|Publication number||US7074033 B2|
|Application number||US 10/394,847|
|Publication date||Jul 11, 2006|
|Filing date||Mar 22, 2003|
|Priority date||Mar 22, 2003|
|Also published as||US7147461, US20040185406, US20060141407, WO2004094907A1|
|Publication number||10394847, 394847, US 7074033 B2, US 7074033B2, US-B2-7074033, US7074033 B2, US7074033B2|
|Inventors||David Lloyd Neary|
|Original Assignee||David Lloyd Neary|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (40), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (49), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
In the case of conventional forced or induced draft burners employed within heater unit categories such as steam generators, boilers, tube heaters, process furnaces and process heaters, motor-driven fans or blowers provide the means of creating a forced or induced draft of atmospheric air into a heater unit's burner unit assembly.
For complete combustion of varied gaseous or liquid fuels, a 120% to 200% quantity of stoichiometric air was typically employed in earlier conventional heater and burner designs. The long resident times, in which high temperature extended length combustion was maintained within the earlier heaters, resulted in extremely high flue gas emissions. The supply of air is increased above stiochiometric level to both supply an excess of oxygen (hereafter may be referred to as O.sub.2) for completed combustion and for added fluid mass flow heat absorption to lower example air/methane stoichiometric adiabatic combustion flame zone gas temperatures below approximately 3300° F. Molecular portions of the predominant nitrogen (hereafter may be referred to as N.sub.2) mass within the air that are subsequently raised to temperatures 2600° F. and above, are susceptible to entering into completed endothermic chemical reactions that converts nitrogen to nitrogen oxide (hereafter may be referred to as NO. sub.x). Within the typical two or more air-fuel combustion zones, portions of the combustion zones produced carbon dioxide (hereafter may be referred to as CO.sub.2), and any CO.sub.2 that can be are introduced as a molecular component of re-circulated flue gas, can be subsequently raised to temperatures greater than 2600° F. and thereby being susceptible to entering into completed endothermic chemical reactions that converts CO.sub.2 into carbon monoxide (hereafter may be referred to as CO).
Conventional air-gas fuel fired burners are typically of a premix design, wherein a portion of the heater's air for burning is premixed with gaseous fuel before the fuel reaches a point at which combustion is initiated. A conventional partial-premix burner's function is to maximize the homogeneous mixing of specific amounts of air and fuel and cause the fuel to burn completely through exothermic chemical combustion processes within two or more zones of staged combustion. Typical current art low-NO.sub.x heater unit burners can employ a lean-burn first stage of combustion wherein a large excess of stoichiometric air is mixed with the first stage introduced fuel to insure complete fuel combustion, subsequently followed by second stage combustion wherein sufficient additional fuel is introduced into the rich oxygen bearing combustion gas stream emanating from the first stage of combustion to achieve an example excess 6% oxygen content in the second stage combustion exhaust.
Early styles of conventional air-liquid fuel burners are generally of the non-premix type, unless the liquid fuel can be converted into a vapor through atomization and vaporization immediately prior to burning.
Current art air-fuel heater Low-NO.sub.x burners can be of greatly varying designs that incorporate individual manufacturer's various preferred configurations of two or more combustion zones and flame patterns of varied shape, volume and length. The majority of current art heater applications employ burner assemblies whose actual zones of combustion reactions are projected into and carried forth within the boiler, steam generator, or process heater having an internal plenum or firebox space surrounded by heat transfer coils or tubes contained within. In the case of tube type heater applications, the burner assemblies actual zones of combustion reactions are projected into and carried forth internally within the fluid immersed heat exchanger tubes.
Within the last two decades, applications of industrial furnaces producing charges of molten materials and requiring higher product quality, lower operating costs, and lower fugitive exhaust emissions have collectively motivated the development of many varied and patented designs of oxy-fuel burners. These applications typically require furnace temperatures in the range of 3000° F. to 5000° F. To supply these temperature requirements, oxy-gas fuel burner designs provide the ignition, fuel and oxidant mixing means to develop the required projected flame temperature into the furnaces. The combustion flame can comprise one or two chemical reaction zones and the oxidant can be pure oxygen or a mixture of high purity oxygen and air. Re-circulation of interior furnace combustion gas can be aspirated into the burner by employed typical 10 bar high-pressure oxygen's expansion and developed high velocity within the burner, thereby reducing the combustion flame temperature from the potential maximum of 5000° F. Employment of an oxygen/air mixture in the oxy-fuel burner, to achieve a reduced combustion flame temperature, will result in the production of NO.sub.x in addition to the already produced carbon monoxide emissions.
The primary decades-old objective of a heater's burner design has been one of a burner design that provides stable and economical fuel burning throughout a normal prescribed range of operating conditions. More recently, this objective has been supplemented with the added objectives of both reducing fugitive emissions comprising NO.sub.x, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, and the reduction of CO.sub.2 within emitted flue exhaust gases. To achieve these new added objectives, a means of achieving consistent low controlled combustion zone temperatures and completed exothermic chemical combustion reactions are required by a heater's burner assembly. Together with the noted fugitive emission reduction requirements, a unit heater of higher thermal efficiency will yield a lower consumption of hydrocarbon fuels that result in lower CO.sub.2 emissions for a given heater's net fuel energy conversion requirement.
It has been well known and practiced for many decades that in the presence of higher humidity air or injection of water or steam into a conventional burner air supply stream or fuel combustor zone, there is an increase in combustion flame speeds and higher fuel combustion thermal efficiencies. With the development of exhaust emission measurement devices, it was later determined that the injection of water or steam also produced a very significant 40% to 60% reduction in existing 300 to 400 ppmv NO.sub.x and CO emissions. This reduction in fugitive emissions is achieved however with an accompanying significant added operating expensive for the production of de-mineralized boiler grade water required for steam or liquid water injection to prevent fouling of heat exchanger coils within a given type of heater. Current art Low-NO.sub.x boilers with 83% thermal efficiency and 9 to 10 ppmv NO.sub.x emissions extract and inject produced boiler steam into 2 or more stages of burner combustion.
It has also been well known and practiced for decades that partially re-circulating combustion flue gases containing binary molecular carbon dioxide and water vapor, into a burner's combustion zone, reduces flame temperatures and results in a reduced level of NO.sub.x and CO within a heater's exhaust flue gases. Due to the high temperatures and varied conventional burner designs' flame speeds and non-uniform temperatures throughout all portions of the multi-staged combustion zones, it is not possible to accurately predict what series of altered chemical reactions occur when water vapor and/or carbon dioxide are introduced into a given burner's currently developed individual fuel combustion zones.
To achieve higher heater unit thermal efficiencies, some current art heater designs incorporate a degree of heater exhaust gas circulation and air intake preheating through an air to heater exhaust heat exchanger that is air plenum-positioned between the heater's employed atmospheric air blower or fan discharge and the plenum connected heater's burner assembly. These exhaust heat to air recuperation exchanger designs, when coupled with current technology Low-NO.sub.x premix burners, have been successful in increasing a heater's thermal efficiency upward to an approximate 84% to 86% maximum efficiency value. However, preheating air tends to have the effect of increasing a burner's primary combustion zone temperature thereby increasing the burner susceptibility to increased NO.sub.x generation.
Present employed Low-NO.sub.x burner technology combining exhaust flue gas re-circulation into the heater's fuel burner combustion zone and injection of steam or water frequently produces approximately 25–28 ppmv NO.sub.x or 0.03 lb NO.sub.x within flue gases per million Btu of heater rating. The mass flow rate of employed flue gas re-circulation into the burner's combustion zone has been generally limited to a mass rate range equivalent to 15% to 30% of the ‘produced combustion products mass rate’ for best overall burner performance. This flue gas re-circulation rate equates to approximately 4% to 8% of the total conventional Low-NO.sub.x heater unit's combined exhausted flue gases.
Present best-employed Ultra-Low NO.sub.x burner technology to achieve natural gas fuel combustion exhaust emissions containing less than 9 to 10 ppmv NO.sub.x predominantly involves the large industrial heater manufacturer's utilization of selective catalytic reduction (hereafter may be referred to as SCR) assemblies with limited life cycles and higher operating and installed capital costs. In the SCR system, the exhaust gas first passes through an oxidizing catalyst that oxidizes carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water vapor. A reagent is then mixed into the exhaust stream before its passage through a second catalyst (usually vanadium pentoxide), which results in the selective reduction of nitrogen oxide to form nitrogen and water vapor. These catalytic assemblies employ urea or ammonia as a required chemical reagent with the catalysis. The infrastructure to support wide scale and efficient distribution of these chemical reagents for nitrogen oxide emission reduction purposes has not been developed to date. SCR systems are generally not applied to liquid fuel burner applications, because the catalysts are fairly intolerant of sulfur or metallic elements prevailing within refined fuel oils.
Present best-employed burner technology to achieve low liquid fuel combustion exhaust emissions is primarily limited to the employment of: high pressure preheated liquid fuel to speed vaporization of the liquid fuel during injection within multiple high efficiency premix sub-assemblies contained within a burner assembly; and the injection of steam or boiler grade water into the burner fuel combustion zone. The rate of boiler grade water or steam injection can range between 0.10 to 0.30 lbs per lb of fuel.
In the case of best present day liquid fuel combustion, the present difficulties of rapidly completing a liquid fuel's complete combustion, while controlling an acceptable low combustion zone gaseous temperatures with current combustion techniques, results in elevated levels of fugitive emissions comprising nitrogen dioxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons that are unacceptable in many environmental control area jurisdictions.
A present low-NOx heater system employs forced or induced draft supply of 106% stiochiometric atmospheric air as a source of oxygen that acts as an example methane fuel combustion oxidizer reactant and nitrogen comprises approximately 72% of the post-combustion zone gases. Due to its diatonic molecular structure, the nitrogen molecules within combustion zones are capable of absorbing and transferring combustion heat only through continued convective heat transfer means resulting from their collisions with other gaseous molecules of greater or lesser temperature.
The conventional and Low-NO.sub.x burner and burner design's inherit delay in rapidly establishing a sufficiently low combustion zone equilibrium gas temperature uniformly throughout its combustion zones, enables portions of the very high temperature predominant nitrogen molecular mass and lesser carbon dioxide molecular mass to enter into completed endothermic chemical reactions that produce NO.sub.x and CO.
To achieve the objective of greatly reducing a heater unit burner assembly's fugitive exhaust emissions and increasing thermal efficiencies and stable fuel burning throughout a normal prescribed range of operating conditions, it is necessary to alter both the fuel combustion chemical reaction formula and the means by which an acceptable range of controlled combustion zone temperatures can be uniformly maintained and distributed with greatly accelerated combustion heat transfer means.
To achieve the objective of ultra-low fugitive heater flue gas exhaust emissions, the heater cycle system of the present invention employs a controllable continuous mass flow rate of re-circulated flue gas (hereafter may be referred to as “RFG”) as a superheated vapor-state predominant mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor in identical mixture Mol percent proportions as each occurs as generated products of chemical combustion reactions from the gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon fuel employed for combustion. The invention employs comparable means of achieving all cited heater cycle system objectives from its application of the essential thermodynamics and working fluid means of the partially-open gas turbine cycle as described in the inventor's granted U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,745.
Provided herein is a partially-open heater cycle system of particular suitability as a power plant replacement to steam generators and boilers that cannot be economically modified to achieve current and future mandated emission requirements and/or where operating fuel costs demands the employment of best available technology (hereafter may be referred to as BAT) that provides greatly increased thermal efficiency in the production of steam for a power plant's existing steam turbine powered electric generators. In petrochemical, refining, and petroleum production facilities where both electric power production, process steam and/or process fluid heating are employed, the invention's ultra-low emissions and high thermal efficiencies are equally applicable. Typical heating apparatus systems employing industrial or heavy-duty commercial-type forced or induced draft combustion heater categories including steam generators or hot water boilers, tube heaters, and process heaters, hereafter are collectively referred to simply as “heaters”. These employed heaters incorporate motor-driven blowers or compressors that provide the means of creating a forced or induced draft of heater cycle system re-pressurized RFG into a heater unit's combined burner and heat exchanger sections. The partially-open heater cycle system can further be used with the employment of alternative or unconventional configurations or designs of burners, heat exchangers, blowers or compressors, and other auxiliary components that can utilize existing manufactured equipment components which are not specifically designed for, nor applied to, the manufacture of current technology heater systems.
The heater cycle system of the present invention has as a first objective the provision for both complete operating cycle system component means and a predominant non-nitrogen molecular composition of re-circulated flue gas and heat transfer fluid (hereafter may be referred to as HTF) with molecular characteristics of gas heat capacity and infrared heat transfer characteristics which enables mass flow fugitive exhaust emissions of NO.sub.x and CO to be reduced by up to 95% to 98% from that of current art Low-NO.sub.x designed heaters capable of producing respective 10 ppmv and 25 ppmv NO.sub.x. emissions. This emission reduction objective is achieved from the heat cycle system employment of controlled streams of re-pressurized of RFG, fuel, and low pressure predominant oxygen that collectively provides the means for extremely rapid combustion at controlled temperatures within the primary combustion zone. It is a second objective of the invention to achieve significantly higher thermal efficiencies than are currently achieved with the operation of current art Low-NO.sub.x combustion heater systems. This objective is met with the said heater cycle system thermal efficiencies exceeding 124% over an example 800° F. to 1800° F. range of high superheat temperature HTF operating temperature conditions. By achieving the objective of higher thermal efficiency, the heater cycle system proportionally reduces the amount of developed CO.sub.2 “greenhouse gas emissions” as compared to current art efficiency heaters of equal Btu/Hr. heat rating and with 84% to 86% maximum thermal efficiencies.
It is a third objective of the invention to lower the physical size and installed cost of heat exchanger sections contained with a given rated heater cycle unit by providing the HTF means by which a greatly accelerated rate of predominantly radiated heat is transferred from the HTF into the process coils or tubes contained within each heat exchanger section. This objective is satisfied with the heater cycle's suitable operational compatibility with current art forms of waste heat recovery (hereafter may be referred to as WHRU) units and heat recovery steam generator (hereafter may be referred to as HRSG) units having compact modular-section designs that are typically applied to current gas turbine co-generation and combined-cycle power generation facilities.
It is a fourth objective of the invention to provide the heater cycle system fluid stream flow control means and other control means by which the heater cycle system is capable of not less than a 10 to 1 turndown in rated heat output while maintaining stable fuel combustion with ultra-low fugitive emissions and high thermal efficiencies.
The heater cycle system and typical equipment components described herein include the common objective means by which the heater cycle system and separately associated facility auxiliaries are monitored and controlled for safe operation while controlling the heater cycle system heat transfer fluid flows in response to changes in water, steam or process fluid heating demands.
The combined heater's burner assembly, heat exchanger section, and primary RFG blower or primary RFG compressor safe operating and output functions can be monitored and controlled by a manufacturer's supplied PLC based control panel 50 (shown in
It is a additional fifth objective of this invention to provide the means wherein, during a steady-state rated heater operation for the example varied temperature ranges, whereby the open portion of the cycle is controlled within a range of control valve venting to atmospheric of excess primary re-pressurized RFG mass flow rate approximately equivalent to 2.9% to 9.7% of the primary re-pressurized RFG over the cycle example high temperature HTF range of respective 800° F. to 1800° F. temperatures entering the heater's heat exchanger section.
The following six embodiments comprise the subject matter of this invention:
This invention's common molecular composition of highly superheated “heat transfer fluid” produced within the heater unit may hereafter be referred to as HTF. In conventional heater applications, the hot gases exhausted from a heater unit are commonly referred to as “flue gases”. For invention descriptive purposes, immediately following its lowered temperature discharge from the heater unit heat exchanger section or sections, the HTF is thereafter referred to as “re-circulated flue gas” or more simply referred to as “RFG”.
The burner assembly produced HTF comprises a continuous highly superheated vapor mixture of predominant carbon dioxide and water vapor in identical Mol percent ratio proportions as these molecular combustion product components are produced from the combustion of the employed gaseous or liquid fuel. Within the predominantly closed portion of the cycle, the HTF is exhausted from the one or more heat exchanger section with a small degree of superheat temperature and a positive gauge pressure and with flow connectivity to the RFG collection manifold. The RFG collection manifold can be end-connected downstream to either one series-positioned or to two parallel-positioned primary RFG blower or primary RFG compressor.
The RFG re-circulation and following primary re-pressurization of the RFG flow stream is performed by either one or by two typical high-temperature industrial blower of fan-style, axial-style, radial/centrifugal-style, or a compressor of the axial, centrifugal, or rotating positive displacement type. Either means of RFG flow re-pressurization can incorporate means of RFG mass flow control available internally within the primary RFG blower or primary RFG compressor or by speed control of the motor-driver, with RFG flow changes being initiated by a master system control panel containing programmable microprocessors.
The heater cycle system primary RFG blower or primary RFG compressor means produces a differential pressure increase (with slight temperature increase) to the RFG flow that is equivalent to the total pressure drop across the heater cycle's closed-loop system. The RFG flow of increased pressure and temperature is hereafter referred to as “primary re-pressurized RFG”. The maximum allowable working pressure within the cycle can be limited only by the lowest maximum allowable working pressure rating and temperature rating of any given pressure containing component positioned within the heater cycle system, as well as by a manufactured burner's design ability to provide stable fuel combustion flame characteristics under a wide range of operating conditions at a given heater internal operating pressure.
The manifold conduit that routes the combined primary re-pressurized RFG from the cycle system
From the First Embodiment's described heater RFG collection manifold containing re-circulated flue gas, having a small degree of superheat temperature and positive gage pressure, the RFG mass flow is directed from the RFG collection manifold into the cycle system
In the heater cycle system example ‘base configuration’ of two parallel-positioned primary RFG blower or primary RFG compressor means discharging primary re-pressurized RFG into a common manifold connecting to the described heater unit, the common manifold has two end-branch conduits supplying individual respective streams of first primary re-pressurized RFG and second primary re-pressurized RFG to the burner assembly's respective inlet supply connections of the preferred partial-premix sub-assembly and to the tertiary blending zone within each said burner assembly. Both first and second end-branch conduits of primary re-pressurized RFG can contain flow control valve means of damper-type design or other design valve means to maintain a correct distribution of the total primary re-pressurized RFG flow within their respective branch conduits, said first end-branch conduit of primary re-pressurized RFG can further contain temperature, pressure, and mass flow sensor/transmitter means, whereas the second end-branch conduit of primary re-pressurized RFG can further contain temperature and pressure sensor/transmitter means.
Individual additional burner unit inlet supply connections are further provided for flow connectivity to individual separate respective conduits supplying a controlled flow stream of fuel and a controlled low pressure flow stream of predominant oxygen that is supplied by an operating facility's separate air separation system.
The heater cycle system's thermodynamic and thermal efficiency values contained within Table 1 are based on a facility's air separation system supply of a 95% rich oxygen stream, but other higher or lower percentages of rich oxygen streams can be supplied into the heater cycle's system operation. The predominant non-oxygen molecular gas contained within the described example 95% predominant oxygen stream is Argon, with lesser Nitrogen and trace amounts of rare air-extracted gases making up the balance. Alternately, as described later, the predominant oxygen stream provided by the facility's air separation system can be homogeneously blended with a supply of secondary re-pressurized RFG before the controlled flow of continued predominant oxygen supply is conveyed through conduit means connected to the one or more burner assembly means within a heater unit.
A specific burner design is not within the scope or context of the invention's heater cycle system, as burner designs will vary based on the Btu/Hr rating of individual burners, the type of heater, and the burner manufacturers design and operational experience with present art oxy-fuel low emission performance burners.
Adapting a present art burner assembly with partial-premix subassembly configuration means to the heater cycle's system controlled temperature of greatly accelerated fuel combustion can however include the partial-premix subassembly internal division of the first primary re-pressurized RFG stream. In this partial-premix subassembly configuration, a divided first portion of the first primary re-pressurized RFG stream can be employed for homogeneous pre-blending with the fuel stream, and the second portion of the first primary re-pressurized RFG stream can be employed to develop a concentric or cylindrically annular outermost flow of radiant energy absorbing RFG that shrouds the partial-premix sub-assembly's adjacent downstream connected primary combustion flame zone. The primary combustion flame zone can be defined in this partial-premix sub-assembly configuration as a volumetric zone into which homogeneous mixtures of fuel and first portion of first primary re-pressurized RFG and separately emitted predominant oxygen stream enter into combustion chemical reactions.
The fore-described shroud of second portion of the first primary re-pressurized RFG provides the means for both combustion flash radiant heat absorption, and the absorption of molecular specific frequency bands of radiant heat emanating from individual CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O binary combustion gas product molecules within the developed combustion reaction flames, These common means of radiant heat emissivity and absorption enables combustion heat to be rapidly distributed to and absorbed uniformly at the speed of light rate of 186,000 miles per second by the flame shroud's content of greater mass and lower temperature of identical molecular proportions of binary CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2O molecular gases. It is noted that the infrared heat frequency bands of emissivity and absorption for a specific molecular binary gas are identical.
The described burner assembly ‘base-configuration’ can utilize the total controlled mass flow of the combined first and second divided portions of the first primary re-pressurized RFG streams to rapidly produce the cycle desired example resultant controlled example 2400° F. primary combustion zone temperature.
The fore-mentioned second primary re-pressurized RFG stream connected to the burner assembly tertiary blending zone supply connection, supplies the controlled radiant and convective heat absorbing mass flow rate means to blend with the upstream produced primary combustion zone mass flow gases. The tertiary zone mass flow blending of predominantly common binary radiant and convective molecular streams rapidly accelerates the lowering of the example 2400° F. primary zone combustion gases and the raising of the second primary re-pressurized RFG mass flow stream to their resulting combined desired set-point operating equilibrium temperature. These two described combined mass flow streams of superheated common molecular gases, having a common established equilibrium temperature, constitute the source and mass flow rate of the cycle system's fore-mentioned highly superheated temperature heat transfer fluid that is flow-directed from the heater unit burner assembly into the connected downstream heat exchanger means comprising either one or more series-positioned heat exchanger sections or two or more parallel-positioned heat exchanger sections.
The First Embodiment's cycle described heater unit exhausted HTF as comprising a continuous superheated vapor mixture of predominant carbon dioxide and water vapor in identical Mol percent ratio proportions as these molecular combustion product components are produced from the combustion of the employed gaseous or liquid fuel, and additionally described from the Second Embodiment cited HTF as comprising the combined mass flows of burner primary combustion zone gases and second branch-stream of primary re-pressurized RFG introduced into the burner assembly tertiary zone, the HTF flow at selected operating temperature can be directly connected or conduct-connected to the heater unit's downstream-positioned inlet plenum of one heat exchanger series-positioned section or two or more inlet plenum of two or more heat exchanger parallel-positioned sections.
The heater cycle's steady-state molecular gaseous components contained within the heater unit HTF further comprises a controlled percentage of excess oxygen and small Mol percents amounts of argon, lesser nitrogen and ppmv amounts of rare gases normally present in atmospheric air. All of the heater cycle's HTF molecular components Mol % are considered within the process simulation calculated data contained within the Table 1 sample operating conditions. During a heater's initial steady-state operation, the non-oxygen gases (within the supplied example 95% predominant oxygen stream from a separate air separation facility) slowly increases in mass flow rate within the HTF during the first approximate 2 to 3 hours of steady-state operation, at which time the mass flow rate of these non-oxygen gases entering the heater cycle within the predominant 95% oxygen stream are in equilibrium with the mass flow rate of these same gases being exhausted within the fore-described quantity of primary re-pressurized RFG that is vented to atmosphere as the partially-open portion of the heater cycle system. The exhausted HTF within the example 1300° F. HTF heater cycle's steady-state operation approximately contains less than 5.6% of the nitrogen mass flow that is typically contained within an equivalent Btu/Hr rated air/fuel fired heater of current low-NO.sub.x design and having HTF or exhausted flue gas containing 6% excess oxygen.
The HTF gases enter a heat exchanger section within a heater unit at high superheated temperatures and exhausts at lower superheated temperatures. The controlled HTF temperature entering the heat exchanger section is established as typically being not less than 50° F. greater than the highest required temperature of steam or process fluid stream that exits the highest temperature operating fluid heating coil or tube section header contained within the heat exchanger section. The heat exchanger section is normally constructed for a conventional one-pass axial flow of HTF through each heat exchanger section. Within the fore-mentioned heater cycle system configured example
As shown in Table 1 for methane gas fuel combustion, between the invention cycle HTF example operating supply temperatures of 800° F. to 1800° F. to the heat exchanger section, the heater cycle system's thermal efficiencies range between 127.06 percent and 124.46 percent when the heater's common heat exchanger section HTF low discharge outlet temperature is 300° F. and the primary re-pressurized RFG temperature is 315° F. The heat exchanger section HTF low discharge outlet temperature, or RFG, can be controlled to approximately 400° F. to 450° F. without significant changes in thermal efficiencies when liquid fuels are employed and temperatures higher than 300° F. are deemed to be advantageous to avoid possible corrosion within the low temperature portion of the partially-open heater cycle system.
Heater Re-circulated Flue Gas (RFG) & Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) Cycle Properties
*10 million LHV Btu/Hr. burner heat rate; 166,666 LHV Btu/Min, 0.4830 Mol/minute methane gas fuel rate, without calculated radiation losses for a specific insulated heater cycle equipment design.
From the Second Embodiment's described portion of the partially-open heater cycle system, the HTF flow is exhausted from the heat exchanger section with subsequent RFG flow connection to the RFG collection manifold at a small degree of superheat temperature and a positive gauge pressure. The RFG collection manifold is end-connected downstream to the inlet of the heater cycle example
In a heater cycle system example
The described heater cycle system example
From the Second Embodiment's heater cycle system described burner assembly having separate supply inlet connections for connection to conduits supplying a controlled flow stream of fuel and a controlled flow stream of predominant oxygen supplied by an operating facility's separate air separation system. The heater cycle system example
This described heater cycle example
From the Third Embodiment's cycle described HTF gases entering a heat exchanger section at high superheated temperatures and exhausting with lower superheated temperatures, the heat exchanger section is typically constructed for an axial one-pass flow of HTF through each heat exchanger section.
In a heater cycle system example
With the partially open heater cycle system described herein, provided fuel combustion means are susceptible to a greater than 95% to 98% reduction of NO.sub.x that occur within current art 10 ppmv to 25 ppmv Low-NO.sub.x heaters. This reduction in NO.sub.x is achieved in Table 1 operating conditions with both the controlled example 2400° F. combustion zone temperature and from a reduction of combustion zone nitrogen to a low 0.0562 Mol fraction level (at the example 1300° F. HTF temperature condition with 3% excess oxygen) of the nitrogen mass rate contained within equally heat-rated current art low-NOx air/methane heaters with 106% stoichiometric air combustion. The invention's low emissions are further achieved from the cycle's enhanced combustion temperature control means that maintains combustion temperatures substantially below the temperatures at which N.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 may enter into completed endothermic chemical reactions with NO.sub.x and CO end products.
The invention's heater cycle thermal efficiency developed from combustion means and chemical reaction events for suppressing fugitive emissions is derived from the following collective heater cycle system re-circulated flue gas and heat transfer fluid molecular composition and heat transfer fluid attributes:
In the example of methane gas fuel, the RFG composition contains a ratio of 1 Mol CO.sub.2 to 2 Mols H.sub.2 O in identical proportion to the products of 103% stiochiometric oxygen combustion of methane fuel within the chemical reaction equation of:
Heater RFG+1 Mol CH.sub.4+2.06 Mols O.sub.2=1 Mol CO.sub.2+2 Mols H.sub.2 O+0.06 Mol O.sub.2+Heat+RFG=HTF
Referring now more particularly to
The invention's cycle ‘base configuration’ re-circulated flue gas stream contained within RFG collection manifold 13 can be supplied to either one blower unit or compressor unit 1 a or to two or more blower units or compressor units positioned in parallel (as shown by the
The parallel end-branch conduit means 4 can contain flow control valve means 6 for the conduit end-connected transfer of the controlled flow of second stream of primary re-pressurized RFG into the tertiary blending zone 10 contained within burner assembly 7. Conduit means 4 can further contain sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, and RFG mass flow within conduit 4.
A pressurized stream of fuel is supplied from source 14 into conduit 15 containing flow control valve 16, with said conduit having end-connectivity to a preferred downstream partial-premix subassembly 8 contained within burner assembly 7 or to two or more parallel-positioned preferred partial-premix subassemblies 8 of smaller size contained within burner assembly 7. Conduit 15 can further contain sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, and RFG mass flow within conduit 15.
A controlled stream flow of pressurized predominant oxygen is supplied from facility remote source 17 into conduit 18 having end-connectivity to either one preferred partial-premix subassembly 8 contained within burner assembly 7 or to two or more parallel-positioned preferred partial-premix subassemblies 8 of smaller size contained within burner assembly 7.
Within partial-premix subassembly 8, the identified conduits 3, 15, and 18 respectively supplied stream flows of first stream of primary re-pressurized RFG, fuel, and predominant oxygen are therein blended for following downstream ignition and controlled temperature combustion within the temperature sensor-transmitter monitored primary combustion zone 9 within burner assembly 7.
Within burner assembly 7, the predominant mass flow of combined products of fuel combustion, first stream of primary re-pressurized RFG, and excess oxygen flows from the primary combustion zone 9 at a high superheated temperature into the downstream tertiary blending zone 10 wherein these said gases are blended with the fore-described conduit 4 supplied controlled mass flow of second stream of primary re-pressurized RFG of lower superheated temperature.
The combined gases mass flows entering the tertiary blending zone 10 within burner assembly 7 produces a resultant selected equilibrium temperature and mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid that is directed from the burner assembly 7 through conduit or flow transition means 11 with temperature-transmitter sensor means into the heater unit's heat exchanger section 12. The heat energy contained within the HTF entering heat exchanger section 12 is transferred to process fluids or facility steam system fluids supplied within remote source conduit 30 at low temperature to heat exchanger section header 31 and discharges at a higher temperature from heat exchanger section header 32 into a facility return conduit 33.
The heat transfer fluid stream is exhausted from the heater unit's heat exchanger section (exhausted HTF hereafter in the cycle fluid flow being referred to as “recycled flue gas” or “RFG”) with flow connectivity into downstream-positioned RFG collection manifold 13 containing sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, oxygen percent, and RFG mass flow, thereby completing the closed portion of the partially-open heater cycle system.
Primary re-pressurized RFG conduit manifold 2 supplies the heater cycle steady-state condition excess primary re-pressurized RFG into side-stream conduit 19 containing RFG vent control valve means 20 that discharges cycle excess RFG into conduit 21 that can contain mass flow meter-transmitter means, temperature and pressure sensor-transmitter devices. The cycle's excess RFG is vented from conduit 21 into atmosphere at 22 to complete the open portion of the partially-open heater cycle system.
An ‘alternate configuration’ heater cycle employment of primary re-pressurized RFG utilizes alternate auxiliary second side-branch connection 23 on primary re-pressurized RFG conduct manifold 3 to supply primary re-pressurized RFG into connected conduit 24 that can contain flow control valve means 25 and with said conduit having connectivity to the inlet of auxiliary alternative secondary RFG blower or RFG compressor unit 26.
Secondary RFG blower or RFG compressor unit 26 discharges a secondary further re-pressurized stream of RFG into conduit 27 having end-connectivity with venturi type blender or other blending type means 28 with incorporated controlled side-stream flow of alternative supplied lower pressure predominant oxygen supplied from a facility remote source 17. The homogeneous blended mixture of gases contained within conduct stream 27 and conduit stream 17 discharges from gas blending means 28 as a continued predominant oxygen stream into conduit 29 with end-connectivity to ‘base configuration’ predominant oxygen supply conduit 18.
Referring now more particularly to
The ‘base configuration’ example re-circulated flue gas blower unit or compressor unit 1 a and 1 b of
Conduit 4 contains sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, and can included control valve means 6 for the end-connected conduit controlled flow transfer of the second stream primary re-pressurized RFG stream to the downstream tertiary blending zone 10 contained within burner assembly 7.
A pressurized stream of fuel is supplied from source 14 into conduit 15 containing sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, mass flow, and fuel flow control valve means 16, with said conduit having end-connectivity to either one preferred downstream partial-premix subassembly 8 contained within burner assembly 7 or two or more parallel-positioned preferred partial-premix subassembly 8 of smaller size contained within burner assembly 7.
A controlled stream flow of pressurized predominant oxygen is supplied from facility remote source 17, or alternate remote standby supply source 41 into conduit 18 having end-connectivity to either one preferred partial-premix subassembly 8 contained within burner assembly 7 or two or more parallel-positioned preferred partial-premix subassemblies 8 of smaller size contained within burner assembly 7.
Within partial-premix subassembly 8, the said identified conduits 3, 15, and 18 respectively supplied stream flows of first stream of primary re-pressurized RFG, fuel, and predominant oxygen are therein blended for following downstream ignition and controlled temperature combustion within the temperature sensor-transmitter monitored primary combustion zone 9 within burner assembly 7.
Within burner assembly 7, the predominant mass flow of combined products of fuel combustion, first stream of primary re-pressurized RFG, and excess oxygen flows from the primary combustion zone 9 at a high superheated temperature. These zone 9 cited discharged gases then flow into the downstream tertiary blending zone 10 wherein these gases are blended with the fore-described conduit 4 supplied controlled mass flow of second stream primary re-pressurized RFG of lower superheated temperature. The combined gases mass flows entering the tertiary blending zone 10 within burner assembly 7 produce a resultant selected equilibrium temperature and mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid that is directed from the burner assembly 7 through conduit manifold means 11 with temperature sensor-transmitter means and having parallel end-branch connectivity to example parallel-positioned heat exchanger section 12 and 34. The heat energy contained within the high temperature HTF entering heat exchanger section 12 is transferred to process fluids or facility steam system fluids supplied within remote source conduit 30 at low temperature to heat exchanger section header 31 and discharges at a higher temperature from heat exchanger section header 32 into facility return conduit 33. The heat energy contained within the HTF entering heat exchanger section 34 is transferred to process fluids or facility steam system fluids supplied within remote source conduit 37 at low temperature to heat exchanger section header 38 and discharges at a higher temperature from heat exchanger section header 39 into facility return conduit 40.
The low temperature HTF stream exhausts from the heater unit's individual parallel-positioned heat exchanger sections (said exhausted HTF hereafter referred to as “recirculated flue gas” or “RFG”) with temperature monitored flow and connectivity through RFG parallel end-branch manifold conduit means 35 containing RFG flow proportioning damper valve means 36. RFG parallel end-branch manifold conduit means 35 connects to RFG collection manifold 13 containing sensor-transmitter means for temperature, pressure, oxygen percent, and mass flow, thereby completing the closed portion of the partially-open heater cycle system.
While this invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is appreciated that variations may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||431/5, 431/115, 431/2, 431/11, 60/784|
|International Classification||F02C1/08, F23J9/00|
|Jun 8, 2007||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: AES DEVELOPMENT CO., LLC, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEARY, DAVID L.;REEL/FRAME:019440/0889
Effective date: 20070608
|Jul 24, 2009||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: AES DEVELOPMENT CO., INC., TEXAS
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AES DEVELOPMENT CO., LLC;REEL/FRAME:023079/0866
Effective date: 20090713
|Sep 20, 2009||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 21, 2014||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jul 11, 2014||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Sep 2, 2014||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20140711


text:
From garden strolls to kayaking and underground adventures, Redding offers those traveling through northern California an array of activities worthy of a 3-day or longer break from the road. The Sacramento River, Lake Shasta and Whiskeytown National Recreation Area offer outstanding settings for recreational activities.
Enjoy Nature in the Heart of the City
The Sacramento River flows through downtown Redding, creating a beautiful setting for Turtle Bay Exploration Park and the city’s impressive landmark, the Sundial Bridge. In the park, visitors leisurely cross the pedestrian bridge, watch drift boat fishermen pull in salmon, and admire the variety of blossoms and plants in the McConnell Arboretum & Botanic Gardens. For an orientation to the area’s natural and cultural history, they can tour the Turtle Bay Museum.
Go Kayaking Courtesy of Uncle Sam
Kayaking is a sublime way to experience Whiskeytown Lake, and doubly so with a free, ranger-guided tour. Expert commentary about Whiskeytown now submerged below and the ospreys soaring overhead adds to the enjoyment. Located about 8 miles west of Redding, Whiskeytown National Recreation Area offers these free tours throughout the summer. All visitors need to do is make their reservations and pay the daily admission to the park.
Flowstone, helictites and other intriguing cave formations beautify Lake Shasta Caverns, located about 17 miles north of Redding. As visitors travel by boat and bus to the cave entrance, they also get to enjoy the scenery surrounding Lake Shasta, including views of snow-capped Shasta Bally.
Tour a Dam
One of the most stunning views of Mt. Shasta and Lake Shasta can be seen from an overlook on the entrance road to the Shasta Dam and Power Plant. Visitors can also see spectacular views by walking across the dam itself. A free one-hour tour of the Shasta Dam is offered several times a day, year-round, on a first-come, first-served basis. Visitors can also watch a free video version of the tour in the Visitor Center auditorium.
For more information
How to Get to Redding, Calif., from Denver, Colo.
Redding is located in northern California. Take Interstate 25 north to Cheyenne, Wyo., Interstate 80 west to Sacramento, Calif., Interstate 5 north to Exit 678, Hwy 44-Eureka. Turn west to go downtown.
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domain: travel


text:
How is it that it’s 2017 already? As you may have figured, I was not able to post my responses to Jamie @ Perpetual Page-Turner‘s End of the Year Book Survey last month as I was busy migrating this blog to a new server, but on the plus side it did give me a bit more time to think about the books I read over the course of 2016…ish… 🙂
To those interested, here’s my previous years’ entries. And without further ado:
2016 Reading Stats
Number Of Books You Read:
According to my personal record that I’ve been keeping track of, I’ve read 213 books last year
Number of Re-Reads:
According to said list, 20 books (down from last year; funny, it felt like I re-read more, but I guess not)
Genre You Read The Most From:
According to Goodreads fantasy takes the top spot again fro me this year, followed by historical fiction
Best In Books
01. Best Book You Read In 2016? (If you have to cheat — you can break it down by genre if you want or 2015 release vs. backlist)
I’m too lazy this year to break it down by genre, so off the top of my head:
- Andre Alexis’ Fifteen Dogs (review)
- Alexander Lernet-Holenia’s Mona Lisa (review)
- Maria Rainer Rilke’s The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Briggs (review)
- Seanan McGuire’s Every Heart a Doorway (review)
- Mhairi MacFarlane’s You Had Me at Hello (review)
- Rupi Kaur’s Milk and Honey (review)
- Alice Hoffman’s Faithful (review)
02. Book You Were Excited About & Thought You Were Going To Love More But Didn’t?
Oh, there were a few: Eleanor Catton’s The Luminaries, Brian McClellan’s Promise of Blood (both of which ended up as DNFs), Kate Williams’ Storms of War (review)
03. Most surprising (in a good way or bad way) book you read?
Alice Hoffman’s Faithful (review). I wasn’t entirely sure what I was expecting when I started reading it but my mind was blown. Also, Andre Alexis’ Fifteen Dogs (review); I wasn’t expecting to like it as much as I did.
04. Book You “Pushed” The Most People To Read (And They Did)?
Andre Alexis’ Fifteen Dogs (review) probably, especially early on in the year 😛
05. Best series you started in 2016? Best Sequel of 2016? Best Series Ender of 2016?
Best series started: Isaac Asimov’s Foundation (review)
Best series ender: Caroline Linden’s Six Degrees of Scandal (review), Hannu Rajaniemi’s The Causal Angel (review)
06. Favorite new author you discovered in 2016?
Caroline Linden, Andre Alexis, Amy Stuart, Mhairi MacFarlane, Seanan McGuire, Angela Slatter, Alexander Lernet-Holenia
07. Best book from a genre you don’t typically read/was out of your comfort zone?
No titles actually spring to mind here, as my blog name suggests I am quite the eclectic reader 😛
08. Most action-packed/thrilling/unputdownable book of the year?
Could not put down Amy Stuart’s Still Mine (review) once I started reading it…
09. Book You Read In 2016 That You Are Most Likely To Re-Read Next Year?
I think a lot of the poetry books I read this year will be re-read a some point next year (Anna Akhmatova, Kate Clanchy, e.e. cummings, Vera Pavlova…)
10. Favorite cover of a book you read in 2016?
I love the book cover for Becky Chambers’ The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet (review; because STARS):
Angela Slatter’s Of Sorrow and Such is also gorgeous (review):
11. Most memorable character of 2016?
Is it funny to say Colonel Brandon? Amanda Grange’s Colonel Brandon’s Diary (review) is a life-changer, you guys 😛
12. Most beautifully written book read in 2016?
Alexander Lernet-Holenia’s Mona Lisa (review) was stunning and left me with all the feels.
13. Most Thought-Provoking/Life-Changing Book of 2016?
While I do read poetry on occasion and swear on Lorca as my favourite poet ever, it wasn’t until I read The Poetry of Rilke (review) that I really started reading a lot of poetry and started writing my own poetry again. The power of Rilke, y’all 😛
14. Book you can’t believe you waited UNTIL 2016 to finally read?
There were a few but I’m going to say Yangsze Choo’s The Ghost Bride (review) and Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road (review). Oh, and Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelstam’s poetry (reviews to be posted soon-ish; cannot believe I didn’t get around to reading their works in its entirety despite having written a thesis involving them O_o).
15. Favorite Passage/Quote From A Book You Read In 2016?
I always have a few but just to keep it brief:
For some time yet, I shall still be able to write all of these things down or say them. But a day will come when my hand will be far away from me, and, when I command it to write, the words it writes will be ones I do not intend. The time of that other interpretation will come, and not one word will be left upon another, and all the meanings will dissolve like couds and fall like rain. – The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge by Rainer Maria Rilke (review)
And here’s one that amused me:
“What, by throwing math I don’t understand at people I’ve never met?” – Ninefox Gambit by Yoon Ha Lee (review)
Oh, and just for fun:
If an asshole weeps in the forest and no one is around to witness it, is he still an asshole? – “The Pauper Prince and the Eucalyptus Jinn” by Isam T. Malik
16. Shortest & Longest Book You Read In 2016?
Shortest book: Jennifer Fallon’s “First Kill”
Longest book: Federico Garcia Lorca’s Collected Poems (review)
17. Book That Shocked You The Most (Because of a plot twist, character death, left you hanging with your mouth wide open, etc.)
Serena Burdick’s Girl in the Afternoon (review) certainly left me all “Oh no they didn’t!” lol
18. OTP OF THE YEAR (you will go down with this ship!)
I was rooting for Rachel and Ben from Mhairi MacFarlane’s You Had Me at Hello (review). Oh, and Victoria & Albert from Daisy Goodwin’s Victoria (review) *hearts and stars*
19. Favorite Non-Romantic Relationship Of The Year
I’m sure there are tons but I remember loving the friendships in Mhairi MacFarlane’s You Had Me At Hello (review)
20. Favorite Book You Read in 2016 From An Author You’ve Read Previously:
I believe I read Brandon Sanderson’s Bands of Mourning (review) at the start of 2016
21. Best Book You Read In 2016 That You Read Based SOLELY On A Recommendation From Somebody Else
Mmmm…hmm…um, I dunno, it wasn’t really recommended to me but rather I watched the miniseries first but let’s go with Agatha Christie’s And Then There Were None (review)
22. Newest fictional crush from a book you read in 2016?
Well, Amanda Grange’s Colonel Brandon’s Diary (review) affirmed how awesome Colonel Brandon is for me 😀
23. Best 2016 debut you read?
It didn’t come out in 2016 but Ilana C. Myer’s The Last Song Before Night (review) was all kinds of wonderful 🙂
24. Best Worldbuilding/Most Vivid Setting You Read This Year?
Yoon Ha Lee’s Ninefox Gambit (review)
25. Book That Put A Smile On Your Face/Was The Most FUN To Read?
Sarah Anderson’s Adulthood is a Myth (review) and Heart and Brain: Gut Instinct (review to be posted this month) were fun to read
27. Hidden Gem Of The Year?
Going with a different title here, I’ll say Osip Mandelstam’s Voronezh Notebooks and Anna Akhmatova’s poetry (reviews to be posted later this year)
28. Book That Crushed Your Soul?
Alice Hoffman’s Faithful (review) was pretty soul-crushing but also pretty affirmative
29. Most Unique Book You Read In 2016?
Hmm. I’m going to go with…Adi Tantimedh’s Her Nightly Embrace (review) because of the Hindu gods being thrown in the mix 😛
30. Book That Made You The Most Mad (doesn’t necessarily mean you didn’t like it)?
Emily Gee’s The Sentinel Mage (review; read the review if you want some premium entertainment from me 😛 )
Your Blogging/Bookish Life
01. New favorite book blog you discovered in 2016?
I’ve enjoyed commenting and checking out the new blogs that I did last year but special shoutout to Maddalena@spaceandsorcery whom I met through Sci-Fi Month last November and who posted all those awesome quotes from Babylon 5 per season (if you don’t know what Babylon 5 is, you should check it out)
02. Favorite review that you wrote in 2016?
I enjoyed plenty of reviews I’ve typed, thank you 😀
03. Best discussion/non-review post you had on your blog?
Not necessarily on my blog but whenever an author would tweet me after having reviewed their book continues to amaze me 😛
04. Best event that you participated in (author signings, festivals, virtual events, memes, etc.)?
Sci-Fi Month in November (see event tag) is always fun!
05. Best moment of bookish/blogging life in 2016?
No particular moment comes to mind, really; any comment about a review I’ve written or something I’ve referred to just makes my day, really
06. Most Popular Post This Year On Your Blog (whether it be by comments or views)?
I actually don’t know just because the blog was on hiatus last month so I didn’t quite get my WordPress year in review stats…And yes, I’m too lazy to go dig for it 😛
07. Post You Wished Got A Little More Love?
There’s always a few posts that I wish would get more love but anyhow…
08. Best bookish discovery (book related sites, book stores, etc.)?
Actually my best discovery last year wasn’t bookish related at all so yeah, no answer for this one…
09. Did you complete any reading challenges or goals that you had set for yourself at the beginning of this year?
I didn’t really set any goals or completed any reading challenges this year…I did read a ton of poetry, though, so yay that? 😀
01. One Book You Didn’t Get To In 2016 But Will Be Your Number 1 Priority in 2017?
Funny story, and I mentioned it in last year’s end of the year survey, but Patrick Rothfuss’ Wise Man’s Fear. I’ve been re-reading The Name of the Wind but I didn’t quite finish it last year (I have maybe 200 pages to go) so yeah, once again it’s on the top of my list of books I will get around to reading 😛
02. Book You Are Most Anticipating For 2017 (non-debut)?
Who’s coming out with books this year? Deborah Harkness, Susanna Kearsley I think? I could’ve sworn I was chatting with someone about this last year or the year before…
03. 2017 Debut You Are Most Anticipating?
As always I’m horrible when it comes to knowing debut novels in advance, so we’ll just wait and see 😉
04. Series Ending/A Sequel You Are Most Anticipating in 2017?
Another good question; I actually don’t know :3
05. One Thing You Hope To Accomplish Or Do In Your Reading/Blogging Life In 2017?
I’m hoping to go back and re-read a bit more this year (especially as I did a bit of reorganising of my book shelves recently) as well as get around to some classic literature titles I’ve been meaning to read for ages…
06. A 2017 Release You’ve Already Read & Recommend To Everyone:
I actually have two ARCs sitting on my TBR shelf so I can’t really say at the moment 😛
And that, ladies and gentlemen, is my end of the year book survey for 2016! Have you read any of the books I mentioned? Curious to check out a few? Be sure to link up, I’d love to see what books made it on your survey! 😉

domain: literature


text:
As a long-time 4-H advisor, working with youth required a bit of craftiness along the way. My favorite craft projects for kids were those inspired by nature. These types of kid craft projects opened the doorway to teach the next generation about plants, the environment and how to be stewards of our planet.
My Fondest Craft Projects for Kids
One of my favorite crafts projects for kids was creating a plant and flower photo frame. This day-camp favorite could be tweaked to accommodate many different types of plant-based activities. Here are a few ways a simple flower photo frame craft project can be incorporated into educational lessons:
- Pollinators – Discuss the importance of pollinators to the agricultural industry, then take a nature walk. Just like bees seek out wildflowers for their nectar, have the kids seek out and pick wildflowers to decorate their flower photo frame.
- Legumes – Discuss how legumes “fix” nitrogen in the soil, then identify and collect common legume leaves and their flowers in the yard.
- Tree identification – Collect a variety of brightly colored autumn leaves to decorate homemade photo frames. Discuss the features of leaves and how trees are often identified by their foliage.
- Native vs. invasive species – Help kids identify invasive species of plants and explain the importance of preserving native plant life. Collect the leaves or flowers from invasive species, while leaving native plants untouched.
How to Make a Photo Frame
You don’t have to be a kid to enjoy decorating photo frames with plant life. Grab a few pine boughs, red ribbon and a couple pinecones to create seasonal frames or dry fragrant flowers to adorn frames for all seasons. Either way, the basics of this craft are the same.
Begin by collecting plant materials. Take a walk with your children through the backyard, nearby park or nature preserve. (Check ahead of time to make sure it’s allowable to collect plant life.) Use this time to point out and discuss plant life pertinent to the lesson plan.
When teaching children how to make a photo frame from plant materials, it’s helpful to collect more leaves and flowers than needed. Seed heads and dried plant material are more fragile, but produce a more attractive flower photo frame. Fresh flowers, leaves and plants usually wilt too quickly.
Once the children return to the crafting area, inexpensive craft foam or cardboard frames can be used as a backboard to which plant materials are attached. If time allows, flowers and leaves can be preserved by drying or pressing. Dried plant material will usually adhere with craft glue. If not, try clear tape. (Use a layering method to hide any exposed tape.)

domain: artistic


NABF STAR: Mike "The Class Act" George
Perhaps one of the most eclective men in boxing, a renassaince person, a lover of the sport and of its people... our own Mike George, steps into the Ring. Who hasn't been embroiled in a conversation with the unique Mr. George, never knowing where it would end up; like a spring board into phoilosophy, tao and down and dirty .. "no, he should've taken a point." To know him is to admire his, quite, steady manner. He brings so much to the sport, to the table and to the NABF.
Jill: How did you become involved in Boxing?
John McKaie: NABF Star of the Month
This month we’re going to shine the light on John McKaie. Judge, one time Boxer, father, self professed bureaucrat, runner… and a total romantic. Read on….
Jill: How did your involvement in boxing come about?
John: In July of 1966 the replay of the first Emile Griffith vs. Joey Archer bout was being aired on TV from the night before. I was 12 years old with nothing to do and my brother, 19 at the time, was watching the bout. I was intrigued and became immersed in the event and all of the drama involved. After my brother told me about the Paret tragedy and how Emile was affected by it, Griffith became my favorite boxer. I bought my first boxing magazine the next day.
Max De Luca
“And the NEW 2010 WBC Judge of the Year…MAX DE LUCA, hailing from Southern California!”
Upon his recent return from the World Boxing Council’s (WBC) 48th World Convention in Cancún, the professional boxing official had some exciting news to share with his family, friends and colleagues. During a special ceremony, WBC President Don Jose Sulaimán made a heartfelt presentation to De Luca and his fellow official Vic Drakulich, who was awarded the WBC Referee of the Year.


text: For the first time in four months, I ventured outside to take pictures. Warmer weather and declining rates of infection in the Northeast, this seemed like the right time to go do some shooting. And where else than Liberty State Park. Great vistas. Wonderful people watching. And best yet, it wasn't crowded.

domain: geography


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Dentistry: prices - cost - rates
Prices for Cosmetic aesthetic dentistry in Belgium: Cost for more beautiful teeth. New Teeth, Composite Veneers or Porcelain Veneers (Facings), Dental Implants, Crowns, Bridges or even a complete new set of teeth, dental bleaching. Aesthetic cosmetic dentistry with ISO 9001 Quality Guarantee. Aesthetic dentistry remain exempt from VAT.
The Wellness Kliniek's philosophy is simple: to offer the best products and services at the best prices. We want to make cosmetic dental treatment available to a larger part of the population. We can offer treatment at extremely competitive prices because of our high volume of patients.
Patients who travel a considerable distance to reach us can reserve our Next-Day-Surgery service.
- A new set of teeth: professional mouth disinfectin & examination of gums and jawbone
- Dental implants to replace missing or unhealthy teeth
- Crowns and bridges to fit on implants or your own teeth
- Discoloured, crooked and uneven teeth can be corrected with porcelain veneers: veneers (facings): porcelain or composite
- False teeth / click dentures: no more denture adhesive necessary & the roof of the mouth is left free
- Complete dental make-over: Hollywood smile
- Gummy smile / Myotomy

domain: health


NotesTracklist are not presented on release.
Test recordings and mixes for performance @ PHNW fest 08.18.12
Short introПосмотреть сведения об участниках альбома, рецензии, композиции и приобрести альбом 2012 Cassette от Recycled на free to Striations Recycled , and more. 3 tracks 31:30. Release group by Striations. part of: Recycled Music. Release group information. Artist: Striations. Type: Album. Recycled is an album by the Japanese noise musician Merzbow. It is part of the Recycled Music series on RRRecords, each copy is taped over a prerecorded cassette tape, with the artist's name and the title Recycled written on adhesive tape applied to the original artwork. Copies vary in length due to the use of recycled tapes. Recycled Album Art is the home of the original recycled album cover wood-based coaster. We opened our shop on August 4th, 2008. Our coasters are FUNctional, memory provoking works of art. Enjoy your trip down memory lane as you browse through Recycled Album Art shop - The Home of the Original Recycled Album Cover Coasters. Last updated on Nov 9, 2019. Stevon And The Well Wishers - MusicFilmDance. A new performance of Striations by Stevon and the Well Wishers along with fiddle and a dancer, this Saturday, 7 March at the Vortex Jazz Club N166AZ Downst. Striations added an event. 19 February at 03:00 . SAT, 7 MAR. Recycled is the sixth album from English progressive rock band Nektar. It is a concept album addressing the band members' concerns about the environment. There are only two songs on the album, one for each side, titled simply Part One and Part Two. Part One tells the tale of a nightmarish future in which only recycled energy remains, while Part Two revolves around more present-day concerns about tourism despoiling untouched wilderness. Recycled Fabric Scraps: Geological Striations. Listen to online Striations - Recycled, or download mp3 tracks: download here mp3 release album free and without registration. On this page you can not listen to mp3 music free or download album or mp3 track to your PC, phone or tablet. Buy Striations - Recycled from authorized sellers. Steve Roden - Striations 2016. To favorites 0 Download album. Listen album. Ambient Experimental Minimal. Steve Roden. Songs in album Steve Roden - Striations 2016. Steve Roden - Distance Piece
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Eight people were killed and 14 others injured after assailants opened fire on mourners attending a vigil in Mexico’s Cuernavaca city, a popular weekend getaway, officials said.
Witnesses said the attackers arrived in vehicles at a private residence in the city’s Antonio Barona neighbourhood, and fired on the people who were walking alongside the body of a young man who had died in a motorcycle accident, reports Xinhua news agency.
The Attorney General’s Office of Morelos state and police said in a statement on Wednesday that two teenagers, aged 15 and 16, were among the victims of the attack, which occurred at 10.40 p.m. on Tuesday.
Four of the victims died on the spot, and the others on the way to the hospital or while receiving treatment.
The injured included three women and two minors, the statement said.
Authorities said the preliminary investigation implicated local organized crime.
“According to the initial forensic study of the ballistic material, the large calibre weapons used in the incident appear to be related to other high-impact crimes recently registered,” the authorities said, adding some 40 shots were fired.
Cuernavaca, the capital of Morelos state where many well-to-do residents have weekend homes, has in recent years seen a rise in drug-related crime as it lies on the trafficking route between southern Mexico and the northern border with the US.

domain: sociology


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Haines Jail, FL Inmate Search and Prison Information
Haines Jail offender search: Booking Date, Jail Roster, Disposition, Charges, Charges, Bookings, Who's in jail, Bond, Release Date, Arrests, Bond Amount, Mugshots, Charges, Incarceration Date, Fine/Crt Costs.
Haines Jail in Haines City, Florida serves Haines City city and the surrounding area. This facility is locally operated by the surrounding police departments within Polk County.
Inmates that are awaiting sentencing or trial are held at the Haines Jail. Inmates that have been sentenced and are waiting to be transferred to a permanent location such as a federal prison are held in this facility as well.
Inmates at Haines Jail are contained in single cells. However, there isn’t a lot of space. A majority of the inmates are qualified to make bail so the inmates do not stay long.
Haines Jail - General Information
35400 Highway 27, Haines City, FL, 33844

domain: law


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Our Mission is to improve the lives affected by Autism
Sirica Therapeutics is developing a new digital COGNITIVE SENSORIMOTOR THERAPY© that integrates virtual reality, video gaming, advanced robotics, and physical exercise in a deeply immersive environment.
We bring our expertise to multiple construction sectors, developing the industry's future and redefining what is possible, one project at a time.
Our Focus Areas
Virtual reality is an interface between humans and computers that enables experiences that are beyond the present and immediate environment. The computer generates a multidimensional visual-spatial environment inclusive of sensory feedback. This allows individuals to experience, explore, and interact with an alternate and controlled reality with the same psychological intent and physiological responses as if they were really present in the encounter (Burdea and Coiffet, 2003; Karami et al., 2021).
Robotic devices are powerful and effective tools for the treatment of neurological impairments (Wang and Reid, 2011; Palsbo and Hood-Szivek, 2012). They enable high repetition practice at higher intensity levels with near perfect accuracy and precision. They can also be equipped with artificial intelligence algorithms that optimize the amount and type of challenge provided based on output from the user (Wang and Reid, 2011; Palsbo and Hood-Szivek, 2012). Robotic training has been shown to maintain patient engagement and motivation better than traditional activities (Straudi and Basaglia, 2017).
Regular exercise at a moderate or vigorous intensity has been shown to improve social, cognitive, physical, and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD (Cole, 2021; Healy et al., 2018). Aerobic exercise and motor training interventions help individuals with ASD gain motor control, maintain physical fitness, and stay in good health (Yu and Jee, 2020).

domain: medical


3354 Rogerdale Road
Commute to Downtown Stafford
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Minimal bike infrastructure.
3354 Rogerdale Road has a Walk Score of 51 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the Westchase neighborhood in Houston. Nearby parks include Columbia Texas Westchase Park, Columbia Texas Westchse Park and Harwin Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 3354 Rogerdale Road.
3354 Rogerdale Road has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options.
161 Wilcrest Express


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During a seemingly-routine traffic stop in the early morning hours of February 20, 1999, Patrolman Steven M. Jerman’s life was cut short.
His life was ended after being shot by an occupant of the car. Even after being fatally wounded by a bullet, Patrolman Jerman heroically returned fire. It would later be reported by those involved in the investigation that, by returning fire, he identified his killer for the investigators.
His legacy continues to live on as his name has come to be synonymous with heroic bravery. We recognize and honor members of law enforcement and their families for the sacrifices they make every day and, on this day and every other, we remember and honor Officer Steven Jerman and pray for his family.
On behalf of the District Attorney’s Office and members of law enforcement throughout McKean County, I express our gratitude and vow to never forget what occurred 20 years ago.

domain: news


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A real war on women is brewing in Afghanistan.
Women there are worried that the freedoms they have won since U.S. forces toppled the brutal Taliban regime 10 years ago will be squandered if the Islamic hard-liners return to power through a U.S.-led peace process.
“Dark days are in Afghanistan’s future,” said Manizha Naderi, who heads the civil rights group Women for Afghan Women.
U.S. and Afghan officials and the Taliban have been engaged for several months in an effort to initiate peace talks that could lead to the militants playing a role in government.
“If there are negotiations with the Taliban, women’s rights will be the first to go, and women will be forced to stay at home all over again,” Ms. Naderi said in a phone interview from Kabul.
Afghan women bore the brunt of the Taliban’s strict enforcement of Islamic law until U.S. forces overthrew the regime for sheltering al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
The Taliban regrouped as a militant force and claimed credit this week for coordinated suicide bombings in Kabul and other cities.
Under the Taliban regime, girls were banned from going to school and women’s educational institutions were closed. Many women were forced to quit their jobs and required to wear burqas.
Taliban fighters perpetrated egregious acts of violence against women, including rape, abduction and forced marriage, according to a 2001 report by the State Department.
Unmarried women who were caught with unrelated men were whipped in stadiums full of people. Married women in similar circumstances were stoned to death.
Now schools across Afghanistan brim with girls. Access to health care has reduced the female mortality rate. Women play a role in politics and public life, and the Afghan Constitution criminalizes violence against women.
The Taliban still routinely threaten women who have taken on public roles in society. In some instances, female politicians and social workers have been killed.
In an attack Tuesday that officials blamed on extremists opposed to female education, about 140 Afghan girls and teachers were poisoned by contaminated drinking water at a high school in the northern Takhar province. Some remained in critical condition at a hospital, while others were treated and released.
“We all are afraid of the Taliban coming back in any shape, whether in power in government or as an independent political party,” said Nilofar Sakhi, chairwoman of Women’s Activities and Social Services Association, based in Afghanistan’s western city of Herat.
The Taliban suspended peace talks with the United States last month, setting back the Obama administration’s efforts to end the war in Afghanistan before U.S. combat troops withdraw by the end of 2014.
The U.S. and Afghan governments have laid down three conditions for the peace process. The Taliban must renounce al Qaeda, disarm and respect the Afghan Constitution.
The Taliban have refused to recognize Afghan President Hamid Karzai’s government, which they refer to as a “puppet,” and have shown no inclination to abide by the Afghan Constitution.
“By not respecting the Afghan Constitution, the Taliban will undermine the gains made by women,” Ms. Sakhi said.
Karzai’s commitment questioned
There is a risk that the gains made by women “can be traded off for short-term political gain,” said Sima Samar, chairwoman of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission.
Mr. Karzai’s own commitment to these freedoms is also a cause of concern for some women.
He has signed laws that protect women’s rights but also has made comments that have alarmed defenders of those rights.
Mr. Karzai ignited a firestorm last year when he attempted to bring all women’s shelters in Afghanistan under government control.
“This was, in our opinion, a hint to the Taliban that when they have a role in the government women’s rights will be on the table,” said Esther Hyneman, a board member at Women for Afghan Women.
“Mr. Karzai abandoned the effort in the face of international pressure, but he had made his point: to illustrate to the Taliban that women’s rights can be disposed of.”
Last month, Mr. Karzai endorsed a statement from the country’s top religious council that women should not interact with men in schools, offices, universities and shopping centers.
The council also said that women should not travel without male relatives and must respect the right of men to polygamy.
“It is Talibanism all over again, and Karzai did nothing to fight it,” said Ms. Hyneman. “He was supportive of rules against women’s freedom that go totally backwards.”
The Karzai administration has set up a High Peace Council to lead the reconciliation process with the militants. Nine of the 69 council members are women, but critics complain that the women’s presence has been largely symbolic.
“The nine women on the peace council are not part of any negotiations with the Taliban,” said Asila Wardak Jamal, director of Human Rights and Women’s International Affairs in the Afghan Foreign Ministry.
The international community can safeguard hard-won rights and freedoms by supporting the women on the council, she added.
The challenge will be to ensure that the international community protects women’s rights in Afghanistan in any peace process.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton assured a meeting of the U.S.-Afghan Women’s Council in Washington last month of the U.S. commitment.
“Any peace that is attempted to be made by excluding more than half the population is no peace at all,” she said. “It is a figment that will not last.”
Two top reasons Afghan women are apprehensive about reconciliation with the Taliban are a lack of transparency and inclusivity in the process.
“We have to push for a more meaningful role for women,” Ms. Sakhi said.
While some women, like Ms. Naderi, say peace cannot be achieved through negotiations with terrorists, others, like Ms. Sakhi, say women’s groups need to be less rigid in their stances on reconciliation.
What all women can agree on is that peace in Afghanistan must not come at the cost of their newfound freedoms.
“Women would like to bring peace to this country and put an end to this war, but will not agree to pay any price,” Ms. Jamal said.
“Nobody would like to go back to the period of the Taliban.”
• Ashish Kumar Sen can be reached at email@example.com.
Copyright © 2022 The Washington Times, LLC.


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Swedish electropop masters Machinista return with their brand new single Pain of Every Day, released on Friday 16th of December.
Due to be their final release with AnalogueTrash, Pain of Every Day is an expertly crafted tale of sadness and loss, and how we can deal with those emotions by understanding that we're not alone, because everyone goes through the same thing at some point in their lives.
Echoing and evolving the sound of their critically acclaimed albums Xenoglossy and Garmonbozia, here we get a glimpse at the next stage of Machinista's development as a band who are at the very top of their creative game.
As well as the title track, the single also includes exclusive remixes from electronic legends Assemblage 23, Cyborgdrive and Oren Amram, plus two alternative versions of the song that are bursting with character and unique appeal.
The single is released in a limited edition transparent red cassette version and will be available via all good download and streaming services.
released December 16, 2016
John Lindqwister - vocals, lyrics
Richard Flow - music
Original song written, mixed and produced by Machinista


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Location: Alberta Children's Hospital
Diagnosis, assessment, spirometry and teaching for children with moderate to severe asthma coordinated by a pediatric respirologist, pediatrician or nurse practitioner with a special interest in asthma.Services include:
pulmonary function test (breathing test) for children 6+ years
assessment and diagnosis
self-management/asthma action plan
Alberta Children's Hospital
Lifts accessible onsite
Monday8:00 am - 4:00 pm
Tuesday8:00 am - 4:00 pm
Wednesday8:00 am - 4:00 pm
Thursday8:00 am - 4:00 pm
Friday8:00 am - 4:00 pm
After hours call 955-7211 and ask for the Respirologist on-call or the Emergency Department.
Must be 0-18 years of age.
Healthcare providers should consult the Alberta Referral Directory for service referral information.
An estimated wait time will be provided at the time of appointment booking.
Community Pediatric Asthma Service


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A BRITISH-made “Covid alarm” can detect the disease in a crowded room within 15 minutes.
The smoke alarm-sized ceiling gadget could go in classrooms, workplaces and care homes after it was shown to have a 98 to 100 per cent accuracy.
That makes it as reliable as PCR lab tests and much more so than rapid home tests.
It was developed by Cambridge firm Roboscientific and tracks molecules released by people with Covid, taking 15 minutes to send results to a smartphone.
The gadget, undergoing trials at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, is expected to cost £5,000.
A handheld version to screen people in two minutes is in development.