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Timothy E. Scheurer, "Born in the U. S. A.: The Myths of America in Popular Music from Colonial Times to the Present"
English | 2007 | ISBN: 1934110566, 0878054960 | 294 Pages | PDF | 15 MB
This is the first study to explore fully the myth of America as reflected in the nation's popular music. Beginning with the songs of the Pilgrims and continuing through more than two centuries of history and music, Born in the U.S.A. shows the emerging American myth and gives a close reading of the compositions of songwriters as diverse as William Billings, Henry Clay Work, Irving Berlin, Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan, and Bruce Springsteen.
So that the full and diverse narrative of this complex nation might be recorded, this insightful study is focused both upon the national myth and upon the songwriters and performers representing subcultures and alternative viewpoints that are the text of America's story. Through hymnlike paeans and through discordant lamentations protesting the realities of the contemporary workaday world, popular music is an astonishing mirror of American history.
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Seoul Rejects US Reports on North Korea's Nuclear Stockpile
18:55 26.02.2015(updated 19:16 26.02.2015)
Seoul's Defense Ministry dismissed reports on the current size of North Korea's nuclear stockpile and its capability to produce miniaturized nuclear warheads as a 'presumption without any evidence', amid ongoing hysteria generated by US experts.
Ekaterina Blinova – South Korea's Defense Ministry expressed doubts regarding Pyongyang's ability to create miniaturized nuclear warheads which would fit the state's ballistic missiles anytime soon, and denounced the ongoing hysteria surrounding North Korea's nuclear program as a 'presumption without any evidence.'
Seoul's Defense Ministry statement has come as a response to a report released by the US-Korea Institute Tuesday. American and South Korean experts proposed three scenarios for Pyongyang's nuclear development program, predicting that the country's stockpile would increase to 100 nuclear devices by 2020. Joel Wit, the report's co-author, noted that miniaturization technology would allow North Korea to boost its nuclear arsenal and equip its intermediate and shorter-range ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. According to the expert's estimates, Pyongyang has already built from 10-16 plutonium and uranium based nuclear weapons.
However, on Thursday, Seoul's Defense Ministry, which can hardly be suspected of harboring any sympathy for North Korea, voiced its doubts regarding Pyongyang's capability to produce miniaturized nuclear warheads. Denouncing Joel Wit's data on the current size of Pyongyang's nuclear arsenal as a 'presumption without any evidence,' ministry spokesman Kim Min-seok stated that there are no signs showing that North Korea can build nuclear-tipped missiles. Although the communist nation has reached a significant technological level, it has not yet demonstrated miniaturization capabilities,' the spokesman said according to South Korean media sources.
When asked about the Pyongyang's forthcoming nuclear test, Kim Min-seok noted there was no evidence that North Korea had any such plans. Remarkably, earlier that day one of South Korea's media sources speculated that Pyongyang was going to carry out its fourth round of nuclear tests in May, 2015. The ministry spokesperson warned that North Korea's attempts to conduct new detonation tests would inevitably aggravate further tensions on the peninsula. Pyongyang has already carried out three rounds of nuclear tests in 2006, 2009 and 2013.
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text:
18 Years’ Worth of Days
The average retirement lasts for 18 years, with many lasting even longer. Will you fill your post-retirement days with purpose?
Have A Question About This Topic?
How does your ideal retirement differ from reality, and what can we do to better align the two?
Asking the right questions about how you can save money for retirement without sacrificing your quality of life.
Term insurance is the simplest form of life insurance. Here's how it works.

domain: economics


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domain: finance


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Can you name the Women's NCAA Division I basketball champions?
- Click any empty Year or Winner to answer for that location
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NCAA Women's NCAA Div I Champs Quiz
- Created Mar 17, 2011 in Sports
- Game Plays 2,696
Go to the Sporcle.com Mobile Site →

domain: sports


Oklahoma City is taking a closer look at its laws on the books and has realized some of them need to go.
Tuesday, the OKC mayor and city council got rid of 16 of the city’s 19 occupational licenses, calling them a form of government overreach.
Until today, City Hall expected auctioneers, junk collectors and boiler operators to come downtown and get an occupational license from the city.
“They were more just a nuisance. They were not justified,” said Mayor David Holt, who wrote the ordinance.
The city admits it wasn't getting rich from charging $12 to $91 for the licenses.
Around $9,500 was earned annually.
“If it’s to protect the health and safety of our community then it’s appropriate,” said Holt.
Some door to door sales people and ice cream truck drivers still need to get an occupational license from OKC because it requires a background check.
Holt said it lessens the burden on entrepreneurs.


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Fact: Hugh Grant recreated an iconic scene from his romantic comedy Notting Hill during U.S. talk show Watch What Happens Live on Wednesday (18Feb15). The Brit reprised his role as book shop owner William Thacker, while host Andy Cohen donned a cardigan and brown wig to play Julia Roberts' movie star character Anna Scott, and repeated her famous line, "I'm just a girl standing in front of a boy, asking him to love her."
Quote: "You spend all night getting to like this girl, and then you're supposed to move on, avoid her and her calls. I just couldn't do it, I'm too soft. I'm a hopeless romantic and very, very old-fashioned. I've never been unfaithful." Notting Hill star Rhys Ifans on his failed attempt to be a ladies' man.
Quote: "When I was a boy, the music and Jon Pertwee's doctor had me peeking out from behind the sofa every Saturday. I am thrilled to be appearing in the new series." Notting Hill star Hugh Bonneville is delighted to have landed a role in cult U.K. sci-fi show Doctor Who.
Quote: "Watching Notting Hill again... A lot of my life I feel like Anna Scott." Pop princess MILEY CYRUS Tweets on the pressures of fame, identifying with Julia Roberts' character in the 1999 comedy.
Quote: "You'd think it was like I had a chinchilla under there, the way the world responded." Julia Roberts on the uproar she caused after turning up to the 1999 U.K. premiere of her movie Notting Hill with unshaved armpits.
Fact: The bench on which Hugh Grant wooed Julia Roberts in 1999 romantic comedy Notting Hill has travelled a long way from its original home in west London - it's been donated to Queens Gardens in Perth, Australia by an anonymous private individual.
Quote: "I want to look like Hugh Grant. I am sure my career has suffered from my lack of style. I am going to call Hugh as soon as possible and find out where he shops." Val Kilmer is desperate to share the Notting Hill star's style secrets.

domain: artistic


I want to remove my value pack in my fido plan. What should I do? Calling *234 is not helping me at all.
Solved! Go to Solution.
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We can also help you out right here, let us know if you'd like us to send you a PM .
Welcome to the Community.
You'd need to speak with someone from our customer support team to have these kinds of changes applied. You can check out all the different ways to reach us right from here:
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Hi FYI I recently have successfully removed my VP value pack via my account app.
1) log in to my account app if you don't have the app you can download it via Google play or (appleplay)
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Heads-up! After removing option pack My voicemail went out completely instead of it downgraded to regular voicemail after removing the VPpack. The Fido setup is missing to resume to regular voicemail automatically it deletes all of it instead. Yeah,, so you still have to ask a Fido rep to fix the voicemail afterwards.hmm Definitely a piece for structure assignment here. Hey Fido Save your reps time and provide better service by adding that piece of code missing (to refresh at reg voicemail auto) ahead of Jan 17 pack at 7$!
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It’s that time of year where temperature are dropping, germs are spreading, and you might be feeling a little under the weather. It’s cold season!
When your immunity is under attack, there’s some simple things you can do to curb your cold when you feel it coming on, end it sooner and feel better faster using the healing properties of food!
First, if you feel a cold coming on, start implementing these guidelines right away and make sure to avoid a few things that naturally cause inflammation in the body like sugar and alcohol. If you’re already in the thick of being sick, avoiding these things will help you feel better soon and allow your immune system to work more efficiently.
Everyone knows that vitamin C is important for supporting your immune system, but one of the most commonly known forms of vitamin C also contains a big dose of sugar. We’re talking about orange juice. Yes, orange juice contains vitamin C naturally, but it also contains a lot of natural sugar called fructose, which can counteract the benefits of vitamin C. Getting vitamin C from broccoli, kale, and cauliflower might be a better source since these vegetables contain lower levels of sugars.
Next, add a few things into your daily routine. Garlic is a go-to immune system support due to the allicin it contains which is an antioxidant that is both antibacterial and antiviral. Raw garlic is the best way to get the benefits of allicin, but adding it to food sources any way you can is helpful.
Echinacea is a flowering plant that is often used in tea and contains antioxidants, as well as immune-supporting and anti-inflammatory properties. Enjoying a cup of warm tea a few times of day is both supportive of healing your cold while being comforting at the same time.
What’s your go-to cold support that you rely on every year?

domain: medical


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Anti-GM crop conference hits out at EFSA
Delegates at a Brussels conference on GM-free regions voiced frustration with the way the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) handles safety issues posed by genetically modified crops. MEP José Bové urged "draconian" reform of the agency.
The full text of this article is only available to subscribers and free trialists. To login,please enter your email address and subscriber access code below.

domain: news


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To the editor: Let’s be clear: Spotlight On Coastal Corruption, the successful litigant against California Coastal Commission members who violated ex parte meeting laws, also filed a lawsuit to prohibit use of public funds to pay the commissioners’ legal expenses. (“State to pay $1 million for Briggs’ legal fees in Coastal Commission lawsuit,” April 5)
All five defendants were found to have violated state law prohibiting coastal commissioners from holding secret meetings with developers without timely and full disclosure of the substance of those meetings. They alone broke the law, and they alone should pay the price.
Most concerning is that state officials appear to have learned nothing from the two lawsuits. Even though the five defendants lost because they were found to have intentionally violated ex parte laws, the Department of Finance and the Coastal Commission have been working in secret to save the defendants from the consequences of their own wrongdoing.
Spotlight on Coastal Corruption believes that agreement is an illegal gift of public funds and is confident that a judge will agree.
Kathryn Burton, Susan Turney and Gerald Sodomka, San Diego
Burton is president of Spotlight on Coastal Corruption; Turney and Sodomka are members of the group’s board of directors.


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How does Duac Once Daily Gel work?
It contains two active ingredients:
Clindamycin. Clindamycin is classed as a "macrolide" antibiotic - this is one of the most commonly used types of antibiotic for the infections that are associated with acne.
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Duac Once Daily Gel can take between four to six weeks before you will see it working, and it should not be used for more than 12 weeks (three months) continuously.
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Tell the doctor if you are taking any other medicines, either from your doctor or purchased from a pharmacy. Duac Once Daily Gel may not be suitable or may need to be used with caution if you are taking some medicines, such as other treatments or creams for acne, especially ones that are alcohol-based or ones containing vitamin A derivates (such as Isotrex or Differin). It will not be suitable if you are allergic to clindamycin or other macrolide antibiotics, or any of the other ingredients.
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For a full list of potential side effects and other important information, please read the patient leaflet provided in the pack before starting any course of treatment. The leaflet can also be viewed online here.
Acne can often cause intense feelings of anxiety and stress, which can sometimes make people with the condition become socially withdrawn. This combination of factors can lead to people with acne feeling low or anxious.
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Fracking ban advances to Maryland Senate floor by Josh Hicks, March 22, 2017, The Washington Post
A bill to ban hydraulic fracturing in Maryland cleared a major hurdle Wednesday, days after Gov. Larry Hogan (R) surprised advocates by endorsing the ban.
The state Senate’s environmental committee voted 8-3 in favor of the House bill, with one of the panel’s four Republicans joining all seven Democrats. The measure, which has 23 sponsors, now advances to the full Senate, where it would need at least 24 votes to pass.
If Maryland bans fracking, it would be the third state to do so, joining New York and Vermont.
Advocates successfully fought an amendment that would have required a statewide referendum in 2018 to determine how voters feel about the ban on fracking, a natural-gas extraction method formally known as hydraulic fracturing.
Critics said the referendums would provide an opportunity for the oil-and-gas industry to run ads against the ban and drum up support for repealing it.
Environmental and anti-fracking groups applauded Wednesday’s committee vote.
“Mountain Maryland residents and citizens across our state have for years raised alarm over fracking’s potential to contaminate water and air, to cause earthquakes, and to harm public health and safety,” Citizen Shale said in a statement.
“With this vote, we can breathe a little easier.”
A few of the comments:
“Critics said the referendums would provide an opportunity for the oil-and-gas industry to run ads against the ban and drum up support for repealing it.” They are all for free speech and letting the people decide except when it may threaten their positions.
That logic works only if you believe that Corporations are people. Many actual people do not agree with this legal premise and believe that corporate money in politics is destroying our democratic system. The gas industry has spent million$ on this issue in Maryland all to preserve their ability to harvest the state’s small reserve of dry gas. Maryland would be the first state to ban fracking with eyes wide open to its harms. Looks like the industry doesn’t like the precedent of The People urging a well-informed legislature to ban a process that will do more harm than good.
Also, the effects won’t be limited to counties that might vote for fracking. Air and water quality and pipeline and compressor station infrastructure are statewide issues, which the whole state should be able to have a say on.
The referendum is a hideous and poorly thought out idea. That one area can circumvent State policy and bring in a dangerous activity that could spread harmful effects down river and across borders. Would ‘poor’ western MD be liable if Marylander’s downstream on the Potomac had harmful water system issues from fracking well casing failures up riiver? Would western Maryland have to bear the full expense in regulatoatory inspections and enforcement? Why shoud the rest of Maryland cover the expense of the bad decision making of an area that went 5-1 for Trump? Certainly they have not exhibited critical thinking skills already. What if a town or other jurisdiction wanted to do something like say legalize recreational marijuana? If a region can bring in fracking than surely a jurisdiction could legalize marijuana within their borders, as long as the majority votes it in. By this reasoning any region could do what they want as long as they vote it in. If fracking was to create a huge expense why should other Marylanders outside western MD have any obligation to help cover the costs. Afterall they brought it on themselves, let them have 100% unbridled responsibility including bearing the entire expense from now till the end of time. The local referendum idea is a complete joke.
With the governors support it will pass. In fact any Republican that wants to not hitch their wagon to theTrumpian fossil fuel madness would be wise to follow the governors lead in supporting the ban. A democrat that opposes a fracking ban will be primaried and replaced, even it it passes. It’s time for Maryland Democrats to be an opposition party to anti environment fossil fuel nuts. Western Maryland properrty values and desireability for investmentand second homes just shot through the roof. As PA and West Va get fracked to death where will the people go to escape….Western MD. Bring em ‘on! Our oasis is waiting and our water gets more valuable everyday we continue to protect it fully. Gas is oh so last century. Now we can move forward as leader in the Nation and not follow WV and PA to the rock bottom in public health and unsustainable economic futures.
[Refer also to:
As it turns out, pollution from our fracking wells in Pennsylvania may be drifting down to Maryland, raising ethane levels in the state to unhealthy levels.
2017 03 18: Governor Larry Hogan announces support for frack ban in Maryland with what might be the strongest anti-fracking statement a Republican governor has ever made ]


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Learn how to cook like a vegan
By Jimmy Currier, Observer staff writer
With obesity and related diseases on the rise, people are
searching for a way to lose weight and become healthy.
While a vegetarian diet is not certain to ward off all
diseases, statistically, vegetarians have a lower rate of
disease than non-vegetarians.
Dr. Glenn Wiltse of Albuquerque says that vegetarians live
10-14 years longer than the average population. Also, on
the average, vegetarians have lower blood pressure, a lower
rate of cancer, lower incidence of heart attacks and a
lower rate of diabetes.
If you look down at the gamut of degenerative diseases
affecting our country today, vegetarians are better off,
Wiltse, who grew up on a farm in Iowa, has been a
vegetarian for 50 years.
The 87-year old doctor wants to share his knowledge with
Anyone that can look at you, you leave alone, Wiltse
Many people are skeptical of the vegan diet because of a
perceived lack of protein. Wiltse debunks that myth.
Legumes are our primary source of protein, he said.
Looking at the protein in beans and the protein quality,
its about the same as in beef. Beans are a big part of our
diet, as well as nuts, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice and
Wiltse said the average American eats twice as much protein
as the body needs and that produces ill effects, including
extra work for the kidneys and creating excess waste.
Wiltse pointed out there are several reasons why one would
becomes a vegetarian, including health, spiritual and


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Brussels: Many European countries are suffering negative economic conjuncture and high unemployment and, therefore, may begin to change approach to energy security in the near future, Chairman of the Administrative Control and Transparency Authority H E Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah said addressing the Brussels Forum during a workshop entitled “Energy Transition and the Role of Europe”.
Al Attiyah said European governments may review strategies to shorten the gap of competitiveness with the United States, develop solutions and options to decrease the dependency on natural gas from Russia, and consider indigenous shale gas option.
Guided by the vision of the Emir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and its long term national development strategy, he added, Qatar has made sizeable investments in a broad range of industries in Europe. “Qatar will continue along this path supporting European economies by supplying LNG and developing commercial relationships. Despite the current economic slowdown in the continent, we believe in the future of Europe,” Al Attiyah said.
He pointed to the “truly remarkable” recent phenomenal developments of the unconventional gas resources in the United States, which “may revolutionise the energy landscape in North America over the next decade.”


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Specialist property managers Lee Baron have been appointed by Ardent UK, a branch of US-based asset management firm Ardent Companies LLC, to provide long-term property management services for their new purchase of a collection of 12 properties across the UK.
Lee Baron’s remit will include the day-to-day estate management of the entire logistics and industrial portfolio, which includes approximately 1.4 million sq ft, generating over £4m per annum in rent.
Ardent UK's portfolio includes assets in England and Scotland, amongst which including Chapman Way Tunbridge Wells in Kent and an asset Milton Keynes.
Robert Hobson, Director, Lee Baron, said: “We are delighted to be partnering with Ardent Companies, as they expand into the UK. It is a seasoned and successful organisation, and we look forward to sharing our breadth of expertise and management oversight as part of this ongoing project. As Ardent UK looks to acquire other opportunities throughout the UK in a number of asset classes, we aim to help the firm meet its objectives during this exciting period of growth.”
Richard Benson, Managing Director, Ardent Companies LLC, added: “We are excited to be working in partnership with the fabulous team at Lee Baron. We look forward to working with them on our portfolio to drive its performance on.”
About Lee Baron
Operating throughout the UK, Lee Baron deals with all aspects of property management across all sectors. It specialises in retail, mixed-use residential and managing large complex estates. Its offering includes advisory and consultancy services, compliance and risk management and property, financial and data management.


text:
Fermented fish oil suppresses T helper 1/2 cell response in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis via generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells
BMC Immunology volume 13, Article number: 44 (2012)
Allergic skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis (AD), which is characterized by pruritus and inflammation, is regulated partly through the activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs play key roles in the immune response by preventing or suppressing the differentiation, proliferation and function of various immune cells, including CD4+ T cells. Recent studies report that fermentation has a tremendous capacity to transform chemical structures or create new substances, and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in fish oil can reduce inflammation in allergic patients. The beneficial effects of natural fish oil (NFO) have been described in many diseases, but the mechanism by which fermented fish oil (FFO) modulates the immune system and the allergic response is poorly understood. In this study, we produced FFO and tested its ability to suppress the allergic inflammatory response and to activate CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs.
The ability of FFO and NFO to modulate the immune system was investigated using a mouse model of AD. Administration of FFO or NFO in the drinking water alleviated the allergic inflammation in the skin, and FFO was more effective than NFO. FFO treatment did increase the expression of the immune-suppressive cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. In addition, ingestion of FFO increased Foxp3 expression and the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs compared with NFO.
These results suggest that the anti-allergic effect of FFO is associated with enrichment of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells at the inflamed sites and that FFO may be effective in treating the allergic symptoms of AD.
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with cutaneous hyper-reactivity, affects approximately 3% of infants, 10 ~ 20% of children and 1 ~ 3% of adults worldwide . This systemic disorder is caused by skin barrier dysfunction, severe skin dehydration, and mutations in the filaggrin gene, which has an essential role in modulating epidermal homeostasis. The skin lesions of AD are generally characterized by infiltration with various inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and T cells [2–5].
Activated mast cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators following cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-receptor complexes at the high-affinity IgE receptor I (FcεRI). Of these mediators, histamine is generally considered as a marker of mast cell degranulation in immediate allergic reaction and is a violent inducer of itching. Histamine is a characteristic major mediator in mast cell storage granules and directly triggers type I allergic responses [6–10].
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced mainly by epidermal keratinocytes, as well as dermal fibroblasts and mast cells in the skin lesions of acute and chronic AD . It strongly promotes dendritic cell (DC) maturation in the epidermis or can initiate and regulate the allergic inflammation reaction [12, 13]. Moreover, TSLP can stimulate naive T cell to express pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, -5 and −13) .
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in various immune responses, including type 2 helper T cells (Th2)-mediated diseases, such as AD. Tregs are found in lymph nodes, skin lesions, spleen or peripheral blood and maintain peripheral immune homeostasis and tolerance to allergens. They also prevent or suppress differentiation, proliferation and function of various immune cells, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, through a process dependent on cell-cell contact, IL-10, or transforming growth factor (TGF-β) [15–19]. Exhaustion of CD25+ cells can aggravate Th2 cell-mediated inflammation induced by various antigens . Tregs express high CD25 levels at the cell surface and CD25 has been identified as a marker of Tregs. However, CD25hi expression is regarded as an activation marker rather than a normal marker of Tregs because CD25 expression on Tregs increases after sensitization with antigens . The expression of forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3), which is a key regulator of Treg development, has been identified as a specific Treg marker. Foxp3+ T cells can inhibit the activation or proliferation of various immune cells, including Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells .
Several previous studies have examined the anti-allergic effects of fish oil. Fish oil intake can reduce sensitization to allergens, alleviate the severity of AD, eczema, and asthma, and down-regulate the expression of IL-1, -4, and −13 and IFN-γ in serum [23, 24]. Fish oil contains various Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) . EPA inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ), up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and increases the number of Foxp3+ Tregs . DHA diminishes the proliferation of effector T cells by increasing mRNA expression of Foxp3, TGF-β and IL-10 from Tregs .
Recent studies have investigated the anti-allergic effects of fermented food products such as yogurt, cheese, and soybean paste on a variety of allergic reactions, diabetes and some cancers [28–30]. Fermentation can transmute the chemical structure of some constituents to create new substances. The beneficial effects of natural fish oil (NFO) have been described in many diseases, but the mechanism by which fermented fish oil (FFO) modulates the immune system and the allergic response is poorly understood. In this study, we produced FFO and found that ingestion of this fish oil resulted in suppression of various allergic reactions and factors and increased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells from CD4+ T cells.
FFO suppresses causative factors in pruritus
To induce experimental AD, mice received an initial sensitization with 1% dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the abdomen, followed by sensitization with 0.5% DNCB on their ears every other day for up to 31 days. Starting on day 12, the mice were given 100 mg/kg of FFO or NFO orally every day. On day 32, all mice were sacrificed (Figure 1A). Itching is a critical factor in the maintenance of AD symptoms and affects skin edema. Therefore, we tested whether FFO or NFO has a therapeutic effect on pruritus. Mice with experimental AD were given FFO or NFO (100 mg/kg) every day, and the mice were painted with hydrocort cream every other day. We measured the number of scratches in a 10 min period on days 0, 10 and 31. In the induction group, the number of scratches increased in a time-dependent manner. Also, on day 31, FFO and hydrocort cream treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) scratching behavior (Figure 1B).
IgE is an important therapeutic target for allergy and AD as it is the major mechanism for activating mast cells to release histamine . Therefore, we measured serum IgE and histamine levels in mice with dermatitis by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The FFO or NFO-treated group showed significantly decreased IgE (both P < 0.005) and histamine (each P < 0.001 or P < 0.005) levels compared with the induction group. In addition, FFO treatment had a stronger inhibitory effect than NFO on allergic symptoms (Figure 1C and D).
Histological features of ear tissue and TSLP hyperproduction in DNCB-challenged mice
The skin lesions of AD are characterized by infiltration of various inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, granulocytes, and T cells . Therefore, we tested whether administration of FFO or NFO alleviates inflammatory cell infiltration in the ears of mice with experimental AD. Cutaneous edema as a measure of AD progression was also measured. Administration of FFO (P < 0.001) or NFO (P < 0.05) reduced ear thickness; the FFO-treated group was not appreciably different from the hydrocort cream treatment group (Figure 2A). The effect of FFO and NFO treatment on infiltration of inflammatory cells into the ear tissue was monitored by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The FFO and NFO-treated group showed significantly decreased epidermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration such as CD3+ cells compared with the induction group (Figure 2B and C).
TSLP produced by epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and mast cells can activate the maturation of dendritic cells and regulate allergic inflammation reactions. Therefore, we measured the expression of TSLP in AD mice models using IHC and western blot. The increased TSLP expression was significantly inhibited in the FFO group (Figure 2D and E). Although both fish oils inhibited various feature of AD mice models, FFO administration showed stronger inhibitory effects than NFO on cutaneous edema, CD3+ T cell infiltration and TSLP hyperproduction.
FFO administration regulates the expression of AD-associated cytokines and the Foxp3 transcription factor
T cells produce a variety of cytokines. Th1 cells are characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2 and Th2 cells are characterized by the production of various cytokines including IL-4, -5 and −13. Among these cytokines, IL-4 plays a crucial role in allergic responses and in the differentiation from naive T cell to Th2 cell. IL-4 also induces isotype switching of B cells to produce IgE . We measured whether FFO affects the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DNCB-induced dermatitis, which is characterized as a Th2 inflammatory disorder. The expression of AD-associated inflammatory factors such as Th2 (IL-4, -13) and Th1 (IFN-γ) cytokines was measured in the ear tissues of DNCB-stimulated mice by real-time PCR. In the induction group, the IL-4 level was extremely elevated. Both FFO and NFO decreased the expression of IL-4 compared with the induction group (both P < 0.005); the effect of FFO was not appreciably different from that of NFO (Figure 3A). Ingestion of FFO reduced IL-13 (P < 0.001) and IFN-γ (P < 0.001) mRNA levels compared with the NFO-treated group (Figure 3B). We also measured the effects of FFO and NFO on the expression of TGF-β and Foxp3, both of which induce the proliferation and differentiation of Tregs. FFO treatment increased the expression of TGF-β and Foxp3 compared with NFO group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) (Figure 3C).
FFO attenuates the function of mature Th1/2 cells in experimental immune disorders
The spleen plays important roles in the active immune system through the cell-mediated pathway, especially through the activity of mature T and B cells . Therefore, we observed the morphologic features of the spleen. Mice in induction group showed a highly enlarged spleen. FFO and NFO treatment resulted in a smaller spleen size with reduced the thickness and length compared to the induction group, and the FFO group had a smaller spleen than the NFO group (Figure 4A).
We measured whether FFO or NFO suppresses mature Th1 and Th2 cell functions in the experimental AD models. Splenocytes from each group were stimulated with anti-CD3 (1 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (0.5 μg/mL) for 3 days. The relative levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines were measured by ELISA and the expression of the Th1 T-box-expressed-in-T-cell (T-bet) and Th2 GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factors was measured by FACS. Spleen cells from mice treated with FFO and NFO produced significantly less IL-4 and IFN-γ compared with the induction group following stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 (Figure 4B). In addition, ingestion of FFO or NFO decreased T-bet expression from 44.6% of splenocytes (induction group) to 33.9% (FFO) or 38.3% (NFO) and decreased GATA3 expression from 28.8% of splenocytes (induction group) to 18.7% (FFO) or 21.7% (NFO). The FFO group exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory effects on effector T cell inflammatory factors than the NFO group (Figure 4C).
FFO administration increases the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg
The administration of FFO significantly reduced the progression of experimental AD model by inhibiting various inflammatory processes. Tregs play a key role in various immune responses in preventing or suppressing differentiation, proliferation and function of various immune cells including CD4+ T cells. Therefore, we analyzed whether administration of FFO or NFO affects the production of factors related to the generation of Tregs. FFO or NFO (100 mg/kg) was fed to normal BALB/c mice for 20 days and all mice were sacrificed on day 21 (Figure 5A). Splenocytes from each group were analyzed without any stimulation. The administration of FFO did not affect Foxp3 expression levels and the number of CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs (Figure 5B and C) compared with the normal or NFO group. However, the FFO group did have significantly increased expression of Treg-associated anti-inflammatory factors TGF-β and IL-10 compared with the NFO group (P < 0.005 or P < 0.01, respectively) (Figure 5D).
The above results suggest that the activity of Tregs was somehow enhanced or altered by FFO. Therefore, we analyzed whether administration of FFO or NFO increases the expression of factors related to Treg differentiation during T cell activation. CD4+ T cells were isolated from splenocytes using CD4+ T cell isolation beads and were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 3 days. FFO administration increased Foxp3 expression (14.2%) and the number of CD4+CD25+ Tregs (16.0%) to levels more than double that in the NFO group (7.1% and 8.0%, respectively) (Figure 5E and F). In addition, to confirm that the cells were genuine Tregs, we analyzed whether administration of FFO increases the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs following anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation. FFO treatment increased the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population (11.5%) to more than twice that of the NFO group (5.5%), (Figure 5G).
In this study, we fermented natural fish oil and compared the differences between FFO and NFO on the modulation of the immune system. Administration of FFO potently induced the generation of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg in the spleen compared with NFO treatment. Increased TGF-β and Foxp3 at sites of inflammation was associated with elevated CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg populations, which can down-regulate the progression of experimental immune disorders. The ingestion of FFO generated regulatory T cell populations.
AD mainly appears together with a variety of diseases such as eczema, asthma and allergic conjunctivitis. The symptoms of AD include pruritus, peripheral eosinophilia, epidermal hyperplasia and tissue remodeling, such as spongiosis.
In the present study, we used the DNCB-induced experimental AD mouse model to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FFO or NFO. IgE is an important target in the treatment of allergy, and signaling through FcεRI can induce histamine release from mast cells, which leads to potent induction of pruritus. Scratching behavior is a typical consequence of pruritus and aggravates the symptoms of dermatological diseases such as AD. Therefore, we tested whether FFO or NFO can reduce scratching behaviors, serum histamine, IgE hyperproduction and cutaneouse edema. The administration of FFO or NFO decreased scratching behavior, IgE, histamine levels and edema compared with the induction group (Figures 1 and 2A). We predicted that the decreased IgE and histamine levels after FFO or NFO treatment would lead to alleviation of pruritus and cutaneous edema. H&E staining and IHC of the ear tissue confirmed that ingestion of FFO or NFO alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration (CD3+ cells) and expression of TSLP compared with the induction group (Figure 2B-E). Furthermore, the FFO treatment had stronger inhibitory effects than NFO treatment on most of these signs of allergic disease.
AD is generally characterized by increased numbers of activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, and enormous numbers of infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the dermis. In the majority of patients, AD is primarily associated with a dysfunction of the body’s immune. In particular, IL-4 plays a crucial role in allergic responses and the differentiation of Th2 cells from naïve T cells . Thus, we assessed whether FFO or NFO has anti-inflammatory effects on AD model, which is a Th2-mediated immune disorder. The induction group had extremely elevated IL-4 levels, which were decreased in the FFO and NFO groups. In addition, ingestion of FFO markedly reduced IL-13 and IFN-γ levels and increased the expression of specific Treg cells markers (TGF-β and Foxp3) compared with NFO group in DNCB-stimulated atopic dermatitis mice model (Figure 3). Based on these results, we concluded that FFO and NFO have potent anti-inflammatory properties, although the activity of FFO was greater than that of NFO. Increased expression of TGF-β and Foxp3 by FFO treatment at the sites of inflammation could reflect the increased number of Foxp3+ Tregs.
The spleen plays an important role in regulating the immune system and contains a range of immune cells. Also, enlared spleen means a splenomegaly by abnormality of immune system function. We observed the morphologic features of the spleen in AD model. The induction group had markedly enlarged spleens; spleen size was reduced in the FFO and NFO-treated groups. Mice in the FFO group had smaller spleens than mice in the NFO group (Figure 4A). So, FFO reduced enlarged spleen by alleviating abnormality of immune system function. Th2 cells produce a variety of cytokines, such as IL-4, -5 and −13, and preferentially express GATA3, which is important for Th2 differentiation. Th1 cells produce IFN-γ and the transcription factor (T-bet) is critical for the differentiation of Th1 cells . We measured whether FFO and NFO ingestion regulate the expression of Th1/Th2 associated factors in experimental AD model. FFO and NFO decreased IFN-γ and IL-4 levels and the expression of T-bet and GATA3 (Figure 4B-D).
How does FFO suppress a variety of immune response in DNCB-stimulated experimental AD? Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in various immune responses, including Th2 cell-mediated diseases such as AD, and prevent or suppress differentiation, proliferation, and function of various immune cells including CD4+ T cells in a TGF-β/IL-10/cell contact-dependent manner. Since all Tregs express CD25 at the cell surface and produce the Foxp3 transcription factor, these proteins have been identified as markers of Tregs . We analyzed whether the administration of FFO affects the expression of factors related to Tregs differentiation. Although FFO treatment did not increase the Foxp3 level and there was no difference in the number of CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs compared to the NFO treatment group, the FFO group did show increased expression of the immune-suppressive cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 (Figure 5B-D). Interestingly, FFO administration more than doubled the expression of TGF-β and Foxp3 at the site of inflammation (Figure 3C). Therefore, we analyzed whether administration of FFO and NFO increases the expression of factors related to Tregs differentiation following stimulation. FFO increased Foxp3 level (14.2%) and the CD4+CD25+ Tregs population (16.0%) more than two-fold compared with NFO in CD4+T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (Figure 5E and F). In addition, we analyzed whether administration of FFO or NFO increases the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs following stimulation. FFO treatment increased the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs population (11.5%) more than two-fold compared with NFO treatment (5.5%) (Figure 5G). As a result, ingestion of FFO significantly increased Foxp3 expression and induced the differentiation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs from CD4+ T cells. These results indicate that FFO is more effective than NFO in disease suppression and inducing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs.
Why does FFO show more potent anti-allergic effects than NFO? Fish oil contains a variety of substances, such as stearic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, linolenic acid, EPA and DHA . Especially, EPA and DHA are mainly effective for skin inflammation. Several previous studies have suggested that EPA and DHA diet alleviate ear oedema and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory factors (IκB, MAPKs, TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2) in experimental skin inflammation models [39–41]. FFO contains more than double the concentration of EPA and DHA (Table 1). In addition, fermentation would transmute the chemical structure of some constituents of fish oil to create new substances, which have immune-modulatory activities by regulating the development of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs.
In summary, FFO had stronger inhibitory effects on various experimental AD symptoms than NFO by up-regulating the generation of Tregs. It is not yet clear why FFO has stronger immunomodulatory effects than NFO. So we are currently trying to identify the interrelationships between FFO, EPA, DHA and Tregs. Our results suggest that the anti-allergic effect of FFO is associated with the enrichment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg at the site of inflammation and that fermented fish oil may be an effective treatment for the allergic symptoms of AD.
In conclusion, we produced fermented fish oil and tested its ability to suppress the allergic inflammatory response and to activate CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. Administration of FFO alleviated the allergic inflammation, and did increase the expression of the immune-suppressive cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. Increased TGF-β and Foxp3 by FFO was associated with regulatory T cell populations, which can down-regulate the progression of experimental immune disorders. The ingestion of FFO up-regulated the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. It is not yet clear why FFO has strong immune-modulatory effects. So, we are currently trying to identify the interrelationships between omega-3 fatty acids and Tregs. These results suggest that the anti-allergic effect of FFO is associated with enrichment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells at the inflamed sites and that FFO may be effective in treating the allergic symptoms of AD.
BALB/c mice (female, 7-weeks-old) were purchased from Orient Bio (Korea) and were maintained for 1 week before the start of any experiments. The mice were housed in the animal facility of Jeju National University under controlled temperature (23 ± 1°C), humidity (60 ± 10%), and light (lights on from 08:00 to 20:00 hours) and under pathogen-free conditions. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Jeju National University.
Fermentation of fish oil
FFO was provided by Fermentec Inc. (Jeju, Korea). Pulverized fish by-product was mixed with water, raw sugar, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae under anaerobic fermentation conditions. After 15 days, hexane was added to the fermented fish liquid. FFO was separated from the hexane extract by rotary evaporation.
Fatty acid composition of natural fish oil and fermented fish oil
The fatty acid compositions of NFO and FFO were analyzed by the Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (Pukyong National University, Korea) using the gas chromatography (Table 1).
Determination of optimal dosage of FFO
To determine the optimal dose of FFO, we tested the anti-allergic effect of FFO in the compound 48/80 (Sigma-Aldrich)-induced pruritus mouse model. FFO (20, 50 or 100 mg/kg) was orally administered 1 h before the subcutaneous injection of compound 48/80 (5 mg/kg). One hour after injection of compound 48/80, the amounts of IgE and histamine in the serum were measured. A dose of 100 mg/kg of FFO reduced serum IgE and histamine levels in this model.
DNCB application to induce experimental AD
Mice were divided into five groups (normal, induction, positive control, NFO and FFO; n = 8 mice per group). Mice were painted with 300 μL of 1% DNCB or vehicle on their abdomen as the first sensitization (day-7). On day 0, the mice were sensitized with 200 μL of 0.5% DNCB on their ears and were then sensitized with 200 μL of 0.5% DNCB every other day for up to 31 days. From day 12 until the completion of the experiment, mice were given FFO or NFO (100 mg/kg) in their drinking water, daily, and were painted with hydrocort cream (Green Cross, Korea) containing 2 mg/g hydrocortisone valerate as positive control on their ears every other day. The mice were sacrificed on day 32.
Scratching behavior, macroscopic edema and histological evaluation
In the experimental AD mouse model, DNCB stimulation elicited scratching of the ears with the hind paws around the painted site. The mice in each group were placed in an observation chamber and scratching behaviors were videotaped for 10 min. The number of scratching behaviors during this period was counted. Ear thickness was measured using a Digital Thickness Gauge (Mitutoyo). Ear tissues were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin sections (3 μm each) were stained with H&E.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay for detection of CD3+ cells and TSLP in ear tissue
To analyze the expression of TSLP in each ear, paraffin sections (3 μm, each) of ear tissue were prepared. IHC was performed with rabbit anti-CD3 and rabbit anti-TSLP (Novus Biologicals) and a rabbit-specific HRP/DAB detection IHC kit (Abcam) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Western blot for detection of TSLP in ear tissue
Total protein was isolated from ear tissue using lysis buffer and the protein concentration of each sample was quantified by the bradford assay. The proteins were electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane using an iBlot gel transfer device (Invitrogen). The membrane was incubation with rabbit anti-TSLP (Novus Biologicals). After washing, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. The blot was visualized with a western blot detection system (iNtRON Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
IgE (Biolegend, San Diego, CA) and histamine (Labor Diagnostika Nord, Nordhorn, Germany) in mouse serum and IL-4 and IFN-γ (R&D Systems, St. Louis, MO) in the supernatant of cultured cells were measured using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Splenocyte culture in BALB/c mouse
Mice from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their spleens were removed aseptically. To obtain single-cell suspensions, red blood cells were removed using red blood cell lysis buffer. After washing, splenocytes (1.0 × 106 cells/mL) were incubated in the presence or absence of anti-CD3 (1 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (0.5 μg/mL) (eBioscience) for 3 days. Following incubation, the supernatants were collected to determine levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ and the cells were immediately analyzed by flow cytometric analysis (BD Biosciences).
Isolation of CD4+ T cells from splenocytes
Isolation of CD4+ T cells from splenocytes used a purified anti-mouse CD4 (eBioscience) that had been labeled using the DSB-XTM Biotin Protein Labeling Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, cells were incubated with DSB-X labeled antibody for 10 min. The bead-bound cells were incubated for 10 min in FlowComp release buffer. The supernatant containing the bead-free cells was transferred to a new tube and the cell pellet was resuspended in RPMI Medium 1640 (Gibco).
Flow cytometric analysis (FACS)
To analyze Foxp3 expression, cells were permeabilized with the Foxp3 fixation/permeabilization kit (BD Biosciences) and stained with anti-Foxp3-FITC (eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, to block mouse Fc receptors, the cell suspension was incubated with CD16/CD32 (BD Biosciences) for 15 min, followed by incubation in fixation/permeabilization buffer for 20 min and anti-Foxp3-FITC for 30 min. To measure the differentiation of CD4+CD25+ T cells, CD4+ T cells were stained with anti-CD4-FITC (eBioscience) and anti-CD25-PE (eBioscience). To block mouse Fc receptors, the cell suspension was incubated with CD16/CD32 (BD Biosciences) for 15 min, followed by incubation with anti-CD4-FITC for 30 min and anti-CD25-PE for 30 min.
Extraction of total RNA and real-time PCR
Total RNA was isolated using TRI reagent (Molecular Research Center) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription was performed using a First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Promega). The real-time quantitative PCR was performed with TaqMan®Universial Master Mix II or Brilliant III Ultra-Fast SYBR® Green QPCR Master Mix (Agilent Technologies) with a StepOnePlusTM Real- Time PCR (Applied Biosystems). Real-time PCR results were analyzed using the StepOneTM software, which measures the amplification of the target and the endogenous control in samples and in a reference sample. The data were normalized using the endogenous control. The mRNA levels were normalized to the expression of GAPDH. The following primers were used: mIL-4 (forward: 5’-ACAGGAGAAGGGACGCCAT-3’; reverse: 5’-GAAGAACTACAGACGAGCTCA-3’), mIL-13 (forward: 5’-GCAACATCACACAGGACCAGA-3’; reverse: 5’-GTCAGGGAATCCAGGG CTAC-3’), mIFN-γ (forward: 5’-TCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAA-3’; reverse: 5’-TGGC TCTGCAGGATTTTCATG-3’), mTGF-β (forward: 5’-GAAGGCAGAGTTCAGGGTCTT-3’; reverse: 5’-GGTTCCTGTCTTTGTGGTGAA-3’), mIL-10 (forward: 5’-ATAACTGCACCCAC TTCCCA-3’; reverse: TCATTTCCGATAAGGCTTGG-3’), and mFoxp3 (forward: 5’-CCCATCCC CAGGAGTCTTG-3’; reverse: 5’-CCATGACTAGGGGCACTGTA-3’)
Quantity One version 4.2.1 and Image-Pro plus version 4.5 software were used to transform images into numerical values. Student’s t-test and two-way analysis of variance were used to determine the statistical significance of differences between experimental and induction groups. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
natural fish oil
fermented fish oil
thymic stromal lymphopoietin
GATA-binding protein 3
forkhead box P3
regulatory T cells.
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Tadokoro CE, Shakhar G, Shen S, Ding Y, Lino AC, Maraver A, Lafaille JJ, Dustin ML: Regulatory T cells inhibit stable contacts between CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med. 2006, 203: 505-511. 10.1084/jem.20050783.
Sakaguchi S: Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004, 22: 531-562. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122.
Shevach EM: CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T cells: more questions than answers. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002, 2: 389-400.
Saito K, Torii M, Ma N, Tsuchiya T, Wang L, Hori T, Nagakubo D, Nitta N, Kanegasaki S, Hieshima K, Yoshie O, Gabazza EC, Katayama N, Shiku H, Kuribayashi K, Kato T: Differential regulatory function of resting and preactivated allergen-specific CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in Th2-type airway inflammation. J Immunol. 2008, 181: 6889-6897.
Finney OC, Riley EM, Walther M: Phenotypic analysis of human peripheral blood regulatory T cells (CD4(+)FOXP3(+)CD127(lo/-)) ex vivo and after in vitro restimulation with malaria antigens. Eur J Immunol. 2010, 40: 47-60.
Zheng Y, Rudensky AY: Foxp3 in control of the regulatory T cell lineage. Nat Immunol. 2007, 8: 457-462. 10.1038/ni1455.
Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Noakes PS, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Calder PC: Atopy Risk in Infants and Children in Relation to Early Exposure to Fish, Oily Fish, or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol. 2011, 41: 36-66. 10.1007/s12016-009-8186-2.
Krauss-Etschmann S, Hartl D, Rzehak P, Heinrich J, Shadid R, Del Carmen Ramirez-Tortosa M, Campoy C, Pardillo S, Schendel DJ, Decsi T, Demmelmair H, Koletzko BV: Nutraceuticals for Healthier Life Study Group: Decreased cord blood IL-4, IL-13, and CCR4 and increased TGF-beta levels after fish oil supplementation of pregnant women. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008, 121: 464-470. 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.018.
Seki H, Sasaki T, Ueda T, Arita M: Resolvins as regulators of the immune system. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010, 10: 818-831.
Hara M, Kingsley CI, Niimi M, Read S, Turvey SE, Bushell AR, Morris PJ, Powrie F, Wood KJ: IL-10 is required for regulatory T cells to mediate tolerance to alloantigens in vivo. J Immunol. 2001, 166: 3789-3796.
Yessoufou A, Ple A, Moutairou K, Hichami A, Khan NA: Docosahexaenoic acid reduces suppressive and migratory functions of CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T-cells. J Lipid Res. 2009, 50: 2377-2388. 10.1194/jlr.M900101-JLR200.
Uchida M, Shimizu K, Kurakazu K: Yogurt containing Lactobacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21 yogurt) accelerated the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010, 74: 1891-1894. 10.1271/bbb.100287.
Isobe N, Suzuki M, Oda M, Tanabe S: Enzyme-modified cheese exerts inhibitory effects on allergen permeation in rats suffering from indomethacin-induced intestinal inflammation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008, 72: 1740-1745. 10.1271/bbb.80042.
Kwon DY, Daily JW, Kim HJ, Park S: Antidiabetic effects of fermented soybean products on type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2010, 30: 1-13. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.11.004.
Levin TA, Ownby DR, Smith PH, Peterson EL, Williams LK, Ford J, Young P, Johnson CC: Relationship between extremely low total serum IgE levels and rhinosinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006, 97: 650-652. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61095-2.
de Vries IJ, Langeveld-Wildschut EG, van Reijsen FC, Bihari IC, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Thepen T: Nonspecific T-cell homing during inflammation in atopic dermatitis: expression of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen and integrin alphaE beta7 on skin-infiltrating T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997, 100: 694-701. 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70175-1.
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Debes GF, Bonhagen K, Wolff T, Kretschmer U, Krautwald S, Kamradt T, Hamann A: CC chemokine receptor 7 expression by effector/memory CD4+ T cells depends on antigen specificity and tissue localization during influenza A virus infection. J Virol. 2004, 78: 7528-7535. 10.1128/JVI.78.14.7528-7535.2004.
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AbuGhazaleh AA, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF: Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil supplementation of diets differing in fatty acid profiles. J Dairy Sci. 2003, 86: 944-953. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73677-7.
Oh DY, Talukdar S, Bae E, Imamura T, Morinaga H, Fan W, Li P, Lu WJ, Watkins SM, Olefsky JM: GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell. 2010, 142 (3): 687-698.
Rahman M, Kundu JK, Shin JW, Na HK, Surh YJ: Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits UVB-induced activation of NF-κB and expression of COX-2 and NOX-4 in HR-1 hairless mouse skin by blocking MSK1 signaling. PLpS One. 2011, 6: e28065-10.1371/journal.pone.0028065.
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This research was supported by a grant from the Korean Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (R0000112) and the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (NRF-C1-2011-0021039).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
S-CH and G-JK designed methods and carried out most experiments and wrote the original manuscript; Y-JK performed ELISA, real-time PCR and the flow cytometric analysis; S-WM and Y-SA produced FFO and NFO; H-KK and E-SY supervised the studies and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cite this article
Han, SC., Kang, GJ., Ko, YJ. et al. Fermented fish oil suppresses T helper 1/2 cell response in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis via generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. BMC Immunol 13, 44 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-13-44
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Histamine Level
- Induction Group
- Foxp3 Transcription Factor


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COLlive and Israel National News
El Al’s first Dreamliner plane, a Boeing 787-9, landed on Wednesday morning at Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv, after a 14-hour flight from Boeing’s Everett, Washington, factory.
Greeting the new plane were thousands of people, including government ministers, Knesset members, and US Ambassador to Israel David Friedman.
Before the plane took off to Israel, El Al officials held a special ceremony at the Boeing Field airport in the Seattle, Washington area. Rabbi Berry and Nechama Farkash, directors of Chabad of the Central Cascades in Issaquah, WA, were among the guests.
Rabbi Farkash recited a prayer at the event and held out a charity box for the people present to give a few coins for the safety of the travelers.
He said it was an honor for him to head a group of lay leaders from his Chabad center that represents the Jewish-Israeli community.
The Dreamliner will begin flying to Europe in September. In October, it will gradually begin flying long-haul to North America and the Far East.


What Is The Relationship Between Skin Color And Exercise?
There is a long-standing debate on the relationship between skin colour and exercise. Some experts believe that people with darker skin need to engage in more exercise than those with lighter skin, in order to achieve the same level of health benefits. However, other experts argue that this is not the case and that everyone should engage in regular physical activity, regardless of their skin colour.
There is a positive relationship between skin colour and exercise. Darker-skinned individuals have less risk of heart disease and obesity and are able to process oxygen more efficiently than those with lighter skin. This is likely due to the increased amount of melanin in darker skin, which acts as a natural sunscreen and antioxidant. Additionally, people with darker skin tend to be more active than those with lighter skin; they are more likely to engage in physical activity outdoors and participate in sports.
How Does Exercise Affect Your Skin Tone?
The health benefits of exercise are well-known, but what about its effect on your skin? Does exercise make your skin look better?
There is some evidence that regular exercise can improve skin tone. One study found that women who exercised regularly had fewer wrinkles and younger-looking skin than those who didn’t. Another study found that men who were physically active had better skin quality and fewer signs of ageing than those who weren’t active.
It’s not clear exactly how exercise improves skin tone, but it may be due to the fact that it increases blood flow and oxygenation to the skin. Exercise also helps rid the body of toxins, which can have a positive effect on the skin.
If you’re looking to improve your skin tone, adding regular exercise to your routine is a good place to start.
What is a Dermatologist’s Perspective on Exercise & Skin Color?
It is no secret that exercise is good for our overall health. Recent research has shown that there are also health benefits to be gained from exercise for our skin. Dermatologists have long understood the importance of exercise for maintaining healthy skin, but what is their perspective on how exercise affects skin colour?
There are a few primary ways in which exercise can impact skin colour. The first is by increasing blood flow and circulation to the skin. This improved blood flow brings with it additional nutrients and oxygen, which help to keep the skin looking healthy and radiant.
Another theory is that physical activity protects against the sun’s harmful UV rays. Sun exposure can cause skin damage, which can lead to wrinkles, age spots, and even skin cancer. Physical activity helps protect against this damage by increasing the production of melanin. Melanin is the pigment that gives our skin its colour, and too much or too little can cause problems such as sunburns or an uneven complexion.
Why Is It Important to Have a Darker Skin?
Having a darker skin tone has many benefits, including that it can help protect you from the sun’s harmful rays. A darker skin tone has more melanin, which is a natural sunscreen. Sunscreen is important for everyone, but especially for those with a lighter skin tone, as they are at a higher risk for skin cancer.
A dark skin tone also has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to reduce the appearance of acne and other blemishes. Additionally, people with darker skin tones often have a more even skin tone and look younger for longer.
One of the best things about having a dark skin tone is that it requires less maintenance than a light skin tone. A dark tan may fade over time, but your natural pigment will remain.


text:
Údarás na Gaeltachta yesterday expressed its regret and disappointment at the announcement that Largo Foods is to close its factory in Gweedore, Co Donegal.
The crisp maker is transferring production from the Gweedore facility to Ashbourne in Co Meath, to improve cost competitiveness.
While the regional authority responsible for the economic, social and cultural development of the Gaeltacht may be disappointed at the job losses, the authority also has a financial interest in the company.
It would seem the more competitive and successful Largo Foods is, the more Údarás gains.
After all, Údarás has shares to the value of €1.9 million in the crisp maker. While Údarás has given Largo financial grants to the tune of €500,000 over the past five years, it has also received share dividends of €500,000 from the company.
In February 2012, the Government announced it had given approval for grant assistance of €579,564 by Údarás to Largo’s Donegal facility. However, Údarás yesterday said this money had never been drawn down by Largo.
Údarás was also quick to defend Largo, saying while it has received financial support of €6.2 million from the regional authority over the last 18 years, only €1 million of that has been paid out since 2006. During the same time Largo contributed €60 million to the local economy in wages paid to staff and a lot more in taxes, it said.
Largo Foods, for its part, said it tried everything to make the Gweedore facility work.
In 2011, it announced an investment of €2.6 million in its Donegal facility for extra capacity and new product development. This was in addition to a €2.2 million investment made in 2010.
Largo chief executive Maurice Hickey yesterday said the investment was used to introduce a new range of tortilla products in the UK – Wholly Crunch Tortilla – which turned out to be a failure. The company ultimately had to withdraw the product from the UK and abandon it altogether.


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Joe Biden suffered an epic verbal slip-up during a speech in Philadelphia where he admitted Donald Trump “maybe the future president.”
We all know Joe Biden has a habit of telling lies, but occasionally, he has Freudian slips when he’s not aided by the teleprompter, giving Americans an unusual dose of truth.
While Biden was talking about his $6.8 trillion budget to a crowd in Philadelphia, it appeared the topic of discussion was not at the forefront of his mind.
Trump lives in Biden’s head rent-free.
“I had a big fight with the former President, and maybe future President. Bless me, Father. Anyway — all kidding aside,” Biden told the crowd at a union hall, who responded with boos.
Biden admitting Trump could be the future president is also reflected in recent polls, which showed Trump taking a hypothetical lead over Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, realizing that the impending juggernaut that is Trump cannot be stopped.
A February poll from Washington Post/ABC News showed Trump “leading 48 to 45 percent among registered voters,” the Daily Mail noted.
As The Daily Fetched reported earlier this month, hundreds of Democrat U.S. lawmakers admitted not want Biden to run in 2024.
In a recent interview, Rep. Dean Phillips (D-MN) said that many Democrats do not want Biden to run but won’t admit it publically.
Meanwhile, multiple polls revealed voters do not want Biden to be the party’s nominee either.
There is no shortage of reasons why voters don’t want Biden to run, including disastrous foreign policy decisions, horrible economic conditions, and skyrocketing inflation.
Then there are the concerns about Biden’s mental health.
Questions are swirling about Biden’s mental acuity from both sides of the aisle, as it becomes more evident by the day Biden does not have the brain capacity to make a cheese sandwich, let alone run a country.
Podcast host Joe Rogan recently laid out why he would vote for Trump over Biden, declaring the president as mentally “gone,”
Last month, former White house physician Rep. Ronny Jackson (R-TX) warned that Biden’s cognitive decline would eventually lead America into world war 3.
“It’s TERRIFYING for our country that Biden is our commander-in-chief. He doesn’t know where he’s at half the time, and every day he brings us closer to an all-out war with Russia & China,” Jackson said.
But First Lady Jill Biden was having none of it, slamming questions about her husband’s cognitive performance as “ridiculous.”


text:
FATS: HIS LIFE AND TIMES
ETA Creative Arts Foundation
The image I’ve always had of jazz musician Fats Waller, based on his recordings and the few film appearances I’ve seen, has always been that of the sad clown. Behind the devilish, risque, slightly campy, eager-to-please facade that Waller projected, I sensed, lay a reservoir of loneliness and pain that added an undercurrent of poignancy, even desperation, to his stylish, bouncy songs and rollicking stride piano style.
Runako Jahi’s new play Fats: His Life and Times deals very much with the tension between Waller’s carefree public persona and his troubled private life. Within a pageantlike structure that celebrates Waller’s career in a series of tableaux enacted by a singing-acting-dancing ensemble of “witnesses,” Jahi touches on the unhappiness that plagued Waller throughout his short life (he died at age 39, on the road between gigs). Fats is no Lady Sings the Blues-style melodrama; Jahi explores Waller’s problems more by implication than by overt statement. The man whom Jahi invites us to both admire and learn from is a man suffering from lack of moral direction and emotional focus, driven to foolish excess as compensation for a childhood torn by conflicted feelings. That Fats brims over with passion and excitement even as it tells this disturbing story is testimony to the strength of Jahi’s script, to the solidness of Okoro Harold Johnson’s direction, to the talent and versatility of the cast, and, of course, to the lasting greatness and infectious freshness of Waller’s music.
In Jahi’s account of his subject’s life, the source of both Waller’s strengths and weaknesses was the black church. It was the church that first aroused Waller’s musical instincts; and it was against the church that he rebelled when he turned to jazz. It was the church that nurtured him, through his deeply loving, deeply religious mother; and it was the church that tormented him, through his ultra-strict father, a deacon who denounced his son for playing “the devil’s music.”
In attempting to provide spiritual guidance and a solid foundation for their son’s life, Waller’s parents instead bred into him, quite unknowingly, a lack of discipline and contempt for authority that left him adrift in his adult life. Trying to recapture the love and protection he’d received from his mother, Fats jumped naively into a youthful marriage that ended in bitter divorce and haunted him the rest of his life; looking to older men for the approval he never got from his father, Fats was a sucker at the hands of unscrupulous white music publishers (though in his 30s he benefited, belatedly, from the sincere support of white business managers).
Playwright Jahi traces the patterns of hopeful aspiration and needless self-destruction that ran through Waller’s personal and professional life–leaving him at the mercy of a vindictive ex-wife who used alimony as revenge for her own romantic unhappiness, and robbing him of his rightful credit and financial reward (and, Jahi says, in some cases even authorship recognition) for such tunes as “Ain’t Misbehavin’,” “Mean to Me,” “The Joint Is Jumpin’,” “Black and Blue,” “I Can’t Give You Anything but Love,” and “The Sunny Side of the Street.”
It is those songs, of course, that ensure Waller’s fame long after his brief life; especially in its second act, Fats bubbles with fine solo and choral renditions of Waller’s oeuvre. The performers are in fine voice, especially Sherry Scott (sublime as jazz singer Edith Wilson singing “Black and Blue”); Kevin McIlvaine (a strong young actor with a husky but fluid voice who takes on a range of roles, from stern Deacon Waller to a divinely decadent Willie “the Lion” Smith); Sybil Walker (who tears up the house on “Stormy Weather” and also effects a chilling transformation, from girlish sweetness to harpyish hatefulness, as Fats’s wife); high school senior Joe Young as the adolescent Fats, full of ambition and heartbreaking hopefulness; and Vance Williams as the adult Fats, superbly evoking his character’s trademark naughty-boy personality while offering telling glimpses of the hurt underneath.
The prerecorded musical backing, by a trio led by pianist Rufus Hill, is authentic, vigorous, and delightful.
Art accompanying story in printed newspaper (not available in this archive): photo/Ken Simmons.

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The child he didn't know he had . . .
Andrew Yates has come to a decision: it's time to stop sowing those oats and start a family. But searching for a bride isn't as simple as he'd hoped, and many of the respectable women of his acquaintance feel . . . lacking. Then beautiful, feisty Wilhelmina "Billie" Wells arrives at the family ranch with a toddler in her arms, claiming Drew is the father
The woman he didn't know he loved . . .
Billie had no choice but to show up at Destiny in search of Drew. For the sake of their child, she's willing to leave him with his father so the boy can have a better life, but then, before she can blink, she's saying "I do" in front of a preacher in a marriage of convenience. All Billie and Drew have in common is the heat that brought them together, but can their sizzling passion lead to an everlasting love?
- Travel Writing: A Writing Workshop with Jayme Moye, 2014 Travel Writer of the Year(1 day)
- Nathaniel Vinton -- "The Fall Line"(1 day)
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Bridges being installed to Boyd Island on Saluda Riverwalk
It won’t be long before there is access to a parcel of land called Boyd Island from the Saluda Riverwalk near Riverbanks Zoo.
A crew from Cape Romain Contractors is putting in two sections of a bridge to the island at the confluence of the Saluda, Broad and Congaree rivers.
Mike Dawson, CEO of the River Alliance, said Tuesday the bridges to the island will connect to the Richland County Penny Saluda Riverwalk to the island. He said the trail, and access to the four-acre island should be completed in early fall. The Darnall W. and Susan F. Boyd Foundation is funding the bridges, so the island has been dubbed “Boyd Island,” said Dawson.
“There are several gorgeous islands in the rivers with no way to get to them. This bridge will allow you to go on the island. There will be a loop and an overlook,” said Dawson. He said landscaping will be added, too.
Dawson said the City of Columbia will own the riverside features, including the trail and the island with the bridges, when all the work is complete.
Phase II of the Three Rivers Greenway, planned for the future, will cross the Saluda River and tie Columbia’s Riverfront Park and the Saluda Riverwalk in with the miles of Riverwalk trails on the Lexington County side of the river, in West Columbia and Cayce. That project will include a bridge north of Boyd Island.
Dawson said access to the trails, via a parking lot, still has to be determined.


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