Magnesium has attracted notability as a biodegradable material. Several studies have reported that magnesium containing calcium (Ca) had biosafety with higher mechanical properties. However, Mg–1Ca alloy showed non-uniform corrosion properties with bone. In this study, various Ca amounts were added to commercial magnesium alloy AZ31B to improve the corrosion resistance and microstructure. AZ31B billet was prepared by casting without Ca. The AZ31B alloy ingots were melted and recasted with Ca quantities at 1.5 and 2.5 wt%. Extrusion ingots were pressed out to a plate with thickness of 5 mm and width of 80 mm at 1650 °C. The microstructure of the alloy was observed by optical microscopy and SEM. The composition of the alloy was analyzed by EDX. To examine the corrosion properties, potentiodynamic polarization was used to measure the corrosion potential and current density. Osteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 were incubated with the samples to allow cell attachment and MTT assay. The microstructure of alloys was homogeneously distributed over the surface and observed phase boundary. Preliminary elemental analysis suggested that the second phases were Al2Ca and Mg2Ca. Grain refinement by extrude casting was obtained for AZ31B–xCa. The corrosion resistant of AZ31B–xCa by current density was greater than the AZ31B because the standard electrode potential of Mg phase was lower than Mg2Ca. In vitro studies showed that the reduction of corrosion resistance and mechanical ability of the magnesium alloy after addition of Ca were not correlated with bioactivity. In particular, AZ31B–1.5Ca had higher formation of biomimetic substances and lower cytotoxicity, even though it had more vulnerable mechanical properties than AZ31B. Based on this result, the effect of Ca ion on commercial alloy AZ31B, mechanical properties, and bioactivity as biodegradable implant were discussed.
Corrosion Resistance Magnesium Alloy Potentiodynamic Polarization Corrosion Current Density Nucleation Temperature
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This work was financially supported by the ‘National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (Nos. 2011-0028709 and 2014R1A4A1005309),’ and Regional Strategic Industry project (2013-R0002274).
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text:
EirGen Pharma is about excellence
We’re a world-leader in the development, registration, manufacture and supply of high-potency pharmaceutical products to global markets. Based in Waterford, Ireland, we are a leading pharmaceutical company that utilise state-of-the-art high containment facilities to develop and supply life-saving medicines all over the world. We’re passionate about what we do.
Our supply chain is world-class, ultra-reliable and continues to be approved by the FDA (US), PMDA (Japan), EMA (Europe) and HPRA (formerly the Irish Medicines Board) for the supply of drugs globally.

domain: medical


text:
Background: We previously reported the results of a study in which a basic competency examination in musculoskeletal medicine was administered to a group of recent medical school graduates. This examination was validated by 124 orthopaedic program directors, and a passing grade of 73.1% was established. According to that criterion, 82% of the examinees failed to demonstrate basic competency in musculoskeletal medicine. It was suggested that perhaps a different passing grade would have been set by program directors of internal medicine departments. To test that hypothesis, and to determine whether the importance of the individual questions would be rated similarly, the validation process was repeated with program directors of internal medicine residency departments as subjects.
Methods: Our basic competency examination was sent to all 417 program directors of internal medicine departments in the United States. Each recipient was mailed a letter of introduction explaining the purpose of the study, a copy of the examination, and our answer key and scoring guide. There was no mention of the results of the first study. The subjects were requested to rate the importance of each question on the same visual analog scale, ranging from "not important" to "very important," as had been used by the orthopaedic program directors. These ratings were converted into numerical scores. The program directors were also asked to suggest a passing score for the examination, and this score was used to assess the examinees' performance on the examination. The results on the basis of the internal medicine program directors' responses and those according to the orthopaedic program directors' responses were compared.
Results: Two hundred and forty (58%) of the 417 program directors of internal medicine residency departments responded. They suggested a mean passing score (and standard deviation) of 70.0% +/- 9.9%. As reported previously, the mean test score of the eighty-five examinees was 59.6%. Sixty-six (78%) of them failed to demonstrate basic competency on the examination according to the criterion set by the internal medicine program directors. The internal medicine program directors assigned a mean importance score of 7.4 (of 10) to the questions on the examination compared with a mean score of 7.0 assigned by the orthopaedic program directors. The internal medicine program directors gave twenty-four of the twenty-five questions an importance score of at least 5 and seventeen of the twenty-five questions an importance score of at least 6.6.
Conclusions: According to the standard suggested by the program directors of internal medicine residency departments, a large majority of the examinees once again failed to demonstrate basic competency in musculoskeletal medicine on the examination. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that medical school preparation in musculoskeletal medicine is inadequate.


text:
After a five-year cycle of recession, the Angolan economy managed to return to growth last year, a period in which GDP rose 0.7%, according to preliminary data from Angola’s National Statistics Institute (INE). If this figure is confirmed, it is above the 0.1% growth estimated by the IMF in December, but is still lower than the 0.9% rise in GDP recorded in 2015, the last year of economic growth – followed by changes in -2.6% in 2016, -0.2% in 2017, -2.1% in 2018, -0.6% in 2019 and -5.2% in 2020. The sharp drop in the economy in 2020 is explained by the effects of the covid-19 pandemic, which was worsened by the fall in oil prices, a key raw material for the country’s wealth.
For this year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecast is that the economy will grow 2.9%.
In the report released in January of this year, the IMF reiterated the importance of diversifying the Angolan economy through “deep and continuous structural reforms” to “achieve inclusive growth and consolidate economic sustainability”. “The rapid expansion of non-oil production requires the implementation of ongoing reforms to strengthen governance, improve the business environment and promote private investment and trade opening, as well as the development of human capital and infrastructure,” said the statement. institution. “The authorities must also promote the conditions for a faster development of the main economic sectors, such as agriculture, telecommunications and the financial sector”, he added.
According to the IMF, which recently finalized a program to support Luanda, the medium-term economic outlook is “favourable”, with “growth of around 4%” being forecast, driven by the non-oil sectors – the oil sector will continue stagnant. The forecast is that inflation, which has been at very high values, will begin to fall “gradually”. In January, according to a recent note from BPI, year-on-year inflation rose to 27.7%, which represented “the tenth consecutive month of rise and the highest value since July 2017”.
For the IMF, which prepared this report before the invasion of Ukraine (which worsened the prices of oil, but also of other raw materials imported by Luanda), the main risks to growth prospects “are the reversal of the recent recovery in the oil price, the resurgence of the pandemic (in the country or in the world) and a continuous decline in oil production”.
“A repeat of the severe weather would pose an additional risk to non-oil growth and disinflation. A lower-than-expected non-oil growth would pose a risk to the sustainability of public debt, which also depends on the continuation of budgetary discipline”, warns the IMF, not forgetting that this is a year of presidential elections (scheduled for August), with the successor of José Eduardo dos Santos, João Lourenço, to run for office again.
Angola has traditionally been one of Portugal’s major trading partners, with emphasis on its purchases of national products, but this position has been fading in recent years. Even so, sales of goods to Angola rose again in 2021, after falling for three years, reaching 952 million euros (9% more). Portugal was for many years Angola’s main supplier (especially agri-food goods and machinery), but lost its leadership to China (which is also Angola’s main customer, via oil).

domain: finance


text:
- 3.5 oz cooked lobster in pieces
- 2 Tbsp lemon juice
- 2 Tbsp onion, chopped
- 1 Tbsp on green onion, diced
- 1 Tbsp on tarragon, chopped
- ½ tsp garlic powder
- 2 Tbsp vinaigrette of choice or lemon juice
- ½ head lettuce
- Sliced tomato (optional)
- Salt & pepper (to taste)
- In a non-stick pan, sauté the lobster, lemon juice, onion, tarragon, garlic powder and salt & pepper until the onion is tender.
- Chop lettuce and arrange on a plate, spoon the lobster mixture over it.
- Top with 1 serving of vinaigrette of choice or more lemon juice. Serve with sliced tomato if desired.

domain: food


text:
By NJ Correspondent:
The much hyped direct flights from Mogadishu to Nairobi has at last materialized after the first flight from the Somali capital made its way to Nairobi.
The direct flight operated by the East African becomes the first one of its kind since 2008 coming days after President Uhuru Kenyatta and his Somalia counterpart finally sealed bilateral deals aimed at enhancing relations between the two neighboring countries.
Kenya imposed requirements for flights from Somalia to transit in the North Eastern town of Wajir for security checks before proceeding to Nairobi.
Somalis however cited inconveniences in this arrangement and embarked on concerted efforts to have the requirement withdrawn.
While Somalis on social media welcomed the move, their Kenyan counterparts in Wajir expressed mixed reactions since the transit flights reduced flight costs between Wajir and Nairobi.
Flight costs between the two Kenyan counties are expected to rise following stoppage of the transit flights.

domain: news


We, "Manki Brass Industries", are one of the prominent Manufacturer, Supplier And Exporter of Brass & Copper Components to our customers across the nation. Our comprehensive range of these products includes Precision Brass Components, Brass Fitting, Brass Insert, Brass Nuts, Brass PPR, Brass Screws, Brass Spacers, Brass Washers, Brass Bush, Water Meter Parts, Brass Precision Parts, Brass Electrical Components, Brass Electronic Components and Industrial Fasteners etc. We manufacture these high quality materials according to the international quality standards. We also check the quality of these on various parameters to ensure defect free range to our clients. His industry experience and ability to understand the demands of the clients helped us in offering a flawless range to our clients.
The finest range of Industrial Metal Products is Manufactured, Supplied, Traded by us at "Manki Brass Industries" , ever since our establishment. Manufacturing of this range is commenced in accordance with the set industry norms and guidelines, utilizing the finest raw materials and modern machines. This ensures the product’s performance and longer service life. Further, the offered range is marked at the most reasonable rate possible. The highly advanced state-of-the-art infrastructural facility at "Manki Brass Industries" , has been equipped with all the necessary machinery and equipment. This helps us in the attainment of several of the firm’s predefined goals and targets. The facility parted into a number of highly operational units help us in managing the firm’s operations, in the best possible manner. The facility upgraded on a highly regular basis, help us maximize our reach in the market. In addition to this, our ethical work practices have helped us generate a huge client base.


7º – The Wicker Man (Neil LaBute, 2006)A police officer is tasked with investigating the disappearance of a child on an isolated island. In the place, exposed to the customs and bizarre culture of those people, the policeman begins to suspect that something much more sinister permeates those people and such disappearance. Any attempt to describe the level of this film will be empty. ‘The Wicker Man’ is a film that has nothing positive, everything here is of a quality worthy of pity. Protagonizing the work, we have our dear Nicolas Cage in the worst experience of all his filmography.
6º – Street Fighter (Steven E. de Souza, 1994)In the plot, Colonel Guile and several martial arts fighters begin a journey, each with a different motivation, to destroy the empire of Bison, a major crime magnate. ‘Street Fighter’ is only worth being watched to laugh at the pathetic scenes and their completely confusing plot. A film that has virtually nothing of the iconic video game.
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text:
Formed in 1986, Volunteer lifeguard charity,
Patrols Exmouth Seafront on sundays, A friendly club that trains tuesdays and sundays in both lifeguarding skills and surf live saving sports.
We offer lifeguards and inshore rescue boat support for national events such as the Blenheim and London triathlons as well as long distance open water swims
Registered Charity No - 1025654
Thursday, 2 June 2011
The Club Microwave
If you are down on patrol or even passing the club and you require some tips and hints as how to prepare your reheated lasagne
Sophie Waddell will be proud to help.
You start by putting it in the microwave setting it to the desired heat and cooking time, then you squint through the heat treated darkened glass like so!
then as the meal continues you spin you don't let your intense stare stray until the timer is complete and the chime sounds, on hearing which you smile and raise your right hand to the microwave breathing gently and composing yourself, you then stroke it gently and kindly utter the words

domain: hobby


text:
Anne Griffin (1969) is an Irish writer whose first published novel When All Is Said (2019) became an immediate bestseller. And it is not even a crime thriller, quite the opposite. When All Is Said is a quiet and calm book, a meditation on life, love and suffering. The protagonist, 84-year-old Maurice Hannigan, orders five drinks at a bar he likes to frequent to dedicate five different toasts to the people who meant the most to him. Looking back on his life gives Hannigan a better insight into the people and events that changed and affected him. John Banville has called Maurice Hannigan “a wonderful invention, whose bitter-sweet meditations will stay long in the reader’s mind.” and Graham Norton, one of the best-known late-night show hosts in the world, praised Anne Griffin’s novel for its “masterful storytelling”. This spring, Griffin published her second novel, Listening Still. She will talk about her novels and much more to former journalist Mari Rebane.
|Friday, 27 May at 18:00||Anne Griffin and Mari Rebane||Estonian Writers’ Union|

domain: library


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8 Best Gaming Mouse C-12
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text:
A discordant chiming drifted up on the wind, half-drowned-out by the hard hiss of winter rain. Billy shuddered, then leaned out over the rail of his third-floor balcony, the freezing steel burning against his palms as he peered out into the night, waiting for the ice cream van to creep up the street. Sweat burst out all over his face, rainwater washing it down to sting his eyes. It should have been a happy little tune playing on the wind, but instead the van’s chimes oozed all the mirth of a serial-killer’s soulless laugh.
Slippers scuffed behind him. “Billy, please stop. It’s eleven at night,” Lisa said. “Just…come back in.”
He tore his gaze away from the street below to look into his wife’s dark-circled eyes. She stood bare-legged and shivering in the cold, an old blanket shrouding her body.
“You might have forgotten our son, but I haven’t,” he said, wincing even as he did so, the tone of his voice coming out far harsher than intended.
Our son that didn’t exist, he thought, whose name he couldn’t seem to remember.
Lisa’s shoulders slumped. She seemed to crumple into herself as if he’d reached out and crushed her heart in a giant fist. She turned and trudged into the bedroom, dragged the door shut behind her. She was done with arguments, finished with trying to reason with him.
He wanted to scream his frustration at her – how could she not feel that crushing sense of loss? But there was no real evidence of his son ever existing: no crayon drawings stuck to the walls, no small pointy toys or Lego lurking in the carpet ready to ambush bare feet, and even the family photos on the mantelpiece had disappeared. Nobody else had noticed, and nobody remembered – not Lisa, not even his own mum and dad. But he had a nagging surety about all of it. The walls still had small holes where photos had once been hung, and the fireplace bore a small chip that sent his mind reeling. Somehow he felt his son had caused that – a foggy memory of falling vase and a blurred guilty face.
The bastards couldn’t take everything from him! He wasn’t crazy – so everybody else had to be. He couldn’t bear the yawning absence in the room, or the small chip that drew his eyes…so he turned back to the street and stepped out into the rain.
The chimes grew louder and clearer, and his dread deeper. The thing was coming.
Numbed fingers reached into his pocket and fumbled the camera from its case. The grimy ice cream van crept up the street and limped to a stop. Faded cartoon characters decorated the sides of the van, their misshapen, daubed eyes staring with all the horror of a shell-shocked squaddie ankle-deep in mud and guts. They seemed to him to be forever silently screaming, imprisoned on the walls of that van. The chimes cut off, plunging the street into sudden silence. Even the hiss of rain died off to a soft steady patter.
He fumbled at the camera buttons, opened the shutter and zoomed in. He clamped his jaw shut to stop teeth chattering and tried to steady his hand to take the photos. He’d show them he wasn’t the crazy one. What the hell was an ice cream van doing out on the streets at 11p.m. in winter anyway? he thought.
Oh, there had always been urban myths of ice cream vans dealing drugs to scabby junkies and wayward kiddies in dodgy parts of town, but he knew this van wasn’t dealing drugs. It was here for something far worse. He didn’t think the owner was even human.
A door opened in the block of flats opposite. Jim from the local pub emerged, his son David leading him out by the hand. A half-formed image flashed into Billy’s mind: little David kicking cans down the street on the way home from school, the hazy outline of another boy by his side – Billy’s own son. He knew it from the depth of feeling welling up from inside, that relentless vice called loss crushing his chest.
“My son…” he said, staring through the lens as they walked towards the ice cream van. But he couldn’t shout a warning, he had to take the photo, had to show everybody what he’d seen. He had to wait and-
“Stop!” he shouted. He just wasn’t able to do it; he didn’t have it in him to stand by and do nothing, to watch another boy being taken. “Get away from that van.” But, impossibly, they didn’t seem to hear, didn’t so much as look his way.
He turned and bolted through the flat, heart hammering as he drummed down the stairs as fast as half-frozen legs would allow.
The front door rattled on its hinges as he burst out into the street. He couldn’t see them, and the front seats of the van were empty. Everybody had to be on the other side. Bile rose to sear his throat as he lurched across the street.
Then Jim appeared, chewing, heading back home, a 99’er clutched in his hand. He’d already sucked out the chocolate flake to leave a hollow pit in the ice cream. He clocked Billy and stiffened, swallowed. “Alright, Billy?” he said. “Er, how’s things?” He shifted on his feet, eyes flicking to the door to his block of flats. He must have heard all that bloody gossip about his ‘breakdown,’ Billy realised.
Billy panted to catch his breath. “Are you OK?”
Jim nodded. “Aye, not bad. Anyway, er, best get back in.” He started for the door.
Billy moved to where he could see the other side of the van. Bright light illuminated all the stacked up sweeties clustered around the window in the side, a normal sight in any ice cream van. But nobody stood on the other side of the counter.
And there was no little boy.
“Where’s David?” Billy said.
Jim frowned. “Who?”
Billy grabbed his arm. “Your son, Jim, your god-damned son! Where is he?”
Jim shoved him away. “Piss off, you eejit. I don’t have a son. Away and take your medication, you weirdo.” Keeping one eye on Billy, he backed away to his door, slammed it shut behind him.
Billy swallowed, a worm of dread uncoiling in his belly as he slowly turned to face the window in the van.
It was every kid’s dream: vibrant rainbow colours, boxes of sweeties and bags of candy-floss, enough sugar to rot every tooth in a five-mile radius. But this van was no dream. It was a fucking nightmare.
From beneath the counter, the clown slowly rose up to his full gangly height. It wore the sagging face of a middle-aged alcoholic, white and red paint caked between his grimy stubble, hair slicked back and glistening green, all contained in a baggy white suit crusted with yellow stains. The clown’s grinning face seemed to ripple as if seen through water. “Boo,” it said in a whispering voice that owned nothing human.
Billy’s blood turned to ice, and his feet froze to the spot. Every animal instinct screamed at him to turn and run, or curl up and cry, but he couldn’t move. The Clown –all clowns–terrified him beyond reason, and always had.
It wasn’t the habitual horror of seeing some manic B-movie clown with a bloody axe on TV; this clown radiated the quiet wrongness of something normal twisted into utter perversion, the sort of man that would tie a plastic bag around a kid’s head just to watch what happens, and just because he can.
“Billy-boy,” it said. “How lovely to taste you again.”
Something broke inside him, hysteria bubbling up. He reached over the counter, pulled the clown across it until they were face to face. His shaking hand felt slick and oily around the crusty white material. Something viscous squidged out between his fingers. “Where’s David? And where’s my son?”
The clown’s eyes widened. “No other boys here, Billy-boy,” it said with a breath of nicotine ashes and red wine vomit. A sly, knowing smile slid across his face. “No more fresh little nibbles.”
Billy pulled his fist back to vent the surge of hysterical fear and anger. The clown’s mouth gaped wide, revealing no jaw of human bone and teeth, but a black tunnel to nothingness. It inhaled.
Billy woke to a scream, falling from the sofa, knees crashing to the scuffed laminate flooring. Then he realised the scream was his. As his panicked gaze darted across the room, the balcony doors slammed off the wall again, blown open by the wind.
He staggered over to the rails, looked down into the dimly lit street. Wind and rain scoured his face and hands but he didn’t feel it.
“It was real,” he snarled. “Real!” He was fully dressed, clothes and coat dry, but his body was still freezing.
The bedroom door creaked open behind him. It was only Lisa, bleary-eyed and blinking.
“Sorry I woke you,” he said. “But that thing was here again. It took David from across the street.”
She stared at him. Her sudden shriek tore through him as she leapt back into the bedroom and slammed the door. “Get the hell out of my flat! I’m phoning the police.”
He grabbed the bedroom door handle, pushed down. It resisted – Lisa was holding it from the other side. She screamed, half fear, half outrage. “Get out!”
“Lisa, it’s me. It’s Billy. What’s gotten into you? Open the door.”
“Hello, Police?” she sobbed. “A man’s broken into my flat.”
Billy staggered back, left stunned and shaking as she rattled off their address. A sudden realisation about the room prickled his attention, something he’d overlooked. A closer look revealed that every single one of his possessions was missing. Every photo of Lisa and he, every knick-knack and gaudy present his parents brought back from holidays, all gone.
“No,” he said. “Not possible…” It was the same as when the clown had taken his son. Part of his life had been erased. Eaten. But that was crazy, he thought. There had to be another reason; maybe Lisa wanted a divorce, had boxed up all his stuff? Yes, that had to be it.
He hammered on the door. “Lisa!” he shouted. “Stop pretending you don’t know who I am. I’m your husband for God’s sake. Open the damn door and let’s talk about it. Why are you doing this?” He pulled the handle, slowly forced it down against her resistance. She screamed from the other side of the door, fear naked in her voice. She wasn’t pretending.
“Just get out, you sick bastard” she said. “The police will be here any minute.”
He stared at the door, slowly prised his hand from the handle.
“I…I’m sorry,” he mumbled, drifting to their front door. In a daze he let himself out, stumbled down the stairs and out into the street. He couldn’t think, just knew he had to get away. By the time the scream of sirens shattered his daze he was three streets away up-chucking the contents of his guts onto the pavement. He blinked away rainwater as a police car flashed past leaving light trails smeared across his night vision.
He drew his sodden coat about himself and stumbled off into the night, finding himself adrift on a sea of numbing confusion. The chill seeped into his bones as he walked the streets, head down, rusty knife of anguish twisting in his heart. The icy drizzle and freezing wind felt somehow appropriate, a scouring manifestation of his inner pain. Body shivering, teeth chattering, fingers clumsy as gloves, he moved through the streets on autopilot.
A sudden movement in front roused him. A grubby old man with bushy white beard and green bobble-hat grabbed hold of his arm and shoved him off the dim orange-lit street into the darkness of a doorway. He spat in Billy’s eyes, then pressed a something sharp against his side to still his cry of disgust.
The old man lifted a finger to his lips as Billy wiped at his face. “Hush, laddie, it’ll hear you.” He crouched down, peeked the corner of an eye out of the doorway. His hand clamped onto Billy’s. “Look.”
Billy pressed himself against the wall, numb cheek scraping along sandstone until Byres Road came into view.
A young woman, a student maybe, was walking down the street, face hidden beneath an umbrella angled against the wind. She was passing their side-street, heels clacking. A streetlight blinked off as she passed. When it fizzed back on she wasn’t alone. But she didn’t seem to see it.
Billy almost cried out, but a rough hand clamped around his mouth.
A bald man padded barefoot two steps behind her; or at least it looked like a man at first. His grey skin was warped and uneven, almost as if he’d been melted. His only clothing was a pair of mouldy, torn jeans, his naked torso showing every rib, the cheeks and eyes hollow pits of darkness. He glistened, flesh slick with layers of oil like he’d been deep-fried. The rain sloughed off him in a torrent of droplets like he was shedding lice with every step. The sight hit Billy on some deeply instinctive level, an urge to bare his teeth in a snarl or slink off into a hole. Maybe both. The girl finally seemed to sense something. She stopped, turned, and lifted her umbrella. Her eyes scanned the night, saw nothing. The grey man grinned at her, revealing dagger-teeth like a piranha. Gills fluttered open on the side of his neck.
“A Sleekit One,” the old man said. She spat on the ground. “Now you can see it, too. I still have that much magic left to me.”
Billy nodded. The pressure on his mouth eased and the sharp object pressing into his side disappeared. “What do we do?” he whispered.
“Do? We do nothing. That girl is gone.”
By the time Billy could process the answer, the Sleekit One had opened its mouth wide, was inhaling, chest expanding like some sort of toad.
The old man’s hot breath festered against his cheek. “Keep her in your head, laddie. Don’t let her go.”
She seemed to waver, and then both girl and grey man were suddenly gone. A silent thunderclap of existence rushed in to fill the gap, a flood that crashed into Billy’s memories trying to wash all of her away. He gritted his teeth, tried to picture the girl, the memory slipping and sliding like oil on water. His memory eroded away like a fabulous sandcastle defying the incoming tide, and when the flood abated only a shapeless lump of memory remained. Her face was gone, but enough was left for him to know what had happened.
The old man slumped down in the doorway. “That Sleekit bastard.”
“Sleekit One?” Billy said, the name sliding around his mouth like a rancid oil-slick. He cleared his throat, still staring out at the empty street. “It’s the perfect crime. Nobody will even know it took her.”
“Aye,” the man said. “Nothing as sly and cunning as one of those bloody things. She may as well have never existed.”
Billy’s legs buckled, the dangerous chill in his body now eating away the last dregs of his strength. The man caught him.
“Here now, laddie. You’re freezing. Let’s get you dry.” He hauled Billy up and walked him past rows of parked cars, and then down a lane to squeeze into a narrow and neglected space between two university buildings, a space that Billy had never even noticed before. The man had built a den of polythene and cardboard between two large metal bins. It was out of the wind and rain at least.
Billy fell in face-first, buried himself into a fortress of soft sleeping bags as his body gave out and plunged him into darkness.
He woke dry and warm, curled up on his side, cocooned in a sleeping bag and layers of dirty blanket. For a few blissful minutes, he lie there dozing as consciousness filtered back. He rolled onto his back and suddenly realised he was entirely naked. For one claustrophobic moment he panicked, until he found the zip and struggled free. Cold air wafted across naked flesh.
A bushy beard and bobble-hat pushed through the slit in the polythene doorway. “Finally up, eh?” The old man said, eyes scanning across Billy’s nakedness. “Got a pal to stick your clothes in the tumble dryer. You should be good to go.” He tossed a bundle of clothes in and nipped back outside.
Billy dressed quickly and emerged to a camping stove and a small pot of beans bubbling away. The old man passed him a spoon and bowl, and doled out a good dollop of beans. Billy’s stomach growled and he wolfed them down as the old man watched. He looked meaningfully at the pot and the scrapings of beans left behind.
“Help yourself,” the man said. “I’ve already eaten.”
So he did, shovelling spoonful after spoonful into his mouth. He paused between mouthfuls, taking a deep shuddering breath as images of last night flashed though his mind. “Thanks for the food,” he said. “I’m Billy.”
The old man gave a lopsided, knowing smile. “I know. Call me Gregg,” he said. “Some call me the West-End Wizard. What a laugh that is.” He shrugged. “Some say I got a touch of the second-sight from my mother. You have a touch of the sight, too, you know – that’s how you can see The Sleekit Ones.”
Billy choked a mouthful down, the beans suddenly turned tasteless. “That thing last night…it was different.”
The old man scowled. “Aye, that’s my doing. Made you see what the girl saw. Her childhood nightmares given flesh.” His eyes flared with anger. “What did you see when they took your kid?”
Billy started. “How did you-” The man’s expression seemed to answer better than words. “You, too?”
The old man showed no emotion. “That’s what these things do, they eat away folk’s existence, make it like they were never there. They like kids the most, more life in them I suppose. Then they take folk’s memories to cover their tracks. That thing last night? Well I want it dead. Have more than enough reason, and I’m not going to elaborate.”
It took a moment for Billy to force the words out. “A clown. I saw a clown.” He couldn’t suppress the shudder.
“Bloody clowns,” Gregg said. “Whoever thought they were funny for kids needs shooting.”
“What are those things?” Billy said. “How can they even exist?” It felt like the life he had known was a sham, blindly treading unknown waters above a black abyss.
“I call them Sleekit Ones,” Gregg replied. “Because they are right sly, oily bastards. But if you go way back, the folklore calls them Brollachan, formless shape shifters that take the form of the things you fear the most.”
Billy put the bowl down and buried his face in his hands. “What do I do? My son…”
“How long ago did they take him?”
“Five weeks ago, I…think.”
The old man seemed to mull it over. “Might still be a chance. Still two days before the next new moon, and they always hunt just before. Your son’s existence won’t be…digested, not yet, but any later and any chance of getting your kid back is gone forever.”
Billy lifted his tear-stained face from his hands, eyes fixed on Gregg. “How?”
“You need to trap the bugger and force a deal out of it. It will let him go to save itself.”
“Tell me what to do and I’ll do it.”
“You won’t like it.”
“I’ll do anything to get my son back. And my life.”
“I see. We have a deal then. The things like the chase and their sick games, tend to play with their food like a bad kid pulling the legs off spiders. They are very territorial, very predictable, and stick to the same old hunting grounds, the same old prey, and the same old hunting methods time after time until they use them all up. We can use that against them. Here’s what you need to do…”
Billy’s face drained of colour as Gregg explained it all. He took a long time answering. Finally he nodded. “I’ll do it.”
“Good.” Gregg’s lips twitched into a smile. “Very good.”
Billy darted from the shadows of the doorway and grabbed the boy – a student most likely – and pressed the serrated knife to his throat. His hand shook as the boy cringed back. “I’m so sorry,” he said. “But I have to do this. Once you’ve done what I say I promise you can go home. I really don’t want to hurt you.”
Gregg hung back in the gloom beyond the streetlights, watching, his face unreadable. Then his head snapped round as a streetlight further down the main road blinked off and back on with an electric hum. He nodded to Billy. “It’s time.”
Billy grabbed the boy’s arm and hauled him upright. “Just go to the streetlight, wait for a minute, and then walk very slowly up the hill. That’s all you have to do. Once you get to the top you run home. Understand?”
The student nodded. Wet eyes wide and staring at the knife in Billy’s hand.
“Sorry,” he said. “So sorry.” He let go and the boy started to walk.
“And don’t go looking back,” Gregg added.
Billy withdrew to the shadows as he crossed the short space to the streetlight, where the kid stood shaking, arms wrapped protectively around himself.
A flickering shadow caught Billy’s attention as it drifted up the street. His brain tried to make sense of it, but couldn’t quite seem to resolve it as one thing or another. As it drew closer it took on humanoid form, grew bright colours and frizzy red hair, white painted skin, nose growing red and globular. He gagged and cringed back.
Gregg’s hand clamped around the back of his neck, squeezed hard. “Don’t choke, laddie. Last chance to get your son back. Or is he worth so little to you?”
Billy gritted his teeth. “Let go.”
“Good boy, Billy,” Gregg said, backing away three steps. “Get ready. No hesitation now, you’ll only have a few seconds.”
The student glanced around, then began walking slowly up the street, clearly fighting the urge to run.
Billy reached into his pocket and drew out the wrought iron spike he’d wrenched from a fancy gate. The cheap knife didn’t have enough iron in it apparently. Gregg had said he needed to do it himself, and for some occult reason the old man couldn’t so much as touch it if this was to work, all part of the deal he had to make.
The Sleekit One stalked closer, leaving slimy footprints behind with each step it took towards the boy. It reached out and touched his neck. He spun, froze at the shock of seeing it for the first time, whatever horror it was that it made him see.
Billy surged from the shadows and plunged the iron spike deep into the clown’s back. It screamed without sound, a wave of agony that tore directly into his mind. It cuffed the boy to the ground with one gloved hand, the other grabbing Billy by the throat, lifting him into the air with ease.
Panic flooded through Billy, legs kicking futilely, fingers scrabbling at the hand choking the life from him. Gregg had been wrong. It stretched a hand back, tried to grab the iron spike and pull it free. Its fingers hissed where they touched the iron, and pull as it might, the spike didn’t move an inch. The wound in its back bubbled and hissed angrily.
“Who are you, boy, that you can see me?” It said, clown face grimacing. A long pink tongue writhed from between painted lips to lick a wet trail up Billy’s cheek. “Did you think that iron would kill me, little toy? How sadly misinformed you are.”
“Not kill you,” Gregg said. “Just weaken you.” The Sleekit One turned to stare at Gregg as the old man emerged from the shadows. Its eyes widened. “No…” It let go, tried to run.
“Yes,” Gregg hissed. His mouth yawned unnaturally wide. He sucked in air. A wind tore into the clown. Its body wavered, then dissolved into a mist sucked into Gregg’s convulsing throat. A long tongue emerged from the old man’s mouth to lap his lips.
Billy coughed, rose to his knees as the old man rippled. The white beard changing into grimy white and red painted skin, green bobble hat melting into the slicked back green hair of the ice cream van clown. A strangled rattle emerged from Billy’s throat.
“Hello Billy-boy,” it said. “Missed me, did you? Well done my useful little tool, helping me to get rid of that intruder into my territory. I can’t handle iron myself after all. Still, always more where that little upstart came from.”
Billy screamed, leapt at it. It swatted him down with contemptuous ease, then stood over him. “Now, now. None of that. You’ll be getting your boy back, just as I said.” It shrugged. “Well, for a little while. You are useless to me as you are now; too unstable. I like predictable. That’s why I chose you after all, Billy-boy. So dreadfully dull.” It leaned over, mouth stretching wipe to reveal a black void inside. It exhaled, rancid, greasy breath flowing across Billy’s body, into his mouth and nose, squirming deeper inside.
Billy jerked upright, shouting, duvet flapping open to let cold air in to chill his sweat. He staggered from his own bed into the living room, heart pounding.
“What’s up, Hun?” Lisa said, pausing the film on the TV. “Not feeling any better?”
“I…” Billy wiped the sweat from his forehead, stared at her in confusion as vague and disquieting emotions bobbed up inside him. “A nightmare, I guess.” As dreams do, the details were melting away. He felt utterly drained, ground down to a shadow of himself.
His eyes leapt to the other bedroom door as it creaked open.
Little Stephen yawned and rubbed bleary eyes as he padded barefoot from his bedroom. “Dad?”
Billy swept him up into his arms, held him tight, not quite knowing why.
Lisa frowned. “Are you OK?”
“Fine,” he said. “Just a horrible dream.” The clock on the wall clicked as the hands moved to eleven.
The chimes of an ice cream van filtered in from outside. Stephen’s eyes got big and excited. “Ice cream!”
“It’s too late,” Billy said. “Way past your bedtime.”
“Pleeeasssseeee, Dad!” Stephen said, wriggling free.
Lisa rolled her eyes. “Just this once then. You woke him up so you can take him down.”
Billy shivered, a formless dread rising up from somewhere deep inside. Stephen grabbed him by the hand and dragged him towards the door.
Cameron Johnston is a Scottish writer of fantasy and horror and a member of the Glasgow Science Fiction Writers’ Circle. His fiction has previously appeared in The Lovecraft eZine, Buzzymag, and several anthologies. He is a student of Historical European Martial Arts and when not writing or reading far too much he can be found swinging swords, exploring ancient sites, and camping out under the stars. His musings can be found on Twitter @CamJohnston
If you enjoyed this story, let Cameron know by commenting — and please use the Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus buttons below to spread the word.
Story illustration by Steve Santiago.
a fine wee story (and that’s a fair understatement)! Enjoyed your modern urban use of the brollachan, as I use creatures and entities from Gaelic supernatural legends in my own fiction – except in the short story I recently published in Dàna, a Gaelic online magazine. I would have liked to publish its English version here, but Mike somehow wasn’t interested…but that’s another story. Probably it was the period setting, as most of my Lovecraftian fiction is set in 1920s Scotland.
Of course, my name is not exactly Scottish, and I was neither born nor really raised in Scotland, yet I have lived in the country for a decade, and I have travelled it annually since I was a wee loonie o sax (note the Doricism!), as well as attended and successfully concluded most of my academic degree programmes in Scotland – and it was in the bonnie Isle of Colonsay that I first discovered Lovecraft (and Arthur Machen, and M.R. James, and Algernon Blackwood), which is why my current novel-in-progress is largely set in a fictitious Inner Hebridean island just west of Colonsay (and actually an expy of the place). Enough said. Aye, I do love Argyll, and yet I intend to set future Lovecraftian adventures in rural Aberdeenshire as well (I loved to roam the mysterious neuks of the Garioch, and of Buchan, when I was biding in the Silver City)…and while my leading characters also bide in Glasgow now and then, I shall leave Glasgow as a main setting to you – I dinna ken it weel eneugh yet, unlike the City o the Northern Lichts, and the City by the Forth One Never Ought To Mention To A True Glaswegian… 😉
Love it! Awesome mix of dream layering and reality bending, creepy imagery and language that brings you instantly to the nightmarish scene.
A good weird tale, with the beginnings of a mythology all its own. The tale explained only as much as needed explanation, leaving the rest behind that wall of unknown that leaves readers guessing and breathlessly wanting more. Thanks Cameron!

domain: literature


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Developer Hair Studio has released a game play trailer for the cooperative horror action RPG Blight: Survival .
This work is a horror action RPG set in the 14th century medieval, which supports solo or online multiplayer for up to four players. While fighting humans and monsters in a devastated place by war, he goes on an adventure with his friends to destroy Blight that swallows everything. Players select and customize their own play style from abundant weapons and armor, and explore vast maps.
The published trailer starts in about 5 minutes in the cut scene. Notable is the desolate world and the surrounding environment drawn with beautiful graphics, the intense battle scenes where you can see the real behavior, the movement and movement of the dead body. In the battle, it seems that you can avoid the attacking monsters, avoid them, fight back with a sword, or tackle the enemy to defeat them. There are also situations where you can squat down so that you can not find it in an area where there are many enemies, or sometimes decide on sneak kills from behind. You can also see some ways to encounter other players and break up a new area in cooperation. We look forward to further information in the future.
The 14th-century medieval stage cooperative horror action RPG BLIGHT: Survival will appear soon for PC (Steam).

domain: game


The folding mobile bridge designed to cross watercourses and field obstacles MS-40 „DAGLEZJA-S”
As the follow-up of the program dedicated to construction of mobile bridges, OBRUM Centre developed a folding mobile bridge of the 70/110 class, designed to cross field obstacles and watercourses with the width up to 40 meters. The bridge enables tracked vehicles (e.g. LEOPARD tanks) or low-platform road trains with a tank carried on-board to quickly cross field obstacles. MS-40 is a modern bridge with a bridge span conveyed on a set of dedicated trailers. The mobile bridge is equipped with an manipulation system designed by OBRUM to unfold the span and place it on the watercourse or canyon embankments.
OBRUM Centre completed all jobs associated with engineering of the bridge, starting from the design concept up to construction of a prototype with passing results of acceptance tests. Undertaking of the development project dedicated to the MS-40 bridge meant an enormous challenge for the team of OBRUM professionals, incomparable to efforts of any Polish company before, since the project included development of the bridge documentation, construction of a prototype and execution of all tests. Nevertheless, OBRUM Center has overcome all challenges and a prototype unit is ready to serve as a pattern to launch manufacturing of a test series by an external partner. One must keep in mind that for many years OBRUM has been a high-tech company involved in projects that are crucial for safety and defence of Poland and the MS-40 bridge is also rated among such projects. OBRUM is proud that its former development, i.e. the bridge named MS-40 kr Daglezja is nowadays produced by the Polish industry for needs of Polish Army. It is the proof that efforts of OBRUM are highly appreciated by Polish Army, being the most demanding customer. .


Motion Capture: Setting the Stage
Motion capture is essentially the process of translating the actual movements of a live person into the digital movements of a computer-generated character. In this case, it was the process of capturing the movements of actor Andy Serkis and transferring them to a CG gorilla.
When you watch a scene of Peter Jackson's "King Kong" in which the gorilla runs up an embankment in the jungle, what you're actually watching is heavily edited and animated footage of Andy Serkis running up an embankment in a motion-capture suit. For all intents and purposes, Andy Serkis plays King Kong. He acted out each scene in a motion-capture suit, and his performance was sent to the animation department to be applied to the King Kong 3-D model.
There are several methods of motion capture, including optical, electromagnetic and mechanical. A mechanical motion-capture setup involves a heavy suit that is basically one big mechanical sensor. It relays data to the motion-capture computer when a part of the suit detects movement. An electromagnetic system involves a suit of magnetic sensors that receive signals from a magnetic transmitter. Each time they pick up a signal, they send their location information to the computer. "King Kong" used an optical system, which is simpler than either of these setups, at least for the actor in the suit.
This optical system consists of a lightweight suit, a lot of reflective dots and about 70 motion-capture cameras that feed information into computers running 3-D motion-capture software. The motion-capture studio is a huge warehouse converted into a high-tech space with bare-bones sets and more cameras and computer equipment than you find in an electronics store. The sets are simple structures meant only to simulate the kind of terrain and props that the digital King Kong interacts with on the screen. They don't have to look real, because the cameras can't see them. The cameras in this studio could only see the reflective dots stuck to Andy Serkis.


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The fishy tale of a great white shark stealing a bronze whaler from two fishermen on Tauranga waters has been joined by other strange sightings at sea.
Kerry Grant and William McIntosh were fishing 1.5km from a beacon near the entrance to Tauranga Harbour when a "huge" great white rose from the depths to snatch a bronze whaler the men had just released.
The story circulated around the Bay over the weekend, although many were sceptical.
"I don't expect anyone to believe us actually," Mr Grant said. "The one reason we reported it was for the safety of people. We know what we saw, we were just as surprised as anyone."
Mr Grant has been fishing for 20 years and is familiar with the shark varieties found in Tauranga waters.
He is adamant the shark was a great white.
Mr Grant had just released a bronze whaler and was watching it speed away when the great white appeared and swiftly killed his shark.
"Minutes later this thing jumped clean out of the water, black on top and white underneath. It was round enough. It was huge. It was like Jaws material."
Mr Grant said he decided to tell the coastguard in case " someone gets eaten... We were really concerned that it was so close."
Tauranga Coastguard were unable to find the report in their log book for Tuesday.
But a lack of evidence hasn't stopped talk of the lads' close encounter from circulating.
Mr Grant said: "We expected no one to believe us because I would have had trouble believing it myself."
Fatboy Fishing Charters' Rus Hawkins said normally he would think such a sighting was unlikely but these days he's open to fishy stories.
Mr Hawkins said tales of unusual animal sightings at sea were on the increase.
"Three days ago we saw a big seal all the way off Mayor Island in the middle of the ocean, just swimming along.
"We also saw a manta ray. I've only ever seen two in my 42 years of living at the Mount. It's so unusual to see them here."
Tauranga Fish and Game Club manager Grant Holley said he heard rumours on Friday of the great white. "I'd hate to think so but strange things have happened ... " Mr Holley said.
In November 2010, local fisherman Alastair Blair snapped pictures of a 3m great white when it began circling and hitting his 5m boat at the north entrance of Tauranga Harbour.


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(From the publisher):
This anthology contains three of Coward's early plays: "I'll Leave it to You"; "The Young Idea"; and "This Was a Man". The first two of the plays - the first of Coward's to ever be produced - were enthusiastically acclaimed on their release. The third was banned for "facetious adultery".
Original title: Collected Plays: Volume 8
Genre: Drama and Plays→ English→ Modern
No members of this collection were found in our database.


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By Hassana Yakubu
Kaduna – Barely a week to the end of the 2016 fiscal year, the Kaduna State House of Assembly on Friday approved a supplementary budget of N15.3 billion for the state government.
The News Agency of Nigeria [NAN] reports that the supplrementary budget was the second approved by the assembly in 2016.
The Speaker, Aminu Shagali, explained that N7.65 billion was for recurrent expenditure and N7.65 billion for capital.
He said N7.65 billion earmarked for recurrent expenditure in 2016 would be handled by the Ministry of Finance.
According to him, N2.18 billion would go to the Ministry of Works, Transport and Housing, and N5.47 billion to the Ministry of Rural and Community Development for capital projects.
Mr Nuhu Shadalafiya, Chairman House Committee on Information, said the money would be used to address “issues of insecurity, leave grant and overhead.”
NAN reports that Gov. Nasiru El-Rufa’i had signed the state’s 2017 budget of N214.9 billion into law.


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Are you thinking of visiting Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, but not sure what to expect, how to get there, or which Auschwitz tour to choose? This guide should answer all your questions. Find out!
Auschwitz-Birkenau, aka Auschwitz concentration camp, or simply Auschwitz, is the largest of the Nazi concentration and death camps, dating from WWII. Visiting Auschwitz may be one of the most difficult and emotionally draining things you will ever do, but it is an educational experience that goes far beyond reading accounts of this dreadful period in human history.
Located in the town of Oświęcim (Polish name of Auschwitz), some 70 km west of Krakow, a visit to the Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau is considered a must-do day trip from Krakow. Even if you have just a weekend in Krakow, an Auschwitz tour is really a must.
Our writer Christine recently visited Auschwitz and agreed to share her experience with our readers. I’ve also been to the Auschwitz museum, but my own trip dates from many years ago. This visit left a lifelong impression on me and it’s a place we are planning to revisit when our kids get a bit older… I was a teenager when I visited Auschwitz and, several decennia later, I can still see images of the camp in my memory as if it were yesterday… One thing I know for sure – it’s an experience that will stay with you forever.
This guide to Auschwitz is designed to help you plan your visit to this heart-breaking UNESCO World Heritage site. In this article, you’ll find some brief history, advice for getting to Auschwitz and visiting the camps, and also for the best Auschwitz tours.
Furthermore, you’ll get a better idea of what to expect from the Auschwitz day trip, both emotionally and practically. At the bottom of this article, you can also find some essential practical information for your visit. Read on!
TIP: If you don’t have the time to read the entire article and are simply looking for the best Auschwitz tour from Krakow, this highly-rated tour is currently one of the best picks. You can choose from a few different transport/pick-up options (also a private tour).
Complete guide to visiting Auschwitz – OVERVIEW
Should You Visit Auschwitz?
First, let’s cover the most important question – should you visit Auschwitz? This is a question we pondered quite deeply. On one hand, we had already planned a visit to Krakow, so visiting Auschwitz seemed a natural choice. On the other hand, it was the uncomfortable feeling that a ‘sightseeing’ tour to the site of such unbelievable horror is, perhaps, in some way insensitive to the memory of those that suffered so terribly there.
We were also concerned about the extent of the emotional impact such a visit would have on our group.
Having spent a day at Auschwitz, I can say without reservation that visiting the camps is a harrowing – yet necessary – experience. It gives you a greater understanding of the events that occurred.
The camps have been preserved as a memorial to those who suffered and died there – whose memory it’s so important to honor. Some of the exhibits reinforce the fact that this was not an episode in ancient history, but something shockingly evil that occurred in our recent past.
Above all, a visit to Auschwitz deepens your sense of outrage that such horrors could have been inflicted on innocent people, increasing your determination to speak out against bigotry and injustice whenever you encounter it in the future.
Auschwitz Concentration Camp
Interesting to know: While the total number of people who died in Auschwitz is uncertain, it is estimated that over 1,3 million people were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp and over 1,1 million people died there. The vast majority of the victims were Jews, but there were also Polish, Roma, and Soviet war prisoners…
Something we didn’t realize before visiting is that the Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau is actually made up of two camps: Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II (Birkenau). The camps are about 3 km apart and any Auschwitz tour includes a visit to both of these camps. In the past, there was also a 3rd camp – Auschwitz III-Monowitz, which was purely a labor camp/ However, there is nothing left of it, apart from a memorial next to the road.
Auschwitz I was built by the Nazis in 1940 and initially used as the headquarters of the SS, as well as a detention place for Polish Political prisoners. However, its role quickly changed and Auschwitz was designated for use as the ‘final solution’ for all those perceived to present a threat to the Nazi regime (mainly Jews). It was here that millions of innocent people were subjected to cruel medical experimentation and murder.
The number of prisoners and the sheer scale of its human intake quickly became too great, so the second camp – Auschwitz II (Birkenau) – was built as a ‘death camp’ in 1941. People were brought here from all over Europe in cattle trucks via the railway that led directly into the camp. These railway tracks are still there today as a haunting reminder of their purpose.
Practical info: With only 3 km between the two camps, it is possible to walk from one to the other in 30 to 40 minutes. But there is also a free shuttle bus available, which runs at regular intervals that depend on the season. If you are visiting Auschwitz with a tour or a private driver, they’ll take care of the transfers.
Former Auschwitz I site is located near the village of Oświęcim (Auschwitz). It is the camp with the grimly famous ‘Arbeit Macht Frei’ sign over the gate – a sign which, cruelly, meant ‘Work sets you free’.
The experiments to investigate the effect of Zyklon B gas on humans began here and – chillingly – many of the empty containers are still displayed.
When you first enter the camp with a tour group, you may – depending on the time of year – be shown 20 minutes of harrowing footage shot by the Soviet army when they liberated the camp in 1945. If you are an independent visitor, you can ask if there are any plans to show the film that day, for which you would be charged a small fee.
The camp itself is composed of many separate blocks, which have subsequently been named according to whatever aspect of camp life the exhibits inside relate to. While some blocks are closed to the public, most are open and contain information panels in both Polish and English.
Many exhibits are stored behind glass in temperature-controlled environments in order to preserve them. The sheer number of items on display – from shoes to heaps of human hair – defies description. Yet, according to our guide, the quantity represents only a fraction of the true amount, which is stored elsewhere.
The hallways of many of the blocks are lined with photographs of the prisoners, some of whom were liberated but most of whom lost their lives here. The quality of the photographs – which look as if they were taken only recently – is outstanding. We found ourselves compelled to try to look at every face, to take a quiet moment to remember and honor these people.
Elsewhere on the site is a courtyard, scene of countless executions via gunfire. You will also see the framework for the prisoners’ gallows and the spot where Rudolf Hess – the longest-serving camp commander – was eventually hanged as a war criminal in 1947.
Former Auschwitz II (Birkenau) site is the larger of the two camps. At one point, it held over 90,000 prisoners (compared to the 16,000 held at Auschwitz I).
Over 1.5 million people died at Birkenau, either as a result of the desperately poor living conditions or in the gas chambers.
We found this the bleaker and most desolate of the two camps. Its size is immense, with rows of barrack-like blocks as far as the eye can see, each set some distance apart from the next. In such a large, open area the wind is relentless, so it can get really cold here, especially if you are not visiting in summer. Since we were here in November, the wind and the cold helped us realize even better the harsh reality of how terribly difficult camp life must have been for the inmates.
As you enter the camp you immediately see the termination point of the railway lines that brought in the prisoners. It was here that the people were divided into those to be sent to the gas chambers and those deemed fit enough to work.
The main crematoria and gas chambers were constructed at Auschwitz II. You can now only see their ruins, as they were destroyed by the Nazis who tried to hide the evil acts they had committed.
Some of the blocks are open to the public, allowing you to see the shocking conditions in which inmates were forced to sleep and wash. Due to the sheer size of the camp, it is easy to move around and see exhibits clearly, even on busier days.
How to Visit Auschwitz
There are very limited facilities for tourists near the camps, so most people stay in the city of Krakow and visit Auschwitz as a day trip from Krakow (there are various tours that can bring you here – more about it below).
Good to know: Expect your tour of both camps to last at least 4 hours. Travel to and from Krakow is a round trip of at least 3 hours, so you will definitely need to set aside an entire day to visit Auschwitz. Most Auschwitz tours take 7-8 hours.
There are basically three ways how to visit Auschwitz:
- Independent visit with a guided tour at the camp itself (certain entrance times don’t require a guide, but it’s really advisable you visit Auschwitz with a guide).
- With a complete Auschwitz group tour, including transportation from Krakow and between the camps. These tours normally include a guide and some also foresee lunch at a local restaurant.
- Private tour with your own driver/guide from Krakow (this is the option we chose, but the exact tour we did isn’t available anymore). But you can find other alternatives for a private Auschwitz tour. For example, this highly-rated tour has several transport options including a private tour (you’ll see all the options when you select your travel dates and the number of people).
Below, you can find practical information for each of the options.
Auschwitz tour options:
1. Visiting Auschwitz on Your Own
If you decide to visit Auschwitz on your own, there are certain things you should know. First, it’s really advisable to book your entrance slot in advance. Second, you’ll probably want to know how to get to Auschwitz. Find out!
Getting to Auschwitz
Auschwitz is such a popular place to visit that there are many options on how to get there.
- By bus. By far the cheapest way to travel, the bus trip from Krakow to Auschwitz takes between 1.5 to 2 hours. The Krakow MDA Bus station is located just behind Krakow’s Main Railway Station and there are four different carriers that operate the route, most running small buses. You can buy tickets from the office at the bus station, or from the driver. Most buses take you directly to the Auschwitz I camp. Do check before boarding, though, as some buses go straight to the Oświęcim Bus Depot, which is a considerable distance from the camp.
- By train. There are frequent trains from the Krakow Glowny Main Station to Oświęcim, although the station in Oświęcim is located between the two camps. This means you will either need to walk (which takes around 25 minutes) or take a bus or taxi to the first camp – you can then use the free shuttle bus to visit the second. The train is around 20 minutes quicker than the bus but costs around twice as much. Please note that the trains can be very busy early in the morning, especially during weekends.
- By car. You can hire a car and drive to Auschwitz yourself, but car traffic is restricted in Krakow and you really won’t need it at any other time during your stay in the city. For that reason, you might prefer to take a tour or hire a private driver (more info further below). The journey from Krakow by car takes around 1 hour and 15 minutes via the motorway, but many private drivers will be happy to take you on a longer route by request, which allows you to see more of the surrounding areas.
- With a guided tour – more information further below.
What to Know about Auschwitz Tickets
Although both Auschwitz camps are free to enter, you MUST get a ticket and join a guided tour (small fee) to enter Auschwitz I. There are some exceptions during the off-peak hours (depending on the month) – more info here. Headsets are provided, so it is always possible to hear your guide, even when you are some distance apart.
It is not always necessary to join a guided tour. So this can be a good option for those who want to visit the museum at their own pace. However, if you decide to go on your own, make sure to buy the guidebook (available at the museum). It marks your route clearly and explains the importance of each area you visit. However, even if you visit Auschwitz at a time when entry is free, you still need a ‘free ticket’ to enter.
Important: You can book tickets online three months in advance. If you are planning to visit Auschwitz on your own, I highly recommend doing this at least 2 weeks before your trip, because tickets get booked up quickly and many are bought in bulk ahead of time by group tour operators.
It is possible to turn up on the day and get a ticket at the office, but I wouldn’t recommend it as you may have to wait several hours, or you may not be permitted entry at all. Even in the low season, there were long queues of people here; you really don’t want to risk this if you’re visiting Auschwitz in the high season.
TIP: If tickets on the official site aren’t available anymore, you can usually still book a group tour from Krakow. It’s more expensive but better than not being able to visit at all.
Good to know: All tickets are timed, so it’s important that you turn up at the time you booked, or you will not be allowed entry. I actually recommend getting to the camps at least half an hour before the time on your ticket. You will need time to negotiate the crowds outside, clear security, and collect your headset if you booked a tour.
If your ticket doesn’t include a tour – but you decide on the day that you would like one – just go to the Visitor Centre, which is located opposite the bus stop.
The above guidelines regarding tickets do not apply to Auschwitz II, which is always free to visit without a ticket.
2. Auschwitz Tour
Booking an organized guided tour is by far the easiest way to visit Auschwitz from Krakow. Your transportation and tickets are taken care of, so there is nothing to do besides turn up at your departure location at the right time.
Good to know: If you book a complete tour with transportation, the tour operator will take care of your timed Auschwitz entrance tickets as well. This is also the best way to be able to visit Auschwitz if you didn’t reserve your tickets in advance.
While we aren’t big fans of guided tours, some places really require local insight and more information in order to truly appreciate them. Auschwitz is a site that you really should visit with a guide. Guided tours are extremely informative and are sometimes led by those with links to the camps, adding a greater level of insight.
There are many tours available that include transport from the city. The choice might be overwhelming, so we did some research and picked some of the best options – see below.
Below are some of the best Auschwitz tours from Krakow:
- Guided tour from Krakow. This is the cheapest, best-rated and by far the most popular Auschwitz tour. You can choose between five different languages and you can book a tour with a big bus or – more expensive – with a smaller group. Note that the price doesn’t include lunch and the break is really short, so it’s best you bring your own snacks.
- Guided minivan tour from Krakow. This is a small-group Auschwitz tour with amazing reviews. A bit more expensive than the big group tours, this will probably be a more relaxing day trip. The itinerary is pretty much the same as the tours mentioned above and lunch is not included.
- Full-day tour to Auschwitz as well as Wieliczka Salt Mine from Krakow. This is a great way to get the most out of your day as you can visit two top sights near Krakow in one go. Please note that most of these tours do not include lunch, but most of them foresee an hour break for that. This is the only highly-rated Auschwitz and Wieliczka Salt Mine tour that I found that also includes lunch.
READ ALSO: Wieliczka Salt Mine
3. Private Auschwitz Tour
If you want all the advantages of a group tour, but don’t like to spend the whole day with a group of strangers, then a private Auschwitz – Birkenau tour might be a better option for you. Another advantage is that private drivers will pick you up straight from your hotel and often they’ll be more flexible in terms of the tour duration, giving you more flexibility in terms of sightseeing as well as lunch.
If you are traveling with a bigger family or a group of friends, as we were, then a private tour is not much more expensive than a group tour.
There are several options: hiring a private driver (so for transportation only) or hiring a private driver in combination with a guided tour. Even if you just hire a driver, you can always join a guided tour offered at the museum itself. One thing you really have to make sure is that your private tour includes pre-booked entrance tickets.
There are several options when it comes to private day trips to Auschwitz. It’s important that you check a couple of them because prices can differ quite significantly depending on your group size and what’s included.
Here are some of the best options for a private Auschwitz day trip:
- Transfer with a private driver. This is what we did – booked a private round-trip transfer from Krakow to Auschwitz, not including the tickets to the site itself (we booked those separately). Since the same service we used isn’t available anymore, we now link to the best comparable option.
- Private transfer and a guided tour. This is one of the best-rated private Auschwitz day trips with a personal driver. It includes tickets and a live tour guide at Auschwitz and Birkenau.
Important Information for Visiting Auschwitz Concentration Camp
- Opening times. Both Auschwitz camps are open daily, except for New Year’s Day, Christmas Day and Easter Sunday. They open at 7.30 am, but the closing time varies depending on the time of year. Visiting hours and details of any scheduled closures can be found here. Both camps are free to visit, with paid guided tours available (and obligatory during certain times, as described above – see ‘What to Know about Auschwitz Tickets’ section).
- Security is strict at Auschwitz I. The contents of your bag will be checked, you will need to pass through a metal detector and you may be asked for ID (so make sure you have it with you!).
- Bags. Your bag MUST be smaller than 30 x 20 x 10 cm (the size of a very small purse) or you will not be allowed to bring it in. There are lockers available for a small fee, but these tend to get full at busy times. You may be able to leave your belongings in the tour bus or your private car, but it’s best not to take anything that you don’t absolutely need.
- Accessibility. Both camps have very limited disabled access and would be very difficult for anyone with mobility issues to get around. There are also very few spots to sit and rest.
- Facilities. There are bathrooms available at both camps, but bring some change with you as some require a small fee to enter. Auschwitz I site has a restaurant and a fast-food counter, but there is no food available at Auschwitz II. I would recommend bringing a few snacks and some water with you (and leave it in the car while visiting the first camp – eating or drinking inside the camps is not allowed). There are also good bookshops in both camps.
- Photography. You are allowed to take photographs in many areas of the camps, but no flash photography is allowed inside the buildings. There are certain areas where photography is completely forbidden, although we saw many people taking photos nonetheless. Some of the signage regarding photography is quite small and easy to miss, so I recommend checking before taking photos if you are unsure.
- Clothing. Respectful clothing is a must. Also, dress warmly, and bring a jacket even in the warmer months. As mentioned above, Auschwitz II can feel particularly cold. I also recommend bringing plenty of sunscreen in the summer, as there is little shade in either camp.
- Footwear. Wear comfortable, practical footwear – you will be walking long distances. The ground can be uneven and muddy, with loose rocks in places, so you may even want to consider hiking boots.
- Auschwitz with kids. It is not recommended for children under the age of 14 to visit Auschwitz since much of the experience is simply too harrowing for a younger child to process. Some tours won’t allow younger children, but as far as visiting the camps goes – this is just a recommendation that is not strictly enforced. So it’s up to you to decide if you want to expose your kids to all the horrors of this place. Just beware that it can be really hard for the younger kids to understand and deal with what they’ll see in Auschwitz. As already said before, I myself visited Auschwitz as a teenager and it’s an experience I’ll never forget.
- Before you visit. If you are not familiar with the history of Auschwitz and other concentration camps, I recommend that you read a bit about the holocaust before your trip. There are lots of great novels and non-fiction books about Auschwitz, so I’ll leave the choice up to you. If you haven’t seen it yet, you may also want to watch the movies Schindler’s List or Sophie’s Choice (there are also novels, on which these movies are based). There are also many other heart-breaking films about Auschwitz.
Have you visited Auschwitz and want to share your experience? Or are you planning a trip and have some questions? Feel free to leave a reply below.
More tips for your trip to Poland:
- Top Sights & Attractions in Krakow
- Weekend in Krakow – Best Itinerary for 2 to 3 Days
- Krakow Tips for Your First Visit
- Wieliczka Salt Mine Tour from Krakow
- Zakopane Tour from Krakow
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Motherhood & Creativity: The Divided Heart through Melbourne publishing house Affirm Press. The first edition was published in 2008 but the new edition was released this week in which Power talks to 22 artists about the challenges and pleasures of combining motherhood with their creative lives.
Interviewees include Claudia Karvan (actor), Cate Kennedy (writer), Holly Throsby (singer-songwriter), Del Kathryn Barton (artist), Clare Bowditch (singer), Jocelyn Moorhouse (film director) and Rachel Griffiths (actor).
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Tiffany - posted on 07/12/2011 ( 19 moms have responded )
Brayden is 4 months old. We started him on solids and we noticed it doesn't make him any more fuller than what formula does.
He still eats every 4 hours. He will eat an entire jar of Step 1 baby food with rice and still eat every 4 hours.
Now I might be wrong on this but isn't solids suppose to fill them up more? That's what my mom told me with my daughter, but some things my mom has told me is a myth (like cereal makes babies fuller, pfffft)
Any feedback would be appreciated, thanks!


"If you don't follow these rules, you could face serious penalties", Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said at a news conference in Ottawa in June.
Police say the charge carries a fine of $1,000. The duo made several stops in Ontario, despite being asked to remain isolated for 14 days.
On June 24, David and Anne Sippell of Excelsior, Minnesota entered into Canada at the International Falls/Fort Frances border crossing, according to Global News.
United Nations warning: Animal-to-human diseases may soon be more common
Other factors driving disease emergence include intense and unsustainable farming and increased wildlife consumption and trade. That estimate doesn't even include losses from COVID-19, which are forecast to reach $9 trillion in the next few years.
Two Americans have been fined for breaking Canada's COVID-19 quarantine rules after being spotted multiple times in an Ontario town, police say.
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Décès du compositeur italien Ennio Morricone — Culture
Pour récréer l'univers du far west américain, Ennio Morricone associe quelques coups de tambours et des notes de flûte. A cette époque il intègre le groupe d'improvisation et de composition avant-gardiste Nuova Consonanza.
The Minnesota duo were charged with failing to comply with an order prohibiting or subjecting to any condition the entry into Canada under the Quarantine Act.
To limit the spread of the coronavirus in Canada, anyone entering the country must quarantine for 14 days regardless of whether they have symptoms.
As a result, they've each been fined $1,000.
WHO discontinues hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir trial for COVID-19 treatment
The United Nations (UN) health agency reported over 200,000 new cases of the disease globally, the first time in a single day. The WHO's Solidarity Trial was established to find effective treatments for the coronavirus in hospitalized patients.


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