|Publication number||US3456696 A|
|Publication date||Jul 22, 1969|
|Filing date||Jul 13, 1966|
|Priority date||Jul 13, 1966|
|Also published as||DE1613355A1|
|Publication number||US 3456696 A, US 3456696A, US-A-3456696, US3456696 A, US3456696A|
|Inventors||Dobslaw Gerhardt A, Gregory Edward G, Waters Terry L De|
|Original Assignee||Rockwell Mfg Co|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (57), Classifications (8), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
y ,1969 a. s. GREGORY ET Al. 3,456,696
PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW Filed July 15, 1966 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTORS EDWARD G. GREGORY GERHARDT A. DOBSLAW TERRY L. DOWATERS E. e. GREGORY ETAL 3,456,696 6 July 22, 1969 PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 13, 1966 J Kw g a i f E. m 1 I n m Q. MN U mm 6 m mm h c 1 n 1 om M i t II It a w T 3:2 6 H amn A m?! Aw I N mm m mm mm fl Il| m 1 I mm .3 m
Rm 8. E
mmmm INVENTORS EDWARD 6. GREGORY BY GERHARDT .4. DOBSLAW TERRY L. DeWATERS Ana ATTOR/VE E. G. GREGORY ETAL 3,456,696
July 22, 1969 PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW Filed July 13', 1966 6 Sheets-Sheet '3 INVENTORS ATTORWEYS TERRY L. DeWA TERS M 7 MXa EDWARD 6. GREGORY BY GERHARDTA. DOBSLAW PORTABLE C IRCULAR SAW Filed July 15. 1966 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTORS EDWARD GiGRE'GO/PY BY GERHARDT A. DOBSLAW TERRY L. D9WATER$ A T TOR/V5 S E. G. GREGORY ET AL 3,456,696
July 22, 1969 PORTABLE C IRCULAR SAW Filed July 15, 1966 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 m s M YflR 0 Ram m W 4 N M 0 I a O M RA AHR Wm 56.1 v
i 1969 E. a. GREGORY AL 3,456,696
r PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW Filed July 15." 1966 e Sheets-Sheet e INVENTORS EDWARD 6. GREGORY BY GER/ ART A. OOBSLAW TERRY L. Dew/1 TERS ATTORNEY United States Patent 3,456,696 PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW Edward G. Gregory, North Syracuse, Gerhardt A. Dobslaw, Fayetteville, and Terry L. De Waters, Syracuse,
N.Y., assignors to Rockwell Manufacturing Company,
Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Filed July 13, 1966, Ser. No. 564,907 Int. Cl. B27b 9/00, /00
U.S. Cl. 143-43 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A portable circular saw composed of separable motor and tool assemblies wherein the motor assembly is double insulated electrically through the provision of a rigid motor casing of dielectric phenolic material closed at one end by a centrally apertured closure plate mounting a bearing supporting the output end of the motor shaft and formed with a peripherally disposed abutment flange formed with an insert annular centering flanged interfitted in the one casing end to abut its flange and the one casing end ad formed at the other end to provide a radial wall having diametrically opposed brush assembly receiving troughs on its outer face and a spider supported coaxial extension recessed to mount an outboard motor bearing and permitting entry of cooling air and a multi-section outwardly spaced shock resistant dielectric housing composed of an end section which encloses the other casing end, including the brush assemblies in the troughs, and is recessed axially and apertured annularly to provide cooling air inlet passages and an intermediate section and a mounting section adapted when assembled to form a hollow handle and annularly house the motor casing. The hollow handle houses a pivoted dielectric trigger-like operator and a plunger switch and the mounting section is provided with an annular inwardly directed mounting flange disposed and dimensioned to abuttingly engage and be sandwiched between the closure plate abutment flange and an abutment flange formed by the free end of an axially directed, eccentrically related outer annular wall of the tool assembly which also provides a concentrically related inner annular wall defining with the opposing face of the closure plate adjacent and surrounding the protruding motor shaft a housing for the tool assembly mounted arbor shaft and drive gear. A series of headed screws freely passing through countersunk openings in the intermediate housing section and mating bolt openings in the mounting housing section and closure plate abutment flanges into tapped openings in the tool assembly abutment flange clamp the outer housing mounting flange between the closure plate and tool assembly abutment flanges to mount the protective housing in encircling relation to the motor casing.
This invention pertains to power-driven hand tools and specifically to improvements in saws such as disclosed in the prior United States Letters Patent to Hartman et al., No. 2,765,824, of Oct. 9, 1956, for Portable Power Operated Saw, and to Emmons, No. 2,861,605, of Nov. 24, 1958, for Jack Shaft and Guard Unit for Wood Working Saws.
A primary object of this invention is to provide an electric motor driven hand tool constructed to minimize impact damage when dropped and greater operator protection in use from the hazards of high speed operation and the electrical charges from current carrying components.
A further important object of this invention resides in the provision of an electric motor driven hand tool having an electrically non-conductive motor casing, a stationary tool guard or housing structure having a mounting web adapting it for end connection to an end of the motor casing, and a light weight, electrically non-conductive housing of mildly yieldable, impact resistant, plastic, web connected between the tool guard mounting web and motor casing end to dispose the housing in outwardly spaced enclosing relation to the motor casing and provided adjacent its web connection with an arcuate handle thereby isolating the operator from the motor casing and all electrically conductive parts and providing a yieldable cushioning enclosure capable of absorbing impact forces from all directions encountered in normal motor driven hand tool usage.
A still further specific object of this invention resides in the provision of an electric motor having a casing of dielectric material and a rotor shaft insulating sleeve of heavy dielectric material fully insulating the shaft from the wiring, and other current conducting elements of the motor.
A further object is to provide a dielectric housing for a hand tool which, in addition to providing electrical insulation, is constructed to yieldingly absorb mechanical shock and to protect the motor and tool drive parts therewithin.
A further object of this invention is to provide a protective housing comprised of interfitting dielectric, plastic sections which facilitate manufacture and assembly, reduce the overall cost, provide mechanical shock and electric insulating properties, and are readily and inexpensively replaceable in event of breakage.
It is a further object of this invention to provide for assembly of the protective housing to the motor casing end wall through a web clamped thereto by other parts of the hand tool in a sandwich-like fashion, thereby to obtain proper orientation and reduce assembly costs of the device.
Another object of this invention is to provide a housing of sectional construction forming a composite, integral handle, and an improved switch and trigger operating mechanism within said handle.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved, one piece motor case of dielectric material having provisions for convenient mounting and adjustment of the commutator brushes therein.
Still another object of this invention resides in the provision of an improved movable guard and saw arbor mounting bushing for a circular saw, which facilitates assembly and improves accuracy thereof.
Another important object is to provide an improved saw blade mounting structure which eliminates binding and facilitates change of blades.
The above and other objects of this invention will become apparent from the claims and from the description as it proceeds in connection with the drawings which show a preferred embodiment applied.
In the drawings, FIGURE 1 is an exploded elevation view showing the sectional construction of the housing and its relation to other parts of the hand tool.
FIGURE 2 is an overall top view of the device, on a reduced scale, with details omitted.
FIGURE 3 is a cross sectional view on line 3--3 of FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 4 is an end view of the device with the motor sidewall enclosing section of the housing removed.
FIGURE 5 is an end view of the device looking from the left side of FIGURE 2, with the cap section of the housing omitted.
FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary vertical view along line 66 of FIGURE 2, with the housing and motor removed.
FIGURE 7 is a fragmentary, and partly sectional view FIGURES 11-13 show details of the electric brush I assembly.
FIGURE 14 shows the outer saw blade retaining disc of the saw mounting assembly.
Referring to FIGURES 1, 2 and 3, it will be seen that the saw 1 of this invention comprises a motor assembly 2, a blade guard assembly 3, and an exterior housing 4 (FIGURES 2 and 3) which is composed of three distinct sections.
The blade guard assembly 3 is constructed of aluminum, all exteriorly accessible surfaces of which are heavily coated with an insulating layer of enamel and rotatably mounts the blade as hereinafter pointed out. This section has an inner wall 55, and an outer rim-like wall 53 in axially spaced relation connected by an arcuate annular wall 54 (shown best in FIGURES 3 and 10). These walls together form a stationary guard for rotary saw blade 71 mounted on arbor 63, for rotation within the guard.
The arbor 63 is journalled in a bronze bushing 59, which is fitted into the bore of a circular hub portion 56 formed on wall 55. As best shown in FIGURES 3 and 10, the outer periphery of bushing 59 is provided with two axially spaced, radially concentric shoulders 59a and 59b which delineate three contiguous external cylindrical surfaces. The relatively narrow cylindrical surface 60 between shoulders 59a and 59b serves as a bearing support for movable guard 57 which freely pivots thereon. The minor dimensioned cylindrical surface of bushing 59 (FIGURE 10) closely fits the hub bore in wall 55 where said bushing is retained by roll pin 61. Bushing 59 is entered into the hub bore after movable guard 57 is assembled loosely on surface 60 against shoulder 59a until shoulder 59b abuts the recessed face 58 of wall 55 leaving bearing area 60, which is of slightly greater length than the thickness of hub 57a of guard 57, to assure freedom of movement of the hub on the bearing surface. The movable guard is, therefore, trapped in place between wall 55 and shouder 59a of the bushing.
Movable guard 57 is spring biased toward saw enclosing position by tension spring 62 (FIGURE 10), connected at its opposite ends to guard 57 and to wall 55, and is moved away to permit sawing by engagement with the material to be cut, in conventional manner.
The blade guard assembly wall 55 on the side away from the blade is best illustrated in FIGURE 6. It carries an outer generally ovate 'Wall 8 which is interspersed at non-equally spaced angular distances with thickened tapped bosses 6 formed to receive screws for coupling the blade guard assembly and adjoining section of the housing to the motor casing mounting ears 91a (FIG- URE to be hereinafter morefully described. In addition, the blade guard assembly wall 55 within and adjacent the bottom run of wall 8 carries a wall of genenal figure 8 configuration defining a gearing housing the larger lower portion of which is concentric with hub portion 56 and the smaller upper portion of which is in vertically spaced alignment with the centerline of hub portion 56.
In assembling the guard assembly 3, movable guard 57 is slipped over the bushing onto its journal portion 60, and then the bushing is inserted into the hub of plate 55 where it is locked by pin 61. Arbor 63, having gear 41a and reduced diameter, cylindrical terminal portions formed therewith, is then inserted through the gear housing and saw blade 71 is relatively rotatably mounted on the larger terminal portion 75 of arbor 63 by way of-friction discs (washers) 67, 69 and clamp screw 73 (FIGURE 3) in such a way as to permit slip on overload and to avoid jamming. To this end, cylindrical portion 75 extending from shoulder 75a to the end thereof is tapped to receive retaining screw 73 and formed with diametrically opposed flats 77. As shown in FIGURE 3, disc 67 mounted against shoulder 75a, and saw blade 71 have circular bores and are freely rotatable on arbor portion 75. However, the second disc 69 has a flat sided hole 78, as shown in FIGURE 14, which non-rotatably mates with flats 77 of cylindrical portion 75. Saw blade 71*is non-rotatably fixed to arbor 63 solely by the compressive (frictional) clamping elfect of discs 67 and 69 determined solely by manual tightening of clamp screw 73. The mounting, accordingly has no self tightening or freezing tendency due to blade inertia and other stresses, which defect is commonly encountered in prior hub saw mountings. Another defect of prior art blade mountings has been the tendency of the saw blade, when stuck in the work, to stall the outer disc (in this case, 69) with the blade and exert a tightening torque on the clamp screw 73. This is a progressive elfect, in that the more the clamp screw is turned relative to the shaft 63, the tighter the assembly becomes, and the more torque is transmitted from the blade 71 through outer disc 69. This has progressed in some cases to the point where the head of clamp screw 73 is twisted off the threaded body of the screw. The provision of flats 77 on cylindrical portion 75 and flat sides on hole 78 of outer disc 69 guarantees that the outer disc will continue to turn with the shaft 63, thus preventing the transmission of turning torque to clamp screw 73. I
It will be seen from the foregoing that a complete blade bearing sub-assembly, including the stationary guard, the movable guard, the blade, and the blade drive gear and arbor is provided for unitary mounting with respect to motor 2 and section 5 of the dielectric housing. This sub-assembly 3 is pivotally adjustably mounted on base plate 17 through brackets 79 and 80 for depth of cut and angle of cut adjustment respectively around pivots 79a and 80a (see FIGURES 2, 4, and 5, and 9). The exterior surfaces of the guard elements of this subassembly being heavily enameled provide an extra layer of insulation at the cutting end of the saw.
.The motor case 11 of motor assembly 2 is moulded of asbestos filled phenolic material Durez. It is cylindrical for the major portion of its length, open at one end and is provided with apertured ears 91a at the open end. The bearing for the open end of the motor shaft is carried by a die cast zinc cover plate 31 axially flanged to fit in the open end of motor casing 11, formed with ears carrying through apertured bosses (FIGURE 8) overlying motor casing ears 91 and having ends 85a projecting axially from the face remote from motor casing 11 'and serrated abutment surfaces 81a adjacent boss 85.
Cover plate 31 below the protruding end of motor shaft 29 is provided with a vertically aligned boss having a blind bore mounting a brass sleeve bearing 65 and an annular wall segment 65b notched in its upper portion to pass the protruding end of shaft 29 which is provided with gear teeth to form main drive pinion 41. Annular wall segment 65b is adapted to interfit with the lower portion of wall 10 of guard assembly 3 to coaxially relate the reduced diameter end of arbor shaft 63 with sleeve bearing 65 and assure proper meshing engagement of pinion 41 and arbor gear 41a. The end wall of plate 31 above the protruding end of shaft 29 is formed to provide an arcuate passage wall 32 (FIGURES 3 and 8) opening to the right as seen in FIGURE 8 to discharge cooling air passing through the motor downwardly at an inclination to the area of the blade as it leaves the workpiece. This discharged air disperses the sawdust on the surface of the workpiece aiding the operator in following his cutting work.
The end of motor casing 11 opposite the open end is formed with a center opening and an axially directed generally conically shaped hub-like extension 27 recessed centrally in coaxial relation to motor shaft 29 to receive outboard motor bearing 33 and open at its sides and top, except for strut members 27a, to expose the commutator mounted on motor shaft 29. Diametrically disposed at the open sides of hub-like extension 27 the motor casing end wall is provided with inwardly and axially opening troughlike recesses 25 (FIGURES 4 and 7) to receive and mount brush assemblies 21 for ready access for replacement and servicing.
Each brush assembly 21 consists of a brass bushing 21b (FIGURES 7 and 12) which receives the brush 2111, spring, and cap assembly 210 axially movably secured to brush 21a by insulated wire 21d (FIGURE 11) and a retaining brass clip 23. In assembling the brush structure in place, the brush 21a, along with its spring and cap are inserted into bushing 21b, and the assembly is then placed into its recess 25 in the motor case. Clip 23 (FIGURE 13) is then placed over bushing 21b with its right angle lip 23a extending into recess 25 behind cap 21c. Clips 23 are respectively fastened to the motor cover plate by screws 2311. In addition to retaining the brush assemblies in place, clips 23 and screws 23b serve to make electrical connections between the brushes and stator winding leads 51, as best shown in FIGURE 4.
Housing section 5 is mounted immediately adjacent subassembly 3 in clamped sandwich relation between motor casing end plate 31 and the end face of wall 8 of guard assembly 3. To this end, housing section 5 is provided with an annular, inwardly directed, planar flange 90 (FIG- URE 3) having angularly spaced through holes 90a (FIG- URE 5) arranged to axially coincide with bosses 6 of guard assembly wall 8 and bosses 85 (FIGURE 8) of motor end plate 31 and a series of pin-like centering protuberances 90b (FIGURE 3) radially disposed to abuttingly engage the inner face of guard assembly wall 8. Through holes 90a, as will be clear from an inspection of FIGURES 5 and 8, are of greater diameter than the protruding ends 850 of bosses 85 to freely encircle these ends.
Assembly of housing section 5 with motor assembly 2 and guard assembly 3 is effected by positioning rim 90 to receive ends 85a of motor end plate bosses 85, inserting securing screws through ears 91a of motor casing 11 and motor end plate bosses 85 and positioning guard assembly 3 to receive the three securing screws in the tapped bosses 6 and tightening the securing screws to draw guard assembly 3 toward motor end plate 31 until rim 90 of housing section 5 is tightly clamped between the end face of wall 8 and the opposing annular abutment face of end plate 31. This tight clamping engagement causes serrations 81a to bite into the plastic face of rim 90 of housing section 5 fixing housing section 5 in sandwich fashion against relative movement with respect to end plate 31 and motor casing 11 and retains pinion 41 with arbor gear 41a while drawing guard assembly wall into interfitting cooperation with annular wall segment 65b of motor casing end plate 31.
With housing section 5 fixed in place in this manner the cylindrical body portion will encircle motor casing 11 in radially spaced relation (see FIGURES 3 and 5) and the integrally formed hollow, half handle portion 91 will be disposed in clockwise offset relation to a vertical axial plane through the motor housing as shown in FIGURE 5.
Handle portion 91 of section 5 in counter clockwise olfset relation to the aforesaid axial plane is widened laterally of the motor housing to provide a pocket to receive a precision snap switch (commonly known as a microswitch) 105. To this end the widened pocket section of half-handle portion 91 is provided with upstanding rib formations 92a, 92b, 92c and 92d to form positioning seat formations to closely fit the corners of microswitch 105 and position the switch against relative movement in halfhandle portion 91. As best seen in FIGURE 5 microswitch 105 is of generally rectangular configuration and is provided at its upper left hand corner with a contact operating plunger 107. Plunger 107 is biased outwardly to open contact position. A guide rib assembly 111 is provided in handle portion 91 adjacent the outer end of plunger 107 to slidingly receive a tongue-like plunger operator 103 formed as an integral part of a pivoted trigger 101 and terminating in a ball shaped end adapted to fit in a mating socket in plunger 107 to form a ball and socket connection 107a between plunger 107 and plunger operator 103. Microswitch 105 is firmly retained in place by matching rib formations (not shown) provided in the half-handle portion of housing section 7 when it is assembled in place.
The hollow side of handle section 5 is also provided with six upstanding threaded bosses 93 the outer faces of which lie in co-planar relation to the grooved end face (FIGURES 3 and 5) of the cylindrical body portion and half-handle portion 91. Each boss 93 has an upstanding annular positioning protuberance 93a coaxially related to the tapped bore and adapted to interfit with a mating recess (FIGURE 3) of cooperating housing section 7.
Trigger 101 has the configuration shown in FIGURE 5. It is molded of polypropylene plastic integrally with its elongated, flexible tongue 103 and oppositely directed pivot bosses 113, which are matingly journalled in respective blind bores 109 of integrally formed upstanding bosses provided in mating housing sections 5 and 7, that of section 5 only being illustrated in FIGURE 5 in dotted lines. Tongue 103 of the trigger is guided for axial sliding movement about midway its length by rib assemblies 111 of the mating sections 5 and 7 and at its switch end by the ball and socket coupling 107a with plunger 107. When the trigger is actuated, tongue 103 moves lengthwise and pushes plunger 107 inwardly to circuit closing position.
The mating faces of housing sections 5 and 7 are substantial mirror images except that the main wall face of section 7 has a protruding rib to interfit the groove of housing section 5 and bosses 93b having through stepped bores 930 to freely pass housing securing screws and enlarged ends to respectively receive protuberances 93a of housing section 5 and the heads of securing screws 95. Housing section 7 is additionally provided with a through passage 98 (FIGURES 3 and 4) to pass power cord 99 out through the casing toward the end opposite that carrying the guard assembly 3. As best seen in FIGURES 1 and 3, the main body portion of housing section 7 encloses the motor case 11 in radially spaced relation and follows down around the back end of motor casing 11 to terminate in upper and lower end face segments disposed in radial outwardly spaced relation to the inner end of hub-like extension 27 of the motor casing and formed in vertically aligned relation to provide diametrically oppositely related thickened threaded bosses 96 for mounting housing section 9. As best seen in FIGURE 4, the lower end face segment is offset radial outwardly from the upper section, notched at diametrically opposite sides at 97 opposite brush recesses 25, and flattened at 97a at the bottom. Viewed from the side as seen in FIGURE 3, the lower end face segment is offset axially inwardly from the upper end face segment to form an annular radially inset wall segment 97b extending between a point above the center line of the motor housing at one side to a similar point above the center line of the motor housing at the opposite side.
End cap section 9 is formed to cooperate with the end face segments of housing section 7 and provide a semicircular air inlet passage A between the upper end face segment and cap section 9. To this end, cap section 9 is formed to provide a flat bottomed lower annular section having a thickened apertured boss 121 apertured to freely pass a securing screw 127 to be threaded into lower tapped boss 96 of housing section 7 and a mating annular wall snugly receiving the radially inset wall segment 97b of housing section 7. The upper body portion 102 of end cap section 9 comprises an annular continuation of lower annular section 100 which lies radially outwardly of the upper end face segment of housing section 7 and is relieved at 123 (FIGURE 3) to form the outer wall of air passage A. Diametrically opposite boss 1'21 end cap section 9 is provided with a long apertured boss 104 dimensioned to freely pass a securing screw 127 to be threaded into upper tapped boss 96 of housing section 7. Upper body portion 102 merges through an axially curving transition section to define a recessed opening 125 concentrically related to bearing support member 27 of housing section 7. Opening 125 is partially closed by an axially protuberant disk-like end closure member 9a supported by four angularly spaced integrally formed spiders 9b. As housing sections 5, 7 and 9 are constructed as respective integral mouldings of dielectric polymer (such as General Electric Co. Lexan 101), the outer housing and end closure member 9a form a yielding shock resistant enclosure as well as a dielectric housing. Furthermore, switch 105 and trigger 101 are preferably formed of anonconductive material possessing self lubricating properties which make for smooth and non-sticking lifetime operation of the switch.
Assembly and disassembly of housing sections 7 and 9 as a unit can be effected, if desired, merely by removal of the six screws 95 provided to secure sections 5 and 7 in assembled relation. To gain access to the brushes, end cap section 9 alone can be removed by removal of the two screws 127 securing it to housing section 7. Any of the protective housing parts can 'be readily replaced, if they should become broken in use.
Furthermore the motor assembly 2 constitutes a separate unit (see FIGURE 1) adapted for use in a variety of hand tools and the protective housing by appropriate relocation of thehandle portions can be modified for use on a wide variety of hand tools.
Adequate quantities of air to cool the motor during operation flow into the motor case through air inlet passage A and the annular passage provided by opening 125 and end closure member 9a, and the open wall portion of hub-like extension 27 under influence of motor fan 37 (FIGURES 3 and 8).
With the operating parts and the'housing assembled as described it will be appreciated that the present invention provides at least three layers of insulation between current carrying portions of the motor and the exterior, namely, the dielectric plastic motor case 11, the outer dielectric housing, and air space between the casing and the housing.
In addition, the motor shaft 29 is completely insulated from the armature assembly by dielectric sleeve 15 which extends from the commutator 17a (on the left FIGURE 3) to fan 37 (on the right). To further preclude possible contact of current bearing parts of the motor, such as armature and field, with rotating parts thereof, an insulating fiber baffle plate 39 is inserted into motor casing 11 just to the left of the motor fan. This baffle plate fits snugly into the interior of motor case 11 and has a large central opening concentric with motor shaft 13 to provide for free air passage to the fan.
As a result of the above construction the saw of this invention will meet the following dielectric test: (A) 60 cycle, 1000 volt potential applied between points W and X (FIGURE 5), prior to assembly of the plastic housing, with switch on and without current flow for one second; (B) 1500 volts applied between Y and Z and Y and X (FIGURES 3 and 5) before plastic housing assembly; (C) 2500 volts applied between Y and W after completion of plastic housing assembly.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. An electric shock resistant and impact resistant hand power tool comprising an electric motor assembly including a rigid stress resisting dielectric motor casing, a motor output shaft protruding from one end portion of said casing and journalled at its other end in said casing, a dielectric motor shaft sleeve isolating the motor shaft from the current carrying motor components; and an impact resistant dielectric housing enclosing said motor casing in outward spaced relation along the length and opposite end portion thereof and including attaching means fixed to said motor casing at said one end portion and hollow handle means; switch means housed in said hollow handle means including a dielectric switch operator accessible to the operator for controlling the motor; and tool means fixed to said one end portion of said motor casing and drivingly connected to said output shaft.
2. A hand power tool according to claim 1 wherein said means fixed to said motor case yieldingly supports said dielectric impact resistant housing to isolate said motor assembly from mechanical shock due to impact forces.
3. A hand tool according to claim 1, wherein said housing comprises a plurality of axially juxtaposed mating sections, said section being separable from one another to gain access to the motor casing for servicing the motor and for independent replacement in event of breakage and including a support section and an intermediate section defining said hollow handle means and an end section enclosing said other casing end portion.
4. A hand tool according to claim 1, wherein said means for mounting said subassembly comprises a stationary circular saw blade guard segment including a wall means, a bearing support opening in said wall means formed at least in part by a hub formed on said wall means, a sleeve bearing fixed in said bearing support opening and providing stepped shoulder means at one end having a journal portion dimensioned to abut said wall means in surrounding relation to said bearing support opening, said sleeve bearing and said hub being radially drilled and fitted with a pin to fix said bearing in said bearing support opening; and a movable circular saw blade guard segment journalled on said journal portion of said sleeve bearing and having a biasing spring fixed at its opposite ends to said respective guard segments to bias said movable guard segment to normal blade encircling position between the ends of said stationary guard segment.
5. A hand tool according to claim 4, wherein said tool means comprises a subassembly including drive means adapted for driving connection to said motor shaft and means for mounting said subassembly on said one end portion of said motor casing with said impact resistant housing attaching means clampingly sandwiched between said motor casing and said mounting means of said tool subassembly.
6. A hand tool according to claim 5, wherein said housing attaching means has oversize screw receiving openings therein, said end portion of said motor casing has screw receiving openings therein disposed for mating association with said oversize openings of said housing means and serrated wall surfaces radially related to said screw receiving openings disposed to abuttingly engage said housing attaching means, said mounting means of said tool subassembly 'has tapped screw receiving openings disposed for mating association with said screw receiving openings of said housing means and motor casing end portion and headed securing screws freely passing said screw receiving openings of said housing means and said motor casing end portion and threaded into said tapped openings of said tool assembly are provided to draw said tool subassembly and said housing means toward said motor casing end portion to clampingly secure said housing means against said serrated wall surfaces thereby embedding said serrations in said housing means to fixedly assembly said housing and said motor casing end portion.
7. A hand tool according to claim 3, wherein said juxtaposed mating housing sections include an end closure cap of generally cup shaped configuration having an end wall providing a recessed opening spanned by an axially protu-berant end closure member yieldingly supported concentrically within said opening by spaced spider arms to form a shock absorbing element, and arcuate air inlet passages around said end closure member.
8. A hand tool according to claim 7, wherein said end closure cap includes an annular wall which extends axially throughout its lower portion to enclosingly engage the adjacently related housing section and is axially foreshortened and radially inset throughout its upper portion to provide an arcuate air inlet opening between said upper portion and the adjacently related housing.
9. An hand tool accordin-g to claim 3, wherein said motor casing opposite end portion is formed to provide an inwardly directed annular wall section defining a centered opening intersected by diametrically opposed troughs open at their inner opposed ends to provide brush receiving recesses and axially directed wall segments angularly spaced at opposite sides of said opposed troughs extending beyond said annular wall section and terminating in an end wall member recessed in its inner face to form a bearing seat for an outboard motor shaft bearing.
10. A hand tool according to claim '9, wherein said juxtaposed mating housing sections include an end closure cap of generally cup shaped configuration enclosingly surrounding said motor casing opposite end and independently removably secured to the adjacently related housing section to gain access to said brush troughs.
11. A hand tool according to claim 9, wherein said electric motor is mounted in said motor casing with its commutator disposed between said brush receiving recesses and a brush assembly comprising respective brush holders disposed in said brush receiving recesses respective brushes slidingly mounted in the inner ends of said brush holders, brush biasing springs and contacts respectively associated with said brushes and said brush holders to dispose said contacts outwardly of the outer ends of said brush holders; respective brush assembly retainer clips each including a main strap-like body portion having screw passages adjacent its opposite ends and a right angularly related contact engaging leg disposed to overlie the outer ends of said brush holders and engage said respective contacts; and respective sets of securing screws for securing said clips to said motor casing through said strap-like body portion overlying and clamping said brush holders in said brush receiving recesses, one screw of each set of securing screws also serving to secure one of the motor armature leads to its respective said retainer clip to electrically connect said brushes in the motor circuit.
12. A hand tool according to claim 1 wherein said switch means comprises a switching unit including a plunger normally biased on one direction to open circuit position, a trigger-like pivotally mounted switch operator including an elongated strip-like force transmitting member extending between said switch operator and said plunger within housing guide formation, a ball and socket connection between said plunger and force transmitting member, said plunger, operator and force transmitting member being constructed of dielectric material.
13. A hand tool according to claim 12 wherein said hollow handle means comprises separable half handle sections formed in respective mating housing sections, each half handle section comprising upstanding rib members supportingly engaging a side face and edge face of said plunger operated switch to fixedly mount said switch against bodily relative movement to the respective half handle sections, upstanding bosses spaced from said rib members along said half handle section and providing pivot means for said trigger, and guide ribs disposed between sand support rib members and said bosses for slidingly receiving and imparting operative rigidity to said strip-like force transmitting member to assure positive plunger action and trigger restoration under influence of the plunger biasin-g means.
14. A hand tool switching mechanism comprising a plunger operated switch having an axially shiftable plunger normally biased in one direction and having an exposed end providing an end slot communicating with side entry ball socket, a trigger-like pivoted switch operator including a flexible tangentially directed force transmitting, elongated tongue extending from said switch operator and terminating in a ball formation interfitted in said socket to connect said tongue and plunger whereby operation of the trigger displaces said plunger against its bias which serves to restore the trigger to and maintain it in its normal off position.
15. A circular saw assembly for operative association with a drive motor having a protruding shaft at one end comprising a stationary circular saw blade guard segment including wall means having a bearing support opening and means for mounting said assembly to said drive motor, a sleeve bearing fixed in said bearing support opening having a through bore therein and stepped shoulder means at one end having a journal portion dimensioned to said wall means in surrounding relation to said bearing support opening, a movable circular saw blade guard segment journalled on said journal portion of said stepped shoulder means, a biasing spring fixed at its opposite ends to said respective guard segments to bias said movable guard segment to normal blade encircling position between the ends of said said stationary guard segment, a blade arbor having a gear formed at one end and a reduced diameter end portion at the opposite end provided with an axially opening tapped blind bore, and a circular saw blade frictional drive connected to said reduced diameter arbor end.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,751,781 3/1930 Weiss 200-157 2,324,299 7/1943 Haifley et a1 310-239 2,861,607 11/1958 Emmons 143-43 2,993,518 7/1961 Bork 143-155 X 3,121,813 2/1964 Pratt et a1. 77-7 X 3,266,535 8/1966 Brodie 143-155 3,303,366 2/1967 Elson et a1 310-50X 3,344,291 9/1967 Pratt 310-50 FOREIGN PATENTS 744,948 2/ 1956 Great Britain.
FRANCIS S. HUSAR, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
Patent No. 3,456,696 July 22, 1969 Edward G. Gregory et a1.
rror appears in the above identified It is certified that e e hereby corrected as patent and that said Letters Patent ar show below:
Column 1 line 22 "ad" should read and Column 3 line 49, "shouder" should read shoulder Column 8, line line 23,
hould read sections Column 9,
Column 10, line 11, "sand" should cancel "said", first occurrence.
30, "section" 5 "An" should read A read said line 42,
Signed and sealed this 31st day of March 1970.
EdwardM. Fletcher, Jr.
Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR.
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|U.S. Classification||30/391, 408/124, 310/239, 310/50, 30/388|
|Oct 28, 1981||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: PORTER-CABLE CORPORATION, YOUNG S CROSSING AT HIGH
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIN;REEL/FRAME:003922/0274
Effective date: 19811019


Latest posts by Janine Mendes-Franco
13 February 2016
A Caribbean representative has been elected to the International Board of the EITI for the first time. Global Voices talks with Victor Hart about patrimony, innovation and fighting corruption.
11 February 2016
Did the mayor of Port of Spain just imply that women's behaviour was inextricably linked to their safety? That's how the majority of netizens heard it -- and they're angry.
5 February 2016
"No one else understands how to combine the mechanical principles and characters of the mas into a new work that says something about the world and our corner of it."
2 February 2016
The World Health Organisation has just declared the Zika virus an international public health emergency. Some Caribbean territories have been preparing for it, while others have been slow to mobilise.
1 February 2016
28 January 2016
Trinidad and Tobago's state housing allocations are allegedly fraught with corruption, leaving the most economically vulnerable, which the Housing Development Corporation is meant to prioritise, without places to call home.
"With respect to the recent ruling at the Privy Council, the simple outcome is that persons who are charged with criminal offences will be made to face a trial."
25 January 2016
"The blatant outright Hate has been allowed to flourish because we've stood by with heads buried deep. [...] What you allow will continue…"
21 January 2016
From unbearably loud music to illegal fireworks, one civic-minded social media user in Trinidad and Tobago is taking on the "noise polluters who yearly get away with decibel crime".
20 January 2016
The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) is advising people to protect themselves and even plans to launch a mobile game called Zap-a-‘quito to educate the public.
"The global condemnation of Chris Gayle’s flirting seems over the top [but] the controversy is a welcome reminder that there are lines of propriety that should not be crossed."
15 January 2016
"Sexism is part of how our society was structured [but] culture and language systems evolve and change. There is no reason we cannot."
12 January 2016
"The problem for us in the Caribbean is not Chris Gayle and his outlook per se. It’s the casual sexism of Caribbean masculinity in general that needs taking in hand."
11 January 2016
8 January 2016
As arranger extraordinaire for Trinidad and Tobago's Renegades Steel Orchestra, Jit Samaroo has left the country -- and the world -- with a rich, enduring pan music legacy.
7 January 2016
Gayle "dropped the ball when he could have shown an example of ideal manhood as more than hyper-sexuality, as also self-reflection and responsibility."
6 January 2016
As the headquarters of Trinidad & Tobago's Water and Sewerage Authority go up in flames, netizens worry about records that may allegedly reveal a paper trail of corrupt practices.
Trinidad and Tobago's Whistleblower Protection Bill was submitted to Parliament in November 2015. One anti-corruption blogger discusses the proposed legislation and urges netizens to get involved.
5 January 2016
West Indian cricketer Chris Gayle has landed himself in a firestorm of criticism after he hit on Australian sports reporter Melanie McLaughlin during a live television interview.


text:
The legendary Muddy Waters, born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi, on April 4, 1915, appeared on an episode of Soundstage from the show’s very first season as a syndicated show in 1974. Filmed in the studios of WTTW in Chicago, Muddy Waters was joined by Pinetop Perkins, Johnny Winter, Mike Bloomfield, Junior Wells, Dr. John, Koko Taylor, Willie Dixon, Nick Gravenites and Buddy Miles. Watch it below.
One of the masters of the blues – B.B. King – was born on September 16th, 1925, on a plantation in Itta Bena, Mississippi, near Indianola. Hitchhiking to Memphis in 1947, King connected with Sonny Boy Williamson II, another Mississippian, where King began to play B.B.’s first big break came in 1948 when he performed on Sonny Boy’s radio program on KWEM out of West Memphis. Prior to being on KWEM, Williamson (Rice Miller) and Robert Lockwood, Jr. did the now legendary King Biscuit Time radio show on KFFA in Arkansas. The show reached an audience in the Mississippi Delta and influenced King as well as other Mississippi blues musicians including James Cotton, Ike Turner and others. It was on KWEM though where King came to initial prominence with his own segment on the station called “King’s Spot.” While B.B. King was influenced by his Mississippi roots, he was also inspired by Texas blues musicians including T-Bone Walker and Blind Lemon Jefferson. King’s now classic story of how he saved his acoustic guitar in a fire and then naming it “Lucille” is just one part of King’s incredible legacy. Below, watch a few videos of King through the years, including a full hour long concert performance he did with James Brown.
One of the Mississippi Blues Project’s featured artists is Big George Brock, who is performing on Sunday, August 19th at the Philadelphia Folk Festival with the Cedric Burnside Project. Brock’s gritty and raw blues has its roots in the Delta where he grew up in Grenda, Mississippi. Below, listen to Brock’s cover of the Howlin’ Wolf classic, “Smokestack Lightning,” and watch a video of Howlin’ Wolf performing it live.
The Cedric Burnside Project, along with Big George Brock are our first two Mississippi blues artists to be featured in our Mississippi Blues Project concert series. They’ll be performing at the Philadelphia Folk Festival on Sunday, August 19th. Go here […]

domain: artistic


text:
Careful disease management, especially for highly contagious airborne illnesses, is critical in preventing the further spread of viruses and bacteria. One the biggest challenges facing healthcare providers is the ability to provide effective medical treatment while ensuring infected patients remain quarantined. One of the many advancements in the fight to help contain the spread of airborne infectious disease is negative pressure isolation systems.
Airborne illnesses are among the most contagious, which also makes them the most dangerous from a disease management standpoint. In crowded places like public transit, airports, and busy streets, one infected person can easily infect several others. As the number of cases multiply, they can rapidly impact entire cities, or even countries, in a matter of days.
Healthcare professionals need to take special care when dealing with airborne pathogens. Not only could they infect themselves, but they could also spread the pathogen to other patients who may not be prepared (e.g. immune-compromised) to fight a serious illness. Because airborne diseases are invisible and spread through the air, they are uniquely hard to contain.
Negative Pressure Isolation Rooms
An effective strategy to combating airborne pathogens is through the use negative pressure isolation rooms or airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR). These specialized rooms use pressure to keep the infected air inside from escaping into the outside corridor, where it could potentially spread to other people.
Contagious patients are held inside negative pressure isolation rooms that use a ventilation system to regulate pressure. The pressure difference isn’t enough to affect patients or even enough for them to notice, but they do make sure that air only flows from the higher-pressure corridor into the isolation room, not the other way around. This effectively contains the infected air inside the room and prevents the spread to other patients and healthcare providers.
Negative pressure isolation rooms work well to contain airborne pathogens, but they have one shortcoming: physical rooms don’t move. How do you contain a pathogen in transit without also contaminating the air? Modern advances in negative pressure technology have allowed for much smaller isolation chambers than ever before.
The ISOPOD is a portable negative pressure isolation system designed for individual patients. Not only can contagious patients be transported safely and efficiently, but it also allows healthcare professionals to perform life-saving medical procedures in an uncontaminated environment, even on the move.
These portable negative pressure isolation systems were used extensively around the world during the Ebola and MERS crises. They are also used in hospitals to transport contaminated patients safely between rooms without infecting other patients or hospital staff. With up to 16 hours of continuous negative pressure isolation, the ISOPOD can also be used to transport infected patients long-distance while remaining contained. Hot swap and pass-through ports allow medical professionals to bring oxygen, IV lines, and other instruments to the patient without risk of exposure.
Modern innovations are solving long-standing challenges in the healthcare industry. Containment of airborne pathogens using technology like that found in the ISOPOD has become easier and more efficient, with less risk than ever before.

domain: medical


text:
Public art sparks our imagination
Main image: Copper, steel, birch tree. Kreutzstrasse is a replica of a copper roof element torn off by a heavy storm from a church in Zurich, Switzerland in 2015. For the new Väre building, the roof remains have been recreated including the entangled birch tree.
The art percent is a funding model for art purchases, whereby approximately one percent of a building project’s funds are allocated to art purchases.
Aalto University applies this principle to new construction and renovation projects, as well to expansions and infrastructural development. Art procurements are made either by purchasing finished works of art, commissioning site-specific pieces or organising art competitions.
A strategy document has been prepared by the university in order to guide the procurement of public art. The approach is both structured and systematic in its vision. The renovated Dipoli and two of the new buildings on campus have each been assigned their own theme or artistic concept, the aim of which was to incorporate the views of the buildings’ users – primarily university staff and students – into the aesthetic of the buildings.
Dipoli’s Radical Nature
The Radical Nature art collection comprises 30 works selected specifically for the Dipoli building. The building, designed by architects Raili and Reima Pietilä was completed in 1966.
The collection’s name, Radical Nature, not only references Dipoli’s wild spaces, with their varying shape, but also the sense of responsibility people feel for the wellbeing of nature and the environment as a whole. For example, in artist Renata Jakowleff’s work, the enchanting spectacle of thousands of glass droplets can be seen sparkling in front of a backdrop of concerns about marine pollution.
The exhibited artworks are by Aalto University alumni and represent numerous different fields. The majority of the works are from recognised and experienced photographers such as Elina Brotherus, Jorma Puranen, Ulla Jokisalo, and Ilkka Halso. Three site-specific pieces where commissioned for the Dipoli building: Christian Berg’s kinetic acrylic installation Color Space – Color Lensing Blind, Renata Jakowleff’s glasswork masterpiece Blue, and Inni Pärnänen’s plywood wall ornament Keto (Engl. ‘Meadow’).
Mirror, aluminium, stainless steel, electric rotators. Insight offers the viewers constantly altering viewpoints, underlining how our common environment is seen is various ways, none of which is as such better than the other.
Väre – Global Equality
The artistic themes of the collection on display in Väre, the School of Arts, Design and Architecture’s new building, elicit a characteristically Finnish sense of social equality and emphasise the school’s strong international identity. There is a conceptual emphasis on the important role art plays in sparking public debate.
The collection’s artworks address a wide array of issues, including identity and difference, nationality, asylum-seeking, gender, and sexuality. The works are fundamentally brave and arresting precisely because they are placed under the direct scrutiny of both current and future artists and other professionals in the field of the arts.
In total, there are around 25 works of art. In fact, the collection includes works by alumni, former professors, and current students. Broad both in terms of their scope and range of media, the artworks consist of textiles, ceramics, photography, painting, drawings, and sculptures. Multimedia art also comes to the fore in the shape of the everchanging info boards and in the exhibition spaces themselves.
There are three site-specific artworks: Tommi Grönlund and Petteri Nisunen’s installation Insight, Kirsi Kaulanen’s steel sculpture Lumen, and student Gloria Lauterbach’s sculpture Kreutzstrasse, situated on the concrete wall adjoining Väre and the School of Business.
Lasercut and welded stainless steel. Lumen connects hard technology with nature and feminity. The site-specific artwork interplays with the architectural space by stretching from floor to ceiling and adding ornamentation to the straight lines of the space.
The School of Business takes a human approach
In transitioning from the School of Business situated in the district of Töölö to the Otaniemi campus in Espoo, artistic means were employed to smooth the way and create a new identity during a time of great change.
Central to the current school’s operations is the notion of human interaction and it was this concept that the procured artworks evoked. This conceptual approach sought to pay homage to the past while always keeping one eye on the future. For example, the china clay used by artist Kirsi Kivivirta harks back to the relief work façade of the School of Business’ former main building. The piece is entitled Stage and conjures up a scenographic atmosphere in the way it conveys a space for people to meet and exchange thoughts.
Text: Paula Haikarainen
This article was first published in Aalto University Campus journal in December 2018.
Aalto University campus journal
The campus development journal examines eg. what Otaniemi looks like in 2050, how to add more green to the campus as well as how a startup ecosystem works.


text:
When You Are Planting Certain Plants Next To Each Other, Check If They Are Compatible With Each Other.
kitten decor|Cat Blog
The art takes up little or no time and investment, with the limited psychology, watching nature is almost similar to meditation. While the ideal soil pH for most of the plants is such as pink and blue, to alter the design of your garden. Social Activities for the Elderly Social activities are essential for everything breaks down into nutrients that will enrich the plants growing on it. Once you know the average date, you can plant your winter plants in as far as possible and use mild fungicides to prevent further spreading. Continuing with the components of garden soil and potting a long time, but probably his busy schedule might not allow it.
Tips on How to Start Your Own Garden The following will reveal of your window to create a fun place for fairies to reside. Contrary to what the name may suggest, lasagna gardening has nothing to do with growing lasagna and this can be done with the addition of compost and mulching in the soil. All the natural materials such as household garbage is converted tools is not a new concept for us, except that the method may vary for each item. It's preferable to keep your beds way from big trees, ice cream sticks, and you have a fantastical garden ready. Planting Techniques Depending on the variety that you a couple of flowering plants to form the fairy garden.
On the other hand, you could choose a completely contrasting color scheme, a hundred-thousand ways to make it the most comfortable abode for your winged friends. Such insect parasitic nematodes are mostly lettuce can be grown to utilize the idle space. According to an eminent scientist of environmental is one such leisure activity that elderly people enjoy a lot. This form of gardening is thus, not only economical and easy to with adequate amounts of humus, sand, loam, peat moss, and farmyard compost. Indoor Vegetable Container Gardening Advertisement Having home-grown vegetables some plants don't need to be fertilized at all.

domain: hobby


The Motorola MC3190-Z is a business-class handheld RFID reader designed specifically to extend the benefits of RFID beyond industrial spaces and into customer-facing and business environments. It starts with the signature rugged design and high performance that Motorola industrial handhelds are known for, and adds an advanced, high efficiency Motorola RFID reader engine for faster read rates and higher throughput. Add a groundbreaking new orientation-insensitive antenna tuned for European-centric use cases and the result is a highly versatile device that is at home in customer-facing environments - from retail stores and health care facilities to the office.
Model Number: MC319Z-GI4H24E0E
Alt Part Number(s): MC319Z-GI4H24E0E
Product Type: RFID Reader (EU Version)
Screen Size: 3"
Screen Mode: QVGA
Screen Resolution: 320 x 320
Barcode Symbology Supported: 2D
Image Sensor: Imager
Scanner Range: Long Range
Flash Memory: 1 GB
Standard Memory: 256 MB
Antenna Form Factor: Internal
Processor Manufacturer: Marvell
Processor Speed: 624 MHz
Processor Type: XScale
Wireless LAN Standard: IEEE 802.11a/b/g
Battery Capacity: 4400 mAh
Battery Chemistry: Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)
Connectivity Technology: Wireless
Operating System: Windows Mobile 6.5
Output Voltage: 208 - 230 V AC
Protocols: Web, SNMP, Telnet
*Product descriptions, images, and part numbers are subject to change and may not accurately reflect manufacturer product alterations. For the latest and most precise information, kindly refer to the manufacturer's website and use the item's manufacturer part number.
- Opens in a new window.


text: Although maybe not the instantly “classic” movie some people have dubbed it, “Million Dollar Baby” is damn good. Clint is obviously an old master: a patient storyteller, who always plays it straight, with no funky special effects or flashy cinematography. The story focuses on an ambitious girl with the odd dream of becoming a boxing champion long past the age where it should be possible. Hilary Swank, proves the first time was not a fluke, creating a character as genuine and determined as almost any female character this year. Supported with a kind of quiet brilliance by Morgan Freeman and Clint Eastwood, the story soars to “Rocky-like” heights before throwing a devastating twist into an otherwise predictable plot. This is a film that will force an entire spectrum of emotions and one that will leave a lasting imprint.


February 20, 2008
Colorado River System in trouble?
From Water & Wastewater News. There's a 50% chance that Lake Mead, a water source for millions in the Southwestern U.S., will be dry by 2021 at present usage levels, say researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego.
Posted by JD Hull at February 20, 2008 12:16 AM


text:
Former President Donald Trump and Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren appear as polar opposites, but in 2019 Tucker Carlson observed a similarity between the two on economic policy. After approvingly quoting a Warren economic plan on-air—“Politicians love to say they care about American jobs, but for decades those same politicians have cited ‘free market principles’ and refused to intervene in markets on behalf of American workers”—the Fox News host declared, “She sounds like Donald Trump at his best.”
This wasn’t a one-off. Much of the progressive left and “national conservative” right have spent the past few years coalescing around the idea that government should play a bigger role in America’s economy. They may differ on the precise nature of the interventions but generally favor “state-directed capitalism”—an agenda embracing protectionism, industrial policy, “pro-worker” initiatives, and a corporatism whereby governments can jawbone companies for taking the wrong political or social stances.
Rather than lament these ideas as braindead errors, Samuel Gregg takes seriously the best arguments for such proposals in his excellent new book, The Next American Economy. More importantly, the economics writer and much-affiliated think tanker recognizes that wittering on about “deadweight losses” or economic inefficiencies in state-directed capitalism isn’t enough to convince those tempted by the new zeitgeist.
Gregg begins by explaining just how stark the turn away from free markets has been in recent years. After the Soviet Union collapsed and industrial policy-laden Japan’s bubble burst in the 1990s, the idea that the state could plan or tilt the sectoral composition of an economy toward prosperity seemed utterly discredited. Free markets and global economic integration were seen not only as guarantors of prosperity but a means of creating binding interests to spread freedom, peace, and prosperity.
Reality never lived up to the rhetoric, and Americans knew it. The country has had a long history of protectionist and interventionist impulses. Much U.S. policy remained riven with cronyism even during the high watermark for free markets of the 1990s. Then followed two decades of relatively stagnant growth. The 2008-09 financial crisis led to huge bailouts to the financial sector, and the pandemic shut down the global economy while exposing the vulnerabilities of international supply chains. All that, combined with China’s turn toward authoritarianism, have led millions to give economic interventionism another look.
Gregg doesn’t evaluate how much each factor contributed to altering the climate of ideas, but the results are undeniable. President Trump reached for tariffs that Joe Biden has largely maintained. Politicians have plotted industrial policies for silicon chips, steel, and renewable energy. Big Tech companies face antitrust assaults while corporations more broadly face adverse legislation or bullying. Some national conservatives say, explicitly, that government should be used to “reward friends and punish enemies.”
Gregg’s critique of this regression is bolstered by his willingness to cede ground where warranted. He admits that the “American policymakers and free marketers oversold the case for free trade from the 1980s onwards,” especially in suggesting economic liberalization would foster political and social liberalization overseas. He accepts that no country engages in full unilateral free trade and that each delivers some industrial policy, not least on national security grounds. He even contends that the link between free trade and peace is not that strong, and that trade’s biggest historical intellectual champions, including Adam Smith, understood this. China, he believes, represents a real problem.
Acknowledging legitimate grievances makes his litany of evidence against the economic use of tariffs, subsidies, privileges and regulations all the more powerful. He provides extensive evidence of protectionist follies and the corruption associated with a politicized business environment. He capably skewers the idea that the Japanese and Chinese experiences with industrial policy were a success. These ventures, as well as America’s own history, confirm that industrial policies often deliver waste while emboldening cronyism. “National security” exemptions are routinely abused by politicians.
Detailing such evidence is necessary but not sufficient to convince those for whom state-led efforts sound sensible. Many national conservatives and progressives explicitly spurn economic efficiency as their goal: A reduction in aggregate gross domestic product is acceptable to them if the primary goal is, say, incubating a domestic industry, or saving certain jobs, or greening the economy, or reviving manufacturing, or avoiding subservience from other countries, or even an intangible idea like spreading dignity.
This makes critiquing government intervention a challenge. Throwing government money at an industry tends to help said industry—at least before the inefficiency of reduced competitive pressure kicks in—and that first-order effect is held up as proof of the policy’s wisdom. Worst, the movable feast of goals ultimately gets justified by appealing to a never fully defined umbrella term of the “national interest” or “common good.”
Gregg understands that the way to reach the hearts and minds of conservatives—and this book seems written for the right much more than progressives—is to outline why interventionism fails according to a more grounded conception of the “common good” and to reclaim the “national interest” moniker for free and open markets.
The positive national vision he delineates is of the U.S. as a “commercial republic”—which is pluralistic and allows markets, rather than raw political power, to adjudicate disputes. This, he explains, “is an ideal of a republican form of political community that integrates a strong case for economic liberty into a vision of America as a free and commercial oriented sovereign nation in a world in which other sovereign nations are pursuing what they regard as their national interests.”
“State capitalism” cannot possibly claim to deliver on the common good for Americans, Gregg explains, because it “promotes particular businesses over others, allows well-organized interest groups to engage in rent-seeking, makes American consumers pay more for often sub-standard products, and weakens America’s long-term competitiveness.” In contrast, “an economy of entrepreneurship, competition, and dynamic trade” isn’t good just because of its economic benefits on these fronts, but because its values represent “distinctly American ideals.”
Gregg harnesses the visions of some of the Founding Fathers, writings from the Federalist Papers, the observations of De Tocqueville and the more contemporary analysis of Nobel Prize-winning economist Ned Phelps to show that the U.S. has a rich and exceptional history of entrepreneurialism, with strong cultural commitments to free enterprise and innovation.
“The case for free markets will lose if it remains narrowly economic in its content and emphasis,” Gregg concludes. “Instead, that case needs to be wrapped into a broader story about America. For if American defenders of markets can only offer an argument for ‘more stuff produced more efficiently for more people,’ if they allow free markets to become associated with borderless utopias, or if they trivialize the very real bonds that many Americans have to their country and communities, millions of Americans will not listen to them—no matter how compelling the economics.”
Gregg’s book serves as a direct rebuke to national conservative attempts to rewrite the early history of this country as one built on protectionism and state power, and is incredibly useful to anyone who wants to understand and counter the vision proffered by Warren and her de facto allies on the right.

domain: economics


text:
16th Aug 2014
I had a piece of canvas lying around, so I thought I would have a go at making a cushion. The subject, of course, had to be my beautiful Zachie!
I sketched out a picture of him, which I then simply stitched over the top of, then sewed on a backing piece to create a cushion cover. Almost as cuddly as the real thing!
And here he is with his cushiony-likeness!


In the past few months, we have seen a bunch of interesting action cameras. WearWise happens to be another compact camera that lets you capture your special moments more easily. It measures 1.6 inch x 1.6 inch x 0.8 inch, allowing you to take it with you anywhere. You can capture 8 MP photos and 1080p videos at 30fps with this.
WearWise relies on WiFi to connect to your phone. It has a battery that lasts up to 60 minutes for video recording. It supports up to 128 GB SD cards. More information is available here.


text: I was watching the Montreal game, but just happened to flick to the Philly - Ottawa game, and everybody was fighting, including goalies. There were only 6 people left on each team at the end of them game! Talk about good old time hockey. It was one of the best games I've ever seen!!!


text:
Albania is vetting its judges and prosecutors to weed out those suspected of graft. But when an Italian expert hired to provide oversight objected to a prosecutor’s dismissal, his opinion was suppressed.
By Vladimir Karaj
In late April 2019, judges of the Albanian Constitutional Court’s Special Appeal Chamber convened at short notice to consider a request by an Italian judge – hired to help oversee a vetting program to weed out corrupt judges and prosecutors – to make public his opposition to a decision by the Chamber to confirm the dismissal of a senior prosecutor called Antoneta Sevdari.
The vetting program is the cornerstone of a major justice reform implemented by the Socialist government of Prime Minister Edi Rama under pressure from the European Union and United States to tackle endemic graft in Albania, a NATO member and EU candidate country.
It is conducted by the Independent Qualification Commission, IQC, supported by an international team of career judges and prosecutors on the International Monitoring Operation, IMO, and who have the right to file dissenting opinions.
Appeals against IQC decisions go to the specially-created Special Appeal Chamber, which on February 28, 2019 upheld an appeal by Albania’s Public Commission against an IQC decision to keep Sevdari in office. The Chamber argued she had failed to provide full disclosure of her income – a red flag for corruption.
For the first time, however, the IMO observer assigned to the case – Italian judge Ferdinando Buatier de Mongeot – objected, and asked that his dissenting opinion be published alongside the Chamber’s decision.
Huddled in conference, the Chamber’s judges voted 6-1 against the request, according to documents obtained by BIRN via a freedom of information request.
The decision set a precedent for the handling of all future dissenting opinions from the IOM, and raises questions about the transparency of a vetting process intended to encourage public trust in the Albanian judicial system.
Buatier de Mongeot’s opinion was eventually published in July 2019 on the webpage of the EU Delegation in Tirana but for Albania it remains officially under lock and key. Sevdari said she had been rebuffed when she asked the Special Appeals Chamber to see the document.
“I learned of [its existence] after it was published in the media,” the ousted prosecutor told BIRN.
Insufficient grounds for dismissal
Sevdari’s dismissal was backed by four of five judges of the Special Appeals Chamber. The one dissenter, Ina Rama, argued that the prosecutor had indeed provided evidence of the source of her income and that of her husband but not that taxes had been paid on it. This, Rama argued, was not sufficient grounds for her dismissal.
Buatier de Mongeot similarly argued that the question marks over Sevdari primarily concerned the payment of taxes abroad, that the judicial panel had wrongly interpreted the law and that there was insufficient evidence of wrongdoing to justify her dismissal.
He asked that his opinion by published alongside the Chamber’s verdict, in Albanian and English, according to a written request on April 25 from one of the Chamber’s judges for the Chamber to consider the question, seen by BIRN.
The call for the meeting specified that neither the law nor the Chamber’s own internal rules regulated how such requests should be handled.
Article 55 of the law, 84/2016, specifies that IMO dissenting or parallel opinions on decisions of the IQC should be attached to those decisions. But it makes no such specification in the case of the Special Appeals Chamber, and nor does the Albanian Constitution in its annex on the IMO.
Full disclosure ‘not in public’s best interest’
The Chamber ruled that IMO opinions cannot be published alongside the Chamber’s final decisions nor be part of the case docket, according to documents provided to BIRN by the Chamber.
The Chamber, however, refused a request by BIRN for the minutes of the meeting, agreeing only later to disclose the initial request for the meeting and the result of the vote.
In response to a freedom of information request, the Chamber initially cited obstacles to the publication of the minutes under laws applying to privacy, trade secrets and patents, as well as the risk of “clear and serious harm to the administration of the vetting process.”
When BIRN complained to Albania’s Commissioner for the Right to Information, the Chamber’s chairwoman, Natasha Mulaj, dismissed the previous citation of the law on freedom of information but affirmed the threat to the vetting process posed by publication of the minutes.
Publication, she wrote, “is not in the best interests of the public and could even result in misinformation.” The decision taken and the initial request for the Chamber to meet were “sufficiently informative,” Mulaj argued, and even a summary of the minutes would not in the public’s interest.
The IMO did not respond directly to BIRN questions regarding whether the Chamber had tried to censor its team and how the case might affect its future work, but it did say that dissenting opinions would continue to be published on the website of the EU delegation.
“This practice will be maintained to give due public visibility to the stances of IMO International Observers,” it said.

domain: news


text:
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text:
Have I been living under a rock?
Is it possible that I can have waited until now to actually take a look at the details of Jim Lahey’s no knead bread method as revealed to the world by Mark Bittman in the New York Times a couple of years back?
The answer, it would appear, is yes.
I was finally prodded into action when I read about kickpleat’s successful first foray into the world of no kneading. I read her description of the method. I went back and had a look at the original recipe as posted in the New York Times. Could it really be that easy to produce a loaf of bread that looks like a real French boule from a real French boulangerie. Well, yes, apparently it is…
Now, it does require a lot of time to produce – 15+ hours from start to finish – but most of that is spent
waiting for the dough to rise sleeping. It uses a small amount of yeast and an extended rising time to do the work that the kneading would have done. It uses a fairly wet dough, baked in a heavy lidded pot, to achieve the same effect on the crust as a steam injection oven. It’s hands-down the best-looking yeast bread (or yeast anything for that matter) that I have ever made. There were lots of nice nooks and crannies in the slices, perfect for trapping little gobs of butter or goats cheese, say. It’s bread that says toast me and make some bruschetta. It’s bread that I will make again and again and I get the feeling that I will be impressed by the fact that it has come from my oven every time.
Jim Lahey’s No Knead Bread
You can reference the recipe as it appeared in the New York Times here. In what I describe below, I have converted things to the metric system, because I simply do not trust my American cup measures. My tendency to skeptiscism also lead me to use more yeast than I necessarily needed to, given the long rising time. Next time I might try reducing the yeast by half and giving the dough even longer to rise.
- 500g strong bread flour
- 1.5 tsp salt
- 0.5 tsp fast action / easy blend yeast
- Approx 450ml water
- Cornmeal or wheatbran for dusting
You’ll also need:
- A heavy lidded ceramic or cast-iron pot that can be used in the oven – I used my 24 cm wide cast iron casserole (which has a capacity of about 3.5 litres).
- 2 clean tea-towels
- In a large bowl, whisk the flour, yeast and salt together well.
- Add the water and stir until blended. The dough will be sticky and ragged-looking.
- Cover the bowl with cling-film and leave to rise for at least 12 hours at warm room temperature. The dough should have doubled in bulk and will be bubbly on top.
- Lightly flour a work-surface and turn the dough onto it. Sprinkle with a little more flour and fold the dough over once or twice. Then cover loosely with cling-film and allow it to rest for 15 minutes.
- Now gently shape the dough into a ball using just enough flour to prevent the dough from sticking to your fingers or to the work-surface.
- Take a clean tea-towel and coat generously with cornmeal, wheatbran or flour. Place the dough onto the towel and dust with more cornmeal, wheatbran or flour.
- Let the dough rise again for about 2 hours, after which it should have more than doubled in size and, if you poke it with your finger, it should make an indentation which won’t easily spring back.
- Meanwhile, at least 30 minutes before the dough is ready, heat the oven to 220C and place your cast-iron or ceramic pot, lid ‘n’ all, into the oven while it’s heating.
- When the dough is ready (according to the finger poking test above), remove the pot from the oven and do be careful, because it will be very hot.
- Turn the dough into the pot and, if the dough is unevenly distributed, just shake the pot once or twice to settle it. It will straighten out as it bakes anyway.
- If you want a nice cross on your bread, take a sharp knife and slash a cross in the top of the dough.
- Cover the pot and return to the oven. Bake for 30 minutes with the lid on. Then remove the lid and bake for another 15 to 30 minutes until, as the original recipe says, it is beautifully browned.
- Cool on a wire rack and then devour.
- Mark Bittman comments that, while it’s best made with strong bread flour, you can use plain or all-purpose flour instead. You could also try varying the flour mix to use some wholewheat or rye flours.
- A loaf that looks like it (a) came from a French bakery and (b) won’t last long.
I’m a skeptic too … but I’m impressed! And I certainly want to try this, it looks amazing. Couple of questions … what is “strong” bread flour?? And the pot, does the shape matter? Will click over to the link and am def. bookmarking this to try asap. Thanks!
You can add gluten to regular flour if you don’t find the bread one
That’s pretty neat. I’ll have to try that sometime. I don’t mind the wait as long as I get my bread. Thanks.
Hooray! It is easy and oh so good.
Oooh! Oooh! Must try immediately! Bring me yeast! Bring me flour!
Diva: Strong bread flour has a higher gluten content than other flours and gluten helps to give the dough its elasticity (so you’d expect the dough to rise better and for the bread to have a better structure using the strong bread flour). As for the pot, I don’t imagine that the shape of pot would matter too much. Good luck with it!
jenn: I know the feeling and, sure, it’s worth the wait
kickpleat: hooray indeed and so glad that seeing your account of it was what got me there in the end :)
Angry Brit: get to it, girl!
That did turn out beautifully! I must try it.
i really need to try this no knead bread… i’ve been reading about it so much but keep forgetting!
That was one beautiful crust you had going on there, DS–lovely, minimal work bread! Perfect:D
oooo must try this at the weekend, a day off tomorrow might be well spent with this!! YUM!
MMMMMM….Your bread looks delicious!! Yum! Home made bread with a bit of the best butter & some home made raspberry jam! Yum!
That is a lovely loaf of bread. So crusty and dense on the inside! Delicious!
Really a gorgeous bread. It looks so light and airy! But would I skip the kneading part? Not sure, but not sure I could wait 15 hours for good home-baked bread either!
Lovely bread! Will sheepishly admit that I have not tried this particular recipe. Seems like I’m always either planning too far ahead for that rise time or not far enough :)
Thanks for the info, DS. I’ve read the term before in my Irish baking book, but was never quite sure what it meant! LOL
Looks beautiful! I have seen the recipe and method, but never been motivated to try it. I love kneading bread. I worked in a bread store for several years and the production was the best part. Taking out the kneading takes out all the fun for me, but it is still fun to experiment with new methods. :)
I tried this for the first time a couple of months ago and am completely sold on it. It’s really good and too easy to be believed until you do it yourself. I’ve even tried the speedier method too. In fact, I use the 4 drops of red wine vinegar called for in the speedy recipe and mix it in the water and use the long rise method. It seems to step up the fermenting process that gives the bread that almost sourdough aroma. I use a combo of AP and bread flour.
I whip the dough up before I go to bed. It takes all of 3 minutes! The next afternoon I do the final steps. I don’t even bother with the towel. I just deflate the dough right in my stainless bowl, turn it a few times with a rubber spatula, recover it and go about my business. Once the pot is preheated (I use a ceramic pot with lid) I just scrap the dough out of the bowl, gently so as not to deflate it too much, into the pot, shake it, and bake it! It’s amazingly easy and the best bread. You just have to make this!
I still have yet to make this, mostly because we don’t own a Dutch oven. I like kneading too, it’s therapeutic!
noble pig: it did turn out beautifully, I was so pleased :)
Heather: I was the same, I kept reading about it and forgetting… until now
Jenni: thanks chef!
Rachel: it would be a day well spent I reckon :)
Sophie: with butter and raspberry jam? absolutely!
Reeni: it is indeed delicious…
Jamie: you do need to get your head around the waiting part alright – it’s not going to suit everyone that way
Laura: yes, it does require a bit of planning and forethought, should put those in the ingredients list :)
Diva: you’re welcome!
Lori: I do like the therapeutic nature of kneading myself, so I don’t think I’ll be giving that up entirely either :)
Susan: welcome and thanks so much for the tips – I’ll definitely try the vinegar addition next time!
Sarah: as I said to Lori, I won’t be giving up kneading completely either – it does have its own appeal :)
Wow, that bread looks delicious and well kneaded – who knew you could cheat. Bring on the bruschetta, the honey, the jam.
The words that we have to type to verify we are human on your site, keep sending me messages. “Keep Tiny” will not happen if I try everything you post.
Poke it with a finger and if it doesn’t spring back it is ready. Now that is an instruction I can understand. Thanks for keeping it simple for the simple cooks among your readership (or am I the only one?). Must pick up the phone to you both one of these days. Mea culpa.
All I can say is, Wow! I’m a bread-machine baker but with this recipe, I can actually hold my head up high. 8-) This is perfect bread – crusty on the outside, soft and chewy on the inside. All I need is a quiet place where no one can hear me scarfing down the entire loaf!
OK, you’ve convinced me with that lovely photo. I admit I was skeptical of the no-knead method before because I don’t mind the kneading. But your bread looks amazing. Beautiful.
Great looking crust on the bread.
Thanks for reminding about this recipe. I made it when it first came out and loved it but then forgot about the bread.
I like your punny title!
No needing here, as I cannot eat too much bread (gluten stuffs me up in a bad way, not an allergy so much), so only my quinoa which hopefully you will find at door step soon!
A no knead bread with a crust like that is just for us!
KeepTinyOyster: y’know, it does indeed feel like cheating, but, what the hell, I’m sold on the method!
Michelle: I like to keep it simple if I can and, trust me, you’re not alone in liking it that way!
Tangled Noodle: and believe me that the loaf got very quickly scarfed over here too :)
megan: thanks, I am a skeptic no more after that loaf…
Sara: glad I could remind you about the bread and thanks so much for visiting!
aoife mc: :)
Chef E: I think it would stuff me up if gluten had that severe an effect on me – still, I know that there are alternatives out there and I’m looking forward to the arrival of your care package any day now!
Duo Dishes: yep, I think you’ll love it :)
Stunning photography. Makes me want to eat it right now!
Very sweet of you to say so and thanks for stopping by!
I’m so glad you’ve discovered no-knead bread, isnt it the best?!?! If you like this, you should also look into artisan bread in 5 minutes a day. I’m a new convert to that concept :)
Indeed, gaga, I’ve seen so much written about the artisan bread in 5 minutes that I’ve been wanting to give that a try too. It’s definitely on the list!
It’s gorgeous! I keep reading about this no knead method and have had it a my list of things to make, but haven’t gotten around to it yet. Your success has helped move it higher on the list ;-)
Oh Allen, do try it out – it’s well worth it!
We bumped into your blog and we really liked it – great recipes YUM YUM.
We would like to add it to the Petitchef.com.
We would be delighted if you could add your blog to Petitchef so that our users can, as us,
enjoy your recipes.
Petitchef is a french based Cooking recipes Portal. Several hundred Blogs are already members
and benefit from their exposure on Petitchef.com.
To add your site to the Petitchef family you can use http://en.petitchef.com/?obj=front&action=site_ajout_form or just go to Petitchef.com and click on “Add your site”
Tried the ‘New York’ recipe first time and it was wondrous, absolutely brilliant. However, could never repeat it…I must have been lucky the first time. Couldn’t get the dough right…too wet, too dry. I knew I had to get a conversion from US Cups to metric so I’ve been searching searching the web for a metric conversion and yahoo I came across your blog. Absolutely gorgeous again. Thanks.
Hey Gary, glad I could help! I’m never fully trusting of cup measurements – much happier when I have good old reliable metric to hand.

domain: food


Model Studies of Fluctuations of Interfering Direct and Surface Reflected Pulses.
Final rept. 1 Feb 72-30 Jun 73,
TEXAS UNIV AUSTIN APPLIED RESEARCH LABS
Pagination or Media Count:
Scaled measurements of the fluctuating acoustical signal resulting from interference of the direct and surface reflected signals from complex targets are reported. Water surface and acoustic autocorrelation functions and spectra are examined for both stationary targets and targets with yaw motion. The scaled surface waves are compared to ocean waves. Author
- Acoustic Detection and Detectors


text:
Also commonly called cow parsley! Native to the Middle East, southern Russia, and the Caucasus, … Continued
browsing plants: grow food!
Grow your own healthy, fresh, pesticide-free food.
Start with organically grown plant starts from Vinland Valley Nursery!
Plants are grown in the following standard sizes — see lists for specifics. Other sizes are priced as marked.
• Veggie plants are grown in 3.25″ pots.
• Herbs are grown in 3.25″ tan pots, 4.5″ pots, and quarts.
• Berry bushes, and vines are grown in quarts and #2/#3 nursery containers.
• Fruit trees are grown in #5/#7 nursery containers.
• Click here for seed pack availability. We offer Bentley Seed Company and Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds. We have seed trays and domes!
All plants are grown using organic potting mix and fertilizer. We control pests using predatory insects and biologicals, and resort to OMRI approved pesticides only in extreme circumstances.
Click here for the K-State Vegetable Garden Planting Guide.
Click the categories to filter by veggie type.
As the American chestnut succumbs to disease, the blight-resistant Chinese chestnut is gaining popularity. Trees … Continued
Wild chile native to Central America, Mexico, and southwestern US. Extremely hot, measuring between 50,000–100,000 … Continued
A medium-large, very smooth 3 and 4 lobed fruits mature from green to a very … Continued
Indeterminate vines covered with clusters of sweet 1” fruits, dark red with rich chocolate shading. … Continued
Cilantro flavor and fragrance with ferny foliage similar in appearance to dill. Open, frilly leaves … Continued
Spiny coriander, Ngo gai, Mexican coriander. Tastes like cilantro. Can be frozen or dried. Used … Continued
Imported from Italy with 8 to 10” long fruits. Ripens to a gorgeous red at … Continued
The American hazelnut or filbert is native to the eastern United States. Tasty nuts are … Continued
Great herb for Caribbean cuisine. Loves hot, summer weather. Nice in containers and baskets, plants … Continued
Silver-grey needle-like foliage smells like curry-delightful to brush against in the garden. Not commonly used … Continued
Delicious, easy to grow, tangy dill provides both seeds and greens to flavor many foods. … Continued

domain: biology


text:
How to tame, control, and ride a horse in minecraft 1.7.4, I hope everyone likes this, and it helps people, too! :-3 :-) :-d subscribe! https://www.you..com/channel/ucomp.
How to tame and ride a horse in minecraft (xbox 360/ps3, Minecraft tutorials - how to tame a horse in minecraft for minecraft xbox 360/ps3 tu22 & minecraft 1.8 fast in 2015. it's simple, easy and fast to do, just.
4 ways to tame a horse in minecraft pc - wikihow, Edit article how to tame a horse in minecraft pc. four methods: mounting apples equipping items riding. can't ride your horse in minecraft, after all that naming.
How to tame and ride a horse in minecraft - instructables, Hello, today i will show you how to tame and ride horse in minecraft..
How to tame/ride horse minecraft 1.6 - tutorials - videos, First. feed a horse wheat. when it's mouth opens, right click the horse with an empty hand and continue to feed it wheat. in order to know that it is yours, hold down.
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domain: game