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The United States President signed an executive order banning temporary work visas and green cards for all foreigners, till 2020-end. The US President Donal Trump, after signing the order mentioned that the government will consider merit-based H1B visa for all foreign workers.
Immigration and green cards were already suspended till June 22, which has now been extended till 2020-end. The suspended visas include:
- H1B Visa (for work-related visa)
- H4 Visa (for spouses of H1B visa holders)
- L1 Visa (for inter-company transfers)
- J1 Visa (for doctors and researchers)
The news of the ban drove the stock prices of Indian tech companies, which are heavily dependent on the work visas like HIB, down. All major Indian tech companies like Infosys, Wipro and TCS saw their share prices crashing on the news. But there still may be a silver lining for Indian tech companies if the government follows through on granting visas based on merits.
H1B Visa Grants Temporary Suspended
This is an attempt by the US government to stem the worrying unemployment figures that have reached nearly 14 percent due to the coronavirus pandemic. It is expected that more than 525,000 jobs will be now freed up for the Americans.
People who are already working on a temporary work visa in the US will not be affected. Healthcare workers and certain other categories engaged in agriculture, and those who are active in the treatment and research on the coronavirus pandemic have been exempted from the suspension.
Besides, students who are already in the US can appear for Optical Practical Training, without any issues.
A merit-based system of granting work visas is bound to benefit Indians in the information technology field as they are highly skilled, in-demand, and are experts in their domain of work.
US H1B Visa Policy
Currently, H1B visas are allocated on a lottery-based system. Additionally, there is the Diversity Immigrant Visa Programme that takes into account the nationality of an applicant and to keep a check on the number of visas granted to one particular nation, it is capped at 50,000.
The merit-based visa grant will be based on the most suitable and skilled candidate for the job. A good determiner will be the salary offered to the candidate by the US companies; people with higher salary offers will be given preference over lower-paid ones.
The aim is to attract only highly-skilled people and keep the entry-level jobs free for native citizens.
“The present admission of workers within several non-immigrant visa categories…poses a risk of displacing and disadvantaging United States workers during the current recovery,” the Presidential order states.
The US Chamber of Commerce was not happy with President Trump’s latest immigration order. “Putting up a ‘not welcome’ sign for engineers, executives, IT experts, doctors, nurses and other workers won’t help our country, it will hold us back,” said the group’s chief executive Thomas Donohoe in Washington. “Restrictive changes to our nation’s immigration system will push investment and economic activity abroad, slow growth, and reduce job creation.”
The current pandemic has curtailed travel from certain countries where the coronavirus spread is severe. Visa-holders currently living in the US legally are banned from re-entering the country if they have spent time in Europe, China or Iran.
Judge Stops H-1B Ban
During the summer, the Trump administration delivered a temporary ban on the H-1B and other visas. CEOs of major companies (such as Apple and Google) criticized the conclusion, while critics of the H-1B said it was an upright first step to limiting its overall use. But now, a federal judge has ruled against the ban.
United States District Judge Jeffrey S. White’s ruling in National Association of Manufacturers, et al. v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, delivered Oct. 1, rests on a couple of legal and logistical points. The bottom line, though, is that the court ponders the President exceeded the authority specified to him by Congress when he dispensed the proclamation banning numerous kinds of visas.
“Indeed, there must be some ration of constraint on Presidential authority in the national sphere in order not to condense the executive a wholly monarchical power in the immigration context, an area within clear legislative prerogative,” read White’s ruling. “Such unrestricted authority would be contrary to Congress’ unambiguous delegation of powers in foreign affairs and national security.” A President, in other words, does not have infinite power when it comes to domestic affairs—no matter how much he or she might want it.
White also proposed that one of the key arguments behind Trump’s ban, that dropping the amount of visas will increase the employment of U.S. citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic, is overblown: “The statistics regarding pandemic-related unemployment really indicate that unemployment is intense in service occupations and that huge number of job vacancies endure in the area most affected by the ban, computer operations which require high-skilled workers.”
Pending any pleas and final judgment, the Department of Homeland Security is banned from applying or enforcing the President’s ban.
H1B Visa Revamp
On the same day that White made his ruling, Bloomberg Law pointed out that language signifying the H-1B would be revamped had been removed from the White House’s regulatory review. In September, the Department of Homeland Security had made it vibrant that it wanted to revise the H-1B’s definition of “specialty occupation” in order to “upsurge focus on gaining the best and the brightest foreign nationals via the H-1B program,” although the details of that revision remained under wraps.
There’s every chance that the vanishing of that language is just a bureaucratic glitch; but it could also advise that the Trump administration is taking additional time to revamp the revamp.
The court ban, combined with a conceivable change in plans to revise the visa’s requirements, injects a note of hesitation into the H-1B process less than a month before the next Presidential election. Whoever wins that contest, it’s likely that the parameters of the H-1B could look actual diverse by this time next year.
Whether you want to stay up-to-date on HR news, read in-depth insights on HR trends or find new ideas on strategy, innovation, and leadership, The HR Digest Magazine is here to suit your needs and help you stay more informed.

domain: law


text: >>> was written over the last year and, for the most part, written and recorded live in the Invada studios, the band continue to forge their own path through their own genre of oddness. >>> definitely sounds like a step forward. The production and feel of the first two albums was like listening through frosted glass; a band playing behind a curtain. Now we are hearing Beak> in sharp focus, but without forfeiting what the band see as its ‘wrongness’. This could be the result of having played bigger stages and festivals - something that was never part of the plan - or perhaps it is just a reaction to the infinite cut and paste fuzz pedal kraut bands on the planet.

domain: entertainment


text:
Added Aug 16, 2011
Kent Coast, Unit...
Another Sew Weekly challenge, inspired by regular contributor Debi’s amazing creations from vintage patterns. I have been itching to make something from an authentic vintage pattern but kept putting it off, so when this challenge was announced I decided to give it a go. I’m so glad I did! I really love this dress (although I have had to accept the fact that I will never have an eighteen inch waist like the woman pictured on the packet) and I am now totally sold on sewing vintage. Next I’m thinking of making another one in yellow or lime green like the picture on the packet.
Blue floral print cotton (poplin?)
Take a trip down the aisle in these gorgeous gowns, or change the fabrics for a spring party dress.
Fashion & Trends
See a few of our favorite looks, and the Burda patterns we're inspired to make!
It's time to enter for our grand prize, an EX100 machine PLUS a trip to Nashville!
Pattern of the Week
A body skimming shift goes mod with graphic stripes and square neckline!
Three videos, a web seminar, and five patterns help you master stretchy stitching.
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domain: artistic


text:
Info on dog breed characteristics list.
dog breed characteristics list photoset
In general, the domestic dog is the oldest domestic animal, because it is supposed to be domesticated by a person ten to fifteen thousand years back. The first continues to be of a domestic pet were found out in Mesolithic sites in different places. It seems that the initial European breed of dog was quite little and would, in general, be best compared to today’s man. There is minimal animal species on the planet, within which there would be obvious variations in the exterior and the canines. Some social people associate diversity with different ancestors. Many old authors, based on the diversity of today’s puppy breeds, believe that your dog was produced by crossing several associated species from your dog family. Included in this were also the newbie of the idea of evolution Charles Darwin and the Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz, who figured the ancestor of the domestic canine had been a wolf and a jackal. Another, more probable and, more recently, a scientifically increasingly more supported theory, speaks of the normal ancestor of a wolf and a domestic puppy. In accordance with this theory, the current diversity of dogs is supposed to be due to intensive, pretty much planned selection and breeding, and sudden, unpredictable heritable genetic changes – mutations even. The result is the emergence of many different varieties of dogs, whose specimens differ in size, torso and head, color, quality and length of the hair, and also in usefulness for various purposes lastly.

domain: pet


text:
MIDDLE RIVER, Md. -- A black man has died, days after fighting with five Baltimore County police officers who were called to his home because he was behaving strangely, and a lawyer for the man’s family said it’s clear that officers used excessive force.
Tawon Boyd, 21, died Wednesday after spending three days in a hospital following the confrontation with officers on Sunday outside his home in Middle River. Police said in a statement that he became aggressive with officers, who used physical force to subdue him.
“They kept on grabbing on him and holding him down, and he started screaming, ‘Grandma, Grandma, they’re going to kill me,’” Linda Burch, Boyd’s grandmother, told The Associated Press. Burch, 51, had been staying with her grandson and witnessed the confrontation across the street from his home.
An autopsy is being conducted to determine the cause of death. A lawyer for Boyd’s family, Latoya Francis-Williams, told The Associated Press that Boyd’s kidneys and heart failed. She said it’s not clear whether his death resulted from the beating or a medical condition, but she said he hadn’t experienced kidney failure previously.
“He didn’t have those bruises. He wasn’t battered before this. He wasn’t unconscious before this,” Francis-Williams said Thursday. “All of the physical injuries came from the severe beating he took on Sunday.”
Police said Boyd’s cause of death hasn’t been determined. A medical examiner will conduct an autopsy.
Police and Francis-Williams said Boyd’s fiancee called 911 early Sunday morning because he was acting strangely and she thought he needed medical attention. The woman told officers Boyd was acting crazy and was under the influence of marijuana and alcohol, reports CBS Baltimore.
When police responded, the found Boyd and his fiancee screaming at each other, the station reports.
According to a police report obtained by The AP, the confrontation with police began after Boyd repeatedly banged on the door of a neighbor’s home and officers tried to pull him away to keep him from going inside.
Police say Boyd appeared “confused and paranoid.” They say he also ran to several police cars, trying to get inside.
Police say they tried taking the man in for an emergency evaluation, but he wouldn’t comply and began fighting officers. He allegedly refused to obey orders to lie down and put his hands on his back, and began grabbing and kicking officers, injuring three of them, police said.
“The young man in the case is not behaving the way a person would normally behave,” Elise Armacost, a Baltimore County Police spokeswoman, told CBS Baltimore. “There were punches thrown by him and also by the officers, that’s what a physical struggle is. It’s a violent struggle, he’s ripping off their badges and ripping off the cords to their radios, and we’re talking about a physical struggle involving hands.”
But Boyd’s family insists police used excessive force that ultimately resulted in his death.
“I think they killed him,” Burch told AP. “By them being so many, and they [are] tall and big, and he’s small. It didn’t take all them police just to try to hold him down.”
Boyd was 5-foot-5 and 150 pounds, according to court records.
Francis-Williams said she is still investigating the incident, but she’s found no evidence that Boyd was violent before officers started beating him.
“Blows to the head, choking somebody - that’s deadly force,” Francis-Williams said. “I haven’t heard any officer articulate that his or her life was in danger or there was an actual threat of severe bodily injury or death.”
One officer punched Boyd twice in the face because Boyd was hanging onto him, according to the police report. The officers restrained Boyd by holding him down with their arms and legs, the report said. The confrontation with police lasted about five minutes, and five officers were involved, the report said.
Boyd’s fiancee Deona Styron told the station she saw five police officers on top of him as he lay on the ground.
“One police officer got his arm around his neck like this, punching him, punching him and throughout the whole thing he’s like ‘I can’t breathe, I can’t breathe,’” Styron told the station.
According to the report, Boyd screamed at officers that somebody was inside his house. Boyd’s uncle, Prinice Thomas, told AP that it was Boyd, not his fianceee, who called 911, because he mistakenly thought there was an intruder in his home. Boyd’s statements about someone being in the house appeared to be the reason for rumors spread on social media that Boyd was beaten after calling police for help.
Medics were called during the struggle and gave Boyd something to calm him down, but the name of the medication was redacted from the police report. Police said medical privacy laws prevent them from detailing the treatment.
The report said officers believed Boyd was under the influence of a narcotic. Thomas told AP that he had never known Boyd to use any drug other than marijuana.
Homicide detectives are investigating the incident, which is standard procedure in police-involved deaths. The department did not reveal the races of the officers.
A hashtag of Boyd’s name was trending on Twitter, but there were no immediate protests. Boyd died on the same day that Baltimore County prosecutors said no charges would be filed in the death of, a 23-year-old black woman who, police and prosecutors said, pointed a shotgun at officers during a standoff at her apartment. Gaines’ 5-year-old son was with her at the time and was injured, and she posted video of the standoff on social media.
Activists with the Black Lives Matter movement protested over Gaines’ death, and a wrongful-death lawsuit has been filed.
Francis-Williams said she planned to file a notice of intent to sue the county, the police department and the officers involved.
She said the county’s police department has problems similar to neighboring Baltimore city, where a Justice Department investigation found a pattern and practice of civil rights violations. The investigation followed the death of Freddie Gray, a black man who died after suffering a spinal injury while riding in a Baltimore police van. Six officers were charged in Gray’s death, but.
Armacost said none of the officers were wearing body cameras, a program that’s still being rolled out to the department.
Both Baltimore County Police and fire are conducting administrative reviews.
for more features.

domain: news


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A B.C. Mountie who was accused of sexual assault is fighting a decision to kick him out of the RCMP after he had been suspended with pay for nearly seven years.
Const. James Douglas MacLeod resigned from the force at the end of August when RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson rejected his appeal of a code of conduct decision, ordering Macleod to either quit or be dismissed.
Now, MacLeod has filed an application in Federal Court for a judicial review of the decision.
Critics say the case highlights problems with the RCMP's internal disciplinary procedure, which, in MacLeod’s case, has cost taxpayers hundreds of thousands of dollars in salary and benefits while he sat suspended from work.
"In my view, nearly seven years is an extraordinarily lengthy period. It's a ridiculous period of time," said Robert Gordon, director of Simon Fraser University's school of criminology. "I couldn't see that being tolerated in other areas of the public sector, let alone the private sector."
RCMP announced charges of sexual assault against MacLeod and another man in December 2005. The allegations were the outcome of a 10-month investigation into events that allegedly took place at a Super Bowl party the previous February.
At the time, RCMP refused to speak in detail about the case, but a writ of summons filed by the alleged victim and another man in B.C. Supreme Court in 2007 claimed for damages of "physical and emotional injury and emotional shock." The writ claimed MacLeod and his co-accused "committed physical and sexual assault and battery against [the woman] and assault and battery against [the man.]"
MacLeod countersued the woman for what he claimed was "defamation, libel, slander and false, negligent and malicious statements made to members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and others."
Assault charges stayed
The Crown stayed the charges in October 2007, and in March 2008, both MacLeod and the complainant applied in B.C. Supreme Court to have their civil claims dismissed.
The test for accusations made as part of an RCMP Code of Conduct hearing is a balance of probabilities. MacLeod was ordered to resign or be fired from the force, a decision the RCMP says Paulson upheld this July. In his Federal Court application, MacLeod claimed Paulson's decision was either based on "erroneous finding of fact" or made in a "perverse or capricious manner."
The RCMP said MacLeod was suspended with pay from Dec. 9, 2005, until his resignation on Aug. 31, 2012. The commissioner has been vocal in his desire to speed up the disciplinary process to remove so-called "bad apples" from the force. Gordon said this case illustrates why.
"I think Paulson has been quite frustrated by the length of time it takes to bring these cases to a conclusion," Gordon said. "The solution is to completely revamp the disciplinary process, so that you've got a better series of steps and a faster series of steps that people have to go through and in the process of designing the legislation, you put cut-off points in it."
"How changes are engineered is, of course, the big challenge. And we know that there has been a process underway to get some changes introduced through Parliament in the form of amendments to the RCMP Act. One would hope that they're in a reasonably advanced stage because they've been at that for some time as well."
Suspensions 'just unconscionable'
Cpl. Gerry Hoyland, a 35-year veteran who won an apology from the RCMP in the settlement of a harassment suit earlier this year, said the RCMP uses delays in discipline as a way of getting rid of officers without actually having to fire them.
"To have a member suspended with or without pay for six or seven or eight years is just unconscionable," said Hoyland, who lives in Edmonton. "You're under a cloud for a long period of time, and that's going to cause all sorts of things like depression, and stress, and anxiety and things like that. All sorts of mental health issues."
Hoyland also questioned the seemingly arbitrary nature of the suspension process. He compared MacLeod's suspension with pay to the case of Const. Derrick Holdenried, a Burnaby RCMP officer suspended without pay for nearly two years after allegedly stealing $22 in change from a community policing station. Holdenried, who was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, is still awaiting his code of conduct hearing.
Gordon says dealing with year-long delays would be a lot easier for an officer suspended with pay than without.
"The stress and strain on the individual officer is — I would think — quite substantial," said Gordon. "Of course, if the individual knows that at the end of the day, all that's going to happen to him at worst is that he's going to be dismissed, then in all probability he's been preparing for that eventuality. And if you're in that position, you can just have a really good ride for a large number of years on the back of the process."
MacLeod's lawyer said her client was not prepared to comment on the case.
Also on HuffPost:
RCMP Commissioner Bob Paulson has the job of cleaning up the Mounties' internal disciplinary process. Mounties have repeatedly written the commissioner saying they disapprove of the job he's doing, drawing sharp rebukes from the tough-talking commissioner.
RCMP Cpl. Catherine Galliford was once the public face of the Missing Women's Task Force. She filed a lawsuit against the RCMP, alleging she was harassed, bullied and abused.
Former RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli resigned after admitting he gave incorrect testimony to an inquiry looking into the Maher Arar affair.
RCMP Sgt. Maj. Hugh Stewart took on the nickname "Sergeant Pepper" for pepper-spraying protesters at the 1997 APEC Summit at UBC. He became particularly famous after pepper-spraying a CBC cameraman.
In 2008 the RCMP were accused of misusing public funds to pay for studies aimed at undermining the legitimacy of InSite, a safe injection facility in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside.
Benjamin 'Monty' Robinson
Benjamin "Monty" Robinson resigned from the RCMP after a string of incidents including a conviction for obstruction of justice after he hit and killed a motorcyclist then went home and drank vodka to "calm his nerves." He still faces a perjury trial for his role in the 2007 Taser incident that resulted in the death of Robert Dziekanski.
Robert Dziekanski died after being Tasered by a group of RCMP officers at Vancouver International Airport. A public inquiry later determined that Mounties were not justified in using Tasers to subdue the Polish immigrant, who appeared erratic and nervous after 10 hours of waiting to be picked up from the airport. A perjury trial concerning the officers involved is still pending.
The first civilian commissioner of the RCMP from 2007 to 2011, Elliott's management style was criticized by senior officers who suggested he needed to anger management training. He resigned in February 2011.
Highway Of Tears
Meghan Rhoad (pictured here) of Human Rights Watch was lead researcher for a report that levelled blistering allegations against the RCMP for its alleged treatment of indigenous women. The report alleged that RCMP officers raped and abused aboriginals in British Columbia.
The RCMP has a bullying problem that needs to be addressed by better training and record-keeping, said a report released by the force's watchdog group. The report released 718 harassment complaints filed between 2005 and 2011 and about 90 per cent of the complaints involved bullying, CBC reported.
An unidentified Ottawa RCMP officer is facing multiple charges after a child abuse investigation. The 41-year-old man is charged with three counts of aggravated assault, three counts of assault with weapon, one count of aggravated sexual assault, one count of failing to provide the necessities of life and one count of forcible confinement.


text:
MOLLY-MAE Hague and Tommy Fury partied with a pretty not likely superstar pal.
The previous Love Island pair introduced in the New Yr on a luxurious getaway in the Maldives.
Joining them on their plush winter season holiday break was none other than a former Britain’s Got Expertise judge.
Little Britain star David Walliams seemed to love the pairs corporation as they partied it up on New Decades Eve.
Molly-Mae, 24, took to her Instagram stories as she shared a driving-the-scenes sneak peek of the celebrations at their fancy lodge.
David, was locked in an embrace with boxer Tommy, 24, as the pair danced the night absent.
A rendition of Whitney Houston’s 1987 smash-it, I Wanna Dance with Anyone (Who Enjoys Me), can be listened to in the qualifications.
The pair the two eagerly sang alongside to the song as they held every other’s fingers.
Molly captioned the shorter black and white clip: “Perhaps the most unforeseen duo of 2023 just before it ends.”
She then tagged both the pair as admirers had been still left in shock at the shocking pair.
Tommy was dressed in a white summer months shirt and chinos, while the comedian was dressed in a floral variety that was tucked into his dim denims.
She also shared a blurry image of the pair savoring the comprehensive firework screen on the beach as they introduced in 2024.
Molly-Mae has been formerly keen to show off her sunshine-loaded getaway as she fled the Uk above the festive time period.
The former PrettyLittleThing director opted to whisk her family members off for a solar-filled split in the Maldives.
She earlier gave her devoted followers additional entry to their lifestyle as she posed with their 11-thirty day period-previous daughter Bambi, from their spacious lodge terrace.
Dressed in a revealing bikini even though calming on a luxurious round sunlight-bed, she captioned the pic: “Flew across the planet with my female. 🤍.”

domain: celebrity


text:
A little over a week ago, I saw this blog post from Petals to Pecots about polymer clay hooks, and I had to make my own. I had one crochet hook that had a grip at that time, and it was my favorite hook. The grip made it more comfortable to hold, so I wanted more hooks with grips.
So, I went to Wal-Mart and got a variety pack of Sculpey for about $9 and some cheap and colorful metal crochet hoops. I already had some metal hooks, but I was afraid that I might melt them or have some other accident that would ruin them, so I bought more. (Note: None of the hooks melted or even came close to it.)
The polymer clay was pretty easy to use, and I love the way these hook grips turned out. :)
--polymer clay in a variety of colors
--metal crochet hooks
--rolling pin or other rolling tool
--razor blade or very sharp knife
Step 1: Pick your clay colors and roll design. I tried to match colors with the hooks as best as I could.
Step 2: Knead your clay to make it pliable.
Step 3: Make rolls. I found some easy roll ideas and tips online, such as at the Sculpey website. I made very simple rolls for this project, but more complicated rolls would look great too.
Step 4: Cut the roll into slices and place the slices around the hook. Keep putting slices around the hook until you have the size and shape of your grip that you want. For the really skinny hook, I actually put a thin base layer around the hook, and then placed the roll slices on top of it.
Step 5: Bake your crochet hook. Follow the baking directions that came with your clay.
Tips & Resources:
--It's best to finish with one color and clean your hands before touching the next color. I found that the clay would stick to my hands and change the color of the next piece of clay if I didn't first wash my hands and use a paper towel.
--I found that I needed a really sharp cutting instrument like a razor blade to cut the rolls slices. Otherwise, they kept mushing together and blurring the pattern
--For my work surface, I used a baking sheet and covered it in aluminum foil, so it doubled as a work space and my baking tray.
--Google images of polymer clay rolls, so that you can get ideas for rolls
--Sculpey's How To on Simple Canes
--There are also lots of videos on YouTube and examples on Pinterest
Update: This post was featured at Sugar Bee Crafts.

domain: design


text:
The Romanian film “Brancusi from Eternity”, directed by Adrian Popovici, will be distributed in cinemas in the United Knigdom. The premiere of the film in this country was scheduled on January 24.
“Brancusi from Eternity” has a cast that includes some of the most reputed artists of the Romanian stage: Claudiu Bleont, Vlad Radescu, Alexandru Potocean, Iulia Verdes, Andra Negulescu and Ioan Andrei Ionescu – as the great sculptor.
The film gained the attention of British critics and distributors in December 2015, after screenings organized for BAFTA voters and for the UK Critic’s Circle competition, the production team of the film announced.
Three intervals of time, three stories, three plans and three characters create the plot of the film “Brancusi from Eternity”, a story that intends to depict the personality of sculptor Constantin Brancusi. Each character “speaks” in their own way about the works and talent of one of the greatest Romanian artists.
The main story is the one about Brancusi throughout his age of maturity, both physical and creative. It is a period that follows his arrival to Paris, the period of his friendship with Modigliani, but also the period of his relation with Martha, one of his models, perhaps his favourite one. Despite his countless betrayals, Martha is faithful to him until his death.
The second story is the one about Marin Etu, a Visual Arts student in Bucharest, during the instauration of the Communist regime. Due to his criticism concerning some of the Romanian Academy members who have refused the inheritance Brancusi wanted to leave the Romanian state, he is convicted to 13 years of detention. After he is released, the Security forces him to forge many of Brancusi’ works.
The third story focuses on Milarepa, a great scholar who has lived in Tibet in the twelfth century. Milarepa is frequently mentioned by Brancusi, a great admirer of his teachings, but also by Marin Etu. During his detention, due to a cellmate, Marin Etu finds out a lot about Milarepa’s life. Milarepa is the connection between sculptor Brancusi and forger Marin Etu, the connection between their destinies. “Brancusi from Eternity” is a film about seeking the truth and perfection in art, but also about the disappointment caused by failure. It is, nonetheless, a film about a thinker who influences the lives of the two characters until the moment of their passing away: Milarepa.
The script of the film was written by Ioan Carmazan, Radu Petrescu-Aneste, Pascal Ilie Virgil, the cinematography is signed by Cristian Gugu, and the editing by Marian Ene. The producer of the film is Cornelia Palos. The film was produced with the support of the National Centre of Cinematography and of the National Television Society.


During the last few months, there have been numerous cases of unsolicited seed deliveries from China throughout the United States. To date, two shipments of seeds have been mailed to residents in San Benito County.
“Please do not plant the seeds,” San Benito County Agricultural Commissioner Karen Overstreet said. “Our main concern is that someone could be bringing in a pest that is detrimental to agriculture.”
Overstreet’s office has already taken possession of seeds delivered to one resident in Hollister and one resident in San Juan Bautista. She said the seed deliveries have been happening throughout the state. It’s unknown at this point what species of plant the seeds are.
Overstreet has asked that residents call her office at (831) 637-5344 if they receive any unsolicited seeds.
While it is unclear why the seeds are being sent, the United States Department of Agriculture issued a recent statement about the mailings being part of a possible “brushing scam,” where people receive unsolicited items from someone who then posts false customer reviews to boost sales.


|Publication number||US6650153 B2|
|Application number||US 10/033,711|
|Publication date||Nov 18, 2003|
|Filing date||Dec 28, 2001|
|Priority date||Dec 29, 2000|
|Also published as||DE60102212D1, DE60102212T2, US20020153928|
|Publication number||033711, 10033711, US 6650153 B2, US 6650153B2, US-B2-6650153, US6650153 B2, US6650153B2|
|Inventors||Tommaso Zerilli, Maurizio Gaibotti|
|Original Assignee||Stmicroelectronics S.R.L.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (17), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is based upon and claims priority from prior European Patent Application No. 00830869.4, filed Dec. 29, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronic circuits, and more specifically to a generator circuit for voltage ramps having improved dynamic operation and a corresponding voltage generation method.
2. Description of Related Art
As is known, in the last generation EEPROM memories, either of the “general purpose” or of the “embedded” types, two fundamental specifications, that are a reduction of the writing time and a greater reliability of the whole memory device, are required.
In particular, in the memories that use the method of Fowler-Nordheim for writing the cells, these two needs are actually in contrast with each other. In fact, in order to guarantee a certain reliability degree, in terms of time of keeping the information and of maximum number of writing cycles allowed, the cell is programmed by a ramp voltage pulse with a slope such to guarantee a control of the highest peak of the Fowler-Nordheim current that goes trough the tunnel oxide layer of the cell.
It is in fact known that such a current peak, that is the main responsible of the decay of a memory cell, is directly co-related to the ramp slope of the programming voltage.
For this reason, in this field ramp generators are very important and they have to be projected in order to guarantee a good control of the voltage slope apart from the output load.
In particular, the programming pulse shown in the FIG. 1 shows a first line, starting from an initial time T*−ΔT* with a duration of ΔT*, showing a ramp pattern with a first high slope and a second line, starting from a time T* for a duration equal to a Tr*, having a ramp pattern with a second slope lower than the first slope. It is also provided a third line at a null slope for a total duration equal to Tr.
The voltage value Vp of such a programming pulse goes from an initial value conventionally equal to 0 to a first value equal to Vs during the first portion of the ramp in order to reach and maintain a top value equal to Vtop during the second portion of the ramp, while the third portion is constant with the top value Vtop.
The use of this double ramp pulse drastically reduces the duration of a first programming step. In fact during such a first phase the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling has not shown out yet or is still of negligible entity and the pulse voltage Vp is maintained below a triggering voltage Vfnt of such a tunneling. The same programming pulse appears then with a second slope efficient for a second programming phase that still uses the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling; in this case, the pulse voltage Vp reaches greater values than the triggering voltage Vfnt.
As far as the EEPROM memory is concerned, typical values are considered which are equal to the following.
Vs=6 to 8V
Slopes allowed to the second part of the ramp <20 V/ms.
In order to obtain significant time reductions, the first part of the programming voltage ramp Vp must indeed have slopes higher than 50 V/ms.
A ramp generator projected in order to provide such a double ramp pulse must therefore control suitable currents, keeping into consideration that the loads to be driven in the global programmings of whole selected memory matrixes result in being in the order of nanofarads.
A further complication in projecting such ramp generators derives from the necessity of reducing the top values operated inside the generators by means of the memory devices in order to face up to the scaling effects deriving from the use of a more and more reduced integration geometry.
This need imposes the use of lower and lower boosted voltage levels and also the project of ramp generators that use the top voltage available inside the memory device as much as possible.
A typical ramp generator of the known type, used to generate a double ramp programming pulse for memory cells of the EEPROM type, is schematically shown in FIG. 2.
The ramp generator 1 comprises an operational amplifier 2 supplied by a first supply voltage reference HVP, in particular a voltage HVP generated by means of a booster incorporated in the memory device that is not illustrated since it is conventional. The first voltage reference HVP coincides to the top voltage available inside the memory device.
The operational amplifier 2 also shows a first inverter input terminal IN1, on which a first reference voltage Vref and a second non-inverter input terminal IN2, receiving a second internal voltage BOT, are applied.
Such a reference Vref voltage is generated for example by means of a Bandgap circuit (that is also not illustrated since it is conventional).
An output terminal of the operational amplifier 2 is connected to a control terminal of a MOS transistor M1 of the P type, that is in turn inserted between the first voltage reference HVP and an output terminal OUT of the ramp generator 1.
The output terminal OUT of the ramp generator 1 is further connected to a second voltage reference, particularly to a GND through the series of a first capacitor C1 and a current I1 generator G1. Between the output terminal OUT and the GND there is also a second load capacitor C2.
The interconnection node X1 between the first capacitor C1 and the generator G1 is feedback connected to the second non-inverter input terminal IN2 of the operational amplifier 2.
The second capacitor C2 substantially corresponds to the load seen by the ramp generator 1, the value of which particularly depends on the number of bytes selected in the memory matrix to be programmed.
The current generator G1 is indeed obtained by a reference value already available inside the memory device and can be varied by means of suitable mirror current relations in order to obtain the first and the second required slopes. In fact, the output voltage Vout of the ramp generator 1 shows a ramp pattern having a slope equal to the following.
It should be noted that the ramp generator 1 has a first amplification stage S1, essentially comprising the operational amplifier 2 and a second output stage S2 comprising the transistor M1, the capacitors C1 and C2 and the generator G1.
Particularly, the first amplification stage S1 biases, by means of a virtual short circuit, the current generator G1 so that:
with Vout being the output voltage of the ramp generator 1; V1 being the potential present at the terminal X1; and K being the required slope.
Indeed, the output stage S2 operates a voltage/current conversion. In particular, the use of the MOS transistor M1 of the P type in the output stage S2 allows a suitable gm transconductance value to be obtained, as well as a regulation of the loop gain of the set operational amplifier 2/ transistor M1/ capacitor C1, thanks to the amplification of the first stage S1, so that the maximum value of the voltage ramp produced by the generator G1 and by the first capacitor C1 is exactly equal to the top voltage value of the memory device.
Although it is advantageous under many points of view, this first solution shows many drawbacks, particularly the one of stabilization in frequency.
In fact, the sizing of single components of the ramp generator 1 must be taken keeping into consideration of an Iout current, to be operated by the output terminal OUT, given by the following
Such sizing must also provide a suitable phase margin in order to guarantee the ramp generator 1 stability in case of variability during its manufacturing process, as well as depending on the operation temperature range of the same, on the supply voltage range and on the applied load variations.
All this causes a great manufacturing difficulty and the sizing of the ramp generator 1 according to the prior art.
In fact, because of the extended variability of the parameters, even a simulated phase margin of 35 degrees could not guarantee the necessary safety in terms of generator stability as a whole. It is suitable to note that such a phase margin can only be obtained with a great waste of area (so called compensation with dominant pole) or with factors PSRR unsuitable for the type of application (so called zero-pole compensation).
A second known solution provides the use of an output stage S2 of the voltage follower type, that is a stage that uses an output MOS transistor of the N type.
In such a way an intrinsically steady ramp generator 1 is obtained, and also an output Voltage Vout of a maximum value invalidated by a threshold voltage value of a transistor of the N type, that is a value lower than the one predetermined or desired for a correct memory cells programming.
In view of these drawbacks, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks and to provide an improved double ramp voltage generator (e.g., for programming memory cells). A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a generator circuit for voltage ramps that includes a differential stage with positive feedback, having an output connected to the control terminal of a first output transistor connected to a capacitive load to be biased with voltage ramps. The present invention also provides a method for generating voltage ramps in biasing circuits of capacitive loads for memory devices, of the type in which the load receives a double ramp voltage signal with a first predetermined slope and a second slope lower than the preceding one.
Another object of the present invention is to use a first output stage showing a mixed structure with a pair of transistors, PMOS and NMOS, each activated at a corresponding portion of the voltage ramp.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a generator circuit for voltage ramps is provided that includes a differential stage with positive feedback coupled between a first and a second voltage reference and having a first output connected to a control terminal of a first output transistor. The first output transistor is connected at an output terminal of the ramp generator circuit to a capacitive charge to be biased with voltage ramps. The ramp generator circuit also includes a second output transistor parallel connected to the first output transistor and having the control terminal connected to a second output of the differential stage.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration only and various modifications may naturally be performed without deviating from the present invention.
FIG. 1 schematically shows a double ramp pulse for programming memory cells;
FIG. 2 schematically shows a conventional ramp generator;
FIG. 3 schematically shows a ramp generator performed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 4A and 4B schematically show another embodiment of a particular ramp generator of FIG. 3; and
FIGS. 5 to 9 schematically show the pattern of suitable signals inside the ramp generator of FIG. 3.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the attached drawings.
Because the present invention is particularly suited to a generator circuit for voltage ramps used to program cells in a non-volatile memory of the EEPROM type, the following description is made with reference to this field of application. However, this is for convenience of illustration only, and the present invention is not exclusively limited to this field. For example, the use of such a generator circuit in the field of EPROM and FLASH-EEPROM memories is known to one of ordinary skill in this art.
FIG. 3 shows a ramp generator according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
As shown, the ramp generator has been realized according to the principle for which the major contribute, in terms of output voltage, is required at low voltage levels, that is during a first programming phase that uses a voltage ramp at a high slope (fast slope).
During this first programming phase, a voltage follower stage is then enough to provide the ramp voltage pattern at a high slope, as required by the specifications. Furthermore, such a voltage follower stage allows to obtain also the necessary current contribution if it is suitably sized.
During a second programming phase that uses a ramp with a lower slope, the voltage output from the ramp generator 3 is at least three times lower and can be generated through a circuit showing a PMOS type output stage, and with a reduced value of the current capacity. It is thus obtained an increase on the phase margin higher than the one that would be obtained in the case of an output stage formed in order to guarantee a suitable voltage value to be outputted during the fast slope. Particularly, an output stage of the PMOS type with a reduced value of the product between the transconductance (gm) and the loop gain (A) will be taken hereafter into consideration.
Advantageously, according to the invention the ramp generator 3 shows a mixed structure comprising a follower voltage PMOS output stage, in which a low output gain of a single-ended differential structure is used to drive the PMOS output stage.
The ramp generator 3 comprises thus a differential structure 4, that is inserted between a first high voltage reference and a second voltage reference, particularly a ground GND.
The differential structure 4 comprises a first N1 and a second N2 input MOS transistors of the N type, which are inserted between the first high voltage Reference HVP and a second voltage reference, particularly a ground GND. More particularly such transistors N1 and N2 have a conduction terminal in common in a node coupled to the ground GND by means of a first generator Gb of a control current Ib.
The second NMOS transistor N2 has a control terminal that represents the input of the operational amplifier 4 and that receives a reference voltage Vref, while the first NMOS transistor N1 has a control terminal connected to an internal circuit node X3.
The differential structure 4 further comprises a biasing stage comprising a first P1 and a second P2 MOS transistors of the P type. Such first P1 and second P2 PMOS transistors form a current mirror with a ratio equal to K and are inserted between the fist high voltage reference HVP and the input transistor pair N1 and N2.
An interconnection node X1 between the transistor P1 and the transistor N1 is a first output of the differential structure 4. An interconnection node X2 between the transistors P2 and N2 represents a second output of the differential structure 4.
Advantageously according to the invention, the ramp generator 3 further comprises a first output NMOS transistor N3 inserted between the first high voltage reference HVP and an output terminal OUT of the ramp generator 3. Such a transistor N3 has a control terminal connected to the first output X1 of the differential structure 4. A second output transistor P3, this time of the P type, is in turn inserted between the first high voltage reference HVP and the output terminal OUT, and has a control terminal connected to the second output X2.
The first output transistor N3 is essentially connected in parallel to the second output transistor P3, but it is driven by a different output of the differential structure 4. In a preferred embodiment the transistor N3 is of the natural type.
Finally, the output terminal OUT is connected towards ground GND by means of a capacitor C1, that is in turn coupled to the ground GND by means of a second generator G1 of a current I1.
An interconnection node X3 between the capacitor C1 and the second generator G1 is connected to a control terminal of the transistor N1.
At the circuit nodes X1, X2, X3 there are the corresponding voltage signals Vpn, Vp and BOT.
The set of the capacitor C1, of the first NMOS transistor N1 and of the first NMOS output transistor N3 forms a feedback loop 5 for the output terminal OUT of the ramp generator 3.
In such a way at the output terminal OUT is obtained an output voltage Vout signal having a double ramp pattern that is analogous to the one shown in FIG. 1 with reference to the prior art, comprising a first portion of fast slope and a second portion of slow slope.
Hereafter it will be described the operation of the ramp generator 3 according to the invention.
The current value that flows through the second output PMOS transistor P3 is co-related to the control current Ib of the second generator G1.
When the current value required by the output terminal OUT, and thus by the load to be driven, exceeds half (Ib/2) of the control current Ib, the differential structure 4 forces the first internal voltage signal Vpn at the node X1 to increase of a suitable quantity equal to the value necessary to the first output NMOS transistor N3 to provide the exceeding current.
The main advantage of the ramp generator 3 according to the invention is that the sizing of the first output transistor N3 is made on the basis of the maximum foreseen load without caring about possible instability effects occurring inside the feedback loop 5 of the ramp generator 3.
The sizing of the second output PMOS transistor P3 is made depending on the maximum current required during the second part of the slow slope. In fact, as soon as the first internal voltage signal Vpn reaches the maximum allowed value, that is the value of the first high voltage reference HVP, the first output NMOS transistor N3 turns off and the last portion of the voltage ramp Vout generated at the output terminal OUT of the ramp generator 3 is generated by means of only the second output PMOS transistor P3.
In particular, such last portion shifts the output voltage Vout value from HVP−Vth(N3) to HVP, Vth(N3) being the threshold voltage value of the first output NMOS transistor N3.
Also in this case, the output ramp regulation does not show particular problems, since it is possible to act simply on the mirror ratio K until the loads to handle are in the order of hundreds of pF. In such a case, in fact, by imposing a mirror ratio K equal to 1, in order to obtain a required slope of 10 V/ms, it happens that the current to be handled is equal to 1 uA (100 pF*10 V/ms).
When the load exceeds such a value, reaching for example the nanoFarad, a value of the mirror ratio K higher than 10 should be imposed, or a higher value for the control Ib current should be used. In such a case, it is preferred to use a first and a second variations of the ramp generator 3 according to the invention that comprises an increasing overdrive network, as schematically shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B.
In particular, FIG. 4A shows a ramp generator 3A comprising an overdrive increasing network 6A corresponding to an entire threshold voltage value of a PMOS transistor, while FIG. 4B shows a ramp generator 3B, comprising an overdrive increasing network 6B corresponding to a fraction of such a threshold voltage.
As it has been seen describing the solution of FIG. 3, the ramp generator 3A comprises a first biasing PMOS transistor P1 and a second biasing PMOS transistor P2 which are current mirror configured and connected to the first N1 and the second N2 input NMOS transistors respectively, as well as to the first generator Gb of the control current Ib. The ramp generator 3A further comprises the second generator G1 and the capacitor C1 inserted in the feedback loop 5 between the output terminal OUT and the control terminal of the first NMOS transistor N1.
Advantageously according to the first modified embodiment, the differential structure 4 further comprises an overdrive increasing network 6A which is inserted between the output terminal X2 of the differential structure 4 and a terminal X4 corresponding to the drain terminal of the NMOS transistor N2, that is in turn connected to the control terminal of the output PMOS transistor P3.
More particularly, the overdrive increasing network 6A essentially comprises a diode connected PMOS transistor P4 which is inserted between the node X2 and the node X4.
The ramp generator 3A also comprises a further PMOS transistor P5 which is inserted between a node X5, corresponding to the control terminals shared by the biasing transistors P1 and P2 and the node X4, and having a control terminal connected to the node X1 whereat the first internal voltage signal Vpn is. The node X5 is in turn connected to the node X2.
This structure uses once more two outputs of the differential structure 4, the outputs of which correspond to the nodes X1 and X4.
It is suitable to note that the overdrive increasing network 6A uses a simple mechanism for automatically increasing the overdrive of the first output PMOS transistor P3, by essentially using the dynamic evolution of the first output X1 of the differential structure 4 whereat the first voltage internal signal Vpn is.
The overdrive increase obtained by means of the overdrive increasing network 6A is thus equal to an entire threshold value of a MOS transistor of the P type.
In FIG. 4B a second modified embodiment of the ramp generator 3 is shown and generally and schematically indicated with 3B.
Also in the case of this second modified embodiment, the ramp generator 3B comprises an overdrive increasing network 6B which is inserted between the node X2 and the node X4 of the differential structure 4 of the ramp generator 3B and connected to the PMOS transistor P3.
More particularly, this overdrive increasing network 6B comprises a first overdrive PMOS transistor P6 inserted between the node X2 and a further node X6 and having the control terminal connected to the control terminal of a second overdrive PMOS transistor P7 that is diode connected and in turn inserted between the node X6 and the node X4 corresponding to the drain terminal of the second NMOS transistor N2.
The node X6 is in turn connected to the control terminal of the second output PMOS transistor P3.
In this modified embodiment, the PMOS transistor P5 is inserted between the node X5, connected in turn to the node X2, and the node X6, connected in turn to the control terminal of the second output transistor P3.
It should be noted that the overdrive increasing network uses anyway a mechanism for increasing the output PMOS transistor P3 overdrive by utilizing the dynamic evolution of the first output X1 of the differential structure 4 whereat the first voltage internal signal Vpn is, and by splitting such an increase over the first P6 and second P7 overdrive transistors.
The figures from 5 to 9 schematically show the results of a simulation performed on the inventive ramp generator 3 and on its modified embodiments.
In particular, the two extreme loading conditions have been kept into consideration, that are a first programming case (A) of a single Byte, with an approximate load of 20 pF in relation to the programming output voltage Vout, and a second case (B) for global programming the whole selected memory cell matrix, in case of a matrix of 512 Kbit this load being of about 800 pF in relation to the programming output voltage Vout.
Further, the differential structure 4 is biased by means of a current of 1 uA, while the ramp generator uses a current of 500 nA for carrying out the first part of fast slope and of about 170 nA for carrying out the second part of slow slope.
The value of the reference voltage Vref (generated for example by means of a Bandgap circuit) is constant and equal to 1.33V.
FIG. 5 schematically shows the pattern of the output voltage Vout signal that is obtained in the first case (A) by programming a single Byte, and the pattern of the voltage internal signals Vpn and Vp.
It is first considered that the first high voltage reference HVP is at its standard value (in the example it has been used value of 15V) and that the first Vpn and the second voltage internal signals Vp are at the beginning in a certain defined state, that is 0 and HVP.
In particular it is possible to consider a suitable start-up circuitry that provides for the resetting of the initial conditions.
The first voltage internal signal Vpn at the first output X1 of the differential structure 4 leads the output voltage Vout signal throughout the voltage follower stage comprising the first output NMOS transistor N3 during the whole period of the fast slope.
In such a way the node X2, whereat the second voltage internal signal Vp is, reaches the necessary value for correctly biasing the second output PMOS transistor P3.
As it is shown in FIG. 6, the voltage follower output stage, comprising the second PMOS transistor P3, injects a constant current that is certainly of an insufficient value into the output terminal OUT during the fast slope, since the current required by the load is of about 1.7 uA (500 nA+20 pF*60V/ms)>1 uA, that is the maximum current that the second output PMOS transistor P3 can supply.
During the slow slope the current required by the output terminal OUT is indeed equal to about 400 nA (=20 pF*20 V/ms): the contribute of the voltage follower output stage is therefore not necessary anymore and the first node X1, whereat the first voltage internal signal Vpn is, goes below the level of the output voltage Vout signal, thereby turning completely off the voltage follower output stage.
Actually the ramp generator 3 according to the invention is performed in such a way that the first voltage internal signal Vpn is not completely discharged but follows at a certain distanced rate (extra current contribute of 200 nA=10 pF*20 V/ms since the first voltage internal signal Vpn is charged with a concentrated capacitor of 10 pF due to stability reasons) the output voltage signal Vout.
As soon as the output voltage signal Vout at the output terminal OUT reaches the first high voltage reference HVP, the differential structure 4 increases, through the second voltage internal signal Vp, the second output PMOS transistor P3 overdrive, since the drain-source voltage Vds of such a transistor approximates to 0, but the current generator G1 continues to require current (of about 170 nA).
The current generator G1 turns completely off when the internal circuit node X3 whereat the third internal voltage signal BOT is, turns out to be discharged (as it is schematically shown in FIG. 7).
In the second case (B) of global programming, given the same conditions of the previous case, it is possible to note in FIGS. 8 and 9 how the voltage follower output stage, comprising the second output PMOS transistor P3, remains active also during the slow slope.
While there has been illustrated and described what are presently considered to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted, without departing from the true scope of the present invention. Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of the present invention without departing from the central inventive concept described herein. Furthermore, an embodiment of the present invention may not include all of the features described above. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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|SU1615864A1||Title not available|
|1||European Search Report dated Apr. 2, 2002 for European Application No. 01130836.|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6829170 *||Jul 9, 2003||Dec 7, 2004||Stmicroelectronics Sa||Method of controlling an electronic non-volatile memory and associated device|
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|US6927610||Aug 5, 2004||Aug 9, 2005||Stmicroelectronics, Inc.||Driver circuit having a slew rate control system with improved linear ramp generator including ground|
|US7327608||Mar 28, 2006||Feb 5, 2008||Sandisk Corporation||Program time adjustment as function of program voltage for improved programming speed in programming method|
|US7330373 *||Mar 28, 2006||Feb 12, 2008||Sandisk Corporation||Program time adjustment as function of program voltage for improved programming speed in memory system|
|US7675780||Mar 9, 2010||Sandisk Corporation||Program time adjustment as function of program voltage for improved programming speed in memory system|
|US8953362||Sep 11, 2012||Feb 10, 2015||Adesto Technologies Corporation||Resistive devices and methods of operation thereof|
|US9001553||Nov 6, 2012||Apr 7, 2015||Adesto Technologies Corporation||Resistive devices and methods of operation thereof|
|US9165644||May 11, 2012||Oct 20, 2015||Axon Technologies Corporation||Method of operating a resistive memory device with a ramp-up/ramp-down program/erase pulse|
|US20040057265 *||Jul 9, 2003||Mar 25, 2004||Stmicroelectronics Sa||Method of controlling an electronic non-volatile memory and associated device|
|US20040189362 *||Mar 28, 2003||Sep 30, 2004||Callahan Michael J.||Driver circuit having a slew rate control system with improved linear ramp generator including ground|
|US20050007164 *||Aug 5, 2004||Jan 13, 2005||Callahan Michael J.|
|US20070048999 *||Nov 2, 2006||Mar 1, 2007||Farnworth Warren M||Method for fabricating semiconductor component having conductors and bonding pads with wire bondable surfaces and selected thickness|
|US20070236991 *||Mar 28, 2006||Oct 11, 2007||Shih-Chung Lee||Program time adjustment as function of program voltage for improved programming speed in programming method|
|US20070237008 *||Mar 28, 2006||Oct 11, 2007||Shih-Chung Lee||Program time adjustment as function of program voltage for improved programming speed in memory system|
|US20080137432 *||Jan 24, 2008||Jun 12, 2008||Shih-Chung Lee||Program Time Adjustment as Function of Program Voltage For Improved Programming Speed in Memory System|
|US20160049939 *||Apr 2, 2015||Feb 18, 2016||Allegro Microsystems, Llc||Switch Driver Circuit And Associated Methods|
|U.S. Classification||327/134, 327/137|
|International Classification||H03K17/16, H03K4/00|
|Cooperative Classification||H03K17/163, H03K4/00|
|European Classification||H03K4/00, H03K17/16B2B|
|Jun 13, 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: STMICROELECTRONICS S.R.L., ITALY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZERILLI, TOMMASO;GAIBOTTI, MAURIZIO;REEL/FRAME:012984/0578
Effective date: 20020405
|May 2, 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
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|Jul 3, 2013||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC., IDAHO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STMICROELECTRONICS, S.R.L. (FORMERLY KNOWN AS SGS-THMSON MICROELECTRONICS S.R.L.);REEL/FRAME:031796/0348
Effective date: 20120523
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Year of fee payment: 12


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An ice cream sundae cake! - great for an icecream themed party/dessert table
If you checked out these stunning Disney wedding cakes, then you already know you can embrace your Disney obsession in a classy, adult way. Luckily, we found another way you can celebrate your love of the classics — this time with cupcakes! Whether you hold Cinderella or Frozen near and dear to your heart, youll find that the film-inspired sweets ahead are most definitely adult approved.
"awesome Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Cake ~ Cake with a running chocolate fountain built into the frame. Adorned with edible handmade candies" "Edible handmade candies". The idea of chocolate fountain is great.

domain: food


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High court strict on scam in construction board, sought reply from Uttarakhand government
The High Court, hearing a public interest litigation filed against corruption in the Building and Other Construction Welfare Board , has asked the state government to file a reply within four weeks
The High Court, while hearing a public interest litigation filed against corruption in the Building and Other Construction Welfare Board (Construction Welfare Board) Uttarakhand, has asked the state government to file a reply within four weeks. The matter was heard in a division bench of Chief Justice Justice RS Chauhan and Alok Verma.
Khurshid Ahmed, a resident of Kashipur, has filed a public interest litigation in this matter. It states that in the year 2020, advertisements were given in various newspapers for providing tool kits, sewing machines and cycles to the workers in the Building and Construction Welfare Board. There were financial irregularities on the part of the officers of the Board in purchasing these. When this complaint was made to the administration and the Governor, the board was dissolved in October 2020.
Shamsher Singh Satyal has been appointed as the new chairman of the board. When it was investigated by the chairman, the scam was confirmed. In the said case, an inquiry was also conducted by the Labor Commissioner Uttarakhand in which the names of big leaders and officials came out. The government has appointed a new investigating officer but a fair investigation is not being conducted and people are being saved. The petitioner has demanded the formation of a high-level committee and a fair investigation.


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Editing software is a big part of photography. This guide covers how to set up Photoshop for FFXIV screenshots making it more beginner friendly. We’re also going to optimize the software’s performance.
Setting up a Gpose studio does not have to be complicated. This guide covers the basic and semi fool proof studio set-up that I use for screenshots like the ones on my pose preview pages.


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Retinotopy and Functional Subdivision of Human Areas MT and MST
Using stimuli designed to tease apart differences in retinotopic organization and receptive field size, a double dissociation is established between two distinct MT+ subregions in 8 of the 10 hemispheres studied. Expand
The effect of stimulus strength on the speed and accuracy of a perceptual decision.
A theory of perceptual decision making based on a diffusion model that accounts for response time and accuracy as a function of both stimulus strength and speed-accuracy instructions and subsume the predictions of Piéron's Law. Expand
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects Temporal Integration of Visual Motion Signals during Perceptual Decision Making
Results demonstrate that LIP is involved in neural time integration underlying the accumulation of evidence in this task, and suggest that decision-related LIP responses, as well as behavioral choices and reaction times, can be explained by near-perfect time integration that stops when a criterion amount of evidence has been accumulated. Expand
Spikes versus BOLD: what does neuroimaging tell us about neuronal activity?
By demonstrating that fMRI responses in human MT+ increase linearly with motion coherence and comparing these responses with slopes of single-neuron firing rates in monkey MT, a new paper provides… Expand
Encoding and decoding in parietal cortex during sensorimotor decision-making
- Il Memming Park, Miriam L R Meister, A. Huk, Jonathan W. Pillow
- Psychology, Medicine
- Nature Neuroscience
- 1 August 2014
This work examined the neural code in LIP at the level of individual spike trains using a statistical approach based on generalized linear models and derived an optimal decoder for heterogeneous, multiplexed LIP responses that could be implemented in biologically plausible circuits. Expand
Neuronal Basis of the Motion Aftereffect Reconsidered
Several fMRI studies have reported MT+ response increases correlated with perception of the motion aftereffect (MAE). However, attention can strongly affect MT+ responses, and subjects may naturally… Expand
Pattern-motion responses in human visual cortex
Reducing the perceptual coherence of the plaids yielded a corresponding decrease in pattern-motion responsivity, providing evidence that percepts of coherent motion are closely linked to the activity of pattern- motion cells in human MT+. Expand
Single-trial spike trains in parietal cortex reveal discrete steps during decision-making
- Kenneth W. Latimer, J. Yates, Miriam L R Meister, A. Huk, Jonathan W. Pillow
- Mathematics, Medicine
- 10 July 2015
Examination of single-trial responses in LIP using statistical methods for fitting and comparing latent dynamical spike-train models found that choice-selective neurons were better described by the stepping model, and the inferred steps carried more information about the animal’s choice than spike counts. Expand
Neural Circuit Dynamics Underlying Accumulation of Time-Varying Evidence During Perceptual Decision Making
- KongFatt Wong-Lin, A. Huk, M. Shadlen, Xiao-jing Wang
- Computer Science, Medicine
- Frontiers Comput. Neurosci.
- 9 October 2007
A recurrent neural circuit model is used to simulate an experiment in which monkeys performed a direction-discrimination task on a visual motion stimulus, and shows further support for an attractor network model of time integration in perceptual decision making. Expand
Dissociated functional significance of decision-related activity in the primate dorsal stream
During decision making, neurons in multiple brain regions exhibit responses that are correlated with decisions. However, it remains uncertain whether or not various forms of decision-related activity… Expand

domain: psychology


We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
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text: The communication paradigm has shifted from analog to digital. This revolutionary change has outpaced the evolution of organizational setups and infrastructures still present in most companies. Effectiveness and speed are key to serving the new digital reality. A scalable operating model paired with a tailored platform is crucial for best-in-class marketing operations. This is why the global Swiss bank UBS decided its communication channels must take the next steps toward cost efficient delivery and scalability, while continuing to be compliant with increasing global and local regulations.


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GUSTINE - The city will invest in a $2.6 million energy program which holds the promise of $4.7 million or more in savings over the next three decades.
The City Council, which in December had appeared to cool to the proposal and shelved it pending further information from the council, voted 4-1, with Joe Oliveira dissenting, to move forward with the energy firm ENGIE on the project.
The approved project will involve a number of solar panel arrays at city facilities, including Schmidt Park and Henry Miller Park, among others, as well as lighting upgrades in city facilities, upgrades at a city well and new HVAC at the police station.
But it will not include the $570,000 system of solar-powered lighting along the planned walking paths which will encircle Schmidt Park. The pathway lighting was a part of the initial project scope, but the council balked at its inclusion after the financial projections came more clearly into focus.
The project will be funded through a $2.2 million, low-interest loan through the California Energy Commission (CEC), augmented by an internal loan of $356,000 from the city’s sewer fund reserves. Had the pathway lighting remained in the project, an internal loan of $928,000 would have been required.
Even at that, council members questioned the feasibility of paring the project further back by eliminating all the planned improvements other than the solar arrays.
But doing so, City Manager Doug Dunford said, would essentially negate the CEC loan, which was predicated on the full range of energy-savings projects.
Gustine was one of only five cities approved to receive the loan, noted Carolyn Kiesner, project development manager for ENGIE. Even if it changed the scope, she added, the city would still be faced with necessary expenses such as the police station HVAC.
While savings from the project will not outstrip expenses for the first five years, Kiesner pointed to the long-term savings as the benefit of the project.
“This project will hedge the city against rising PG&E energy costs and the PG&E bankruptcy,” Kiesner told the council.
The projected savings of just under $4.7 million over 30 years is based on PG&E rates increasing by 5 percent annually, she said, but if the utility’s current proposed rates are enacted the savings could actually approach $7 million.
“This project will provide long-term savings. We believe that this is a positive decision and a long-term investment for the city,” she stated.
The city will be “upside down” in an amount of nearly $29,000 in Year One, according to projections, and will not see positive savings until the sixth year, when a $5,000 net result is projected.
Annual savings break $100,000 in Year 16, the projections indicate, and jump sharply to $300,000 in Year 19 - after the city has paid back its loan from the sewer reserve.
Council members expressed concern about borrowing from the reserve and the length of the repayment.
City Manager Doug Dunford said the city could accelerate those payments and retire the loan more quickly.
“If PG&E rates hold true our savings will be higher and we will pay it back faster,” Dunford told Mattos Newspapers.
The savings are guaranteed by ENGIE, he noted.
The city will purchase the solar arrays outright.
ENGIE has one year from the start of construction to complete the project, Dunford said.
The timing of installation of the solar panels in Schmidt and Miller parks will take into account periods of time when those facilities are being extensively used for programs or special events to avert conflicts, he added.
While the council debated at length before reaching a decision, they eventually gave ENGIE the green light.
“We have been looking at this for quite some time,” said Mayor Pat Nagy. “In 30 years we will save $5 million to $7 million, which for our little city is quite a bit of money. Solar is the way everything is going.”
“Let’s quit talking about it and do something,” said council member Craig Turner, who made the motion to move forward with the project.


ST. CHARLES, MO — The city is asking residents to follow voluntary limits on water use after straight days of triple-digit temperatures, stltoday.com reported.
The July 7 story stated that city officials saw a record high volume of water usage in late June, and usage again surged last week. City Engineer Kevin Corwin said that the city is only able to treat and produce a certain amount of water.
After two and a half days of voluntary cutbacks in neighboring Warrenton, the mayor ended up ordering mandatory cutbacks. The major said he acted because low water levels in city wells threatened the water supply on the south side of town.
During the voluntary cutback, commercial users of water such as carwashes did not shut down, so something further had to be done. The mayor said so far the general public has been cooperative, but the carwash owners were unhappy at having their livelihood affected.
The mayor is unsure of how long the cutback will be in effect, but the city will soon reassess the situation.


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The PROLOGUE TO TRINITY WAR continues with Geoff Johns and an A-List art team.
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domain: literature


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- Reasons to make your own dog treats
- Control what is in the recipe
- Know what your dog likes, tasty
- Unhealthy additives
I found this recipe online. Okay I’m not sure why I picked this one. It has bananas. Doesn’t that sound good for dogs? I mixed the dough, I liked the shape, using a cookie cutter.
2 cups whole-wheat flour
1 Tablespoon baking powder
1 cup natural peanut butter
- 1/2 Banana
- 1/4 C oatmeal
1 cup low-fat milk
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees. In a bowl, combine flour and baking powder. In another bowl, mix peanut butter and milk. Add wet mixture to dry, and mix well.Turn out dough on a lightly floured surface and knead. Roll out to 1/4-inch thickness and cut out shapes. Place on a greased baking sheet and bake 20 minutes or until lightly brown. Cool on a rack and store in an airtight container.
- The dog isn’t too happy with these. It nibbles the ends. I think she wants meat flavor. They frankly make better squirrel and bird food.
Still looking for a good dog treat recipe.


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