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Gavrinis chambered cairn
'Dagger' patterns on one of the
Gavrinis has to be rated as one of the finest prehistoric constructions in Northern Europe. It also has to be one of the most attractive locations, sited as it is on a small island at the entrance to the Golfe du Morbihan in the south of Brittany. It is reckoned by conventional archaeological dating to be around 3500-4000BC. It is a raised cairn of large blocks of stone piled up in a stepped pattern (see picture) and today has the appearance of a squat pyramid. The external appearance has been both naturally eroded and reconstructed by various investigations in the past.
The scale of the construction is vast in proportion to the chamber and tunnel that lies within it. The entrance to the chamber seems almost ludicrously small in comparison to the huge bulk of the cairn itself. However, Gavrinis is justly famous for another reason, that of its spectacularly carved stones which line the interior passageway (see picture) and rear chamber. In Northern Europe there is nothing to compare with the scale, detail or quality of such patterns.
Gavrinis is now only accessible by boat from the nearby village of Lamor Baden. Today it is an island, although geologically it was most likely connected by a continuous land mass with the neighbouring structures of Carnac and Locmariequer when it was first completed. The site is now regularly tailored into a slick tourist enterprise complete with ushering guides. However, when we visited it we were able to slip away from the official tour and gather the flavour of the site without modern interpretation. This was made possible by the fact that the tour guide spoke only French, so we were free to see our own truth in the nature of the carvings. It was clear however by the guide’s gestures and the odd French word that we knew, that great assumptions had been cast into the realm of fact in order to satisfy the rational demands of the tourist.
The entrance to Gavrinis is lined with massive stone blocks in contrast to the smaller stones that pile up to form the cairn. The tunnel is approximately five foot high, so most people of average height have to stoop a little to get in. The width of the tunnel is wider than one would expect to allow the passage of just one person at a time. On entering the tunnel you are aware of being encased in massive blocks on all sides. They are layered on the passage floor, to the sides, and above you. The passage is between 30 and 40ft long (10-12m), but just four or five stones make up this wall. Their width and stature would, it seems, have been chosen for the sheer volume of space that they offer up to the artist or artists who carved them. Visually, in the dim glow of the fluorescent lights mounted above, you are immediately struck by the dynamism and scale of the carvings right from the very first entrance stone.
The carvings are clear and deep, though they are now in places far easier to see by the addition of smoke deposits which antiquarians and early visitors have laid down on the stones over time. There is little or no space on each stone left uncarved with beautiful and varied patterns. These seem to fall roughly into five classes, though no real conclusion can be drawn from this. There are what we may call radiants, half circles (rainbows), herringbone, dagger, and serpent shapes. Each stone is uniquely endowed and seems to focus on a particular theme, in as much as one seems to be covered with nothing but interlacing ‘rainbow’ shapes, and another with angular dagger and herringbone patterns.
To us though they defied intellectual interpretation and seemed more strongly to celebrate the shape and structure of the stones themselves. Lines flow and curve to follow natural key-lines in the stones, and then appear to pick up a theme and go wild with artistic tangents. The passageway within the cairn leads to a large rear chamber, again flanked by massive blocks standing wide and tall. The carvings continue around the chamber, with one stone in particular standing out from the others. On the west side of the chamber this stone exhibits ‘pockets’. These deep pockets recess into the stone in the form of three holes, but each open to the other to form a continuous recess behind them.
The holes themselves are plenty large enough for a hand to reach into. Their purpose is once again a mystery. Undoubtedly they have been used for centuries to hold candles for lighting the darkness within the cairn, yet nobody can be sure that this was their original purpose.
The experience of Gavrinis is similar any exposure of explosive creativity, infusing satisfaction and pleasure in what you are seeing, yet the experience is made more intense by the awesome structure and age of the gallery. One is left with the impression that for whatever reason or purpose, Gavrinis was constructed by people who were intent on celebrating and exploring the constructs and patterns of nature, possibly for no other reason than that they found them profound and intrinsically pleasing. It remains, some 6000 years after its construction, a place of magnetism and inspiration to the 20th century soul.
- © S. Dyer


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Soup isn’t usually thought of as a hot weather food (unless you’re Lisa Simpson). However, if it’s summer and you’re looking for ice-cold soup options AND gazpacho isn’t your thing, maybe try 3-29: Herbed Cucumber Soup instead.
It’s not technically summer anymore at the time of posting this (October 1), but we’re still hitting 100ºF temps here in California, so I think it counts.
Salads are usually a good choice when it’s hot out, and since we’re currently in the middle of summer (here in the U.S.), 2-3: Salad Niçoise (pronounced nee-swah) might be a good choice for an upcoming meal. Plus, it primarily uses readily-available canned/jarred ingredients, which can be helpful for both budgets and pandemic shopping.
Today is Independence Day here in the U.S., so let’s do one of my favorite desserts and recipes from this book, 14-8: Baked Alaska. Obviously Simply Delicious didn’t invent this dish–it’s an American dessert that’s existed since Civil War times and is so well known you can even make it as a Sim.
I have a history with this particular version of the dish, however. I first made it as my “showstopper” dessert for a big family dinner I cooked as a teenager (along with a similarly-aged family friend) many years ago.
I also taught about 200 K-8 kids (ages 5-13ish) how to make this recipe and several others as part of an after-school cooking class program that was one of my first teaching-related jobs. I’ve been waiting YEARS to write this one, so now it’s your turn with it.
Summer 2020 has been quite the disappointment so far, and still being stuck at home is tough. If you’re looking for something to lift your spirits, 2-21: Shrimp Salad probably isn’t going to do it. However, if you close your eyes while you’re eating it, maybe you can pretend you’re on the beach instead of your couch.
This salad features not one but TWO cream-based dressings, so you know it’s fancy. I recently covered 2-5: Caribbean Seafood Salad which also features a shrimp-based salad. However, that one includes apples, bananas, and asparagus, so this one might be a safer choice.
In these trying times (are you tired of hearing that yet?), it’s important to make the food you have go as far as you can, and to reduce the amount of food being wasted. Even before “the Rona“, I’ve been spending many a Saturday (or Sunday) meal-prepping for the upcoming week, which has brought down our grocery bills (and our waistlines, but apparently not as quickly).
7-31: Lime Cayenne Pork Chops was part of a “pork chop” meal-prep week, prepared in tandem with 7-53: Cider-Braised Pork Chops and served with some mixed roasted potatoes courtesy of the CSA box. It’s “meat and potatoes”, but maybe with a healthier twist?
My mom apparently made this back in November 1993, and it was “good” and “easy”. I’m not sure who ranked it as such (since she doesn’t eat pork), but we’ll go with that recommendation.
I had extra strawberries left over from 14-22: Strawberry-Peach Cobbler, so I tried to reuse them into 15-45: Strawberries with Cottage Cheese. Simply Delicious is big on using cottage cheese in an effort to be “low-fat” (all the rage in the 1980s when this book was published) and healthy, but they’re not usually very successful.
Don’t be deceived by their pretty picture here. It’s not ice cream. It’s cottage cheese. Just keep that in mind going in.
Finally, we’ve reached the first recipe (for this project) made in my new (to you) kitchen: 14-22: Strawberry-Peach Cobbler. It was summer and 4th of July, so something with fruit that goes well with ice cream was bound to be a hit.
Speaking of 4th of July, I made 2-37: Chicken-Salami-Rice Salad for a party that I attended with a guy that I had just started dating. 10 years later, this is the first recipe I cooked in my very first house, that I bought with that same guy (who I ended up marrying not long after I made that first recipe).
Obviously, the name of this recipe is 15-17: Summery Cantaloupe, and if you’ve seen any of the pictures of the recipe (like above, as a header image), you’ve put it together that the melon pictured is in fact, not a cantaloupe.
The CSA box that week provided a very nice watermelon, and so that’s what I went with for part of my Mother’s Day 2019 brunch (MD2019). Yes, I’m also behind on writing these up.
I’ve made Simply Delicious fruit salads for Mother’s Day before–if you’re looking for similar ideas, check out 15-19: Layered Fruit Salad and 15-30: Champagne Sundaes from 2017‘s brunch. If you’re up for the challenge of carving a cantaloupe (or in my case, watermelon), continue on.
Still working my way through the backlog–we’re up to Easter with 15-26: Strawberry Pastries. Strawberries start to creep up everywhere in the springtime, and this dessert dish is a pretty classic use of them. 🍓
This recipe suggests using vanilla custard, but I’ve seen other similar recipes use fillings like Bavarian cream or crème fraîche. This is essentially a fancier version of strawberry shortcake (which often uses whipped cream), so I suppose it’s all dependent on how heavy or light you’d like to go with it. 🍰
The photo of this delectable dish is enhanced by the superior dishware chosen to accentuate the fluffiness of the iced desert within. I made 15-36: Pear-Orange Sorbet before a few years ago when we first started this project, but I forgot to take photos. I finally got back to it in January 2019.
The recipe card describes this dish about as well as I could. The ripe pears did have an intense fruity flavor that was intriguing. Can’t beat that.

domain: food


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5208 Jackson Drive
La Mesa, CA 91942
Come join us for Summer Art Camps. Learn how to draw, create fine art and come home with a new craft every day. All snacks and supplies are included.
Arts & Crafts
5 Years Old, 6 Years Old, 7 Years Old, 8 Years Old, 9 Years Old, 10 Years Old, 11 and up
What Others are Saying

domain: artistic


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International Encyclopadia for Religion (IEL Religion)Databases
The International Encyclopaedia for Religion covers national monographs, as well as regional and international monographs concerning the place and role of religion in international treaties, as a universal human right and so on.
The International Encyclopaedia for Religion Law offers a country-by-country (18 countries) survey of law and religion throughout the world. It gives a general social and religious background of every country included. The legal framework of every country will be analysed and the key case law will be at stake. Each monograph will offer a clear and comprehensive overview of relevant legislation, case law and doctrine,
* Country-by-Country overview
* Systematic information on how each State deals with religion, the role it plays in society, the status of the church involved, etc
* Regional and international monographs concerning the place and role of religion in international treaties
* In-depth description of the most important religions.
If you were able to load websites until you updated Firefox or until your Internet security software was updated, reconfigured or a new one was added, your Internet security software is likely preventing Firefox from connecting to the International Encyclopadia for Religion. Use other web browsers such as Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

domain: law


text:
To be considered, a school must have an average debt of less than $106,000 [$115,000 for private schools]; employment greater than 69.5%; and a bar passage rate greater than 75%, and no less than 3% below the state average.
PreLaw then ranked the schools using the following formula: percent of graduates who pass the bar exam (15%); employment rate (35%); tuition (25%); cost of living (10%); and average indebtedness upon graduation (15%).
The College of Law’s average debt is $85,473. Its employment is 79.7%. Its two-year bar passage is 86.7%. The state average bar passage rate is 85.1%.
In addition to the University of Utah, 20 other schools earned an A- using this methodology, including the University of Nevada, Las Vegas; the University of Texas; and the University of Washington.

domain: finance


text:
Environment Canada has issued a rainfall warning for the city of Toronto today.
And while we’re not ones to say we told you so, it looks like the next couple of days could actually be even worse than we thought.
Up to 70 mm of rain could hit the city between now and Saturday. To give some context, that’s enough rain to come close to changeling the wettest 48-hour stretch the first week of May has even given Toronto. Yes, ever.
Meanwhile, this is how The Weather Network sees the next two days unfolding:
It might be time to just call it a weekend, Toronto. See you on Monday… or whenever the sun decides to show up again.
Environment Canada rainfall warning
Heavy rain is expected. The ground, already near saturation, has little ability to absorb further rainfall.
40-70 mm of rain expected today through Saturday.
Rain will spread into the region this afternoon and is forecast to persist through Saturday as the weather system responsible stalls over the region. The rain is expected to taper to showers Saturday night.
With the ground already saturated, there is the potential for local flooding. For information concerning flooding please consult your local Conservation Authority or Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry District office.
Localized flooding in low-lying areas is possible. Don’t approach washouts near rivers, creeks and culverts.

domain: news


Oscar Pistorius will not face censure for his comments on regulations governing prosthetic running blades, the International Paralympic Committee said today.
The South African yesterday apologised for raising his concerns over the length of some rivals' blades immediately after being beaten to T44 200 metres gold by Brazil's Alan Fonteles Oliveira on Sunday night.
IPC communications director Craig Spence said: "There will be no disciplinary action against Oscar for his comments."
A date is still to be set for a meeting between Pistorius and the IPC, with arrangements being taken place through official channels.
"We're waiting for the national Paralympic committee of South Africa to go through the relevant channels and contact the IPC and then the meeting will be set up," Spence added.


China’s tech spending surges as it strives to be robotics superpower
SHANGHAI — China began its decades-long economic ascent as the “workshop of the world” by taking advantage of cheap labor. Now it is spending big to swap those factory workers for high-tech robots.
The country’s investment in smart manufacturing in 2018 surged 46% on the year to 69.6 billion yuan ($10.1 billion), according to Marketing Intelligence Resource, a Beijing-based research firm specializing in industrial products. Smart manufacturing employs robotics, automation and other technologies to increase productivity and cut labor costs.
The number of subsidized investments remained unchanged at 100, while unsubsidized ones doubled to more than 1,000, according to MIR.
The push is part of “Made in China 2025,” an ambitious government plan to make the country a self-sufficient high-tech superpower. Robotics is a priority, as it is crucial to keeping the country’s industries competitive with global rivals. The government’s plan calls for raising the share of domestically made industrial robots to 70% by 2025, up from just over 30% in 2017.
Read more about Chinese robotics market here:
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text:
Finlandia Candy Maitosuklaa & Minttu / Milk Chocolate & Mint - the sweetness of milk chocolate meets the freshness of mint!
These sweets covered with milk chocolate are bound to satisfy even the biggest sweet-tooths. Even before you get to its core, you will be delighted with different nuances of milk chocolate flavors. After taking a big bite, you will be surprised just how much flavor one small ball of chocolate can contain. Try and taste our different options, each one unique in its own way!
- Manufacturer: Finlandia Candy Oy (Finland)
- Ingredients: sugar, glucose-fructose syrup, cocoa butter, whole milk powder, cocoa mass, skimmed milk powder, fully hydrogenated coconut fat, emulsifier (sunflower lecithin), glaze (glazing agent (gum arabic), glucose syrup, palmoil], flavours (mint, vanillin), colour (E141)
- Nutritional Information (by manufacturer): energy kj 1977 (473 kcal), fat 18 g, saturated fatty acids 12 g, carbohydrates 73 g, sugar 66 g, protein 3,5 g, salt 0,11 g
- Net Weight: 1,920 kg (67,72 oz)
- Best Before: in stock only fresh products
- EAN code: 6430050763831
For more information, please visit manufacturers website.


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An award-winnning pre-school in Spalding has been forced to close due to a falling number of children.
Tulip Pre-School, winners of the Pre-School Staff category at the 2015 Lincolnshire Free Press and Spalding Guardian Education Awards, held its final session just before Christmas.
The pre-school, formerly based at The Vista Hall, near St Mary and St Nicolas Church, opened in 2002 and had 36 children on its roll up to two years ago.
But its provision of term time, sessional childcare, as opposed to the full day learning offered by other nurseries, proved difficult for families where one or both parents work full-time.
Helen Mason, manager of Tulip Pre-School, said: “We closed the doors at the end of term on December 20 after struggling along for the past year.
“In the summer, we pulled out all the stops to go on a little bit further through the autumn.
One of the factors in the decision to close was the low number of children here because of the Government’s push for parents to go out and workHelen Mason, manager of Tulip Pre-School, Spalding
“But we’re a charity and at a meeting of our trustees and parents last November, the decison was made to close the pre-school.
“One of the factors was the low number of children here because of the Government’s push for parents to go out and work.
“As a result of this, parents need full time nursery care where they can drop off their children at 7.30am and pick them up at 6pm.
“But we are only open during school term time to offer sessional care from 9am until 12 noon and from 12 noon till 3pm.”
Tulip Pre-School impressed judges for the 2015 Education Awards with having to set up and put away equipment as The Vista Hall.
But the judges were especially won over by a parent who said the pre-school was “a place where magic happens”.
Tulip Pre-School was set up by parents and ex-Assistant Curate at St Mary and St Nicolas Church, the Rev Rosamund Seal who is now the Vicar of Holbeach.
Mrs Seal said: “We set it up in an extraordinarily short period of time as a charitable pre-school, run by a management committee of parents.
“It became an extremely successful pre-school, offering bursaries and accepting referrals from health centres.
“But the world is a different place now and it’s very sad that Tulip couldn’t offer full-time nursery education for children.”
The Rev John Bennett, Vicar of Spalding, said: “The number of parents wanting to use the pre-school wasn’t enough for it to continue and it’s terrible sad.
“However, it’s a reflection of the way things have changed, with both parents very often working-full time and therefore finding pre-school provision not as helpful as full-time day care.
“In the meantime, we’re exploring all the options to see how The Vista Hall can serve the community better in the future.”


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There is a considerable demand for lower limb prostheses globally due to vascular disease, war, conflict, land mines and natural disasters. Conventional composite materials used for prosthetic limb sockets include acrylic resins, glass and carbon fibres, which produce harmful gasses and dust in their manufacture. To investigate the feasibility of using a renewable plant oil-based polycarbonate-polyurethane copolymer resin and plant fibre composite, instead of conventional materials, to improve safety and accessibility of prosthetic limb manufacture. Test pieces of the resin with a range of plant fibres (10.0% by volume) were prepared and tensile strengths were tested. Test sockets of both conventional composite materials and plant resin with plant fibres were constructed and tested to destruction. Combinations of plant resin and either banana or ramie fibres gave high tensile strengths. The conventional composite material socket and plant resin with ramie composite socket failed at a similar loading, exceeding the ISO 10328 standard. Both wall thickness and fibre-matrix adhesion played a significant role in socket strength. From this limited study we conclude that the plant resin and ramie fibre composite socket has the potential to replace the standard layup. Further mechanical and biocompatibility testing as well as a full economic analysis is required. Using readily sourced and renewable natural fibres and a low-volatile bio-resin has potential to reduce harm to those involved in the manufacture of artificial limb sockets, without compromising socket strength and benefitting clinicians working in poorer countries where safety equipment is scarce. Such composite materials will reduce environmental impact.
- natural fibres
- tensile strength

domain: design


Location On Map
Property ID L454Sold, Unavailable
This is an old traditional house at the location that always seems to attract people that come to visit Leros or even stay here-Platanos.
It is inside the community of Platanos.
There are two buildings which are connected that have firstly been made in 1948 at the property that has the surface of 95.80 sq.m.
The ground floor has the surface 27,60 m2 together with the basement of also 27,60 m2.
The two-floored building which is connected consists the ground floor of the surface 68,20 m2 and the upper floor of the surface also 68,20 m2.
Altogether the square meteres of both old buildings are 191,60 m2.
These two buildings need renovation certainly but they are at a such a good point, convenient because it is really very close to the shops, most of the public services, schools etc.
If by renovating you decide to keep this home’s original, traditional spirit it can become a wonderful traditional, and warm home offering all the comfortability and uniqueness of a Greek home.


|Publication number||US4400618 A|
|Application number||US 06/290,632|
|Publication date||Aug 23, 1983|
|Filing date||Aug 6, 1981|
|Priority date||Aug 6, 1981|
|Also published as||DE3268122D1, EP0071872A1, EP0071872B1|
|Publication number||06290632, 290632, US 4400618 A, US 4400618A, US-A-4400618, US4400618 A, US4400618A|
|Inventors||James R. Bupp, Lawrence R. Maier|
|Original Assignee||International Business Machines Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (21), Classifications (15), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
In the manufacture of printed circuit boards, a composite of fiber glass and epoxy is provided to which metallized circuitry, usually formed of copper, is applied. The board may be a two sided board having circuitry on the top and bottom sides or it may be a laminated multilayer board which also contains internal signal lines and power planes separated by layers of the dielectric material. The boards are provided with through via holes and interstitial via holes to interconnect the various circuit lines and power planes. These holes are drilled using mechanical or other means followed by a chemical hole clean operation and then plating.
The fiber glass and epoxy composite consists of woven glass cloth embedded in the epoxy and the cloth includes thin glass fibers some of which are hollow. It has been found that during the drilling operation, regardless of the board thickness, fractures, cracks, fiber glass--epoxy separation, ruptured circuit lands, etc., will occur. The drilling action disturbs the fiber glass--epoxy interface resulting in damage. This is particularly true where the drilling goes through glass fibers which cross each other. Also, the hole cleaning operation after drilling may cause additional damage. If these damage defects are allowed to remain, subsequent hole cleaning, seeding, and plating solutions will become entrapped and subsequently copper migration occurs along the damaged areas and also through hollow glass fibers to cause shorts with circuit lines.
Techniques are known in the industry for detecting small flaws, cracks, and discontinuities in composites, test bodies, parts, etc., which may be constructed of metal, ceramic, or other material. Probably the most widely known and used technique involves the application of a liquid penetrant containing a fluorescent dye to the surface of the part to be inspected such that the penetrant solution will enter into the flaws or cracks and will be entrapped therein. Excess penetrant is washed from the surface of the part and then the part is viewed under appropriate lighting, such as "black light" where the fluorescent dye will give a color indication of the location and extent of the surface flaws. Some examples of this technique are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re 26,888; 3,543,570 and 4,237,379. In the known prior art teachings relating to this technique, the entrapped penetrant solution remains in a liquid state and the surface to which the penetrant has been applied is inspected. This is satisfactory for many applications where only the outer surface of the part is examined to determine the nature of the flaw or damage. However, it is not satisfactory for the present application where it is necessary to examine the inner surface or wall of a drilled hole to determine the damage, if any, done by the drilling action. It was found that the existing techniques had to be expanded and improved to enable the part to be inspected to be cut or sliced so that a cross-sectional view of the drilled hole could be examined.
To arrive at the present novel and improved method which is capable of detecting and analyzing damage occuring in holes drilled in a printed circuit board laminate, it was determined that the following conditions would have to be satisfied:
1. A penetrant material must be used which is liquid in order to easily fill irregularly shaped defects.
2. The liquid must have low viscosity for ease of impregnation.
3. The liquid must have low vapor pressure in order to be used in conjunction with a vacuum process which evacuates trapped liquid and gases (air) from the defects.
4. The liquid must wet the laminate.
5. The liquid must contain sufficient fluorescing dye to disclose defects as small as 0.5 microns when illuminated with UV light.
6. The liquid must be polymerizible into a tough insoluble solid that is not diluted, degraded, or removed during subsequent X or Z sectioning processes which includes potting, grinding, polishing, etc.
To meet the above conditions, a polymerizible polymer without a solvent carrier is used and which is in the form of a low-viscosity, ultra-thin anerobic liquid penetrant. A suitable fluorescent dye is mixed with the penetrant and the solution is applied to a drilled laminate while under a vacuum. The vacuum is used to draw air or gas out of the flaws. Upon release of the vacuum, atmospheric pressure will cause the low-viscosity mixture to penetrate into fractures, cracks, voids, fiber glass-epoxy separations, etc., which are present in the laminate. Excessive liquid is removed from the laminate and the impregnated mixture is cured at ambient temperature conditions for periods up to 24 hours or by elevating the ambient temperature in an oven to lessen the curing cycle to provide a tough insoluble solid.
After curing, the laminate is cross-sectioned into sample cut sections which are to be inspected. Each cut section before inspection is encapsulated in a clear epoxy material and the surface to be inspected is ground and polished to establish a better view. The cross-sectioning is done because it is desired to look at the inside of the laminate. The curing of the penetrant is carried out prior to cross-sectioning because if the penetrant is left as a solution, cutting debris would enter into the flaws. The grinding and polishing provides the required flat surface for the subsequent microscopic examination under UV light. The surface may also be photographed to provide a good visual record for further analysis without the need for a microscope.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved method for detecting and analyzing damage in composites.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved method for detecting and analyzing damage in printed circuit boards having drilled holes.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved method for detecting and analyzing flaws in drilled holes of a printed circuit board wherein the flaws are impregnated with a polymerizable penetrating solution containing a dye, the impregnated mixture is cured, and the cured portion is examined under ultraviolet light.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and improved method for detecting and analyzing flaws in a printed circuit board wherein a polymerizable penetrating solution containing a dye is applied to the board, excess penetrating solution is removed, the remaining penetrating solution within the board is cured, the board carrying the cured solution is cross-sectioned, and the resulting cross-sections are examined under UV light.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention:
In the present method of detecting and analyzing damage in a printed circuit board laminate having drilled holes, a polymerizable polymer without a solvent carrier is used and which is in the form of a low-viscosity, ultra-thin anerobic penetrant solution. A suitable fluorescent dye is mixed with the penetrant solution. Since the circuit board laminate contains epoxy which itself fluoresces somewhat in the blue range, a fluorescing yellow dye is preferrably used which will provide a bright and distinct indication when subjected to UV light. The drilled laminate is then submerged in the penetrant solution in a vat in a vacuum tank and, while submerged, evacuation is carried out at a pressure of 0.3-1.0 Torr for a period of approximately 10 minutes, during which time trapped liquid and gases (air) are evacuated from flaws and damage defects. The vacuum is then released allowing air to bleed back into the tank and atmospheric pressure will force the low-viscosity solution into any cracks, voids, fiber glass-epoxy separations, etc., in the laminate.
The laminate is removed from the tank and excessive liquid is removed from the laminate by rinsing with water, or by air blow-off of excess liquid, or by blotting the surface of the liquid. However done, care is taken so as to not remove any of the liquid trapped in the cracks, voids, fiber glass-epoxy separations, etc. The remaining dye impregnated penetrant solution is then cured either under ambient temperature conditions for periods up to 24 hours or by elevating the ambient temperature in an oven to lessen the curing cycle to provide a tough insoluble solid. For example, curing in an air flow oven at 70° C. for 1 hour provides excellent results. Since the penetrant solution is anerobic, all of the solution in the cracks, etc., will cure due to the absence of air; however, the drilled holes are subjected to air and any penetrant solution therein which did not get washed out will not cure.
After curing, the laminate is cross-sectioned by using a saw, or router, or other suitable means to provide one or more samples which, for example, may be 1 inch square in size. The sample is then placed in a re-usable mold and filled with a suitable clear encapsulating epoxy. The encapsulated sample is ground and polished to provide a flat surface for subsequent microscopic examination under UV light and photographing. The encapsulating epoxy serves to hold the sample and also to fill the drilled holes so that grinding and polishing does not leave any debris pushed into the surface to be examined.
The sample is given a microscopic examination under UV light which will cause the yellow dye to fluoresce to give an visual indication of the location and nature of the damage cracks, etc. It is also desirable to photograph the surface being examined to provide a record which may be further analyzed without the need for a microscope and a UV light source. In photographing the surface, it is desirable to not only pick up the damage flaws which contain the penetrant and fluorescing dye but also the copper circuit lands and lines which do not fluoresce. This may be done by using a double exposure with UV light capturing the flaws and regular light capturing the circuit lands and lines. Also, a broad band bulb or light source could be used to capture both the UV and the visual part of the spectrum. The resulting photograph is particularly useful in that it shows the location of the damage cracks with respect to the location of the circuit lands and lines which gives an indication of the possibility of shorts occuring. In addition, copper plating of the holes could be done before photographing, in which case, damage may be examined and assessed which occur as a result of both the drilling operation and the chemical cleaning operation of the holes.
As was mentioned, the sample cross-section is ground and polished to provide a suitable surface for microscopic and photographic analysis. This analysis will address all damage flaws or cracks which are connected to a drilled hole and which, as a result, are filled with the cured penetrant solution. It may be desired to view a hole looking down into the inside of the hole, or at the inner side wall of the hole, or in both of these directions. For looking down into a hole, the sample is ground and polished in the Z-direction and it may be ground to different depths depending on what internal planes and circuit lines are to be examined. For looking at the inner side wall of a hole, the sample is ground and polished in the X-direction until the middle of the hole is arrived at.
A preferred embodiment of the composition of the penetrant solution used in the present method is represented by the following:
______________________________________Formula Percent by Weight______________________________________Triethylene glycoldimethacrylate 70Lauryl methacrylate 25Cumene hydroperoxide 2Benzoquinone 1Fluorescent Yellow "G" dye"Poly-Tergent" B-300 2Copper octanoateTotal 100______________________________________
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate is an anaerobic monomer capable of forming a cross-linking polymer, i.e. thermosetting. The most desirable monomers for use in anaerobic systems are polymerizable acrylate esters. A general formula and examples are given in U.S. Pat. No. 3,672,942, see col. 4, lines 33 to 43. For example, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate or tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate could also be used in the present system.
Lauryl methacrylate is a diluent used to control the properties of the monomer, such as, shrinkage, viscosity, and reactivity. Other reactive diluents such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate could be used. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,400, col. 3, lines 48-59.
Cumene hydroperoxide is an initiator which is capable of inducing polymerization in the absence or near absence of oxygen. The most common initiator system is a redox (mutual reduction and oxidation) polymerizable initiator which results in the production of free radicals. Most common are peroxy materials, especially the organic hydroperoxides.
Benzoquinone is an inhibitor which acts as a scavenger for free radicals. It is used to control the amount of reaction that takes place and functions to slow the reaction.
A number of fluorescing dyes could be used; however, Fluorescent Yellow "G", which is a proprietary product of the Morton Norwich Co., is preferred. The dye is yellow in visable light and gives off a bright yellow-green light when irradiated with long wave length ultra violet (black light).
The nonionic surfactant "Poly-Tergent" B-300 is a trademark of the Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp. for a series of nonionic surface active agents consisting of ethoxylated nonyl or octyl phenols. It is used as an emulsifier to remove unreacted material when washed with water. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,165,400, col. 8, for numerous examples of nonionic surfactants.
Copper octanoate is an accelerator which speeds up the reaction. It is used in conjunction with the initiator to form the redox reaction. Accelerators take the form of organic salts of transition metals.
The chemicals mentioned above may be obtained from the Sartomer Co., a division of Sartomer Industries.
It should be pointed out that the specific composition formula set forth above is exemplary of a preferred embodiment of a penetrate solution suitable for use in the present application and the present invention is not to be limited thereby. The percent by weight of the constituents may be varied depending on the characteristics of the penetrant desired. Also, the alternative chemicals mentioned may be substituted for the chemicals set forth in the formula for particular applications.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3543570 *||Nov 21, 1967||Dec 1, 1970||Magnaflux Corp||Aqueous base penetrant composition and method|
|US3672942 *||Dec 24, 1969||Jun 27, 1972||Loctite Corp||Process for impregnating porous metal articles|
|US3803485 *||Sep 25, 1972||Apr 9, 1974||Battelle Development Corp||Indicating coating for locating fatigue cracks|
|US3896664 *||Jun 24, 1974||Jul 29, 1975||James R Alburger||Enhanced stability water washable penetrant composition and process|
|US3929664 *||Oct 8, 1974||Dec 30, 1975||James R Alburger||Water-washable inspection penetrant employing triglycerides and polyglycerides of fatty acids|
|US3958119 *||Aug 5, 1974||May 18, 1976||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force||Method and device for evaluating penetrants|
|US3981185 *||Dec 23, 1974||Sep 21, 1976||Rockwell International Corporation||Postemulsifiable dye penetrant system and method for using same|
|US4037466 *||Oct 26, 1976||Jul 26, 1977||Alburger James R||Method of regenerating a glycol-ether type inspection penetrant remover by solvent extraction|
|US4165400 *||Sep 19, 1977||Aug 21, 1979||Loctite Corporation||Self-emulsifying anaerobic composition|
|US4237379 *||Jun 22, 1979||Dec 2, 1980||Rca Corporation||Method for inspecting electrical devices|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4577337 *||May 21, 1984||Mar 18, 1986||Southwest Research Institute||X-Ray fluorescence testing of laminate structures|
|US4697923 *||Mar 25, 1986||Oct 6, 1987||Ibm Corporation||Method for visual inspection of multilayer printed circuit boards|
|US4774188 *||Jan 15, 1988||Sep 27, 1988||American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories||Control of circuit board quality|
|US4819256 *||Apr 20, 1987||Apr 4, 1989||American Science And Engineering, Inc.||Radiographic sensitivity for detection of flaws and cracks|
|US5723976 *||Sep 18, 1995||Mar 3, 1998||International Business Machines Corporation||Method for detecting minute defects in an encapsulated electronic component|
|US6187417||Dec 9, 1999||Feb 13, 2001||International Business Machines Corporation||Substrate having high optical contrast and method of making same|
|US6677584||Jun 25, 2001||Jan 13, 2004||Cummins Inc.||Manufacturing fluid including fluorescent dye penetrant and method for using to make components|
|US7225681 *||Jun 6, 2005||Jun 5, 2007||Texas Instruments Incorporated||Statistical method for identifying microcracks in insulators|
|US7248355 *||Sep 13, 2004||Jul 24, 2007||Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.||Using special visibility materials proximate candidate component locations to enhance recognition|
|US7489392 *||Mar 19, 2007||Feb 10, 2009||The Boeing Company||Systems and methods for using light to indicate inconsistency locations on a composite structure|
|US9201015||Jul 14, 2011||Dec 1, 2015||International Business Machines Corporation||Plated through hole void detection in printed circuit boards by detecting a pH-sensitive component|
|US9250192 *||Nov 22, 2013||Feb 2, 2016||International Business Machines Corporation||Plated through hole void detection in printed circuit boards by detecting a pH-sensitive component|
|US9310315||Feb 27, 2014||Apr 12, 2016||Life Technologies Corporation||Methods for detecting defects in inorganic-coated polymer surfaces|
|US20020162966 *||May 2, 2001||Nov 7, 2002||Yoder Lorinda L.||Method and apparatus for detecting surface defects in a plastic container|
|US20060054338 *||Sep 13, 2004||Mar 16, 2006||Larson Thane M||Using special visibility materials proximate candidate component locations to enhance recognition|
|US20060273780 *||Jun 6, 2005||Dec 7, 2006||Stillman Daniel J||Statistical method for identifying microcracks in insulators|
|US20070204555 *||Mar 19, 2007||Sep 6, 2007||Engelbart Roger W||Systems and methods for using light to indicate inconsistency locations on a composite structure|
|US20130020507 *||Jan 24, 2013||Life Technologies Corporation||Methods for Detecting Defects in Inorganic-Coated Polymer Surfaces|
|US20140076478 *||Nov 22, 2013||Mar 20, 2014||International Business Machines Corporation||Plated Through Hole Void Detection in Printed Circuit Boards by Detecting A pH-Sensitive Component|
|US20150255273 *||Mar 5, 2014||Sep 10, 2015||Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd.||Semiconductor structure and manufacturing method thereof|
|EP0703446A1 *||Jun 29, 1995||Mar 27, 1996||International Business Machines Corporation||Method for detecting minute defects in an encapsulated electronic component|
|U.S. Classification||250/302, 73/769, 73/762, 252/301.19|
|International Classification||H05K3/00, G01N21/91, H05K1/02|
|Cooperative Classification||G01N21/91, H05K2203/161, H05K2203/0228, H05K3/0055, H05K3/0052, H05K1/0269|
|European Classification||H05K1/02D4, G01N21/91|
|Aug 6, 1981||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, ARMON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BUPP, JAMES R.;MAIER, LAWRENCE R.;REEL/FRAME:003908/0108
Effective date: 19810804
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BUPP, JAMES R.;MAIER, LAWRENCE R.;REEL/FRAME:003908/0108
Effective date: 19810804
|Oct 30, 1986||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 23, 1990||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 10, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
“In a market with low brand loyalty, operators could benefit from building a deeper relationship with fans to foster real loyalty rather than just catering to consumers’ bargain-hunting and promiscuous spending behaviour.”
– Helena Childe, Senior Foodservice Analyst
This report covers the following issues:
- Diversifying selling formats offers scope for growth
- Operators must tap into brand personality trends to foster loyalty
- Scope for further menu expansion
- Diversifying drinks ranges could help create standout
Consumers’ overall frequency of purchasing hot drinks out of home has remained relatively unchanged between 2013 and 2014 despite improvements in consumer confidence over the period. That said, the largest player in the market, Costa Coffee, has managed to continue to increase customer transactions in 2014.
Developments such as expanding food menus and mobile apps to push promotions are increasingly common as specialists fight for market share of the out-of-home hot drinks market, not just from each other but also from non-specialist competitors increasingly targeting this occasion.
Outlet diversification continues to be a key trend as operators look to develop a stable of different outlet formats in order to cater to the contrasting demands of various locations and help bolster usage. For example, express/self-service units cater for grab-and-go occasions while at the other end of the spectrum, café/restaurant-like venues target more leisure-focused locations. Various operators are also working with retailers to create in-store catering outlets to benefit from the shared footfall.
This report covers those foodservice establishments where coffee is the primary sales item. They are based on the European and North American coffee shop models, typified by Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Caffè Nero and Coffee Republic, offering a wide variety of coffee drinks, eg cappuccino, latte, mocha, etc. Other items are usually on sale, such as pastries, tea, coffee beans, etc. However, the food offer may be restricted.
Coffee shops include venues such as individual stores, kiosks and concessions. These may operate in a number of locations – motorway service areas (MSAs), health clubs and hospitals, for example, as well as standalone outlets. However, they must be independent of the facility they are located in.
This report does not include other establishments that sell coffee, such as restaurants, tea shops or traditional cafés, except as a means of comparison. Nor does it include sandwich shops, such as Pret A Manger or EAT, although these are mentioned in the consumer research for comparative purposes.


Until 5 PM, Andhra Pradesh recorded 65.96% and Telangana recorded 60.57% voter turnout today (April 11). Three deaths were reported in Andhra Pradesh
Amaravathi/Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh recorded 65.96% voter turnout till 6 PM in polls conducted for 175 Assembly seats and 25 Lok Sabha constituencies in the first phase of elections that commenced today.
Telangana recorded 60.57% voter turnout till 5 PM. Telangana voted for 17 Lok Sabha constituencies, today (April 11). Medak recorded the highest voter turnout with 68.60% while Secunderabad registered the lowest with 39.20% polling till 5 PM. In 13 Left Wing Extremism (LWE)-affected Assembly segments polling was held from 7 AM to 4 PM.
At least 15 incidents of violence including two deaths was reported in Andhra Pradesh since the commencement of polls at 7 AM.
However, final voter turn out percentage is likely to reflect a considerable increase.
Tension prevailed in Andhra Pradesh's Tadipatri Assembly constituency in Anantapur as a clash broke out between the ruling Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) workers during the ongoing polling outside booth 197. The victims were identified as Sidda Bhaskara Reddy of the TDP and Pulla Reddy of the YSRCP.
Another YSRCP worker was allegedly hacked to death in Thamballapalle in Chittoor district. Five people were severely injured in the clash in Veerapuram, as per reports.
Non-functional Electronic Voting Machines also hampered the polling process across Andhra Pradesh in the morning. The EVMs were later rectified.
In Guntakal, former MLA and contesting candidate of the Jana Sena Party, Madhusudan Gupta, smashed an EVM in a fit of rage alleging that party symbols were not properly printed on the ballot unit. Gupta was immediately taken into police custody.
Andhra Pradesh holds 3,93,45,717 registered voters, including 1,94,62,339 men, 1,98,79,421 women and 3,957 transgenders. Of the total, 10.15 lakh are first-time voters in the 18-19 age group.
In Narasaraopet constituency in Guntur district, YSRCP leaders alleged that TDP men ransacked a polling station in Yellamanda village and damaged furniture.
YSRCP members have alleged that TDP supporters invaded booth number 218 at Chilakaluripet. They accused TDP workers of locking up the booth from inside and casting votes in the names of people in the voters list who are dead or missing. The Election Commission has filed a case in this regard and is looking into the matter.
Telangana chief minister K Chandrasekhar Rao's daughter K Kavitha who is seeking another term in the Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency was gheraoed when she arrived to cast her vote on Thursday. TRS MP Kavitha was gheraoed by several women farmers questioning her for not fulfilling promises that were made in 2014. A total of 177 farmers contested against K Kavitha in Nizamabad.
Read Exclusive COVID-19 Coronavirus News updates, at MyNation.
Last Updated Apr 11, 2019, 9:11 PM IST


text:
Francesco Costa (Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) and others report in Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions that acute vessel wall injury is common after transradial catheterisation but it is not associated with an increased risk of radial artery occlusion or loss of radial artery pulsation.
According to Costa et al, radial artery occlusion may affect ≤30% of patients undergoing the transradial approach and can affect future use of the radial artery as an access site for catheterisation. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of the complication; the authors write that the aim of the R-RADAR (Rotterdam Radial Access Research) study was to determine if the structural changes to the radial artery wall that can occur after transradial catheterisation “might predict radial artery occlusion or loss of pulsation, local pain, or functional impairment of the upper extremity.”
One hundred consecutive patients who were due to undergo transradial catheterisation for diagnostic coronary angiography at the authors’ centre (Erasmus Medical Center) were enrolled in the R-RADAR registry. Of these, 90 successful underwent the procedure and, therefore, constituted the final study population. The clinical endpoints, evaluated at three hours and 30 days after the transradial catheterisation, were radial artery occlusion, radial artery pulsation loss, pain or discomfort in the upper extremity, and functional impairment in the upper extremity.
Costa et al comment that acute wall injuries—as assessed with ultrasound—at the puncture site were “ubiquitous”, noting that 97.7% of patients showed acute injuries at three hours and 96.1% showed such injuries at 30 days. “Radial dissection and wall haematoma were most frequent both at three hours (89.8% for dissection and 73.9% for dissection) and 30 days (83.1% and 64.9%, respectively). More than half of the patients had lumen narrowing at any timepoint. Pseudoaneurysms were observed in 14.8% of patients at three hours, increasing up to 55.8% at 30-day follow-up. Thrombus formation at any timepoint was seen in 4% of patients,” they state.
However, these ultrasound findings did not appear to correlate with the occurrence of radial artery occlusion, which occurred in 3.4% of patients immediately after the procedure and persisted at 30-day follow-up, or with radial artery pulsation loss (observed in 6.1% of patients at three hours and in 9.2% at 30 days). Acute vessel wall injuries also did not seem to predict either pain/discomfort in the upper extremity (36.8% of patients at three days and 32% of patients at 30 days) or loss of function (14.1% and 12%, respectively). Costa et al report: “Smaller radial arteries at baseline had higher risk for radial artery pulsation loss both at three-hour and at 30-day follow-up but no higher risk of radial artery occlusion, pain and discomfort, or functional impairment.” They add that the number of puncture attempts was associated with pulsation loss, radial artery occlusion, and pain and discomfort at 30 days, “with increasing risk after each further attempt”.
The authors comment: “In our data set, the acute wall injuries of the radial artery were not associated with radial artery occlusion, radial artery pulsation loss, symptoms, or functional impairment. This may be related to a lack of statistical power caused by the relatively low occurrence of radial artery occurrence and radial artery pulsation loss.” They add that the lower rate of radial artery occlusion and pulsation loss observed in their study compared with previous studies “may result from a strict protocol including routine use of periprocedural anticoagulation, non-occlusive compression, and relative short-term compression times.”

domain: medical


Manisha Koirala and Mahima Chaudhry at cleanliness drive by Nahar Group
Manisha Koirala and Mahima Chaudhry at cleanliness drive by Nahar Group in Powai on 2nd Nov 2014. Aditya Pancholi, Shakti Kapoor, Mukesh Rishi were also seen here.
Bollywood Producer Anup Jalota, director Kawal Sharma , Shakti Kapoor and leading lady Priyanka Agarwal at the muhurat of ”Dhansu Heroes’. The regular shooting of the film will commence in … Continue reading Producer Anup Jalota’s ”Dhansu Heros” muhrat held at Bhullar Garden
Bejoy Nambiar has casted Siddhanth Kapoor, son of Shakti Kapoor in his next flick. Siddharth who made his Bollywood debut in John Abraham’s film Shootout at Wadal is all set … Continue reading Siddhanth Kapoor trains with Zaheer Khan for his role in ‘Kirkit’
[nggallery id=834] Shakti Kapoor and Prashant Narayanan were clicked on the sets of ‘Mumbai Can Dance Saala’ in Mumbai, on Monday, October 7. Shakti Kapoor said at the event: “It was really awesome … Continue reading Shakti Kapoor on the sets of Mumbai cant dance salla
Pining that nobody in the industry cares about him, Shakti Kapoor is said to have been euphoric upon hearing that the cult classic Andaz Apna Apna is going to be … Continue reading Shakti Kapoor wants a role in Andaz Apna Apna remake, Shraddha Kapoor worried
Actor Shakti Kapoor appreciates his daughter Shraddha Kapoor’s talent saying she reminds him of legendary actress Waheeda Rehman and Madhubala. He also confesses that she is so intelligent that he … Continue reading Shraddha reminds me of Waheeda, Madhubala: Shakti Kapoor


text:
New Delhi [India]: A Special Court of Delhi has taken cognizance of a charge sheet filed by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) against former Trinamool Congress youth wing leader Vinay Mishra, his brother Vikas Mishra and Mohammad Enamul Haque, the alleged kingpin of a cattle smuggling racket across India-Bangladesh border.
The Court noted that the ED has filed the prosecution complaint (Chargesheet) under Sections 44 and 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 for the commission of an offence under Sections 3 and 70 of PMLA punishable under Section 4 of PMLA.
While taking cognizance of the ED Chargesheet, Special Judge CBI Sanjay Garg said he had gone through the complaint and the accompanying documents, and there was sufficient material to proceed against the accused. Accordingly, the cognizance of the offence under Sections 3 and 70 PMLA punishable under Section 4 PMLA was taken.
The court issued summons against Vinay Mishra, his brother Vikas Mishra and other accused in the matter and directed them to appear before the court on June 1, 2022.
Nitesh Rana, Special Public Prosecutor, appeared for the ED and made submissions on the point of cognizance.
According to the ED, Enamul Haque has previously also been arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) for his alleged involvement in cattle smuggling cases on the India-Bangladesh border. Earlier in January, the Supreme Court had granted him bail.
The bench of Justice DY Chandrachud and Justice Dinesh Maheshwari had granted bail to Haque in a case involving the smuggling of cattle on the India-Bangladesh border with the help of the Border Security Force (BSF) commandant at the Murshidabad border, West Bengal.
It was alleged that the cattle smuggling was carried out at Haque’s instance, and he paid bribes to the security personnel to facilitate the trade.
Earlier, the CBI had also arrested Haque and contented that he had taken advantage of the porous borders to move items across.
The CBI had contended that Haque was an influential man since he managed to enter India through the border despite “Look Out Circular”. “If he is released it would render further investigation vulnerable,” contended the CBI. (ANI)


In today’s data center, there are many ways to achieve system redundancy from a server connected to a fabric. Customers usually seek redundancy to increase…
In today’s data center, there are many ways to achieve system redundancy from a server connected to a fabric. Customers usually seek redundancy to increase service availability (such as achieving end-to-end AI workloads) and find system efficiency using different multihoming techniques.
In this post, we discuss the pros and cons of the well-known proprietary multi-chassis link aggregation group (MLAG) compared to standards-based EVPN multihoming (EVPN-MH).
Introduction to MLAG
Multihoming is necessary for all modern data centers, which enables a single host to connect to two or more nodes and serve in an all-active or single-active manner. All-active focuses on increasing capacity first and redundancy second. Single-active focuses primarily on redundancy.
In the Internet Service Provider world, multihoming is a familiar concept, primarily for Point of Presence locations, where customer equipment interconnects with Provider Edge equipment locations.
This connection is almost always a layer 3 routed connection and doesn’t introduce the challenges of the layer 2 world because it is intended to solve redundant site access or Internet access. However, in data centers, when we connect servers or end nodes into the network in a redundant way, we must get down to layer 2.
MLAG came along in the early 2010s and many vendors implemented similar features that performed similar functionalities. One important thing to keep in mind is that MLAG is vendor-dependent proprietary technology. According to Wikipedia, MLAG’s “implementation varies by vendor; notably, the protocol existing between the chassis is proprietary.” This is a fundamental problem for MLAG that triggers many other issues.
Figure 1. Typical MLAG wiring
With MLAG (Figure 1), a client device can be a server or hypervisor, and a switch or router forms a classical link aggregation group (LAG) that typically bonds two physical links into a single logical link. On the other side of these links, you typically have two switches, which these links connect to. From an LACP point of view, these two switches act like a single switch with the same LACP system ID. This makes MLAG work from a server perspective.
However, for the two MLAG participating switches, things are a bit more complex. Because they require state and MAC synchronization between them, a heartbeat is also needed to prevent split-brain situations and traffic flow over peer links in case one of the participating switches loses its uplink. This peer link makes the entire design non-standard, complex, and error-prone (not fitting in a CLOS leaf and spine architecture).
There are efforts to make state and MAC synchronization standard. RFC7275 focuses on solving this problem and addressing it with a new protocol called Inter-Chassis Control Protocol (ICCP). However, different vendors still implement various flavors of RFC7275 and end up with the same issues. This MLAG solution solved the multihoming problem in a limited scope.
While the future of MLAG is bleak, there’s a more flexible and technically superior multihoming solution: EVPN multihoming (also called EVPN-LAG or ESI-LAG).
Benefits of EVPN multihoming
Multihoming is no stranger to the ISP world and initially came along as a WAN technology. However, it became clear that modern data centers require their own way of implementing multihoming.
Coincidentally, EVPN itself was first introduced as a WAN technology, then evolved into a data center technology. EVPN adopted multihoming functionality rather quickly. With RFC7432, EVPN-MH uses a new addressing field called the Ethernet Segment Identifier (ESI). This fundamental building block that makes EVPN-MH work is used everywhere across the fabric, as far as type-1 and type-4 routes are propagated. ESI is a 10-byte field that specifies a specific multihomed segment.
Let’s talk about what is under the hood of EVPN-MH, route types, and what makes it attractive compared to legacy and proprietary MLAG.
EVPN-MH uses Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as the control plane in contrast to ICCP, which MLAG uses. And, EVPN-MH uses several different types of EVPN route types as per RFC7432.
EVPN Route Type-1
EVPN Type-1 Route functions can be listed as mass withdrawal, aliasing, and load sharing (Figure 2).
Mass withdrawal makes sure that if a particular link goes down on an ES, you can withdraw all dependent MAC addresses connected to that particular link. This way, you achieve fast convergence by sending a mass withdrawal instead of one by one for each MAC. This assumes that a hypervisor is connected to that ES with many VMs, over the same VLAN, or over hundreds of VLANs.
Aliasing and load balancing
Aliasing and load balancing makes sure that downstream traffic towards an ES is load-balanced across ES member switches, also known as EVI. This way, the ES member switches can receive traffic from other switches in the fabric in a load-shared manner, regardless of whether they are advertising that particular MAC behind their ES.
Figure 2. EVPN Ethernet Auto-Discovery route Type-1 frame format
EVPN Route Type-2
Type-2 (MAC/IP) routes are advertised by the same ES member leafs and they include the ESI value for each MAC attached to this Ethernet Segment (Figure 3).
Figure 3. EVPN MAC/IP Advertisement Route type-2 frame format
Type-2 routes are not part of the EVPN-MH setup, however, they make use of ESI information when it’s present for a specific destination MAC.
EVPN Route Type-4
EVPN Type-4 routes are used for election of designated forwarder (DF) and autodiscovery of multihomed ES (Figure 4).
Figure 4. EVPN Ethernet Segment Route type-4 frame format
EVPN type-1 and type-4 routes make EVPN-MH work and provide standards-based interoperability. Type-4 routes are imported by only routers or leafs that participate in that particular ES. Other routers or leafs in the fabric that don’t participate in that ES don’t import type-4 routes. Type-4 routes are used for DF elections to select where to send local BUM traffic.As BUM traffic has to be flooded across the network, in multihomed scenarios, only the DF is responsible for sending BUM traffic to its clients (such as multihomed servers).
Typical EVPN-MH topology can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Typical EVPN-MH wiring
Advantages of EVPN-MH:
- Control-plane based MAC and state synchronization
- Standards-based, BGP EVPN route types, and interoperability
- Fabric-wide-route distribution of multihomed connections
- Fast convergence, withdrawal
- Capable of 2+ multihoming
- No need for physical peer link connectivity
- Future proof
- Scalable with BGP
EVPN-MH is a future-proof technology that uses BGP as its control plane. Its standards-based architecture, ability to provide multihoming to end hosts with more than two gateways, and active-active load balancing make it an attractive de facto solution in modern data center networks. Also, removing the need for a peer link between leafs fits EVPN-MH into the Clos architecture perfectly, reducing cost and complexity.
I recommend using EVPN-MH for data centers with EVPN as the control plane, which will soon substitute all MLAG deployments in the field. Existing networks can stay with MLAG as they are already operational. However, new deployments and designs should certainly be based on EVPN-MH.
For more resources, check out the NVIDIA Cumulus Linux Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation–MLAG configuration guide.


text:
Riviera Maya - The beautiful white-sand beaches and turquoise sea fronting the Maya Riviera – stretching south roughly 80 miles from Cancún, on past Tulum, and into the Sian Ka’an Biosphere – are threatened by the overdevelopment wrought by mega-resorts. But where else can you combine ... Read More
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domain: geography


text:
Spain’s interior minister has accused the Basque separatist group ETA of trying to commit a massacre after a car bomb exploded at a police barracks in the early hours.
One officer was killed and four others were injured in the attack, which has been blamed on the Basque seperatist organisation, although there has been no claim of responsibility.
The bomb went off just before 3am in a Civil Guard barracks in Legutiano in northern Spain’s Basque country.
There were 29 people asleep inside at the time, including five children. Police say there was no advance warning for the blast.
Officers wore masks to protect their identity from ETA rebels as they searched the crime scene.
The group wants independence for the Basque country and has killed more than 820 people in its decades-long campaign.

domain: politics


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The Name Of The Rose
THE NAME OF THE ROSE is based on the book of the same name by Umberto Eco. The story takes place in Northern Italy, during the early 14th century. Franciscan monk William of Baskerville (Sean Connery) and his novice Adso of Melk arrive at a Benedictine abbey where a mysterious death has occurred ahead of an important theological Church conference. William, known for his deductive and analytic mind, confronts the worried Abbot and gains permission to investigate the death – a young illuminator appears to have committed suicide. Over the next few days, several other bizarre deaths occur, and the two gradually discover that everything is not what it seems in the abbey.
The film will be screened with German and French subtitles.
Please note: On June 29 at 7:30 PM this film (127 Min.) will be screened during the event CineMerit Award: Jean-Jacques Annaud.
Cast: Sean Connery, Christian Slater, Helmut Qualtinger, Elya Baskin, Michael Lonsdale
Screenplay: Andrew Birkin, Gérard Brach, Howard Franklin, Alain Godard
Original Material: Umberto Eco
Director of Photography: Tonino Delli Colli
Film Editor: Jane Seitz
Composer: James Horner
Production Designer: Dante Ferretti
Costume Design: Gabriella Pescucci
Sound: Frank Jahn
Producer: Bernd Eichinger, Bernd Schaefers
Production Company: Neue Constantin Film Produktion GmbH
Co-Producer: Franco Cristaldi, Alexandre Mnouchkine
Co-Production Company: Cristaldifilm S.r.l., Ariane-Film
Distributor: Constantin Film Verleih GmbH
Director: Jean-Jacques Annaud


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Team Culo Malo
Founder & CEO
Erick Bohorquez has been immersed in the music industry for over two decades, with experience in A&R at major labels, radio promotions, music programming, and as a professional musician. After graduating from UT Austin, he went on to work at Elektra Records in promotions and A&R and later landing at Island/Def Jam Records as Regional Manager of Marketing and Promotions. There he managed Universal Music Group’s celebrity artists, while developing and maintaining relationships at Radio, Press, and Retail, which contributed to numerous #1 hits such as Rihanna’s “SOS”, Ne-Yo’s “So Sick”, and Mariah Carey’s “Don’t Forget About Us.” Erick also spent time specializing in on-air and digital advertising campaigns for MIX 94.7 KAMX and Magic 95.5 KJCE. His career evolved to focus on music programming at Mood Media, where he managed DirecTV’s Latin music channels and designed custom programs for Fortune 500 companies. He has gained extensive experience managing relationships with labels, artists, and publishers, as well as developing cross-promotional branding opportunities. This experience ultimately led him to work for YouTube Music as a music curator who was responsible for the listening experience for millions of listeners. Erick is a member of The Recording Academy and Latin Recording Academy.
Caleb is a driven and passionate marketer who has developed an intense passion in artist marketing over the years. Caleb has an impressive track record of managing high traffic social media campaigns, where he has been able to generate significant increases in engagement and views per post. In fact, he has achieved a notable increase of 250,000 views and 1.7 million engagements per post in campaigns.
Caleb has also contributed to some notable marketing campaigns at Island Records, where he played a significant role in marketing campaigns for artists such as Sabrina Carpenter, Lauren Spencer Smith, Will Linely, Charlieonafriday, and most recently with Warner Music Latina artist, Le Coco. His efforts helped to ensure that these artists received maximum exposure and made a significant impact in the industry.

domain: entertainment


NEW YORK — Music royalty and chart-topping hit-makers from the worlds of R&B, country, pop, hip-hop and rock are among the lineup for this year’s Rock & Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
Organizers announced Tuesday that Stevie Nicks, Adam Levine and Queen Latifah are among the new list performers and presenters for this year’s event on Nov. 3 at Brooklyn’s Barclays Center.
Emmy, Grammy and Oscar winner Common will join Carrie Underwood, Nicks, Miguel, Levine and Sia as performers, while Ice-T, LL Cool J and Latifah will serve as presenters.
Elton John, Brandi Carlile, Dave Matthews, H.E.R., New Edition, Chris Stapleton and St. Vincent were previously announced as performers and presenters.
Willie Nelson, Missy Elliott, Sheryl Crow, Kate Bush, George Michael, Rage Against the Machine and The Spinners make up the class of 2023 inductees.
Hip-hop trailblazer DJ Kool Herc and the late Native American rock & roll guitarist Link Wray will be honored with the Musical Influence Award.
Ten-time Grammy-winning R&B and funk diva Chaka Khan, Al Kooper and Bernie Taupin will receive the Musical Excellence Award.
Late “Soul Train” creator Don Cornelius will be honored with the Ahmet Ertegun Award, posthumously named after the influential Atlantic Records chieftain.
“This year’s incredible group of Inductees reflects the diverse artists and sounds that define rock & roll,” Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation chairman John Sykes previously said in a statement.
“We are honored that this November’s Induction Ceremony in New York will coincide with two milestones in music culture; the 90th birthday of Willie Nelson and the 50th Anniversary of the birth of hip hop,” he added.


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Yesterday, I tagged along with Colin to Cambridge to meet some of the British Buffer cohort. It’s always a pleasure to see the Buffer crew: they’re all so friendly and interesting. And we’re almost guaranteed to find a burrito somewhere for lunch.
At the end of the day, Colin and I discussed what we were going to have for tea. I think we both knew deep down it was going to be cheesy chips from the takeaway, but we had to go through the motions.
Monday isn’t Cheat Day, so we had to atone for our calorie-laden sins. Each of us had to run further than normal, so we each stuck a run down Padnal into the mix.
The run to the start of Padnal is uphill, which, with the wind in your face, is a killer for me, and I always feel like giving up. But I don’t. I listen to my tunes and tell myself to keep putting one foot in front of the other.
The start of Padnal is sharply downhill, so it’s more of a fall than a run. Padnal isn’t paved, so it’s stony and squelchy, and keeps you on your toes after the pavements and roads of earlier in the run.
Considering I ran further than yesterday, my pace was only a second slower. Despite everything, I can run faster (~11 min/mile) with a lower heart rate (~165 bpm) than when I first started running with my Garmin, so I must be getting fitter. The stiffness in my legs tells me otherwise; I hope the bathroom is finished soon so I can have a nice hot bath!

domain: hobby


text: AP Sports Writer Patrick Ramsey got his first win as a starting quarterback, and the Washington Redskins avoided the lowest of lows in a losing season. Ramsey threw two touchdowns passes Sunday, and the Redskins had a pair of 100-yard rushers as they broke a three-game losing streak with a 26-10 victory over the Houston Texans. A game against an expansion team did wonders for all sides of the ball for the Redskins (6-9), a team with shaken confidence and unusual wariness before a game in which they were solid favorites. The offense scored its most points in eight weeks, the defense allowed a season-low 166 yards against the worst offense in the league, and the special teams forced a safety on a rare holding penalty on a punt in the end zone. David Carr was sacked an NFL-record 73rd time this season when Bruce Smith took him down late in the fourth quarter. It was Washington's third sack of the game and the second by Smith. Carr surpassed the record held by Randall Cunningham, who was sacked 72 times with Philadelphia in 1986. The 100-yard runners were rookie Ladell Betts (20 carries for 116 yards and a touchdown) and first-year player Kenny Watson (20 carries, 110 yards). They shared running duties because Stephen Davis is out with a separated shoulder. And they offered hope Davis can be replaced in coach Steve Spurrier's offense if, as expected, Davis is released for salary cap reasons in the offseason. The only downside for Washington was its incredibly woeful punting game. Craig Jarrett had a pair of 10-yarders and had another blocked for a Houston touchdown. The Texans (4-11) came to town with a load of ex-Redskins in tow _ 15 front office workers followed ex-Washington general manager Charley Casserly south to Houston. But none of that experience could help a team compensate for a great talent imbalance. The game pitted the first and last picks in the first round of April's draft, Carr and Ramsey. Carr, who has started every game, completed just 12 of 31 passes for 112 yards with one interception and a lost fumble. Ramsey, making his fourth start, was 14-for-32 for 190 yards to add a starting victory to his relief win at Tennessee in October. Ramsey's first touchdown pass came on a clever, well-designed play. Fullback Rock Cartwright led the blocking on a fake to Watson. The fake pulled in linebacker Jay Foreman, who let Cartwright run wide open to the end zone for a 12-yard completion in the first quarter. Derrius Thompson added a 13-yard TD reception in the second quarter. The two first-half touchdowns sandwiched one of the most unusual scoring plays of the season. With the Texans lined up to punt on fourth down from their 4-yard line, Ladarius Jackson had a clear path to block the kick until he was tackled by Houston's Billy Miller. The call was holding in the end zone, an automatic safety. The safety capped a miserable series typical of an expansion team: two false starts and an 11-yard loss on a fumble by Carr. Betts scored on a 3-yard run in the fourth quarter. Houston's touchdown came in the fourth quarter, when Kevin Williams recovered Jimmy McClain's blocked punt in the end zone.

domain: sports


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My Guide Website?
Chamonix: Private Guided Visit Mer de Glace 1/2 day3 Reviews
During this guided tour of the Mer de Glace, marvel at the largest glacier in the French Alps from a panoramic viewpoint!
Our Top Experiences and Tours in Chamonix:If youʻre booking your trip to Chamonix last minute, we have you covered. Below are some of the top tours and experiences!
- From Geneva: Day Trip to Chamonix with Cable Car and Train
- From Geneva: Full-Day Trip to Chamonix and Mont-Blanc
- From Geneva: Guided Day Trip to Chamonix and Mont-Blanc
- Enjoy panoramic views of the Chamonix Valley
- Immerse yourself in the stunning landscapes of the Mont-Blanc Massif
- Encounter the majestic Mer de Glace


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Laundy by Shelli Segal takes a page from the 60's with this psychedelic print jersey dress. The long sleeves and short skirt are seemingly straight from the pages of Twiggy's wardrobe, with a slightly updated twist. The dress has a belt, giving it more shape than its predecessor and is made from a polyester/spandex blend. The border print hem is a great detail, giving focus to the almost-but-not-quite over the top print. Blouson sleeves are a nice touch of femininity. Approximate length (from shoulder to hem): 34 inches.
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Mark Wallinger is known for never repeating himself. His works, which vary in theme, reflect the artist’s passion for, among other things, sport, history, politics and the natural sciences. Read more.
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