barriers to funding and quickly moving money to where it is needed most.
The bottom line: NNAF grants support abortion funds so funds can support abortion seekers.
In the past three years, NNAF grantmaking programs have dramatically increased their support for abortion funds. This change was possible because of donations from folks who care deeply about abortion access and Reproductive Justice.
Never doubt our collective power!
Keep reading to learn more about how NNAF supports abortion funds through grantmaking.
Donate today to join our efforts.
For more than ten years, NNAF had its own national abortion fund, the Tiller Fund. This fund worked directly with abortion seekers and other abortion funds.
Then in 2018, the National Network of Abortion Funds connected with abortion seekers, abortion funds, clinics, and other key stakeholders in our network to learn how NNAF could better support direct abortion funding.
Here’s what we learned:
- Abortion seekers often said calling their local fund was the best part of their abortion experience.
- There was an immense need for more money to pay for abortions.
- Stakeholders prioritized providing abortion funding in the South and Midwest of the U.S.
- Abortion funds, clinics, and abortion seekers all wanted a streamlined system for accessing extra funds.
The Collective Power Fund (CPF) was created as a response. Today, the CPF provides support to 24 member organizations across more than 20 states.
In 2020, NNAF launched the Abortion Funds Crisis Relief Campaign as a temporary response to the increased need caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We set an initial goal to raise $2 million for member abortion funds.
When the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in 2022, NNAF increased this commitment to member abortion funds. The Crisis Relief Fund became a permanent grant program focused on moving money quickly to abortion funds across the NNAF network.
Abortion funds can apply for $15,000 in legal grants annually. These grants help funds cover the cost of discrete legal needs in a post-Roe landscape.
Funds have used these grants to obtain local attorneys who can help them understand legal risk, offer general counsel, and provide training for the funds.
Technical Assistance Mini-Grants
Technical Assistance Mini-Grants can range from $500 – $5,000. NNAF gives these grants to member abortion funds for projects that build organizational capacity. The Technical Assistance Mini-Grants are “rapid grants.” They are awarded as needed, available on demand, and free of difficult application and reporting requirements.
Abortion funds have used these Mini-Grants for board development, strategic planning, updating websites for accessibility, staff training, and more.
These grants are investments in abortion funds and are critical to organizational sustainability and growth.

domain: finance


Precision sensor manufacturer Micro-Epsilon has extended its range of laser displacement devices with a new high speed true analogue laser sensor that offers one of the fastest measuring rates of any laser displacement sensor currently available on the market.
The sensors can be used in a variety of environments including production, R&D and test labs. Typical applications include impact/drop/crash tests; position control of engine pistons and valves; length, angle and thickness measurements; flatness control; checking dimensional accuracy of components; and vibration measurements.
The optoNCDT 1610 / 1630 measurement system comprises of a sensor and separate controller and a 2-metre connecting cable as standard. The controller is equipped with both analogue (current and voltage) and Ethernet interfaces.
There are 14 versions of the sensor available, with measuring ranges from 0.5mm up to 200mm and maximum measuring speeds due to an extremely fast, analogue PSD (position sensing detector) in the sensor head.
The optoNCDT 1610 series measures at a frequency response rate of 10kHz and is available in measuring ranges from 0.5mm up to 200mm. Dynamic resolution is 0.06% to 0.1% FSO. Maximum linearity is +/- 0.2%. The optoNCDT 1630 operates at a frequency of up to 100kHz and is available in measuring ranges from 0.5mm up to 50mm. Dynamic resolution is 0.1% to 0.18% FSO. Maximum linearity is +/- 0.3%.
Set up and configuration
Each sensor is supplied with Micro-Epsilon’s ILD Tools software for easy set up and configuration of the sensor and controller. All the settings can be implemented via a Windows user interface on a PC or laptop. The parameters are sent to the sensor via the serial interface and can also be saved for future use if required. ILD Tools also includes a module that displays and saves measurement results. Connection to the PC is via the sensor cable with USB converter.
The optoNCDT 1610 / 1630 series can also be used with Micro-Epsilon’s CSP2008 universal controller – a powerful, flexible programmable controller that enables the real time processing of up to six input and output signals from the company’s laser and optical sensors. The CSP2008 is able to process up to six digital or analogue input signals: two internal (via the front panel), plus four external signals via plug-in Ethercat modules. Ethercat can also be used as an external interface for connecting further sensors and I/O modules.
Protection in harsh environments
The sensor is supplied with a controller and a 2 metre connecting cable as standard. The sensor head is protected to IP64 (controller to IP40). However, for harsh environments, three types of protective enclosure are available for the sensor head:
• The SGH housing is fully enclosed with an integrated front window, which the sensor measures through. The water-resistant housing (IP68) protects against aggressive solvents and detergents.
• The SGHF housing provides optimum protection for the sensor using integrated compressed air cooling, which provides protection from fluids.
• The SGL housing has an open slot for air purging of the measurement gap as well as sensor cooling.
With its impressive range of technical features, interfacing options and ability to adapt to a variety of different surfaces, the optoNCDT 1610 / 1630 series is an outstanding addition to Micro-Epsilon’s product range.
For more information on the optoNCDT 1610 / 1630 series of laser displacement sensors click here or call one of our technical measurement experts on 0151 355 6070 or email Micro-Epsilon UK.


Electronic proximity identification system
An identification system in which power drain is minimized is disclosed. The system comprises a reader (10) including a first signal generator (12) for generating a first signal (F1) which is then radiated by an antenna (17). An identifier (11) is shown which includes an antenna (20) for receiving the first signal for transmission to a signal modulator (32) which operates to modulate the first signal in accordance with a preassigned code for the identifier. The modulated signal is then used to periodically unload or change the reactance of the antenna (20) which action in turn changes the reactance of the reader antenna (17) and the consequent voltage on the reader antenna. By detecting the change in the voltage on the reader antenna the code of the identifier is determined. Power is used efficiently by low frequency oscillation within the signal modulator, by unloading during modulation, and by changing circuit reactance without changing the circuit load.
Latest Sielox Systems, Inc. Patents:
This invention is an identification system of the type wherein a plurality of portable card type identifiers can be individually distinguished for authorizing financial transactions, for security purposes and similar individual identification.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Walton in U.S. Pat. No. 3,752,960 issued Aug. 14, 1973, U.S. Pat. No. 4,223,830 issued Sept. 23, 1980, U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,068 issued Nov. 25, 1980, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,524 issued June 14, 1983 and Kip et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,418 issued Apr. 1, 1980 have disclosed examples of credit card identifiers in which the identification is obtained by placing the card near a reader station. The user need not remove the card from the wallet, handbag, or the like and readinng occurs in a fraction of a second. Each card bears a unique code with the coding typically being entered at the time of manufacture, although in some circumstances field change of the code is possible. In some systems the number of available codes is limited. Typical uses of such identifiers include access control, personal banking and transaction identification, and vehicle and freight car identification.
Such identification systems require the card identifiers to transmit a signal to the reader or otherwise emit an identification code which can be detected by the reader. This signal generation in some cases has been effected by incorporating a battery in the card to power a signal generating circuit. In other instances the identifier derives its power from the interrogating signal and utilizes that power to energize a radio frequency oscillator and signal generator for generating a signal which in turn is radiated back to the reader for identification purposes. It is desirable that the power requirements from the reader to the card be minimal so that (a) the radio frequency radiation from the reader has minimum impact on other users of the radio frequency spectrum and thereby minimizes the possibility of governmental objection to the system, (b) the reader can be maintained compact and inexpensive, and (c) the distance at which the card can be energized and read can be greater.
It is the purpose of the present invention to provide a proximity system with a reader and portable identifier combination which is simple in design, has a large code population, wherein the identifier can readily be powered by the signal from the reader, and in which the power requirements of the card are minimal.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An identification system is shown comprising a reader including a radio frequency first signal generator for generating a fixed frequency signal which is radiated by an antenna; and an identifier, typically in the form of a credit card, and including an antenna to receive the first signal. The received signal powers the identifier which includes a signal modulator. The signal modulator generates an encoded signal in accordance with a preassigned code recorded in the identifier which encoded signal is used to periodically increase or decrease the reactance of the identifier antenna and cause a reactive change in the circuit of the reader antenna. This change in reactive value is detected, decoded and amplified by the reader to identify the identifier. Power drain is kept low by using a low frequency CMOS data oscillator, by using reactive changes rather than resistive changes, and by using power interruption rather than power loading for encoding.DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a preferred embodiment of the reader and identifier.
FIGS. 2A through 2H show selected waveforms for the circuits of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows the reactance variation of the reader antenna.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show equivalent circuits of the present system.
FIG. 5 shows a high Q variable capacitor method of modulation.
FIG. 6 shows a simplified high Q variable capacitor method of modulation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1 there is shown a preferred embodiment of the invention comprising a reader 10 and a signal identifier 11. Usually the identifier 11 is credit-card size, although it may be larger for such purposes as vehicle and freight car identification, or smaller for placement in a ring or wristwatch. The identifiers 11 need only be held in proximity to the reader 10 for identification. Any number of identifiers 11 can be used singularly with each reader 10.
The reader 10 comprises a first oscillator 12 operating at a frequency F1. Preferably this oscillator operates at one of the industrial, scientific or medical bands, commonly called the ISM bands, with one preferred frequency being 13.56 megahertz. This oscillator 12 drives an isolation amplifier 14, a power amplifier 15 and an impedance 16 to supply a signal E1 to a loop antenna 17 through a node 18. The loop antenna 17 is connected in parallel with a tuning capacitor C1.
The purpose of the oscillator 12 is to supply a first signal F1 suitable for energizing and interrogating any identifier 11 placed close to the antenna 17. The identifier 11 includes a loop antenna 20 which inductively couples the identifier 11 to the reader 10 through the antenna coil 17. The coil 17 acts as a primary of a radio frequency (RF) transformer while the coil 20 acts as a secondary of the same RF transformer.
The loop antennal 20 is tuned at or near the transmitted frequency F1 of the reader 10. The tuning of this antenna 20 is effected by adjustment of the capacitor C2. Between the tap 21 and the end 22 of the antenna is connected a full wave rectifying bridge which converts the AC voltage occurring in the antenna 20 to a DC voltage. The rectifying bridge is formed with the diodes 25-28, and a smoothing capacitor 29 is connected across the output of the bridge. Connected in series with the diodes 25 and 26 are the field-effect transistors (FETs) 30 and 31 controlled by a modulation signal supplied on line 41. When the FETs 30 and 31 are in the conduction mode, normal rectifying action occurs, the coil 20 is loaded, and the capacitor 29 is charged. When the FETs 30 and 31 are nonconductive or off, there is no load on the coil 20 and no rectifying action occurs.
In a quiescent mode, that is, for an unenergized identifier 11 with no voltage on the gates g of the FETs 30 and 31, the FETs 30 and 31 are conductive (if they are depletion mode JFETs), and when the identifier 11 is energized a voltage builds up on the capacitor 29. Alternatively, the FETs 30 and 31 may be of the enhancement mode and not initially conductive, in which case a bypass zener-type diode (not shown) between the drain d and source s nodes of FETs 30 and 31 is used to put an initial charge onto the capacitor 29. The voltage across the capacitor 29 is used to power the logic/memory circuit 32. The purpose of the logic/memory circuit 32 is to provide intelligence and a modulating signal for systematically unloading the coil 20 in accordance with a code recorded in the memory 40 of the identifier 11.
For a binary encoding of the card, the ones and zeroes are distinguished by pulse length modulation. In this instance a longer pulse length is assigned to represent a "1", and a shorter pulse represents a "0". These two pulse lengths are shown in FIGS. 2A-2H, where a bit data cell rate is held constant. When the identifier 11 is energized, an oscillator 34 emits a signal having a frequency F2 which is transmitted to a unit part cell counter 37 which in turn creates a data cell signal having four unit parts. The first unit part is transmitted through the conductor 35 to the encoder 36 and forms the first portion of each bit of modulation. The second and third unit parts are transmitted from the cell counter 37 to the memory 40 via conductor 38 and cause either a 1 or a 0 to be emitted from the memory 40 to the encoder 36 on conductor 39. The encoder 36 acts as an OR gate for the two input signals on lines 35 and 39 to produce a data signal 41. The data signal 41 is one unit part long for a 0 or three unit parts long for a 1. Four unit parts therefore make up a data cell. Thus, the fourth unit part can always remain blank to separate the data cells, and the bit rate of the data is one-fourth of the frequency F2.
FIG. 2A shows the oscillator signal F2 on line 34, FIG. 2B shows the first unit part on line 35, FIG. 2C shows the memory drive parts two and three on line 38, FIG. 2D shows the memory output for a 1 and a 0 on line 39, and FIG. 2E shows the overall output signal of the encoder 36 on line 41. The oscillator 34 runs at or near an audio frequency rate typically between 5 and 50 kHz. The radio frequency (RF) carrier signal coupled through the loop antenna 20 for modulation by the oscillator 34 is the same RF signal which provides power to the logic/memory circuit 32. With CMOS logic, as with other logic families in the logic/memory circuit 32, the lower the frequency F2 of the oscillator 34, the lower will be the power required by the logic/memory circuit 32.
In FIG. 1, the encoder output signal on the conductor 41 is applied to the coil 20 by turning on and off the FETs 30 and 31. For an n-channel junction FET, when the modulation signal 41 is high, the FETs 30 and 31 conduct and normal rectifying action occurs to load the coil 20 and charge the capacitor 29. This is the standby mode. When the modulation signal 41 is low, the FETs 30 and 31 are nonconductive and there is no load on the coil 20 and practically no rectifying action occurs. For a p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the gate control voltage is reversed, i.e., a high voltage on line 41 turns the FETs 30 and 31 off. In either case, turning the FETs 30 and 31 off causes the reactance level of coil 20 and capacitor 23 to increase as will be explained later.
When the FETs 30 and 31 are off, the voltage on the capacitor 29 drops to a reduced value. If the voltage on capacitor 29 were to go to zero, the logic/memory circuit 32 would cease to function and the system would fail. However, as the voltage on capacitor 29 falls, the FETs 30 and 31 reach a state where their drain d to source s voltage is within approximately two volts of the gate voltage g on the conductor 41. In this state the two FETs 30 and 31 do not completely turn off and there continues to be a limited but adequate voltage supplied to the logic/memory circuit 32 so that the system continues to perform its necessary functions. Alternatively, to insure that some power always passes to the logic/memory 32, the FETs 30 and 31 can be bypassed between the drain d and source s terminals by a resistor or a zener-type diode. The alternative bypass components are not shown on the drawings.
Returning to FIGS. 2A through 2H, FIG. 2F represents the RF envelope on coil 20. The voltage on coil 20 rises when the coil 20 is unloaded, and the unloading is effected when FETs 30 and 31 are turned off by the modulation signal on line 41. This rise in the coil voltage is due to the increased reactance of the coil 20 and capacitor C2 and in turn causes reactive changes in coil 17.
FIG. 3 shows the manner in which the unloading of the coil 20 causes the reactive changes in the coil 17 for detection by the reader 10. The transmitting coil 17 initially is partially tuned by adjusting the capacitor C1 as shown in FIG. 1. If the capacitance of C1 is decreased in value the capacitive reactance X(C) increases and the voltage E1 rises and passes through a peak resonance point P and then falls as shown in FIG. 3. Changes in E1 due to reactance changes occur on both the uphill and downhill sides of the reactance curve of FIG. 3 and either side of the peak P may be used to achieve the desired data communication in the present invention. However, the high-C, low-X uphill side of the reactance curve to the left of the peak P has advantanges in the present embodiment and is used in the following explanation.
The reactive condition of the coil 20 and the capacitor C2 reflects capacitive reactance or inductive reactance into the coil 17. Whether this reflection is inductive or capacitive is determined by whichever side of the tuning point P the coil 20 and the capacitor 23 are initially set. If set to couple inductive reactance from antenna 20 into antenna 17, then when modulation action of the unloading type occurs (i.e., FETs 30 and 31 are off), the value of inductive reactance coupled into the circuit of antenna 17 will increase. At the position A on FIG. 3, there is already excess inductive reactance in the circuit, equivalent to insufficient capacitive reactance. The operating point will therefore move to position B during unloading. This reactance change produces a detectable change in voltage E1 at the node 18 of the reader 10 in FIG. 1.
During a normal data transfer operation, the voltage E1 on the node 18 shifts between the values indicated by the point A and B in FIG. 3. This change is maximized by intentionally operating the resonant circuit of the coil 17 and the capacitor C1 on the slope of the resonance curve and not on the peak resonance point P. The output source impedance of the amplifier 15 must be of sufficiently high a value or this change in voltage E1 will be attenuated by this source impedance. To assure this sufficiently high impedance value, an impedance 16 is inserted between the amplifier 15 and the coil 17 to minimize attenuation due to the amplifier 15.
The equations which follow and the equivalent circuit as shown in FIG. 4A show the preceding explanation in mathematical terms. The resistors R61, R62, and R63 represent the losses present in the reactive circuit as in FIG. 1. The analysis given is for the input impedance ZXY between points Y and X in which point Y is ground and point X is the point 18 where the signal voltage E1 appears. As ZXY varies due to action in identifier 11, current i1 and voltage E1 will vary.
To find the expression for ZXY, let W equal omega radians per second, j equal the operator (-1).sup.1/2, and M equal the mutual inductance between L61 and L62. ##EQU1##
The general conclusions of the preceding equations are: First, if M is small or zero, as when the identifier 11 is some distance away from reader 10, the effect of Z2 drops out of the equations. When the identifier 1 and reader 10 are in close proximity, M is large (i.e., M=K(L61*L62).sup.1/2) and the effect of the changes in Z2 are maximum. Second, small values of R61 and R62 increase the Q of the circuit, where Q=WL/R, and increase the sensitivity of the circuit to reactive changes. Third, changing the secondary resistance value R62 changes the reactive and resistive parts of ZXY. This third statement is valid whether R62 represents a series resistance or an equivalent shunt resistance R63 as shown in FIG. 4B. Thus, the data on line 41 from the logic/memory circuit 32 makes its presence known by altering the value of R62 or the parallel equivalent value R63.
The overall circuit impedance of the identifier 11 is Z2, and is formed of the inductance L62 and of capacitance and resistance which form an impedance Z3. If the identifier resistance and capacitance are in series, they are labeled R62 and C62 as in FIG. 4A. If the identifier resistance and capacitance are in parallel, they are labeled R63 and C63 as shown in FIG. 4B. The equivalent circuit of the identifier 11 as shown in FIG. 4B looks the same to the reader 10 as does the equivalent circuit of the identifier 11 as shown in FIG. 4A. Thus, ##EQU2## The values for R63 and C63 in terms of R62 and C62 are: ##EQU3##
The inverse equations giving the values of R62 and C62 in terms of R63 and C63 are: ##EQU4##
For a typical Q value of 100, the series resistance R62 will be a few tenths of an ohm, and the equivalent parallel resistance R63 will be above 1000 ohms. Modulation in the identifier 11 is achieved by varying the value of R63 with FETs 30 and 31, and the voltage E1 is modulated by the identifier 11.
Returning to the circuit in FIG. 1, the voltage E1 as shown in FIG. 2G is passed through a capacitor 45 to eliminate its direct current component, with diodes 46 and 47 peak detecting the remaining AC component of E1. The RF component of the signal E1 is shunted to ground by the capacitor 49. A resistor 50 permits a steady leakage current to flow so that the rectifying action of diodes 46 and 47 can follow the waveform envelope at node 48 as shown in FIG. 2H. The waveform at node 48 is an audio frequency or data frequency signal representing the logic signal 41 generated by the logic/memory circuit 32 of the identifier 11. This data signal 48 is then transmitted through a capacitor 51 and biased by resistors 52 and 54 to be amplified by the cascaded amplifiers 55-57. The amplifier 57 is selected to limit or "square off" the data signal 48 thereby forming logic signals while retaining the time transitions and the width of the signals which bear the information indicating the 1s and 0s of the code stored in the memory 40. Thus, the code of the identifier 11 is delivered at the output terminals of the reader 10.
In FIG. 5 there is a modulation technique which neither interrupts nor loads the source of power, but rather changes the phase angle of a resonant coil 20C of the identifier 11. Changing the phase angle of the resonant coil 20C is equivalent to changing the reactance of the identifier 11, and in the extreme case, the reactance can change from inductive to capacitive reactance. The effect on the primary coil 17C is the same as previously described, and is the same as shown in FIG. 3 with the same analytical relationship as shown in the previous calculations.
In FIG. 5 this change in reactance is achieved by varying the capacitance of a varactor diode 72. The coils 17C and 20C, capacitors 23C and 29C, diodes 25C-28C, and the line 41C all act as did the components of similar identification as shown in FIG. 1. The coil 20C and the diodes 25C-28C provide power for the identifier 11 as before. Closely coupled to and built on the identifier 11 in the same plane and axis as the coil 20C is a coil 71. This shunting coil circuit further includes capacitor 73 and the capacitance of the varactor 72. These two capacitances contribute to the resonant circuit of the identifier 11. The overall resonant circuit includes the coils 20C and 71, which are closely coupled so as to act as a single coil, and the capacitances 23C, 72 and 73. As the line 41C rises and falls with the logic command from the logic/memory circuit 32, the voltage on the varactor 72 also rises and falls. A low voltage on the varactor 72 causes a maximum capacitance that is equivalent to a minimum capacitive reactance. A high voltage on the varactor 72 causes a minimum capacitance and a maximum capacitive reactance. The varactor 72 provides a high quality, high Q form of capacitance.
The total capacitance across the coil 71 falls and rises with the change in voltage on the varactor 72, and the capcitive reactance across the coil 71 correspondingly rises and falls just as the phase angle of the circulating current within the coil 71 varies. The change in phase of the circulating current within coil 71 is mutually coupled and added vectorially to the phase angle of the voltage and the current in the coil 17C. The voltage on the coil 17C then rises and falls as shown in FIG. 3. A resistor 74 allows the slow rise time command voltage 41C of several microseconds duration to pass to the varactor 72, but prevents the RF signal (usually over 10 MHz) present in the coil circuit from being shunted by the logic/memory circuit 32. The rise and fall of the voltage on the coil 17C is detected and amplified as explained earlier for the coil 17 in FIG. 1.
The advantage of using the varactor circuit as shown in FIG. 5 is that for either the high or low value of the varactor reactance, power can flow continuously from coil 17C to coil 20C through the diode rectifiers 25C-28C to the capacitor 29C so that maximum energy is always available to power the logic in the logic/memory circuit 32. Other circuits cause some loss of power through either loading or through current interruption. Furthermore, for producing capacitance variations in RF circuits, the varactor 72 is preferred because of its very high Q at RF frequencies. In addition, through the use of the varactor 72, it is possible to select the values of reactance and the natural frequency where the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal, so that as the varactor 72 causes changes from the value A to the value B as shown in FIG. 3, the identifier 11 moves toward the identifier curcuit's natural frequency. Hence, the varactor 72 produces more voltage for the logic/memory circuit 32 while the sensor antenna 17C delivers less voltage as it moves from point A to point B, thus maintaining a relatively level supply voltage to the logic/memory circuit 32.
A further variation and simplification of the varactor modulator is shown in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, rather than using a full wave diode bridge and two coils as shown in FIG. 5, there is a single coil 20D acting as an auto transformer at radio frequencies with one side of coil 20D at the identifier's ground. A single diode 83 then provides power rectification to a capacitor 29D. The principal part of the resonant capacitance is provided by the capacitor 23D connected at a transformer tap 21D, and the remaining portion of the resonant capacitance is provided by a capacitor 81 and a varactor 82. The varactor capacitance is varied by changing the voltage on line 41D from the logic/memory circuit 32 through resistor 74D as explained for the circuit in FIG. 5. The circuit in FIG. 6 continues to have the advantages of the circuit in FIG. 5, namely, that of allowing power to flow at all times from the reader 10 to the logic/memory circuit 32 in the identifier card 11.
Thus, the power requirements of the identifier 11 are kept low to meet the needs of maximum range and minimum radiation. First, the internal card oscillator 34 is run at a low bit rate and data flows over a single channel without the need of a seperate clock channel. A low clock rate F2, particularly for CMOS logic, draw low currents. Second, the power supply within the identifier 11 is interrupted and the load is diminished during modulation, rather than having the load increase during modulation. Diminishing the load achieves modulation effects yet does not cause energy loss in the identifier 11, and retains power for functioning of the identifier 11. Third, for the capacitive reactance variation with the varactor modulation circuits of the present invention, power is available without interruption even though modulation action is occurring, thereby providing optimum power availability for the logic/memory circuit 32.
1. An identification system comprising:
- a reader having
- a first signal generator for generating a first signal, and
- a first antenna connected to said first signal generator for radiating said first signal;
- an identifier having
- a second antenna mutually coupled to said first antenna for receiving radiated power from said first antenna and for sending signals to said first antenna,
- a data-generating circuit powered by said radiated power for generating data in binary form having a selected series of first and second logic states and including transitions in logic level at the beginning and end of a short period for representing the first logic state and transitions in logic level at the beginning and end of a longer period for representing the second logic state, and
- a modulation circuit connected to said data generating circuit for modulating the electrical parameter of said second antenna with said data and through said mutual coupling thereby affect an electrical parameter of said first antenna; and
- a detecting circuit coupled to said reader for detecting changes in said electrical parameter of said first antenna to identify said identifier by detecting said data.
2. An identification system as in claim 1 wherein said modulation of an electrical parameter of said second antenna comprises a change in the phase angle of electrical signals in the second antenna that effects a change in an electrical parameter in the first antenna which is detected as said data by said detecting circuit.
3. An identification system as in claim 2 wherein said change in an electrical parameter of the second antenna effects a change in reactance of said first antenna, and thereby effects a change in voltage across said first antenna which is detected as said data by said detecting circuit.
4. An identification system as in claim 3 wherein said modulation circuit for changing an electrical parameter in the second antenna comprises interrupting means for interrupting the flow of power from said second antenna to said data generating circuit.
5. An identification system as in claim 3 wherein said modulation circuit for changing an electrical parameter in the second antenna comprises control means for changing the phase angle of electrical signals in said second antenna.
6. An identification system as in claim 5 wherein said control means comprises a variable capacitor responsive to said data.
7. An identification system as in claim 6 wherein said variable capacitor comprises a varactor diode.
8. An identification system as in claim 5 wherein said change in an electrical parameter of said second antenna is selected so that reactance-induced voltage changes across said second antenna are of opposite polarity to said reactance-induced voltage changes in said first antenna for providing a substantially constant voltage to power said data-generating circuit.
9. An identification system as in claim 2 wherein the detecting circuit in the reader detects said data by responding to the phase angle changes produced in the electrical signals in the second antenna coupled to the first antenna.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein all said transitions in logic level are in the same direction.
International Classification: G06K 1906;