text:
Nestorius, The Bazaar of Heracleides (1925) pp.iii-xxxv. Introduction
Newly translated from the Syriac and edited with an
Notes & Appendices
G. R. DRIVER, M.A.
LEONARD HODGSON, M.A.
Fellows of Magdalen College., Oxford.
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
Oxford University Press
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Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
The present volume is the result of collaboration between two colleagues, the one a student of the Semitic languages, the other of Christian doctrine. After the former had prepared an English translation of the whole work, the manuscript was handed over to the latter, who read it carefully through; the difficulties were then jointly discussed. The editors hope that by this means they are able to offer a reliable rendering of the original text. The absence of any English edition of a work which has given rise to much theological discussion has, in their opinion, justified them in undertaking the task; but, although their edition is based on an independent study of the Syriac version itself, they desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to MM. Bedjan and Nau, the editors of the Syriac text and of the French translation respectively, their reliance on whom is evident on every page of the translation and in almost every note; indeed, if they had not already covered the ground, it is unlikely that the present work would ever have been accomplished.
We wish to express our gratitude also to those whose encouragement and assistance has enabled us to complete our work: to the President and Fellows of Magdalen College and to the Trustees of the Denyer and Johnson Fund for most generous financial grants; to the staff of the Clarendon Press for their courtesy and care; to the Rev. F. W. Green for reading the proofs, and to him and to Mrs. Margoliouth for |vi many valuable suggestions; to Dr. B. J. Kidd for permission to draw on his History of the Church to A.D. 461 in compiling the historical section of our Introduction; to the editors of the proposed Patristic Lexicon for putting at our disposal for the purpose of Appendix III the material which they had collected, and to the Rev. T. G. Jalland for his help in drawing up that appendix; and to the proprietors of the Journal of Theological Studies for permission to reprint Appendix IV from their pages.
G. R. D.
|ii. The Text||xi|
|iii. Value of the Syriac Translation||xii|
|iv. History of the Controversy||xvii|
|v. The Argument of The Bazaar||xxix|
|The Syriac Translator's Preface||3|
|Book I, Part I||7|
|Book I, Part II||87|
|Book I, Part III||96|
|Book II, Part I||186|
|Book II, Part II||336|
(N.B.----The following are the chief historical sections:
|i. Translation of the Syriac Fragments of Nestorius||382|
|ii. Critical Notes||398|
|iii. The word πρόσωπον||402|
|iv. 'The Metaphysic of Nestorius'||411|
|C = Cambridge.||S = Strassburg.|
|L = London.||V = Van.|
P = Peshitta Syriac Version.
i. History of The Bazaar.
The Council of Ephesus met in June, A.D. 431, and was dissolved in September by the Emperor Theodosius II without the two parties, the Orientals and the followers of Cyril of Alexandria, having come to an agreement. Nestorius was bidden to return to his monastery at Antioch, and Maximian was consecrated Archbishop of Constantinople in his place. In August 435 imperial edicts forbade the meetings of Nestorians and decreed heavy penalties against all who should copy, preserve, or read the writings of their master, which were ordered to be burned. By a rescript of the following year Nestorius himself was banished to Arabia, but he was actually sent to Egypt, where from a reference in Socrates he is known to have been in 439.1 But he was not left in peace in Egypt, for besides being on one occasion made prisoner by Lybian marauders, the ill will of his Egyptian opponents led to his being somewhat harshly treated by the imperial agents responsible for the supervision of his exile.2
In 1825 Augustus Neander, in referring to the citations made by Evagrius 3 from a history of his misfortunes written by Nestorius during his exile, wrote 'That the work bore the title of "Tragedy" is reported by Ebedjesu, a Nestorian metropolitan of the fourteenth century, in his list of Syrian ecclesiastical writers in Assemani bibliotheca orientalis, T. iii, p. i, f. 36. This work of Nestorius has unfortunately not come down to us, unless, perhaps, it may be somewhere found in a Syrian translation.' 4 As a matter of fact, Ebedjesu mentions six works of Nestorius as extant in Syriac in his day, the Tragedy, the Book of Heracleides, a Letter to Cosmos, a Liturgy, a book of Letters, and a book of Homilies and Sermons,5 and Neander's prophetic hope has been fulfilled |x by the discovery, not indeed of the Tragedy, but of The Bazaar of Heracleides.
This work was introduced to English readers by Dr. Bethune-Baker of Cambridge in 1908 in his monograph Nestorius and his Teaching.6 In his preface Dr. Bethune-Baker gives the following account of the work.
The book must have been written by Nestorius in the year 451 or 452, seeing that there are references to the death of Theodosius II in 450, and to the flight of Dioscorus of Alexandria.7 Dioscorus was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, but though formally deposed by the Council in October of that year was not condemned to banishment until the following July. On the other hand, Nestorius, though speaking of the triumph of the orthodox faith of Flavian and Leo, does not seem to be aware of the formal decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. It appears, therefore, that Dioscorus must have fled when the Council decided against him, and that when Nestorius wrote he must have heard of his flight, but not of the formal decision of the Council or of the imperial decree by which sentence of exile was pronounced upon him.
Dr. Bethune-Baker identifies this work with that mentioned by Evagrius. He conjectures that the Syriac translation may have been undertaken at the instance of Maraba, Catholicos of the Eastern Church, between 525 and 533, but no absolute certainty can be attained on this point.8 Apart from the reference to it by Ebedjesu it is not again heard of until the nineteenth century. The original manuscript is at Kotchanes in Kurdistan, and for several years its existence has been known to members of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Mission to Assyrian Christians, some of whom obtained copies of it. It was noticed in the last decade of the nineteenth century by two German scholars,9 and attention was called to it by Dr. Loofs of Halle in his Collection of Nestorian remains published in 1905.10 In 1908 Dr. Bethune-Baker published |xi his monograph, and in 1910 a Syriac text was published in Leipzig by P. Bedjan 11 and a French translation in Paris by F. Nau.12
ii. The Text.
Our translation is based on Bedjan's Syriac text.13 Nestorius himself wrote his defence in Greek; his works were condemned to be burnt and only a few sermons and letters have survived in Greek and Latin.14 Now only the Nestorian liturgy and The Bazaar of Heracleides are known.
The Syriac translation of the latter work was made about 535 under the patriarch Paul, according to Bedjan 15; of this there is extant only one mutilated manuscript, which is preserved in the library of the Nestorian patriarch at Kotchanes, in Kurdistan. This manuscript has suffered considerable damage, chiefly at the hands of the Kurds on the occasion of the massacre of Nestorian Christians by the Kurdish chief Bedr Khan Bey in 1843.16 Of this manuscript Bedjan 17 says: 'According to the blank pages in the manuscripts which I have had in my hands, and according to certain brief notes of the copyists, I have reckoned that at page 146 of my edition [i. e. Syr., p. 146, as given at the top of each page in our translation] there are very nearly 55 pages which have |xii disappeared; at page 161, 42 pages are missing; at page 209, 36 pages have been lost. One can only make this calculation approximately. Further, there are passages where some lines have been left blank; other places of no considerable length have been obliterated by age.'
There are four copies of this manuscript, the first made in 1889 for the library of the American mission at Urmiyah. From this two other copies were made: one for the University of Cambridge, and the other for that of Strassburg. In addition to these, Bedjan had a copy, written partly at Van and partly at Kotchanes, from the original in the possession of the Nestorian patriarch. Of these manuscripts only the last mentioned, which is the archetype of all the others, is of any value for the text; Bedjan himself confesses that, where his text differs from that, the variations are errors or conjectural emendations of an original which was not accessible to him.
iii. Value of the Syriac Translation.
That the Syriac text is a translation is definitely stated by the writer of the 'Translator's Preface'.18 Fortunately, although the Greek original has been lost, we are in a position to estimate the value of this translation, since the Greek of certain passages has been preserved in the Fathers. In the first place, Bedjan 19 is undoubtedly right in seeing in the title 'the Bazaar of Heracleides' a mistake; the original Greek word seems to have been πραγματεία which connotes both 'business' and 'treatise', which the Syriac translator rendered by te'gurta 'merchandise'! There are, however, very few bad blunders in that part of the Syriac text which can be checked by a reference to the original Greek, as the following list shows, while in many cases the cause of the error can be detected:
[Omitted from the online text]
Besides these obvious blunders, there is at least one instance of error through homoeoteleuton,20 and one where an imperative is translated as if it were an optative.21
Secondly, there are a few errors for which no palaeographical explanation can be found:
[Omitted from the online text]
No reason also can be assigned either for the fact that in the phrase 'he who begins and grows and is perfected is not God, although he is so called on account of the gradual growth' the translator always substitutes 'revelation' or 'manifestation' for 'growth' (Gk. αὔξησις),22 or for the fact that the name Aethericus regularly appears as Atticus in his version.23
Seeing then that a certain number of errors can be charged to the account of the Syriac translator and proved against him, it is not too bold to assume in a few passages similar mistakes.
Finally, three other passages where the Greek and Syriac texts diverge may be mentioned.
[Omitted from the online text]
There seem also to be two passages where the double negative οὐ μή in Greek has led the translator into error. On p. 259, for the Syriac 'For I have not denied that Christ is not God', the context requires 'For I have not denied that Christ is God' ...; on p. 324, for the Syriac 'how do they escape from saying that the human attributes do not belong to the ousia of God the Word?', the context requires 'how then do they escape from saying that the human attributes belong to the ousia of God the Word?' ... Another Greek |xv construction over which the translator seems to have blundered is that of the double accusative. ...
[Omitted from the online text]
Against these errors there can be set a few passages where the Syriac version is clearly superior to the Greek original, and several others where it can be used to decide between alternative readings. In the first class come such passages as that on p. 234, where for the Greek ὑπόστασις the Syriac substitutes πρόσωπον in conformity with the regular usage of Nestorius; again, the Syriac rightly assigns the quotation on p. 244 to St. Luke, where the Greek has St. John.
In the second category fall the following passages:
[Omitted from the online text]
The Syriac translation may therefore be accounted good after its kind. Though occasionally pedantically accurate, as when the see of Beroea of the original text is called by the translator that of Aleppo,24 it aims generally rather at representing the sense of the original than at reproducing the Greek word for word; for the retention of the Greek redundant negative even against the sense in a few passages is due rather to the tendency of the Syriac language to model itself on Greek, regardless of the requirements of Semitic idiom, than to the slavish fidelity of the translator to his original. This is proved not only by the loose rendering of individual words and phrases----for example, of αἰδέσιμοι by 'beloved' (on p. 103)----but also by a certain laxity in regard to the translation of technical or semi-technical terms, due largely to the relative poverty of the Syriac language in comparison with the Greek; ... Against this, the translator accurately renders ἐκκαπηλεύειν, 'to adulterate' (on pp. 323-4), according to its peculiar usage in the Cyrillian writings.
The present editors, therefore, mindful of the fact that they are translating into a third language a translation----and that one which possesses no grace of style or elegance of diction----of a lost work, whose meaning depends solely on the precise value assigned to a number of technical terms, have frequently sacrificed the English to an endeavour to render faithfully the Syriac version, keeping as far as possible the same English word for the corresponding Syriac even at the cost of a certain harshness or awkwardness in many passages; for they have regarded it as their aim not so much to present the reader with their view of what Nestorius said as to enable him to form his own opinion from a careful and accurate version of the Syriac text. |xvii
iv. History of the Controversy.25
|Refs. in The Bazaar.
|428. April||Nestorius becomes bishop of Constantinople||274-5|
|November||Anastasius preaches against Theotokos.|
|Christmas||Nestorius begins a course of sermons||131|
|Day||Protest of Eusebius (afterwards bishop of Dorylaeum)||338|
|429. Lady Day||Proclus' sermon, replied to by Nestorius. Eastertide Nestorius preaches three sermons in reply to Proclus.|
|Cyril sends his encyclical Ad Monachos Aegypti. Photius replies to it.|
|Cyril stirs up accusers against Nestorius.|
|Caelestine of Rome makes inquiries.|
|Letters from Nestorius reach Caelestine||132|
|June||Cyril Ad Nestorium I||103 ff.|
|Nestorius replies peacefully; his diocese is disturbed and he is not ready for war.|
|Nestorius is approached by the Pelagian exiles, Julian and Caelestius.|
|Basil and his monks petition Theodosius II against Nestorius, and ask for an Oecumenical Council||102|
|430.||Cyril Ad Nestorium II and Ad Clericos Constantinopolitanos|| 101 ff., 143-4,
149 ff., 218,
226, 243, 263
|Lent||Nestorius replies to Cyril, this time more pugnaciously||141-2, 162, 257|
|Cyril De Recta Fide, (1) Ad Theodosium, (2) Ad Arcadiam et Marinam, (3) Ad Pulcheriam et Eudoxiam.|
|April||Cyril Ad Caelestinum, sent by Poseidonius, with other documents enclosed||131-2|
|Cyril Ad Acadian (of Beroea) ----a fruitless effort to win over 'the East'.|
|August||Nestorius is condemned at a Council at Rome. Caelestine writes to Cyril instructing him to carry out the sentence, and to Nestorius bidding him to submit and to renounce his 'novel doctrines' on pain of excommunication. |xviii|
|Cyril writes to John of Antioch and Juvenal of Jerusalem.|
|John writes to Nestorius begging him to submit and accept the term Theotokos.|
|November||Nestorius Ad Caelestinum III.|
|Theodosius II and Valentinian III summon a General Council to meet at Ephesus at Pentecost 431.|
|A Council held at Alexandria.|
|Cyril Ad Nestorium III (Synodical Letter), with the XII Anathematisms appended||268-9, 287-93, 325|
|December 7||Nestorius receives Cyril's 'synodical' letter and Caelestine's sentence of excommunication, which cannot be put into force owing to the Imperial Letter summoning the Council of Ephesus.|
|Dec. 13 & 14||Nestorius preaches two sermons (xiii and xiv) and sends them to Cyril with counter anathematisms. He also replies to John of Antioch, and with the aid of Cyril's anathematisms wins him over.|
|430-1.||Cassian De incarnatione Domini contra Nestorianos, written at the invitation of Caelestine.|
|431.||Marius Mercator Nestorii blasphemiarum capitula, based on Nestorius' December sermons.|
|John of Antioch enlists Andrew of Samosata and Theodoret of Cyrus on the side of Nestorius.|
|Cyril Apologia contra Orientales, in reply to Andrew, and Apologia contra Theodoretum pro XII capitibus, and Adversus Nestorii blasphemias libri V.|
|Cyril writes to Caelestine asking what is to be done if Nestorius recants.|
|431. May 7||Caelestine replies that 'God willeth not the death of a sinner', and Cyril is to do what he can to win Nestorius back.|
|June 12||By 12th June there are assembled at Ephesus:|
|(1) Nestorius with ten bishops.|
|(2) Counts Irenaeus and Candidianus, the latter |xix representing the Emperor, who had given him a letter of instructions.|
|(3) Cyril with fifty bishops.|
|(4) Juvenal of Jerusalem with the bishops of Palestine.|
|(5) Flavian of Philippi with the bishops of Macedonia.|
|(6) Besulas, a deacon, representing the African Church.|
|Memnon closes the churches of Ephesus to the Nestorians||267,269|
|Conversations between Nestorius and (a) Acacius of Melitene, (b) Theodotus of Ancyra||136-141|
|June 21||Cyril receives a letter from John of Antioch saying that he hopes to arrive in five or six days. Alexander of Apamea and Alexander of Hierapolis bring a message from him, that the Council should not wait for him if he is delayed on his journey.|
|Nestorius and Candidianus wish to wait for John||106-108, 269|
|But Cyril and Memnon, with the support of their followers and the populace of Ephesus, have Nestorius summoned, and proceed without delay||134, 312|
|June 22||Candidianus protests, reads his Imperial instructions, utters his contestatio, and on being overruled withdraws||106, 108-16|
|The Gospels are placed on the throne, as representing the presence of Christ||119-21|
Cyril presides, claiming to do so in virtue of Caelestine's letter of August 430; but the force of his claim is doubtful since the imperial summons to a General Council had superseded Caelestine's commission to Cyril to deal with Nestorius, and Caelestine had himself sent legates to the Council.
|June 22||Session I. Nestorius refuses to attend. The following are read:|
|(1) The Creed of Nicaea||141|
|(2) Cyril Ad Nest. II----received with acclamation |xx||143-4. 149 ff.|
|(3) Nestorius Ad Cyrillum II----rejected with anathemas||141 ff., 162|
|(4) Caelestine's Letter to Nestorius of August 430.|
|(5) Cyril Ad Nest. III with the Anathematisms ----received in silence||151, 268, 269|
|(6) Testimonies of various bishops concerning conversations with Nestorius||136-41|
|(7) Passages from certain Fathers, including Athanasius, Theophilus, Ambrose, Gregory Nazianzen, and Gregory of Nyssa||191-2, 223-265|
|(8) Extracts from the writings of Nestorius||188-263|
|(9) The letter of Capreolus, Primate of Africa.|
|Nestorius is deposed and excommunicated||265|
|Cyril, Nestorius, and Candidianus all write to Emperor||268|
|June 26||Arrival of John of Antioch and the Easterns||267|
|John immediately holds a Council. Forty-three bishops are present, and Candidianus. They depose Cyril and Memnon, and excommunicate all their adherents who will not repudiate Cyril's XII Anathematisms||267-9, 286-7|
|Candidianus sends reports to the Emperor||117, 124|
|June 29||An Imperial Rescript arrives in which Cyril is rebuked for his haste, and the bishops are commanded to await the arrival of an Imperial Commissioner in Ephesus||117-18, 128|
|July 10||Caelestine's Legates arrive----the bishops Arcadius and Projectus and the priest Philip||126|
|In accordance with Caelestine's instructions they give their support to Cyril.|
|Session II. Cyril presides. Caelestine's Letter to the Synod, written on 8th May, is read.|
|July 11||Session III. The minutes of Session I are read. Philip announces Caelestine's assent to the sentence passed on Nestorius. Letters are sent to the Emperor and to the Church of Constantinople.|
Session IV. John of Antioch and his supporters are summoned, but refuse to attend.
|Session V. John sends a message refusing to have anything more to do with the Cyrillians. |xxi They excommunicate him and his adherents, and send reports to the Emperor and to Caelestine.|
|Events in Constantinople in July.|
|The Cyrillians cannot get their messages through to the Emperor owing to the activities of Candidianus and Nestorian agents. At last a beggar carries in a cane a letter from Cyril to the bishops and monks at Constantinople. With the aid of the abbot Dalmatius they enlist Theodosius' sympathies for Cyril||272-8|
|Theodosius then gives hearing to Cyril's envoys, Theopemptus and Daniel.|
|Nestorius' letters, and his friend, Count Irenaeus, put the case for the other side, and Theodosius orders Cyril's deposition.|
|The arrival of John, Cyril's chaplain and physician, turns the scale. Theodosius decides to treat Cyril, Memnon, and Nestorius as all deposed, and to send a new commissioner to Ephesus||279|
|July 21 & 31||Sessions VI and VII are not directly concerned with the Nestorian controversy.|
|August||Count John, the imperial commissioner, arrives at Ephesus||279, 280|
|He announces the deposition of Nestorius, Cyril, and Memnon, puts them all under arrest, and reports the fact to the Emperor.|
|The Orientals write to the Emperor, to Antioch, and to Acacius of Beroea.|
|The Cyrillians send two professedly Synodical letters to the Emperor. Count John tries to persuade them to confer with the Orientals. They will not, but the Orientals draw up as a basis of reconciliation, and send to the Emperor, a letter including the formulary which is later known as the Formulary of Reunion. The Cyrillians ask to be allowed either to lay their case before the Emperor at Constantinople, or to go home. Their appeals stir up again the clergy of Constantinople and Dalmatius. |xxii|
|431. August||Cyril writes from prison his Explicatio XII Capitum.|
|September 11||Theodosius receives at Chalcedon eight delegates from each side||284, 287-8|
|No agreement is reached, and Theodosius, despairing of a solution, dissolves the Council, sending Nestorius back to his monastery at Antioch, and ordering the consecration of a new bishop of Constantinople (Maximian)||281, 285|
|The rival parties go home, the Orientals accusing Cyril of having won his case by bribery||279-82, 286|
|October 30||Cyril arrives in triumph at Alexandria||281|
|Maximian deposes Nestorian bishops; the Orientals renew their condemnation of Cyril, and treat Nestorius as unjustly deposed.|
|432. January 27||Caelestine dies, and is succeeded by Sixtus III||375|
|Rabbula of Edessa and Andrew of Samosata show signs of going over to the Cyrillian side.|
|Cyril writes to Maximian, and sends the Emperor his Apologeticus ad Theodosium, which placates him.|
|April||The Emperor suggests as a basis of reconciliation that the Orientals should give up Nestorius and Cyril his XII Anathematisms. He sends letters to this effect to John of Antioch, Acacius of Beroea, and St. Simeon Stylites. The letters and the negotiations are entrusted to the notary Aristolaus||289, 329|
|John, Acacius, Alexander of Hierapolis, Andrew of Samosata and Theodoret of Cyrus hold a Synod at Antioch to consider Aristolaus' proposals. They demand the dropping of Cyril's Anathematisms, but are willing to make peace on the basis of the Nicene Creed as explained by Athanasius. These proposals are embodied in a letter from Acacius to Cyril, and taken to Alexandria by Aristolaus. No mention is made of abandoning Nestorius.|
|Cyril replies that if the Orientals will accept the |xxiii deposition of Nestorius there need be no trouble about the Anathematisms||286|
|John and Acacius wish to agree on this basis||290-1|
|Theodoret agrees on the doctrinal question, but dislikes the abandoning of Nestorius. Andrew wavers and Alexander stands out.|
|Autumn||John and Acacius determine to go forward, ignoring the opposition of Alexander. They send Paul of Emesa as their envoy to Alexandria||318|
|Meanwhile Cyril has been working hard to win over the Court at Constantinople. The clergy and monks of Constantinople, including Maximian, Dalmatius, and Eutyches, have approached the Empress Pulcheria, while Cyril has heavily bribed her maids of honour, important eunuchs, and the Grand Chamberlain Chrysoretes.|
|Winter||Paul of Emesa arrives at Alexandria, bringing (i) The Propositions of the Synod at Antioch, (ii) The Formulary of Reunion, and (iii) A Letter of Introduction from John to Cyril, cordial but containing no mention of the deposition of Nestorius. When pressed, Paul agrees to accept that deposition together with the deposition by Maximian of four Nestorianizing bishops.|
|December 18||Paul is received into communion at Alexandria.|
|Christmas Day||Paul is admitted to preach in Alexandria as an orthodox bishop.|
|433||Aristolaus and Paul return to Antioch, and persuade John to agree||290-1|
|John announces his decision in a Circular Letter to Sixtus III of Rome, Maximian, and Cyril, and also sends two private letters to Cyril. Cyril replies with a letter (Ep. xxxix) afterwards given oecumenical authority at Chalcedon. The question of the XII Anathematisms is left unmentioned by both sides||291-2|
|Synod of Zeugma. Theodoret, Andrew, and John of Germanicia acknowledge the |xxiv orthodoxy of Cyril, but refuse to accept the deposition of Nestorius.|
|Alexander and some Cilician bishops renounce both Alexandria and Antioch.|
|434.||Death of Maximian. Proclus becomes bishop of Constantinople.|
|An Imperial Rescript orders the bishops of 'The East' to abandon their resistance to John and Cyril. Theodoret, Andrew, and others obey||292-3, 328-30, 338|
|435.||The Tome of Proclus is approved by both Cyril and John.|
|April||Alexander and seventeen other irreconcileables are deposed and banished to the Egyptian mines.|
|Some Cyrillians begin to think that Cyril has compromised the faith by admitting 'two natures'. Acacius of Melitene writes to Cyril of the general uneasiness, and receives letters composed to reassure him||180, 293-318, 323, 325, 329|
|August||Edict of Theodosius proscribing the writings of Nestorius and meetings of his followers||374|
|Aristolaus is charged to carry it out.|
|436.||Nestorius is banished to Arabia, but actually sent to Upper Egypt. Count Irenaeus is also sent into exile||117|
|Nestorianism begins to spread in the East outside the Empire, e. g. in Persia.|
|437.||John of Antioch writes to Proclus to say that all have now accepted the deposition of Nestorius, and that peace is restored.|
|438.||Proclus has the relics of Chrysostom restored to Constantinople.|
|439.||The Empress Eudocia returns from her pilgrimage to Palestine.|
|440.||John of Antioch dies, and is succeeded by his nephew Domnus. Sixtus III of Rome dies, and is succeeded by Leo. The abbot Dalmatius dies, and is succeeded by Eutyches.|
Eutyches' godson, the eunuch Chrysaphius, |xxv gains an ascendancy over Theodosius, and Pulcheria's influence declines
|444.||Cyril dies, and is succeeded by Dioscorus.|
|The Empress Eudocia is suspected of unfaithfulness and banished||379|
|446.||Proclus dies, and is succeeded by Flavian, who neglects to placate Chrysaphius with 'golden eulogies'||336|
|447.||Count Irenaeus is recalled from banishment and consecrated bishop of Tyre. Theodoret Eranistes seu Polymorphus.|
|448. February||An Imperial Rescript proscribes the works of Porphyry and Nestorius, and orders the deposition of Irenaeus.|
|Dioscorus complains both to Theodoret and to Domnus of the former's unorthodoxy. Theodoret replies and protests to Flavian and others, but Theodosius orders him to be confined within his own diocese.|
|May||Eutyches writes to Leo to say that Nestorianism is on the increase.|
|June||Leo replies cautiously, asking for more detailed information.|
|September||Photius is consecrated bishop of Tyre in place of Irenaeus.|
|November||Synod of Constantinople. Eusebius of Dorylaeum accuses Eutyches before Flavian||340|
|Eutyches is summoned, but does not appear till Session VIII, when after being examined he is condemned. He immediately writes in protest to Leo, and Chrysaphius procures a letter from Theodosius to Leo on his behalf||340|
|Eutyches also writes to Peter Chrysologus, archbishop of Ravenna.|
|Flavian writes to Leo, giving his account of the trial, and asking the West to recognize Eutyches' condemnation.|
|449.||Leo, receiving first the letters of Eutyches and Theodosius, writes to Theodosius and Flavian complaining that he has had no report from the latter, and asking for one.|
|Eutyches invites Dioscorus to take his part||340|
|Chrysaphius promises his aid, and that of |xxvi Eudocia. Dioscorus admits Eutyches to communion, and asks the Emperor for a General Council.|
|March||Theodosius summons a General Council to meet at Ephesus in August||342|
|April||Eutyches persuades Theodosius to have the Minutes of the Synod of Constantinople verified, and to order Flavian to produce a written statement of his faith||343|
|The Minutes are verified, and Flavian produces his statement.|
|The Eutychians procure the condemnation of Ibas of Edessa.|
|May||Leo acknowledges the receipt of Flavian's letter.|
Theodosius summons the abbot Barsumas to represent the abbots of the East at Ephesus, and tells Dioscorus that Barsumas is to be allowed to sit and vote.
|Dioscorus is appointed to preside, Counts Elphidius and Eulogius to keep order||345|
|Theodosius' summons to the Council reaches Rome. Leo promises Flavian his support.|
|June||Leo appoints Julius, bishop of Puteoli, the presbyter Renatus, the deacon Hilary, and the notary Dulcitius to represent him at Ephesus||345|
|They take with them letters to Pulcheria, the archimandrites of Constantinople, the Council, and Julian of Cos, and The Tome for Flavian.|
|The Council meets, charged by Theodosius to put an end to Nestorianism and the trouble stirred up by Flavian.|
|Dioscorus presides. Of Leo's legates, Renatus has died and the others, since they sit apart from one another and do not understand Greek, have little influence||345, 351|
|Session I. Dioscorus refuses to allow bishops who had taken part in the deposition of Eutyches at Constantinople to take part in this Council||352|
|He has the letters of Theodosius read, but prevents the reading of Leo's Tome||345-6|
|The Minutes of the Council of Constantinople are read |xxvii||353|
|Eusebius of Dorylaeum is refused a hearing||352|
|Eutyches and his followers are absolved and restored to their lost positions. Flavian and Eusebius are condemned, a protest being met by Dioscorus calling in the Counts and the soldiery, and obtaining the verdict by military compulsion||347, 354-5, 358-61, 369|
|Dioscorus sends in his report to Theodosius.|
|Session II, a fortnight later. Flavian has died from the violence of Barsumas and his monks||343, 362, 376|
|Eusebius, Domnus, and Leo's legates are not present.|
|Ibas, Irenaeus, Theodoret, and Domnus are all deposed||348-9|
|Cyril's XII Anathematisms are solemnly ratified.|
|September||While a Synod is sitting on other matters in Rome, letters are received from Theodoret and Eusebius protesting against the Ephesian decisions, and Hilary brings his account of the Council.|
|October||In the name of the Roman Synod, Leo writes to Theodosius and Pulcheria protesting against the proceedings at Ephesus. He also writes to various Eastern bishops, bidding them stand fast.|
|The Eutychians Anatolius and Maximus hold the sees of Constantinople and Antioch.|
|450. February||The Western Court visits Rome, and Leo persuades Valentinian III, his mother, Galla Placidia, and his wife, Eudoxia, to write to their Eastern kinsfolk, but it is all in vain. Theodosius confirms all that was done at Ephesus, and informs the West that all is well in the East.|
|July||Leo offers to recognize Anatolius if he will accept Cyril Ad Nest. II and his own Tome. There is no response.|
|Theodosius dies from a fall from his horse||369|
|He is succeeded by his sister, Pulcheria, who puts Chrysaphius to death and marries the senator Marcian. |xxviii|
|Eutyches is put under restraint, and Flavian's body buried with honour in Constantinople.|
|Theodoret and others are recalled from exile, and many of the bishops who supported Dioscorus at Ephesus explain that they did so under compulsion.|
|November to June 451||Correspondence between Pulcheria, Marcian, Anatolius, and Leo. Leo says the trouble is due to Dioscorus and Juvenal of Jerusalem, and can easily be settled without a Council, which would be difficult to arrange owing to the invasion of the Huns. Nevertheless, Pulcheria and Marcian summon a Council to meet at Nicaea in September.|
|Leo appoints legates. Bishops assemble at Nicaea.|
|Eutyches excommunicates Leo.|
|Marcian cannot go so far as Nicaea for fear of Huns in Illyricum, and orders the bishops to move to Chalcedon.|
|Strong measures are taken to exclude monks and laymen, and to keep order.|
|451. October 8||Session I. Dioscorus is treated as defendant and accused by Eusebius of Dorylaeum. Theodoret is admitted as a bishop.|
|The Minutes of the Latrocinium and of the Synod of Constantinople are read.|
|Flavian's memory is vindicated, Dioscorus and his supporters are deposed, and the assembly bursts into singing the Trisagion----the first occasion on which it is known to have been used||Cp. 365 ff.|
|October 10||Session II---- mainly occupied with the discussion of Leo's Tome.|
|October 13||Session III. Dioscorus is formally deprived of his episcopal dignity||Cp. 375|
|October 17||Session IV. The Council accepts 'The Rule of Faith as contained in the Creed of Nicaea, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople, expounded at Ephesus under Cyril, and set forth in the Letter of Pope Leo when he |xxix condemned the heresy of Nestorius and Eutyches'.|
|October 22||Session V. The Definition of Chalcedon, under Roman and Imperial pressure, is amended so as definitely to exclude Eutychianism, and as adopted includes the following words: 'Following therefore the holy Fathers, we all teach, with one accord, one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, . . . who for us men and for our salvation, according to the manhood, was born of the Virgin Mary the God-bearer,26 one and the same Christ, Son, Lord----only-begotten, confessed in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division or separation. The difference of the natures is in no way denied by reason of their union; on the other hand the peculiarity of each nature is preserved, and both concur in one Prosopon and one Hypostasis.'|
|October 25||Session VI. Marcian and Pulcheria attend in state. The Definition receives civil sanction, and is promulgated.|
v. The Argument of The Bazaar.
Nestorius' apologia contains two lines of defence, historical and doctrinal. Although the one shades off into the other, as the doctrinal issues are called to his mind by the memory of the wrongs he has suffered, and vice versa, yet on the whole three sections of The Bazaar may be distinguished as historical sections27 in contrast to the remainder of the book which is mainly occupied with theological discussion.
The references to the text in the Historical Summary above provide almost all the introduction needed for Nestorius' historical sections. His argument is twofold. He claims to show, first, that his own condemnation at Ephesus was unjust, and secondly, that the vindication of Flavian, who had suffered from the same causes and for the same faith as |xxx himself, was the vindication of all that he had stood for. To this end he gives a detailed account of the two Ephesian Councils of 431 and 449, showing how at the first Cyril by violence and bribery won imperial and episcopal assent to a verdict which was no genuine verdict of a council constitutionally assembled, while at the second Flavian had suffered in similar fashion at the hands of Dioscorus. But there was this difference. The injustice done to Flavian had been recognized by the Church and redressed, while that done to himself had not. So he claims that he never had a fair hearing, but was condemned untried for defending the faith which was ultimately accepted by the Church.28
But though he is not lacking in a lively sense of the wrongs he has suffered, Nestorius realizes that the triumph of the truth is of more importance than his own fate. Indeed, in a notable passage he asserts his determination not to press his claim to have been vindicated in the vindication of Flavian lest the odium of his name should delay the complete victory of the true faith.29 It is that victory for which he chiefly cares, and hence the main bulk of The Bazaar is occupied with the doctrinal discussion of the Christian faith in the Incarnation.
In Book I, Part I, Nestorius sets forth his views in contrast to those which he holds to be erroneous. The section, which is divided into ninety-three numbered sub-sections, to which titles have been added by the Syriac translator, is cast in the form of a dialogue with one Sophronius. Here Nestorius sets forth as it were the theme of his thesis, and the remaining doctrinal discussions are little more than variations on it. He begins by a brief review of errors. The heathen, the Jews, the Manichaeans, the followers of Paul of Samosata, of Photinus, and of Arius are described, and their doctrines criticized. The theories which deny either the true godhead or the true manhood of Christ, or which involve the changing of one into the other, or the production of a third nature by the combination of divine nature with human, are pilloried. In the fifty-fourth sub-section,30 in passing over to the positive assertion of his own christological beliefs, he directly denies that he teaches |xxxi that there were 'Two Sons' in Christ, and the remaining sub-sections are mainly occupied with a statement of his own position, though the last five are again devoted to criticisms of other views already mentioned. Similar criticisms compose the short Part II of Book I. Having thus laid down his doctrinal position, in Part III Nestorius begins his historical review of the controversy between himself and Cyril. The remaining doctrinal discussions, lengthy as they are, do not carry us farther. They are concerned with contrasting his own views with those of Cyril and his followers, and repeat over and over again two points. On the one hand his own doctrines are shown to be consistent with the Scriptures,31 the faith of Nicaea,32 and the writings of accepted Fathers of the Church;33 on the other hand the teaching of Cyril is exhibited as self-contradictory 34 and, on the points at issue between Cyril and himself, as having affinities not with orthodoxy 35 but with the heretics described in the opening section of the book.36 The place of that opening section in the plan of the book can therefore clearly be seen. In it Nestorius describes the general doctrinal issues in the field of Christology, and sets the stage for the discussion of the particular points of the controversy between himself and Cyril.
What precisely did Nestorius teach? This is the question over which controversy has raged since the discovery of The Bazaar. It is not the object of the present volume to enter upon the discussion of this problem, but to provide English-speaking theologians with the necessary material to study it for themselves.37 The following summary of undisputed facts may, however, be given without entrenching upon the questionable ground. It will be well first to state what Nestorius denies, and what he assert? |xxxii
(i) He denies that the unity of Christ is a 'natural composition' in which two elements are combined by the will of some external 'creator'.38
(ii) He denies that the Incarnation was effected by changing godhead into manhood or vice versa, or by forming a tertium quid from those two ousiai.39
(iii) He denies that God was in Christ in the same way as in the saints.40
(iv) He denies that either the godhead or the manhood of Christ are 'fictitious' or 'phantasmal', and not real.41
(v) He denies that the Incarnation involved any change in the godhead, or any suffering on the part of the Divine Logos who, as divine, is by nature impassible.42
(vi) He denies that the union of two natures in one Christ involves any duality of sonship.43
(vii) He asserts that the union is a voluntary union of godhead and manhood.44
(viii) He asserts that the principle of union is to be found in the prosopa of the godhead and the manhood; these two prosdpa coalesced in one prosopon of Christ incarnate.45
(ix) He asserts that this view alone provides for a real Incarnation, makes possible faith in a real atonement,46 and provides a rationale of the sacramentalism of the Church.47
It is clear that the crux of the question is to be found in the eighth of these points, and that the difficulty arises from the difficulty of determining the sense in which Nestorius used the word prosopon. His own theory can be stated almost in a dozen words. It is this: Christ is the union of the eternal Logos and the Son of Mary, the principle of the union being |xxxiii that the πρόσωπον of each has been taken by the other, so that there is one πρόσωπον of the two in the union. Did one know precisely what Nestorius meant by the word πρόσωπον, one would know precisely how he thought of the Incarnation, and would be able to decide whether the logical implications of his teaching are those of Nestorianism or of orthodoxy. It is certain that he himself did not wish to teach what is known as 'Nestorianism'. His denunciations of Paul of Samosata and his followers show that he had no sympathy with those who think of the Incarnation on adoptionist lines, and when accused of 'Nestorianism', as on pages 19 and 47, he indignantly repudiates any such views. The intention of his doctrine is accurately summed up in the heading inserted by the Syriac translator to the fifty-fourth section of the first part of The Bazaar----'Concerning this: that God the Word became incarnate and there were not two sons but one by a union.' 48
Nestorius, then, accepted as a matter of religious belief the faith of the Church in a Christ who was truly God and truly man and truly one, and through reflection on this he produced a theological theory which he thought adequately related this belief to the knowledge of the universe gained by metaphysical investigation. The positive teaching of The Bazaar of Heracleides is simply an elaboration of this theory of a prosopic union. With wearisome iteration it is put forward again and again, and is shown to be satisfactory when tested by reference to the teaching of Scripture, the doctrine of the Fathers, the needs of religion, and the demands of the intellect.49 In contrast to this the 'hypostatic union' of Cyril is shown to be unscriptural, unorthodox, destructive of true religion, and unintelligible----unscriptural because it ignores the scriptural distinction between the use of the words 'Logos' and 'Christ';50 unorthodox since it involves if not Arianism, then docetism or Apollinarianism;51 destructive of true religion in that it abolishes the work of Christ as High Priest of the human race, undermines the doctrine of the Eucharist, and |xxxiv empties the Atonement of its meaning;52 and unintelligible to such an extent that sometimes one is simply baffled by the contradictions in his teaching,53 and sometimes forced to conclude that he has confused the essential distinction between godhead and manhood, thus undermining the true humanity of Christ and dishonouring his divinity.54
It seems possible that in this last point lies the solution of the vexed problem of what was at issue doctrinally between Cyril and Nestorius. Perhaps the most difficult task for Christian philosophy is the thinking out of its doctrine of creation, in which it is essential that man be conceived both as owing his existence to God and 'made of nothing' other than God, and yet also as in a real sense distinct from and other than God. If sometimes we are tempted to abandon the quest as hopeless, it is well to remember that even if we give up our Christianity we do not thereby remove our difficulty. The relation of the temporal to the eternal is no less difficult a problem for the secular philosopher than for the religious. Now in the fifth century the implications of the doctrine of creation do not seem to have been thought out. In the struggle with Arianism the Church had been forced, it seems for the first time, openly to face the question whether or no God could create directly and not only through some intermediate being, and the assertion that the Logos 'through whom all things were made' is 'of one substance with the Father' denies the impossibility of direct creation by God Himself. Before the implications of this assertion had time to be fully assimilated, the Church was stirred by the Christological controversies. In these all parties seem to have assumed a conception of the relations between godhead and manhood which made impossible any union of the two in Christ such as the Christian religion demanded. It was not noticed that it would also have made impossible any such direct creation by God as the Fathers at Nicaea had asserted, and was, in fact, a conception belonging to certain strains of ante-Nicene thought which ought to have been abandoned |xxxv through being found to require an Arian rather than an Athanasian Logos. But Apollinarius provoked reply too soon.
It is the heretics, Apollinarius, Nestorius, and Eutyches, who are the logically consistent upholders of this outworn conception of the relation between godhead and manhood. Cyril's teaching, no doubt without his realizing the fact, was inconsistent, for he had not consciously abandoned this ante-Nicene position, with the result that his positive teaching on the Incarnation, while consistent with the Nicene doctrine of Creation, demanded a revision of his conception of godhead and manhood, a fact which he does not seem to have realized. But, as has happened so often in the history of thought, the inconsistency of a thinker great enough to recognize truth at the cost of his system won for his thought a place in posterity far above that of the barren coherence of his rival.
Nestorius has been called a confused thinker, but careful study of The Bazaar of Heracleides makes it clear that, whatever he was, he was certainly not that. His few points are repeated again and again with monotonous consistency. His trouble was rather that that confusion in the apparent nature of things which is the challenge to thought was too many-sided for so narrow and precise a thinker as he. The Bazaar may be long, and full of needless repetition, but it never contradicts itself, and were it not for two facts might well be studied in an abbreviated edition. Only, first, when a man has been for centuries condemned unheard, it is hardly fair to enforce a closure on the time allotted to him for his defence; and, secondly, when there is difficulty in determining precisely what he is trying to say, it is possible that in the course of often repeating an argument some little variation of detail may give a clue to the meaning of the whole.
[Most of the footnotes have been reproduced here, but renumbered]
1. 1 Socrates, Hist. Eccl. VII. xxxiv.
2. 2 Cp. Evagrius, I. vii.
3. 3 Id. ib.
4. 4 Neander, Church History (Eng. Tr., T. and T. Clark, 1855), vol. iv, p. 207.
5. 5 See p. xi, n. 4.
6. 1 Cambridge University Press.
7. 2 See below, pp. xxviii, 369, 375.
8. 3 See p. xi, and especially n. 5.
9. 4 H. Goussen, Martyrius Sahdona's Leben und Werke (Leipzig, 1897), and Braun, Das Buch der Synhodos (Stuttgart, 1900).
10. 5 Loofs, Nestoriana (Halle, 1905).
11. 1 Nestorius, Le Livre d'Heraclide de Damas, édite par Paul Bedjan, P.D. L. M. (Lazariste), avec plusieurs appendices (Leipzig and Paris, 1910).
12. 2 Nestorius, Le Livre d' Heraclide de Damas, traduit en francais par F. Nau (Paris 1910).
13. 3 See Bedjan, op. cit., pp. viii-xi, whence our account of the text is drawn.
14. 4 At the end of the thirteenth century it is clear from the catalogue of the Bishop of Nisibis that most of Nestorius' works in Greek and Latin had disappeared; only a Syriac version of his Tragoedia, his Letter to Cosmos, his Liturgy, a volume of letters and another of sermons, besides The Bazaar of Heracleides, survived at that time (op. cit., pp. vii-viii).
15. 5 This date, however, seems to be at variance with the fact that the translator calls the Bishop of Beroea 'Bishop of Aleppo'; now if, as Nau states on this passage, the name of the see was changed from Beroea to Aleppo in a. d. 638, the translation must have been made after that date, provided that the original Syriac manuscript also has Aleppo (see p. 330, n. 1). The new (Eastern) name, however, may have been current long before the name of the see was officially changed.
16. 6 See p. 192.
17. 7 Op. cit., pp. viii-ix.
18. 1 See p. 3.
19. 2 Op. cit., p. viii, n. 2.
20. 2 See pp. 241-2, and crit. n. on p. 400.
21. 3 See pp. 302-3.
22. 2 See p. 200, n. 1.
23. 3 See p. 355, n. 3.
24. 1 See p. 330, n. 1.
25. 1 This summary is compiled from B. J. Kidd; A History of the Church to A.D. 461 (Oxford University Press, 1922), vol. iii, chs. xi-xvi.
26. 1 τῆς θεοτόκου.
27. 2 pp. 96-142, 265-93, 329-80.
28. 1 See pp. 176, 374.
29. 2 P. 378, cp. p. 370.
30. 3 P. 47.
31. 1 Pp. 46-55, 64-70, 164-7, 188, 192-203, 207, 228-30, 256-9.
32. 2 Pp. 143-6, 168-71,181-2, 263-5
33. 3 Pp. 168, 191-203, 214 -17, 220-2, 223-5, 261-3, 316.
34. 4 Pp. 150-6, 161, 169, 170, 303, 316-17, 322-3.
35. 5 Pp. 142-3, 146-50, 173-5.
36. 6 Pp. 129, 162, 176-81, 210-11, 240-1.
37. 7 A contribution to the discussion by one of the two editors is reprinted as Appendix IV, and it has not been possible entirely to keep his views out of the notes on the text, though this has been done as far as could be.
38. 1 Pp. 9, 36-43, 84-6, 161, 179, 294, 300-1, 303-4, 314.
39. 2 Pp. 14-18, 24-8,33-7, 80, 182.
40. 3 P. 52.
41. 4 Pp. 15, 80, 172-3, 182, 195, 208.
42. 5 Pp. 39-41, 92, 93, 178-9,181, 184, 210-12.
43. 6 Pp. 47-50, 146, 160, 189-91, 196, 209-10, 215, 225, 227, 237-8, 295-302, 314- 317.
44. 7 Pp. 37, 179, 181, 182.
45. 8 Pp. 23, 53-62, 81, 89, 156-9, 163-4, 172, 182, 207, 218-19, 227, 231-3, 245-8, 260-1.
46. 9 Pp. 62-76, 205, 212-14, 253.
47. 10 Pp. 32, 55, 254-6.
48. 1 P. 47.
49. 2 E.g., pp. 188 sq., 263. 33 and 213, 308-10.
50. 3 E.g., pp. 188 sq.
51. 4 E.g., pp. 150, 304.
52. 1 E.g., pp. 248 sq., 212.
53. 2 E.g., pp. 257, 297, 303.
54. 3 E. g., pp. 232, 238-40, 250, 294.
This text was transcribed by Roger Pearse, 2006. All material on this page is in the public domain - copy freely.
Greek text is rendered using unicode.
|Early Church Fathers - Additional Texts|


text:
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domain: game


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domain: sociology


Whenever you are faced with an enemy intent on destroying you and your way of life, it’s important to understand their mindset in order to find the best way to defeat them. Joining us this week for an extended conversation is Evan Sayet (evansayet.com), author and former Hollywood liberal and insider. He reveals the different stages of the woke supremacist movement, the tactics they use in trying to destroy western society, and the laws of the unified field theory of liberalism. The wokus-pocus crowd has their unique brand of revolution, the details of which explain why they are so virulent in calling everyone a racist or a Nazi. Many wokesters are waking up and rejecting the ideology and there are strategic ways for us to reach out and show them the truth.
We wrap up this week’s show with some inside information on the new climate change report from the IPCC. Calvin Beisner (cornwallalliance.org), Founder and National Spokesman at the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, is with us. He looks at the media’s narrative-driven pieces on the report that are largely devoid of facts. He also uncovers the truth behind the oft-reported ‘97% of scientists agree’ statement and the real motivator behind science funding. With so many provable lies being told, will the climate alarmists’ version of things be able to hold out much longer?
09/04/2021 Reality Behind the Wokus-Pocus
PODCAST EPISODE CHAPTERS – (SEGMENT START TIME)
1 – Evan Sayet – Explanation of the Woke Ideology (1:59)
2 – Evan Sayet – Reaching Out Those Fleeing Woke Ideology (29:41)
3 – Calvin Beisner – Narrative, Not Reality Keeps Climate Change Alive (53:42)
End of Show (1:18:23)


text:
Post Office workers are set to strike again this week as their pay dispute continues to drag on. Monday (July 11) saw the larger branches of high street Post Offices hit by industrial action as members of the Communication Workers Union (CWU) staged a walkout, and union chiefs are warning of delays to collections and deliveries when supply chain and administrative workers strike on Thursday.
The CWU said the decision will affect sub-post offices, with the workers who join the picket line occupying “vital roles”. It has predicted that the action will hit collections and deliveries.
Among the members striking are workers who deliver cash, valuables and essential supplies to Britain’s 11,500 sub-post offices, according to the CWU. Others include those who process finances and work in administration. Unions are threatening more action if the Post Office does not negotiate further over a pay rise for workers.
CWU assistant secretary Andy Furey said: “The blame for this disruption lies entirely with the senior Post Office leadership, who have repeatedly failed – and wilfully refused – to set out a sensible and fair pay agreement. Our message to the employer today is don’t waste our members’ time by misleading statements.
"Stop the spin and get serious about pay. Until you do this, the strikes will continue.”
At least 97% of CWU members who voted in the ballot were in favour of a walkout. The CWU said it opposed Post Office management’s offer of a 3% rise for the 2022-23 financial year. The proposed deal came with the offer of a one-off lump sum payment of £500, with staff having had no pay increase for the 2021-22 financial year. With inflation currently at record levels of more than 9%, union negotiators said the offer on the table amounts to a real-terms pay cut.
A Post Office spokesman said: “Strike action taking place on Thursday July 14 is within our supply chain network and will not impact any of our 11,500 branches from opening as they would normally.”

domain: news


text:
These may be the kinds of phrases you mumble while driving around Los Angeles wishing the few open parking spots weren’t so far away and didn’t have $4/hr (incl. Sunday) meters. But what if those six-part, multiple-infraction, day-and-time sensitive parking signs in Hollywood were replaced with something more sensible?
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Don Cheadle, Jeremy Sole, Henry Rollins, Maggie Lepique, Bennie Maupin, Vince Wilburn, Jr., and Erin Davis discuss Bitches Brew on its 40th anniversary at the GRAMMY Museum. Photo: Earl Gibson.
When Bitches Brew came out in 1970, the critics were split and many fans were turned off to hear Miles Davis turn toward a definitively more electric sound. But it became Davis’ first gold record — probably because so many people just had to hear it for themselves.
Bitches not only marked a major turning point in Miles Davis’ sound but also laid the foundation for the jazz-rock “fusion” sound to come while featuring grooves and sequences that would inspire the hip-hop generation. It’s 40th anniversary is an ideal time to honor the record and Sony and the Davis family have done just that, capped by last week’s panel at the GRAMMY Museum and Sony Legacy’s release of a deluxe edition featuring a bonus DVD of the group performing in Copenhagen a couple months after the recording sessions (see a clip from it below).
The 40th Anniversary of Bitches Brew has been celebrated in many ways including last month’s remix performance featuring J-Rocc at Sunset Junction and Dogfish Head Brewery even released its own special edition Bitches Brew.


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Williams honor "Car Wheels" with tour
Monday, August 20, 2018
– To celebrate the 20th anniversary of popular disc, "Car Wheels on a Gravel Road," Lucinda Williams will launch a 12-city tour this fall.
William will perform the album in its entirety, followed by a second set of songs from her career. The tour will primarily take place in the northeast starting on Nov. 2 in Collingswood, N.J. and will include stops in Boston, New York, Toronto and Chicago.
Following its release, "Car Wheels On A Gravel Road" was named Best Album of 1998. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album.
Williams will be joined on the tour by her long-time backing band Buick 6, featuring Butch Norton on drums, David Sutton on bass and Stuart Mathis on guitar.
Most dates will go on sale Thursday, Aug 23 at 7 p.m. local time.
Tour dates are:
Nov. 2 - Collingswood, NJ - The Scottish Rite
Nov. 3 - Northampton, MA - The Calvin Theatre
Nov. 5-6 - Boston, MA - The Paradise
Nov. 7 - New York, NY - The Beacon Theatre
Nov. 9 - New Haven, CT - College Street Music Hall
Nov. 10 - Norwalk, CT - Wall Street Theater
Nov. 11 - Lebanon, NH - Lebanon Opera House
Nov. 13 - Toronto, ON - Danforth Music Hall
Nov. 14 - Toronto, ON - The Phoenix Concert Theatre
Nov. 16 - Chicago, IL - Thalia Hall *
Nov.17 - Berwyn, IL - FitzGerald's *
* Benefit shows for Oak Park River Forest Food Pantry
More news for Lucinda Williams
CD reviews for Lucinda Williams
The Ghosts of Highway 20
As impressive as her last album "Down Where The Spirit Meets The Bone" was, this much is true about Lucinda Williams: the next album will be as stellar or even more. That's not to say any of her releases are subpar, but the quality (and now consistency) of her output makes her a precious gem. And this record, an album inspired and influenced by I-20, a winding piece of pavement that cuts throughout her home state of Louisiana, is the usual extraordinary affair you'd expect. »»»
Down Where The Spirit Meets The Bone
There's little left to be said when it comes the link between quality songs and Lucinda Williams. From her early days to her commercial breakthrough with 1998's "Car Wheels On A Gravel Road," Williams has always created her own heartfelt nuggets that can be equally haunting and rocking. And this newest release is perhaps her most ambitious effort to date, a 2-disc, 20-track album, starting with the barren "Compassion" that recalls some precious combination of Linda »»»
Lucinda Williams (25th Anniversary release)
Relistening to Lucinda Williams' 1988 self-titled release, it's initially startling to hear how pure her voice sounds. Williams' vocal cords have taken on so much character over the years, so it's a little like listening to Joni Mitchell then and now. This remastered reissue also includes a Netherlands concert, as well as some bonus cuts. It adds up to around two hours of Williams' music and is certainly worth the time spent listening to it.
Even though her voice was a »»»
Editorial: Walking the talk
When names like Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, Waylon and the Hag are invoked, you're talking hard core country. These are the touchstones of country , the guys who made country music what it was and still is (or maybe can be). When these folks would sing about being down-and-out and the rough-and-tumble, they knew of what they were singing about. Fast forward a few years to the country singers of today. »»»
Concert Review: Stapleton shows his traditional roots
Chris Stapleton's All-American Road show feels like a singular mission to rid the genre of the bro country scourge that has plagued it for years. He came out with a blazing one-two punch of "Second One To Know" and "Without Your Love" and packed a stadium sized onslaught into a 9,000-seat arena. He never once veered from his... »»»
Concert Review: Jinks wins over fans, especially new ones
Cody Jinks asked the crowd a bit into his show how many had never seen him before. It seemed like Jinks has made a lot of musical inroads into the public's consciousness because roughly three quarters of the audience raised their hands to show that this was their first time.
That probably made Jinks feel pretty darn good about how life has been... »»»
Follow Country Standard Time
Elsewhere in the news
Currently at the CST blogs
Eleven years ago, Kelly stepped away from music. She had just finished touring on 2007's exquisite "Translated From Love" and felt the angst of being a travelling musician with family at home. At that point, Willis and her husband, musician/producer Bruce Robison,... »»»
For a brief moment last summer, the news of Tony Kinman's death was, if not greatly exaggerated, then at least fortuitously premature. The roots rock icon, known for his work in The Dils, Rank and File, Blackbird and Cowboy Nation with his younger brother Chip, had been diagnosed with cancer in March 2018,... »»»
Until recently, Chris Shiflett took a somewhat obsessive/compulsive approach to his music career. For the past two decades, Shiflett has been the primary guitar foil for Dave Grohl in Foo Fighters; early in his tenure, Shiflett was so self-deprecatingly... »»»
With "Threads," Sheryl Crow gets the all-star-guest treatment on what she says is her swang song, with each song featuring a favorite fellow artist. She seems a little too young for this kind of tribute. Nevertheless, »»»
Let it Roll
Midland is more magicians than musicians. When the trio came out with their omnipresent 2017 single "Drinkin' Problem," they pulled off their first trick: a brand-new band to radio who sounded like old friends. Their sound and their look (matador »»»
While I'm Livin'
It's been 17 years since we've had a new album from Tanya Tucker, so it's a real pleasure to hear her clear throaty vocals deliver these songs with her characteristic raw emotion. Tucker knows how to get into a song and make it her own »»»
Eilen Jewell's "Gypsy" opens with the ominous, mysterious "Beat the Drum," which is a swampy - and yes, gypsy - song of warning about some impending doom or other. It plays out like a softer type of vintage... »»»
Rodney Crowell is a rare breed of a country songwriter. Yes, he knows how to write traditional country songs; it's just he's also a deep thinker, which requires extra effort on the part of the listener to appreciate them fully. »»»
New Moon Over My Shoulder
Larry Sparks was still a teenager when Ralph Stanley chose him to replace his brother Carter Stanley as guitarist and lead singer in the Clinch Mountain Boys in the wake of Carter's passing in December 1966. »»»

domain: entertainment


text:
2 edition of West Midlands plan found in the catalog.
West Midlands plan
Great Britain. Ministry of Town and Country Planning.
In 5 vols.
Plan your public transport journeys throughout Great Britain with the door to door route planner from traveline south east & anglia. Includes options for accessible transport, walking and cycling. Consider venturing beyond the region’s big cities during your holiday to tour the numerous well-preserved stately houses, lush parks and gardens, and quiet villages that dot the countryside. West Midlands is in England. Use our United Kingdom trip planner to arrange the hows, wheres, and whens of your trip to West Midlands.
The adopted West Midlands Strategic Transport Plan, 'Movement for Growth' sets out a long term strategy for transport serving the West Midlands to ensure support for economic growth and development and an improved quality of life for the people of the West Midlands. Stock image of Buses in Birmingham city centre (Image: Birmingham Mail) West Midlands Bus. National Express West Midlands and Coventry. Currently running services as normal however there may be.
A quarter of those taking holidays in the West Midlands (24%) are local to the region. The North West is another key source market, making up 13% of trips. The most popular activity on trips to the West Midlands is visiting a visitor attraction (37%). Arts, cultural and entertainment activities are more popular on holidays in the West Midlands when. West Midlands 'economic powerhouse' plan unveiled This article is more than 4 years old Leaders of seven local councils announce move to form combined authority to attract investment, increase.
An application of the CBM design analysis tool to network assets
nonsubstitution and nonswitching theorems in a model with fixed capital
Mientras Tim Juega En El Campo
Great ideas and theories of modern cosmology.
A game of their own
The primate family tree
signal work of the Holy Spirit in these United States
A Transcultural Mosaic
Zigzag to Zenaris.
The skies belong to us
Principles governing certain changes in the environment of man
Worsbrough High School
Freight rates of West Virginia wood products
The West Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It covers the western half of the area traditionally known as the contains Birmingham and the larger West Midlands conurbation, which is the third most populous in the United City of Coventry is also located within the West Midlands county, Constituent country: England.
The Best Cultural Activities in West Midlands Plan your next trip here. Browse hotels, guesthouses, and unique homes and book your stay on the world's leading accommodation sites. more less. Millions of travel reviews on TripAdvisor. Plan your journey; Here you can decide the route, which modes of transport to use and check fare prices in advance.
Use postcodes when planning your journey for more accurate results. Consider mixing up your journey by cycling, catching the bus to the Metro stop or by using one of the 8, Park & Ride spaces West Midlands plan book the West Midlands.
Plan your journey; Here you can decide the route, which modes of transport to use and check fare prices in advance. Use postcodes when planning your journey for more accurate results.
Live timetabling can also be found on the Network West Midlands website. Bring cash or a contactless card to buy your ticket.
Based in between Birmingham and Wolverhampton, West Midlands Hire is ideally placed to help businesses across the area lease the vehicles they need for the duration they require.
By choosing to rent the vehicles you need for an exact amount of time, you can avoid unnecessary costs of buying a fleet you don’t require. West Midlands Railway urges passengers to only use the train for essential journeys ahead of timetable changes Monday, 13 April Major rail disruption between Walsall and Birmingham following tree fall.
How to travel free this Mother's Day If you're a Mum that wants to be treated or want to treat your Mum yourself, you can claim your free train ticket for travel on Sunday 22 March Our 'Mums go Free' offer covers any Mums journey on any West Midlands Railway or London Northwestern Railway service within the West Midlands Travel to Work Area.
Aldridge is a town and civil parish in the Walsall Borough, West Midlands, England. Historically a village that was part of Staffordshire until It is 3 miles ( km) from Brownhills, 5 miles (8 km) north east of Walsall, 6 miles ( km) from Sutton Coldfield and 7 miles (11 km) from ge has a mixture of social and private housing, there is a large s built.
For all the information you need to get around Birmingham, West Midlands, Coventry, Xplore Dundee and the Black Country by bus you can find it here. We cover all National Express routes, timetables, prices, travelcards and cash fares. Our journey planner will estimate the time it will take you to walk a particular journey step.
The time will vary depending on what you have selected here. Cycling options. I would like to cycle part of the way. I don't want to cycle for more than 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 minutes. My cycling speed is: Help.
Slow Average Fast. Conference Overview. The West Midlands is an area of huge interest for those within the industry – both within the UK and globally. It’s attracting more and more attention, and the arrive of HS2 and the Commonwealth Games can only enhance opportunities in the region, with new investment driving regeneration and development.
The West Midlands' 20 in Major events; New openings; Notable Milestones; 20 in 20 meet the stars; Book your Stay; What's on; Things to See & Do; Food & Drink. Michelin; Shopping; England's Waterways; Only Here; West Midlands Blog; Plan. Getting here; Getting around; Maps & Guides; Meet in the West Midlands ; Accessibility; Travel Trade.
The West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) has been established with a purpose: to plan for, and deliver, a transport system across the West Midlands Metropolitan area that will boost our regional economy and improve the daily lives of our residents and workers. Strategic Planning in the West Midlands The Centre for Cities recently ran a story entitled Move over Manchester in which it suggested that the West Midlands might overtake the Northern Powerhouse with its second Devo deal, particularly if it becomes the only city region Combined Authority with a Conservative Mayor next May.
A ‘long and thin’ shop unit in Kidderminster town centre can be converted into an adult gaming centre, as an inspector ruled that the planning system should.
The global coronavirus pandemic means that we’re not able to travel, meet people, and experience the West Midlands like we usually can. This is a new section which contains information on how all of us can show our support to our wonderful region and businesses at this very difficult time.
Plus ideas, inspiration and fun for residents and visitors far and wide whilst. Strategy. Our strategy, called the Strategic Economic Plan (SEP), sets out our vision for improving the quality of life for everyone in the West Midlands.
We have worked with people, organisations and businesses across the region to show how the WMCA, with the Mayor at its helm, will make the most of devolution. Contact us to book: [email protected] or Travel on NX West Midlands 8A / services - plan your journey here 6.
Stroll back in time at the Black Country Living Museum, Dudley. Bring the curriculum to life at an award-winning living museum. Black Country Living Museum lets you join in with years of history like. Discover dynamic cities, charming green towns or wide-open spaces, the areas of the West Midlands present an exciting mix of backdrops, activities and unique experiences.
Here you’ll find an eclectic assembly of people, cultures and areas that are rich in history and industrial innovation, we have given birth to world-famous manufacturing, culture and literature.
Get print book. No eBook available. All sellers» Get Textbooks on Google Play. Rent and save from the world's largest eBookstore. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone.
Go to Google Play Now» West Midlands Plan, Volume 3. Sir Patrick Abercrombie, Herbert Jackson. - City planning. 0 Reviews. What people are. Autism West Midlands Community Support Services. carers and professionals. Visit our events pages for details of forthcoming webinars and book via our online shop.
Webinars are free to join and are available to anyone across the West Midlands. Plan a new schedule for yourself and your family.
For children the structure of the school. Some councils in the West Midlands are spending up to three times more on tackling obesity than encouraging people to take exercise. Analysis of councils’ budget on public health shows that.
The number of trains cancelled by West Midlands Railway has doubled - just a month after the franchise was given a stay of execution. More than a thousand trains were cancelled in February, which Author: Jane Haynes.

domain: geography


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text:
Sometimes I feel a bit constrained and out of sorts with my surroundings.
This feeling hits me especially hard when I find myself in social gatherings of kind folk I hardly know. Social graces expect little more than polite small talk. Seems I’ve never mastered that critical skill.
I’ll try to find a quiet corner, not conspicuously alone. But most large gatherings of folk, especially inside stick houses, will leave me feeling a bit claustrophobic. Claustrophobic and looking like a duck out of water:
But then I’ll sneak away to my beloved Brazos Bend:
I’ll walk the park and look outward. I stumble upon a quiet gathering of Mother Nature’s creation, where communal silence seems to replace small talk.
Would I fit in I wonder? Or do even these quiet societies have those that need a quiet away, to look beyond their own one life? And without realizing it, do we quiet ones seek solitude in places that remind us of our own kind?
And then Mother Nature tells me that it’s not about the group gatherings or the one alone. It’s about looking out and beyond my own one life.
It’s about finding that place, and that way of living, that is so much more than I am, alone.


text:
Suns hope to continue winning feeling, set to host Goran Dragic
PHOENIX, Ariz. – How the Phoenix Suns finally re-entered the win column was really quite simple, according to forward P.J. Tucker.
“In the end, it was our (defensive) stops that won the game,” he said, following Wednesday’s 111-102 victory over Charlotte.
It had been nine games and 19 days since the Suns last walked off the court winners.
The trick now is to build upon that momentum.
“It gets worse now,” Tucker said, “because you can’t go back on another losing streak. We got to win. We got to get some wins. We got games to make up.”
The Suns will look to take a step in that direction on Friday when they host the Miami Heat to close out this brief two-game homestand.
During their recent season-long nine-game losing streak, the Suns allowed the highest opponent field goal percentage (50.4) in the NBA.
Against Charlotte, however, the Suns looked like a top-tier defensive team with stops on the Hornets’ final four possessions. Charlotte played the final 2:02 without making a basket and shot 43.7 percent overall, right in line with their season mark of 43.4 percent, fifth-worst in the league.
It was the Suns’ best defensive effort since holding New Orleans to 36.6 percent shooting on Dec. 18, also the date of their last victory.
Aside from better defense, head coach Jeff Hornacek pointed to better ball movement on the offensive end.
“They made quick decisions, they swung the ball, they trusted each other and when you do that — you just make the easy pass and hit the next available guy it eventually comes back to you,” he said. “They passed up shots that probably were good shots for the great shot, and that’s how you win.”
Giving veteran point guard Ronnie Price the start, his first of the season — and the Suns’ 11th different starting lineup — helped keep the ball moving, according to Hornacek.
The Suns ended each of the first three quarters with seven assists and finished with 25, eight more than they had two nights earlier at the L.A. Lakers.
Whether or not Price remains a part of that first unit and make his second straight start will likely depend on how he feels following shootaround in the morning.
Price is dealing with a sore toe.
“He’s probably questionable for the next game. It’s something that’s going to linger on him. He’s tough and he plays through it,” Hornacek said Thursday. “He went and got an MRI today, and the initial word — I’m not sure it’s the final word — is that he’s got a little piece in there that’s an old piece that’s kind of floating around and irritating. It’s just a matter of getting it feeling better now.”
The Suns have not won back-to-back games since early December.
The matchup against the Heat, a team that had won three in a row until losing at home to the New York Knicks this week, marks the return of former point guard Goran Dragic, who called out Suns management as he asked for a trade last February.
The Suns accepted his request and dealt him to Miami for two first-round draft picks in a multi-player, three-team trade minutes before the trade deadline.
“It’s always tough when you have a guy and he wants to leave, but we all like Goran,” Hornacek said. “It’s unfortunate the way things ended up being but I guess that stuff happens and you move on.”
Dragic is one of three ex-Suns on the Heat roster, joining Gerald Green and Amar’e Stoudemire.
“It’ll be a fun game; all those guys, all the ex-Suns guys coming back. They’ll be amped up to play,” Tucker said, “and we’ll want to get it going and try to keep this little win feeling going. I think it’s going to be a good game.”


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The LaSalle Vipers beat the St. Marys Lincolns 4-1 on Wednesday to clinch the top seed for the Western Conference playoffs.
Colin Wilson scored twice as the London Nationals shut out the St. Thomas Stars 4-0 in a special Family Day matinee at Western Fair Community Center.
Royce White jammed home 26 points and had 14 rebounds as the London Lightning beat the Halifax Hurricanes 123-108 at Budweiser Gardens Monday.
Evan Bouchard, Cliff Pu and Robert Thomas had two points each in the London Knights’ 4-2 win over the 67s in Ottawa Monday afternoon.
Victor Mete had a goal and an assist in the London Knights’ 4-1 win over the Frontenacs in Kingston Sunday afternoon.
Doug Herring, Jr. sunk 27 points including five three-pointers, as the London Lightning beat the Orangeville A’s 109-97 at Budweiser Gardens.
The London Knights couldn’t withstand the Owen Sound Attack on Friday, falling 6-1 at Budweiser Gardens.
The LaSalle Vipers shutout the London Nationals 1-0 in Junior B hockey on Wednesday.
The London Knights dropped a 5-1 decision to the Erie Otters at Erie Insurance Arena on Wednesday.
The Ilitch family is hosting a public visitation to share memories and condolences after Mike Ilitch, the owner of the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Red Wings, died Friday.

domain: sports


text:
presented by the Gorge Tillicum Community Association
Celebrate Canada Day along the Gorge Waterway with a pancake breakfast, family parade, stage entertainment, classic cars, kids’ activities, canoe rides, buskers corner, street hockey, Strawberry Tea, Canada Day market and more.
Event information: gorgecanadaday.ca
Canada Day features GORGE ON ART
Celebrate our vibrant artistic community as part of the Gorge Canada Day Picnic! This popular showcase of local artists returns along the scenic Gorge Waterway. Meet the artists and watch them work in a range of media, including painting, ceramics, jewelry, photography and sculpture. Discover locally made, one-of-a-kind gifts. Free musical entertainment plus food and refreshments available for purchase. Make a day of it!
Monday, July 1, 2019
9:30 am - 4:00 pm
GORGE WATERWAY PARK – COLQUITZ TO ADELAIDE AVE.
About the GTCA
The Gorge Tillicum Community Association (GTCA) has established itself as a vibrant, proactive community group in south Saanich. We have achieved a great deal and our strength has been attracting great local people who invest their time, energy and skill to help build our community's future.
The Gorge Tillicum Community Association is a voluntary organization that is recognized by Saanich as the representative voice of our community on local issues. We promote a healthy, vibrant community by addressing issues such as environment and parks, traffic and transportation, land use planning and streetscapes, social wellness and community celebration.

domain: artistic


JSA - JIS Z 2242
Method for Charpy pendulum impact test of metallic materials
|Publication Date:||20 August 2018|
|ICS Code (Mechanical testing of metals):||77.040.10|
This Standard specifies the Charpy (V-notch and U-notch) pendulum impact test method for determining the energy absorbed in an impact test of metallic materials. This Standard does not cover instrumented impact testing, which is specified in JIS B 7755.
Annexes Band C are based on ASTM E23 and are used with the permission of ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA.
NOTE The International Standard corresponding to this Standard and the symbol of degree of correspondence are as follows.
ISO 148-1 :2016 Metallic materials-Charpy pendulum impact test-Part 1: Test method (MOD)
In addition, symbols which denote the degree of correspondence in the contents between the relevant International Standard and JIS are IDT (identical), MOD (modified), and NEQ (not equivalent) according to ISO/ IEC Guide 21-1.


The Michigan baseball team put on a pristine pitching performance this weekend against Ohio State. Junior left-hander Oliver Jaskie hurled a complete-game shutout Friday, while junior right-hander Alec Rennard led an 11-strikeout effort the next day. And at first, Sunday was more of the same.
Junior left-hander Michael Hendrickson had cruised through the first five innings, striking out seven. But he gave up a one-out single to Buckeye third baseman Brady Cherry to load the bases in the sixth. Sophomore left-hander William Tribucher jogged out from the bullpen to face designated hitter Zach Ratcliff, looking to preserve a 2-0 lead for the Wolverines.
Just two pitches later, the lead was gone.
Ratcliff jumped on a 1-0 pitch and drove it far over the left-field wall for a grand slam, giving the Buckeyes (18-29 overall, 6-12 Big Ten) a lead they would not relinquish, as No. 17 Michigan (35-11, 11-7) dropped the final game of the three-game series.
Hendrickson took his time to settle into the game, allowing Ohio State shortstop Jalen Washington to reach third base in the first inning, and later surrendering two straight singles to lead off the second. But with two strikeouts and a flyout, Hendrickson avoided an early deficit, and was dominant for the next three frames.
“He did a good job of attacking the bottom of the strike zone after it looked a little shaky the first couple of innings,” said Michigan coach Erik Bakich. “Then he got his fastball command and started using his slider as a putaway pitch, even used his changeup, plus he had his curveball working. It really became a four-pitch mix after the second inning.”
Meanwhile, Ohio State right-hander Seth Kinker, who typically closes games for the Buckeyes, made his first career start. He seemed to have little problems adjusting to the new role, however, as he didn’t allow a hit until the fourth inning.
“Where the game was at that point, that guy was doing a good job of throwing his slider at any time and his fastball in a lot,” Bakich said. “We needed to put pressure on them in another way.”
The Wolverines found another way in the fifth inning, implementing “small-ball” tactics –primarily bunting – to great success.
Redshirt sophomore left fielder Miles Lewis was hit by a pitch to lead off, and sophomore designated hitter Nick Poirier dropped a bunt single down the third-base line. Sophomore right fielder Jonathan Engelmann’s bunt moved both runners over, and sophomore second baseman Jimmy Kerr scored Lewis with an infield single. Senior catcher Harrison Wenson then brought home another run with a well-executed squeeze bunt towards first base. Without the ball having ever left the infield, Michigan had taken a two-run lead.
“We’ve been able to win games in a variety of ways all season,” Bakich said. “We haven’t had to utilize small-ball very much, but it’s certainly in our arsenal. So we had to bring it out and it worked.”
But the next inning, the Buckeyes responded to the Wolverines’ small-ball strategy with “big-ball” – loading the bases in anticipation of a big hit. And just as Michigan did, Ohio State executed to perfection.
The Wolverines were far from out of it, however. Senior right-handers Mac Lozer and Jackson Lamb kept the Buckeyes off the board in the eighth and ninth innings, combining for six strikeouts between them.
“We were calm,” said senior shortstop Michael Brdar. “We knew we were going to put some guys on base and have an opportunity to tie the game up and go ahead.”
That opportunity came with two outs in the eighth inning. Brdar singled to right-center, and junior third basman Drew Lugbauer ripped a shot into almost the exact same spot for a double. Lewis was again hit by a pitch, and Poirier stepped to the plate with the bases loaded and the crowd of 2,545 at Ray Fisher Stadium – the highest attendance total of the season – on its feet.
But the threat ended, as Poirier harmlessly popped out to short. Ohio State right-hander Adam Niemeyer then retired the Wolverines in order the next inning to spoil their chance to sweep their rivals.
“We had two chances there,” Brdar said. “But sometimes baseball happens.”


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Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is meant to aid spill response teams during planning, training, exercising, spill response, and remediation.
4.2 In the marsh environment, removal of the oil by in-situ burning may be the only method available to responders. The soft, soggy soil and presence of water and the potential for ecological damage may inhibit the deployment of conventional oil recovery equipment and personnel, while the shallow water may not allow the deployment and operation of skimmers, booms, and storage devices.
1.1 This guide addresses in-situ burning as a response tool for oil spills that occur in marshes.
1.2 In-situ burning, mechanical recovery, treating agent application, and natural recovery are the usual options available to an on-scene coordinator for the control and cleanup of spilled oil.
1.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user with general information on in-situ burning in marshes as a means of controlling and removing spilled oil.
1.4 This guide outlines considerations that can be used to conduct an in-situ burn in marshes.
1.5 In making in-situ burn decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted.
Note 1: This guide does not supersede local regulations.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
F1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Environmental and Operational Considerations
ICS Number Code 13.020.40 (Pollution, pollution control and conservation)
UNSPSC Code 76131700(Oil spill cleanup)
|Link to Active (This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard.)|
ASTM F2823-20, Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Marshes, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, www.astm.orgBack to Top


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Employment News-Women and Child Development Department will be responsible for maintaining and providing facilities in the 191 play schools to be constructed by replacing Anganwadi centers in the district. On the other hand, the building for running the play school will be provided by the education department. Although at present there are 1270 Anganwadi centers in the district, but it has not yet been decided where play schools will be built out of these.
The Women and Child Development Department has already strengthened the preparations for the land. For this, a letter has already been written to the officials of the Education Department that if there is no place for play school at any place, then space should be made available for it in the schools. Apart from this, the staff will also be from the Department of Women and Child Development. The workers who are already giving elementary education to the children in the center will teach the children in the play schools and monitor their development related activities.
District Program Officer in-charge Anita Nain and CDPO Kamlesh Garg told that correspondence has been done with the officials of the Education Department regarding the location. The work of supervision will be done by the Department of Women and Child Development itself. If there are instructions for any kind of change in the department regarding the location staff, then they will also be followed prominently. Till now all the work is going on without any hindrance as per the rules.