Deseeding Energy Consumption of Network Stacks
Regular works on energy efficiency strategies for wireless communications are based on classical energy models that account for the wireless card only. Nevertheless, there is a non-negligible energy toll called cross-factor that encompasses the energy drained while a frame crosses the network stack of an OS.
This paper addresses the challenge of deepen into the roots of the cross-factor, deseed its components and analyse its causes. Energy issues are critical for IoT devices. Thus, this paper conceives and validates a new comprehensive framework that enables us to measure a wide range of wireless devices, as well as multiple devices synchronously. We also present a rigorous methodology to perform whole-device energy measurements in laptops, a more generic and suitable device to perform energy debugging. Finally, and using this framework, we provide a collection of measurements and insights that deepens our understanding of the cross-factor.
Energy efficiency, energy measurement, wireless networks.
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We are living in an era in which consumer electronics are becoming wireless consumer electronics. That is, just about any known gadget is capable of connecting to cellular, wireless LAN or wireless PAN networks nowadays. The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing fast and wireless communications become its main driver. Due to the densification of wireless networks and the ubiquity of battery-powered devices, energy efficiency stands as a major research issue in the IoT.
More and more devices around us are becoming smart, incorporating more processing power in order to do more things, and some of them are already comparable to a small laptop computer. As a consequence, not only do they share hardware components, but also software: in particular, the Linux kernel is spreading into billions of devices all over the world, whether inside of the popular Android operating system or other embedded systems.
Whereas a lot of research were and is devoted to obtain more energy-efficient hardware components (e.g., wireless cards, processors, screens), too little attention has been paid, in terms of energy, to a core software component that enables all these devices: the operating system and, inside it, the network stack. A recent study  unveils that the energy toll —called cross-factor— ascribed to a frame crossing the operating system (i.e., the network stack and the wireless driver) is anything but negligible. In fact, it may account up to 97% of the total energy consumption per frame in some devices. This poses doubts on prior works that propose energy efficiency strategies taking into account the wireless card only.
Therefore, this inspired us to deepen into the roots of the cross-factor, deseed its components and analyse its causes. The main contributions of our work are the following:
The conception of a comprehensive, high-accuracy and high-precision measurement framework that enables us to measure the consumption of any type of device, as well as multiple heterogeneous devices synchronously.
A rigorous methodology to perform whole-device energy measurements in laptops. As we will justify in detail later, we have chosen the laptop as target device in our measurements. Here we introduce the components of a common laptop, analyse which of them are key part of wireless transmissions, which others can become an issue (e.g., generating noise) and how to mitigate their impact.
A collection of measurements and insights that deepens our understanding of the cross-factor.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II gives the current state-of-the-art on energy efficiency of wireless devices and establishes the foundation and motivation of this work. Section III presents our measurement framework: we describe in a reasoned manner the selected instrumentation, the testbed assembled for our experiments and its validation. Section IV assembles a measurement methodology by looking throughout the components of a common laptop. Section V presents and discusses our results and its implications. Finally, Section VI summarizes the conclusions of this paper.
Ii-a Cross-factor: Towards a New Energy Model
The seminal paper  gives the very first insight on energy consumption of wireless interfaces. This work was done on a per-frame basis by accounting for the energy drained by an 802.11 wireless card. Subsequent experimental works followed the same approach, which assumes that the network card dominates the consumption [3, 4]. All these results show that the energy consumption of wireless transmissions/receptions can be characterised using a simple linear model. This fact arises from the three typical states of operation of a wireless card: idle, transmitting and receiving.
The model, commonly expressed in terms of power, has a fixed part , device-dependent, attributable to the idle state, and it grows linearly with the airtime percentage (i.e., the fraction of time in which the card is transmitting or receiving).
This model has been assumed and widely used (implicitly or explicitly) in tens of papers [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] to justify energy savings with optimizations of diverse kind: PHY layer rate and power , MAC parameters [8, 9, 10], backoff operation [11, 12], idle state , overhearing , packet relying , data compression [16, 17], etcetera.
However, more recently, the novel work  performed extensive per-frame measurements for seven devices of different types (smartphones, tablets, embedded devices and wireless routers) and it unveiled that actually there is a non-negligible per-frame processing toll ascribed to the frame crossing the network stack. This component emerges as a new offset proportional to the frame generation rate, and it is not explained by the classical model.
The new model is expressed as follows:
are the cross-factor for generation and reception respectively. It is the fixed energy toll, measured in mJ, that every frame pays while crossing the network stack.
are the frame generation and reception rates respectively.
The results obtained with this new multilinear model show that the so called cross-factor accounts for 50% to 97% of the per-frame energy consumption. Additional findings show that it is independent of the CPU load on some devices and almost independent of the frame size.
Bearing in mind these results, it is imperative to reconsider existing schemes for energy efficiency in wireless communications. Old schemes like packet relying  and data compression [16, 17] may no longer be valid. On the contrary, packet batching or low-level packet generation could potentially produce real savings in this new component .
Ii-B Motivation of this Work
Due to its relevance, a better understanding of the cross-factor is required. We need to look at the kernel of the operating system, and specifically at the network stack, from an energy perspective: new tools and methodologies are needed to perform energy debugging .
Our intention is to separate the cross-factor into its constituent parts in order to comprehend the underlying causes, all this within the scope of providing an accurate mathematical description of the cross-factor which would give the energy model an unprecedented specificity. This would enable us to evaluate old energy efficiency strategies and to propose and test new schemes, both at device and at network level. Therefore, building a more general long-term measurement framework —solid, accurate and flexible enough— is required to cope the new challenge and those that will come.
Once this new framework is developed and validated, our proposal is to switch to a new target platform, more open and with easy access to in-kernel instrumentation. A laptop computer with a Linux-based distribution has all the resources to perform fine-grained energy debugging.
Iii A Comprehensive Measurement Framework for Wireless Devices
The main specifications for our framework are the following:
High-accuracy, high-precision; in the range of mW.
Avoid losing information between sampling periods, with events that last tens of microseconds.
Wide range of devices, from low- to high-powered devices, while keeping accuracy and precision.
Multiple devices under test (DUTs) at the same time, synchronously, for network-related energy measures (e.g., protocol/algorithm testing, energy optimization for a network as a whole).
Based on the above, we selected the proper hardware components as we shall see. Making use of this framework, a testbed intended for deseeding the energy consumption of a Linux kernel stack is proposed and validated.
The most power-hungry laptops in the market rarely surpass the barrier of 100 W. For instance, typical Dell computers bring 65 or 90 W AC adapters with maximum voltages of 19.5 V. We selected the Keithley 2304A DC Power Supply, which is optimized for testing battery-operated, wireless communication devices such as smartphones, tablets or even laptops (up to 100 W, 20 V, 5 A) that undergo substantial load changes for very short time intervals. This power supply simulates a battery’s response during a large load change by minimizing the maximum drop in voltage and recovering to within 100 mV of the original voltage in 40 us or less.
As measurement device, we selected the National Instruments PCI-6289, a high-accuracy multifunction data acquisition (DAQ) device. It has 32 analogue inputs (16 differential or 32 single ended) with 7 input ranges optimized for 18-bit input accuracy, up to 625 kS/s single channel or 500 kS/s multi-channel (aggregate). The timing resolution is 50 ns with an accuracy of 50 ppm of sample rate.
A custom three-port circuit, specifically designed by our university’s Technical Office in Electronics, converts the current signal to voltage and accommodates the voltage signal to the DAQ’s input limits without precision loss. Fig. (b)b shows a simplified scheme of this circuit. The voltage drop in a small and high-precision resistor is amplified to measure the current signal. At the same time, a resistive divider couples the voltage signal. Considering that the DAQ card has certain settling time, it can be modelled as a small capacity which acts as a low pass filter. Thus, two buffers (voltage followers) are placed before the DAQ card to decrease the output impedance of the circuit .
A small command-line tool was developed to perform measurements on the DAQ card using the open-source Comedi††http://comedi.org/ drivers and libraries.
Regarding the in-kernel instrumentation, we take advantage of SystemTap††https://sourceware.org/systemtap/, an open-source infrastructure around the Linux kernel that dramatically simplifies the gathering of information about a running Linux system (kernel, modules and applications). It provides a scripting language for writing instrumentation. SystemTap scripts are parsed into C code, compiled into a kernel module and hot-plugged into a live running kernel, eliminating the need for recompiling and rebooting.
Fig. (a)a shows the proposed testbed. It is composed of two laptop computers —the DUT and an access point (AP)— and a controller. The controller is a workstation with the DAQ card installed and it performs the energy measurements. At the same time, it sends commands to the DUT and AP through a wired connection and monitors the wireless connection between DUT and AP through a probe.
The experimental methodology works as follows. Given a collection of parameter values (modulation coding scheme or MCS, transmission power, packet size, framerate), we run steady experiments for several seconds in order to gather averaged measures. Each experiment comprises the steps shown in Fig. (c)c.
AP and DUT are configured. The DUT connects to the wireless network created by the AP and checks the connectivity. Setting up this network in a clear channel is highly advisable to avoid interference. The 5 GHz band, with an 802.11a-capable card, has good candidates.
The packet counters of the wireless interfaces are saved for later use.
Receiver and transmitter are started. We use the mgen††http://cs.itd.nrl.navy.mil/work/mgen/ traffic generator and a simple netcat at the receiver.
The controller monitors the wireless channel and collects an energy trace that will be averaged later.
Transmitter and Receiver are stopped.
Because of the unreliability of the wireless medium, the packet counters, together with the monitoring information, are used to ensure that the experiment was successful (i.e., the traffic seen agrees with the configured parameters).
In order to validate our measurement framework, several experiments were performed with one of the devices studied in  as DUT. We selected the Soekris net4826-48 equipped with an Atheros AR5414-based 802.11a/b/g Mini-PCI card because it is the one with the largest cross-factor. The OS was Linux Voyage with kernel 2.6.30 and the MadWifi driver v0.9.4.
The first task was to perform the energy breakdown given in  in transmission mode:
User space: The Soekris generates packets using mgen, but they are discarded before being delivered to the OS, by using the sink device rather than udp.
Kernel space: Packets cross the network stack and are discarded in the driver, by commenting the hardstart MadWifi command that performs the actual delivery of the frame to the wireless network interface card (NIC).
Wireless NIC: Packets are transmitted, i.e., are delivered to the wireless medium.
The NoACK functionality of 802.11e was activated in order to avoid ACK receptions. Thus, the energy model that governs Soekris’ complete transmissions is simplified as follows:
Fig. 2 represents the Equation (2) (red lines) and depicts how the energy toll splits across the processing chain with different parameters (blue and green lines). The dashed line depicts the idle consumption as a reference, W.
Indeed, these results are quite similar to  and confirm that the cross-factor accounts for the largest part of the energy consumption. Moreover,  reports that the cross-factor is almost independent of the packet size. Interestingly, our results have captured a small dependence that can be especially observed in the 600 fps case.
Iv Components of a Common Laptop
As pointed out previously in Sections I-II, we have chosen the laptop as DUT in our measurements using the testbed described and validated in Section III. The main reason is that this platform is flexible and powerful enough to provide us with the proper debugging tools.
However, a laptop is not without drawbacks as a complex and power-hungry piece of hardware. It comprises a number of components, both hardware (battery, screen, hard disk drive, fan, wireless card, RAM memory, CPU) and software (services, kernel, drivers), that require a thorough discussion for one of two reasons: 1) they are not present in other devices or 2) they are essentially different.
The laptop selected for our experiments is a Dell Latitude E5540 with Intel Core i5-4300U CPU at 1.9 GHz and 8 GB of SODIMM DDR3 RAM at 1.6 GHz, equipped with an Atheros AR9280-based 802.11a/b/g/n Half Mini-PCI Express card and running Fedora Linux 20.
The battery is a serious obstacle for energy measurements. Although using it as power source is actually possible, it is totally impractical because it prevents long term experiments, and the constant need for recharging is a waste of time. Then, the use of an external power source is highly advisable, but in this case the battery must be removed to avoid noise coming from battery charging and discharging.
Nevertheless, supplying DC voltage through the power jack socket is not enough. Most laptops are capable of detecting the AC adapter. This is done through a third connection in the power jack. In the case of Dell computers, this third wire goes to a transistor-shaped component placed in the AC transformer. Actually, this component is a small memory that can be read using a 1-wire protocol. It stores a serial number identifying the AC adapter.
If the laptop does not detect this memory, the BIOS can do improper things. For instance, we have detected that the BIOS of Dell computers do not allow the OS to control CPU frequency scaling. Fortunately, it is very straightforward to borrow such component from an official AC adapter and attach it permanently to the third connection of the power jack socket.
Same as for smartphones , the laptop screen is the most energy-hungry device. It accounts for more than a half of the energy consumed by our laptop when it is just powered on and idling. Thus, the screen constitutes a very high and variable (as it depends on the GPU activity) baseline consumption that must be avoided in wireless experiments.
In Linux, this can be done by finding the backlight device entry in the /sys/class subsystem and simply resetting it. The screen goes off.
Iv-C Hard Disk Drive
Regarding the system’s non-volatile memory, we cannot get rid of it because it is needed for the OS storage. Commonly, laptops carry hard disk drives (HDD), which are mechanical devices powered with voltages ranging from 5 to 12 V. HDDs are proven to be energy-hungry devices with a consumption variability in ascending order of tens of W . As a consequence, every read/write during an experiment generates an intractable noise.
On the contrary, all the devices studied in  use flash memories. This kind of non-volatile memory is the best option, because its consumption variability is three orders of magnitude below HDD’s . In our experiments, we replaced the original HDD by a solid-state disk (SSD). As an SSD is composed of NAND flash units, its consumption is far more stable.
The thermal characteristics of a laptop computer require a cooling subsystem: heat sinks (CPU and GPU), air ducts and one fan (at least). The fan is regulated dynamically with a pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique. This component becomes an unpredictable source of electrical noise, as its operation point depends on the computer’s thermal state.
Suppressing the fan is not an option because, at some point, the CPU will heat and the computer will turn off. Our solution was to set it at fixed medium speed with the help of the i8k kernel module and the i8kfan user-space application.
Iv-E Wireless Card
This is the last part of the wireless transmission chain and the first of the reception one. In principle, the energy models reviewed in Section II assure us that a linear behaviour is expected, independently of the manufacturer or model. However, there are a couple of factor may lead us to select a given card.
Capabilities: Nowadays, it is very difficult to perform interference-free wireless experiments over ISM bands without an anechoic chamber (especially when all your fellows are within the same research topic). The 2.4 GHz band is typically overcrowded, while in the 5 GHz band we have better chances to find a clear channel. Thus, an 802.11a-capable card is advisable.
Manufacturer: Distinct manufacturers (and models) have better or worse driver support in the Linux kernel. For instance, Intel PRO/Wireless cards are known for requiring a binary firmware to operate. On the other hand, Atheros released some source from their binary HAL to help the open-source community add support for their chips. As a result, there are completely free and open-source drivers available for all Atheros chipsets.
The factory default card of our Dell Latitude was an Intel PRO/wireless card, and it was replaced by an Atheros AR9280-based 802.11a/b/g/n Half Mini-PCI Express.
Iv-F RAM Memory
The random-access memory is a fundamental peripheral device in a computer system: it holds the instructions of the running programs —the kernel of the OS included— and the data associated. Therefore, our first guess was that the RAM memory could play a meaningful role in the energy consumption of a wireless communication.
The CPU is another power-hungry component. For many years, the first CPUs were like bulbs: they were consuming the same power whether doing something useful or not. In fact, they executed junk code (i.e., a loop of NOPs) in idle time. Later, CPU architects realised that more intelligent things can be done in such periods of time. For instance, performing some kind of energy saving mechanism.
Nowadays, CPUs are becoming more and more complex. Without seeking to be exhaustive, a modern CPU has arithmetic control units (ALUs), pipelines, a control unit, registers, several levels of cache, some clocks, etcetera. But more interestingly, modern CPUs implement several power management mechanisms (see Fig. 4) covered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI).
P-states: Also known as frequency scaling. When the CPU is running (i.e., executing instructions), one of these states apply. P0 means maximum power and frequency. As Px increases, the voltage is lower and, thus, the frequency of the clock, and thus the energy consumed, is scaled down.
C-states: When the CPU is idle, it enters a Cx state. The C0 means maximum power, because junk code is being executed. This can be a little bit confusing because, as Fig. 4 shows, the CPU is also in C0 when running. In general, C0 means the CPU is busy doing something, whether executing actual programs (running) or something not useful (idle). In C1, the CPU is halted, and can return to an executing state near instantaneously. In C2, the main clock is stopped and, as Cx increases, more and more functional units are shut off. As a consequence, returning from a deep C-state is very expensive in terms of latency.
Finally, multicore systems introduce additional complexity. As a clue, the OS decides how many cores become active at any time, and each core has its own power management subsystem (i.e., P- and C-states). Therefore, we work always in single core mode to simplify the analysis.
There may be a lot of active user-space services (also called daemons) in a Linux system by default. They can add noise to our measurements in two ways: by consuming CPU time and writing logs to disk. Hence, disabling not essential services is desirable.
There exist two power management subsystems for each CPU in the Linux kernel: cpufreq††https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/ controls P-states and cpuidle††https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpuidle/ controls C-states. Both subsystems have the same architecture, separating mechanism (driver) from policy (governor).
Driver: It provides the platform-dependent state detection capability and the mechanisms to support entry/exit into/from different states. By default, there exists an ACPI driver that implements standard APIs. Usually, CPU-specific drivers are capable of detecting more states than ACPI-compliant ones.
Governor: It is an algorithm that takes in several system parameters as input and decides the state to activate.
The cpufreq governor has several policies that focus on certain P-states or frequencies to the detriment of others, e.g., performance (high frequencies) or powersave (low frequencies). It is also possible to manually fix certain frequency or range of frequencies.
The cpuidle governor takes in the next timer event as main input. Each C-state has a certain energy cost and exit latency. Thus, intuitively there are two decision factors that the menu governor (the most common) must consider: the energy break-even point and the performance impact. The next timer event is a good predictor in many cases, but not perfect since there are other sources of wake-ups (e.g., interrupts). Therefore, it computes a correction factor using an array of 12 independent factors through a running average. Moreover, it is possible to manually disable the C-states (excepting C0).
All Linux drivers are compiled as separate modules. In particular, wireless drivers††http://wireless.kernel.org/, along with the entire 802.11 subsystem, can be compiled out-of-tree within the backports project††https://backports.wiki.kernel.org. This is very useful in order to use latest drivers on older kernels.
The wireless driver module interacts directly with the NIC. In our case, the selected card uses the ath9k driver. The function ath9k_tx() is the entry point for the transmission path. The driver fills the transmission descriptors, copies the buffer into the NIC memory and sets up several registers that trigger the transmission.
In , the authors claim that their methodology discarded packets right after the driver in order to perform the energy breakdown depicted in Fig. 2. This statement becomes uncertain when a closer look at any wireless driver is taken. Discarding a frame before the buffer is copied into the NIC implies that only half of the driver is actually taken into account for the cross-factor value. On the other hand, if we try to discard it in the very last instruction of the driver (i.e., avoiding setting the register that triggers the hardware transmission), then the module crashes. This occurs because the buffer is already in the NIC’s memory and it needs to be cleaned up, a non-trivial task that anyway would consume more energy.
This, combined to the fact that drivers differ greatly from one to another, makes it not advisable to include the driver into the definition of cross-factor, given the difficulty of isolating driver and NIC consumptions.
As with the variety of drivers mentioned above, a similar argument can be wield against the user-space consumption. Therefore and from here on, we define kernel cross-factor as the energy consumed from the system call that delivers the message until the driver is reached. Cross-factor, as is, maintains the definition given in  to avoid confusion.
We would also like to highlight that our way of interrupting the transmission path by discarding a frame in the driver is a bit different from . They conduct this breakdown commenting a driver function. This method implies the need for recompiling the driver, which is time-consuming and not very portable (think about a similar task inside the kernel core).
For our part, we look for a short string in the beginning of packet payloads. The presence of this magic string triggers the packet drop. Our method, despite introducing a very little overhead, is agile and portable (for instance, it can be implemented on the fly using SystemTap).
V Networking Measures on a Laptop
In our measurements, we use Fedora-default pre-compiled kernels. We arranged two separate partitions: one with Fedora 12 and kernel version 2.6.32 and the other with Fedora 20 and kernel 3.14. Only the latter supports Intel-specific drivers, thus we use ACPI drivers only in order to operate under similar conditions.
Intel Haswell processors support up to eight C-states: C1, C1E, C3, C6, C7s, C8, C9, C10. However, the BIOS reports two C-states to the ACPI driver, which are named C1 and C2. We have verified by comparing idle consumptions of each C-state that the correspondence is as follows:
ACPI C1 Intel C1: the CPU is halted and stops executing instructions when it enters into idle mode.
ACPI C2 Intel C6: this is a new sleep state introduced in the Haswell architecture.
V-a Cross-factor: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff
We have identified the two components suspected of being responsible of the cross-factor, and our first priority is to quantify their impact:
CPU: As the cross-factor is caused by software processing, the CPU is expected to be the main source of energy drain.
RAM Memory: It stores the instructions to be executed as well as the associated data.
It is not possible to regulate the activity of the RAM memory, but it can be done with the CPU. For this purpose, the CPU was fixed at P0-C0 states, i.e., always running at maximum frequency, maximum energy consumption. We performed an energy breakdown using this configuration in kernel 3.14 and the results are shown in Fig. 5.
The lines appear superimposed: the laptop is consuming the same power among different parameters, different packet rates. Hence, one important conclusion to be drawn is that the RAM memory has no significant impact in the overall energy consumption of wireless transmissions. The noise can be ascribed to the fact that not all the instructions consume exactly the same energy . Other possible sources of noise are cache and pipeline flushes.
With this simple experiment, we have demonstrated that the CPU is the leading cause of cross-factor in laptops, and it is clear that the cpuidle subsystem has a central role, because a CPU spends most of the time in idle mode . From now on, and in order to take a deeper look at C-states, we remove a variable by keeping the P-state fixed at P0 (maximum frequency).
V-B Power Consumption in Unattended Idle Mode
The Soekris net4826-48 is equipped with an AMD Geode SC1100 CPU that supports ACPI C1, C2 and C3 states††http://datasheets.chipdb.org/upload/National/SC1100.pdf. Unfortunately, it seems that Linux distributions for embed devices, such as Voyage Linux, disable cpuidle in their kernels, which means that the OS has no control over the idle mode. In such conditions, we know now that the CPU cannot be in C0 all the time, because the device does not consume the same power with different parameters. What is happening then?
Back to our laptop, it is possible to disable cpuidle through the kernel command-line. The idle power consumption in this situation, which we call unattended idle mode, reveals that the laptop is entering C1. This fact can be extrapolated to the Soekris case, which makes sense, since there is no governor to resolve what C-state is the more suitable. Thus, the processor simply halts when there is no work to do.
Fig. 6 shows the energy breakdown for both kernels, 2.6.32 and 3.14, when the C1 state only is enabled. The obtained kernel cross-factor is almost negligible, which suggests that Intel Haswell’s C1 state saves a very small amount of power, unlike the Soekris’ C1 state as shown in Fig. 2.
There is also a baseline power difference between kernels. This offset can be ascribed to several factors. For instance, a lot of code has changed —and probably improved— between those kernel versions. In particular, the scheduler and the cpuidle algorithms have evolved. Moreover, the compiler used has changed also.
At this respect, we can calculate the complete cross-factor (including the user-space, as done in Section III) by extracting the slopes of the regressions of Fig. 7. These values are comparable to the Linksys case reported in : mJ (kernel 2.6.32) and mJ (kernel 3.14).
It is also important to note that, unlike results from Fig. 2, there is absolutely no dependence on the frame size in this case. Our guess is that RAM memory consumption would be proportional to the frame size and may have a small but still perceptible impact in low-power devices, but it is negligible compared to a laptop’s CPU consumption. As a consequence, the frame size can be removed as a parameter from the cross-factor analysis in laptops.
V-C Power Consumption with Full cpuidle Subsystem
With the knowledge acquired so far, we can move onto a more realistic scenario by enabling the whole cpuidle subsystem, i.e., keeping both ACPI C-states enabled and letting the governor decide.
Fig. 8 depicts the energy breakdown for kernel 3.14 with full cpuidle subsystem (C1+C2 enabled) and compares it to the previous case (C1 only). By enabling C2, the consumption appears to be always lower up to driver level (blue and green lines). Nevertheless, the consumption of complete transmissions (red lines) is lower in the 300 fps case, but it is the same in the 2400 fps case.
Fig. 9 compares the offsets of complete transmissions in Fig. 8 for both cases: C1+C2 and C1 only. The red line corresponds to C1: as expected, its behaviour is linear as seen in Fig. 7. On the other hand, the C1+C2 case (blue points) is not linear globally. It comprises three clearly distinct parts: when the framerate is low, there is an approximately linear behaviour because the CPU only uses C2; when the framerate is high, C2 is no longer used, and the slope matches the red line; between them, the behaviour becomes unpredictable because of the mix of C1 and C2. Therefore, the cross-factor as defined in  makes no sense anymore. When all C-states are active, there is no more linear behaviour: we cannot talk neither about a slope nor a fixed energy toll per frame.
Furthermore, we had assumed, as , that we can simply drop the packets at certain points, measure the mean power up to those points and represent all this as an energy breakdown. But obviously this is not true either. For instance, the last plot of Fig. 8 (48 Mbps, 2400 fps) shows that the CPU is not entering C2 when complete transmissions are performed, as the consumption is the same as the C1-only case. On the other hand, the CPU is clearly spending some time in C2 when the frames are dropped early. Even it seems that the network stack is consuming more power because the energy band (between green and blue lines) is larger. Evidently, it should be the opposite: the stack would be consuming less power as soon as it enters a lower C-state.
V-D Exploring the cpuidle Subsystem
As stated in Section IV, the cpuidle subsystem is a very complex component. Kernel timer events are the main input for the governor algorithm as they often indicate the next wake-up of the CPU, but the running average used to scale the latter makes it unpredictable, as it depends on the recent state of the whole machine. The purpose of this section is to shed light on the linkage between the residence time of C-states, the number of wake-ups per second, the CPU load and the transmission of wireless frames.
We implemented a very simple application with two modes of operation: it is capable of setting a kernel timer at a given constant rate and, when this timer is triggered, it 1) does nothing or 2) sends a UDP packet. At the same time, it calculates the mean residence time of each C-state over the whole execution. Figs. 10-11 have been compiled using this tool. The additional CPU load was added on top of the latter using a modified version of lookbusy††http://www.devin.com/lookbusy/. Fig. 12 compares the two previous figures in terms of power consumption.
In Fig. 10, the only source of wake-ups is the kernel timer that our tool sets. Each C-state is represented by a colour, and shapes and line types distinguish between CPU loads. The first observation is that the addition of a substantial source of CPU load has no impact on the distribution of residence times. Another important clue is that, up to 2000 and from 3500 wake-ups/s onwards, there is only one active idle state —C2 or C1 respectively (C0 means executing)—, and the behaviour is linear. This fact can be verified by checking the power consumption (Fig. 12, red lines). From 2000 to 3500 wake-ups/s, the transition between C-states occurs in a non-linear way.
In Fig. 11, on other hand, there is another source of wake-ups: hardware interrupts caused by the wireless card each time a packet is sent. The transition between states occurs earlier because there is actually twice the wake-ups. And, again, CPU load shows no impact on the distribution of residence times.
These are partial results and are limited to constant rate wake-ups, but these findings are in line with the non-linearities previously discovered in the cross-factor and they confirms the enormous complexity we face.
This paper follows the path set out by  with the discovery of the cross-factor, an energy toll not accounted by classical energy models and associated to the very fact that frames are processed along the network stack. On the achievement of this goal, we have built and validated a comprehensive, high-accuracy and high-precision measurement framework capable of measuring any type of device, as well as multiple heterogeneous devices synchronously. We have introduced the laptop as a more suitable device to perform whole-device energy measurements in order to deseed the root causes of the cross-factor by taking advantage of the wide range of debugging tools that such platform enables.
Our results, albeit preliminary, provide several fundamental insights on this matter:
We have identified the CPU as the leading cause of the cross-factor in laptops. Thus, the cross-factor shows absolutely no dependence on the frame size, because the RAM memory has no significant impact in the overall energy consumption of wireless transmissions. On the other hand, low-powered devices, like the Soekris, show a very small but perceptible dependency that can be ascribed to the RAM memory.
The CPU’s C-state management plays a central role in the energy consumption, because a CPU spends most of the time in idle mode.
When the C-state management subsystem is not present in the OS, the device enters C1 in idle mode (halted) and cannot benefit from lower idle states.
In contrast to low-powered devices, the C1 state of a laptop’s CPU saves a very small amount of power.
With a fully functional C-state management subsystem, the linear behaviour disappears. In consequence, we cannot talk about cross-factor as a fixed energy toll per frame.
A non-linear behaviour implies that we cannot perform energy breakdowns by dropping packets inside the transmission chain. Therefore, new methodologies and techniques are required to enable energy debugging.
C-state residence times depend primarily on the number of wake-ups per second produced by software and hardware interrupts. However, they show no dependence on the CPU load.
Further research is needed in order to fully understand the key role of the C-state subsystem in the energy consumption of wireless communications, as well as to investigate other processor capabilities not accounted for here, such as P-states and multicore support.
-  P. Serrano, A. Garcia-Saavedra, G. Bianchi, A. Banchs, and A. Azcorra, “Per-Frame Energy Consumption in 802.11 Devices and Its Implication on Modeling and Design,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1–1, 2014.
-  L. Feeney and M. Nilsson, “Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment,” in Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213), vol. 3. IEEE, 2001, pp. 1548–1557.
-  Jean-pierre Ebert, B. Burns, A. Wolisz, and A. Wolisz, “A trace-based approach for determining the energy consumption of a WLAN network interface.”
-  E. Shih, P. Bahl, and M. J. Sinclair, “Wake on wireless:,” in Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking - MobiCom ’02. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, Sep. 2002, p. 160.
-  R. Bruno, M. Conti, and E. Gregori, “Optimization of efficiency and energy consumption in p-persistent CSMA-based wireless LANs,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–31, Jan. 2002.
-  M. Carvalho, C. Margi, K. Obraczka, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, “Modeling energy consumption in single-hop IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings. 13th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX969). IEEE, 2004, pp. 367–372.
-  Daji Qiao, S. Choi, A. Jain, and K. G. Shin, “MiSer: An optimal low-energy transmission strategy for.”
-  D. Agrawal, “Analysis and optimization of energy efficiency in 802.11 distributed coordination function,” in IEEE International Conference on Performance, Computing, and Communications, 2004. IEEE, 2004, pp. 707–712.
-  Jyh-Cheng Chen and Kai-wen Cheng, “EDCA/CA: Enhancement of IEEE 802.11e EDCA by Contention Adaption for Energy Efficiency,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2866–2870, Aug. 2008.
-  A. Garcia-Saavedra, P. Serrano, A. Banchs, and M. Hollick, “Energy-efficient fair channel access for IEEE 802.11 WLANs,” in 2011 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks. IEEE, Jun. 2011, pp. 1–9.
-  N. Vaidya, “An energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless LANs,” in Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 3. IEEE, 2002, pp. 1756–1764.
-  V. Baiamonte and C.-F. Chiasserini, “Saving Energy during Channel Contention in 802.11 WLANs,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 287–296, Mar. 2006.
-  X. Zhang and K. G. Shin, “E-MiLi: Energy-Minimizing Idle Listening in Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1441–1454, Sep. 2012.
-  M. Ergen and P. Varaiya, “Decomposition of Energy Consumption in IEEE 802.11,” in 2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, Jun. 2007, pp. 403–408.
-  X. He and F. Y. Li, “Throughput and energy efficiency comparison of one-hop, two-hop, virtual relay and cooperative retransmission schemes,” in 2010 European Wireless Conference (EW). IEEE, 2010, pp. 580–587.
-  S. Baek, G. DeVeciana, and X. Su, “Minimizing Energy Consumption in Large-Scale Sensor Networks Through Distributed Data Compression and Hierarchical Aggregation,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1130–1140, Aug. 2004.
-  A. B. Sharma, L. Golubchik, R. Govindan, and M. J. Neely, “Dynamic data compression in multi-hop wireless networks,” ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 145–145–156–156, Jun. 2009.
-  A. Pathak, Y. C. Hu, and M. Zhang, “Bootstrapping energy debugging on smartphones,” in Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks - HotNets ’11. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, Nov. 2011, pp. 1–6.
-  “Using a unity gain buffer (voltage follower) with a daq device,” White paper, National Instruments, Jan. 2014.
-  A. Carroll and G. Heiser, “An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone,” p. 21, Jun. 2010.
-  A. Hylick, R. Sohan, A. Rice, and B. Jones, “An Analysis of Hard Drive Energy Consumption,” in 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computers and Telecommunication Systems. IEEE, Sep. 2008, pp. 1–10.
-  L. Grupp, A. Caulfield, J. Coburn, S. Swanson, E. Yaakobi, P. Siegel, and J. Wolf, “Characterizing flash memory: Anomalies, observations, and applications,” pp. 24–33, 2009.
-  V. Tiwari, S. Malik, A. Wolfe, and M. Tien-Chien Lee, “Instruction level power analysis and optimization of software,” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 2-3, pp. 223–238, Aug. 1996.
-  L. A. Barroso and U. Hölzle, “The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing,” Computer, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 33–37, Dec. 2007.


text:
Click on the 'Get 2.50% Cashback' button to visit Social Stories Club.1
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domain: economics


- 100% Egyptian Cotton
- 350 Gram Weight
- Available in 4 Colors
- Made in Portugal
- Machine Wash Cool Water; Tumble Dry Low Heat
- ByAbyss & Habidecor
Custom Colors Available.Please call Janice 1.800.207.5463 for details.
Please Allow 3-5 Week Lead-Time From Date of Purchase. Items are stocked in Portugal and ship on a shipping schedule. Please call Janice for a precise lead-time on delivery.


text:
- Main course: £19
- Food spend: £40
- Opening hours
- Monday to Thursday: 17:30 - 21:30 Friday & Sunday: 12:00 - 14:30 & 17:30 - 21:30 Saturday: 12:00 - 14:30 & 17:30 - 22:00.
Lovely meal and good service
26 December 2018
Hidden within the ancient city walls, County Restaurant at ABode Canterbury serves sumptuous modern European cuisine with a focus on quality, seasonal produce. It is a stylish street-level restaurant with a beautifully designed dining room.
Incorporating regional and seasonal produce, the County Restaurant menu includes roast partridge with braised chicory, marinated raisins and gewürztraminer sauce, and steamed brill with quinoa, braised ox cheek and red wine jus. County Restaurant at ABode also boasts an impressive and innovative dessert menu which features the peanut butter parfait with banana purée and caramelised banana sorbet.
Combining classic elegance with modern style, the plush neutral furniture and low lighting at ABode Canterbury create a vibrant yet chic ambience. Guests can also enjoy a decadent cocktail in the adjoining champagne bar, as well as afternoon tea consisting of elegant finger sandwiches and a selection of delicious cakes and scones. Choose fine teas from Newby London, or even add a glass of Champagne for a luxurious accompaniment.
In the city centre, County Restaurant at ABode Canterbury is near the majestic Canterbury Cathedral. Canterbury Rail Station is just a 9-minute walk away.
County Restaurant at ABode Canterbury
30-33 High Street, Canterbury, CT1 2RX
See all restaurants in Kent
See all restaurants in Canterbury
Customer reviews for County Restaurant at ABode Canterbury
((((( 26 December 2018 by Barry from Herne
Lovely meal and good service
((((* 16 October 2018 by Debra from HORNCHURCH
We had a very lovey time dining at the County Restaurant. They even took notice of my comment from the booking that we were there for a birthday celebration. At the end of the night they gave the birthday person a lovely decorated plate of chocolate dessert with happy birthday written in chocolate sauce. A**
((((( 9 July 2018 by David from Chicago
((*** 16 March 2018 by Niel from Canterbury
We had an elderly mum with us and a child. Where we were seated was on very low chairs/sofa seat with 2 higher chairs which were too high for the low table!
There was no room on the table for anything it was all so cramped and so much that some things were removed by the staff to fit what we had ordered for our afternoon tea. The coffee I had was just so strong and as I drink it black it was not nice at all. The cup of coffee was not even half filled so I asked for it to be filled which it was kindly by the staff. The order was taken of 3 without fish and 1 with fish. They had got confused and bought to us the fish the opposite to what we had asked for. The scones were like rock cakes and our mother did nothing but complain to us around 6-7 times but we were too embarrassed to complain. They were hard and over cooked we agreed with her. When you cut them through with a knife they all crumbled and brok so we were adding the jam and cream to little bits that had fallen out of the scone when cutting it. We were sat by not a very relaxing area where all the staff her walking by, near the reception area with a dull view of a corridor. This cost us £100 and it was a Mothers day Gift. So we were really quite disappointed to be fair.
((((( 23 January 2018 by Christine from Eastleigh
Service was excellent. Food was delicious and I’ve never eaten such tender roast beef.
(**** 9 October 2017 by Caroline from Canterbury
It was a total disappointment. The flavours were fabulous in both the starter and main, but my entire dinner took 7 mouthfuls to eat!! For the price it was a total joke! I have never seen such tiny portions in my life!
((((* 7 April 2017 by Paul from Ashford
Service was very good; afternoon tea was filling, even if the serving seemed a little light on sandwiches at first. The restaurant was very accomodating of my pregnant vegetarian! Alternative hot drinks to tea were offered, as were drinks refills. They were also happy to let us take our remaining cakes away in a little box.
((*** 28 March 2017 by Dirk from Maidstone
The waiting staff were lovely, the scones were rather hard baked but okay inside. What let the experience down was the attempt to charge me far beyond what I was told over the phone and seen costing on the website. I was told £19.95 per person (x 3) and I received a phone call asking for £10 deposit per person as it was Mothers Day. No problem there. But when it came to pay after our afternoon tea, I was given a bill of almost £15 more than it should have been, PLUS a 10% service charge. So I complained and the second receipt was even more, over £20 more but less 10%. So I understandably was a bit irate. The THIRD bill was correct. We then gave the waiter a tip in cash, so the establishment didn't get it themselves - we hope. So because of the attempted rip off, I will not be returning to this place!
((((* 19 March 2017 by Christine from Eastleigh
I had delicious food including two complementary starters. The service is rather slow.
((((* 19 February 2017 by Milan from Canterbury
Good location easy to access, nice atmosphere, good coffee, and fine selection of cakes.
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domain: food


text:
It seems like not too long ago exoskeletons could only exist in sci-films like Aliens, but now they’re popping up everywhere to help us live our half-man, half-machine action-packed dreams. The Bay Area robotics company Roam is crashing the exoskeleton scene with a device built to upgrade your skiing prowess dubbed Elevate.
The Elevate Robotic Ski XO will increase your quad strength, allowing you to cut through powdery ski slopes with precision, execute turns with ease, and endure longer ski sessions by decreasing muscle fatigue. The device is built with sensors and intelligent software capable of analyzing the user’s objective to adjust torque at the knees automatically thanks to air actuators that replicate your quadricep muscles. It’s made to constantly adapt to your body’s motion so you have full control of your downhill adventure. You’ll be able to try out a demo rental of the Elevate exoskeleton starting this December at a few locations in Lake Tahoe.

domain: design


The Porsche prototype - VK 45.01(P) in 1/35 scale
On May 26th of 1941, during the meeting concerning the development of new weaponry, Adolf Hitler ordered both Dr.Porsche and Henschel to supply their designs for a heavy tank, which was to be ready in the summer of 1942. Krupp was in charge of supplying main armament and producing turrets for designs by both Henschel and Porsche. The project was known as the "Tigerprogram".
Porsche Tiger’s development was based on previous design of VK 3001(P) – Leopard. Only five Tiger(P) were fully completed and while none of those vehicles entered production, they provided designers with valuable experience.
In July of 1942, Henschel Tiger - VK 4501(H) was approved and went into production. Only five Tiger(P) were fully completed in July of 1942 by Nibelungenwerke with armored parts supplied by Krupp, before the production was stopped in August of 1942..
I used the kit#6210 from Dragon to reproduce the VK 45.01(P). The kit isof the only VK 45.01(P) to go into combat and was modified with extra armor. Many modifications had to be made such as scratch building most of the front of the hull and removing details from the rest. As best as I can tell from the photos, the model is a rare and accurate reproductions of the VK 45.01(P) prototype.
PHOTO NOTE: Photography was taken with a Cannon S5 IS digital camera with florescent lighting.


text:
My amaryillis is out for the past month or so, and the leaves are only
about 4 inches. I notice that the flower stem is popping its head out.
We have had this plant for a number of years. It seems as if in the
past the leaves have been larger before the flower stem pops out. Does
the length of the leaves affect how successful the flowers will be? I
thought that the leaves make energy for the bulb for next years flower
rather than this years flower, and the less leaf the better. Any views
on this? The weather in our area has been colder this winter than last
year, although the plant is in a sunny window. We have always kept out
house at around 58 degrees.
Is this Amaryllis belladonna (common names: "naked lady", "belladonna
lily")? Or is this from the genus Hippeastrum (common names:
"amaryllis", "oxblood lily" (red varieties))? See my
<http://www.rossde.com/garden/garden_hippeastrum.html for the
differeces between the two.
Hippeastrum is supposed to be evergreen, not going dormant in the
winter. During a severe winter, however, Hippeastrum might become
leafless. I have three potted Hippeastrum on my patio, all of which
were hit hard by the record-breaking cold we had in January where I
live. Not only did they all lose their leaves; for a while, I thought
one or more was actually dead.
This morning, I checked my garden before breakfast. Two of the
Hippeastrum now have a good growth of new leaves. The third has the
start of new leaves, but it also has the start of a flower stalk almost
as high as the leaves.
The interesting thing about Hippeastrum is that it might bloom at any
time except winter. (It can also be forced to bloom in the winter if
indoors.) Some of mine -- all the same variety -- bloom two or even
three times between early spring and mid-fall. This is most likely to
happen with those bulbs that remain in leaf through the winter.
Don't worry if the flower appears before there is a full growth of
leaves. Just keep the bulb moist but not wet. Feed it lightly but
Do not force dormancy at the end of the growing season. If it goes
dormant anyway, stop feeding; but still keep it somewhat moist because
the roots will still be alive.
David E. Ross
Climate: California Mediterranean
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners.

domain: biology


text:
Driving success in manufacturing data analytics 1st January 2019
By our Editorial Team
A review of the Manufacturing Leadership Forum taking place in Antwerp, Belgium, with a focus on the potential of analytics
A review of the Manufacturing Leadership Forum taking place in Antwerp, Belgium, with a focus on the potential of analytics in chemicals manufacturing and the challenges of digital transformation.
The chemicals manufacturing industry has long gathered vast amounts of data. Data historians alone in plants across the world hold data that would have been unimaginable before – or even at the start of – the computerization of industry (commonly referred to as the third industrial revolution). However, it is only fairly recently that the value of those data has started to be fully unlocked and harnessed. Considered the fourth industrial revolution, or ‘Industry 4.0’, the digitization of manufacturing is now picking up speed and companies are starting to realise the promise that it brings: higher quality products, produced more efficiently, more ‘in-spec’ and more economically; and with lower operational risk and better process safety.
The Manufacturing Leadership Forum* took place at the end of November 2018 in Antwerp, Belgium. Attended by delegates from world-leading companies in the chemicals manufacturing space, such as Albemarle, BASF, Cargill, Dow, DSM, EOC, Huntsman and Shell, the Forum provided an opportunity to hear from globally-recognised leaders in driving success in manufacturing analytics.
Lloyd Colegrove, Data Services Director, Fundamental Problem Solving Director at The Dow Chemical Company, provided an overview of his own company’s journey into data analytics. Started in the early 2000s, Dow Chemical was a leading adopter of this technology, and is now benefiting greatly from the investments made.
“The key challenge is how to translate data into insights,” Colegrove explained. “We don’t just want to see what has happened and why – but to monitor what is happening now, in real time and in context – and then to predict what is going to happen, so problems can be avoided. Solving the problem after it happens is too late.”
This is, of course, the ultimate goal of manufacturing analytics – to avoid potential problems altogether by detecting early signals and fixing any anomalies before they impact products or processes. But far from being a mythical manufacturing holy grail, this goal is now well within the reach of any company adopting manufacturing analytics and implementing it properly across their facilities.
Jonathan Alexander, Operations Engineer at Albemarle, has seen this transformation first hand, having driven his own company’s digital transformation in the past few years.
“My Monday mornings used to be spent solving all the problems that happened over the weekend,” he explained. “I would fix them, but the same problems would keep coming up… it’s the same thing that happens in all manufacturing plants at all companies all over the world. I needed to figure out how to prevent them from happening again.”
Alexander’s initial objective was to prevent defects in production by simply centring his plant’s processes and reducing variation, to ensure he was meeting his customers’ requirements. By simplifying the plants’ ‘big data’ into a simple red/orange/green dashboard that was intuitive and simple to use, he enabled the plant operators to correct problems in real time (before violating product specifications). The analytics platform includes flowcharts and drop-down lists – built in collaboration with engineers and experienced operators – to help with data-driven decision-making. This has not only achieved the original goal of improving the quality of product under manufacture, but it has also led to remarkable reductions in down-time, resulting in greater efficiencies and lower costs. Operators’ roles have been up-skilled, making them more valuable to the company and freeing the engineers to work on ‘bigger picture’ challenges that will benefit Albemarle. Alexander has even been able to leverage Albemarle’s new real-time analytics capabilities to help the company to secure new business, as it is now able to produce high-purity products within tighter specifications, adding to customer satisfaction.
“Through this exercise, we’ve increased productivity and reliability, improved product quality, and grown our process knowledge,” declared Alexander. “We’ve rolled it out across multiple plants at multiple sites, and it continues to add value wherever we use it… the possibilities are endless.”
Jim Petrusich, of Northwest Analytics, expanded on those possibilities with an explanation of how manufacturing analytics can enhance process safety. Calling on recent disasters (or near-disasters) in the chemicals manufacturing industry for examples, he pointed out that in every case the workers didn’t have the real-time data they needed to make the right decisions that could have avoided tragic loss of life.
“Manufacturing analytics creates a safety umbrella – real-time monitoring of key process safety parameters is critical,” Petrusich explained. “It can provide immediate return on investment in terms of loss of life, loss of business, litigation, plant assets, regulation, the environment and more. With better process control and fewer unplanned shutdowns, we also have fewer start-ups – where safety risks are highest – and more control throughout each stage of start-up.”
Real-time, analytics-based monitoring offers an early warning system that not only protects plant assets and product quality – it also protects the people working at those plants. Manufacturing analytics can detect signals that can be understood and put into context, to allow preventative measures to be developed and implemented.
It’s not just about the numbers, but insight into what they mean,” added Dow Chemical’s Eric van den Heuval, in his presentation on Driving Industry 4.0 Success. “Technology is an enabler, not a goal… so it’s important to apply the right technology where it brings the most value.”
However, nothing that’s worth having comes easily. Michael Guilfoyle, Director of Research at ARC Advisory Group (a leading industry analyst group in the manufacturing space) acknowledged that the road to digital transformation can be difficult.
“It requires the rethinking of fundamental pillars, from the technology driving the operation to transparency between operations and customers,” he explained. “Digital transformation makes processes look simple, but involves complex architecture that needs extensive planning.”
Guilfoyle stressed the importance of engaging the workforce in the transformation from the start, and emphasized the importance of people in achieving success. However, as more people enter the process, more culture change needs to be managed, and asking people to work in a fundamentally different way will incur resistance.
Dow Chemical’s Lloyd Colegrove agreed, adding “The biggest challenge is convincing others of the need for change.”
Asking people to embrace change is always difficult. Fortunately, Rory Masureik, a change management consultant specializing in manufacturing excellence (formerly of Johnson Matthey), was on hand to provide some invaluable advice.
“One of the most common reasons for failure in attempts to adopt digitalization is derailment due to forces from the board room,” he said. “Successful manufacturing analytic transformation requires executive support, driving cultural change.”
Unlike many major changes in an organization, the thrust for digitalization – and manufacturing analytics – often comes from operations, rather than the boardroom, Masureik explained. This is because, in most companies, it is the process engineers who will first realise the benefits of this technology, and need to make a case for change to their upper management. While this might seem straightforward, it often goes wrong due to a simple a lack of understanding.
“Most C-suite executives don’t have an appreciation of process technology,” he pointed out. “They work in an enterprise domain – not an operations domain – and these very different environments and working practices require very different solutions. But if you can make your executives understand why this is so important, then you are likely to obtain the resources to proceed.”
The key to this, says Masureik, lies in speaking their language – understanding your company’s priorities, and tying the benefits of manufacturing analytics to those priorities, in order to secure executive support. Once C-suite executives understand that it is vital to start on a digitization journey – and how manufacturing analytics are foundational to that journey – they can ensure that the strategy achieves consensus across the company, including the establishment of a transformation programme with appropriate skills, resources and governance.
So is it worth it? Yes, absolutely! Analytics-driven businesses are the future, and any companies not embracing this change will fall behind as their competitors do things better and faster. Dow Chemical, which has installed manufacturing analytics in more than 180 plants globally, has estimated a return on investment of more than $1 million per plant, each and every year.
“There are too many benefits to not go down this road,” commented ARC Group’s Michael Guilfoyle.
“Where are your competitors?” demanded Albemarle’s Jonathan Alexander. “How quickly do you need to do this?”
Alexander answered his own question with a quote commonly attributed to a Chinese proverb: “The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second-best time is now.”
Companies like Dow started on this transformation in the last decade. These early adopters have paved the way, but even those only just starting to embrace digitization and manufacturing analytics are at the start of the curve. It’s the future of the chemical industry, and not too late to do it. But you must do it, and the sooner you start on this transformation the more competitive you are going to be.
*The Manufacturing Leadership Forum is sponsored by Northwest Analytics (NWA), an industry leader in delivering Industry 4.0 manufacturing analytics and intelligence platforms to enable leading manufacturers to effectively manage and improve plant processes across their enterprises and supply chains.
Tara Sybrant, Marketing Director at Northwest Analytics Inc, 111 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 800, Portland, OR 97204-3606 USA
T: +1 503 224 7727, extension 112

domain: news


text:
Berkman hit it out of the park when he won over Brad and Jess and convinced them that he was meant to be the next, best, and greatest four-legged member of their family team. At about 1.5-years-old, Berkman is still just an overgrown pup with lots to learn and places to go, but with his sweet, friendly nature and desire to please, he is well on his way to becoming a fine upstanding Lab citizen. When he’s not at home warming the hearth, this exceedingly handsome hunk of yellow Lab can often be found out and about, proudly accompanying his new parents on runs, hikes, and neighborhood jaunts.
Brad tells us: Chester, now referred to as Berkman, after the clutch hitting grizzled MLB veteran without whom the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals would not have won their championship that year. Berkman has been a tremendous companion to Jess and to me. From our initial greeting he has been a sweet, loving dog who has brought us many smiles. Not knowing much about Berkman’s past created some hesitation. Berkman was always lovable, friendly and sweet but suffered through separation anxiety. With some patience we’ve all grown to learn to be alone (as we don’t like leaving him either!). Berkman is now our forever companion, a motivation for early morning runs, an excuse to walk down the street to the neighborhood brewery, a lovable kiss when we walk in the door, and a happy tale for us all!

domain: pet


text:
Overall health and day to day proper functioning of human body is strictly maintained by the pH level of body. At 7, pH level is considered to be neutral i.e. it is neither acidic nor non-acidic. At less than 7 it becomes acidic and at greater than 7 it turns out to be alkaline or non-acidic. Normally, human body keeps a little bit alkaline nature having a value of 7.4. pH level may alter when you exercise or whenyou eat some particular food. For example, fruit acidity (fruits having acid nature) may affect the pH level of body. But it is maintained to a normal value by kidneys and lungs. Therefore, for the perfect functioning and health of body you should eat fruits and vegetables which are non-acidic.
Fruits which have non-acidic nature
Most of the fruits are basically an alkaline generating edibles. Anything, which has a pH greater than 7 will be taken as having an alkaline nature i.e. non-acidic nature. It is not the actual nature of food that is noteworthy rather what happens when you consume food and it reaches your stomach. Reactions which happen afterwards in your body, demonstrates whether a food is acidic or non-acidic. For example, if we talk about citrus then the citrus fruit flesh and its juice are acidic in reality, but when they enter your body, they become alkaline-producing foods. Similarly, limes, kiwi, lemons and avocados are listed as ones having potential alkaline nature i.e. they are non-acidic. Moreover, other fruits which fall in the same category are cantaloupe, coconut, grapefruit, oranges, watermelon, bananas, apples and grapes.
Non-Acidic nature of Berries
Berries which are placed under the category of fruits always possess an alkaline pH level and are considered non-acidic. Therefore, fruits berries like blackberries, raspberries, red currants, strawberries and black currants are all non-acidic. Most of the times, berries contain a pH greater than 7. On the contrary, berries which vary and are considered as acidic are blueberries, cranberries and a couple of other types of berries.
Vegetables which are non-acidic
Most of the vegetables do not produce acids when they are eaten, therefore they have a pH level which depicts their alkaline nature. Canned, frozen and pickled vegetables are exception in this regard as their pH level may vary. However, fresh vegetables could be consumed with full surety that they are non-acidic. Vegetables like broccoli, kale, carrots, Brussels sprouts, lettuce, collard greens, onions, Asparagus, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, celery, peppers and pumpkins are all non-acidic. You do not to worry about acid production when you are in taking these vegetables.
Are Legumes and Herbs Acidic or Non-Acidic?
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, legumes are most of the times placed under the category of plants. Herbs, on the other hand, are plants. Most of the wide researches made on legumes tell that these legumes basically are the edibles which produce acid. However, few other researches, like the one made at University of San Diego, consider that legumes (vegetables) e.g. Lima Beans and Soya beans produce very less amount of acid.
Herbs have also been analyzed to check whether they have an acidic nature or a non-acidic nature. Majority of the herbs have always proven to be the ones which do not produce. Hence, herbs are alkaline/ non-acidic in nature.

domain: chemistry


text:
Special Collections librarians are here to help. We can provide research assistance in-person and remotely.
Reading room locations, what to expect, and more.
Guidelines for requesting copies of Special Collections materials.
Unable to visit in-person? Copies of special collections material can be requested and delivered electronically to your Special Collections Account.
Review our duplication services before requesting copies of special collections materials.

domain: library


Palm leaf Utility items >>
Palm leaf utility articles are light in weight, eco-friendly and biodegradable. In developed countries plastic utility items are being substituted by palm leaf articles. A range of products names, market bag, Tablemat, Telephone mat, Fruit dishes, waste paper baskets, laundry boxes etc. manufactured by our Organisation are becoming more and more popular in Countries like America, London, France, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, and Netherlands through Agencies.


Clone High (also known as Clone High USA in the United States) is an animation series produced by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence for adults. The plot revolves around a high school filled with duplicates of historical people. Teenage versions of Abe Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Gandhi, Cleopatra, and JFK make up the major cast. The show is also a spoof of teen dramas like Dawson’s Creek and Beverly Hills.
Lord and Miller came up with the premise for the series while still at Dartmouth College in the 1990s, and then pitched it to executives at Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States, who eventually dropped upon this. It was filmed from 2002 through 2003, and it was later bought by cable network MTV. The series’s design is crucially stylized, and the animations technique is restricted, with the focus on humor and plot rather than graphics. Tommy Walter wrote the Clone High theme song, which was executed by Abandoned Pools, an alternative rock band that also gives us a lot of the program’s music in the background.
Shortly afterward, it had become mired in a dispute over its representation of Gandhi, prompting over a hundred Indians to stage a hunger strike in protest. MTV abruptly canceled the show, which was garnering poor ratings. In 2016, MTV Classic rebroadcast the program. Clone High garnered mixed reviews when it first aired but has since gained a cult fanbase and critical praise. MTV Productions revealed in July 2020 that a resurrection of the show is in the process, with the show’s founders Lord, Miller, and Lawrence re-joining. HBO Max reported in February 2021 that re-launch has been approved for two seasons.
Clone High Season 2 Release Date
Lord and Miller had acknowledged that a movie version of the series has been “considered.” They clarified in 2014 that because they were under agreement with Fox at the period, Lawrence had a broadcast deal with Warner Bros. Television, and the Clone High rights were bought by Nelvana/Corus Entertainment, Touchstone/the Walt Disney Company, and MTV/ViacomCBS, resurrecting the TV series would’ve been hard.
MTV Studios said on July 2, 2020, that a resurrection of the show was in the works, with creators Phil Lord, Christopher Miller, and Bill Lawrence returning. Erica Rivinoja, the original series’ writer, will act as the show’s producer, as well as founder the premiere with Lord and Miller. The show was scooped up by HBO Max for something like a two-season deal on February 10, 2021. Christopher Miller released the titles of season 2’s season premiere, “Let’s Try This Again,” on June 23, 2021. Tara Billinger noted for Long Gone Gulch and the 2013-2019 Mickey Mouse story arcs, was confirmed as the artistic director by September 16, 2021.
|Clone High Season 1 Release Date||November 2, 2002|
|Clone High Season 1 End Date||April 13, 2003|
|Clone High Season 2 Release Date||TBA|
Clone High Season 2 Story
There is no point in discussing the predicted plot of the show because it has already been published. Alternatively, we urge that readers watch the series, which is available on a wide range of media. The list consists of streaming platforms for the show is given in this article. The second episode of the show has also been completed.
Clone High Season 2 Characters
The majority of the characters from the season prior will return, together with a few new ones. However, nothing has been proven so yet. The creators of the show are much more interested in creating a re-launch of the series than a season 2.
But nothing has been verified so far from any trustworthy source. There was some information here and there, as well as many rumors that the program will be rebooted, and nothing has been acknowledged so far from any credible source. Because the series has already aired, below is a list of actors and their voice actors.
Will Forte portrays Abe, Nicole Sullivan plays Joan, Helen of Troy, Marie Curie, and Cleo’s Foster Mother Isabela of Spain are among the cast members, Christopher Miller portrayed JFK and Vice-Principal Butlertron, Christia Miller portrayed Cleo, Sarah Chalke plays Marie Antoinette, Michael MacDonald plays Gandhi, Debra Wilson plays Harriet Tubman, Phil Lord plays Genghis Khan and Principal Scudworth, April Winchell played Coach Eleanor Roosevelt and among other characters
Clone High Season 1 Recap
Clone High is set in a high school in the fictional town of Exclamation, USA, that is being used as part of an enormous military experiment conducted by the Secret Board of Shadowy Figures. The school is totally filled with replicas of well-known great personalities who were developed in the 1980s then taught with the aim of getting their different talents and capabilities utilized by the US army.
Cinnamon J. Scudworth, the high school administrator, does have his own intentions for the replicas and discreetly seeks to subvert the Committee’s desires. Mr. Butlertron, his robotic personal assistant principal/dehumidifier, is designed to address everybody as “Wesley” and can talk in 3 distinct speech patterns.
Where to Watch Clone High?
Clone High was the first broadcast in its full-on Teletoon, a Canadian cable network, during 2002 as well as 2003, before being picked up by MTV. The show will be available for streaming on Paramount+ starting in 2020. It also is available to watch on MTV.com as well as the MTV app within the United States.
Clone High Season 2 Trailer
There is currently no season 2 trailer posted on YouTube. However, the program is available to view on a platform, which is a confirmation. Season one, like the second season, is available for viewing on a streaming platform.


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Reasons why female converts to islam have increased in the west converts (especially the west) muslim women had rights and they can own property and that.
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‘in the west, we are stressed for their first contact with islam comes from dating a muslim boyfriend there are muslim cultures which do not allow women.
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Excluding all of these racist comments that some bigoted idiots have put online, i must reiterate that i was there and it all started when the white girl not.
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2018. All Rights.

domain: sociology


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Schwimmbad Musikclub, Heidelberg, Germany
March - 6 - 1983
from MILAN collection # 029
1st gen aud cassette copied in the 80s / 1 st gen cass transfer via Onkyo tapedeck TA-2330 -> Magix Music Cleaning Lab (edit/remaster) -> FLAC -> DIME
Good to very good sound (some EQ). Unfortunately there is some distortion in louder passages, mainly created by the bass. Audience noise calmed down
This is the 2nd 39 Clocks upload and this time they are out of their hometown in lovely student and tourist city Heidelberg
Good and long show with some bnoise creations of the band between songs.
I'm not sure if Claudius Hempelmann or R�diger Klose was the drummer at this show, maybe somebody can clarify.
FULL SHOW (75:53 min.). Please help with setlist
03 Three Floors Down
06 Noise Intermezzo
08 Shake The Hippy
09 Noise Intermezzo
11 Heat Of Violence
15 Psychotic Louie Louie (Richard Berry/39 Clocks)
Support the artists, go to their shows, buy their albums.
Do not convert to lossy files, unless for personal use. Don't ever sell!
39 Clocks 1983:
J�rgen �J.G.39� Gleue: Guitar, Bass, Vocals
Christian �C.H.39� Henjes: Guitar, Organ, Vocals
Claudius �Das Phantom� Hempelmann: Drums
Uploaded to DIME by Stacheleber 2013/06/13

domain: artistic


Blue Moon LightSky, the No. 1 light craft beer in America, is kicking off a new campaign this week that seeks to reinforce its flavor credentials and attract a new generation of drinkers.
The campaign, “Serious on Flavor. Light on Serious,” steps off with a new ad that celebrates warm weather and outdoor drinking occasions. The new spot will air during college basketball’s playoff tournament and across digital channels.
The ad shows LightSky is serious about flavor without taking itself too seriously, says Rose Sokolnik, senior marketing manager for Blue Moon Brewing Company brands. It features two guys dressed up for golf, discussing the intricate flavors they pick up while sipping a LightSky Citrus Wheat (“Am I picking up a hint of citrus on the palate?”). It cuts away to reveal they are playing mini golf.
“Serious on flavor, light on serious,” a voiceover says.
“LightSky is serious where it matters, like flavor, but light on everything else,” Sokolnik says. That includes calories (95), carbs (less than 3.7g) and ABV (4%) per 12-ounce can for both its Citrus Wheat and Tropical Wheat varieties, both of which use real citrus peel to provide a noticeably refreshing finish.
The spot is Blue Moon Brewing Company’s latest effort to show its full breadth of national craft offerings, which also include Belgian White Belgian-Style Wheat Ale, Mango Wheat and Moon Haze IPA.
For LightSky, which roared onto the scene in 2020 and has established itself as the leading light craft beer, the ad is an overture to younger legal-age drinkers looking for something refreshing, sessionable and flavorful as the season gives way to warmer weather and more outdoor occasions, Sokolnik says.
“Belgian White is such a staple of bars and restaurants, with its signature curved glass and Valencia orange peel. But LightSky is really made to drink outside on a sunny day with friends,” she says.
Light-bodied with a citrus flavor backed by light malt sweetness, LightSky appeals to younger legal-age drinkers looking for a burst of flavor, and it’s proven to have a loyal cadre of fans. LightSky’s customer loyalty ranks second only to Belgian White among all craft brands, according to data compiled by Circana (formerly IRI).
And, while overall craft sales have been soft in recent months, LightSky remains a bigger brand than category mainstays like Sam Adams Boston Lager, Bell’s Two Hearted IPA, Goose Island IPA and New Belgium’s Fat Tire Amber Ale, Circana data show.
LightSky has quickly eclipsed other leading craft brands in sales, including Boston Beer’s Dogfish Head, Sweetwater Brewing Co. and Deschutes Brewing, each of which are among the top 10 craft breweries in the U.S. as measured by the Brewers Association.
“LightSky’s got some traction among younger legal-age drinkers, there’s no question about it,” Sokolnik says. “There’s a huge opportunity for LightSky, and Blue Moon as a whole, to recruit new customers. We think 2023 is going to be a big year for the brand.”


Made from very soft cotton, this tee is really comfortable for an active lifestyle. With high quality print it allows one to express personality on the go.
.: 100% Soft cotton (fibre content may vary for different colors)
.: Light fabric (4.5 oz/yd² (153 g/m²))
.: Tear away label
.: Runs true to size
|Sleeve length, in||8.23||8.51||8.75||9.02||9.26|
This is a print on demand item and so it is unique and produced per order. Returns or exchanges are not supported if you order a wrong size, color, or simply don’t like the product. There is no inventory space to keep the unwanted items. However, we can offer a replacement order free of charge, if there are any issues with the order, like manufacturing error, printing issues and such.
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VC woman drowns trying to save her dog
Published 05/12/2012, The Jamestown Sun
Authorities say a Valley City woman drowned while trying to rescue her dog from the Sheyenne River.Word count: 57
The full article is available to newspaper subscribers. If you are a subscriber please log in to continue reading.


New Delhi (TIP)-Asian Development Bank (ADB) has lowered the economic growth forecast for India in the current to 7.2% from its earlier estimate of 7.5% due to the impact of Covid and the Russia-Ukraine war. The ADB also lowered the economic growth estimates for the 2021-22 fiscal to 8.7% from the earlier 8.9%. India’s GDP growth moderated to 4.1% in Q4 of the fiscal year ended March 2022 on disappointing growth in private consumption and a contraction in manufacturing, said the ADB in its supplement to the Asian Development Outlook (ADO) for 2022. “India has been hit by the omicron Covid variant and the economic impact of the war in Ukraine. Consequently, the GDP growth for 2021-22 is revised down from 8.9% to 8.7% and from 7.5% to 7.2% for 2022-23.
“Although consumer confidence continues to improve, higher-than-expected inflation will erode consumer purchasing power,” the ADB Supplement released on Thursday, July 21, said.
Some of the impacts of this may be offset by a cut in excise duties, the provision of fertiliser and gas subsidies, and the extension of a free food distribution programme, it said. Private investment will soften due to the higher cost of borrowing for firms as the RBI continues to raise policy rates to contain inflation.For the South Asian region, it has lowered the growth forecast from 7% to 6.5% for 2022 and from 7.4% to 7.1% for 2023 mainly due to the economic crisis in Sri Lanka and high inflation and associated monetary tightening in India.
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Welder- Limestone Coast Region
Vermeeren Brothers are a small engineering and irrigation business located in Keith South Australia.
We are looking for a person with welding experience or qualifications to help us build frames for diesel engine powered pump sets, manufacture irrigation pump outlet pipes, build small sheds, and perform other various welding related tasks in our engineering workshop.
Hours of work are Monday to Friday 8 am to 5 pm. Lunch breaks are 1 hour.
If you would like to find out more contact Steve Bagshaw:
Postcode: 5267 (Keith, South Australia)
Not a backpacker? That's ok. We accept applications from Australian citizens, permanent residents, international students as well as working holiday visa holders. If you are qualified for this position, please register and apply via the form below.
This job vacancy was been posted over 40 days ago, but is still active and currently accepting new applications.
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Veermeeren Brothers Engineering
Member since: June 2019
Vermeeren Bros are a manufacturing and engineering company in Keith South Australia (please visit our website for more info). We specialise in irrigation systems as well as general engineering (metal fabrication and machining).


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Port-of-Spain Mayor Joel Martinez wants corporation employees to act more diligently in a bid to prevent what occurred on Monday when a huge tree fell on two people, resulting in them being hospitalised.
The mayor was speaking to the Trinidad Guardian at Woodford Square yesterday, a day after a Venezuelan couple was injured in the incident.
On Tuesday the square was closed to the public as officials from the Port-of-Spain City Corporation conducted assessments on the fallen tree and others. Martinez explained that this was being done because: “other trees may be at risk of falling.”
The two Venezuelan nationals have been identified as Jairo Jose Fontt Acosta, 22, and Yullanis Perez, 20, they are still being treated at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital.
“From yesterday to today, they were still conducting tests, the injuries appear to be serious but not life-threatening,” Martinez said.
He said, “I will reach out to the couple as soon as we are allowed to speak to them. From what I understand they are still in accident and emergency and they are undergoing tests so I don’t want to disturb that as yet. I was to go on Monday afternoon but the CEO of the corporation went and she was able to give me an idea of the extent as to what was taking place and she was unable to give the extent of their injuries.”
Martinez said Monday’s incident was not the first time that a tree had fallen in the capital city’s most famous square. The difference he said is that in the past no one was injured.
The POS Mayor said yesterday’s incident highlights the need for proper maintenance.
“This tells us that the trees must be checked more regularly.”
Mayor Martinez said, “We have written the Ministry of Agriculture Horticultural division for assistance with the trees recently and we had a discussion of pruning the trees to fall with the opening of the red house and update the lighting at Woodford square. It’s a mixture of maintenance and testing, these trees are over 50 years old, trees like human are affected by nature and test, the tree that fell was affected by wood ants and the tree will stand there and look upright with no signs of falling or rot”.
Martinez said the corporation has persons to examine the trees and cautioned that the corporation’s employees should not react only when something happens.
“You want to instil in the corporation employees and the process that they can actually do their job diligently and situations like this no longer exist, you don’t want to put people who utilize the square at peril, more and more people will be using the square as it soon will become a wifi zone and especially will carnival events carded for the square it will be a focal point”, he noted.
Woodford Square is expected to reopen its gates to the public today.


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From 14.03.2020 closed until further notice. Further information will follow.
COSMETICS & MASSAGE (Wellness):
Open from 11 May 2020.
We ask you to reserve your date:
firstname.lastname@example.org or via Whatsapp: 077 495 84 29
From 9 May 2020 we open the camping – only for permanent guests-
3 hour entrance for the thermal pools including the spa-area. (Grotto, steambaths and saunas)
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© 2020 Thermalbad Wallis

domain: travel


text:
Good morning Nigerians, we have aggregated today’s major headlines from topNigerian Newspapers for you here on naija-news.com; Newspapers reviewed include: Punch, Vanguard, Premiumtimes, The Nations, National Mirror, Dailypost, Tribune, The Sun etc.
Commendation as DSS foils ISIS plot to attack US, UK embassies
The Department of State Services said in Abuja, on Wednesday, that it had burst a ring of ISIS-linked Boko Haram members based in Benue State and the Federal Capital Territory.
It said during the operation, which was carried out on March 25 and 26, five key suspects were arrested.
FG Declares Friday, Monday Public Holidays to Mark Easter Celebration
The federal government has declared Friday, April 14 and Monday, April 17, 2017 as public holidays to mark the Good Friday and Easter celebrations.
The Minister of Interior, Lt Gen. Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau (rtd), who made the declaration on behalf of the federal government, enjoined Christian faithful and Nigerians in general to extend the spiritual benefits of Easter, which are love, peace, justice, sacrifice and kindness to their daily living, and through this contribute to unity and peaceful co-existence among Nigerians.
Why we blocked Patience Jonathan from withdrawing her $5.8 million — Skye Bank
Two days after Patience Jonathan was blocked from withdrawing from the $5.8 million she deposited in Skye Bank, the financial institution has explained its action.
Mrs. Jonathan had on Monday visited the Maitama Branch of Skye Bank in Abuja, seeking to withdraw from her account.
How EFCC recovered $43m, £27,000, N23m during house raid
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission on Wednesday raided a house in Ikoyi, Lagos recovering about $43m, N23m and £27,000 in cash.
The total cash when converted using the current rate of the Central Bank of Nigeria amounts to N11,661,314,000.
Buhari’s Absence at Weekly FEC Meeting Causes Stir
President Muhammadu Buhari’s conspicuous absence from Wednesday’s weekly Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting at the Presidential Villa, Abuja, caused a stir, reawakening speculations about his health and capacity to run the country.
Owing to the president’s absence, Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo presided over the meeting.
Malabu Scandal: Why we must question Jonathan – Reps
The Chairman of House of Representatives Committee on Justice, Razak Atunwa, on Wednesday reiterated that former President Goodluck Jonathan would be thoroughly investigated for authorising the $1.3 billion lease of OPL 245 oil block licence.
In a statement to PREMIUM TIMES, Mr. Atunwa said his committee had been mandated by the House to “conduct a thorough examination of the process and circumstances surrounding OPL 245 and identify culpability of any persons, groups or organisations.”
We won’t replace Magu, says Osinbajo
Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo has ruled out the possibility of President Muhammadu Buhari replacing the Acting Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes, Mr. Ibrahim Magu, whose nomination has been rejected by the Senate twice.
He said the President did not find the security report prepared by the Department of State Services which is the basis of his rejection a strong reason to replace Magu.
Again, CBN Sells Fresh $250m through FX Forwards
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on Wednesday offered $250 million through seven to 30-day foreign exchange (FX) forwards for agriculture, airline, petroleum products and raw materials.
The bank also called for bids for wholesale spot auctions of $100 million for business and personal travel allowances, medicals and tuition fees.
Nigeria govt confirms further negotiation with Boko Haram to free Chibok girls
The Vice President, Yemi Osinbajo, has said negotiations are ongoing for the release of more Chibok schoolgirls still in the custody of the Boko Haram terrorists.
He also expressed optimism that the dialogue would yield the desired result in due course.
APC Crisis: Ngige, Momoh chair fact-finding, reconciliation committee for Kogi, Bauchi
The All Progressives Congress on Wednesday raised two fact-finding and reconciliation panels to look into disquiet among the party’s members in Kogi and Bauchi states.
The party said in a statement that its national chairman, John Odigie-Oyegun, named the Minister of Labour and Employment, Chris Ngige, and party chieftain, Tony Momoh, to lead the committees in Bauchi and Kogi States, respectively.