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Previous chapters have described the waters off the Pacific coast as being among the
richest in biological diversity in United States coastal waters. Water quality plays a critical role in maintaining California’s ocean ecosystem, which consists of the inland watershed, enclosed waters, nearshore ocean, and offshore ocean zones. The State of California has established ocean and coastal water quality standards pursuant to State law and responsibilities delegated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Several new efforts are underway to provide further protection of ocean and coastal water quality as a result of recently enacted legislation and developing partnership approaches. This chapter examines how California's water quality standards are established, administered, and enforced; reviews many laws, processes, and procedures that affect water quality protection and management; and specifically addresses point and non-point sources of pollution, dredging, beach contamination, garbage disposal, water quality monitoring, and educational needs.
Long-term maintenance and enhancement of the State's ocean and coastal waters can only be achieved with coordinated efforts to manage California's entire ocean ecosystem. Chapter 4 describes the geographic zones that make up this ecosystem: the inland watershed zone, the enclosed waters zone, the nearshore ocean zone, and the offshore ocean zone (see Figure 4-1). There is growing recognition that the majority of impacts to California's enclosed waters and nearshore ocean zones derive from pollution transported through inland waterways leading to the ocean. However, ocean water quality can be affected by activities within any of the zones. For instance, accidental releases of untreated sewage and oil spills on land or in the open ocean can adversely affect enclosed waters, such as bays, estuaries, coastal wetlands and lagoons, and inland waterways used by anadromous fish species.
Water quality in California has been improved by State and federal water quality protection programs that require coordinated approaches to water quality management. Water quality is affected by two types of pollution, the difference between the two being determined by the source of input into the marine environment. Point source pollution is characterized by its entry to the aquatic environment from a specific structural facility, such as a pipeline outfall system, and can be generated from a variety of industrial and municipal facilities, including sewage treatment plants, oil refineries, or power plants. Nonpoint source pollution, or polluted runoff, is any source that is not a point source and includes runoff from a variety of land uses such as agricultural, urban, forestry, or mineral operations. Ocean dredge disposal, beach contamination, and garbage disposal are discussed separately in the following analysis.
Point Source Pollution
Treatment facilities for point source pollution are categorized as primary (physical treatment), advanced primary (physical and some chemical treatment), secondary (physical and biological treatment), and tertiary (additional control measures beyond secondary treatment to remedy specific pollution problems). Over the past 20 years, emphasis on point source pollution control has produced significant improvements in water quality. Dischargers are required to obtain permits specifying requirements to be met, including conditions for discharge, effluent standards, discharge improvement schedules, and self-monitoring activities.
Federal Requirements. In 1972, the Congress enacted the federal Water Pollution Control Act (now known as the Clean Water Act; 33 U.S.C.A. Section 1252 et seq.) which established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), a permitting process to regulate point source discharges of pollutants to navigable waters of the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issues NPDES permits in federal waters and has delegated authority to the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to issue these permits in State waters. Permits are issued for discharges from sources such as offshore oil and gas platforms, publicly owned treatment works, refineries, and storm water discharges. For example, the USEPA issues permits for all oil and gas platforms located in the federal Outer Continental Shelf. Specifically, 14 of the 23 oil and gas platforms located in federal waters offshore California are covered by a general NPDES permit issued by the USEPA in February 1982 (no five-year review has occurred); the other 9 platforms are covered by individual NPDES permits. All NPDES permits for discharges in the federal Outer Continental Shelf also require a determination by the California Coastal Commission that the activity is consistent with California’s Coastal Management Program.
Pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA), municipalities are required to provide secondary treatment of discharges. Assistance is provided through a multi-billion dollar State Revolving Loan Program for communities to build municipal wastewater treatment facilities, as well as to address other point source discharges. However, Section 301(h) of the CWA provides for a waiver of the full secondary sewage treatment requirement if certain conditions are met demonstrating equivalent treatment. To receive a Section 301(h) waiver, the USEPA requires a permittee to demonstrate, through stringent monitoring and toxic source control, that no harm results to indigenous organisms near the effluent plume due to the discharge. The USEPA issued waivers to four sanitation districts in California within the initial time limitations set forth in the CWA: Orange County, Goleta, Morro Bay, and Watsonville. Although the Watsonville sanitation district currently has a waiver, it is in the process of converting to secondary treatment. The City of San Diego did not meet the waiver deadline and was in litigation with the USEPA over their approach to water quality protection. The litigation was settled after the City of San Diego agreed to conditions for meeting the Section 301(h) requirements. Special legislation extended the waiver deadline and a waiver was granted to San Diego in the fall of 1995.
State Requirements. The SWRCB has the primary responsibility to protect California's coastal and ocean water quality pursuant to the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act. This act is one of the nation's strongest anti-pollution laws and has provisions for enforcing water quality standards through issuance of Waste Discharge Requirements. As stated previously, the SWRCB has been delegated authority by the USEPA to administer the NPDES program for discharges in State Tidelands. The Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs) issue both State waste discharge requirements and NPDES permits to individual dischargers, subject to the approval of the SWRCB and USEPA. Dischargers are required to establish self-monitoring programs for their discharges and submit compliance reports to the RWQCBs. Most NPDES permits and waste discharge requirements are combined into one permit.
The SWRCB has established regulations to implement these measures through water quality control plans which include the California Ocean Plan (Ocean Plan), Regional Water Quality Control Plans (Basin Plans), and the Thermal Water Quality Control Plan (Thermal Plan). Both Ocean and Basin plans identify beneficial uses within the area being addressed and lay out numerical and narrative objectives for waste discharges, as well as implementation procedures for achieving these objectives.
The Ocean Plan applies to ocean waters, defined as the:
"...territorial marine waters of the State as defined by California law to the extent these waters are outside of enclosed bays, estuaries, and coastal lagoons. If a discharge outside the territorial waters of the State could affect the quality of the waters of the State, the discharge may be regulated to assure no violation of the Ocean Plan will occur in ocean waters." (SWRCB 1990).
For example, although the cities of San Diego and San Francisco have discharges in federal waters, their discharge permits are subject to California Ocean Plan requirements. Basin Plans direct the water quality programs of the nine RWQCBs, while the Thermal Plan sets standards for the temperature of discharges into waters of the State.
Urban Storm Water Permitting Program. Urban storm water consists of runoff from such sources as gas stations, parking lots, highways, golf courses, industrial operations, and residential lawns which enter storm drains and ultimately coastal waters. Both the SWRCB and RWQCBs staff have determined that stormwater runoff is a major problem in large urban centers, like the Santa Monica and San Francisco Bay Areas, and, during passage of the 1987 amendments to the CWA, the Congress expressed particular concern about the impacts of urban storm water runoff from industrial and municipal sources. In May 1996, the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project released the report titled, An Epidemiological Study of Possible Adverse Affects of Swimming within Santa Monica Bay. The study combined water quality testing results near storm water outfalls with follow-up interviews of individuals swimming in these waters. The study found that some of these individuals became ill with symptoms such as fever, chills, gastroenteritis, and respiratory problems. As a result, upgrades were made to warning signs indicating that swimming in these areas may spread infectious disease. The findings also underscore the need to reduce pollution sources which degrade water quality near these outfalls.
Section 402(p) of the CWA now requires urban storm water outfall systems to be considered point sources and established a permit system that became effective in October 1992. The classification of urban stormwater as a point source can be somewhat confusing. Typical examples of point sources are discharges from discrete waste water treatment facilities. Storm water drainage usually emanates from many widely-dispersed sources and is often mistakenly thought of as a nonpoint source discharge. The 1987 CWA amendments require cities of 100,000 or greater, municipalities, and industries to apply for an NPDES permit to discharge storm water into storm drains. The SWRCB has adopted two general NPDES permits addressing industrial and construction activities, yet establishing standards and means of enforcement for this pollution source present significant challenges. Efforts to address these impacts include the San Francisco Bay, Morro Bay, and Santa Monica Bay Estuary restoration projects and ongoing efforts by State agencies such as the SWRCB and California Coastal Commission.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Although nonpoint source pollution, or polluted runoff, has historically received less emphasis than point source pollution, government programs are gaining momentum to address this substantial source of water pollution. Staff at the SWRCB indicate that nonpoint source pollution is the major remaining cause of impairment to the State's waters. The SWRCB's 1988 Nonpoint Source Management Plan states, "nonpoint [pollution] sources are the major contributor of pollution to impacted streams,...marine waters,...wetlands and estuaries, and are an important contributor of pollution to harbors and bays." In the past few years, public awareness and government management efforts have turned to several complex and pressing issues regarding polluted runoff, including the impacts of petrochemical and metals runoff from urban areas; nutrients, pesticides, and sediment runoff from agricultural and forestry operations; heavy metals leaching from inactive mines; erosion from modification of stream channels; and runoff from marinas and recreational boating activities. The relative importance of these pollution sources differs for each watershed of the State, reflecting the dominant land uses in each.
Federal Requirements. There have been three major developments in nonpoint source pollution response at the federal level:
1. Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (also called the Clean Water Act). Section 208 of the CWA focused on issue identification, initial planning measures, and voluntary programs that should be considered with regard to nonpoint pollution.
2. Clean Water Act Amendments of 1987 (also called the Water Quality Act of 1987). Section 319 was added to the CWA, providing a more aggressive approach to controlling or minimizing
nonpoint source pollution by committing federal funds for state management plans, demonstration projects, and implementation plans.
3. Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (CZARA). Section 6217 of the CZARA requires states with approved coastal management programs to develop Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs. The USEPA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) jointly administer this program at the federal level, while the Coastal Commission, SWRCB and six coastal RWQCBs are required to develop and administer it at the State level. Although the requirements for this program remain in place, the 104th Congress did not appropriate any funding for implementation.
State Requirements. The programs and policies of the SWRCB for preventing polluted runoff are included in its Nonpoint Source Management Plan (NSMP) prepared pursuant to Section 319 of the CWA. In response to Section 6217 of CZARA, the SWRCB and Coastal Commission reviewed the NSMP to determine whether the existing programs of the SWRCB and other State and federal programs are adequate to comply with the new requirements. Section 6217 requires the State to implement 56 enforceable management measures that have been identified by the USEPA to address polluted runoff from all sources: agriculture, forestry, urban areas, hydromodification, and abandoned mines. Although the emphasis of the program is voluntary, the statute also provides enforcement mechanisms for these provisions.
Technical advisory committees (TACs), composed of representatives from industry, academia, environmental groups, and state and federal agencies provided critical input to the program review. For one year the TACs reviewed current nonpoint source programs and developed consensus-based recommendations for improving implementation, including innovative approaches for using existing programs more efficiently, allowing limited staff and fiscal resources to be focused on the most pressing water quality problems. The technical advisory committee (TAC) reports contained several common themes: (1) voluntary cooperation is preferred over prescriptive measures, particularly for agricultural activities; (2) there is a need for better public education so that individuals can take responsibility and make the cooperative approach work; (3) there are benefits to managing nonpoint source pollution on a watershed scale where local stewardship and specific, problem-responsive measures can be devised through a comprehensive watershed management plan; (4) there is a need for more comprehensive and directed technical assistance to local groups and individuals for managing nonpoint source pollution; and (5) activities of the various resource management agencies need to be better coordinated.
The Urban Runoff and Hydromodification TACs recommended that the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines be revised to ensure that polluted runoff/watershed issues are addressed in the initial planning stages of any project. Specifically, the TACs recommended that measures minimizing runoff, protecting watershed habitat, and reducing flood risk be incorporated into project design. This would result in proposed developments addressing water quality and watershed concerns early in the process, potentially reducing environmental impacts and avoiding costly delays as the project proceeds through the permit process. These ideas were endorsed by the SWRCB in its report Initiatives in Nonpoint Source Management, which was adopted as part of the review process. Initial efforts to respond to these recommendations are embodied in a pilot effort to develop a small city water runoff management program in the Monterey Bay Area.
The SWRCB and Coastal Commission submitted the proposed Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP) to the USEPA and NOAA in September 1995. The submittal provided a comprehensive description of the State’s programs to satisfy the requirements of CZARA and the SWRCB’s report Initiatives in Nonpoint Source Management. The CNPCP was not intended to be a new program, but rather a composite of existing activities which the SWRCB and Coastal Commission expect to provide effective management of nonpoint sources of water pollution throughout the State. Key to the review of California’s CNPCP will be the need to determine if the overall approach and specific provisions meet the management measures set forth in Section 6217 of the CZARA.
Previous reviews conducted by the USEPA and NOAA regarding other state CNPCPs resulted in conditions calling for additions to the plans to ensure compliance with Section 6217. Aspects to be reviewed include the specificity of California’s proposed watershed approach and how it will be enforced if voluntary measures prove ineffective; the relationship of the CNPCP to the NSMP and whether the two programs will be merged into a single process; and the degree to which the SWRCB and Coastal Commission have been responsive to the recommendations made by stakeholders in the TAC process. It will be important for the review process results to be incorporated, where applicable, into the SWRCB regulations within the Ocean and Basin plans.
Various federal, State, and local agencies, private non-profit groups, and land owners are also involved in other efforts to reduce nonpoint source pollution. For instance, many efforts are underway along the north coast to reduce the impacts of forestry operations, with an inventory of these efforts prepared by the Resources Agency’s Coastal Salmon Natural Community Initiative available on the Internet through the California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES). Projects are also being undertaken in San Francisco, Morro, and Santa Monica Bays through efforts coordinated by the respective RWQCBs and the National Estuary Program; in the watersheds draining into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary through efforts coordinated by the NOAA; and in other areas coordinated through local organizations, such as resource conservation districts. These efforts range from complex stream and river restoration projects to curb-marking programs which inform the public that storm drains lead to the sea. Information on over 300 watershed projects statewide is available on the Internet through the California Watershed Projects Inventory, a project housed at UC Davis and principally sponsored by the SWRCB, DFG, USEPA and UC Davis.
Other education and outreach efforts include the Coastal Commission's Coastal Cleanup Day and Adopt-A-Beach Program. In addition to its responsibilities under Section 6217, the Coastal Commission is addressing polluted runoff generated by land use activities in coastal watersheds through a number of related projects, such as the Procedural Guidance Manual: Addressing Polluted Runoff in the California Coastal Zone. This manual is a working reference guide for local governments, the Coastal Commission, and other public agencies to use in analyzing development that may contribute to polluted runoff.
The SWRCB has a number of outreach efforts underway, such as a series of workshops in 1996-97 to provide RWQCB staff and their local watershed partners training in watershed stewardship. SWRCB-administered grants and technical assistance support programs active throughout the coastal areas, including the Adopt-A-Watershed K-12 school program, citizen volunteer watershed monitoring, facilitation of watershed management groups, and implementation of comprehensive resource management plans. The challenge for the State is determining where current water quality programs exist and finding effective methods to help coordinate, implement, and expand them where necessary.
Disposal of Dredge Materials
Authorization to dispose of dredged materials in the ocean, within enclosed coastal waters, or on land is provided through a variety of federal and State permit processes. Under authority of the Rivers and Harbors Act (33 U.S.C.A. Section 401 et seq.), Section 404 of the CWA, and the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA or Ocean Dumping Act; 16 U.S.C.A. Sections 1431 and 1447 et seq., and 33 U.S.C.A. Sections 1401 and 2801 et seq.), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) develops, controls, maintains, and conserves the nation's navigable waters and wetlands. The Corps regulates development of any project involving fill, construction, or modification of waters of the United States. For example, pursuant to Section 103 of the MPRSA the Corps is authorized to permit disposal of dredged material into the ocean, if the Corps determines that "the dumping will not unreasonably degrade or endanger human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environments, ecological systems, or economic potentialities." However, the Corps is prohibited from issuing such a permit if the USEPA finds that the proposal cannot meet its criteria established for disposal site selection pursuant to Section 102 of the MPRSA. Federal permits for dredge disposal cannot be issued, pursuant to Section 401 of the CWA, unless the SWRCB issues or waives a certification that the proposed activity will not violate State water quality standards. In addition, the SWRCB regulates discharges of dredge materials into State waters by issuing Waste Discharge Requirements through its Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act authority. Finally, the Coastal Commission and the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission have authority over disposal of dredge materials pursuant to the federal consistency provisions of the CZMA.
The majority of dredging and filling operations along the coast occur within California's port facilities. One of the more innovative approaches to disposal of dredge materials has been the implementation of the Long Term Management Strategy for San Francisco Bay, a process which brings together interested parties to design long-term solutions to difficult questions. This process has resulted in solutions which address a mix of disposal options ranging from the use of dredge materials for wetland restoration projects to disposal in deep ocean basins located far off the California coastline. The chapter titled, Shoreline Erosion describes a process in San Diego where seven million cubic yards of sand from a Navy dredging project may be used to fortify beaches along the San Diego coastline, the result of key stakeholders coming together to develop a solution.
Similar issues exist with small harbors along the coast. Historically, dredge material has been a valuable source of material for beach nourishment. Many small ports and harbors regularly deposit dredge spoils downcoast for this purpose, providing benefits to tourism, recreation, and the safety of downcoast properties. However, this opportunity is sometimes missed because processes are often not in place to quickly authorize the use of "opportunistic sand" from construction projects or other sources. Increasingly, small ports have also had to deal with difficult dredging issues such as the accumulation of toxic sediments that need to be dredged and safely disposed of to maintain harbor entrances. More thorough discussions of dredge and fill operations are included in the chapters titled, Ocean Jurisdiction and Management and Ports and Harbors.
The Director of Environmental Health for each coastal county in California is required to report annually to the SWRCB on the number of beach closures and warning sign postings due to public health threats within their jurisdiction. The SWRCB has prepared annual reports to the Legislature describing the number of beach closures in 1993 and 1994. The reports indicate that the vast majority of closures were due to the release of inadequately treated sewage from such things as broken or damaged lines, heavy influxes of rainwater, grease blocking lines, power outages, and pump failures. While the amount of data available is inadequate to assess trends, the total number of beaches closed declined from 92 in 1993 (for a total of 1831 days) to 85 in 1994 (for a total of 1605 days). All counties reporting beaches closed in 1994 had less than ten except for Orange and San Diego counties; Orange County had 17 closures and San Diego County had 51 closures. San Diego has three permanent beach closures resulting from chronically elevated levels of coliform bacteria from contaminated water flowing north across the International Border. The total number of beach closure days for 1993 is reduced to 736 and 1994 is reduced to 510 if the three permanent closures are not included. No beach closures were reported north of San Francisco Bay. (SWRCB 1994 and SWRCB 1995).
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) annually publishes a report which documents beach closings throughout the nation’s coastline through county questionnaires. The last two publications were Testing the Waters IV: The Unsolved Problem of U.S. Beach Pollution and Testing the Waters V: Politics and Pollution at U.S. Beaches. Of 31 states and territories surveyed during 1993, California had the highest number of reported beach closure days due to poor water quality (1,401 reported closure days out of a total 2,452 closings). Over 60% of these closings were located between San Diego and Los Angeles and almost 30% were in the San Francisco Bay Area. However, the report notes that the large number of beach closings and advisories in 1993 were due to the extraordinary amount of rainfall that occurred that year from winter storms. During 1994, U.S. ocean, bay, and Great Lakes beaches were closed, or advisories were issued against swimming, on more than 2,279 occasions and California had a total number of closure days of 910 for the year. The NRDC reports that the most frequent sources of beach contamination in nearshore waters statewide are bacteria or viruses from a variety of sources, including urban runoff, municipal sewer discharges, and agricultural runoff. Beach contamination has also been associated with industrial waste discharges of toxic substances. (NRDC 1994 and NRDC 1995).
Ocean disposal of garbage and other marine debris is distinguished from the discharge of wastes from a pipe or shore. Ocean disposal is defined by the London Dumping Convention (1975) as the "deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms, or manmade structures." According to the Marine Board of the National Research Council, the amount and precise characteristics of garbage thrown overboard from vessels is unknown. Vessel discards into the marine environment are difficult to identify due to domestic and industrial sewer discharges, and the littering of coastal waters by land-generated wastes left on beaches or transported to the ocean via offshore winds, rivers, and coastal runoff. In evaluating this problem, the Marine Board made four findings:
"First, considerable amounts of garbage are generated by seafarers in most if not all maritime communities. Second, garbage discarded into the sea can be transported far from the point of discharge. Third, the disposal of plastics in the marine environment is causing considerable harm, including mortality among marine mammals, turtles, birds, and fish, either through entanglement or ingestion. The fourth finding, which is multifaceted, is that available data on the sources, fates, and effects of marine debris - particularly vessel-generated debris - are often of poor quality, incomplete, and out of date." (National Research Council 1995).
Reducing marine debris resulting from garbage disposal is one of the objectives of the 1978 International Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL Treaty) and the federal Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act, which specifically targets plastic debris. Plastic debris is especially troublesome as marine species can become entangled in plastic products and frequently mistake the products for food. The California Marine Debris Action Plan cites 55% of the trash on California's beaches as plastic (Center for Marine Conservation 1990). This action plan made 22 recommendations for addressing enforcement of existing laws, educating the public, conducting more research, and enacting new legislation.
Pollution from watercraft involves the disposal of garbage, sludge, and vessel sewage. The U.S. Coast Guard is the federal agency charged with enforcing regulations for trash disposal at sea and requirements for sewage-holding tanks aboard vessels. Unfortunately, enforcing these regulations is logistically difficult. The RWQCBs have regulatory authority in marinas, but limited resources are available for enforcement.
An innovative approach to reducing pollution from watercraft in port or at sea is the Marine Debris Recycling and Education Program (MDREP) founded by the non-profit Coastal Resources Center. This program provides educational and technical assistance to facilities (marinas, ports, and harbors) and the public to help minimize the disposal of solid waste and oil into the marine environment. The first program to pioneer solid waste recycling at public marinas, the MDREP has produced a guidebook titled, Launching a Recycling Program at Your Marina. Program participants include the Marin County marinas, Pillar Point Harbor in Half Moon Bay, and San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf and Pier 47. The MDREP receives its support from the California Department of Conservation's Division of Recycling and the Marin Community Foundation. In addition, the Water Quality Protection Program for the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is addressing the issue of marine debris in Action Plan 3: Marinas and Boating. This action plan relies substantially on the expertise and recommendations obtained during water quality workshops sponsored by the MBNMS, as well as from findings of the Boating and Marina TAC established pursuant to Section 6217 of CZARA.
Other efforts to address ocean pollution strive to increase public awareness through education, recycling, and coastal cleanups. For instance, the Coastal Commission's Adopt-a-Beach program organizes thousands of volunteers, hundreds of public and private sponsors, as well as city, county, state, and federal agencies to participate in beach cleanup and ocean resource education. Under this program beaches are adopted by school groups, civic organizations, corporations, and recreation groups who commit to keeping these areas clean year round. The State Legislature supports this program and annually designates a statewide beach cleanup day and a CoastWeeks education and awareness program. While the Department of Conservation and Coastal Commission have provided a portion of the program's financial support over the years, corporate sponsors have increasingly become the main funding source.
Ocean litter and debris is part of the much larger solid waste disposal problem in California. The Integrated Waste Management Board administers the California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (PRC Section 40000 et seq.) which requires all California cities and counties to reduce their waste stream by 25% no later than 1995 and by 50% no later than the year 2000. In addition, the Department of Conservation's Division of Recycling administers the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Abatement Act of 1987 (PRC Section 14500 et seq.), which places a California Redemption Value on selected beverage containers. Data from the annual Adopt-a-Beach Coastal Cleanup indicates that beverage containers dropped from 13.1% of beach trash in 1988 to 3.9% in 1991 (Liebster, pers. comm.).
Water Quality Monitoring
Water quality monitoring is conducted in various locations along the California coast pursuant to permit requirements, voluntary programs, or efforts by government, the private sector, academic research institutions, industries, and various non-profit groups. Although multiple sources of water quality monitoring information exist, many portions of the coastline do not have regular sources and no comprehensive inventory currently exists to determine the full extent of these monitoring activities.
Regional monitoring has been proposed as a means to assess water and sediment quality in the ocean. Regional boundaries would be based on specific physical and ecological sections of California’s coastal waters, as opposed to onshore hydrologic watersheds or land-based political jurisdictions. For each identified coastal region, results from the regional monitoring program would be used by the appropriate RWQCBs to identify pollution sources and reduce pollutant discharge.
A working example of this approach is the Southern California Bight Pilot Project, a regional monitoring program stretching from Point Conception to the Mexican border being used to determine the ecological health of the region’s waters. The pilot project has involved cooperation by the four major ocean wastewater dischargers in the region, three coastal RWQCBs, the USEPA, and an independent research facility, the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. While still in the pilot project phase, initial results have been sufficiently promising that regional monitoring has been proposed for other coastal regions. For example, the San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program has been established under the auspices of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB and is operated by the San Francisco Estuary Institute.
The California Department of Health Services (DHS) and many, but not all, of California’s coastal counties conduct water quality testing and monitoring of coastal waters. Subsequent decisions to close beaches are based on non-compliance with DHS regulations. County health departments are required to report beach closures to the SWRCB where the data is entered into a centralized data collection system, and an annual beach closure report is prepared for the Legislature. Unfortunately, the State does not have a water quality monitoring program which covers all tributaries, small bays and estuaries, or the entire nearshore waters along the California coast. Therefore, it is difficult to comprehensively determine the health of these water bodies. As a principal beneficiary of clean marine waters, the aquaculture industry has been active in pursuing legislation to better address coastal point and nonpoint source pollution.
Because California's oyster growers must meet stringent health standards, this industry supported the passage of the Shellfish Protection Act of 1993 (Chap. 1081, Stats.1993), requiring the RWQCBs to investigate the causes of pollution that have adversely affected shellfish growing areas.
State Supported Water Quality Monitoring Programs. For the past 19 years, the State of California has monitored water quality at selected locations along the coast and within inland waterways which drain to the sea, through the State Mussel Watch and Toxic Substances Monitoring (TSM) programs. Traditionally funded by the SWRCB with water bond funds, these programs have most recently been funded with NPDES permit fees. An additional effort, the Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup (BPTC) Program was established by the Legislature in 1989 as a fee-supported program. The Department of Fish and Game (DFG) provides staff and technical support for all three programs.
The State Mussel Watch and BPTC are the only long-term statewide water quality monitoring programs for bays, estuaries, and open water locations in California. Mussels and clams are moved from relatively clean coastal sites to areas of concern and later removed for laboratory analysis for various toxic substances which may have accumulated in their bodies. The TSM is a related program for inland waters which uses a variety of species to test for toxic substances in the water.
The National Mussel Watch Program began in 1975 with a few monitoring stations along the California coast. In 1977, the State Water Resources Control Board obtained funding for both Mussel Watch and TSM to add substantially more stations. These programs peaked in 1990-91 with approximately 2746 analyses at 254 stations. Progressive funding limitations have reduced the programs by almost 50 percent to 1422 analyses at 132 stations during fiscal year 1995-96. The DFG has maintained frozen samples from these stations (some are over 19 years old) which provide an important long-term physical record of water quality along these areas of the California coast.
The Mussel Watch and TSM programs have been useful in identifying "hot spots" where pollutants have accumulated, as well as long-term water quality trends where pollutants have either increased or decreased over the years. Data from these programs have been essential to supporting cleanup orders statewide, including lead contamination at the Selby slag pile in Contra Costa County, PCBs in the inner Los Angeles Harbor, PCBs in San Diego Bay, DDT in Richmond Harbor from the Lauritzen Canal, TBT in Moss Landing and Santa Cruz harbors, and copper from offloading facilities in Los Angeles and San Diego harbors. The programs also provide technical support for the Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program, which evaluates water quality within San Francisco, San Diego and other bays. Monitoring data from these programs has been used by the SWRCB, RWQCBs, Coastal Commission, DFG, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, US Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA, a variety of local governments, and other interests such as the Pacific Gas and Electric Company.
Monitoring programs are important not only for environmental and public health issues, but also because coastal-dependent industries such as tourism, aquaculture, and fisheries contribute billions of dollars to the State economy each year and depend on good water quality. Additionally, public comments received at all six public workshops held on the draft Agenda for the Future supported the maintenance and expansion of these water quality monitoring programs.
California Ocean Plan. As a result of its 1991-92 triennial review of the California Ocean Plan, which sets the State’s ocean water quality standards, the SWRCB is reviewing the plan’s bacterial standards and monitoring requirements. The SWRCB has contracted with the University of California at Berkeley to perform a "Marine Bacterial Indicator Monitoring Assessment" to examine bacterial monitoring performed by two ocean dischargers: the City of San Diego and the City/County of San Francisco. The study aims to identify the "best" indicator organism to use in coastal California monitoring programs (that is, the best to unequivocally indicate the presence of human fecal waste). It will describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of several bacterial groups, including total coliform, E. coli and enterococcus sp. As part of the bacterial standards review, a microbiological advisory committee of outside experts was formed to assist in the study design and to advise and make recommendations to the SWRCB on the subject of bacterial indicators. Other issues under review include, water quality objectives for dioxins and other chemicals of concern, regional monitoring programs, acute and chronic toxicity testing, and special water quality protection for Monterey Bay and other National Marine Sanctuaries located in California’s waters.
Educational Materials and Programs
The Agenda chapter titled, Education, Research and Technology provides additional information regarding educational materials and programs available in California. However, there are literally hundreds of information sources and programs and it is only possible in this document to provide a brief summary of the many available. Some examples for water quality information include educational materials distributed by the SWRCB and its RWQCBs, California Sea Grant College, USC Sea Grant Institutional Program, and California Coastal Commission through its Adopt-A-Beach Program. Many cities and counties also provide educational information regarding ocean and coastal water quality. As for direct public education programs, Heal the Bay launched a campaign in 1992 to raise public awareness that pollution entering catch basins and storm drains ends up in the Santa Monica Bay. That campaign includes gutter patrolling and storm drain stenciling. The Surfrider Foundation created the "Blue Water Task Force," which collects and compiles water quality samples in order to demonstrate the severity of coastal water pollution, raise public awareness, and provide data to develop solutions for combating nearshore pollution. Many other organizations such as the Center for Marine Conservation, the American Oceans Campaign, and Save Our Shores are conducting similar types of education programs along the California coast.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Nonpoint source pollution, or polluted runoff, is arguably the State's most significant source of water pollution, impairing estuaries, bays, and nearshore waters. An extensive system to regulate point source pollution has been in place for many years. However, reducing nonpoint source pollution in California requires the renewed commitment and cooperation of federal, State, and local agencies, local land-use interests, the private sector, and the broader public in the complicated task of managing entire watersheds. Implementing both Section 319 of the Clean Water Act and Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) will require a long-term financial commitment from both the federal government and the State of California to resolve the State’s water quality management needs. The 104th Congress did not provide funding for implementing the requirements of Section 6217 of the CZARA for fiscal year 1996-97. However, the Governor’s
1997-98 Budget proposes a $3.8 million Watershed Initiative to assist the Department of Fish and Game, the State Water Resources Control Board, the Department of Conservation, and the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection in efforts to reduce water quality and habitat impacts in key watersheds throughout the State of California.
Recommendation B-1. Conduct a thorough inventory and assessment of all ongoing watershed management projects and activities that affect California's ocean ecosystem and use this information to determine priorities for future actions. Much of this information exists and some has been compiled for limited geographic regions, but it has not been compiled in one place for the entire State. The Resources Agency (in coordination with the California Watershed Projects Inventory and other entities) is providing an important start by inventorying existing restoration and monitoring activities, regulatory procedures, and planning processes along the North Coast. The Governor’s Watershed Initiative included in the 1997-98 Budget will help ensure that these ongoing efforts can be completed and new efforts initiated where necessary. This inventory approach should be expanded to include information about other watershed planning efforts in Central and Southern California including the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Water Quality Protection Program, Morro Bay National Estuary Program, and the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project.
Recommendation B-2. Pursue new and innovative approaches to watershed management, such as watershed conservation banks, which maximize results and the efficiency of expenditures. Water quality goals may potentially be met more effectively through existing permit processes by allowing municipalities or other permit applicants to mitigate their project impacts at regional conservation banks. This approach could yield greater benefits for water quality at reduced costs by focusing efforts on locations within the region where the most effective improvements in water quality can be achieved.
Recommendation B-3. Pursue more technical and financial assistance from the federal government for supporting California's efforts to develop and implement nonpoint pollution strategies pursuant to Section 6217 of the CZARA and Section 319 of the Clean Water Act. Solutions to nonpoint source pollution require extensive coordination and cooperation among a wide variety of participants. Federal assistance should be budgeted to support existing State programs to address impaired and threatened water bodies and their adjacent watersheds.
Guidance provided by technical advisory committees established pursuant to Section 6217 of the CZARA, and endorsed by the State Water Resources Control Board in the report Initiatives in Nonpoint Source Management, emphasize the importance of incorporating measures to minimize runoff, protect watershed habitat, and reduce flood risk in project designs. Measures to address these concerns early in the permit process will help to minimize project impacts and avoid costly delays.
Recommendation B-4. Pursue amendments to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines to address water quality issues more comprehensively in the planning stages of development projects. Specifically, the CEQA Guidelines should be amended to require the applicant's Environmental Information Form and the lead agency's Environmental Checklist Form to address the potential of non-point pollution; include approved watershed plans as guidance for projects of statewide, regional, or area-wide significance; and address the potential for increased off-site flood risks caused by the development.
The State of California does not have a system to comprehensively monitor water quality in the inland watershed, enclosed waters, or nearshore ocean zones. Sound water quality management decisions require a solid base of information collected from a variety of sources. Most of the existing monitoring programs are designed to measure the impacts of point source pollutant loads. However, with the exception of limited data provided from the State Mussel Watch, Toxic Substances Monitoring, and Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup programs, the majority of California's waterways and small estuarine systems are not monitored by the State on a regular basis. Other monitoring programs exist, yet no overall inventory of these efforts is currently available for the entire California coast. Improved monitoring, or in some cases improved coordination of existing efforts, will be necessary for the State of California to achieve a systematic understanding of nonpoint source pollution and to measure the effect of efforts to reduce this water pollution source.
Recommendation B-5. Inventory existing water quality monitoring efforts and use this information to develop a comprehensive water quality monitoring program for coastal streams, bays, estuaries, and nearshore ocean waters. For large bays and sections of nearshore coastal waters, regional monitoring programs should be initiated to determine baseline water and sediment quality conditions and to ascertain the relative health of ocean and coastal resources. Monitoring data from federal, State, and local governments, the private sector, citizen groups and non-profit organizations should be made accessible through the CERES at http://ceres.ca.gov. The water quality monitoring program should seek to include:
§ potential expansion of citizen water quality monitoring efforts, if quality assurance and control issues for data collection can be developed and implemented; and
§ a standard protocol for sampling and data collection methods to ensure that the information generated will be useful to water quality decision makers.

domain: geography


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Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a substance is absorbed and becomes available to the body’s systemic circulation. When it comes to CBD vape juice, bioavailability plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness and efficiency of CBD absorption. Here’s an exploration of the bioavailability of CBD vape juice:
- Inhalation Method: Vaping CBD is known for its high bioavailability compared to other consumption methods. When CBD vape juice is heated and inhaled, it bypasses the digestive system and enters the bloodstream directly through the lungs. This allows for rapid absorption and quick onset of effects, making it an efficient method for experiencing the benefits of CBD.
- Rapid Absorption: The inhalation of CBD vape juice allows for the direct absorption of CBD into the bloodstream through the thin tissues of the lungs. This bypasses the digestive system, where a portion of avida CBD can be lost during the metabolism process. As a result, the bioavailability of CBD through vaping can range from 34% to 46%, meaning a significant portion of the CBD is readily available for the body to utilize.
- Quick Onset of Effects: Due to its high bioavailability, CBD vape juice offers a rapid onset of effects. When inhaled, CBD enters the bloodstream quickly and reaches its target receptors in the endocannabinoid system, resulting in faster relief from symptoms such as pain, anxiety, or inflammation. The effects are typically felt within minutes, making vaping an attractive option for those seeking immediate relief.
- Individual Variations: It’s important to note that bioavailability can vary among individuals due to factors such as metabolism, body composition, and the quality of the CBD vape juice. Additionally, dosage and frequency of use can also impact the overall bioavailability and efficacy of CBD. It’s advisable to start with a lower dosage and gradually increase as needed while closely monitoring the individual response.
- Duration of Effects: While the bioavailability of CBD vape juice is high, the duration of effects may be relatively shorter compared to other consumption methods. The effects of vaping CBD generally last for a few hours, and individuals may need to vape more frequently to maintain the desired effects throughout the day.
In conclusion, CBD vape juice offers a high bioavailability, allowing for rapid absorption and quick onset of effects. The inhalation method bypasses the digestive system, leading to efficient CBD absorption through the lungs. However, individual variations and factors such as dosage, frequency of use, and product quality can influence the overall bioavailability and efficacy of CBD vape juice. If you’re considering vaping CBD, it’s recommended to start with a lower dosage, observe the effects, and adjust accordingly to find your optimal experience.

domain: biology


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there are not any casinos, specially in an area in which at the least 50% of the population earn their dwelling from subsistence (or peasant) agriculture and people that do have cash paying jobs have them in different international locations. But, to apply those suppositions to Lesotho might be to miss the maximum crucial truth approximately the usa. It is simply surrounded through South Africa, and on the equal time as it is economically protected into it, it is politically and legally pretty separate.
During the years of apartheid and the rule of thumb of the fairly non secular National Party (loads of whose participants would keep in thoughts Southern Baptists to be risky liberals), there was a tremendous feel of what you possibly did now not do at domestic in South Africa. People may consequently go to the tribal worldwide locations, like Lesotho, to do their gambling. Thus, there is in fact a listing of Lesotho’s casinos. Visit :- UFABETเว็บตรง
List of Lesotho’s casinos:
– Maseru Sun Hotel & Casino
– Lesotho Sun Hotel & Casino
Both of the casinos are in Maseru, the capital, and the Maseru Casino itself has definitely slot machines, at the same time as the Lesotho additionally has roulette and blackjack tables.
These casinos are without a doubt nearly most effective for the traveler trade. As above, maximum of the natives are terrible subsistence farmers, no longer called extremely good gamblers. The few of them who have coins paying jobs actually usually will be predisposed to do them outdoor Lesotho (in spite of the reality that there are some nearby manufacturers: there’s a Levi’s plant there, as an example). The younger guys excursion to South Africa to paintings inside the mines for 6 or nine months of the year. It is this specifically cell (and unaccompanied by way of the use of the usage of wives or girlfriends) population that results in Lesotho’s largest problem, an notable epidemic of AIDS. It is concept that in all likelihood 40% of the populace sincerely supply the virus.
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domain: economics


text:
Comics - Minion Cover
25 Jan 2016 14:47
It's the start of a new chapter IN COLOR!|
I'm aiming to make this a shorter one, I was originally aiming for 12 pages, but I'm not sure if I'll be get it quite that short.
|( Reply )|
If you like Latchkey Kingdom please help support it.
- Latchkey Kingdom is written and drawn by Nick Daniel you can email him at email@example.com -
- Copyright © Nick Daniel 2012-2019 -
Hosted by Smack Jeeves.

domain: artistic


text:
Lucinda Knit Vest
The Lucinda Knitted Vest is a straight-cut, drapey tank in cameo pink shade. Layer over a shirt in the cooler months, or wear on its own as the weather gets warmer, this is a versatile organic cotton top that you'll wear year after year.
Made from 100% Fairtrade and GOTS certified organic cotton in mid-weight knit with rib texture. Our organic cotton is grown using methods and materials that have a low impact on the environment with systems in place to replenish and maintain soil fertility, reduce the use of toxic and persistent pesticides and fertilisers, and build biologically diverse agriculture. Made by People Tree Fair Trade producer partner Rajlakshmi.

domain: design


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Witches' Legacy: Secret Enemy
Can you unite the witches and hunters to defeat an unimaginable foe?
Size: 1158. MB Released: 10/22/18
The Legacy: The Tree of Might Collector's Edition
Researching the cause of a mysterious supernatural epidemic will have wildly unpredictable consequences...
Size: 1041. MB Released: 10/21/18
Bonfire Stories: Heartless
Solve the puzzle of the red mist and save a missing camper before they meet a terrifying end.
Size: 463.2 MB Released: 10/20/18
Halloween Chronicles: Monsters Among Us Collector's Edition
Can you save your hometown from dangerous monsters in time?
Size: 1620. MB Released: 10/19/18
Vermillion Watch: London Howling
Can you rid the city of a malevolent monster in time?
Size: 787.9 MB Released: 10/15/18
Haunted Legends: Twisted Fate Collector's Edition
A powerful artifact is stolen, threatening to shatter time itself.
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domain: entertainment


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Building on the 2019 City Centre Masterplan which SYSTRA also helped to develop, our experts will establish an investment plan to enable the movement of people and goods around the city centre as efficiently as possible, whilst also improving the attractiveness of the city to investors, liveability and sustainability. The Transport Plan will be completed in early 2022.
The Masterplan sets out an ambitious blueprint for a package of measures which will improve the public realm and transform Worcester city centre. SYSTRA is excited to be carrying out this study which will identify how transport can support that vision, help people move around the city centre better, and encourage them to do so sustainably.Darren KIRKMAN, SYSTRA’s Project Manager for the study
Three complementary workstreams
The study will be based on the following workstreams:
- how traffic moves around the city centre, and the resulting impacts on congestion and visitor experience;
- parking provision and consideration of how this can be optimised to support the sustainability of the high street and the vibrancy of retail centres;
- how residents, workers and visitors arrive in, perceive, and move around the city centre, developing options to encourage sustainable movement and create a sense of place.
A focus on stakeholder engagement
The outputs of these workstreams will be brought together to create a Transport Strategy and Action Plan that will include an ambitious package of measures to be taken forward over the next 20 years.
Stakeholder engagement will be a key part of this, and SYSTRA will be inviting the views of the public through an online survey, as well as working closely with elected members and key stakeholders throughout the process.

domain: politics


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01 Feb Schools Come Together for One80 Place
Charleston, SC | February 1, 2017 — Charleston schools are showing their support for One80 Place and showing that kids care!
Throughout the month of February, a number of local schools are coming together to support One80 Place. For years, One80 Place has provided opportunities for volunteers to help through its Community Kitchen. While these efforts continue to serve a vital function for the organization, the age restriction for kitchen service has overlooked an important part of our community: youth!
Thanks to the cooperation of administrators, parents, and students at Ashley Hall, Charleston Day School, Fort Dorchester High School, Mason Preparatory School, and Porter Gaud School, students will have a chance to make an impact on homelessness locally. Among the projects this month are fundraisers (non-uniform days, Valentine’s rose sales), hygiene kit drives, move-in kit drives, and Valentine’s Day cards.
“We feel that ending homelessness in our community requires everyone’s support, no matter how big or small the gesture or how young the person,” said Stacey Denaux, CEO of One80 Place. “Raising awareness among these future leaders will help shape how we continue to end and prevent homelessness.”
About One80 Place:
One80 Place is the largest provider of comprehensive services to homeless people in South Carolina. Founded in 1984, One80 Place shelters 140 men, women, and children nightly, as well as provides daily community meals, legal aid, healthcare, and employment resources to assist clients in ending their homelessness. To learn more about One80 Place, visit one80place.org.
(843) 737-8380 (O) | (310) 614-6834 (C)

domain: sociology


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Photo: Raul Mora Avalos, a hook tender on a high-lead logging operation, pauses during his work in this image by Oregon photographer David Paul Bayles. Avalos' photo is included in a new exhibit featuring Bayles' work, "Still, Trees," underway through Thursday, March 17, at MTSU's Baldwin Photographic Gallery in Room 269 of the university's Bragg Media and Entertainment Building, 1735 Blue Raider Drive. (photo by David Paul Bayles)
“Still, Trees” will be on display weekdays from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. through Thursday, March 17, in Room 269 of the university's Bragg Media and Entertainment Building, 1735 Blue Raider Drive.
Bayles, a resident of Philomath, Oregon, also is set to discuss his work at two public events.
In the first, Bayles and retired U.S. Forest Service scientist Frederick Swanson will talk about their ongoing collaboration to document a devastating 2020 wildfire near Eugene, Oregon, in a special public discussion set for Friday, Feb. 18, at 10 a.m. in Room 103 of the Bragg Building.
Bayles will speak in person, while Swanson will participate remotely from Oregon.
The pair have been collaborating on documenting the landscape of the Holiday Farm Fire, a Labor Day 2020 wildfire near Eugene, Oregon, that destroyed more than 173,000 acres of private and public lands, including portions of the Willamette National Forest.
Then, on Saturday, Feb. 19, at 3 p.m. in Bragg 103, Bayles will return for a second free public lecture about his several decades of work amid America’s forests.
Scroll down for more...
Bayles is currently in a residency at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest near Blue River, Oregon, and is capturing new images of forests and other landscapes, including documenting floods, fires and other disasters, to show how the earth survives.
A former logger in the Sierra Nevada mountains who grew to embrace environmentalism, Bayles often focuses his work on how human pursuits and the needs of the forests can collide, sometimes coexist and occasionally find harmony.
His photos have been on the covers of both academic and commercial magazines, including Oregon Arts Watch, Commonweal, and Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Society for Geomorphology.
Bayles is the author of the 2003 book "Urban Forest: Images of Trees in the Human Landscape" and is working on a second book. Copies of his book “Urban Forest” also will be available at the Feb. 18 and 19 MTSU events.
More information about Bayles' work is available at his website, https://www.davidpaulbayles.com.
MTSU’s Baldwin Photographic Gallery, which is marking its 58th anniversary at MTSU in 2022, is part of the university’s College of Media and Entertainment.
The Baldwin Gallery is located at the top of the stairwell in the Bragg Building’s interior courtyard.
A campus parking map is available at http://bit.ly/MTSUParking. Off-campus gallery visitors can obtain a one-day permit at https://mtsu.edu/parking/visit.php or park free in the university’s Rutherford Boulevard Lot and ride the Raider Xpress shuttle to the Bragg building.
Guests can arrange public tours by contacting gallery curator Shannon Randol, who also is an assistant professor of photography in the Department of Media Arts, at firstname.lastname@example.org. The gallery is open from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. weekdays when MTSU classes are in session.


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MEDICAID BUY-IN FOR CHILDREN
The Health and Human Services Commission will launch the Medicaid Buy-In for Children program on January 1, 2011. This program can help pay medical bills for children with disabilities. It helps families who need health insurance, but make too much money to get traditional Medicaid. Families "buy in" to Medicaid by making a monthly payment (premium).

domain: medical


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Beautiful Eggs is a large-format board book that mixes an inspiring world of culture with artistic activities. Families gather in different places around the globe to create beautiful patterns for egg decorations. Using their cultural symbology, numerous countries produce dazzling works of art with distinct meanings for different kinds of celebrations.
I simply love it when history and tradition are introduced in a fun and artistic way. As a child who loved to draw and paint, this is exactly the kind of book that I would have loved to receive. I can imagine the fun that I would have had telling stories through my drawings on different eggs. My personal favourite was the Cascarones from Mexico. Painted in bright colours the eggs would have a surprise inside — an explosion of confetti!
From bee’s wax and paint made from plants, to patterns created with lace and foraged leaves, this book shows a wide variety of design and techniques that were passed down through generations. Truly interesting traditions that can now be reproduced with your own family.
Now, this book’s visual presentation was clearly as carefully thought as the stories were picked. With amazing cut-paper illustrations, Alice Lindstrom generates an inspiring crafting atmosphere that makes the readers want to pull up their sleeves and start working! The illustrations match perfectly the whole book’s concept, being especially similar to the Washi egg style — a Japanese technique of carefully cutting origami-like paper to the right shapes and sticking to the eggs.
In a lovely touch, at the end of the book you can find a stencil to trace an egg and create your own story. A fun and creative way to celebrate and learn about Easter. Add this book to the chocolate and enjoy the perfect holiday!


|By Marc Middleton | August 20, 2012 | Comments|
Confirmed for tonight's show is an appearance by Chris Jericho and Khloe Kardashian at the Social Media Ambassador. Also, Shawn Michaels is teasing that he will be making an appearance live via satellite.
Tonight's show will kick off at 8pm EST with Paul Heyman and Brock Lesnar speaking about the win over Triple H at SummerSlam.
WWE is focusing on the following points for tonight's RAW:
* Will Triple H be in any condition to face Lesnar?
* What will CM Punk have to say to John Cena?
* Alberto Del Rio is looking to make a statement after the SummerSlam controversy
* How will Dolph Ziggler react to his SummerSlam loss to Chris Jericho?
* What's next for Daniel Bryan and what does AJ Lee have in store for Kane after he put his hands on Josh Mathews?
We are looking for correspondents for tonight's show, so if you are attending it, please contact us by clicking here.
Got a news tip or correction? Send it to us by clicking here.
Final Points For The TNA World Title Series, Second Round Matches For Next Week
WWE NXT Superstar Arrested For DUI This Past Summer, Video Of Breath Test Refusal
Eva Marie Says She's Earned Everything, Interesting Samoa Joe Note, Bayley Struggles To Her Feet
ROH TV Recap (11/25): Jay Lethal Vs. Roderick Strong TV Title Match, Moose And Elgin Team Up, More
TNA Impact Wrestling Results: Final 16, Lashley Vs. Aries, Kurt Angle Interview, More
Why TNA Is Postponing Tour Of India, Logistical Issues Due To Flying Abroad, Upset Wrestlers
Former TNA Star On NXT, NXT Stars Names Haven't Been Changed, Vignettes Start For Star


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Any autoimmune disease can have pain, its just a different kind for each. Many autoimmune disease sufferers will exorbitance pain from swelling, painfully joints, cuts, bruises and sores. Below I have written to good tips on how to help reduce the pain and help you design a pain management plan that suits you..
Autoimmune Diseases And Pain Management Plans
People with who are dealing with both chronic pain and chronic fatigue. Set priorities for your day and stick to them. There will only be so much you can accomplish on a bad day. Figure out what’s most important and focus on getting that done, instead of trying to fight the pain and fatigue and do everything anyway.
If you suffer from pain, try not to wear clothing that is too tight against your skin. Tight clothing is just going to put more pressure on your joints, which in turn, will increase your pain. Instead, try to wear clothes that have enough room in them so that you are comfortable.
You may want to consider using celery seeds if you suffer from chronic autoimmune diseases. Not only are these seeds natural and healthy, but they help to reduce some of the swelling that is associated with autoimmune diseases pain and other chronic conditions. You can purchase these seeds from many health food stores.
A heating pad that provides moist heat can give relief to pain sufferers. If your pain is really painful or interfering with proper functioning, try to get a heating pad that provides good, moist heat. These pads provide you with quick relief, but you still need to see your doctor.
If you suffer from Lupus pain in your fingers or your hands, you may want to consider rubbing mineral oil on your hands. The natural ingredients of mineral oil have been proven to ease the pain of arthritis in the hands and fingers. To make this method effective, be sure to put the mineral oil on your hands and then put rubber gloves on them.
Use musical therapy in order to ease the pain when you are suffering from severe inflammation. While it isn’t a permanent fix and is far from medication and serious pain relief, there are studies that have proven classical music and other soothing types of music to be therapeutic when treating pain from autoimmune diseases.
During periods of non-inflammation and with the permission of your doctor, exercise to build energy and slow the onset of pain. Swimming or exercising in water is great for your joints because the water offers resistance without high strain. Water can also keep you cool thereby acting as a natural soother for pain and discomfort should it set in.
If you suffer from the pain flare ups, try to remember to keep your pain relievers handy. Many pain relievers like ibuprofen can help relieve symptoms of a pain flare ups in as little as 15 minutes. So make sure to keep a bottle of your most effective pain reliever close at hand.
As with any disease, your mind plays a significant role in how you respond to the symptoms associated with autoimmune diseases. One mind set that can help with pain is to think of the pain associated with this disease as a signal to take positive action. This is a better response than concluding that the pain signals unending trouble with that joint. One pro-active step you can take is to practice relaxation. Relaxation can in still in you a sense of control plus a feeling of well-being which can make pain management somewhat easier. Other positive actions include getting gentle exercise, taking supplements such as fish oils, and so on.
Design your own pain management plan and discuss it with your doctor, family and friends so that they can help you acheive the best pain relief day as possible.
In conclusion, you know not only that there is more than one type of pain that can develop, but there are different ways to identify and treat it. Hopefully you will find this information useful and that it will allow you to help yourself or other people that are afflicted with these painful disease.
Please be sure to bookmark us!


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After Eliza Cooper* filed for divorce, she began to think about her marriage to Sam.
“During this time, I realized two things about myself,” said Cooper. “First, I was being totally selfish. All of my thoughts were focused on me. Second, I realized that I really was not committed to our marriage. This brought me to the conclusion that if we were going to make the marriage work we both had to be totally committed to each other. Divorce would no longer be an option.
"I had to humble myself and let go of my pride and realize that I made a commitment to God and this man and I didn’t want to take it lightly. Instead of focusing on the past, I needed to focus on the present and what our marriage had the potential to be. My next step would be to ask my husband to forgive me for leaving him.”
“Forgiveness is a key factor in the reconciliation process,” said Brad Rymer, certified marriage and family reconciler. “Forgiveness is giving up your desire to see that person punished. Unforgiveness is the poison we drink to hurt somebody else. Ultimately, it hurts the person who harbors the bitterness rather than the person it is aimed toward. Reconciliation on the other hand, replaces hostility and separation with peace and friendship. It is admitting failures and mistakes, and being willing to consider and offer change in attitudes and behaviors that contribute to conflict in a marriage.”
During the reconciliation process, the Coopers learned that they had to be willing to look at their individual failures and mistakes in the relationship. Both of them had to be open to change.
“This process has been so amazing,” Cooper said. “We have learned a lot about ourselves and each other. Probably the most important insight has been that you can’t control another person. The only person you can control is yourself, so your focus has to be how you can improve the relationship. I finally recognized that my husband really wasn’t the problem. It was how we were handling things that caused the problem. Although we still had things to work out, our attitudes changed and that has made all the difference.”
“I think that couples should focus on attacking the problem, not each other,” Rymer said. “Your goal should be to win the other person over, not win over them. The latter does not equal reconciliation, it just creates more hostility and separation.”
Couples who are looking for reconciliation in their relationship should consider the following steps.
- Think about specific attitudes and behaviorsyou are doing that contribute to the conflict.
- Admit wrong attitudes and actions to your spouse at an appropriate time. This is not a talk you want to have when you are both tired and hungry.
- Apologize.Dr. David Seamands, a well-known marriage counselor, says the twelve most important words in marriage are, “I was wrong. I am sorry. Please forgive me. I love you.”
- Search for creative solutionsthat will improve your relationship. We generally try to solve the problem before we fully understand it – we get the tip of the iceberg and run with it.
- Try hard to understand the other person’s interest. At this point, listening becomes more important than speaking.
- Listen until each person feels understood.By doing this you stand a much greater chance of solving the problem and moving on.
“In order for a marriage to work you must communicate,” Cooper said. “You have to talk about the little things like leaving the cabinet door open so the little things don’t become big things. We still have problems to overcome, but there is a security in knowing that we are both in it for the long haul.”
Contact us to learn more or check out some of our classes for married couples.
*Names have been changed.
President & CEO
As a Certified Family Life Educator Julie writes and speaks on issues related to strengthening marriages and families.


Kris Jenner repeatedly has been rumored to join the Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills cast. Now the KUWTK star and Lisa Rinna have posted Instagram clues.
Kris Jenner and several other members of the Keeping Up With The Kardashians (KUWTK) clan are known to be friends with various Real Housewives stars.
And not surprisingly, with the Real Housewives franchise known for its rumor mill, that’s resulted in Kris repeatedly getting tagged every time that there’s a Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills (RHOBH) cast shakeup.
Now Jenner and Lisa Rinna have posted Instagram pics of the duo that make us wonder if Kris’ time to join the Real Housewives cast has arrived!
Kris Jenner is close friends with RHOBH Kyle Richards
Jenner hasn’t tried to hide her friendship with various Real Housewives.
In December 2018, for example, the Daily Dish reported that Kyle Richards regularly attends Kris’ famous Christmas celebrations.
Kris and Kyle have long been friends.
But how about Lisa Rinna? In an interesting there-are-no-coincidences, Rinna and the other Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills just got their new taglines, according to E News.
And Lisa joined Jenner in sharing the Instagram pic below.
Kris Jenner getting a boost from Lisa Rinna for new season of RHOBH?
“ICONS ONLY,” Jenner and Rinna both wrote in their captions.
The Instagram photo of Kris and the RH star comes in the wake of Lisa’s hinting on Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen that she’ll have a bigger role on the show this season.
“In the game of life, it’s Rinna take all,” says Lisa in her tagline.
Hmm. With Rinna and Jenner defining themselves as “icons,” we’re wondering if that’s a clue that Kris will take on a role as a “friend of” on Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills, with Lisa providing the bridge for Jenner.
Would you like to see Kris Jenner as a Real Housewives star? Does she have time in between being the mom and manager for all those kids, from the oldest (Kourtney Kardashian) to youngest (Kylie Jenner)?


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This has no spoilers in it. Based off of the trailers.
This about You and the Joker. Ever since that night that you saw him race down the street it was then that your fate changed. when he saw you he knew he wanted you for himself. He was sick of Harley anyway. He wanted a new playtoy, and your were just right.
He watched your every move after that not that you knew. He waited for the right moment to snatch you for his own selfish self.

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The rate at which most people have come into the understanding of how tufting can be made a hobby has drastically increased this year. If you are someone who loves hobbies like 3D printing, woodworking, embroidery, modifying Nerf blasters, then tufting is a hobby that I can introduce to you.
I can boldly tell you that creating a custom tufted rug is easily one of the most fulfilling hobbies you can launch into, as it makes you explore your creativity and earn income for yourself.
The interesting thing about tufting is that it is very easy and quick to learn for anyone so far all the tools needed are available with a workable space within your home.
Imagine how you will feel, when you craft a product design that won’t only interest you alone, but also serve a purpose in your interior home decor and others around you.
It is very important to have every tool needed to get started as they are very much affordable if gotten in the right tufting store.
If you truly want to launch into the tufting world, there are few decisions you have to make right. In this comprehensive article, I will be sharing in depth knowledge of how to make your own right decision and also craft your tufted rug to the finishing process.
Creating with Tufting Gun
One of the things that should be considered before tufting is whether to use the manual or automatic tool for your tufting process. Because if you will be using the automatic, tools like tufting gun and tufting starter kit will be needed, but for the manual, you can just make use of a punch needle for your rug making.
Many beginner or Do it myself enthusiasts are always too impatient to implement the manual technique for making tufted rug, and this is because it is time consuming and not too effective for usage unlike the tufting gun which is faster and more effective to use.
Those who couldn’t afford the tufting gun mostly go for the manual method of making tufted rugs.
If you are considering the automatic method, it is advisable to get a tufting gun that can both cut piles and create a loop pile. This tufting gun machine can effectively create a loop pile during the rug tufting process.
The right decision that I will advise you to make is to get a tufting gun and starter kit from a reputable company like Urban Tufting, they are known for delivering high quality and affordable tufting machines for either professional tufter or a beginner who is just launching into the world of tufting.
There are varieties of guns with different functions. We have tufting guns that can tuft up to 18 mm and there are also high piles that use pneumatic air and they have the capacity to tuft to a length of about 70 mm.
Building the Frame
Since you now have the knowledge on the kind of tool that best fits for rug tufting, it is now time to understand how to build the frame for your project.
In terms of woodworking, building a frame for your custom tufted rug is very easy so far you have a square.
As tufted, you can cut the beams at a 45 degree angle or simply screw the pieces together as many tufted ones always do. It is advisable to always pre drill the holes during this process in order to avoid cracking.
What has been known to be workable and easy is by just screwing one beam to the other, and this is one of the instructions any beginner must pay critical attention to. Always make sure that the beams you are getting for your frame are straight, and the size you decide to measure will depend on where you are placing the artwork.
You can lean it on the wall of your interior home, but just make sure there is enough space for the needle to penetrate into, without pinching or disfiguring the wall.
During this process, much consideration should also be given to the working height, as you can clamp your frame on the table in order for you to work upwork, without bending down too much. This has much to do with your comfortability.
Many tuft makers build their frame based on the length of the rug that has been made, and another thing that you will have to put in mind is that the length of the inside you are able to afford. You can make the length of the inside of your frame 90 cm, as it will give you enough space to clamp the fabric in place without wasting too much material.
After you are done building your frame, you have to consider how you would like to attach your fabric to it. The proven way of doing this is by using a staple gun. You can use dual purpose carpet gripper rods that can be reused any other time.
For your tufting yarn to move freely, you need to consider using a construction, with eye hook screws that will guide you and make you work easier and neater. During this process, ensure you keep your tufting yarn from the tufting gun.
Secondary Backing Fabric
Immediately you are done with your tufting process, you will then have to fold your primary tufting cloth over to the back and hold it in place properly for better outcome, and then sew or glue in order for it to stay neat. You can also use a carpet edge binding tape to protect the edge well.
A secondary backing fabric can then be used to cover the tufted rug. You can make use of different secondary fabrics like a non slip fabric, anti slip mat or attach it with a spray adhesive in order for it to look neater and perfect for use.
Picking of Yarn
There are various tufting yarn that can be used in creating your custom rug, and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. The different types of yarn that might want to select from has been listed below with insight of what each of them entails.
Acrylic: Acrylic is a choice of yarn that you can select from, as it is very resistant to dirt, moth and fading. Some tuft crafters select acrylic because it is more affordable and available in a wide range of colors compared to other kinds of yarn.
But the disadvantage in acrylic is that it has a tendency to fuzz and shed as it is very soft compared to other yarns, and this made it a kind of yarn that couldn’t hold its structure well. If you are not subjecting the tufted rug to too much wear, acrylic yarn will be the best choice for you.
Cotton: Any rug made from cotton is always soft and comfortable for the user to walk on, but they are very much sensitive and attractive to stains.
Nylon: One of the strongest fibers for any product, and this made it durable. This kind of yarn is always chosen due to its ability to resist fading, and heat. Some tuft makers utilize this yarn choice because it is easier to maintain and clean compared to others.
Wool: What makes wool the premium fiber is the ability to withstand crushing, and retard fire. As good as wool yarn is, what made many users avoid its usage is due to its cost. But you can still get this kind of yarn at an affordable price at some reputable tufting store like urban tufting companies. Any product made from this yarn can last for a very long period of time.
The selection you are making mainly depends on the money you have and what you want to use the rug to do. Some tuft makers do not like the feel of the nylon rug since it is hard for them to use and the choice of color for this yarn is very much limited . The limited color deprives users of making use of the type for a big rug project.
If you want to make a rug with tufting technique for someone or planning to make it for the purpose of selling, wool yarn might be a good choice for you.
Also ensure you have enough yarn in your gun when tufting so as to get a good and consistent tuft.
The glue has so much importance as it is mostly used for holding the tufting yarn during the process of tufting. You apply it to the back of the custom rug that you have tufted.
There are different types of glues that have been proven to be workable, in the likes of latex, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylate polymer.
There are some other things you will also need to use. They are permanent markers, pliers, scissors, clippers, palette knives, hot glue, and projects.
The Preparation Process
Before starting the preparation, it is good to rewind the yarn you are using, and then add the backing fabric to your frame. Ensure you take time to stretch the cloth as tightly as possible without tearing it off.
And when picking the design you will use for your rug tufting process, ensure that the level of details is not too high. During this process, make your rugs extremely dense and this will make it not have issues with distorted designs.
To be able to use your tufting gun well, start by threading your gun, and then use a bent wire to pull the tufting yarn through the hole in the needle.
And to finish your mistake is very easy as you can plug the yarn out, but you have to be very careful in order for you not to tear your fabric.
For you to be able to fold the excess of the fabric you are using over to the back, it requires you to cut into the border, except you are not ready to follow the curve.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: Is regular yarn appropriate for my tufting project?
A: The tufting yarn that is sold in the tufting store is known for high quality and texture which can never be replaced with the use of regular yarn.
Q: Can someone new to tufting launch into it?
A: So far you have your tufting gun and tufting starter kit, you are good to go.
Q: How to make the right selection of tufting yarn?
A: In order to make the best selection, consider the texture and color of the tufting yarn, and ensure it complements the home decor or interior home you are using it for.
Q: With tufting technique, is intricate design possible?
A: You can implement different patterns and create an outstanding design with tufting technique.
Q: Is it compulsory for me to have a specific skill in order to create a custom tufted rug?
A: With diligent practice and putting attention to details, you can improve your tufting skills within a short time
Q: How can I ensure producing high quality custom tufted rugs?
A: By implementing non-slip rug pads and utilizing high quality backing materials for better performance.
Q: Can other projects be done with tufting apart from custom rugs?
A: Sure, you can make a pillow, wall hanger and fashionable accessory through tufting technique.
Many people venture into the art of tufting and it has become generally accepted by a high level of the world population. Imagine how well you will feel when you see your completed rug tufted project, after a few hours or days after the work has been put into it.
There are endless ways you can incorporate your tufted creations into your home decor, as tufted rugs can be used in different ways in things like flooring coverings to wall hanging as mentioned in this article.
Some individuals make use of custom rug tufting to create things like winter wear.
Rug tufting is a very fun and rewarding craft that can always bring your creative idea into reality. Whether you are a professional crafter, beginner, there are various tools available in our company to get started today. Start exploring your creativity today by launching into the world of tufting and become a professional in a very short time.


Fourth-ranked Tigers Lead Opening NCAC Round; Gooch Tied for Individual Lead
April 27, 2013
Granville, Ohio - The fourth-ranked Tigers shot an opening round 317 and lead the North Coast Athletic Conference Championship Series Event 1 by eight strokes over Wittenberg. Allegheny is in third at 339.
DePauw's Paige Gooch (pictured) is tied with Wittenberg's Maggie Smith for the individual lead as each shot 75 in the opening round at the Granville Golf Course.
Abby Dickey is tied for fourth after shooting a 79, while Jacqueline Carroll is seventh at 81. Camila Romero and Kelsey Smith each shot 82 to tie for eighth.
Second and final round play of the first of two NCAC Championship events takes place on Sunday.
For more information on the DePauw women's golf program, follow DePauw on Twitter (@DePauwAthletics / @DePauwGolfW) or like them on Facebook (www.facebook.com/DePauwAthletics).Back


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