|Publication number||US6068913 A|
|Application number||US 08/932,473|
|Publication date||May 30, 2000|
|Filing date||Sep 18, 1997|
|Priority date||Sep 18, 1997|
|Publication number||08932473, 932473, US 6068913 A, US 6068913A, US-A-6068913, US6068913 A, US6068913A|
|Inventors||Hyun Sam Cho, Kyung-Yul Han|
|Original Assignee||Sid Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (113), Classifications (41), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cutting tools which have a cutting, grinding, drilling, etc., surface formed of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN). More specifically, the present invention relates to such tools in which an intermediate layer is disposed between the substrate and polycrystalline outer layer to extend the useful life of the cutting tool.
2. State of the Art
In the application of cutting, turning, drilling and machining tools, both tool wear and production throughput rates are of critical importance. If a tool is highly wear resistant, but can only be used at low throughput rates, its usefulness is significantly limited, as the profitability of many industries depends on being able to produce a large number of pieces with as little machinery as possible. Likewise, if a tool allows for a high throughput rate but does not have significant wear resistance, the time savings of the high throughput is often negated by the down-time and expense associated with replacing the tool.
Because of their significant resistance to wear, industries which utilize cutting, grinding, machining, turning and drilling tools typically use tools having PCD or PCBN segments. The hardness of the diamond or cubic boron nitride enables the tools to cut through considerable amounts of material with relatively little wear.
In forming a conventional diamond or cubic boron nitride tool, a layer of the polycrystalline material is bonded to a support material such as a tungsten carbide substrate. While diamond and cubic boron nitride are super hard and good thermoconductors, tungsten carbide is a strong shock and heat absorber, and is also a relatively strong and ductile body. Typically, the tungsten carbide contains about thirteen percent cobalt.
The polycrystalline material, the cobalt and tungsten carbide support are then subjected to a high pressure, high temperature manufacturing method such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,623 to Wentorf. In that patent, Wentorf describes a diamond sintered PCD integrally bonded to a strong tungsten carbide substrate for diamond machining applications. U.S. Pat. No. 3,743,489, also to Wentorf, discusses making a similar tool with a cubic boron nitride powder resulting in a PCBN compact.
While PCD and PCBN tools are extremely wear resistant, they are prone to becoming extremely hot under high throughput situations. For example, in Industrial Diamond Review (Vol. 56, No. 569, Page 40) A.M. Abrao documents that tool temperature increases proportionally with the speed of cutting. Thus, a PCBN cutting tool working against hot work die steel can exceed 800° C. at 200 m/min. PCD also behaves likewise. The higher the throughput of the element to be cut, ground, drilled, etc., the higher the temperatures the cutting tool will reach.
While PCD and PCBN are extremely durable materials, tools using these materials are subject to heat degradation. Unlike diamond or cubic boron nitride which have a high degree of thermal conductivity, cobalt has a high degree of thermal expansion. Thus, while the diamond or cubic boron nitride expands very little as temperature increases, the cobalt's expansion can be significant. Additionally, the cobalt can serve as a catalyst for reactions, such as the pseudo-oxidation reaction by which diamond particles can be converted to graphite. Furthermore, excess migration of the cobalt from the tungsten carbide can also result in weakness at the upper layer of the substrate, possibly causing separation between the substrate and the diamond particles.
The thermal expansion and catalytic effects of the cobalt would be less of a concern if the cobalt remained exclusively at the interface between the polycrystalline material and the tungsten carbide substrate. However, it is well known that cobalt tends to migrate from the tungsten carbide substrate and infiltrate the polycrystalline compact during the high pressure, high temperature manufacturing process. The migration of the cobalt is not quantitatively controllable and currently available tools, such as General Electric's BZN-6000 PCBN cutter, contain significant amounts of cobalt in the PCBN compact even though cobalt is known to be an improper PCBN binder except for ensuring suitable bonding between the PCBN and the tungsten carbide substrate. Thus, it is difficult to optimize the polycrystalline material for desired tool performance. As the polycrystalline material heats up due to friction with the piece worked, the cobalt expands and destabilizes the polycrystalline compact, and/or serves as the catalyst for graphite formation. Either of these, in turn, causes the PCD or PCBN structure to be prone to failure. The failure may be the result of PCD layer delamination, deterioration of the microstructure, or tool chipping. Regardless of the cause, the tool must be replaced and productivity is lost during the resulting down-time.
Thus, industry is placed in the dilemma of utilizing the high wear resistant PCD or PCBN tools and limiting the speed at which items are worked, or running the tools at a high throughput rate and allowing high failure rate. As the economics of high throughput become increasingly important, those in industry must continue to find ways to improve both the wear resistance and heat tolerance of such tools.
Thus, there is a need for improved PCD and PCBN tools which are better able to provide significant wear resistance, while simultaneously resisting failure under high throughput, high temperature conditions. Such tools should be relatively easy and inexpensive to make. Such tools should also be relatively inexpensive and easy to use.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved tool having a polycrystalline working portion which is less susceptible to deterioration or failure under high heat conditions.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a tool having improved microstructure within the polycrystalline compact.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a tool having improved stress stability.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide such a tool which provides longer tool life under high shear conditions.
The above and other objects of the invention are realized in specific illustrated embodiments of an improved PCD/PCBN tool including a substrate and an outer layer of polycrystalline diamond or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride compact. Disposed between the substrate and the polycrystalline compact is an intermediate layer which includes polycrystalline material.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the polycrystalline material of the intermediate layer is configured to prevent migration of cobalt into the polycrystalline compact of the outer layer. In order to ensure bonding between the intermediate layer and the substrate, cobalt or some bonding material may be included in the intermediate layer. However, the intermediate layer is configured to prevent infiltration of the outer layer by the cobalt. Control over cobalt migration is typically provided by regulating PCD/PCBN particle size and by controlling the amount of binder and/or bonding medium used. For example, PCD/PCBN particle size can be limited to 0.5-20 μm, thereby limiting the ability of the cobalt to move through the diamond particles. Likewise, a high amount of bonding medium, i.e. up to 30 percent by weight of a nitride, carbide or carbonitride of a transition metal of group IVb, Vb or VIb or aluminum nitride, will significantly reduce the ability of the cobalt to migrate. Furthermore, including a small amount of cobalt in the diamond compact can also limit diamond migration.
If any cobalt is able to reach the interface between the outer layer of polycrystalline compact and the intermediate layer, the cobalt will typically form a bond between the two layers rather than infiltrating the outer layer.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the substrate is formed with a corrugated surface. The intermediate layer is disposed on the corrugated substrate so as to have a corrugated face adjacent the substrate, and a substantially planar face opposite the substrate. The corrugated interface between the substrate and the intermediate layer provides improved stability in the tool. Additionally, the corrugated interface changes the diffusion path of cobalt used as a binder between the substrate and the intermediate layer. Because cobalt tends to migrate out of the tungsten carbide in a direction perpendicular to the interface, the cobalt travels in a semi-vertical path and must move a greater distance before encountering the polycrystalline material of the outer layer.
The intermediate layer provides several advantages with respect to the polycrystalline tool. For example, the expansion characteristics of the tool change. Conventionally, the polycrystalline material undergoes very little expansion under high heat conditions, while the tungsten carbide or other substrate undergoes considerable expansion. By disposing an intermediate layer between the polycrystalline outer layer and the substrate, a more gradual expansion gradient is achieved. The outer layer expands very little, the polycrystalline/cobalt mixture of the intermediate layer expands a moderate amount, and the substrate expands considerably. By having the more moderate changes in expansion between adjoining layers, the stresses on the tool are decreased.
Additionally, as mentioned above, the use of a corrugated substrate and a corrugated intermediate layer increases the stability of the working structure. Instead of having linear compression and tension regions, the corrugated interface forms a working member with alternating compression and tension regions. Such regions provide increased stability and decrease the risk of chipping, etc.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of a polycrystalline working element with a polycrystalline compact and a substrate in accordance with the teachings of the prior art;
FIG. 1B shows a cross-sectional view of the polycrystalline working element of FIG. 1A to show cobalt infiltration of the polycrystalline compact;
FIG. 1C shows a graph of the Y-component stress, which is perpendicular to the substrate of the polycrystalline working element, when the polycrystalline working element of FIGS. 1A and 1B is heated to 600 degrees C.
FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of a polycrystalline working element with a polycrystalline compact, a substrate, and an intermediate layer in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2B shows a fragmented, exploded view of the polycrystalline working element of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 2C shows a cross-sectional view of the polycrystalline working element of FIGS. 2A and 2B;
FIG. 2D shows a graph of Y-component stress which is perpendicular to the substrate of the polycrystalline working element when the compact is heated to 600 degrees C.;
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a polycrystalline working element being formed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 4A through 4D show a variety of tools with polycrystalline working segments disposed therein.
FIGS. 5A and 5B show cross-sectional views of alternate embodiments of substrates as may be used in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
Reference will now be made to the drawings in which the various elements of the present invention will be given numeral designations and in which the invention will be discussed so as to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention. It is to be understood that the following description is only exemplary of the principles of the present invention, and should not be viewed as narrowing the pending claims.
Referring to FIG. 1A, there is shown a perspective view of a polycrystalline working element, generally indicated at 100, made in accordance with the teachings of the prior art. The working element 100 includes a tool substrate 110, which is typically cobalt cemented tungsten carbide, a polycrystalline outer working layer 114 which is formed from polycrystalline diamond or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. A bonding layer 118 is disposed between the substrate 110 and the polycrystalline outer working layer 114. Typically, the bonding layer includes cobalt.
While cobalt is an extremely good binder material, it has the disadvantage that it tends to infiltrate the polycrystalline material of the outer working layer 114 as shown in the close-up cross-sectional view of FIG. 1B. The cobalt 118a, which has migrated from the tungsten carbide substrate 110, infiltrates the polycrystalline material of the outer working layer 118 and is very detrimental to the life of the outer working layer. As the outer surface 114a of the polycrystalline material contacts a piece being cut, ground, drilled, etc., considerable heat is developed. The high thermoconductivity of PCD and PCBN allows the heat to quickly move toward the substrate 110. However, the cobalt 118a in the outer working layer 114 is highly thermoexpansive and expands as the outer working layer's temperature increases. The expansion is significant enough to decrease the stability of the microstructure of the outer working layer 114. Additionally, the cobalt can serve as a catalyst for the reaction whereby diamond is changed into graphite like material.
Another problem which is present in the prior art is that the microstructure between the polycrystalline material and the bonding between the polycrystalline material and the tungsten carbide substrate is generally linear stress regions, as is indicated in the graph shown in FIG. 1C. The linear stress regions render the polycrystalline working layer 114 less stable, especially at high temperature, than might otherwise be obtained by staggering compression and tension regions.
Turning now to FIG. 2A, there is shown a perspective view of a polycrystalline working element made in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The polycrystalline working element, generally indicated at 130, includes a substrate 134 which is typically formed of tungsten carbide or some other similar material. As shown in FIG. 2A and discussed in additional detail below, the substrate 134 does not have a planar upper surface (the surface to which the polycrystalline material will be attached). Rather, the substrate 134 has a corrugated surface having a plurality of convex portions offset by concave portions similar to a meat tenderizer.
The working element 130 also includes a polycrystalline compact 138 which forms an outer working layer 140. The polycrystalline compact 138 can be formed from diamond particles and/or cubic boron nitride particles. Unlike the substrate 134, the polycrystalline compact 138 will typically have a generally planar surface, although other configurations can be formed if desired.
Disposed between the substrate 134 and the polycrystalline compact 138 is an intermediate layer 144. The intermediate layer is also formed with a polycrystalline material (either PCD or PCBN). However, the intermediate layer will typically include additional amounts of bonding medium and may also include, as will be discussed below, cobalt. The intermediate layer is carefully formulated to resist migration of cobalt, and thereby prevents the outer working layer 140 from being infiltrated with cobalt. Resistance to cobalt migration can be achieved by controlling the microstructure disposed within the intermediate layer, by selection of binding agents, and by the geometry of the interface 148 between the substrate 134 and the intermediate layer 144.
FIG. 2B shows a fragmented, exploded view of the polycrystalline working element 130 of FIG. 2A. The substrate 134 has a plurality of projections (some of which are identified at 150) disposed thereon. The projections form a corrugated surface having alternating convex peaks 154 and concave valleys 158. Preferably, each of the projections is configured in the shape of a arch-like mound similar to a rounded four sided pyramid. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that cone or other geometric shaped projections could also be used.
The lower (substrate bonding) side 144a of the intermediate layer 144 likewise has a plurality of projections 162 which form peaks 166 and valleys 168 after formation. The peaks and valleys 166 and 168 of the intermediate layer 144 align with the peaks and valleys 154 and 158 of the substrate 134 so that the projections 162 of the intermediate layer nest between the projections 150 of the substrate. For reasons which will be discussed throughout the remainder of the patent, the nonplanar interface between the intermediate layer 144 and the substrate 134 decreases stress and assists in the control of cobalt migration.
Unlike the lower side 144a, the upper (polycrystalline compact bonding) side 144b is generally planar. Because the intermediate layer 144 and the outer working layer 140 both contain significant amounts of polycrystalline material (either PCD or PCBN), the bonding between the intermediate layer and the outer working layer is much easier and is less likely to be negatively impacted by heat or degradation.
Turning now to FIG. 2C, there is shown a cross-sectional view of the working element 130. The working element 130 is formed with a cobalt 170 cemented tungsten carbide substrate 134 or a substrate made from a similar material. The intermediate layer 144 is bonded to the substrate 134 by the cobalt 170 which migrates from the cemented tungsten carbide. Additionally, the force and each result in mechanical attachment between the tungsten carbide and the diamond. The outer working layer 140 is bonded to the intermediate layer 144.
It is a principle object of the present invention to eliminate or drastically reduce the amount of cobalt 170 which is able to reach the outer working layer 140, where it can destabilize the polycrystalline material 138 and otherwise lead to premature failure of the outer working layer. This is accomplished in several ways. First, by providing a corrugated substrate 134 and a meshing intermediate layer 144, the ability of the cobalt 170 to reach the outer working layer 140 is reduced. Under the high pressure, high temperature manufacturing process normally used for making PCD or PCBN working elements, the cobalt 170 will tend to migrate in a direction perpendicular to the interface between the substrate 134 and the polycrystalline compact 138. While in conventional cutters such migration would be generally vertical, the corrugated/arched interface between the substrate 134 and the intermediate layer 144 encourages a flow pattern that more closely resembles a forty-five degree angle as indicated by the arrows 180. Thus, the cobalt 170 must travel a greater distance before it even contacts the polycrystalline compact 138 which forms the outer working layer 138.
In addition to the corrugated interface between the substrate 134 and the intermediate layer 144, the migration of cobalt can also be controlled by the microstructure of the intermediate layer 144. For example, using a fine grade of polycrystalline material (i.e. 0.5 to 20 μm) reduces the ability of the cobalt to migrate.
The use of certain binders, such as group VIII metals (cobalt, nickel and iron), or bonding mediums, such as a carbide, a nitride or a carbonitride of the IVb, Vb or VIb transition metals, can also inhibit flow of the cobalt 170. More specifically, the presence of a relatively large amount of the bonding medium, i.e. up to 30 percent by weight, closes the channels through which the cobalt would normally migrate. Thus, infiltration is significantly diminished.
Furthermore, it has been found that the use of small amounts of cobalt in the intermediate layer 144 provides an appropriate balance, thereby reducing migration of the cobalt 170 from the interface to the outer working layer 140. Thus, the use of an appropriate amount of cobalt, typically between 1 and 5 percent by volume, creates a barrier to larger amounts of cobalt traversing the intermediate layer. This is so because the diamond and carbide will react to form a new carbide. As the cobalt flows between the pores in the new carbide, the cobalt wets the diamond/carbide and thus acts as a binder rather than moving forward. Additionally, any cobalt present tends to inhibit the infiltration.
Infiltration of cobalt from the substrate to the normal PCD layer is impeded by the following phenomenon--with the presence of the intermediate layer in between, as a starting material, a finer granule diamond mixed with or without a cobalt binder provides a complete network/skeleton of intergrown diamond crystals through a HPHT catalytic sintering reaction which will significantly close the pathway of cobalt. This new grown polycrystalline formation from the starting diamond crystals mixed with cobalt binder will take place prior to the full cobalt diffusion so that the pathway is closed and cobalt penetration is also impeded. Furthermore, a mass of fine grain diamond powder which is highly densified under the high pressure would naturally provide a rather small pathway, which would be more difficult for the cobalt to penetrate through. Any cobalt which does migrate to the upper side 144b of the intermediate layer 144 tends to form a bond at the interface between the intermediate layer and the outer working layer 140, rather than infiltrating the outer working layer, due to the wetting aspect.
The working element 130 shown in FIG. 2C provides a significant improvement both in microstructure and response to high heat. When the working element 130 is subjected to heat, the outer working layer 138, being primarily highly thermoconductive polycrystalline material, will undergo little expansion. The substrate 134, being highly thermoexpansive, will expand significantly. The intermediate layer 144 will expand an intermediate amount and thereby prevent high stresses between the outer working layer 138 and the substrate 134.
Additionally, because the corrugated design of the interface at the junction of the substrate 134 and the intermediate layer 144, the stresses within the working element 130 are also improved. As shown in FIG. 2D, the corrugated design produces alternating compression and tension regions 190 and 194. These alternating regions 190 and 194 improve the stability of the working element 130.
The embodiment described above also enables the improved dissipation of heat by the use of a thicker PCD or PCBN layer. In the prior art, the PCD or PCBN layer forming the outer work layer 140 would typically be about 0.5 mm. However, by using a corrugated substrate 134 having a 0.5 to 0.6 mm difference between the peak 154 and valley 158, and by having the intermediate layer extend to a level about 0.1 mm above the peaks 154, the upper surface 140a of the outer working layer 140 is disposed about 0.6 mm from the uppermost portion 154 of the corrugated substrate 134 and 1.2 mm from the lowest point 158 on the upper surface 134a of the corrugated substrate.
Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a cross-sectional view of a polycrystalline working element, generally indicated at 200, being formed in accordance with the principles of the present invention as set forth in example 1.
A feedstock for an intermediate layer 210 was prepared from a mixed powder of diamond in an average particle size of 3 μm and tungsten carbide powder of 0.8 μm average particle size in a volume ratio of 80:20. The ball milled powder was then fired by heating it in H2 gas atmosphere at a temperature of 900° C. for two hours. A cobalt cemented tungsten carbide disk 214 with a corrugated surface on one side 214a was prepared within a tantalum cup 218. A PCBN feedstock for a PCBN compact layer 222 was also prepared using a cubic boron nitride powder of 2 μm average particle size and a binder agent of aluminum nitride, nickel and titanium nitride in a volume ratio of 98:2.
In accordance with traditional HPHT processing, the tungsten carbide disk 214 was loaded into the tantalum cup 218 and the feedstock for the intermediate layer 210 was loaded on top of the corrugated surface 214a. The feedstock for the outer working layer 222 was then placed on top of the feedstock for the intermediate layer 210. Finally, a multilayer tantalum disc 226 was loaded on top of the feedstock for the outer working layer 222. The ends 230 of the cup 218 were then crimped to enclose the inside material.
The loaded cup assembly, generally indicated at 234, was inserted into a typical HPHT reaction cell and the cell was placed in a conventional die/belt assembly with a hydraulic press. The pressure was raised to about 55 kb and then the temperature was elevated to approximately 1400° C. After maintaining the temperature and pressure for approximately 30 minutes, the temperature was lowered and the pressure was gradually reduced. The work element 200 was 35 mm in diameter and 4.3 mm in thickness. The sintered PCBN compact was ground and lapped to finish both sides and the circumferential area.
The PCD was then polished to examine the microstructure under the optical microscope and was subjected to EDX analysis. The sintered PCD showed an obvious arched intermediate layer (diamond sintered form) which is about 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick. A normal PCBN layer was disposed on top of the sintered PCD.
The PCBN outer working layer 222 appeared to be very strong and no obvious defects were observed. A total polycrystalline thickness, including the intermediate layer 210, was about 1.0 mm. The cobalt content of the new polycrystalline layers 222 and 210 was considerably less than that of typical tungsten carbide substrated PCBN with no intermediate layer. More specifically, the cobalt was found to be approximately 1 percent by weight, while conventional PCBN compacts are 10 to 12 percent by weight. A turning test performance of the work element 230 against a high speed steel demonstrated an improvement of about 30 percent over conventional PCBN compacts.
Cubic boron nitride powder of 3 μm in average particle size and titanium nitride 1 μm in average particle size and titanium carbide of 1 μm in average particle size were mixed in a volume ration of 60:20:20 for 10 hours through a ball milling in the tungsten carbide mill. This milled feedstock, which was used for an intermediate layer, was then cleaned in a vacuum furnace at 1100° C. for 2 hours and then applied into a manufacture of a new PCD tool in a manner similar to the method set forth in Example 1. The sintered PCD compact with a cubic boron nitride intermediate layer was polished by grinding and lapping in order to show a multilayer PCD consisting of a 0.6 mm thick intermediate layer on the bottom and a 0.5 mm thick normal PCD layer on the top.
It appeared to be strongly bonded at each interface of the tungsten carbide/intermediate layer interface and the intermediate layer/outer working layer interface. This new PCD (34 mm diameter×3.2 mm thickness) was then cut into various segments by wire EDM with no difficulties and the as-cut segments were shown individually as acceptable pieces with no signs of delamination or cracks. The segment was also checked through a typical heat treatment test, in comparison with normal PCD segments, by inserting the pieces into the furnace at 700° C., 740° C., and 800° C. The normal PCD was shown to be thermally damaged at 740° C. or above and the PCD layer treated at 800° C. was delaminated at the interface, while the new PCD segment under the present invention exhibited no obvious cracks or delaminations. It is noted that the new PCD layer is composed of PCD feedstock with a controlled amount of cobalt binder resulting in a tailored microstructure for higher heat resistant properties.
This experiment was designed to examine the effectiveness of the intermediate layer for heat and stress management during the cutting tool performance. Diamond powder having an average particle size of 3 μm and tungsten carbide powder having an average particle size of 0.8 μm were mixed in a volume ratio of 70:30 through ball milling in a tungsten carbide mill for 2 hours. This milled feedstock was diluted with ethyl alcohol to make into a slurry form. This slurry was then used as feedstock for the intermediate layer by pouring it into the arched or corrugated side of a cobalt cemented tungsten carbide disc sitting inside a tantalum metal cup. This cup assembly was then dried in the convection oven at 90 degrees C. for 1 hour followed by a vacuum firing at 1000 C. for 2 hours. After the cup assembly was removed from the furnace, a second loading of H2-fired diamond feedstock for a typical PCD compact layer was placed on top of the intermediate layer, as described in example 1. The sintered PCD compact then consists of a double layer of polycrystalline diamond in bonding with the tungsten carbide substrate layer: the top layer is a typical sintered, cemented or both formed PCD while the bottom layer is either a sintered or cemented PCD layer integrally bonded to the tungsten carbide layer. A final tool for internal testing was fabricated and tested against a 6% cobalt cemented tungsten carbide roll. The test parameters were chosen for severe, abusive testing, but the new PCD tool appeared to be well-sustained in contrast to the conventional PCD tool which failed as evidenced by a combined effect of overheat and faster wear. Specifically for higher cutting speed than the normal cutting parameters, the new PCD tool whose PCD layer thickness is close to 1.0 mm showed an improved performance by acting as a better heat dissipater and less thermal stress inducer.
Turning now to FIGS. 4A through 4D, there are shown a variety of tools with polycrystalline working segments 240. Each segment includes a substrate 260 formed of a material such as tungsten carbide, an outer working layer 264 which is formed of a polycrystalline material including either PCD or PCBN, and an intermediate layer 270 which is disposed there between. Preferably, the outer working layer 264 will have a thickness between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm. The arches 274 which form the corrugated surface of the substrate 260 are preferably between 0.4 and 0.6 mm in height. To maintain a sufficient separation between the arches 274 and the outer working layer 264, the intermediate layer should be at least 0.15 to 0.2 mm at its thinnest point (above the peaks of the corrugated surface), and will typically be between 0.5 and 0.6 mm at its thickest point.
Referring now to FIG. 5A, there is shown a substrate, generally indicated at 300, which is made in accordance with the present invention. While each of the substrates shown and discussed above terminate in a relatively pointed apex, the substrate 300 of FIG. 5A is a plurality of broadly rounded projections 304. One problem with using sharp projections is that they have a tendency to cause cracking within the PCD compact. By rounding the edges of the projections, cracking can be significantly reduced.
As shown in FIG. 5A, the projections are preferably 0.3 to 0.4 mm in height and preferably no more than 0.6 mm. Also as shown in FIG. 5A the distance between adjacent peaks is 0.9 mm. Thus, if an intermediate layer extends 0.5 mm above the lowest most point, it will be able to extend slightly above the tops of the peaks as the peaks are in the preferred range.
Turning now to FIG. 5B, there is shown yet another embodiment of a substrate, generally indicated at 310 having a plurality of peaks 312. Unlike the embodiment in FIG. 5A and those discussed with respect to the prior figures, the peaks shown 312 in FIG. 5B are of different heights, are unevenly spaced, and no "valley" is formed extending into the main portion of the substrate. FIG. 5B demonstrates that it is not necessary to have a uniform substrate surface on which the intermediate layer is formed in order for the invention to function properly. The intermediate layer easily fills different sized spaces between adjacent peaks and provides a layer to separate the peaks from the outer working layer (not shown) of the diamond compact tool.
While several different embodiments of the invention are describe herein, each tends to share the major advantages of the present invention. First, by controlling infiltration of the cobalt and preventing any significant infiltration of the outer working layer, the wear characteristics of the PCD or PCBN compact are significantly improved. Additionally, by limiting migration of the cobalt, the development of pores in the tungsten carbide adjacent the interface with the diamond particles is reduced. This, in turn, reduces the risk that the diamond compact will break free from the substrate.
Thus there is disclosed an improved supported PCD/PCBN tool with an arched intermediate layer. Those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications which can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The appended claims are intended to cover such modifications.
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|U.S. Classification||428/212, 428/457, 428/698, 428/472, 75/237, 175/434, 428/323|
|International Classification||B23B27/14, B01J3/06, C23C30/00, C04B37/02, E21B10/573, B23P15/28|
|Cooperative Classification||E21B10/5735, B01J2203/0655, C04B37/025, C04B2237/08, B23B27/146, C04B2237/401, B23B2226/315, B01J2203/066, C04B2237/708, C04B2237/64, C04B2237/704, C23C30/005, B01J2203/062, C04B2237/361, Y10T428/24942, B23B2226/125, Y10T428/25, B01J2203/0685, C04B37/023, C04B2237/086, B01J2203/0645, B01J3/062|
|European Classification||B23B27/14B4B, B01J3/06B, C23C30/00B, C04B37/02D, E21B10/573B, C04B37/02D2|
|Mar 13, 1998||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KOREA TUNGSTEN CO., LTD., KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHO, HYUN SAM;HAN, KYUNG-YUL;REEL/FRAME:009092/0713
Effective date: 19971021
|Aug 7, 1998||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SID CO., LTD., KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KOREA TUNGSTEN CO., LTD.;REEL/FRAME:009374/0870
Effective date: 19980423
|Dec 17, 2003||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Dec 22, 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 22, 2003||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Sep 20, 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 20, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Sweet strawberry cupcake with strawberry jam filling and strawberry buttercream frosting.
A moist vanilla cake with rainbow sprinkles baked into it, frosted with a creamy vanilla icing, decorated with rainbow colored sprinkles and dusted with glitter, and finished with a cherry on top.
Artisan flour blend cake with a powdered sugar based icing
A Tahitian vanilla cake with creamy vanilla buttercream frosting, topped with a bright red gum ball finish with yummy yellow sugar crystals
Chocolate peppermint cupcake, vanilla buttercream, topped with crushed candy canes & fondant leaves

domain: food


Windows 365 has debuted to offer an all-new way to access a full-fledged Windows operating system from anywhere — using a desktop, laptop, or even a mobile device. Microsoft announced the debut of Windows 365 at its partner-focussed virtual conference Inspire 2021 on Wednesday. The new offering brings the concept of a cloud PC to reality and comes as Microsoft's latest product for the remote working environment that became so common with the arrival of the coronavirus pandemic last year. Windows 365 is designed to offer a complete computing experience through a native app or Web browser on any device that has an active Internet connection.
Windows 365 availability
Microsoft said that Windows 365 would be generally available to organisations of all sizes starting August 2. It will be accessible through any device including a Mac, iPad, Linux, and even an Android phone. There will be two cloud PC configurations — Windows 365 Business and Windows 365 Enterprise. Pricing details are yet to be announced, though.
Windows 365 features
With Windows 365, Microsoft aims to offer an experience that looks, feels, and has the security of a traditional Windows PC but can be accessed through a native app or a Web browser. It allows users to access full Windows 10 (or Windows 11, once it will be available) directly from an app or using the Web browser. Users will also get access to their apps, tools, data, and settings from the cloud that they would want on their PC.
Thanks to the Microsoft Cloud integration, you will be able to access Windows 365 while switching between multiple devices and irrespective of the device, you will get the same experience. Since the service will run on the cloud, it will not result in any performance differences even when you move from a top-end device to a more basic one.
Windows 365 will let you run apps on the cloud
Photo Credit: Microsoft
Although Microsoft already offers Azure Virtual Desktop to offer Windows through the cloud to enterprise customers, Windows 365 is aimed to provide virtualisation that does not require dedicated IT support. However, if a company has IT admins, Microsoft said that they could manage and deploy cloud PCs based on Windows 365 using the same tools that they use to manage physical PCs.
“Windows 365 is really going to make a huge difference for organisations that wanted to try virtualisation for various reasons but could not — maybe it was too costly, too complex or they didn't have the expertise in house to do it,” said Wangui McKlevey, General Manager of Microsoft 365.
Microsoft mentioned that Windows 365 will support business apps, namely Microsoft 365, Dynamic 365, and Power Platform, among others. Microsoft Endpoint Manager will also be able to work with Windows 365 to let IT teams manage cloud PCs provided in their organisations and apply management and security policies remotely from their devices.
IT teams will be able to manage Windows 365-based cloud PCs through Microsoft Endpoint Manager
Photo Credit: Microsoft
Windows 365 also comes with the Endpoint Analytics dashboard to offer analytics and give access to look at the Internet connection health across the network. Further, there is a new Watchdog Service to let IT teams run diagnostics.
In addition to offering remote access, Windows 365 is touted to be designed to address some of today's security challenges using a Zero Trust architecture. The service comes with multi-factor authentication (MFA) to verify login or access attempts to the cloud PC using an integration with Microsoft Azure Active Directory. There are also options to delegate specific permissions such as licensing, device management, and cloud PC management using specific rules. Further, you can use Microsoft Defender for Endpoint for an enhanced security.
Microsoft also claimed that all managed disks running Windows 365-based cloud PCs are encrypted, all stored data is encrypted at rest, and all network traffic to and from the PCs is also encrypted.
The development of Windows 365 kicked off before the pandemic, with some references suggesting initial work started back in 2014. However, the coronavirus outbreak has helped Microsoft test the cloud-based service at a larger scale than it would have done earlier. The company also set the pitch for its new service by replacing Microsoft Office 365 with Microsoft 365 last year.
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text:
At Eastern Fisheries our mission is to provide the highest quality seafood to all markets worldwide by harvesting and importing seafood from the richest and most sustainable sources globally and applying a vertically integrated, hands-on, business approach to ensure the very best management for all aspects of the operation.
Eastern Fisheries was awarded the Bronze Sysco Supplier Excellence Award and recognized by the Sysco Corporation for outstanding commitment, support and partnership as a seafood supplier.
“We are thrilled
Eastern’s second factory in China signifies the company’s continued dedication to vertically integrated seafood supply and Alaska flatfish processing.
Eastern Fisheries Inc. today announced the opening of a

domain: news


IS&T offers Dropbox for Business to MIT
Last Thursday, MIT and Dropbox, the file hosting service, announced a new program to provide Dropbox for Business to all MIT students, staff, and faculty. All MIT users will fall under what Dropbox calls a ‘team.’ According to MIT, Dropbox for Business will offer unlimited storage space and recovery of deleted files to all users.
Dropbox was founded by Arash Ferdowsi ’08 and Drew Houston ‘05. Houston spoke at Commencement in 2013.
The new program began in a pilot phase in the Operations and Research group at Information Systems & Technology. The pilot expanded to cover all of IS&T and other select groups on campus such as the Office of the Vice President, the MIT Libraries and Professor Timothy Lu’s research group.
MIT users can enroll in the MIT team while retaining their own personal accounts. IS&T has suggested that users separate files stored in the accounts linked to the MIT team and personal accounts in the same way that they separate their MIT and personal emails. IS&T stressed that not all files are appropriate for storage on Dropbox such as files protected by HIPAA, social security numbers, and other legally protected data. Like MIT email accounts, the Dropbox accounts will be deactivated when students graduate or employees leave MIT.
Users can sign up via Touchstone online at dropbox.mit.edu.


text: Coffee is a well-liked beverage that is known for sharpening focus and boosting energy. In order to start their day off right, many people rely on their daily cup of coffee when they awake. You have even more justification to start brewing coffee because it has been linked to a long list of potential health advantages in addition to its energizing effects. Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant found in coffee, is well known for its ability to combat fatigue and boost energy. This is because caffeine increases levels of other neurotransmitters in your brain that control your energy levels, such as dopamine, by blocking the receptors of a neurotransmitter called adenosine. In a small study, participants’ subjective levels of fatigue were significantly reduced and the time it took to reach exhaustion during a cycling exercise increased by 12% as a result of caffeine consumption. Similar results were reported by another study, which found that caffeine consumption before and during a round of golf enhanced performance, increased subjective energy levels, and decreased feelings of fatigue. According to some studies, regular coffee consumption may reduce the long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In fact, a review of 30 studies found that drinking one cup of coffee daily was associated with a 6% lower risk of type 2 diabetes. This is believed to be caused by coffee’s capacity to maintain the function of your pancreas’ beta cells, which are in charge of producing insulin to control blood sugar levels. Additionally, it contains a lot of antioxidants and may have an impact on metabolism, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity—all of which play a role in the onset of type 2 diabetes.

domain: biology


This was a horrible, aimless, passionless performance from Manchester United. A display riddled with errors from the players and the manager, David Moyes.
United were too cautious in design, too clueless in possession and too generous with space, seemingly inviting Olympiakos to score. Beware Greeks exploiting gifts.
A failure to protect the back-line cost United. Alejandro Dominguez flicked Olympiakos ahead before Joel Campbell doubtless delighted his owner club, Arsenal, by complicating United's chances of progressing.
Only Wayne Rooney, who ran more than anybody on the pitch (12.06km), seemed aware of the need to show some urgency. Rio Ferdinand and Nemanja Vidic looked in their last seasons for the club. Chris Smalling and Patrice Evra endured uncomfortable evenings at full-back.
Michael Carrick and Tom Cleverley were particularly poor in midfield, Ashley Young and Antonio Valencia weak out wide. Robin van Persie lacked service. United will hope to turn this round with a more upbeat display at Old Trafford in the second leg but they are so vulnerable to an away goal.
More criticism will inevitably flow Moyes' way for a game-plan out of keeping with away teams in the Champions League.
Moyes' caution had been at odds with the five other away coaches so far in this last-16 stage of the Champions League. All five away teams had really gone for it. All of Barcelona, Bayern Munich, Atletico Madrid, Paris St-Germain and Borussia Dortmund had been rewarded with away wins.
Europe is proving a gloomy land for the teams from the Premier League – none of Manchester City, Arsenal, United in the Champions League or Swansea City or Spurs in the Europa League have even scored in the first legs. Over to Chelsea now.
For an hour, United had been too circumspect, too respectful, too tardy in dealing with Olympiakos's insurgents.
Moyes' logic in fielding Tom Cleverley had been to provide some shield with Carrick in front of an ageing central defence yet it was through the middle that United were exposed in going 2-0 down by the 55th minute.
Giannis Maniatis, Oympiakos' captain and central midfielder, kept being able to advance and shoot without any of Moyes' midfielders closing him down swiftly enough.
It was from Maniatis' second shot that Dominguez scored Olympiakos's first. United were too slow to react to such incoming threat, the defence either sitting too deep or the midfielders not assiduous enough in denying the opponents space.
It was not the first time that United had been caught out like this under Moyes.
Carrick was too sluggish to deal with Campbell for the Greeks' second.
They hardly troubled Roberto in the Olympiakos goal with only one effort on target before the break. Their initially conservative approach was strange.
Residing 11 points off fourth in the Premier League, meaning they effectively have to win the Champions League to regain entry, United were in fairly defensive fashion with Cleverley in midfield and Adnan Januzaj absent.
The winger received a kick against Crystal Palace but still travelled to Greece. Juan Mata was ineligible, having represented Chelsea in the competition.
United had been publicly respectful and privately relieved when drawn against Olympiakos, particularly when the runaway leaders of the Greek Super League sold their centre-forward Kostas Mitroglu to Fulham.
Javier Saviola's injury appeared to have further blunted the Greeks' attack which was led by Michael Olaitan. Yet there was a belief and pace to Michel's side that worried United and the visitors' sedentary tactics invited Olympiakos on.
Noting the ageing legs in the visitors' defence, Olaitan immediately closed down Vidic, the United captain who had spoken of the Champions League as a chance to do "something special".
The Serb certainly did something special after eight minutes when United's midfield opened up, Dominguez flew through, ignoring Olaitan to his right and only Vidic's anticipation rescued United.
The visitors looked nervous early on, particularly Smalling at right-back when Hernan Perez was running at him. Delvin N'Dinga sat in front of the Greeks' back four, almost shadowing Wayne Rooney, who was partnering van Persie for the fifth successive game.
Rooney was dropping deeper and deeper, looking for the ball, occasionally almost taking it off the toes of his centre-halves.
At least Rooney was making some challenges, hustling Olympiakos, and when United went 2-0 down, he dropped permanently into midfield.
It was a disappointing half of few chances before Dominguez intervened.
Cleverley skewed an effort wide, Maniatis sent his first daisy-cutter straight at David de Gea, and then Perez cut inside Smalling and hit the side-netting. Olaitan escaped from Vidic but ran into a crowd of players.
Valencia stopped giving the ball away.
It was an even first half defined by that gift of a goal for the Greeks after 38 minutes. Maniatis shot into a crowd of players and Dominguez flicked the ball towards the far-post.
De Gea was wrong-footed, initially moving to his left in line with Maniatis shot before seeing Dominguez's involvement. De Gea threw himself to his right, stretching out a hand but the ball slowly crossed the line.
The evening deteriorated for United 10 minutes after the break.
Rooney had been attempting to help protect the defence, rushing back and making two interceptions. Carrick and Cleverley stood off Maniatis again.
Then Carrick failed with a desultory attempt to win the ball off Campbell, the attacker on loan from Arsenal, who strode into space and curled the ball left-footed around De Gea. Again it was such poor, insipid play from United.
Moyes reacted by withdrawing Cleverley and Valencia, placing Danny Welbeck on the left, pushing Young to the right and placing Shinji Kagawa behind Van Persie with Rooney now back in midfield.
Uncertain in defence, timid in midfield, United lacked purpose and ideas in attack. Their crosses were fraught. Young dithered. They were being outworked by the hungrier Greeks.
Olaitan seized on some hesitancy by Carrick. Dominguez ran through and Vidic stopped him. Olaitan dribbled away from Carrick and was fouled by Rooney.
Rooney kept trying, running vainfully for an over-hit ball from Vidic. Van Persie then controlled a Smalling cross but shot over as Olympiakos appealed for offside.
Errors continued to litter United's display. Rooney lost the ball to Maniatis. Smalling sliced a cross into the crowd, much to the locals' amusement. Still the mistakes continued. Rooney fouled Nelson Valdez.
Ferdinand caught David Fuster. As the game entered injury-time, Kagawa played Evra down the left but his touch was too heavy and his cross deflected up and was caught by Roberto.
United need a fresh, more vibrant approach in the second leg otherwise their season fades to grey. (© Daily Telegraph, London)


text:
When it comes to comforting nourishment, look no further than Bone Broth. As a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and postpartum doula, cookbook author Carly Knowles is often asked about bone broth how to make it, why its beneficial, and its overall efficacy. In this class she will explain how to make bone broth at home using both stovetop and Instant Pot methods. Shell show you what to look for in picking out quality bones and how to extract the most flavor by making two distinct types of broth Chicken Bone Broth with Lemon and Turmeric and Beef Bone Broth with Mushrooms and Rosemary.
With meat and poultry; no dairy, eggs, or gluten.
About the instructor: Carly Knowles, MS, RDN, LD is a masters-educated Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and Postpartum Doula. She specializes in holistic postpartum care for new mothers and families including nutritional counseling and private chef services. She recently published her first cookbook The Nutritionists Kitchen: Transform Your Diet and Discover the Healing Power of Whole Foods that focuses on seasonal whole foods to nourish good health and bring joy. Carly continues to offer virtual health and cooking classes, food and nutrition writing, and recipe development and nutrition consulting for healthy food and cookware brands.
- This is a demonstration class offered live online via Zoom.
- One spot in class is good for one kitchen. A recording will be sent after class to all registered students. Class materials will be emailed four days before class. Our emails can get caught in spam filters or blocked entirely, please contact us if you don't receive the class information.
- Cancellation Policy: Online classes are nonrefundable. You can request a transfer to a different class up to 7 days prior to class.
- Chicken Bone Broth with Lemon and Turmeric
- Beef Bone Broth with Mushrooms and Rosemary
Tuesday, November 30, 5:00 - 6:00 pmRegister for class


Final Score: Oregon State 31, California 14
We have to first of all start with the injury to Jahvid Best. It greatly changed the dynamic of this game, and it's great to hear that it looks like Best only suffered a concussion and nothing extremely serious, as it first appeared. Again, the thoughts and prayers of Beaver Nation are with the Best family and the California football program tonight.
Sean Canfield finished the game 29 of 39 passing, and threw for 342 yards and two touchdowns. He threw one interception in the second half, but overall, played very well. Joe Halahuni caught six passes for 128 yards, and is quickly becoming OSU's most dangerous receiver.
The Bears did a great job containing Jacquizz Rodgers and stopping the run. Rodgers finished with 68 yards on 25 carries, with 25 of those yards coming on Quizz's lone touchdown of the night. At one point in the first half, Jacquizz had 14 rushing yards on 14 carries.
A lot of credit also needs to go to the defense, the front seven especially. They held Cal to just 39 rushing yards in the game. Kevin Riley was 19 of 34 for 200 yards. He threw a touchdown and an interception-- he was okay, but not fantastic by any means.
We've already started to break down this game in the second half open thread, but here's a place to post more of your analysis on tonight's win. My game recap will come later tonight, so keep an eye out for that.


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Slutty Vegan, a Black-owned, vegan fast-foot chain, announced it will make a stop in Tulsa on Friday, July 21st.
The restaurant, based out of Atlanta, shared its plans to visit the city on Friday in an Instagram earlier this week. After overwhelming demand and excitement, the company announced it is adding a second stop on Sunday, July 23rd.
The stop is a part of the company’s “Gettin’ Slutty” tour. A food truck, nicknamed “Big Ol’ Slut”, will be pulling up to give Tulsans a taste of famous vegan goodness.
Slutty Vegan started in founder Pinky Cole’s small Atlanta apartment in July 2018. The entrepreneur began selling her delicious vegan creations over Instagram, and immediately found success.
According to the company’s website, Cole had moved from her apartment to a food truck within a few weeks. Then, just three months after launching, she opened her first restaurant in Atlanta to a crowed of more than 1200 people.
Just five years later, Slutty Vegan has expanded to ten permanent locations – along with the famous food truck.
Black-owned, purpose-driven Slutty Vegan restaurant bringing its taste to Tulsa
For Cole, the goal is to ensure that communities across the country have access to healthier food options they may not otherwise be able to find.
Cole also strives to ensure that others can find similar success with their own brilliant ideas. Last year, Cole surprised the Clark Atlanta graduating class with the opportunity to launch their own business. Cole gifted each graduate with their own LLC, officially making each of them entrepreneurs.
Now, Cole’s creation will spend the weekend feeding and inspiring Tulsans to chase their own dreams.
Slutty Vegan has yet to announce where their food truck will post up in the city. To be the first to know where to hop in line to order your ‘One Night Stand’ burger, ‘Chik’n Head’ sandwich or ‘Hooker Fries’, text TULSA to 678.846.3255.


After old schools BMW 3-Series when the day of announcement it was 25 years ago. This 2014 BMW M3 was appeared on four different generations and evolved from a 2.3 liter inline-four cylinder engine with 200 HP to an impressive V8 hitting 420 HP. 2014 BMW M3 maybe not the best sport cars out there, but it have the most needed functions as sport cars such as extraordinary look, great performance, the best class handling, and a luxurious interior. The brand new 2014 BMW M3 concept was continuity from 2013 models which the sports car’s history will move on to its next chapter as BMW will be set to reveal the new generation M3.
The brand new 2013 Nissan GTR was get its new engine which powered 560 Horse Power. As like oldest one, this 2013 Nissan GTR gets better and better every year and will no exception fot this one. As we know the first version of GTR was launched in 2007 at the Tokyo Motor Show delivered a total of 473 HP. The 2012 models was got impressive 530 HP and things aren’t slowing down for the Japanese automaker which prepare the next model year (2012 in Japan, 2013 in USA) will deliver an impressive 2013 Nissan GTR 560 HP.
Behind Audi completely new ideology behind this electric R8 and the normal gasoline version, they serious about bringing this Audi R8 E-Tron to the market. And after the E-tron Detroit Show car, Audi has brought us the e-tron technology platform based on the 2013 Audi R8 E-Tron. The supercar form of R8 was made an easier job for the Audi engineers to develop an electric version of this Audi R8 E-Tron. Mid-engine design of the 2013 Audi R8 with E-Tron technologies provides the perfect location to store heavy batteries without distorting the weight balance that Audi wanted to achieve.
2013 Chevrolet Malibu the first global version of the popular mid-size Chevy, has finally been revealed in 2011 New York Auto Show. 2013 Chevrolet Malibu was revealed one day before at 2011 Shanghai Auto Show. The 2013 Chevrolet Malibu concept will take all of modernism of car design include exterior and interior of the car. Like 2012 Dodge Avenger R/T in New York 2011 Auto Show, the Chevy got many eyes look on its beautiful modern design style. The new Malibu is 4.5 inches smaller in wheelbase at 107.8 inches, and it’s 191.3 inches long–but an inch wider.
The new sequel of The Fast & The Furious movie began featuring all brand new 2011 cars but we will show you what kind of cars that used before this movie. There is the top 10 The Fast & Furious movie cars we will show on you. The top 10 the fast & the furious movie cars is based on few world branded cars, such as nissan, volkswagen, honda, mazda and more. Top 10 the fast and the furious movie cars is most intresting things must we know before watching the latest sequel fast five. And if you think that we’re talking about resident leading men, Vin Diesel and Paul Walker, guess again. This list has very little to do with them, or their other co-stars for that matter, but more so about what they were driving during the first four movies. Yes, dear friends.
Related Auto Show & Car Showoff for discontinued cars 2013 at AutoCarShowOff.com
Lexus LX570 which tuned by Wald was turn the ordinary SUV into Black Bison Edition. Tuning an SUV is something often left to become more capable off-road specially on Lexus LX570. Some platforms luxury SUV like the Land Rover, being treated ultra-luxury, but you’ve seen a Lexus LX570 SUV makeover of a renowned tuner? Wald [...]
Fiat was made 2011 fiat 500 cabrio to re-enter the united states market with the adorable little hatchback. This 2011 fiat 500 cabrio was officially debuting its Cabrio version at the 2011 New York Auto Show in about a week’s time by the Italian automaker. There is no show is completed without this 2011 fiat [...]
There is no replacement or displacement for V8 car engine, but in modern times and with new fuel efficiency laws taking hold, turbocharging points the way forward. Todays, most of automaker is scrambling to create turbocharged alternatives to larger displacement engines. This 2011 Mercedes Benz CL550 4Matic with Twin Turbo V8s, not offering some sort [...]
Aston Martin introducing their new super cars concept in this 2011 Aston Martin V12 Zagato. Without digesting the full breadth of the Aston Martin V12 Zagato, we presents the Race Specs of this brand new super cars concept. Aston Martin V12 Zagato was got its first debut in Nurburgring later of this week. Aston Martin [...]
Expanding the new 2012 Chrysler 300S showed up the Chrysler 300 line up with thie new edition. They offered this new 2012 Chrysler 300S in both V6 and V8 engine versions. According to Chrysler they will ship this new 2012 Chrysler 300S car in fall 2011. With no chrome, no wood, matte carbon fiber finishes, [...]
The 2012 Jaguar XFR model truly impressive unveiling by Jaguar at New York 2011 Auto Show. The 2012 Jaguar XFR enjoyed our eyes with the bulbous look of the previous XF’s lights, and cleaning up some of the lines elsewhere, the new XF is very bit as iconic and now, cleaner and more elegant. This [...]
From the best NASCAR cars Dodge Charger RT which driven by Kurt Busch the American NASCAR and NHRA driver has a lot more to offer then just being the leader in several races in the past few years. This Dodge Charger RT is third-generation race car driver is also head of the Kurt Busch Foundation. [...]
Based on Disney Tron the Movie, Timur Bozca a young and enthusiastic designer has developed the Tron Car. For those people who fans of this awesome movies, this Tron Car will be the choosen one to give applause which has vehicle that seems suitable for any ride on both Earth or Grid. Aired last year [...]
The german tuning company Novitec Rosso building a fabulous works with 2011 Alfa Romeo 8C Spider which stands on top of tuning specs and modification style. Featuring 2011 Alfa Romeo 8C Spider, Novitec Rosso gave the fastest and the most powerful Alfa Romeo even more another fast cars. This 2011 Alfa Romeo 8C Spider powered [...]
Big Black One is a project which tune up the 2011 Mercedes Benz CLS 500 which tuning to full breadth of what the CLS is capable. This Black Mercedes Benz CLS 500 was take attentions of tuning addicted which tuned by Kicherer, a German tuning company. With the unique codename this Big Black One Mercedes [...]


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This Product Has Been Discontinued
The Journey has been replaced by the Sitka LT
The Journey is a touring kayak for the paddler seeking exceptional stability, but unwilling to compromise performance. Based on the Fathom series, the Journey is nimble, quick, and features a large cockpit for ease of entry and exit and the padded thigh braces and adjustable foot pedals, backrest, and seat allow virtually anyone to have a good fit. The Journey comes completely rigged with roomy bulkheaded compartments bow and stern, a retractable skeg, a full complement of deck rigging, perimeter lines, our popular retractable carry handles and our Infinity sliding seat design.The seat has 3 inches of fore and aft adjustment which allows the paddler to change position relative to the thigh pads for the best fit. The backrest/backband combo has a locking knob in the rear for setting the vertical height and an easy to reach cleat adjustment at the hip for the forward and back positioning. The backrest (or optional backband) is spring loaded upright and can fold fully forward for uncluttered easy access to the storage space behind. This system is comfortable for extended paddling trips and very easy to adjust to alter your seating position. Take a journey of your own in this fun and easy to paddle kayak!
Journey Specs and Features
- Structure: Rigid / Hard Shell
- Cockpit Type: Sit Inside
- Seating Configuration: Solo
- Ideal Paddler Size: Average Adult, Larger Adult
- Skill Level: Beginner, Intermediate
- Ideal Paddler Size: Average Adult, Larger Adult
- Skill Level: Beginner, Intermediate
- Optional installed rudder
I purchased my Eddyline…
I love this kayak now in my…
I love this kayak now in my third year. Very stable in any type of waters.
Bought this as my first…
Bought this as my first kayak. Very stable. Goes almost anywhere. Ocean, Bay, Rivers, Lakes and Ponds. It is big and it does take some strength to get on to the car. A great all around kayak.
Some observations on stability
This is an update to my previous review and a downgrade, based on subsequent experience. In my opinion, the Journey is a kayak for either intermediate paddlers in unchallenging water or expert paddlers in rough water and open ocean conditions. Meaning, you need strong bracing skills to keep the Journey upright, especially when you're getting hit by waves from the side because those will push you over quickly. The reason is that the very low bow and stern lack buoyancy to keep you upright (compounded by the hard chines? I'm not certain about that part.). In some photos and videos of the Journey you can see that the stern is almost submerged or actually submerged. The theory is that this reduces wind exposure. But how much control do you have over a kayak when the stern is submerged?
You won't really understand the performance of this kayak until you encounter strong wind and large waves. If you kayak enough, that will happen sooner or later. When it does, I prefer to have a kayak that does its fair share of the stability work with its hull design. I don't think that's the case with the Journey in either side waves of frontal waves. It punches down through frontal waves so again, the bow is submerged.
Comparing the Journey to, say, Deltas, I can say that the Deltas are literally twice as stable by virtue of their very different hull shape. Meaning, a Delta takes half the skill to keep upright and an intermediate paddler is safer in a Delta.
The Journey may very well be a stable kayak in the hands of an expert paddler. I have since replaced it with a kayak with a high-volume bow and stern and the difference is like night and day in rough water---it is barely affected by conditions that made the Journey hard to control. It bobs around but comes upright naturally.
I have been paddling my…
First I must say the Eddyline Journey is a very elegant craft. Overall the fit-and-finish of the kayak is flawless. Absolutely the finest build quality that I've seen. The thermoplastic material has a fantastic finish, is relatively light weight and bulletproof. I get many compliments on the beauty of this boat.
I'm surprised that a boat of this fine quality has a couple of major flaws. First of all the seating system is uncomfortable. It slides forward and backward a few inches and the backrest or backband can be cinched but there is no adjustment to raise the seat pan. I also feel a little lost in the relatively wide cockpit because the thigh braces are a insufficient. My Dagger Alchemy and the Tempest 170 both have superior seating compared to the Journey. My girlfriend has also remarked about the less than comfortable seat. The thigh braces are not adjustable but the sliding seat does allow you to get locked in. The foot braces are excellent quality.
The other item that disappoints me is the deck rigging. Directly behind the seat there are bungees but no perimeter decklines. This lack of non-stretchy decklines makes a paddlefloat re-entry very difficult if not impossible.
In spite of these issues, which could be remedied, the boat is a joy to paddle. It has excellent glide and tracks nicely even without the skeg. By the way, the skeg system is excellent and far superior to the skeg systems in my other boats. The craft has a decent amount of rocker, is very maneuverable and responds wonderfully to paddle input and edging.
I hope this info is useful to anyone considering the purchase of this boat. She is a beautiful craft and I do enjoy paddling her but I'd probably recommend one of my other two boats to a potential buyer.
I'm so glad I picked the…
I've owned the Journey for…
I've owned the Journey for several years and found it to be a decent all-round boat, but master at none. There's a lot to like about the Journey.
Construction: The Carbonlite 2000 hull is relatively light and doesn't "oil can" like roto-molded plastic. The hatches seal easier than many, and stay dry. The skeg is cable operated, conveniently located, and works reliably. The 15.5 foot hull is long enough to take in the ocean or for touring, yet short enough to take on small lakes and rivers. The 24" beam makes it a little sluggish compared to narrower kayaks, but it feels stable. The seat is a weak point. In theory, it's a good design. The seat is adjustable forward and back, and the back has a height adjustment as well as tilt. The problem is that the components are made of plastic that is prone to breakage. (I've had to replace broken parts) I also find it uncomfortable after an hour or so.
The cockpit has ample room, and is relatively easy to enter and exit. The knee braces are in the way during entry, but correctly located once you're inside.
Handling: The Journey feels stable, probably due to the 24" beam. I have mixed feelings about the tracking. This kayak has quite a bit of "rocker" which makes it easy to maneuver in tight places, especially considering it's length. The downside is tracking. Without the skeg, the tracking is poor. As soon as you stop paddling, even in calm water, the boat will immediately veer to one side or the other. If left uncorrected, it will just rotate on the rocker. The skeg corrects this 100%. So the boat is highly maneuverable without the skeg, and tracks well with it. There is a sweet spot with the skeg half down.
The hull design creates more wake than I'd like to see. My wife's 15 ft Venture slices through the water with almost no wake. The Journey wants to push the water aside. In the ocean and rough water, it does a lot of slapping and splashing which makes for a wet ride.
Overall, I find myself thinking that I'm paddling more boat than I need when in small lakes, and less than I want in the ocean. Still, if you want one kayak that will work in many situations, the Journey isn't a bad choice.
Have been paddling my…
If you want to purchase only…
Everything that the previous reviewers said I agree with, so I won't go into those details. Eddylines are made in the good ol' USA and are top quality. I haven't seen anything near the price that compares. In summary: try it, you'll like it. It's a kayak that you don't outgrow.
I can only sing the praises…
The fastrack foot pegs and easily adjustable from a seated position. The seat and backband are adjustable and very comfortable.the Journey has a large cockpit which makes it easy to get this 70 year old frame in and out. Both hatches offer ample room for a multi-day trip camping gear. I would give it a 10 but for the stern hatch cover - it is very difficult to close.
The Journey is a beautiful…
This is a very stable kayak (both primary and secondary) that can be handled by beginners but will satisfy experienced paddlers. It is wide (24"), but fast for that length, with excellent glide. Due to its shorter length it is more manageable than longer sea kayaks both in and out of the water, but it can go anywhere—ponds, lakes, sea—in just about any conditions. It is fully seaworthy. It leans well. It tracks well in calm water but is slightly skeg dependent in wind—but the skeg works well.
The cockpit will accommodate larger people in its length and width, but the area over the knees is a bit too low and confining, especially as the thigh braces angle down and have a sharp edge. I removed the braces and gained quite a bit of comfort.
My women's size 9.5 feet (= men's 8) fit nicely under the deck, but with not much room to spare, reflecting the low ends of the kayak. The seat did not work for me and I replaced it. The seat slides back unexpectedly if you push too hard on the foot pedals, and yet you can't adjust it fore and aft while sitting in the boat.
The hatch capacity appears limited due to the low ends, but in fact I was easily able to fit gear for a 3-day trip, and I'm pretty sure you could do a 7-day trip with lightweight backpacking-type equipment and careful planning of your food.
In spite of the above problems with the Journey, I am ultimately pretty happy with it. It is a big step above all the thermoformed competition under 16'— Delta, Hurricane, Swift — and worth the extra money. It's only real thermoformed competition is the 16' Delta. Eddyline remains first in thermoform, as they claim.
Raising the thigh/knee area by 1" and a new seat would make the Journey a perfect 10.

domain: hobby


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Home doctors- everyone is today well aware of this term because of the medical issues in the body. The doctors are very much in demand because of many reasons. To call the home doctors, there are many advantages. People used to call the doctors because of many reasons. Here in the post, we will break out some of the reasons which will help you to know that why people are calling them and why the demand is increasing. You can take help from it and can find out the best for you.
Different reasons are there which are important also and lead the demand of it. Some of those reasons are mentioned below. Those reasons are:-
- No need to move from home
If you are the one who is facing a medical problem, then the doctors are very much helpful. There are many people who find it difficult to go to the hospital and get the treatments. So that is why the call doctor is the best way to solve your issues. You can call the doctors, and they will come and give you treatment but charge you few more as compared to ordinary charges.
- All-time service available
It does not matter that when you need the doctor, all you just need to call the doctor and then the person will be available for you at any time. It is the most common and serious problem among people while having any medical issue. You can’t find a doctor late at night, but with the help of this service, you can get treatment at any time anywhere.
The above information is made to let you know that how the home doctors are beneficial for you. The https://home-doctor-service.jimdofree.com/ link will help you to get better information about it. So find the best doctor for you and cure your emergency medical problem.

domain: health


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Celebrate the season with these Fall Printable Puzzles for Kids. Find 9 different themed puzzles plus 3 versions of each; 6 pieces, 9 pieces, and 12 pieces. Kids will love this free and fun activity!
Get into the Fall spirit and enjoy these FREE puzzles with your kids. They're perfect for small playdates, rainy days, or any seasonal school lessons. I made them for kids in preschool through early elementary but really any child can have fun with these. Find candy corn, trick or treaters, fall leaves, and more!
Get your FREE printables below!
Free Fall Puzzles for Kids
We have three different options for the nine printable fall puzzles. There are 6 pieces, 9 pieces, and 12 pieces.
Pick your favorite and print (or pick them all). Then cut along the black lines very carefully for your puzzle pieces. Your child can put the puzzle together and glue it to another piece of paper as a craft. To make these last longer I suggest laminating before cutting the pieces. This way you have the puzzles forever and they can be used over and over.
Looking for more Free Fall printables? Check out these 6 Fall Art Prints
Download The Printable Fall Puzzles
6 Piece Puzzles
9 Piece Puzzles
12 Piece Puzzles
For personal use only.
Need more Fall kids activities? Check out these 25 Fall Crafts for Kids
Looking for more Fall Activities for Kids? Check out these posts:
CONNECT WITH MADE WITH HAPPY!
Be sure to follow me on social media, so you never miss a post!
Find and shop my favorite products in my Amazon storefront here!


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The route in the famous Pine Barrens covers varied land features and forest types while meeting a number of streams and ponds along the way. Many areas rich in history also lie along the trail, with names like Four Mile, Lebanon, Batsto, and Martha to remind us of the towns which once thrived here. It is relatively flat so is a good trip for beginners or those needing a refresher. Contact the leaders for further details and to sign up.
Recreational: the Batsto is typical of New Jersey Pine Barrens paddles. Quietly moving cedar stained water that passes through the pine forests. It’s a welcome respite on a hot summer day, with shade and cool waters. There are few birds, but lots of wildflowers. On weekends, the canoe/kayak liveries rent out to hordes of happy, clueless tubers and novices.
Difficulty & Must Haves:
The major feature of the Pine Barrens is narrow moving water. The current moves at a fair pace and there are lots of stumps, strainers and deadfalls. Here is where you learn about angles, river position, and boat control. The curves are all quite similar: the outside edge is a strainer and the inside edge is a sandbar. You have to be on the perfect path between them. Short boats (12 ft or less) are the rule, as in all Pine Barrens paddles. No helmets or skirts required. There are low trees that will limit bigger canoes.
Nice to Have & Human Interest:
The water is cool all summer because it is spring fed. Levels are runnable almost all the time. There are plenty of sand beaches for lunch.
Additional Notes & Shuttle Info:
Shuttle: 39°38’48.4″N 74°39’12.1″W https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zjduWflhNnK4.kRQl-4Ht6k1o&authuser=0&hl=en
Poison Ivy abounds in the summer. The road to the put-in and driving the shuttle may be the worst in New Jersey. About 4 miles of nasty, awful, rutted, sandy, one-lane road each way.

domain: geography


EXO’s “Miracles in December” review
Album: “Miracles in December”
Label: SM Entertainment
I decided to get this album because I was in the Christmas spirit and for the fact that the titled track was catchy. I also wanted to see what the hype was all about because they’ve been getting so much attention since their debut.
I decided to roll this review as both KPop and CPop because it’s the same album except one’s in Chinese, and the other is in Korean.
Since their debut, I didn’t come across a song that I considered decent until this one. I decided to give them a listen since I should judge groups based on their music, not on their passionate fans, choreography, or anything else.
There weren’t too many standout tracks in terms of the B side tracks. Together, they sound alright, but no particular member really stands out in terms of the voice. I am sure that all the Exotics would like to disagree with my opinions.
By getting this album, I pretty much gave up being an anti EXO fan. Before getting this album, I pretty much was on the hater bandwagon without giving them a chance musically. I would say this album whether you want the Chinese or Korean versions is that it’s a great listen especially for the holiday season.
Overall rating: 3/5
Reviewed by: Mr. Timtastic


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More than a Story
The first eyewitnesses Luke 2:8-18
Shepherds alerted by angels, came to see what had happened
They found their way to Mary and Joseph and the child
They made known what they had been told to them about
The second witnesses Luke 2:25-39
Simeon testified that his eyes had seen God’s salvation when he had seen Jesus.
Anna the prophetess continued to speak of Jesus as the redeemer of Jerusalem after seeing the child
The other witnesses Matthew 2:1-11
The Magi followed a star to Israel and again to Bethlehem until they came to the home of Jesus.
When they saw Jesus, they worshipped Him
The disciple’s witnesses 1 John 1:1-4
What we have heard, have seen, looked at, and touched we proclaim to you:
Eternal life has been manifested to us
We have fellowship with God and His Son Jesus Christ. We tell these things to others so that our joy may be complete
Paul’s witness 1 Corinthians 15:1-8
Christ died for our sins
He was buried and was raised on the third day
He then appeared to Peter and the other disciples
He then appeared to more than 500 others
Then Paul says, “He appeared to me also.”
God has made Himself known to me
Jesus lived a sinless life and offered Himself as a sacrifice
to satisfy God’s wrath against me and my sin.
By grace I have been forgiven by the blood of Jesus,
saved by the resurrection of Jesus, and reborn by the
Spirit of Jesus.
I have heard Him speak to my heart, mind, and soul.
This is more than my story….
JESUS IS MY LIFE!
You can know the story and never know the Savior. Wise men sought Him to worship Him. Disciples do not simply follow His teachings,
they follow JESUS!

domain: literature


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NW Architectural Photography
Contractor: Gary Howe Construction Photography: Roger TurkDoors with cork floor - webuser_473628049587274
i had thought of cupboards like these at bottom in our sitting room but white instead - eazy_e12
Painting the dark wood panelling is a cost efficient way to breath new life into this family room. Adding LED pot lights makes the space feel bigger.
Great Room at lower level with home theater and Acoustic ceiling
Photo by: Jeffrey Edward Tryon
Photo by: Haris Kenjar
Chad Mellon Photography
Photos by Peter Lyons
Vue séjour meublée avec escalier bois relooké
The home theater is connected with the music room that also works like a recording studio.

domain: artistic


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Parmesan cheese adds flavor to garlic mashed potatoes.
Makes 8 servings
2 ounces Reggiano Parmesan cheese, cut in ½-inch pieces
3 pounds Yukon Gold potatoes, peeled, cut in chunks
8 cloves garlic, peeled
1 teaspoon kosher salt
1 cup buttermilk (let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes)
½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
Calories 191 (11% from fat) • carb. 37g • pro. 7g • fat 2g • sat. fat 1g • chol. 6mg • sod. 296mg • calc. 139mg • fiber 3g
Insert the metal blade in the Cuisinart® Food Processor. With the machine running, drop the Parmesan cubes through the small feed tube and process until finely ground, about 20 seconds. Reserve.
Place the potatoes and garlic in a 3-¾ quart Cuisinart® saucepan. Add water to cover and salt. Bring to a boil, reduce heat to medium and cook, loosely covered, until tender, 15-20 minutes. Drain and return the potatoes and garlic to the pot. Place the pot over low heat for about 1 minute to remove excess moisture.
Using a Cuisinart® SmartPower Hand Mixer fitted with the stainless steel beaters, mash the potatoes using Speed 1 or 2 until smooth, about 45 seconds. Add the buttermilk, Parmesan and pepper. Mix on medium speed until whipped and fluffy, about 1 - 1½ minutes. Serve hot.