text:
Many products contain undocumented “fillers” that can cause allergic reactions. In recent years, the FDA has found over 300 herbal products that contain hidden, deceptively labeled, or dangerous ingredients4. And since 2015, the FDA has released public warnings on more than 160 ED supplements and “male enhancement” products found to contain dangerous ingredients and contaminants5 . An independent study of FDA data, conducted in 2018, found almost 800 herbal supplements that contained unlisted ingredients6.
However, you might actually be better off going one step back in the chain reaction and taking an L-citrulline supplement. While your body converts L-arginine to nitric oxide, it also metabolizes it too fast when the amino acid is taken in an oral supplement, according to a 2011 study from the University of Foggia in Italy. L-citrulline, which the body converts to L-arginine, is actually a better option to follow the same metabolic pathway and serve as a treatment for ED, the same study found.
Besides mammalian organs, insects and arthropods are also consumed as aphrodisiacs in Eastern medicine. These include scorpions, spiders, beetles, flies and other bugs (32). Penile erections can be observed following administration of neurotoxins as it causes repetitive firing of the somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, resulting in autonomic and neuromuscular over-excitation. Scorpions are often used as an ingredient found in herbal wines. However, there is a general lack of literature regarding the consumption of scorpion neurotoxins for potency.
Ginkgo biloba. Known primarily as a treatment for cognitive decline, ginkgo has also been used to treat erectile dysfunction -- especially cases caused by the use of certain antidepressant medications. But the evidence isn't very convincing. One 1998 study published in the Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy found that it did work. But a more rigorous study, published in Human Pharmacology in 2002, failed to replicate this finding. "Ginkgo has come out of fashion in the past few years," says Ronald Tamler, MD, assistant professor of medicine and codirector of the men's health program at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. "That's because it doesn't do much. I can say that in my practice, I have not seen ginkgo work -- ever."
Tribulus terrestris is a dicotyledonous herbal plant of the Zygophyllaceae family, used to increase serum testosterone levels, which has only been shown in animal studies (40). A prospective, randomized, double blind study of 30 men showed that Tribulus terrestris was not more effective than placebo on improving IIEF scores or serum total testosterone (41). Two accounts of hepato-nephrotoxicity have been reported in young men who ingested high doses of this herbal medication (42,43).
While carrots have always been touted for their benefits for the eyes, studies reveal that carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals present in carrots act as antioxidants, anticarcinogens, and immune enhancers. Carrots also boast of antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, and wound healing benefits as well as cardio- and hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. Studies on male rats have shown that carrots can exert an effect on fertility by elevating testosterone levels in them.10
In total, 24 RCTs, including 2080 patients with ED, were identified. Among these, 12 evaluated monopreparations (five ginseng [n = 399], three saffron [n = 397], two Tribulus terrestris [n = 202], and one each Pinus pinaster [n = 21] and Lepidium meyenii [n = 50]), seven evaluated formulations (n = 544), and five investigated dietary supplements in combination with pure compounds (n = 410). Ginseng significantly improved erectile function (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]-5 score: 140 ginseng, 96 placebo; standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.70; P < 0.01; I2 = 0), P. pinaster and L. meyenii showed very preliminary positive results, and saffron and T. terrestris treatment produced mixed results. Several herbal formulations were associated with a decrease of IIEF-5 or IIEF-15, although the results were preliminary. The quality of the included studies varied, with only seven having a prevalent low risk of bias. The median methodological quality Jadad score was three out of a maximum of five. Adverse events were recorded in 19 of 24 trials, with no significant differences between placebo and verum in placebo-controlled studies.
Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is very common in men with one in 5 men affected by it. Though medical and psychological interventions are sought as treatment, natural remedies have been used traditionally to cure the condition. While foods like onion, garlic, ginger, carrots, and pomegranate juice are known to cure ED, certain vitamins like vitamin C, E, and B3 are effective, too. You may want to try Korean Red Ginseng or supplement your diet with L-arginine. You could also give acupuncture a shot.
Although you should steer clear of supplements advertised online, research shows certain vitamins and herbs can help ED. They may help improve the health of your blood vessels, increase blood flow to the penis, and boost erectile function. If other treatments have failed, you’re not a candidate for ED medications, or you’re looking for a more natural approach, ask your doctor whether these supplements could be right for you. Here are three to discuss with your doctor:
Tufan capsules are reckoned as the best ED pills as these possess only natural herbs as ingredients. Using Tufan herbal ED pills is safe as the herbs present in these pills are highly effective and completely safe; these are the best ED pills as these are capable of providing complete natural treatment by supplementing wide range of herbs which address all the possible causes of the problem.
Poor sleep patterns can be a contributing factor for erectile dysfunction, Mucher says. One review published in the journal Brain Research emphasized the intricate relationship between the level of sex hormones like testosterone, sexual function, and sleep, noting that testosterone levels increase with improved sleep, and lower levels are associated with sexual dysfunction. Hormone secretion is controlled by the body’s internal clock, and sleep patterns likely help the body determine when to release certain hormones.

domain: biology


text:
ERIC Number: ED448329
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1998
Reference Count: N/A
Health Communication and Literacy: An Annotated Bibliography.
This annotated bibliography lists publications and World Wide Web sites dealing with health communication and literacy. The 51 publications, which were all published between 1982 and 1998, contain information about and/or for use in the following areas: assessment, assessment tools, elderly adults, empowerment, maternal and child health, patient education, plain language, and plain language materials. The following are among the topics covered within those broad areas: assessment of the reading ability and communication skills of elderly individuals; data collection methods; assessment of the difficulty level of health-related materials; socioeconomic factors affecting patient assessment; drug compliance among elderly individuals; empowerment and community health; patient education related to specific types of cancer, diabetes, and lupus; patient education models; and patient education materials devoted to nutrition. The following are among the materials available at the nine Web sites listed: search engines; links to health- and nutrition-related Web sites whose usability has been rated by practitioners in the field; evaluation instruments for determining the appropriateness of health-related Web sites; resources for literacy practitioners; and health education curricula and materials focused on cancer detection. Concluding the bibliography is an un-annotated list of 15 additional articles. (MN)
Descriptors: Adult Basic Education, Adult Literacy, Annotated Bibliographies, Cancer, Child Health, Client Characteristics (Human Services), Content Area Reading, Diabetes, Empowerment, Evaluation Methods, Foreign Countries, Health Materials, Health Promotion, Information Sources, Internet, Literacy Education, Nutrition, Older Adults, Patient Education, Public Policy, Reading Ability, Reading Diagnosis, World Wide Web
Centre for Literacy of Quebec, 3040 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3Z 1A4 Canada ($10; includes shipping and handling).
Publication Type: Reference Materials - Bibliographies
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: National Literacy Secretariat, Ottawa (Ontario).
Authoring Institution: Centre for Literacy, Montreal (Quebec).
Identifiers - Location: Canada

domain: library


We have posted the schedule of Georgia Bulldogs sports on television for the week of January 23, 2012 (Monday, January 23 through Sunday, January 29).
This week, the Hoop Dawgs host the Kentucky Wildcats on Tuesday, Jan. 24 at 9:00 p.m.ET (ESPN). The Lady Bulldogs travel to face Vanderbilt on Thursday, Jan., 26 at 9:00 p.m. ET (CSS) and then host Tennessee on Sunday, Jan. 29 at 5:00 p.m. ET (ESPN2).
The 2012 Senior Bowl will be broadcast by the NFL Network on Saturday, Jan. 28 at 4:00 p.m. ET. Georgia’s Brandon Boykin, Drew Butler, Cordy Glenn and Ben Jones are on the roster.
If you know of any additional UGA TV appearances, post them in the comments below and we will add them to the schedule. For specific channel information, visit your cable or satellite provider’s website. Listed below is the link to the complete Georgia Bulldogs TV Schedule:


text:
Humane Society holding run/walk fundraiser
CHILLICOTHE - The Ross County Humane Society is holding the second Miles for Mutts Fun Trail Run/Walk in August.
Miles for Mutts, a fundraiser for the Humane Society, will start at 9:30 a.m. on August 6, at Hopewell Mound Group, 4731 Sulphur Lick Road.
The race is timed and prizes awarded for the top finishers in each category.
The discounted entry fee is $30 for a two or four-mile loop, but will increase July 15. Entry fee includes a t-shirt. Registration can be done online, through a link on the Ross County Humane Society’s website.
Organizers advise participants to arrive early to allow for time to prepare for the race. The event is pet-friendly, however, cleaning up after animals is the responsibility of the pet owner.
All proceeds directly benefit the Ross County Humane Society.
The Ross County Humane Society is not controlled or funded by any local, state, or national organization, and is a non-profit corporation governed by a Board of Directors comprised of volunteers.

domain: pet


Title: Feasibility and acceptability of monitoring personal air pollution exposure with sensors for asthma self-management.
Authors: Xie, Sherrie; Meeker, Jessica R; Perez, Luzmercy; Eriksen, Whitney; Localio, Anna; Park, Hami; Jen, Alicia; Goldstein, Madison; Temeng, Akua F; Morales, Sarai M; Christie, Colin; Greenblatt, Rebecca E; Barg, Frances K; Apter, Andrea J; Himes, Blanca E
Published In Asthma Res Pract, (2021 Sep 05)
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of asthma exacerbations, and thus, monitoring personal exposure to PM2.5 may aid in disease self-management. Low-cost, portable air pollution sensors offer a convenient way to measure personal pollution exposure directly and may improve personalized monitoring compared with traditional methods that rely on stationary monitoring stations. We aimed to understand whether adults with asthma would be willing to use personal sensors to monitor their exposure to air pollution and to assess the feasibility of using sensors to measure real-time PM2.5 exposure. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 adults with asthma to understand their willingness to use a personal pollution sensor and their privacy preferences with regard to sensor data. Student research assistants used HabitatMap AirBeam devices to take PM2.5 measurements at 1-s intervals while walking in Philadelphia neighborhoods in May-August 2018. AirBeam PM2.5 measurements were compared to concurrent measurements taken by three nearby regulatory monitors. RESULTS: All interview participants stated that they would use a personal air pollution sensor, though the consensus was that devices should be small (watch- or palm-sized) and light. Patients were generally unconcerned about privacy or sharing their GPS location, with only two stating they would not share their GPS location under any circumstances. PM2.5 measurements were taken using AirBeam sensors on 34 walks that extended through five Philadelphia neighborhoods. The range of sensor PM2.5 measurements was 0.6-97.6 μg/mL (mean 6.8 μg/mL), compared to 0-22.6 μg/mL (mean 9.0 μg/mL) measured by nearby regulatory monitors. Compared to stationary measurements, which were only available as 1-h integrated averages at discrete monitoring sites, sensor measurements permitted characterization of fine-scale fluctuations in PM2.5 levels over time and space. CONCLUSIONS: Patients were generally interested in using sensors to monitor their personal exposure to PM2.5 and willing to share personal sensor data with health care providers and researchers. Compared to traditional methods of personal exposure assessment, sensors captured personalized air quality information at higher spatiotemporal resolution. Improvements to currently available sensors, including more reliable Bluetooth connectivity, increased portability, and longer battery life would facilitate their use in a general patient population.
PubMed ID: 34482835
MeSH Terms: No MeSH terms associated with this publication


text:
About Unstrung Tags
Unstrung tags are great for labelling items that do not require a string to attach. Available in a variety of colours and featuring boxes for a style code, size, and price, unstrung stock tickets are ideal to label clothing on hangers. This type of label is useful when taking a stock inventory, as they allow quantities to be recorded. Simple circular white tags on eBay are perfect for just adding a price to your stock. Unstrung tags also make a great addition to scrapbooking projects. You can find scalloped edges or ones printed with a variety of modern and retro styles to highlight any special page of memories. For labelling gifts, unstring tags can be adhered to a package with double-sided tape. Use a selection of red or purple hearts and circles to wrap a Valentine?s Day gift in style, or choose silver and gold tags to accentuate the wrapping on a special holiday season gift. Make sure people get the information they need using unstrung tags.

domain: design


AB Dynamics: an automotive gem
As the drive towards automated driving and electrification gathers pace and with increasing focus on road safety, this could be a great stock to hold. (Free to read)
AB Dynamics (AIM:ABDP), the designer and manufacturer of advanced testing systems and measurement products to the global automotive market, announced in-line results for the year ending 31 August 2021.
Sign up and read the full article
Register to continue reading our content.
Already a member? Login
Previous article Next article
DON'T MISS OUT!
Get top investment ideas to help safeguard and grow your wealth.
Invaluable insight from the exciting world of smaller companies.REGISTER FREE
More on AB Dynamics
News covered here include delightfully clean results from a cash rich flooring manufacturer. Elsewhere, there were…
News covered here includes excellent results from one of AIM’s largest companies, sending the shares up…


text:
There are occasional productions in theater when everything just clicks — when all the elements of a production come together, and you are left with an extremely moving result. Such is the case with UNC’s production of The Elephant Man, playing this weekend in Langworthy Theatre.
The Elephant Man is based on the true story of Joseph Merrick, a man with a sharp intellect, but suffering from horrible physical disfigurements because of a medical condition. In the Victorian society where beauty was paramount, he was shunned by people who literally ran from him. A play with numerous themes, this show is also about loneliness, our lack of empathy for each other, morality, and society’s approach to health and the afflicted, especially in Victorian England.
Director David Grapes’ production is loaded with strong performances. Eric Ritter is very good as Frederick Treves, the doctor who rescues Merrick from a freak show, more as a case study than as a friend. Scottie Collins is equally solid as Carr Gomm, the hospital administrator who always seems a step or two away from altruism. Jamie Mills portrays Mrs. Kendall, an actress who brings a touch of feminine humanity into Merrick’s life, with charm and grace.
If the rest of the large cast wasn’t so good, guest artist Bill Bowers would completely steal the show. Playing the role of Merrick as playwright Bernard Pomerance intended it to be played — without the crutch of extreme makeup or prosthesis; he relies solely on his own abilities to portray a character with enormous physical challenges. That Bowers does so with apparent ease while also allowing Merrick’s sometimes humorous views of himself to come out is a credit to his experiences and abilities.
Technically, The Elephant Man is a beautiful show, thanks in no small part to gifted scenic designer Marie Davis-Green. Brian Hapcic’s lighting is stunning, as are Anne Toewe’s period costumes. Beth Lake’s sound design gives us just a hint of reinforcement, a welcome change from most productions.
One of the most potent elements of the show is cellist David Haughey, placed on a downstage corner of the stage. Playing the hauntingly lyrical underscoring and interludes throughout the show, his music is replaced by a recorded track only during the dream sequences.
The Elephant Man is not for everyone, and is at times difficult to watch, especially as we see how Merrick was mistreated during his life. But the performances in this production are of a rare high quality, and the ending will leave you stunned with its elegance and implications.
Bryan VanDriel lives in Greeley and has been active in the arts for more than 30 years. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org
WHAT: “The Elephant Man” a production of UNC’s School of Theatre Arts and Dance
WHEN: Through October 19
WHERE: Langworthy Theatre in Frasier Hall at UNC, 10th Ave. at 17th St, Greeley.
TICKET INFO: (970) 351-2200

domain: artistic


text:
Huenique from Ella Rae Yarns. A spun color changing yarn in a blend of Wool and Acrylic
Shipping calculated at checkout.
Huenique from Ella Rae
Huenique yarn is a chunky weight thick and thin yarn featuring soft stripes and mottled tones. This hand knitting yarn is a combination of Wool and Acrylic that is machine wash for easy care.
50% Wool, 50% Acrylic
Available as 100 gram x 175 yard skeins
Suggested Needle Sizes: US 11 MM8
HOOK: L 11
Stitches per 4in (10cm)


text:
Describing the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan as increasingly perilous, President Obama has committed his administration to enhancing the military, governance, and economic capacity of the two countries. Chairman of the Institute for State Effectiveness and former Afghan Minister of Finance Dr. Ashraf Ghani outlines a medium-term framework for state-building in Afghanistan for the Atlantic Council in A Ten-Year Framework for Afghanistan: Executing the Obama Plan and Beyond.Download the PDF
What started last year as a growing international credit crunch and, by September, a global banking crisis has now spread into the real economy. International trade, investment and economic growth are all contracting. A drastic curtailment of credit, collapsing global demand and a loss of trade finance is having a devastating economic effect on both the developed and developing worlds, especially those economies that are heavily dependent on exports.Download the PDF
The world is energy short and carbon long. This report focuses on that juxtaposition and the means to achieve energy security in a world concerned over climate change and maintaining economic growth.Download the PDF
In one of his first acts as president, Barack Obama signed an executive order closing the Guantanamo Bay prison camp within a year. According to a new paper published by the Atlantic Council, Beyond Closing Guantanamo, this is a step in the right direction, but the new U.S. administration should undertake several additional measures aimed at restoring the United States as a leader in the international legal system.Download the PDF
Pakistan faces dire economic and security threats that threaten both the existence of Pakistan as a democratic and stable state and the region as a whole, John Kerry and Chuck Hagel told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Given the tools and the financing, Pakistan can turn back from the brink.
Download the PDF
The Atlantic Council is pleased to release its Final Report of its three-year project on U.S. policy toward North Korea. This report makes clear that unless President Obama adopts a new strategy of seeking a comprehensive settlement in Korea, the U.S. is unlikely to eliminate North Korea’s nuclear program.
Download the PDF
We have an open but fleeting moment to forge a more effective Atlantic partnership. We must seize it now. European and North American allies have allowed their relations to become discordant, yet the times demand vigor and unity. Courageous decisions need to be taken to breathe new life and relevance into the Atlantic partnership, which must be recast to tackle a diverse range of serious challenges at home and abroad.Download the PDF
The international system—as constructed following the Second World War—will be almost unrecognizable by 2025 owing to the rise of emerging powers, a globalizing economy, an historic transfer of relative wealth and economic power from West to East, and the growing influence of nonstate actors. By 2025, the international system will be a global multipolar one with gaps in national power continuing to narrow between developed and developing countries.
Download the PDF
Shortly after the release of the Atlantic Council’s report, Restoring Georgia’s Sovereignty in Abkhazia, Russia invaded Georgia and war broke out over the breakaway region of South Ossetia. The United States and its European partners were put to the test; Moscow’s recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia not only challenged Georgia’s sovereignty, but by demonstrating its willingness to use military action, Moscow also sent a message about Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations as well as the viability of energy transport projects running from the Caspian, through Georgia, to western markets.Download the PDF
The persistence of poverty and extreme deprivation in developing countries prevents the spread of freedom and democracy as certainly as any other factor. Starting points to alleviate that poverty are developing countries’ ability to obtain the clean energy and water supplies that are necessary to promote economic growth and public health. This paper attempts to create a new paradigm for U.S. foreign policy, taking advantage of the vast (as yet untapped) resources of the U.S. technical capabilities in our research institutions to better understand the cause and effect of energy-water-agriculture interdependencies on national and regional instabilities, as well as the potential for transformational technological impacts on future development and stability.

domain: news


text:
Pulsed-light system as a novel food decontamination technology: a review.
- N. Elmnasser, S. Guillou, F. Leroi, N. Orange, A. Bakhrouf, M. Federighi
- Biology, MedicineCanadian Journal of Microbiology (print)
- 1 August 2007
Pulsed light is a novel technology that rapidly inactivates pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms and appears to constitute a good alternative or a complement to conventional thermal or chemical decontamination processes.
Study of the microbial ecology of cold-smoked salmon during storage at 8°C
Predicting growth rates and growth boundary of Listeria monocytogenes - An international validation study with focus on processed and ready-to-eat meat and seafood.
Research of quality indices for cold‐smoked salmon using a stepwise multiple regression of microbiological counts and physico‐chemical parameters
- F. Leroi, J. Joffraud, F. Chevalier, M. Cardinal
- Medicine, BiologyJournal of Applied Microbiology
- 1 April 2001
Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between the remaining shelf‐life (RSL) of cold‐smoked salmon and various microbiological and physico‐chemical parameters, using a…
Characterisation of volatile compounds produced by bacteria isolated from the spoilage flora of cold-smoked salmon.
Spoilage potential and sensory profile associated with bacteria isolated from cold-smoked salmon
Origin and ecological selection of core and food-specific bacterial communities associated with meat and seafood spoilage
- S. Chaillou, Aurélie Chaulot-Talmon, M. Champomier-Vergès
- Biology, MedicineThe ISME Journal
- 1 May 2015
It is shown that fresh products are contaminated in part by a microbiota similar to that found on the skin and in the gut of animals, however, this animal-derived microbiota was less prevalent and less abundant than a core microbiota, psychrotrophic in nature, mainly originated from the environment.
Biodiversity of Listeria monocytogenes sensitivity to bacteriocin‐producing Carnobacterium strains and application in sterile cold‐smoked salmon
- A. Brillet, M. Pilet, H. Prévost, A. Bouttefroy, F. Leroi
- Biology, MedicineJournal of Applied Microbiology
- 1 November 2004
The inhibitory capacity of Carnobacterium strains against a collection of Listeria monocytogenes strains in cold‐smoked salmon (CSS) was demonstrated.
Sensory characteristics of cold-smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from European market and relationships with chemical, physical and microbiological measurements
Salt and smoke simultaneously affect chemical and sensory quality of cold-smoked salmon during 5 degrees C storage predicted using factorial design.
Simultaneous effect of salt and smoke on chemical indices of cold-smoked salmon and on its shelf life, estimated by sensory analysis, was investigated during vacuum-packed storage at 5 degrees C.…


Indie band Elba Lane have smashed out a 90s alt-rocker with their first single 'Destination Oute
Elba Lane are back with their first single 'Destination Outer Space' from their forthcoming sophomore album 'Destinations' out in 2019. The band have built up a reputation for their live shows which became the momentum to record their second album ‘Destinations’ in the winter of 2018. The first single track off the album ‘Destination Outer Space’ plots a bold new course for the band and sonically paves the way for their new more cohesive and powerful sound. Both the single and upcoming album are firmly situated within 90s rock of Smashing Pumpkins, Nirvana as well as rock contemporaries Foo Fighters and QOTSA.
Those who find solace in such 90s influences blended with the power of contemporary rock will enjoy the guitar-infused melodies, driving drums, fuzzy solos and introspective lyrics that Elba Lane provides on their new single ‘Destination Outer Space’ and forthcoming sophomore album ‘Destinations’. The band prescribes to the largely DIY recording attitude of the Near Enough Record label with both albums recorded at By the Living Grace Studios in East Brisbane.


text:
Get your daily updates from leading publications and social networks according to your interests and favorite topics.
February 26, 2012
Other posts from:
Thinking Of You
A Classic Elegant New York City Wedding
mikecampton.com My name is Mike, from Kuala Lumpur, Mala...
9 Favorites: The New Timber Kitchen
Silence in the wind of the trees by Janek Sedlar
Copyright © 2014 Postris! All rights reserved.

domain: geography


INA XU080120 Description :
We specialize in supplying original INA XU080120 bearing and provide customers with INA XU080120 bearing size, specifications and drawings for customer reference. My company's INA XU080120 bearing price concessions, adequate inventory, and other similar products are available for recommendation
Packaging Details :
1 . Industrial tube packing + cartons + pallets
2 . Individual colorful or white box + carton + pallets
3 . As the clients ' requirement
1 . Less than 45 KGS, we will send by express. (Door to Door, Convenient)
2 . 45 - 200 KGS , we will send by air transport . (Fastest and safest, but expensive)
3 . More than 200 KGS, we will send by sea . ( Cheapest and common use )
XU080120 INA Crossed Roller Bearings (69x170x30mm) Machine
Quality Crossed Roller Bearings manufacturers & exporter - buy XU080120 INA Crossed Roller Bearings (69x170x30mm) Machine Tool Bearing TLANMP Brand High rigidity Robotic Bearings from China manufacturer.
Rigidity crossed roller slewing rings INA ... - RIGIA
BRS Bearing specialized in INA structureXU060111 Cross roller ... XU080120 Crossed roller slewin. BRS Bearing specialized in INA structure XU080120 Crossed roll... XU080149 Crossed roller slewin. BRS Bearing specialized in INA structure XU080149 Cross roller... Stainless steel XU120222 slewi. BRS Bearing specialized in INA structureXU120222 ...
Bearings products and B2B Bearings
SUNBEARING Pillow Block Bearing UCPH209 Green 45*105*190mm Chrome Steel GCR. Product Description Product Name Pillow Block Bearing UCPH209 Structure Pillow block Bearing Seals Rubber Seal Bore Size 40mm Bore Type Round Outside Diameter 105mm Duty Type Medium Duty, Heavy Duty and Others Width 190mm Operating Temperature Range: -20 to +120°C Material Plastic; Chrome Steel , Carbon Steel ...
INA Bearings | XSU080318 Bearing | Alor Setar & Buy | NNB
We are one of the best dealers for INA XSU080318 bearing. If you want to understand the INA XSU080318 Price,Dimensions,Specification,Supplier. Please contact us.
INA XU120222 Crossed roller
Due to the X arrangement of the rolling elements, INA XU120222 Crossed roller bearings can support radial forces and axial forces from both directions.They are very rigid, have high running accuracy and are supplied with preload. Main product data of INA XU120222 Crossed roller bearings. without gear teeth, lip seals on both sides. di :140 mm. Da : 300 mm
Crossed roller bearing XU series P5 Grade - XU050077 - BYC
Crossed roller bearing XU series P5 Grade XU050077 - BYC Products Made In China, China Manufacturer. Since the mounting holes are provided, crossed roller bearing does not require a presser flange or housing. In addition, because it has an integrated inner/outer ring structure and is equipped with washers, its performance is minimally affected by the mounting procedure, ensuring stable rotation
INA GE60-SX bearing - GE60-SX bearing for
INA GE60-SX bearing for sale. INA GE60-SX bearing supplier. Bearing status：Original GE60-SX bearing. Delivery time: 5-7 Days. Inventory: Enough. FAG-INA, Radial Spherical Plain Bearing (Model GE60-SX, Inside Dia 60mm, Outside Dia 95mm, Width 23mm)from
fag 24084cac/w33 bearing | Bearing Supply
fag 24084cac/w33 bearing are widely used in industrial drive, agriculture, compressors, motors and generators, construction, industrial fan, industrial transmission and other fields. fag 24084cac/w33 bearing can ensure high quality for more than 80% raw material of fag 24084cac/w33 bearing provided by the steel plant.
INA - XU050077 Crossed Roller
Cross roller bearings INA XU050077 can take axial loads in both direction as well as radial loads and strong moment loads. Cross roller bearings have high load capacity within a light and compact envelope. They can be widely used in the rotating joints of robots and many other industries and machines


Courious on what kind of beauty products ELLE model Melina uses? You'll find it out here!
"Try to focus" she said. "This is nothing to laugh about". But I was to distracted by her eyes in the sunlight to care what she said.
Gilles Bensimon for Elle magazine, December 1987. // #fashion | @andwhatelse
Australian model Elle Macpherson poses at a promotion for Invisible Zinc at Myer on October 21, 2011 in Sydney, Australia.
Brit Rhythm campaign star Suki Waterhouse wearing a Burberry dress after receiving the Elle Model of the Year award in London
Photography: Nicole Heiniger. Styled by: Lucas Boccalão. Beauty: Amanda Schon. Model: Valentina Sampaio.
Bae Yoon Young by Mok Jung Wook for Elle Korea Sept 2016
Tove Agren for Elle Sweden, January 2016
1973 Yves Saint Laurent collection by Helmut Newton in Elle
Elle Fanning ✾
The Greenhouse: Astrid Eika by Sean McMenomy for Elle Denmark May 2016
Getting up close: The Elle model also shared this image on Snapchat with the caption: 'Don...
Aleyna Fitzgerald by for Georges Antoni Elle Australia December 2016
flower girl // tiera dyck by michelle du xuan for elle china august 2012


text:
J Street Deeply Concerned by Barrage of Rocket Fire from Islamic Jihad in Gaza, J Street
“We fear that PIJ’s efforts to incite clashes and further destabilize the region could lead to another major escalation in violence, with disastrous consequences for civilians on both sides.”
J Street Alarmed by Bomb Threats Targeting JCCs, J Street
“J Street stands in solidarity with the JCCs and with the entire Jewish community against fear, hate and terror. We will continue to do all that we can to combat antisemitism, xenophobia and bigotry in all its forms.”
Islamic Jihad announces ceasefire, but Gaza attacks, Israeli strikes persist, Times of Israel
The exchange came after a Palestinian news agency posted graphic footage of an Israeli army bulldozer dragging the body of a Palestinian man who Israel said was part of a “terror squad,” killed as he placed an explosive device along the border fence.
More than 50 JCCs nationwide receive emailed bomb threats, JTA
None of the threats have been found to be credible, though local law enforcement agencies have been notified. Officials do not know who sent the threats.
Netanyahu: No Need to Postpone Election Over Coronavirus, Haaretz
Amid the global outbreak of the coronavirus, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has instructed the government to open a national situation room. The forum will convene daily and will be headed by National Security Adviser Meir Ben-Shabbat.
IDF chief warns Gaza clash may not be over, could spiral into greater conflict, Times of Israel
Amid reports of ceasefire in Strip, Kohavi says ‘unclear if the incident is at its peak or its end,’ states that situation is fragile.
UN Reiterates Support for 2-State Israel-Palestine Solution, New York Times
This was the first Security Council press statement on the issue since President Donald Trump unveiled a plan three weeks ago to resolve the decades-old conflict.
Netanyahu banks on Trump plan to drive up pro-settler votes, AP
In a bid to move the needle in his favor, Netanyahu has spent the final weeks of the campaign handing out political gifts to different constituents. The Trump plan has been the centerpiece of that strategy.
Amid Sanders’s rise, candidate battles AIPAC and a pundit comparing campaign’s momentum to Nazi invasion, Washington Post
Katie Shepherd writes, “Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) has never attended an American Israel Public Affairs Committee conference, according to the lobbying group. In fact, his public refusal to attend last year’s conference early in his bid for the 2020 Democratic nomination spurred a petition that urged other presidential candidates to steer clear of the pro-Israel lobbying group’s event.”
7 Days to Election: Netanyahu Prays Gaza Won’t Shoot Down His Skyrocketing Polls, Haaretz
Chemi Shalev writes, “Islamic Jihad reminds Israelis that Netanyahu has no solution to Gaza rocket attacks – and might not even want one.”
Meet the foreign policy teams shaping the Democratic Party’s views on Israel, +972 Magazine
Alex Kane writes, “The advisers of the Democratic candidates offer a deeper look into what their policies on Israel-Palestine would be once they enter the White House.”


text:
Photos from Florida's Capital City (and occasionally a few from other interesting places I have been fortunate enough to visit in my travels!)
I'm glad Florida State has this department. I'd love to see a student performance.
It's a beautiful sign, thanks for the links.Léia
Sadly, the arts are suffering terribly in hard times. Just not enough funding. I hope you are not getting too much bad weather there. I know it's West of you. We just escaped it by driving North. We got home yesterday just in time.
I love the lettering for the FAR! Great sign for the day! Hope your week is going well!
I like their logo.
Post a Comment


text:
Finding the absolute best ingredients such a big part of Chef Antoine Westermann’s culinary career and the main drive behind all of his expertly crafted dishes. His relationship with farmers and purveyors are critical to his work as a chef. While visiting one of his providers in New York, the French chef describes his efforts to find the best local ingredients for his restaurant.
Started From - David Burke
Chef David Burke takes us on a trip down memory lane, while cooking three of his signature dishes. Read more.
How to Choose Camembert
What it should smell like, what it should feel like: tips from Fairway's Steven Jenkins.
How to Choose Packaged Chicken
Insider butcher tips about how to pluck the freshest chicken from the supermarket shelves.
How to Choose Fresh Meat
Ray Venezia of Fairway market in New York tells you what to look for in your packaged cuts. For instance, blood in the package means dry, old meat.
How to Choose Ground Meat
Ray Venezia of Fairway in New York calls it chop meat; we call it ground beef. Semantics aside, red meat does not have to be red all the way through.

domain: food


New Delhi: Fans of Salman Khan has a reason to celebrate. Ahead of the trailer launch of his film ‘Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan’, actor Salman Khan on Monday unveiled a new poster of his upcoming family entertainer. Taking to social media, he shared the poster with the caption reading, “#KisiKaBhaiKisiKiJaan trailer out at 6pm.”
The poster shows Salman donning a long hair look and showcasing his beast-avatar. Soon after he dropped the poster, fans swamped the comment section with red hearts and fire emoticons. “Hamara Bhai, Hamari Jaan = Salman Khan,” a user wrote.
A fan commented, “finally after 4 years Ek baar fir Eid Pe Bhai ka jalwa Hoga.”
“Blockbuster loading,” fan wrote.
Makers of ‘Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan’ are all set to unveil the official trailer of the film on April 10, 2023. Helmed by Farhad Samji, the film is scheduled to arrive in theatres on the occasion of Eid 2023.
The film also stars Pooja Hegde, Jagapathi Babu, Bhumika Chawla, Vijender Singh, Abhimanyu Singh, Raghav Juyal, Siddharth Nigam, Jassie Gill, Shehnaaz Gill, Palak Tiwari and Vinali Bhatnagar in pivotal roles.
Earlier, Salman shared the teaser of ‘Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan’. He introduced his character with a powerful dialogue. As Pooja Hegde asks him, “Waise aapka naam kya hai (what is your name)?”
Salman replies, “Mera koi naam nahi hai, lekin main Bhaijaan naam se jana jata hun (I don`t have any name, but people know me as Bhaijaan)” as shots of him fighting goons play in the background.
‘Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan’ is one of Salman Khan’s most-awaited films which features an ensemble cast of Venkatesh Daggubati, Pooja Hegde, Jagapathi Babu, Jassie Gill, Siddharth Nigam, Raghav Juyal, Bhumika Chawla, and Bhagyashree. Additionally, Shehnaaz Gill and Palak Tiwari will make their Bollywood debuts with this film. The song Yentamma will feature a special appearance by South star Ram Charan. The movie is set to hit theatres on April 21 during Eid celebrations.
Apart from that, he also has an action thriller film ‘Tiger 3’ opposite Katrina Kaif in his kitty.
This Post is auto generated from rss feed if you got any error/complaint please contact us.


text:
It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.
Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool.
Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker.
originally posted by: Gazrok
In Ripple news (the coin that started this thread)...
Ripple, which owns about 60 billion of the 100 billion ripple, or XRP, tokens created, said Wednesday that it would invest $25 million into the fund, created by Blockchain Capital, a venture capital firm dedicated to blockchain tech.
Granted, I don't have too much Ripple above the reserve at this point (I sold most when it was at a buck fifty (now at about 50 cents, so I don't feel bad).
Wish I had made a bigger stake in $GBTC.
It's up $6 bucks from when I bought it.
May not sound like a lot, but it is.

domain: economics


Crash Zone and Crime Zone 9.0
July 29, 2011
The CAD Zone has released Version 9.0 of its popular Crash Zone and Crime Zone diagramming software programs for law enforcement professionals. Users claim the new features and more efficient user interface in Version 9 lead to completing diagrams 25 to 50 percent faster. The new software includes many new and improved features such as faster user interface, critical speed and crush calculators, moving camera animations, aerial views from Bing maps, 3D light source positioning and reflectivity, new 2D and 3D textures, new "heads up display," and flexible pricing.
Request more info about this product / service / company
For more information, click here
Other Recent Products
Rigaku Analytical Devices' Progeny ResQ 1064nm handheld Raman analyzer is an advanced yet...
Silvus StreamCaster MIMO radios are designed to provide high bandwidth, reliable wireless...


text:
Himachal Tour Packages from Delhi
Delhi serves to be the entryway for many of the tourism packages originating for Himachal Pradesh. Delhi is the traffic hub to Himachal Pradesh as travellers could find easy taxi/bus service for Himachal Pradesh. Delhi is also the start point to many tour packages to Himachal Pradesh. Travellers from all the major cities of India like Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata have easy railways access to Delhi. Domestic and International airports are there in Delhi. Domestic travellers from any part of India can get a flight to Delhi airport.
Delhi has two major interstate railways station. These railways stations are Hazrat Nizamuddin and New Delhi railway station. Delhi also has a major interstate bus terminal located at Kashmiri gate of Delhi. Cities of Himachal Pradesh like Shimla, Dalhousie, Manali, Dharamshala are easily reachable from Delhi by road.
All Himachal package
Pine Valley Holidays provides Himachal Pradesh tour packages for the destinations of Shimla Manali Dharamshala and Dalhousie. Tourists can also add Agra with Himachal Pradesh package as per time and train/flight bookings from Delhi.
|Agra, Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala, Dalhousie and Amritsar tour package|
Shimla is the nearest hill station from Delhi. It is the weekend destination for the tourists of Delhi. Tourist can travel Shimla in minimum 2 nights and 3 days of minimum duration. This package of Shimla can be increased to 4 nights and 5 days at the maximum. Pine Valley Holidays provides following tours from Delhi.
|Shimla tour package from Delhi 2N/3D|
|Shimla Tour package from Delhi 3N/4D|
Manali is the most visited hill station from Delhi. To start Manali packages from Delhi, tourists would have to leave Delhi early morning so that they could reach Manali till evening. Tourists can have a package for the minimum time of 4 nights and 5 days from Delhi to Manali. We have following packages from Delhi to Manali.
|Manali tour package from Delhi 3 nights 4 days|
|Manali tour package from Delhi 4 nights 5 days|
Shimla and Manali package
Pine Valley Holiday provides the minimum package of 4 nights and 5 days for Shimla Manali both. Tourists can increase the days of the package as per their train/flight bookings from Delhi. 5 nights and 6 days is the appropriate period to do Shimla Manali package from Delhi.
|Shimla Manali tour package from Delhi 4N/5D|
|Shimla Manali Tour package from Delhi 5N/6D|


Triumph 3T Deluxe
There is lots of good news to talk about on this machine: original Deluxe spec and it's all working, the beautiful lines and classic black/chrome finish. The bad news is that the engine is tired so at this price you're looking at doing an engine rebuild or asking us to do one for you, which is no problem but budget for about £1,500. We've had it running so we know nothing is broken but sparks are scarce and oil pressure and compression is low so the mag will need rebuilding and top and bottom end of the engine too. Hence no video. The rest is mixed; paintwork is ok with a nice patina but the pinstripes are stick-ons (we would just remove them and have the older paintwork and the rims painted with new lines) or you can go both ways either side and leave as-is or completely restore. The rear rim is original Dunlop, the front a replacement presumably done when it was restored many years ago. Classic Bike Workshop have replaced the wiring loom and made the electrics good, re-plumbed the in-tank instruments including the oil pressure gaugue and lights and generally tidied the bike up. Front forks feel good after a bit of fettling and looking the way it does there is lots to like about this bike. Pretty sure it's matching numbers but they're not actually the same numbers on machines of this age so we'll ask our friends at the TOMCC to provice a letter confirming provenance. It's come in from Sweden, where it's been displayed in a collection by the looks of the front number plate. UK registration is a formality and the new owner will be the first UK registered keeper.


text:
The European Union welcomes the release on 25 March of Begum Khaleda Zia, Chairperson of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and former Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The EU, including through its Special Representative for Human Rights, Eamon Gilmore, had consistently called for her release. With her health having severely deteriorated during her two years of imprisonment, we hope that Begum Khaleda Zia will now receive the necessary medical treatment.
The European Union reiterates its strong support to democracy, the rule of law, the promotion of human rights and the independence of judiciary in Bangladesh. The European Union stands ready to support Bangladesh as it deals with the challenges of the coronavirus outbreak.

domain: law


text:
Track topics on Twitter Track topics that are important to you
Foam cells are lipid-laden macrophages that contribute to the inflammation and tissue damage associated with many chronic inflammatory disorders. Although foam cell biogenesis has been extensively studied in atherosclerosis, how these cells form during a chronic infectious disease such as tuberculosis is unknown. Here we report that, unlike the cholesterol-laden cells of atherosclerosis, foam cells in tuberculous lung lesions accumulate triglycerides. Consequently, the biogenesis of foam cells varies with the underlying disease. In vitro mechanistic studies showed that triglyceride accumulation in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by TNF receptor signaling through downstream activation of the caspase cascade and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). These features are distinct from the known biogenesis of atherogenic foam cells and establish a new paradigm for non-atherogenic foam cell formation. Moreover, they reveal novel targets for disease-specific pharmacological interventions against maladaptive macrophage responses.
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: PLoS pathogens
Host lipid metabolism is an important target for subversion by pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The appearance of foam cells within the granuloma are well-characterised effe...
A hybrid of tin dioxide submicrorods anchored on conductive nickel foam (SnO submicrorods-Ni foam) is in-situ synthesized via a hydrothermal and a subsequent heat treatment by using stannic chloride a...
Changes to lipid metabolism are well-characterised consequences of human tuberculosis infection but their functional relevance are not clearly elucidated in these or other host-mycobacterial systems. ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most successful pathogen with multiple mechanisms to subvert host immune response, resulting in insidious disease. There are few studies on whether the bacteria under...
A bulk of cholesteryl esters accumulation in macrophage foam cells drives the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Evidence now shows that autophagy plays key roles in the degradation of int...
This study aims to understand the state of onset of NLSD(neutral lipid storage disease) / TGCV(triglyceride deposit cardiovasculopathy) worldwide, background information of affected patien...
The RECESS study will compare the effects of transfusing red blood cell units stored = 21 days, in patients who are undergoing complex cardiac surgery and are likely to need a red blood cell tra...
This was a clinical trial in HIV infected patients with tuberculosis. The study assessed whether the addition of prednisolone, a type of steroid medication, to the standard treatment for t...
Calcipotriene is a vitamin D3 analog that has been used as topical therapy in adult subjects with plaque-type psoriasis since 1993. Calcipotriene foam, 0.005%, was approved in 2010 for the...
This study will investigate the safety and efficacy of a new formulation of an existing medication for the treatment papulopustular rosacea. The study will test the active ingredient plus ...
A family of vertebrate and insect lipid droplet associated proteins. They consist of a conserved N-terminal PAT domain (an alpha-helical region of about 110 amino acids), an 11-mer repeat region, and lipid-binding hydrophobic regions or 4-helix bundles near their C-termini. Perilipins transiently or constitutively localize to LIPID DROPLETS in ADIPOCYTES and FOAM CELLS, especially in regions adjacent to the PLASMA MEMBRANE and ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM. They are critical for lipid droplet synthesis and homeostasis as well as the regulation of lipid metabolism. Genetic variations in perilipins are associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS; OBESITY; and DIABETES MELLITUS.
A perilipin that is expressed by many different cell types. It binds FATTY ACIDS and CHOLESTEROL, stabilizes TRIGLYCERIDES, and localizes to both the surface and hydrophobic core of LIPID DROPLETS, as well as the ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM and PLASMA MEMBRANE in MACROPHAGES. It also plays a central role in the biogenesis of lipid droplets and FOAM CELLS and is highly expressed by macrophages at atherosclerotic lesions in human arteries along with the INFLAMMATION markers TNF-ALPHA; MCP-1 RECEPTOR; and IL-6.
A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.
A lipid droplet protein that is expressed primarily by ADIPOCYTES of WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE and BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE. It co-localizes with MACROPHAGES and FOAM CELLS of artherosclerotic lesions and stabilizes LIPID DROPLETS by inhibiting HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE. It may also protect TRIGLYCERIDES against hydrolysis within the PLASMA MEMBRANE and modulate CHOLESTEROL ESTER HYDROLASE activity.
Dynamic cytoplasmic organelles found in almost all cells. They consist of a central core of LIPIDS surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer studded with surface proteins, and are involved in LIPID METABOLISM and storage.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Over nine million new cases of TB, and nearly two million deaths from TB, are estimated to occur around the world every year, and new inf...

domain: medical


text:
Trasforini's participation at RHEX also defines the spaces of "unicità nel contract", the exhibition-workshop designed by Simone Micheli www.simonemicheli.com. It is an interactive exhibition that presents architecture combining wonder, pragmatism and sustainability. An interactive exhibition-workshop, a showcase of important contract case histories as told through the unique and distinctive testimonies of four of the most famous creators of international calibre in the industry: Maurizio Papiri, Ettore Mocchetti, Massimo Roj and Simone Micheli, talk about projects, ideas, mood boards, concepts, solutions and suggestions.
SM© SIMONE MICHELI ARCHITETTO
Simone Micheli opened the the architectural studio that carries his name in 1990, and in 2003 he established the design company "Simone Micheli Architectural Hero" with headquarters in Florence and Milan. He is a professor at Poli.Design and Scuola Politecnica di Design in Milan. He has exhibited at the Venice Biennale, Architecture sector. He is the curator of contract-themed exhibitions among others in the most important international trade fairs.
In 2007 he represented Italian interior design at the "XXX Congreso Colombiano de Arquitectura" in Barranquilla in Colombia, and in 2008 at the International Conference of Contract Architecture in Hanover, Germany. In 2008 he organised the exhibition "The Italian House" in the Museum of Sculpture "Mube" in Sao Paulo, Brazil; in the "Franz Mayer" museum in Mexico City, in the "Las Artes" centre in Monterrey in 2009.
His professional activity has taken multiple forms: from architecture to interior design, from design to visual design with some dabbling in communication. His creations, sustainable and always environmentally conscious, are characterised by a strong identity and uniqueness. The numerous projects for government institutions and for important customers related to residential and community sectors have made him a major player in European projects.
Among the national and international awards he's earned, worthy of note are:
His works have been presented in the most important international exhibitions and he has given lectures at cultural institutes, organizations and various institutions in cities all over the world.
His work and monographs have been published in many Italian and international magazines, and he has given many television interviews. His latest monograph "Simone Micheli From the Future to the Past", published in 2012, is a selection of 20 years of his work.
For the complete list of his work please visit www.simonemicheli.com Simone Micheli Architectural Hero Via Aretina 197r 199r 201R I - 50136 Florence p 055 691216


text:
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors among Cyclists
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna Italy
Accident analysis and studies on traffic revealed that cyclists’ violation of red-light regulation is one typical infringement committed by cyclists. Furthermore, an association between cyclists’ crash involvement and red-light violations has been found across different countries. The literature on cyclists’ psychosocial determinants of red-light violation is still scarce. The present study, based on the classification of cyclists’ red-light behavior in risk-taking (ignoring the red-light and traveling through the junction without stopping), opportunistic (waiting at red-lights but being too impatient to wait for green signal and subsequently crossing the junction), and law-obeying (stopping to obey the red-light), adopted an eye-observational methodology to investigate differences in cyclists’ crossing behavior at intersections, in relation to traffic light violations and the presence of other cyclists. Based on the social influence explanatory framework, which states that people tend to behave differently in a given situation taking into consideration similar people’s behaviors, and that the effect of social influence is related to the group size, we hypothesized that the number of cyclists at the intersection will have an influence on the cyclists’ behavior. Furthermore, cyclists will be more likely to violate in an opportunistic way when other cyclists are already committing a violation. Two researchers at a time registered unobtrusively at four different intersections during morning and late afternoon peak hour traffic, 1381 cyclists approaching the traffic light during the red phase. The 62.9% violated the traffic control. Results showed that a higher number of cyclists waiting at the intersection is associated with fewer risk-taking violations. Nevertheless, the percentage of opportunistic violation remained high. For the condition of no cyclist present, risk-taking behaviors were significantly higher, whereas, they were significantly lower for conditions of two to four and five or more cyclists present. The percentage of cyclists committing a red-light violation without following any other was higher for those committing a risk-taking violation, whereas those following tended to commit opportunistic violations more often.
Using bicycle as a transport mode is healthy, cheap, and environmentally friendly. In Europe, 8% of people choose bicycles as the most common mode of daily transport (European Commission, 2014). Nevertheless, cyclists still represent one of the road user categories with the highest risk of injuries and fatalities (European Road Safety Observatory, 2015). From 2004 to 2013, cyclists’ fatalities decreased by 32%, but from 2010 this tendency has stagnated, with less than a 1% year-to-year reduction. Furthermore, 31% of the fatalities happen at junctions (European Road Safety Observatory, 2015). Risks for non-fatal accidents are higher for cyclists than for car drivers, as shown by De Hartog et al. (2010).
Similar to European data, in Italy, 6% of the population indicates the bicycle as the most common mode of transport (European Commission, 2014). In 2014, there were 18.055 bicycle accidents and 273 fatalities recorded (Automobile Club d’Italia - ISTAT, 2014). The mortality index (deaths every 100 accidents) for cyclists is 1.42, which is more than double compared to car users (Italian National Institute of Statistics [ISTAT], 2015). Moreover, 38% of these accidents take place at junctions (European Road Safety Observatory, 2015).
Accident analysis reveals that violation of traffic rules plays a key role in fatal crashes involving cyclists. Red-light violation is one typical violation behavior among cyclists (Wu et al., 2012; Pai and Jou, 2014). Specifically, the rate of red-light violations among cyclists has been measured in different countries and cultures, varying from the 6.9% rate of red violations in Melbourne (Johnson et al., 2011) to the 87.5% in Dublin (Lawson et al., 2013). Schramm et al. (2010), using police-reported bicycle crashes in Queensland, Australia, found that the most frequently recorded cyclists’ traffic violation was “disobey traffic light” (6.4%). In addition, Thom and Clayton (1992) found that even if disobeying stop sign or red-light was recorded only in the 2.4% of the observation, it accounted for the 11.1% of the accidents. Several studies have shown an association between cyclist crash involvement and red-light violations (Retting et al., 1999; Johnson et al., 2013). Cyclists’ violations at intersections (e.g., bicyclists ride out and ride through at signalized intersections during the red phase) are estimated to account for the 8.8% of total bicyclists’ crashes among North Carolina municipalities (University of North Carolina - Highway Safety Research Center, 2014).
Several authors have delved into psychological and social determinants of red-light violations of different road users. Understanding the factors associated with each type of violation (e.g., social influence) can help craft better policies and develop appropriate interventions to prompt cyclists to respect the red-light signal and possibly, reduce the number of traffic accidents due to them.
The literature focusing on cyclists is still scarce, while studies on pedestrian crossing behavior are more frequent. In his study, Rosenbloom (2009) observed pedestrians’ red-light crossing and showed that, the presence of other pedestrians waiting at the crosswalk upon a pedestrian’s arrival, as well as the arrival of other pedestrians to the crosswalk, decreased the likelihood of crossing on a red-light. Also van der Meel (2013) suggested that pedestrians tend to wait for the red-light more often when there are other pedestrians waiting. Rosenbloom (2009) argued that people would feel higher commitment in respecting social norms when they are grouped, thus complying more with the law, whereas, when alone, people are less concerned with the social criticism and will violate the law more easily. As it is true for socially accepted behaviors, the presence of similar others has been found to have an influence on deviations from the norm. For example, Mulders and Oude Egberink (1984) reported that when other people ran the red-light, the pedestrians approaching the traffic light were more likely to violate it. Other studies on young pedestrians found subjective norms (perceived social pressure) to be a significant predictor of potentially hazardous road crossing behaviors (Evans and Norman, 1998, 2003).
For what concerns cyclists, Wu et al. (2012) found that the probability of a rider running a red-light was higher when she or he was alone, when there were fewer riders waiting, and when there were riders already crossing on red. Johnson et al. (2011) found that the presence of other road users, cyclists and drivers, traveling in the same direction had a deterrent effect on cyclists’ red-light infringements. Similarly, in an older study (Bureau Goudappel Coffeng, 1985), the presence of other cyclists was associated with a decreased probability of infringement by the observed cyclists.
This phenomenon can be explained according to the social validation principle of social influence, which states that people tend to consider the appropriateness and correctness of their behaviors in a given situation taking into consideration similar people’s behaviors (Cialdini and Griskevicius, 2010). This formulation derives from classic literature findings in Social Psychology, stating that individuals decide on appropriate behaviors for themselves in a given situation by searching for information as to how similar others have behaved or are behaving in that situation (Asch, 1956; Darley and Latane, 1970). In the case of cyclists at junctions, for example, they could be prompted to stop at the red-light because they can see other cyclists waiting at the traffic light, or they could skip the red-light following another cyclist that violated the traffic signal right in front of them (i.e., following behavior).
Social influence has been shown to be dependent on group size. The findings from the literature regarding the effect of the group size on red-light behaviors are unclear: whereas some authors (Bureau Goudappel Coffeng, 1985; Wu et al., 2012; Dommes et al., 2015) found group pressure on red-light running behaviors to increase in a larger group, van der Meel (2013) did not find any relation between group size and red-light violations.
One reason for these inconsistencies could have to do with the fact that red-light violations may have different characteristics and cannot be included in one category. Pai and Jou (2014) classified bicyclists red-light crossing behaviors into three types: the (1) risk-taking behavior, that is, ignoring the red-light and traveling through the junction without stopping (but may slow down); the (2) opportunistic behavior, that is, waiting at red-lights but being too impatient to wait for red-lights to turn green and subsequently crossing the junction by seeking gaps among conflicting traffic streams; and the (3) law-obeying behavior, that is, stopping to obey the red-light. The main difference between risk-taking and opportunistic behaviors is the timing of the violation. In risk-taking behavior, the cyclist crosses the street immediately without stopping at the junction. In opportunistic behavior, the cyclist at first stops at the intersection and subsequently crosses the street. Distinguishing the two different types of red-light violations (i.e., opportunistic and risk-taking) is of utmost importance in order to understand the different levels of risk entailed by different behaviors. Since the opportunistic category involves a stop at the intersection and a violation of the red-light after an evaluation of the situation and eventually the identification of relatively “safe gaps” in the traffic flow, it is considered less dangerous compared to risk-taking behavior (Johnson et al., 2008). Indeed, risk-taking behavior refers to crossing the intersection without stopping or slowing down and, therefore, leaving less time to identify risks and take necessary maneuvers to avoid accidents.
Intentions or motivations behind each type of violation might differ. For instance, Pai and Jou (2014) stated that opportunistic violations take place when cyclists become impatient while waiting at the traffic light and try to find traffic gaps to commit the violations. In our opinion, social influence could also differently predict the three types of red-light behaviors.
To further understand this phenomenon, we want to explore whether group size is associated with higher or lower incidences of different types of red-light behaviors. As suggested by van der Meel (2013), further research on different group size is needed to confirm the effect larger groups have on cyclists’ red-light running. Asch (1955) and later researchers found that conformity increases as the number of people in the group increases, but once the group reaches four or five other people conformity does not increase much (Gerard et al., 1968; Campbell and Fairey, 1989; Bond, 2005). Considering this, we will address the recommendation by van der Meel (2013), investigating the effect of group size on different type of cyclists’ red-light behaviors. Cyclists tend to be influenced by two important group norms: injunctive norms involve perceptions of which (traffic) behaviors are typically approved or disapproved and they assist an individual in determining what is acceptable and unacceptable; descriptive norms involve perceptions of which (traffic) behaviors are typically performed and they normally refer to the perception of others’ behavior. Cialdini (2009) described the use of descriptive social information as the decision-making heuristic of social proof. Using this information as a heuristic cue for behavior, cyclists who see other cyclists stopping at the intersection are supposed to be less likely to commit risk-taking violations. As a consequence, we hypothesize that a higher number of cyclists waiting at the intersection will be associated with fewer risk-taking violations compared to the two other types of behavior (Hypothesis 1).
As the presence of other people will prompt cyclists to stop in the first place, we hypothesize that there will be other cyclists following (i.e., following behavior) when other cyclists start committing violations, therefore committing more opportunistic violations (i.e., after having stopped). Even if only one cyclist within the group of cyclists waiting at the crossroad commits a red-light violation, this could be sufficient to elicit the same behavior in other cyclists. Conformity studies have systematically shown that when the majority is not unanimous, its influence is reduced (Asch, 1955, 1956). Moreover, a cyclist that commits a red-light violation could also be considered a social supporter who sided with minority members (e.g., those cyclists who do not obey to traffic rules). Previous studies revealed that social support for non-conformity reduced conformity (see Allen, 1975, for a review).
Thus, we hypothesize that following behavior will be significantly associated with opportunistic violations rather than with risk-taking violations (Hypothesis 2). In other words, we expect that the frequency of cyclists committing a red-light violation following another cyclist will be higher for those committing an opportunistic violation than for those committing a risk-taking violation.
Materials and Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we adopted an eye-observational methodology to investigate differences in cyclists’ behavior at intersections, in relation to traffic light violations and the presence of other cyclists.
Our observations took place in the urban area of the city of Bologna, Italy. We selected the intersections basing on two main criteria: (a) high scores of bicycle traffic flow on cycling facilities; (b) most common type of cycling infrastructure in the Municipality of Bologna. According to previous research (Du et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014), we selected the sites satisfying the following requirements: the presence of pedestrian crossing and bicycle lanes; enough distance between observation sites so the same cyclists were unlikely to be observed twice; and less likelihood of interfering with observed behaviors. Furthermore, regarding the structural aspects of the crossing at the selected intersections, it is important to mention that they allow for a red-light violation even when there are about three or more cyclists waiting at the traffic light. The selected four sites did not have any kind of physical barriers between the cycle lane and the main road, enabling an increased freedom of movement for cyclists. Figure 1 displays one typical red-light violation committed by a cyclist in one of the observational sites. In photo (A) a group of cyclists stops at the intersection and waits for the green-light, in photo (B) a cyclist approaches the intersection, while in photos (C,D) the cyclist disregards the traffic light and decides to cross the road.
FIGURE 1. A cyclist violating the red-light in an observation site. Photo (A) top left; photo (B) top right; photo (C) bottom left; photo (D) bottom right.
Five observers, who had previous experiences in observational studies, were selected for the present study. Before the actual observations, the observers were trained to maximize the inter-rater agreement in coding the different behaviors, and to guarantee data quality control. After the training phase, two randomly selected observers were asked to go in one of the four observation sites and to assess the same cyclists at the same time, during a 1-hour session. Inter-rater agreement was excellent for gender (Cohen’s Kappa = 1.000), presence of other cyclists (Cohen’s Kappa = 1.000) and following behavior (Cohen’s Kappa = 1.000). The agreement was very good for red-light behavior (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.951) and for age (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.848).
Two observers at time were randomly assigned to different sites and peak times, changing both the observational periods and sites every time. To obtain a greater amount of information about red-light behaviors, the two observers were instructed to observe the behaviors of different cyclists at the same intersection at the same time. Thus, the setting was the same for both observers but the two observers coded the behavior of different cyclists. Table 1 summarizes the work observation plan for the four intersections selected.
The observational survey was made between the 5th of April 2016 and the 29th of April 2016, during peak hours and weekdays. Considering the daily variance of traffic characteristics, we randomly selected the days, setting 1.30 h intervals for each observation made. The time of day included two peak times (from 8.00 to 9.30 a.m., and from 5.30 to 7.00 p.m.), during which traffic flow was previously investigated (Rupi, 2015). Furthermore, the observations generally tend to replicate the cyclists’ commuters flow, considering cyclists’ commuters are both workers and university students. Consistent with this, we chose April because the cyclists’ flow appears to be higher during spring (Thomas et al., 2013).
Before starting with the observation, the two researchers had to specify the site and infrastructure characteristics. Only the cyclists who approached the intersection during the red-light phase were coded, since we were interested in observing the red-light behaviors.
We collected the data through a Web App built via Qualtrics software running through a smartphone. We tested the instrument at an intersection that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The App was configured in a way to collect the data of one cyclist and immediately refresh the page for a new observation. The App was designed in a way that one survey contained the data regarding one cyclist. Each observer had to assess the following variables.
The observers had to select the respective site in which the observation took place (1 = San Donato; 2 = Bassi/Indipendenza/Rizzoli; 3 = Riva di Reno/Via Marconi; 4 = Sabotino).
In order to get a deeper insight on how the cyclists behave when approaching red-lights, we adopted the same classification used in the study by Pai and Jou (2014), addressing three types of behavior, each entailing a different level of risk: (1) risk-taking; (2) opportunistic; and (3) law-obeying behavior. Observers had to assess the cyclists’ behavior using three options (0 = The cyclist complied with the red-light signal; 1 = The cyclist initially stopped at red-light but then crossed the intersection before the green light; 2 = The cyclist ran straight through the red-light).
Presence of Other Cyclists
As previously done differently in other studies (Wu et al., 2012), we were interested in assessing if the presence of other cyclists waiting at the intersection could have an effect on cyclists’ red-light compliance. The variable was assessed through a multiple-choice question: “how many other cyclists were already waiting at the red-light when the cyclists approached?” (0 = no cyclists; 1 = one cyclist; 2 = from two to four cyclists; 3 = five or more cyclists).
Observers were asked to assess if the cyclist was committing a violation right after another cyclist (0 = No; 1 = Yes).
Age and gender were also assessed based on an estimation from each observer (0 – 30 years old; 31–50 years old; 50+ years old).
We observed 1381 cyclists approaching the traffic light during the red phase, 704 (51.0%) were male and 647 (48.7%) were female, four observations (0.3%) count as missing. Of the total sample, 504 participants were 30 years old or younger (36.5%), 561 were within 31 and 50 years old (40.6%), and 315 were as older than 50 (22.5%).
We used SPSS version 23 to carry out all the statistical analyses. Regarding the type of red-light behavior, 512 (37.2%) cyclists did comply with the red-light and waited until it switched to green, 409 (29.6%) committed an opportunistic violation, and 460 (33.3%) committed a risk-taking violation. Table 2 displays the frequency of the number of cyclists present at the intersection, whereas Table 3 shows the frequencies of the three types of red-light behaviors by the number of cyclists at the intersection.
To analyze the number of cyclists undertaking “following behavior” we only considered the subsample corresponding to the cyclists that skipped the red-light (n = 869). The rationale behind this is that it was a requirement for a given observation to be registered as following/not following. Among these, 235 (27%) followed another cyclist while committing the violation, whereas 623 (71.7%) did not. Data were missing for the rest of the cases (i.e., 11 observations).
In Hypothesis 1, we stated an association between the number of cyclists present at the intersection and the risk-taking violations insofar as we expected higher presence of cyclists to be related to fewer risk-taking violations. After carrying out chi-square test, we found a significant association between cyclists present and the type of risk-taking behavior χ2 (6) = 99.73, p < 0.001. Table 3 shows the frequencies of each type of behavior by the number of cyclists present. Bonferroni comparisons showed that for the condition of no cyclist present, risk-taking behaviors were significantly higher (p < 0.05), whereas, they were significantly lower for conditions of two to four and five or more cyclists present (p < 0.05).
To test Hypotheses 2, we used a subset of the sample that had committed a violation (n = 869). The rationale for this choice was that this hypothesis involved either following or not following behavior, and therefore, it implied the cyclist to have committed a violation in the first place.
In Hypothesis 2, we suggested an association between following behavior and opportunistic type of violation, to the extent that following behaviors will take place in conjunction with opportunistic violations rather than with risk-taking ones. To this end, we performed a chi-square test on the cases involving red-light violation. Chi-square test showed that following behavior was significantly associated with opportunistic violations rather than with risk-taking ones χ2 (1) = 24.29, p < 0.001. Table 4 displays the frequencies and percentages of cyclists per following behavior and type of violation. Bonferroni comparisons showed that, whereas the percentage of cyclists committing a red-light violation without following any other was higher for those committing a risk-taking violation (p < 0.05), those following (i.e., following behavior) tended to commit opportunistic violations more often (p < 0.05).
The main goal of this study was to bring further insight into the relationship between social influence and different cyclists’ red-light behaviors. In Hypothesis 1, we proposed that the higher the number of cyclists waiting at intersection, the lower the prevalence of risk-taking violations would be. This hypothesis was confirmed, thus, implying that a lower presence of cyclists waiting at intersection is associated with riskier red-light behaviors (i.e., risk-taking). We also found that the percentage of cyclists that obey the red-light signal increases with group size.
Our findings are supported by previous literature on cyclists’ red-light behavior (Bureau Goudappel Coffeng, 1985; Rosenbloom, 2009; Johnson et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2012; van der Meel, 2013), although they extend it by linking the size of the group and the type of red-light behavior (i.e., also the type of violation). Thus, we found that a higher number of cyclists reduces the prevalence of risk-taking violations, but it is not so for the opportunistic ones. In contrast, previous research had just found that the presence of cyclists is associated with fewer red-light violations (Bureau Goudappel Coffeng, 1985; Johnson et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2012; van der Meel, 2013), without specifying the type of behavior. The influence of other cyclists stopped at intersection leads other cyclists to conform to them because they see those people as a valuable source of information in guiding their behavior. People generally believe that similar others’ interpretations of an ambiguous set of circumstances are accurate and will help them choose an appropriate course of action.
We found that the effect varies with group size, and thus group pressure influences cyclists crossing behavior as previously found by the Bureau Goudappel Coffeng (1985). The present study extends this previous research addressing which type of behavior is fostered by the increasing number of cyclists waiting at intersection, giving us a deeper insight into the normative pressure it exerts, explaining the effect of social influence on crossing behavior.
In Hypothesis 2, we foresaw that there would be an association between following behaviors and opportunistic violations. This hypothesis was confirmed, thus, entailing that cyclists tend to violate following others when they have previously stopped and see another cyclist committing a violation. In such case, we can assume the role played by social support for non-conformity with the norm (i.e., not skipping the red-light). This way, cyclists, probably after assessing the potential risk of crossing a red traffic light, follow other cyclists that started crossing in the first place. It remains undetermined whether the decision of crossing is due to a lowered risk perception after seeing another person doing so, or if it is entirely due to social support to non-conformity (i.e., the behavior turns more acceptable after being undertaken by another cyclist).
The present study contributes to extend Wu et al.’s (2012) results, confirming that the number of cyclists present at the intersection, and how they act, has an influence on cyclists’ red-light behavior. The added value of our findings is that they contribute to explain how cyclists behave differently when crossing at signalized intersections, and whether seeing another cyclist violating could differently predict the two types of red-light violations. This study confirms that there is an effect of social influence in road crossing situations, regardless of the safety or the risk of the behavior. On the one hand, the decision-making heuristic of social proof (Cialdini, 2009) explains why cyclists behave differently when they are in groups than when alone: cyclists that approach a red-light when other cyclists are already there, will be more prone to stop because they can actually see similar others adopting a law-obeying behavior, and, thus, will use this information as a heuristic cue for behavior. On the other hand, opportunistic behavior could be more likely if one or more cyclists of the group decide not to wait until the green-light. This is because social support for non-conformity reduces conformity and, this way, minority members could influence majority members (Allen, 1975). Minority members can become a “model of dissidence” and may induce people to break “the social contract, the rules of the social game according to which individuals must conform to the majority” (Moscovici and Mugny, 1983, p. 53).
Social influence has been reported to have an influence on crossing behavior also in other studies (e.g., Yagil, 2000; Rosenbloom, 2009). To further elaborate our results, we can discuss them using Social Control Theory (Hirschi, 1969), according to which, the mechanism behind the cyclists’ law-obeying behavior is the motivation to be rewarded, or not to be punished, just for conforming. In this particular case, the main concern of the cyclists could be to avoid social criticism. As Hirschi and Gottfredson (1994) argued, in some cases, the sanctions of society (i.e., social criticism) are grater deterrents for normative people than are formal sanctions, especially for categories such as cyclists, which are not so strictly targeted by law enforcers. Furthermore, cyclists that are alone when approaching the intersection during the red-light phase, are less concerned with social criticism and, therefore, more likely to show risky behavior.
There could be other variables influencing cyclists’ red-light behavior, which the present study does not take into account. For example, the oncoming traffic volume or the traffic speed, neither of them considered in the present study, may influence the cyclists’ red-light behavior (Harrell, 1991; Yagil, 2000; Yang et al., 2006; van der Meel, 2013). Furthermore, to better understand the effect of social pressure, the present study should be complemented by data on peoples’ attitudes and beliefs concerning traffic light violations and, more generally, the obedience of the law. The sample of the current study does not include children aged less than 15 years old because of the very low number of observations for this age category. Including them could have shown different trends among the considered age groups. For example, another study (Ben-Moshe, 2003, unpublished) that examined the road crossing decisions of young children and adolescents (6, 9, and 13-year-old boys and girls) revealed that participants standing with their peer group on a crosswalk show much laxer attitude toward risk-taking when crossing the street, than the same participants standing alone. Thus, the findings of the study highlight that the mechanism of social validation (Cialdini and Griskevicius, 2010) works differently when teenagers are involved. Other studies (Christensen and Morrongiello, 1997; Miller and Byrnes, 1997) confirmed those findings, showing the adolescent’s tendency to take more risks in the presence of their peer group.
Care should be taken when interpreting the findings of the present study because of several limitations. First, this study is limited by a lack of generalizability to other settings (e.g., different regions as well as different countries) or to other conditions (e.g., different weather conditions or during off-peak hours). For instance, the frequency of red-light violations may be different from that of other settings. Second, although we have selected different settings and coded their similarities and differences, we cannot rule out the possibility that potential bias due to confounding variables (e.g., road infrastructure characteristics) exists. Third, in the present study we have employed a field observation approach that does not allow for an investigation of cyclists’ perception, expectations, and attitudes underlying their decisions and behaviors at the traffic light. Those data could have only been gathered by interviewing the people who committed the violations or conducting surveys in the area where the observations took place. Future studies using survey methods are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cyclists’ behavior at traffic light. Fourth, since each observation in the present study accounted for different cyclists, and the same cyclist has not been observed twice in different conditions, there is no possibility to actually tell if there is a tendency for each single person to perform differently in the presence of similar others than when alone.
The fact that the number of cyclists waiting is associated with fewer risky behaviors and violations may have some practical implications. For instance, this effect could be taken into account in urban planning and policy-making. This way, decision makers could consider clustering the main cycling lanes into the main routes and widening them so that they can hold a higher flow of cyclists. This way, there would be a higher probability of finding others at intersections. Nevertheless, research on this solution would be needed since other factors might be affecting cyclists’ behavior (e.g., eventual use of sidewalks). Grouping and platooning cyclists through traffic control systems (e.g., green waves) could be a further solution.
Another potential solution may be the use of a countdown signals. Countdown devices have been increasingly applied and their influence on driver reaction and behavior at signalized intersections has been investigated on drivers and pedestrians but little on cyclists. The main purpose of countdown devices is to draw the road user’s attention to the quantity of time still available for a given light phase. This information allows them to better prepare for the starting and stopping phases. There is evidence showing that a red and green light countdown display might increase the ratio of pedestrians that finish crossing before the end of the green light (Ma et al., 2015) and reduce the prevalence of illegal crossing among pedestrians (Lipovac et al., 2013). Moreover, countdown displays for both green and red-light phases reduce the number of violations committed by motor vehicle drivers during the beginning of the red phase (Limanond et al., 2010). Nevertheless, for it to increase traffic light compliance among cyclists, conditions such as waiting time and time of the day should be taken into account. For instance, Pai and Jou (2014) found that, during off-peak hours, countdown signals with duration of 30 s increase bicyclists’ opportunistic behaviors.
Institutions should consider implementing campaigns to increase peoples’ negative injunctive norm on red-light skipping. This means to better explain through signs and advertisements that red-light violation is a behavior not approved at a community level. In fact, Lawrence (2015) found that injunctive norm messages could be effective in reducing phone-related distracted driving, but only when they draw people’s attention to social disapproval of that behavior.
Hirschi (2004) assumes that strengthening the ties to conventional social institutions might increase the commitment of individuals to normative behavior. Authorities might be willing to apply this principle by implementing public educational programs to increase self-control and, hence, normative and safer behavior.
The present study examined the relationship between different types of cyclists’ red-light behavior and the presence of similar others at intersection. Results showed a high rate of red-light violation by cyclists. Both hypotheses have been confirmed, revealing that the presence of other cyclists stopped at intersection prompts cyclists to stop and that when cyclists are alone at the traffic light, they are more likely to skip the red-light in a risk-taking manner. Furthermore, results highlighted that cyclists tend to violate following others when they have previously stopped and see another cyclist committing a violation. These findings go beyond previous studies, giving more insight into the effect of group size on different types of red-light behavior. This study provides some practical suggestions to policy makers and traffic planners to help them design effective interventions and education programs to reduce red-light violations committed by cyclists and, consequently, possible accidents and injuries.
All authors listed contributed equally to the development of the study.
This work was supported by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union (2014–2020). Project XCYCLE contract number: 635975.
The authors thank Filippo Fassina and Pietro Marenco for their help in the development of the App and the data collection.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Allen, V. L. (1975). “Social support for nonconformity,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 8, ed. L. Berkowitz (New York, NY: Academic Press), 1–43. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60247-6
Automobile Club d’Italia - ISTAT (2014). Incidenti stradali. Anno 2014. November 2015. Available at: http://www.istat.it/it/files/2015/11/Incidenti-stradali2014.pdf?title=Incidenti+stradali+in+Italia+-+03%2Fnov%2F2015+-+Testo+integrale.pdf
Bureau Goudappel Coffeng (1985). “Roodlichtdiscipline van (brom)fietsers : een verkennend onderzoek,” in Opdracht van het Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Dienst Verkeerkunde DVK, ed. Kenmerk RWD/752/18/Ht (Deventer: Bureau Goudappel Coffeng).
Campbell, J. D., and Fairey, P. J. (1989). Informational and normative routes to conformity: the effect of faction size as a function of norm extremity and attention to the stimulus. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57, 457–468. doi: 10.1037/0022-35220.127.116.117
Christensen, S., and Morrongiello, B. A. (1997). The influence of peers on children’s judgments about engaging in behaviors that threaten their safety. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 18, 547–562. doi: 10.1016/S0193-3973(97)90028-9
Cialdini, R. B., and Griskevicius, V. (2010). “Social influence,” in Advanced Social Psychology: The State of the Science, Chap. 11, eds R. E. Petty, P. Briñol, R. F. Baumeister, and E. J. Finkel (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc), 385–418.
Darley, J. M., and Latane, B. (1970). “Norms and normative behavior: field studies of social interdependence,” in Altruism and Helping Behavior, eds J. Macaulay and L. Berkowitz (New York, NY: Academic Press), 83–102.
Dommes, A., Granié, M. A., Cloutier, M. S., Coquelet, C., and Huguenin-Richard, F. (2015). Red light violations by adult pedestrians and other safety-related behaviors at signalized crosswalks. Accid. Anal. Preven. 80, 67–75. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.002
Du, W., Yang, J., Powis, B., Zheng, X., Ozanne-Smith, J., Bilston, L., et al. (2013). Understanding on-road practices of electric bike riders: an observational study in a developed city of China. Accid. Anal. Preven. 59, 319–326. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.011
European Commission (2014). Special Eurobarometer 422a “Quality of Transport.” Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf
European Road Safety Observatory (2015). Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2015–Cyclists. June 2015. http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/statistics/dacota/bfs2015_cyclists.pdf
Evans, D., and Norman, P. (2003). Predicting adolescent pedestrians’ road-crossing intentions: an application and extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Educ. Res. 18, 267–277. doi: 10.1093/her/cyf023
Italian National Institute of Statistics [ISTAT] (2015). Rapporto Anno 2014, Incidenti Stradali in Italia. Available at: http://www.istat.it/it/files/2015/11/Incidenti-stradali2014.pdf?title=Incidenti+stradali+in+Italia+-+03%2Fnov%2F2015+-+Testo+integrale.pdf
Johnson, M., Charlton, J., and Oxley, J. (2008). “Cyclists and red lights-a study of behaviour of commuter cyclists in Melbourne,” in Proceedings of the Policing and Education Conference on 10-12 November (Adelaide: Australasian Road Safety Research).
Johnson, M., Charlton, J., Oxley, J., and Newstead, S. (2013). Why do cyclists infringe at red lights? An investigation of Australian cyclists’ reasons for red light infringement. Accid. Anal. Preven. 50, 840–847. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.008
Johnson, M., Newstead, S., Charlton, J., and Oxley, J. (2011). Riding through red lights: the rate, characteristics and risk factors of non-compliant urban commuter cyclists. Accid. Anal. Preven. 43, 323–328. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.030
Limanond, T., Prabjabok, P., and Tippayawong, K. (2010). Exploring impacts of countdown timers on traffic operations and driver behavior at a signalized intersection in Bangkok. Trans. Policy 17, 420–427. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.04.009
Lipovac, K., Vujanic, M., Maric, B., and Nesic, M. (2013). The influence of a pedestrian countdown display on pedestrian behavior at signalized pedestrian crossings. Trans. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 20, 121–134. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.07.002
Ma, W., Liao, D., and Bai, Y. (2015). “Empirical analysis of countdown signals on pedestrian behaviour,” in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport, Vol. 168 (London: Thomas Telford Ltd.), 15–22.
Pai, C. W., and Jou, R. C. (2014). Cyclists’ red-light running behaviors: an examination of risk-taking, opportunistic, and law-obeying behaviors. Accid. Anal. Preven. 62, 191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.008
Retting, R. A., Ulmer, R. G., and Williams, A. F. (1999). Prevalence and characteristics of red light running crashes in the United States. Accid. Anal. Preven. 31, 687–694. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00029-9
Rupi, F. (2015). Monitoraggio dei Flussi di Biciclette sulle Principali Piste Ciclabili del Comune di Bologna. DICAM. Available at: http://www.urbancenterbologna.it/images/Biciplan/flussi_ciclabili_2013_gentile_concessione_dicam.pdf
Thomas, T., Jaarsma, R., and Tutert, B. (2013). Exploring temporal fluctuations of daily cycling demand on Dutch cycle paths: the influence of weather on cycling. Transportation 40, 1–22. doi: 10.1007/s11116-012-9398-5
University of North Carolina - Highway Safety Research Center (2014). North Carolina Bicycle Crash Types 2008-2012. March 2014. Available at: http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/pbcat_nc/pdf/summary_bike_types08-12.pdf
van der Meel, E. M. (2013). Red Light Running by Cyclists: What Factors Influence the Red Light Running by Cyclists. Master thesis, Master Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology Civil Engineering, Postbus.
Wu, C., Yao, L., and Zhang, K. (2012). The red-light running behavior of electric bike riders and cyclists at urban intersections in China: an observational study. Accid. Anal. Preven. 49, 186–192. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.06.001
Yagil, D. (2000). Beliefs, motives and situational factors related to pedestrians’ self-reported behavior at signal-controlled crossings. Trans. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 3, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/S1369-8478(00)00004-8
Yang, J., Deng, W., Wang, J., Li, Q., and Wang, Z. (2006). Modeling pedestrians’ road crossing behavior in traffic system micro-simulation in China. Trans. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 40, 280–290. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2005.08.001
Keywords: cycling behaviors, social validation, social influence, group pressure, red-light violations, road safety
Citation: Fraboni F, Marín Puchades V, De Angelis M, Prati G and Pietrantoni L (2016) Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors among Cyclists. Front. Psychol. 7:1834. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01834
Received: 29 June 2016; Accepted: 04 November 2016;
Published: 22 November 2016.
Edited by:Anat Bardi, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Reviewed by:Ulrich Von Hecker, Cardiff University, UK
Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, Netherlands
Copyright © 2016 Fraboni, Marín Puchades, De Angelis, Prati and Pietrantoni. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Luca Pietrantoni, firstname.lastname@example.org

domain: psychology