British communications and events company UBM Plc (UBM.L) is in advanced talks to acquire privately-held U.S. trade show organizer Advanstar for around $900 million, according to people familiar with the matter. UBM, which also owns PR Newswire and has a market capitalization of 1.48 billion pounds ($2.4 billion), is in the final stages of negotiating a deal and could announce the transaction as early as this week, one of the people said.
Advanstar, which is best known for putting on the biannual Magic fashion trade show in Las Vegas, the largest U.S. fashion convention, is working with investment banks Goldman Sachs Group (GS.N) and Moelis & Co (MC.N) to assist with efforts to find a buyer, Reuters reported in July. This would be the first large acquisition for UBM under its new CEO Tim Cobbold, who started at the company earlier this year after leaving the top post at British banknote printer De La Rue (DLAR.L).
Advanstar is controlled by hedge fund Anchorage Capital Group and private equity firms Ares Management LP and Veronis Suhler Stevenson. It has changed hands several times over the years between various private equity firms, including Hellman & Friedman, which sold its stake in 2000. Advanstar generates roughly $95 million in earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and could sell for roughly 10 times that amount, Reuters previously reported.


text:
Stormy seas rock your vessel, tossing her about like a toy in the jaws of a hound. Thunder rolls in the distance. Then, an arc of lightning splits the sky, and the sound like an exploding fireball all but bursts your eardrums. Your mainmast, struck by lightning, burns, splinters, and topples onto the deck like a felled oak. The last thing you hear is the cracking of wood as the deck explodes into splinters, and the ship is torn asunder. All goes black. You awaken in shackles, half-submerged in water, and surrounded by salmon-pink coral. You survived, but what fate awaits you now? The sound of soggy footsteps echo down the hallway. A creature approaches with an answer. This week’s encounter is Coral Colosseum, a combat encounter in which the characters must prove themselves as worthy gladiators to escape the clutches of a ruthless sahuagin baron. This encounter can serve as a follow-up to Encounter of the Week: Sharkfin Shipwreck, or as a stand-alone mini-adventure. It could also serve as an introduction to Ghosts of Saltmarsh, which releases on May 21st, 2019.
There are many legends of the Vengeful Tempest and its supernatural crew. Few have seen that pirate ship and lived to tell the tale, and fewer still dare to seek it out. To hunt down that fabled vessel, you must lead a group of makeshift mariners and set sail upon the Kraken's Wake.
A prison escape for an unlikely group of heroes turns into a race for an ancient relic sought by the Legion of Dusk. Can you brave the unknown and capture the treasure before the enemy does? This Dungeons & Dragons adventure is set on the plane of Ixalan from Magic: The Gathering. It uses 4th-level characters provided with the adventure.

domain: game


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Description or Lyrics and Chords [Pre-Chorus: Lil Kleine] Ze is een lot uit de loterij Zij is elke dag boos op mij Maar zij gaat dood voor mij Ik doe het ook voor haar
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Better Lyrics: You came into the picture like a natural / You were unexpected, got me spiritual / I dont wanna say it, but maybe it was fate / And I can not contain it / And I know, and I know
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Glorious Lyrics: You know Im back like I never left / Another sprint, another step / Another day, another breath / Been chasing dreams, but I never slept / I got a new attitude and a lease on life
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Altri testi di Manu ChaoMay 1, 2010 - manu chao bongo bong chords 5 min - Uploaded by Spanier12345Mama was queen of the mambo papa was king of …
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I love this song,this is my first tab, but its not too hard to play, so have fun! Capo 6th fret Chords used: G Csus4 Em7: Intro: G Csus4 Em7 D/F# x2 G Csus4 Em7 D/F# Misfortune, got you like a sickness G Csus4 Em7 D/F# the saints and angels all agree Am C trouble sure as trouble


text:
|Publication number||US6991855 B2|
|Application number||US 10/761,439|
|Publication date||Jan 31, 2006|
|Filing date||Jan 21, 2004|
|Priority date||May 2, 2000|
|Also published as||US6736942, US6863992, US20020182436, US20040149372, US20040149373, US20040149813, US20040151939, US20040247930, US20040247931, US20050003228, US20090035542|
|Publication number||10761439, 761439, US 6991855 B2, US 6991855B2, US-B2-6991855, US6991855 B2, US6991855B2|
|Inventors||Timothy P. Weihs, Omar Knio, Michael Reiss, David van Heerden|
|Original Assignee||Johns Hopkins University|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (50), Classifications (118), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a divisional of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 09/846,486 filed on May 1, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,736,942, which is a non-provisional application that claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/201,292, filed by the present applicants on May 2, 2000 and entitled “Reactive Multilayer Foils”. Application Ser. No. 09/846,486 is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/846,447, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,194, filed May 1, 2001 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/846,422, filed May 1, 2001. All of the documents cited in this section are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with government support under NSF Grant Nos. DMR-9702546 and DMR-9632526 and The Army Research Lab/Advanced Materials Characterization Program through Award No. 019620047. The government has certain rights in the invention.
This invention relates to reactive multilayer foils, especially freestanding multilayer foils, useful as local heat sources.
Reactive multilayer coatings are useful in a wide variety of applications requiring the generation of intense, controlled amounts of heat in a planar region. Such structures conventionally comprise a succession of substrate-supported coatings that, upon appropriate excitation, undergo an exothermic chemical reaction that spreads across the area covered by the layers generating precisely controlled amounts of heat. While we will describe these reactive coatings primarily as sources of heat for welding, soldering or brazing, they can also be used in other applications requiring controlled local generation of heat such as propulsion and ignition.
In many methods of bonding or joining materials, a heat source is required. This heat source may either be external or internal to the structure to be joined. When external, the heat may be generated from a device such as a furnace. Processes incorporating such heat sources require the heating of the entire unit to be bonded, including the bulk materials and the bond material, to a temperature high enough to melt the bond material. Such a method presents problems because the bulk materials to be joined are often delicate or sensitive to the high temperatures required in the process. These high temperatures may damage the materials to be bonded.
To alleviate the problems associated with external heat sources, internal heat sources are utilized. These heat sources often take the form of reactive powders or even electrical wires. When reactive powders are used, a mixture of metals or compounds that will react exothermically in a self-propagating reaction to form a final compound or alloy is utilized. Such processes have existed since self-propagating powders were developed in the early 1960s, spawning what is known as Self-Propagating, High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS). SHS reactions, however, often require substantial preheating to self-propagate, and controlling the rate and manner in which their energy is released is often difficult. As a result, bonding may be inconsistent or insufficient.
To combat the problems associated with reactive powder bonding, multilayer structures comprised of materials, which allow similar exothermic reactions, have been developed. Such structures allow for more controllable and consistent heat generating reactions. The basic driving force behind such SHS reactions is a reduction in atomic bond energy. When a structure having a series of layers of reactive material (known as a foil) is ignited, heat is produced as the distinct layers atomically combine. This heat ignites adjacent regions of the foil, thereby allowing the reaction to travel the entire length of the structure, generating heat until all material is reacted. Even with such advances in bonding technology, however, there remain problems. Many materials, for example, posed major difficulties and previously could not be successfully bonded. Additionally, methods utilizing reactive foils as heat sources often resulted in the foil debonding from the substrate upon reaction, thereby weakening the bond. Accordingly there is a need for improved reactive multilayer foils.
Reactive foils and their uses are provided as localized heat sources useful, for example, in ignition, joining and propulsion. An improved reactive foil is preferably a freestanding multilayered foil structure made up of alternating layers selected from materials that will react with one another in an exothermic and self-propagating reaction. Upon reacting, this foil supplies highly localized heat energy that may be applied, for example, to joining layers, or directly to bulk materials that are to be joined. This foil heat-source allows rapid bonding to occur at room temperature in virtually any environment (e.g., air, vacuum, water, etc.). If a joining material is used, the foil reaction will supply enough heat to melt the joining materials, which upon cooling will form a strong bond, joining two or more bulk materials. If no joining material is used, the foil reaction supplies heat directly to at least two bulk materials, melting a portion of each bulk, which upon cooling, form a strong bond. Additionally, the foil may be designed with openings that allow extrusion of the joining (or bulk) material through the foil to enhance bonding.
Many advantages, features, and applications of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, which is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
It is to be understood that these drawings are for the purpose of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not to scale.
Preferred embodiments and applications of the invention will now be described. Other embodiments may be realized and compositional or structural changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Although the embodiments disclosed herein have been particularly described as joining or bonding bulk materials utilizing a freestanding, self-propagating reactive foil structure, it should be readily apparent that the invention may be embodied for other uses or applications requiring an intense localized heat source.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a multilayer reactive structure (generically referred to herein as a “foil”) is provided as a local heat source in a variety of applications such as a process for joining two or more (of the same or different) materials together. As illustrated in
The materials (A/B) used in fabrication of the reactive foil are preferably chemically distinct. In a preferred embodiment, layers 16, 18 alternate between a transition metal (e.g., Ti, Ni, etc.) and a light element (e.g., B, Al, etc.). Preferably, the pairs (A/B) of elements are chosen based on the way they react to form stable compounds with large negative heats of formation and high adiabatic reaction temperatures, as described in T. P. Weihs, “Self-Propagating Reactions in Multilayer Materials,” Handbook of Thin Film Process Technology, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In a preferred embodiment, at least one of the layers of the reactive foil is (or contains) Al.
When a multilayer foil 14 is exposed to a stimulus (e.g., spark, energy pulse, etc.), for example at one end, neighboring atoms from materials A and B mix, e.g. as shown in region 30. The change in chemical bonding caused by this mixing results in a reduction in atomic bond energy, thus generating heat in an exothermic chemical reaction. This change in chemical bonding occurs as layers with A—A bonds (i.e., layer 16) and layers with B—B bonds (i.e., layer 18) are exchanged for A-B bonds, thereby reducing the chemical energy stored in each layer, and generating heat. As
When a reaction propagates across a multilayer foil 14 as illustrated by
T f =T o−(ΔH rx +ΔH env)/(C p M) If no melting of final product occurs;
Tf =T m If there is a two-phase region of solid and liquid final product; and
T f =T o−(ΔH rx +ΔH env +ΔH m)/(C p M) If the final product completly melts.
Intricately related to the heat of the foil reaction is the velocity of the propagation of the reaction along the length of foil 14. The speed at which the reaction can propagate depends on how rapidly the atoms diffuse normal to their layering (
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, reactive multilayer foils 14 may be fabricated by physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods. A magnetron sputtering technique, for example, may be used to deposit the materials A/B on a substrate (shown in
Substrate 35 is shown in dashed outline form to indicate that it is a removable layer that facilitates fabrication of the reactive foil 14 as a freestanding foil. Substrate 35 may be any substrate (e.g., Si, glass, or other underlayer) having the characteristics of providing sufficient adhesion so as to keep the foil layers on the substrate during deposition, but not too adhesive to prevent the foil from being removed from the substrate following deposition. The substrate can include a coating of release material or adhesion material to fine tune its adhesion characteristics.
Advantageously an additional wetting layer (e.g., tin) may be used as an interface layer between the first layer of foil (16 or 18) and the substrate 35 to provide the necessary adhesive. When no wetting layer is employed, selection of the appropriate material A/B as the first layer deposited on the substrate will ensure that the necessary adhesive requirements are met. When a reactive foil using Al/Monel as materials A/B is to be fabricated, for example, without a wetting layer, the exemplary reactive foil would be deposited on a substrate such as Si with the first layer being Al deposited on the substrate. Al is preferably selected as the first layer in such case because Al will sufficiently adhere to Si during depositing, but will allow peeling off of the substrate after the foil is formed.
A fabricated foil 14 may have hundreds to thousands of alternating layers 16 and 18 stacked on one another. Individual layers 16 and 18 preferably have a thickness ranging from 1-1000 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the total thickness of foil 14 may range from 10 μm to 1 cm.
Another method of fabricating is to deposit material in a codeposition geometry. Using this method, both material sources are directed onto one substrate and the atomic fluxes from each material source are shuttered to deposit the alternate layers 16 and 18. An alternative method is to eliminate shuttering altogether and rotate substrates over two material sources that have physically distinct atomic fluxes. With this method, each pass over a source preferably generates an individual layer.
Preferably the degree of atomic intermixing of materials A/B that may occur during deposition should be minimized. This may be accomplished by depositing the multilayers onto cooled substrates, particularly when multilayers 16 and 18 are sputter deposited. To the extent that some degree of intermixing is unavoidable, a relatively thin (as compared to the alternating unreacted layers) region of pre-reacted material 20 will be formed. Such a pre-reacted region 20, nevertheless, is helpful in that it serves to prevent further and spontaneous reaction in foil 14.
In an alternative embodiment, a multilayer reactive foil may be fabricated using mechanical techniques such as repeated rolling of layered composites.
As illustrated in
Freestanding foils in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention may be adapted for use in a variety of applications. For example, the freestanding foils may be used to couple bodies of materials (referred to herein as “bulk materials”) together to form a unified product. Freestanding foils may find use in any number of bonding, soldering, brazing, welding or other applications to join bulk materials. A typical joining application is represented in
In the particular joining application illustrated in
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a reactive foil 14 is positioned between joining materials 12 to form a structure somewhat like a sandwich. The reactive foil “sandwich” thus formed is preferably positioned between bulk materials 10 at the location (e.g., end point, joint, intersection, etc.) at which the bulk materials 10 are to be joined together.
Alternatively, a reactive foil 14 is positioned between bulk materials 10 which have previously been coated with joining materials 12.
As another alternative, a reactive foil 14 is positioned between joining materials 12 to form a structure somewhat like a sandwich. The reactive foil “sandwich” thus formed is preferably positioned between bulk materials 10 at the location (e.g., end point, joint, intersection, etc.) at which the bulk materials 10 are to be joined together. The bulk materials are first coated with joining materials.
The joining process involves the application of force (as symbolically represented by vice 11 in
Once the components of the joining process are positioned, a stimulus (shown as lighted match 15) is applied, preferably, to one end of reactive foil 14 to initiate an SHS reaction. The intermixing of atoms within reactive foil 14 produces rapid and intense heat sufficient to melt joining materials 12 along the entire length of reactive foil 14. In this state, joining materials 12 are sufficient to join bulk materials 10 together. Shortly thereafter, the joined materials 10 return to the temperature of the environment (e.g., room temperature) and can be removed from the applied force (graphically represented by vice 11).
A composite structure composed of joining materials 12 and reactive foil 14 can be formed through deposition (e.g., vapor depositing) of reactive foil 14 onto one layer of joining material 12. Another layer of joining material is then combined with reactive foil 14 through vapor deposition or an application of force (e.g., cold rolling).
Advantageously a wetting/adhesion layer may be added to facilitate surface wetting for the reactive foil 14, bulk materials 10, or both. The wetting/adhesion layer allows uniform spreading of joining material to ensure consistent joining of bulk materials. The wetting/adhesion layer may be a thin layer of joining material (e.g., braze), Ti, Sn, metallic glass, etc. Commercial alloys such as Ag—Sn, Ag—Cu—Ti, Cu—Ti, Au—Sn, and Ni—B may also be used.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are useable as freestanding reactive foils 14 with increased total thickness. The total thickness of such a reactive foil depends upon the thickness and number of the elemental layers (e.g., 16 and 18) utilized to form the foils. Foils that are less than 10 μm are very hard to handle as they tend to curl up on themselves. Foils on the order of 100 μm are stiff, and thus, easily handled. Thicker foils also minimize the risk of a self-propagating reaction being quenched in the foils. In joining applications using reactive foils, there is a critical balance between the rate at which the foil generates heat and the rate at which that heat is conducted into the surrounding braze layers and the joint to be formed. If heat is conducted away faster than it is generated, the reaction will be quenched and the joint cannot be formed. The thicker foils make it harder to quench the reaction because there is a larger volume generating heat and the same surface area through which heat is lost.
Thicker foils can be utilized with reaction temperatures that are lower, generally leading to more stable foils. Foils with high formation reaction temperatures are generally unstable and brittle and therefore are dangerous and difficult to use. Brittle foils, for example, will crack easily, leading to local hot spots (through the release of elastic strain energy and friction) that ignite the foil. Cutting such brittle foils (e.g., for specific joint sizes) is very difficult to do as they are more likely to crack into unusable pieces or igniting during the cutting process. Freestanding thick foils offer the advantage of overcoming problems associated with thermal shock and densification problems that have presented obstacles in known processes. Both phenomena relate to rapid changes in the dimensions of the foils. On reacting, the foils will heat rapidly and will try to expand beyond the substrate that constrains them. This leads to a thermal shock and foils that are deposited on substrates can debond, thereby causing inconsistent and less effective bonding. As the reaction proceeds, the foils will also densify, due to the change in chemical bond. This densification, can also cause debonding from a substrate and inconsistent and ineffective bonding. By making the foil freestanding in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, no debonding occurs, the foil is easily manipulated and handled, and thus the reactive foil is made available to a greater variety of applications.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the thicker reactive foils are on the order of 50 μm to 1 cm thick. Although a number of different systems may be employed to create the thick freestanding reactive foils, a unique process in selecting the fabrication conditions for the employed system should be carefully selected. For example, deposition conditions such as sputter gas and substrate temperature are advantageously chosen so that stresses remain sufficiently low in the films of the foil as they are grown in the system. Since the stress in the film times its thickness scales with the driving force for delamination, the product of stress and thickness should be kept below 1000 N/m. Stresses often arise in the films during the fabrication process. As the films grow thicker, they are more likely to peel off their substrates or crack their substrates than thinner films, thereby ruining the final foil production. By characterizing the stresses in the films and selecting conditions to minimize the stresses, the fabrication process can be completed without the premature peeling off of the foil or the cracking of the substrate.
In an alternative embodiment, openings in a reactive foil are intentionally designed in the foil structure. These openings are of particular use in facilitating and enhancing joining applications.
The foil may be initially fabricated, for example, with one or more openings or perforations 22 through the foil structure, as shown in FIG. 4. Preferably the openings are formed in a periodic pattern, such as a rectangular array, across the foil area. Any known method may be employed to create openings. For example, sputter depositing of the foil 14 on a removable substrate with patterned holes may be used. The openings may also be formed by depositing the foil 14 onto a substrate, depositing photoresist on the foil, patterning the photoresist with photolithography, and then etching the underlying foil through the patterned holes. A further exemplary technique involves physically punching holes in foil 14. Preferably the openings have effective diameters in the range of 10-10,000 micrometers. (The effective diameter of a non-circular opening is the diameter of a circular opening of equal area.)
As shown in
Utilizing one or more embodiments of the invention, a number of different applications can now be performed more effectively and efficiently. For example, metallic glass bulk materials can now be joined, where the end product is a single structure made up solely of metallic glass, including the bond and reacted foil layer. It is also now possible to join bulk materials with very different chemical compositions, thermal properties, and other physical properties, that historically presented many difficulties in bonding. Semiconductor or microelectronic devices may be bonded to circuit boards or other structures, and at the same time, multiple leads may be created that are intricately associated with the devices. Semiconductor and microelectronic devices may also be sealed hermetically.
These joining applications are enhanced by the invention in that potential for heat damage, normally associated with such applications as soldering, brazing, and welding, is avoided or at least minimized.
Moreover, utilizing embodiments of the invention, the bulk materials being joined may be freestanding. This means that prior to the actual joining of the bulk materials, the individual bulk substrates do not need any braze layer deposited directly upon them. Additionally, the bulk substrates do not necessarily require any pre-bonding of the reactive foil or other pre-treatment. The bulk materials involved may simply be held securely to either a freestanding braze layer or the freestanding reactive foil at the time of bonding for a strong and permanent joint to be created.
Embodiments of the invention allow bonding at least one bulk that is a metallic glass. No braze need be associated with that bulk in the joining process. This is because the reactive foil may be designed to bond directly with a metallic glass upon reaction. To accomplish this joining process, the reactive foil can itself react to form a metallic glass.
Embodiments of the invention further allow for superior bonding when the bulk materials include microchips or semiconductor devices. In the bonding of semiconductor devices to a substrate such as a circuit board, potential for damage to the device is a factor that must be taken into consideration. By using a freestanding reactive foil to join such a semiconductor device to a substrate, little heat is generated that can be damaging to the device or to adjacent components. The semiconductor devices may be situated on the substrate with greater freedom and ease. As described below, specific foil compositions, such as Ni/Al or Monel/Al, may be utilized. Foils of such composition are not only far easier to handle than those of the past, but the combination of Ni, Cu and Al enables freestanding foils to have a high thermal and electrical conductivity.
When bonding is directed to bulk materials such as semiconductor devices, the reactive foil may have composition patterning properties. The embodiments allow the fabrication of alternating adjacent electrically insulating and conducting regions in the final reacted foil, thereby allowing a multitude of leads to be bonded and electrically isolated with a single reaction.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, less energy is required to perform a joining application utilizing reactive foils. Functionally graded layers as joining material allow for control over melting temperatures through selection of their composite materials. Functionally graded layers may be utilized, for example, because their melting temperature may be controlled. Ni—B films used as joining material allow for low temperature melting where the melting temperature begins at a relatively low temperature and elevates as B diffuses out of Ni, resulting in a final material with a relatively high melting point. By requiring less energy from the foil reaction, the overall heat applied to the total structure to be bonded can be reduced, thereby minimizing damage to the materials to be bonded due to the foil reaction.
In another embodiment, one may include layers of reactive multilayer braze within the reactive multilayer foil. For example, in a foil comprising reactive layers of Al and reactive layers of Ti, Zr or Hf alloys, one may include one or more reactive braze layers comprising a Cu or a Ni alloy. The reactive multilayer braze would provide an energy source as the layers mix and form the joining material, in addition to the energy provided by the reactive foil. The combination of reactive multilayer foil and reactive multilayer brazes permits the use of reactive brazes that may not self-propagate without the foil.
The invention may now be more clearly understood by consideration of the following specific examples:
Reactive foils of Al and Ni are formed by cold rolling many 5 μm sheets of Ni and Al that are stacked together.
Instead of utilizing foils comprised of multilayers of uniform thickness, a composite foil is used, in which nanolaminate reactive multilayers are deposited onto reactive microlaminate foils. As illustrated in
In fabricating these composite foils, sheets of Al and Ni are rolled to form the microlaminate section and then a nanolaminate foil is vapor deposited onto either side of this microlaminate structure. Fabrication may also be performed through vapor deposition of the full composite with the microlaminate layers deposited at much higher rates without igniting the foil or causing unacceptable intermixing between the alternating layers during deposition.
A reactive multilayer braze is formed that is similar to the reactive foils described above, which reacts to form a metallic glass. This multilayer braze gives off heat upon a reaction of its alternating layers. Through a careful selection of reactants that are know to be good glass formers, the braze will form an amorphous final product upon reaction, similar to those in commercial use and to the foils described above. The heat generated by the reacting braze layers reduces the amount of reactive foil required for joining.
Certain compositions of foil 14 may react to form amorphous alloys (metallic glass). Those foils may be combinations of layers of alloys that comprise Ni or Cu, alloys that comprise Ti, Zr, or Hf, and alloys that comprise Al as such will react to form metallic glass. When using such foils, certain properties may be attained. Metallic glasses have very good wetting capabilities. The braze layer may be excluded when using such a foil to join bulk metallic glass and in such a circumstance, once the foil reacts and is joined with the metallic glass, a single bulk metallic glass may be produced.
A semiconductor or microelectronic device is joined to a substrate such as a printed circuit board using a reactive multi-layer foil.
A patterned reactive foil is designed so that some sections react to form electrically conductive regions and other sections form non-conductive regions.
It is contemplated that in use, regions 91 would be registered between contacts above and below the foil 90 to be electrically connected through the regions 95 after the reaction.
It can now be seen that one aspect of the invention is a method of making a reactive multilayer foil composed of a plurality of alternating layers that can react exothermically. The method comprises the steps of providing a substrate, vapor depositing the alternating layers on the substrate to form the multilayer foil, and separating the multilayer foil from the substrate. Advantageously the substrate has sufficient adherence to the deposited layers to retain the layers during deposition but insufficient adherence to prevent removal of the multilayer foil after deposition. As an example, the layers can comprise one or more layers of aluminum deposited in contact with a silicon substrate. Alternatively, the substrate can include a coating of release material or an adhesion material to achieve the proper level of adherence.
One approach for separating the multilayer foil from the substrate is to provide a substrate with a sacrificial layer (or make the entire substrate a sacrificial layer) that can be etched or peeled away from the foil after deposition. Exemplary materials for a sacrificial layer include copper, brass and photoresist.
The vapor depositing of the layers is preferably by physical vapor deposition such as by magnetron sputtering or electron beam evaporation. Advantageously the substrate is cooled during the vapor depositing to reduce intermixing of the alternating layers, to reduce energy losses and to reduce stresses in the deposited layers. Advantageously the layers are deposited to form a multilayer foil having a thickness in the range 50 μm-1 cm. Foils thus made with a thickness in the range 10 μm to 1 cm can be used as freestanding foils.
Another aspect of the invention is a method of bonding a first body to a second body comprising the steps of providing a freestanding reactive multilayer foil, pressing the bodies together against the foil and igniting the reactive foil. The ignited foil can melt material of the bodies or melt an associated meltable (joining material) layer to join the bodies together. Alternatively, the reaction product of the layers can itself be the joining material. One or both of the bodies can be semiconductor or microelectronic devices. The method is particularly advantageous for joining bodies having coefficients of thermal expansion, which differ by 1 μm/° C. or more.
In an alternative embodiment, a reactive multilayer foil includes a plurality of openings through the thickness of the foil. The openings are preferably periodic over the foil area. These openings can be left unfilled or they can be filled with meltable materials, propellants, or other materials that will change or react on heating when the reactive foil is ignited.
Such apertured foils can be made by providing a substrate having a surface including a plurality of preformed openings, bumps or particles of thickness (or depth) comparable to or larger than the thickness of the multilayer foil to be deposited, depositing the reactive multilayer foil, and separating the resulting apertured multilayer foil from the substrate.
Alternatively, a reactive multilayer foil can be deposited on a substrate, patterned by a removable masking layer, and etched to form a plurality of holes. The apertured foil can then be removed from the substrate. Yet further in the alternative, a continuous foil can be formed and holes can be formed in the continuous foil by mechanical pressing.
The apertured foils have an important application in bonding. A reactive foil perforated by a plurality of openings is disposed between a first and a second body. If the body material is not meltable by the foil, a separate meltable layer or coating of meltable joining material is also disposed between the bodies. The bodies are pressed together against the foil (and joining material) and the foil is ignited to melt joining material. The melted material flows within and through the openings in the foil to join the bodies. This approach produces a characteristic joint with ductility enhancing bridges through the openings. It is especially advantageous where one or both bodies are semiconductor or microelectronic devices or where the devices have CTEs that differ by more than 1 μm/° C.
A third type of novel reactive foil is a composite reactive multilayer foil in which the individual layers in the foil differ in thickness or in composition, on moving across the total thickness of the foil, to achieve advantageous results. One exemplary composite reactive multilayer foil comprises a first section with a plurality of relatively thick reactive layers, e.g. 1 μm to 10 μm, stacked on a second section with a plurality of thinner reactive layers (e.g. 1-1000 nm). The section with the thinner reactive layers ignites more rapidly than would the section with the thicker reactive layers. But as ignition spreads across the thinner section, it ignites the thicker section to produce a more uniform ignition and higher heat. Similar results can be achieved by variation of the foil composition in the thickness direction. Compositional variations can provide one set of layers whose reaction product provides joining material and another set of more reactive layers for igniting the first set. Compositional variations can be achieved, for example, by varying the process parameters in vapor depositing in accordance with techniques well known in the art.
A fourth type of novel reactive foil has a major surface area composed of at least two different regions: one or more first regions which will react to form electrically conductive material and one or more second regions which are non-conductive. Such foils are particularly useful in connecting semiconductor device electrical contacts to a substrate having receiving contacts. A foil can be disposed between the device and the substrate with the device contacts, the contacts of the substrate and the first regions of the foil all in registration. The device and substrate are then pressed against the foil, and the foil is ignited to bond the device to the substrate with the respective contacts conductively connected and the other regions non-conductively bonded.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, it should be apparent that many modifications to the embodiments and implementations of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. While the illustrated embodiments have been described generically referring to the joining of bulk materials, it should be readily apparent that any materials that are to be coupled (permanently or temporarily) together through soldering, brazing, welding or other known technique can be coupled together utilizing the invention. Materials such as metallic glasses (e.g., amorphous glass), metals (e.g., Cu) and alloys (e.g., stainless steel), polymers, ceramics (e.g. SiC), composites, semiconductors, and numerous others in various combinations. The scope made available as a direct result of the advantages derived by joining materials utilizing the invention range from large scale bonding of SiC armor to Ti—Al—V tank bodies, or the bonding of carbide coatings to tool bits, to microscopic bonding of microchips to circuit boards on a nano or microscale.
The stimulus used to initiate the self-sustaining reaction in the reactive foils of the preferred embodiments may be any form of energy such as the impact from a sharp stylus, spark from an electrical source, heat from a filament, radiation from a laser, etc. Although the illustrated embodiments have been described as applied in an environment of air at room temperature, it should be readily apparent that the invention may be practiced in other environments including vacuum, argon, water, etc.
It should be readily apparent that the quantitative data (e.g., reaction velocity, peak temperature, heating rate, etc.) of particular embodiments may easily be modified by varying elements of the reaction (e.g., varying composition of materials A or B, thickness of layers, total thickness of foil, or braze layer composition/thickness).
Although the embodiments specifically illustrated herein depict joining materials in the form of two sheets forming a sandwich around a reactive foil (as shown, for example, by sheets 12 and foil 14 in FIGS. 2 and 3), it should be apparent that any number of sheets (or other structures) of joining materials may be used, including a single layer wrapped around reactive foil 14 or joining materials attached to the bulk components. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, no layer of joining material at all may also be used. For example, metallic glass bulk material, metallic glass reactive foils, or both may be used in joining applications without the use of joining material (e.g., braze).
Moreover, although the illustrated embodiments have only utilized two different materials A/B as alternating layers in a reactive foil, it should be apparent that any number of material layers can be utilized to form a reactive foil in accordance with the invention.
In addition, many of the preferred embodiments disclosed herein (e.g., patterning foils, perforations in the foil, etc.) make particular use of freestanding foils, it should be readily apparent, however, that these embodiments and other aspects of the invention may be implemented without use of freestanding foils. Furthermore, it should be readily apparent that the intentionally designed openings in the reactive foil surface may penetrate through any number of layers in the foil, although it is preferred that the entire foil structure be penetrated as shown, for example, in FIG. 5. The openings, while depicted in
Thus numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||428/607, 428/656, 428/615, 428/635, 428/650, 428/680, 428/941, 428/926, 428/652, 428/924|
|International Classification||B32B18/00, B21C37/00, C06B33/00, C04B37/02, C06C7/02, C06C7/00, B32B37/00, H05K3/34, B23K35/34, F24J1/00, B23K28/00, B23K20/06, B32B7/00, C06B21/00, B23K20/08, B23K1/00, C06B45/14, B32B15/01, C23C14/14, B23K35/02, B23K20/00|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/12076, Y10T428/12069, Y10T428/12451, Y10T428/12063, Y10T428/12028, Y10T29/49925, Y10T428/1259, Y10T428/1209, Y10T428/12819, Y10T428/12229, Y10T428/12903, Y10T29/49929, Y10T428/2993, Y10T428/12361, Y10T428/265, Y10T428/25, C04B2235/6565, C04B2235/6562, B32B18/00, C21D2211/008, C04B2237/78, C04B2237/72, C04B2237/708, C04B2237/68, C04B2237/60, C04B2237/402, C04B2237/40, C04B2237/368, C04B2237/124, C04B2237/123, C04B2237/122, C04B2237/121, C04B37/026, C04B37/006, B32B2311/24, B23K20/165, Y10S228/902, Y10S428/94, Y10S72/70, Y10T428/31678, Y10T428/12944, Y10T428/12632, Y10T428/12778, Y10T428/12493, Y10T29/308, Y10T428/1275, Y10T428/12431, Y10T29/302, Y10T428/12736, Y10T428/12438, Y10T428/24942, Y10T156/1002, Y10S428/941, Y10S428/926, Y10S428/924, F24J1/00, B23K20/08, B23K20/06, C06B21/0083, B23K35/0233, H05K2203/0405, B23K35/34, B23K1/0006, B23K35/0238, H05K3/3463, H05K3/3494, C06B45/14, B23K28/00, C23C14/14, B32B15/01, B32B15/017, B23K20/00, H05K2203/1163|
|European Classification||B23K35/02D3C, B23K20/06, B23K35/34, C06B21/00D, H05K3/34H, B23K1/00Q, C06B45/14, B23K20/00, B23K28/00, C23C14/14, B23K20/08, B32B15/01F, F24J1/00, B32B15/01|
|Nov 16, 2004||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WEIHS, TIMOTHY P.;KNIO, OMAR;REISS, MICHAEL;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015382/0863;SIGNING DATES FROM 20041028 TO 20041029
|Sep 7, 2009||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jan 15, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 15, 2010||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Jul 31, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8

domain: chemistry


text:
Building Codes FAQ
Fences are allowed in residential districts up to the property line. Please check for easements and contact Gopher State One Call to locate utilities. No permits are required unless the fence is more than 7 feet tall. Refer to the Moorhead City Code for the ordinance regulating fences or contact Planning and Zoning.
- Building permits are required for any accessory building over 200 square feet. Regardless of size and if a permit is required, zoning regulations apply.
- A mechanical permit is required for installation of all permanent heating and cooling appliances. Minnesota State Code does allow a homeowner to install their own heating and cooling appliances.
- A plumbing permit is required to install a water heater.
- An electrical permit is required and may be obtained by calling the Minnesota State Electrical Inspector, Rod Schaffer, at 701-235-2840.
- Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry has several brochures providing guidance and explaining code requirements for common remodeling projects. Check them out or contact the Moorhead Building Codes Office!

domain: law


SAN MATEO, CA— While iTouchless may have recently launched its new manual step pedal trash cans, the manufacturer has also been busy rolling out new technology for its existing product portfolio.
The manufacturer of the iTouchless trash can and other touchless trash receptacles and household products first brought its touchless trash can technology to the housewares industry 20 years ago, and since has made updates along the way.
“We continue to innovate on sensor technology, setting new standards of quality and pushing the technology forward,” said Michael Shek, president and chief product developer, iTouchless.
One of the company’s latest advancements is its VisioSense technology, which has just been added to most of the company’s sensor trash cans, earlier this year.
According to the company, VisioSense was designed to further combat the common consumer complaint about sensor trash cans closing on the user’s hand. The technology is essentially a visual indicator placed on the trash can’s lid sensor eye that lets the user know if the lid is about to close. A solid green light means the lid is in “Stay Open Mode,” while a blinking red light means the lid is about to close.
At the end of 2017, the company also added its new Reflx technology to its full line of sensor trash cans. Reflx technology is designed to keep the lid open as long as it recognizes something in the sensor zone, explained the company. This is designed to counter a common consumer problem of the lid on sensor trash cans closing on the user’s hand while still disposing of something. With this technology, if a consumer pulls their hand away and the lid starts to close, it will “reflexively” re-open quickly if the hand is placed back into the sensor zone.
The company has also updated its touchless iTouchless sensor technology.
While there are several benefits of a touchless lid of a sensor-activated trash can, the company noted that a common complaint is unintended openings, such as a pet’s wagging tail triggering the lid to open constantly. To combat this, the company now offers highly calibrated sensors that require a deliberate, though brief, breaking of the infrared beam in order to avoid unintended lid openings.
“That our sensors are calibrated to prevent unintended openings— compared to motion sensor trash cans— has been an aspect of our technology for some time, but this particular update solves a modern problem,” said Shek.
The company’s iTouchless trash receptacles range from an extra-large 23 gallon size for commercial use, to a 13-gallon kitchen trash can and smaller 2.5- and 4-gallon trash cans for under the desk or in the bathroom.
The new manual line of SoftStep models from iTouchless are scheduled to be available in the following sizes: 5-liter/1.3-gallon; 30-liter/8-gallon; 50-liter/13.2-gallon; and a combo trash can/recycle bin with two independent 8-gallon compartments;. The line is expected to have a retail price range of $39 to $249.


text:
NBC’s Kidnapped was one of the earliest casualties of the 2006-2007 season. The network pulled the Jeremy Sisto drama Kidnapped after just five episodes. NBC posted the remaining episodes online but many were unable to view the episodes for a variety of reasons. Legions of fans clamored for the series to return to network television. Well, the peacock network has decided to listen to the viewers — albeit many months later.
Several months after Kidnapped was released on DVD, NBC has quietly returned the drama to its airwaves in late-night. Unfortunately, they’re starting where the primetime run left off. The sixth episode, “My Heart belongs to Daddy,” will start the run this Sunday night (June 24th) at midnight.
The show is excellent and its nice that Kidnapped is returning to broadcast TV but it seems truly inane to restart a serial drama midrun in late-night after an eight month absence. Who’s doing their scheduling? A competing network? Geeez.

domain: news


text:
Mental Health: Old-fashioned altruism makes world a better place
In recent years, as the ills of the world have felt worse, many people have lamented that family values have been lost. There is a belief that if we can return to better values, society will also improve. It is a powerful wish, particularly when the world faces shootings, political gridlock and economic turmoil.
The wish is based on a psychological bias many of us share — a belief that the “good ol’ days” were much better. If we could return to those times, our problems would be solved. Some aspects of life were better decades ago, but, with brief reflection, it is easy to realize that everything in the past was not better. Vaccines, improved safety in cars and longer life expectancies are advances few would willingly trade.
Instead of romanticizing the past, it may be healthier to ask what we can learn from it, especially any positive behaviors that may be forgotten. Altruism is a great example, something demonstrated by neighbors caring for each other, or in how people made extra efforts to help one another — all done without expecting anything in return.
When we help others, we help ourselves. These positive interactions sometimes create that warm, fuzzy feeling. With so much focus on biology in recent years, some researchers have attempted to explain this sensation by identifying specific hormones. Though the biology behind kindness remains a mystery, it may be better to keep a focus on enjoying what it means in the present.
To understand how events can affect our present feelings, compare two situations. First, think of saying hello to the people you meet without judging how nicely any one person might return the greeting. Then, imagine yourself frowning to every person you see throughout the day.
Most can easily picture themselves more relaxed and optimistic when smiling. These are feelings preferred to what the images of frowning might bring. Altruism can be that simple. Modest amounts of time multiplied by thousands of people can be quite powerful.
Smiling, greeting those you meet, or allowing others ahead in lines are quick ways to show kindness. More involved are acts like volunteering, stopping to help those in crises, or donating. The key is to give something without expecting a return.
Even if your kindness is rebuffed, you have still made an effort to bring good to the world. That is the forgotten power of altruism. In this way, the world really is what you make of it, and a smile is worth a thousand bad-tempered frowns. Take in that smile and feel happier.
— Don Baracskay, M.D., is a psychiatrist and the Chief Medical Officer/ Chief Operating Officer of SalusCare, Inc. Call 275-3222 or visit saluscareflorida.org

domain: sociology


Weather permitting, work will begin August 24 on N-2 Hyannis‑Whitman, according to the Nebraska Department of Transportation.
Paulsen, Inc., of Cozad, Nebraska, has the $5,198,177 contract. Work includes asphalt millings, surfacing, asphalt curb and flumes along with grading and earth shouldering. The work will take place between Reference Post 145.54 and Reference Post 159.02. Traffic will be maintained with lane closures, flaggers and a pilot car and reduced speed zones. A 12-foot width restriction will be in place during construction. Anticipated completion is November 2020.
Motorists are reminded to drive cautiously in and near work zones, to buckle up, and to put phones down.


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text:
I have community quilts from Lori and top makers Adele to share with you today.
“Our local guild recently started doing a Community Project for the at-risk ward at the Veterans Hospital. The hospital needs quilts for vets who spend time at the facility. Each vet is given a quilt that they take home with them when they leave.
This is an ongoing project for one year and the challenge for our members is to provide 25 quilts during this 12-month time period. During the week that I found out about this project, Adele sent me three quilt tops WITH backs. Wow! Adele sent beautiful, nicely pieced quilt tops, and the tops are generously sized for the veterans. I quilted and bound two of the quilts and will bring them to the first collection (there will be three collections during the year) for the Veterans. It was meant to be. ;-)
We/I cannot give to these great projects without help from wonderful generous quilters like Adele. THANK YOU, Adele!
Our guild is holding a Jelly Roll Race class at the next meeting, with the quilts to be used for the Veterans. Ironically, one of the quilt tops that Adele sent was a jelly roll race quilt! It was meant to be. ;-)
Here is the first quilt, with the binding stitched down by machine.
My husband insists I do binding by machine so that I don’t get arthritis in my hands as he has, and I’m getting pretty good at doing binding by machine.
This is the back view with the sun shining through.
On the day I was taking pictures, it was quite windy.
Here is the black… “Jelly Roll Race” quilt, very striking!
Yep, it was quite windy when I was taking photos!
Lovely quilts, thank you Jo and Adele for being instrumental in this Community Project.
I just love serendipity moments when things align. Tops meet finishers and they meet an objective. It’s like it’s all meant to be. Thanks so much for being the top maker Adele and to Lori for being the finisher. It’s perfect!! Serendipity!!

domain: artistic


text:
Arizona has 21 federally recognized tribes. Some sources count the Pueblo of Zuni as an Arizona tribe.
The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) is comprised of two tribes, the Pima and the Maricopa. Tribal lands are located in south-central Arizona. The 372,000-acre reservation lies south of Phoenix, Tempe and Chandler. It was established by an act of Congress in 1859 and today is home to 11,550 people.
The sprawling Navajo reservation, located in parts of Arizona, Utah and New Mexico, is the largest and most populous Indian reservation, with 14 million acres of trust lands, which are leased for farming, grazing, and oil, gas and other mineral extraction.
Today most of the Apache live on five reservations: three in Arizona (the Fort Apache, the San Carlos Apache, and the Tonto Apache Reservations); and two in New Mexico (the Mescalero and the Jicarilla Apache). The White Mountain Apache live on the Fort Apache Reservation.
Arizona Indian Facts for Kids: Answers to frequently asked questions about the tribes of Arizona. We currently have pages for the Apache, Hopi, Maricopa, Mojave, Navajo, Southern Paiute, and Tohono O’odham tribes.
Sedona’s Modern Native American Presence However, over the subsequent centuries, Sedona’s current modern-day Native cultures moved into the region: the Yavapai and the Tonto Apaches. There is also a strong influence from Navajo and Hopi Indians.
From the founding of the United States through the late 1800s, the federal government took more than 1.5 billion acres from Native Americans. Today, many Native Americans live in reservations. These are self-governing, which means they’re not subject to state laws, but they’re not quite sovereign nations, either.
How are Arizona’s American Indian tribes like separate nations? Each tribe has its own government and laws. Each tribe manages its own land and water. Each tribe is independent from one another.
The Pine Ridge Reservation is home to the lowest life expectancy, and a number of the poorest communities in the United States. The average life expectancy on Pine Ridge is 66.81 years, the lowest in the United States.
There are 14,000 members of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. They moved west in 1817. There are 299,862 enrolled members of the Cherokee Nation of Okalahoma. Yes there are still full blood Cherokees.
|Tribal group||Total||American Indian/Alaska Native alone|
|American Indian tribes|
Today, the Shakopee Mdewakanton are believed to be the richest tribe in American history as measured by individual personal wealth: Each adult, according to court records and confirmed by one tribal member, receives a monthly payment of around $84,000, or $1.08 million a year.
“Varlebena. It means forever. That’s all they say.”
Quahadis were the hardest, fiercest, least yielding component of a tribe that had long had the reputation as the most violent and warlike on the continent; if they ran low on water, they were known to drink the contents of a dead horse’s stomach, something even the toughest Texas Ranger would not do.
Apache is pronounced “uh-PAH-chee.” It means “enemy” in the language of their Zuni neighbors. The Apaches ‘ own name for themselves was traditionally Nde or Ndee (meaning “the people”), but today most Apache people use the word ” Apache ” themselves, even when they are speaking their own language.

domain: geography


A minister has apologised for bombarding a pretty female aide with suggestive messages.
Ivan Lewis sent the mobile phone texts to Susie Mason, 25, while she was working in his private office.
She told her bosses, who moved her to another job at her request.
No action was taken against Health Minister Mr Lewis, 41, as she made no formal complaint. But his career is now in the balance amid claims the incident was swept under the carpet.
Susie has been described by sources as "a bright and vivacious girl".
The minister's texts commented on her looks and clothes and asked for dates. A source insisted: "It was not just one or two - there were dozens and the content was over-familiar. It must have spooked her enormously."
Mr Lewis was unavailable for comment but the Department of Health said: "In 2007 a member of staff in the private office of Ivan Lewis informed managers she was unhappy with the nature of her working relationship with the minister. The situation was handled in accordance with the employee's wishes. She raised no formal complaint. The minister in question apologises unreservedly."
Mr Lewis's fellow Health Minister Ben Bradshaw said: "It was dealt with properly. There is no suggestion rules or codes were broken."
Father-of-two Mr Lewis, 41, left his wife Juliette in 2006 for 50-year-old councillor Margaret Gibb.
He has been Bury South MP since 1997. Susie left the civil service six months ago to work in the City.


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We’ve featured some incredible cosplay from YaYa Han and now she’s co-authored a book with over 1000 images of cosplayers from around the world. Here’s your chance to see how it’s done and get some inspiration for your next effort.
The book is available for pre-order now with shipping slated for April 2013.
1000 Incredible Cosplay & Costume Ideas—
$25 $15.83 (37% Off)

domain: entertainment


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A lot of concerns have been raised regarding cryptocurrencies’ decentralized nature and their ability to be used almost completely anonymously. The authorities all over the world are worried about the cryptocurrencies’ appeal to the traders of illegal goods and services. Moreover, they are worried about their use in money laundering and tax evasion schemes.
The validity of each cryptocurrency's coins is provided by a blockchain. A blockchain is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design, blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way". For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion of the network majority.
“If the trend continues, the average person will not be able to afford to purchase one whole bitcoin in 2 years. As global economies inflate and markets exhibit signs of recession, the world will turn to Bitcoin as a hedge against fiat turmoil and an escape against capital controls. Bitcoin is the way out, and cryptocurrency as a whole is never going away, it’s going to grow in use and acceptance as it matures.”
In Ethereum all smart contracts are stored publicly on every node of the blockchain, which has costs. Being a blockchain means it is secure by design and is an example of a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. The downside is that performance issues arise in that every node is calculating all the smart contracts in real time, resulting in lower speeds. As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process about 25 transactions per second. In comparison, the Visa payment platform processes 45,000 payments per second leading some to question the scalability of Ethereum. On 19 December 2016, Ethereum exceeded one million transactions in a single day for the first time.
There are several different types of cryptocurrency wallets that cater for different needs. If your priority is privacy, you might want to opt for a paper or a hardware wallet. Those are the most secure ways of storing your crypto funds. There are also ‘cold’ (offline) wallets that are stored on your hard drive and online wallets, which can either be affiliated with exchanges or with independent platforms.
In Charles Stross' 2013 science fiction novel, Neptune's Brood, the universal interstellar payment system is known as "bitcoin" and operates using cryptography. Stross later blogged that the reference was intentional, saying "I wrote Neptune's Brood in 2011. Bitcoin was obscure back then, and I figured had just enough name recognition to be a useful term for an interstellar currency: it'd clue people in that it was a networked digital currency."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director Financial Crimes Enforcement Network United States Department of the Treasury Before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on National Security and International Trade and Finance Subcommittee on Economic Policy" (PDF). fincen.gov. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. 19 November 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
The Bank for International Settlements summarized several criticisms of bitcoin in Chapter V of their 2018 annual report. The criticisms include the lack of stability in bitcoin's price, the high energy consumption, high and variable transactions costs, the poor security and fraud at cryptocurrency exchanges, vulnerability to debasement (from forking), and the influence of miners.
If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership; the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. For example, in 2013 one user claimed to have lost 7,500 bitcoins, worth $7.5 million at the time, when he accidentally discarded a hard drive containing his private key. About 20% of all bitcoins are believed to be lost. They would have a market value of about $20 billion at July 2018 prices.
When it comes to other, less popular cryptocurrencies, the buying options aren’t as diverse. However, there are still numerous exchanges where you can acquire various crypto-coins for flat currencies or Bitcoins. Face-to-face trading is also a popular way of acquiring coins. Buying options depend on particular cryptocurrencies, their popularity as well as your location.
While it’s very easy to buy Bitcoins - there are numerous exchanges in existence that trade in BTC - other cryptocurrencies aren’t as easy to acquire. Although, this situation is slowly improving with major exchanges like Kraken, BitFinex, BitStamp and many others starting to sell Litecoin, Ethereum, Monero, Ripple and so on. There are also a few other different ways of being coin, for instance, you can trade face-to-face with a seller or use a Bitcoin ATM.
Full clients verify transactions directly by downloading a full copy of the blockchain (over 150 GB As of January 2018). They are the most secure and reliable way of using the network, as trust in external parties is not required. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks, preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters network rules.:ch. 1 Because of its size and complexity, downloading and verifying the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.
Though transaction fees are optional, miners can choose which transactions to process and prioritize those that pay higher fees. Miners may choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid as a fee. These fees are generally measured in satoshis per byte (sat/b). The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction, and the number of outputs.:ch. 8

domain: finance


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of Tesla, Elon Musk announced on Twitter this week that he would be increasing the price of the latest Full Self Driving version of its Autopilot driver assistance package by almost $1000. The price would be regulated from July 1st and Tesla might think about increasing it even further as we get close to the month.
Even though the name mentions self-driving, the truth couldn’t be farther from it. Tesla has not yet released any model that can drive itself without any sort of human assistance. Autopilot cars, however, do give customers access to a series of incremental improvements to Autopilot. So, Musk believes he should cash this feature as much as he can because the price of $7000 does not do justice to the invention. He said that the company will release the final price once the software is completed.
“[The] price will continue to rise as the software gets closer to full self-driving capability with regulatory approval. At that point, the value of FSD is probably somewhere in excess of $100,000,” he tweeted Monday.
Source: The Verge
To common folks, this might seem like a lot for cars that are not even capable of driving without human intervention. The feature so far can only center a Tesla in a lane, around curves, and adjust the car’s speed based on the vehicle ahead. The software can also slow down the car at traffic lights and stop signs.
However, if the road signs are faded or missing, the car would not be able to perform these functions efficiently. This is why the driver needs to be alert at all times and keep their hands on the steering wheel.
Experiments suggest that when all the requirements set by Tesla are fulfilled, that is the road signs are clear and the street itself is not too crowded, then yes, it might feel like the car is driving itself. This is probably why Musk has so much confidence in his product and wants to increase the price.
Elon Musk also has plans for a robotaxi. Now this is an interesting bit because Tesla aims to install a special feature in all of its cars. Basically, when the owners would not be using their vehicles, other people might be able to hail them like Taxis. Musk predicts that this will allow the owners to earn up to $30 000 per year and also generate revenue for Tesla itself.
“[C]consumers will still be able to buy a Tesla, but the clearing price will rise significantly, as a fully autonomous car that can function as a robotaxi is several times more valuable than a non-autonomous car,” he said last year.
It seems like Musk keeps coming up with strategies to ensure an efficient flow of cash in the company. In the past, he has been clear about his motives, and one of them certainly revolves around money. This suggests why he doesn’t just want to earn money through owners but also ensure a cycle of further revenue that keeps increasing Tesla’s net worth.


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Anti-ganglioside complex IgM antibodies in multifocal motor neuropathy and chronic immune-mediated neuropathies.
Autor(es): Nobile-Orazio Eduardo,Giannotta Claudia,Briani Chiara
Resumo: Anti-ganglioside complexes (GSCs) IgG antibodies have been reported in patients with Guillain-Barré (GBS) or Fisher syndrome but little is known on their presence in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) or other chronic immune-mediated neuropathies. We examined 24 patients with MMN, 34 with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), 23 with neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy (PN+IgM), 13 with GBS, 34 with motor neuron disease (MND), 24 with other neuropathies and 20 normal subjects. Patients' sera were tested by ELISA for IgM reactivity to GM1, GM2, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b and with GSCs made by any combination of two of these gangliosides. In all GM1 positive patients with MMN (11), PN+IgM (1), CIDP (1) and POEMS (1), binding to GM1 was abolished or consistently reduced when tested in GSCs also containing GD1a or other gangliosides. This only occurred in one of the three GM1 positive MND patients. In a patient with PN-IgM and anti-GM2 and GD1a IgM, both reactivities were reduced when tested in GSCs also containing GM1. New reactivities were found in a patient with CIDP and anti-GD1b IgM who presented an additional reactivity to GT1b/GM1 and GT1b/GM2 GSCs, and in one with PN-IgM who had reactivity to GM2/GD1b but not to individual gangliosides. Testing for IgM antibodies to GSCs rarely permitted to identify new reactivities in chronic immune neuropathies. IgM binding to gangliosides was however often modified in GSCs suggesting that these reactivities may be affected by contiguous gangliosides possibly influencing their pathogenicity.
Imprenta: Journal of Neuroimmunology, v. 219, n. 1-2, p. 119-122, 2010
Identificador do objeto digital: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.11.012
Descritores: Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Pathogenesis ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Proteins ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Antibodies ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Immunology
Data de publicação: 2010

domain: medical


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Spirulina algae | The Extraordinary Benefits of Spirulina Powder
last updated: May 21, 2020
Spirulina algae is a filamentous single-cell microalga that lives in the fresh-brackish waters of tropical or subtropical lakes and has numerous beneficial properties for health, but also warnings and contraindications to keep in mind.
Water retention | Effective tips for draining excess liquids
last updated: May 19, 2020
Many women suffer from water retention, a nuisance that affects mostly legs, thighs, buttocks, and abdomen. Let's see what are the best remedies and tips to limit the appearance of water retention and cellulite starting from their analysis.
Stress hormone | What happens when we have high cortisol?
last updated: March 23, 2020
Here's what happens when we suffer from high cortisol, an excess of the stress hormone that we naturally produce. The symptoms of high cortisol can be kept under control thanks to special supplements against stress and the right levels of physical activity, to avoid the overtraining syndrome.
Remedies against constipation | Go to the bathroom with psyllium!
last updated: February 11, 2020
Constipation is an annoying intestinal problem, especially when it is accompanied by constant abdominal swelling and air in the bowel. Let's see the remedies to definitively solve the problem deepening the knowledge of a safe and effective natural laxative: psyllium seeds.
How many hours to sleep to get up TRULY rested?
last updated: February 07, 2020
The answer to this and other questions about the nature of sleep in the article will help you understand how and why to sleep better and how to manage sleep if you are an 'owl' or 'lark'.
Enough with the seasonal ailments! These remedies help your defenses
last updated: December 30, 2019
Astragalus and rosehip are just some of the most popular natural remedies used in winter to ward off seasonal ailments. Discover the pool of beneficial substances of the best herbal remedies and say goodbye to sore throat, fever, cold, cough, etc. ..!
The 6 best natural remedies to cleanse the liver
last updated: December 18, 2019
To help your liver cleanse and detoxify the body of toxins, food waste, and medicines, you can use these 6 natural remedies with an extraordinary detox action, which have always been used as a traditional liver function support.
Fermented Papaya | Things you don't know about a much loved remedy
last updated: November 20, 2019
We tell you 5 things you may not know about fermented papaya, a powerful natural remedy that has always been used as a digestive, but which also hides many other beneficial antioxidants, invigorating, protective, and immunostimulant properties.


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The two-year pact marks the first overall deal for young comedy writer Lindsey Shockley who will develop new projects and staff on series for ABC Studios. She is joining the studio’s new ABC comedy Blackish as a producer. The overall deal stems from Shockley’s stint on ABC Studios’ ABC comedy series Trophy Wife this past season. Shockley most recently served as co-producer on two series exec produced by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, Trophy Wife and HBO’s Hello Ladies. Shockley, repped by WME and attorney Lev Ginsburg, previously worked on Ben and Kate and Perfect Couples.
Comedy Writer Lindsey Shockley Inks Overall Deal With ABC Studios
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- 1 What are the benefits of systematic agriculture?
- 2 What was systematic agriculture quizlet?
- 3 What is systematic agriculture and domestication?
- 4 Where did systematic agriculture develop?
- 5 What is systematic agriculture and what are its benefits?
- 6 What is definition of agriculture?
- 7 What was a result of agriculture quizlet?
- 8 How did systematic agriculture lead to specialization of jobs?
- 9 Where and when did systematic agriculture develop quizlet?
- 10 Why the agricultural revolution was bad?
- 11 Why is agriculture important today?
- 12 How did society change with agriculture?
- 13 Who invented agriculture?
- 14 How did agriculture begin?
- 15 Why did agriculture develop?
What are the benefits of systematic agriculture?
Systematic Agriculture supported denser populations. Less people were required to provide food, so others could focus on other topics such as education and arts. Certain tools and technology such as the water-wheel involved manipulating water to travel to areas dedicated to farming.
What was systematic agriculture quizlet?
Systematic agriculture shifted from hunting and gathering for food daily to growing their own food on a regular basis. They turned from hunting and gathering their food in nomadic communities to farming and herding in established, settled communties.
What is systematic agriculture and domestication?
systematic agriculture. planting crops, and domesticating animals for food, clothing and work. What do scientists consider the most important event to occur in human history? systematic agriculture.
Where did systematic agriculture develop?
The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East where humans first took up farming. Shortly after, Stone Age humans in other parts of the world also began to practice agriculture.
What is systematic agriculture and what are its benefits?
Systematic agriculture refers to any type of agriculture that is done purposefully and orderly. You could argue that agriculture is, by its own definition, systematic. Agriculture is the production of crops or livestock for food or other products, such as eggs or wool. Agriculture was one solution.
What is definition of agriculture?
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.
What was a result of agriculture quizlet?
– Agriculture (and associated population increase) resulted in population sedentism and crowding. Accumulation of waste and increased transmission of microbes owing to crowding provided the conditions conducive to the spread and maintenance of infectious disease.
How did systematic agriculture lead to specialization of jobs?
Job specialization was the way we got steel tools, guns, advanced technology like the computer you’re using right now. Farming was what led to the job specialization, because advanced farmers ended up with food surpluses that could feed specialists such as doctors, blacksmiths, soldiers, teachers, etc.
Where and when did systematic agriculture develop quizlet?
Systematic agriculture developed independently in different areas of the world between 8000 and 5000 BCE. e. River valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of first civilizations.
Why the agricultural revolution was bad?
The agricultural revolution had a variety of consequences for humans. It has been linked to everything from societal inequality—a result of humans’ increased dependence on the land and fears of scarcity—to a decline in nutrition and a rise in infectious diseases contracted from domesticated animals.
Why is agriculture important today?
Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood for construction and paper products. These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of the world to another.
How did society change with agriculture?
When early humans began farming, they were able to produce enough food that they no longer had to migrate to their food source. This meant they could build permanent structures, and develop villages, towns, and eventually even cities. Closely connected to the rise of settled societies was an increase in population.
Who invented agriculture?
Humans invented agriculture between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic era, or the New Stone Age. There were eight Neolithic crops: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, hulled barley, chickpeas, and flax. The Neolithic era ended with the development of metal tools.
How did agriculture begin?
Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors began trying their hand at farming. First, they grew wild varieties of crops like peas, lentils and barley and herded wild animals like goats and wild oxen. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.
Why did agriculture develop?
Agricultural communities developed approximately 10,000 years ago when humans began to domesticate plants and animals. By establishing domesticity, families and larger groups were able to build communities and transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle dependent on foraging and hunting for survival.

domain: food


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Gilmore wins final stage, Seehafer claims yellow jersey
Charlottetown, June 12, 2008- Menikini-Selle Italia-Masters Color team member Kori Seehafer won the second edition of the Tour de PEI. The 33 year old American maintained a 24 seconds lead over Nathalie Bates and 2 minutes 24 secondes over Trine Schmidt.
The final stage, a fifty lap criterium around the Confederation Centre of the Arts in downtown Charlottetown, was won by Australian Rochelle Gilmore (Menikini-Selle Italia- Masters Color). She was followed closely by Cuban Dalila Gonzalez in second, and Luxembourg’s Nathalie Lamborelle (UNIQA) in third. Gilmore was also the winner of the sprinter jersey in the general classification. Her teamate, Nathalie Bates held onto the Queen of the Mountain jersey, based on points received in the previous two stages. Merrill Collins (Team Ontario) was awarded the Best Canadian jersey.
The energetic crowd, coming from all over the Island and surrounding areas, cheered on the 76 athletes as they raced around the 1 km circuit. Michel Le Chasseur (General Manager of the Confederation Bridge) and Daniel Manibal (organizer of Tour de PEI, the Montreal Women’s World Cup Cycling and Tour du Grand Montreal) were extremely satisfied with the tremendous work that was done. “My hat is off to all the volunteers, sponsors and employees involved in this organisation”, says Michel Le Chasseur. “The welcoming of the population was incredible, the scenery was unbelievable and the athletes were thrilled by the quality of this event”, continues Manibal.
Tour de PEI, presented by ScotiaBank, was a 5-stage cycling race held from June 8 to 12, 2008.


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The magnificent lagoon of Mayotte, an island in the Indian Ocean, is at the very heart of local life.
September 2005. The Israelis are leaving Gaza. But how about the situation in the West Bank ?
Three Palestinian towns dying of confinement and suffocation : Nablus, the rebellious, lively and loud… Hebron, the resigned, empty and silent… Qalqilya, dying… And a giraffe her eyes wide open, with an infinite look of sadness. Closing your eyes or how to open our eyes when they are wide shut
ENGLISH VERSION
 Of "Le voyage alchimique - 2"
 Second stage : The cathedral of Chartres
Of "Le voyage alchimique - 2"
Second stage : The cathedral of Chartres
This film addresses a more global aspect of healing. Different visions and points of view on healing are presented.
This film addresses a more global aspect of healing. Different visions and points of view on healing are presented. Spiritual healing and healing induced by thoughts are discussed. Do these women and men find their strength in love and faith ?
Meditation, Relaxation, and Qi Gong are also ways mentioned in this new volume, to let us contemplate that the solution also depends on us and on our commitment to heal ourselve


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- Time of issue:2020-10-28 19:31:25
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