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Hamas fights Israel by using civilians as human shields
Civilians as human shields:
Recognize how Hamas fights Israel
- In 2014, Hamas demanded Palestinians stay in their homes and become "Martyrs," despite Israel's warnings their houses would be bombed
- "You [Israelis] are fighting divine soldiers, who love death for Allah like you love life, and who compete among themselves for Martyrdom," - Hamas leader Muhammad Deif, during 2014 Gaza war
- Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, during 2014 Gaza war:
- Hamas told Palestinians that "Martyrdom" for Allah and death in the war with Israel was "a privilege"
- "We are leading them [our people] to death - I mean, to confrontation" - Hamas' spokesman in 2014 Gaza war
- Paradoxically, it has been Israel which has tried to protect the lives of Palestinian civilians by warning of air strikes in advance, while it was Hamas who intentionally endangered them, causing many civilian deaths among Palestinians
by Itamar Marcus and Nan Jacques Zilberdik
It is clear from past wars that Hamas doesn't care about the lives of the almost 2 million Palestinians who live in the Gaza Strip. Palestinian Media Watch has documented that Hamas unscrupulously uses Palestinian civilians as human shields when fighting Israel. This might be what is in store for Palestinians again, as Hamas escalates its missile attacks on Israeli civilian targets in towns and cities. Hamas has launched hundreds of missiles yesterday alone, forcing Israel to respond with military force.In the 2014 war, Hamas openly and intentionally demanded that civilians ignore Israel's warnings prior to bombings of terrorists hiding among civilians. Hamas insisted they welcome death, so that Hamas could use them as human shields for their fighters and rocket launchers.
Hamas' spokesman at the time, Sami Abu Zuhri, called on Palestinians to "oppose the Israeli fighter planes with their bodies alone" which he said had "proven an effective method" against "the occupation:"
Al-Aqsa TV reporter: "Witnesses are talking about a large crowd. The residents are still gathering to reach the Kaware family home in order to prevent the Zionist occupation's fighter planes from striking it."
Al-Aqsa TV host: "People are reverting to a method that was very successful once."
Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri: "The people oppose the Israeli fighter planes with their bodies alone... I think this method has proven effective against the occupation. It also reflects the nature of our heroic and brave people, and we, the [Hamas] movement, call on our people to adopt this method in order to protect the Palestinian homes."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), July 8, 2014]The spokesman of Hamas' Ministry of Interior demanded Palestinians stay in their homes, telling them to ignore Israeli warnings:
"[Israel] has been sending tens of thousands of voice messages to citizens' phones... asking them to evacuate their homes by a certain time... There is no reason to be concerned by them or pay attention to them and by no means should they be heeded."
[Hamas Ministry of Interior spokesman's Facebook page, July 15, 2014]
When Israel warned Palestinians who lived near the Israeli border in the Northern Gaza Strip, an area from which Hamas launched long-range missiles, to evacuate their homes to areas of safety before Israel would bomb the launching sites, Hamas told civilians to remain in their homes in spite of the danger.
"We call on our Palestinian people, particularly the residents of northwest Gaza, not to obey what is written in the pamphlets distributed by the Israeli occupation army. We call on them to remain in their homes and disregard the demands to leave, however serious the threat may be."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), July 13, 2014]To support the policy of using civilians as human shields, Hamas TV presented dead civilians as being privileged to have died this way, achieving Shahada - "Martyrdom":
Hamas TV host: "Every soul has its time. These people - their time had come, and they were Martyred (i.e., Gaza civilians killed in war). They have gained [Paradise]. They have nothing in this world, especially in the Gaza Strip. There's no life in the Gaza Strip. What life can we have in the Gaza Strip? Being with Allah is better. Being with Allah is better. What we see is very hard but we won't surrender, Allah willing. The first to say it are the Martyrs' family. The first to say it are the Martyrs' mothers and fathers... Don't be disturbed by these images. He who was killed this way doesn't feel. By Allah, he does not feel. These are not my words, but the words of our beloved Prophet [Muhammad]: He who is Martyred doesn't feel. Only we suffer by these images. By Allah, [the Martyr] doesn't feel. His soul has ascended to Allah. His soul is with the Lord. His soul is inside a green bird. He is with Allah now. He is in Paradise. Only we suffer by these images... In other cities, in other countries, thousands die in earthquakes, floods, plane crashes, in ferry or shipwrecks, in natural or unnatural disasters. Thousands die. Thousands die but we don't know what their fate is with Allah. But we [in Gaza] are Martyrs. The enemy has killed us and we are Martyrs."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), July 20, 2014]When Palestinians criticized the great loss of life among civilians, Hamas' spokesman belittled these "defeatist" Palestinians, suggesting their losses were nothing compared to Algerian losses in 1945. He also made a telling slip of the tongue when referring to the population in Gaza: "We are leading them to death," he said, then quickly corrected himself: "I mean, to confrontation."
Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri: "The resistance (i.e., Hamas) is truly glorifying our people and our nation. We are paying a price, but we remember our brothers in Algeria, who had at least a million and half Martyrs... In 1945, in a single day in Algeria, 45,000 Algerians died. In a single day. It wasn't described in Algeria's history as forsaking the blood of the Algerians, as some defeatists are describing today the number of Martyrs as 'trading with Palestinian blood and forsaking Palestinian blood'... We are not leading our people to execution as we stand by and look on. No. We are leading them to death - I mean, to confrontation."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), July 13, 2014]
To scare Israelis and possibly boost Palestinian morale, Hamas TV broadcast statements by two senior Hamas leaders, both emphasizing that Palestinians "love death for Allah."
Hamas leader Muhammad Deif: "Today you [Israelis] are fighting divine soldiers, who love death for Allah like you love life, and who compete among themselves for Martyrdom like you flee from death."
Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh: "We love death like our enemies love life! We love Martyrdom, the way in which [Hamas] leaders died."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), July 30, 2014]
Similarly, Hamas TV chose to broadcast a speech by a Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood leader who addressed Gaza civilians, reiterating that Martyrdom for Allah is "the highest wish":
Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait, Tareq Al-Suwaidan: "Without a doubt, the blood being spilled [in Gaza] is dear. But the equation is 'Those killed from our side are in Paradise, and those killed from their side in Hell.' (Hadith) We are not afraid of Martyrdom. Not long ago, you cried out loud: 'Death for Allah is our most exalted wish!' (Muslim Brotherhood slogan) You received the death you wanted. We have no problem with death. We are not like the children of Israel: 'And you will surely find them the most greedy of people for life.' (Quran) Whereas we yearn for death and Martyrdom... Every mother - especially the mothers in Palestine, but every mother in the [Islamic] Nation, not just Palestine - must nurse her children on hatred of the sons of Zion. We hate them and they are our enemies. We will plant this in their [our children's] souls, so that a new generation will grow among us, which will erase them from the face of the earth."
[Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas), Aug. 1, 2014]
Paradoxically, in previous wars it has been Israel who tried to protect the lives of Palestinian civilians, while it has been Hamas who intentionally endangers them, causing many civilian deaths among Palestinians.


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About the Author
Caryl Hart writes picture books and young fiction. She loves dog walks, cafés, and snuggling. She runs creative literacy workshops for schools and libraries. Caryl's picture books include One Shoe, Two Shoes; Big Box Little Box; Prince George Goes to School; Prince George and the Royal Potty; the Whiffy Wilson series; How to Save a Superhero; There's a Monster in My Fridge; The Princess and the Peas; The Princess and the Presents; and The Princess and the Giant. She lives in England with her husband and two daughters.

domain: literature


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This is a dynamic list, so it’ll be updated each time I see a film which had its world premiere in 1973 that is better than at least one of the films already on the list.
*While I have seen more than ten films from this year, I’m only including titles that I actively like (6.0+).
- Badlands (Terrence Malick)
- The Mother and the Whore (Jean Eustache)
- Day For Night (François Truffaut)
- Don’t Look Now (Nicolas Roeg)
- The Holy Mountain (Alejandro Jodorowsky)
- F For Fake (Orson Welles)
- Experience (Abbas Kiarostami)
- World on a Wire (Rainer Werner Fassbinder)
- The Exorcist (William Friedkin)

domain: entertainment


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Women were guaranteed the right to vote and equality of opportunity was explicitly stated in the 1956 Egyptian constitution, forbidding gender-based discrimination.
Labor laws were changed to ensure women's standing in the work force and maternity leave was legally protected.
Currently, the state of women's rights in Egypt is extremely poor, with female genital mutilation, honor killings and sexual harassment remaining serious issues faced by Egyptian women.
In 2013, Egypt was ranked as the worst country in the Arab World for women.
The further Nubian Queens were able to maintain this status.
The most important religious offices of that kind were those of God's Wife and God's Wife of Amun.
Women could also own property, divorce their husbands, live alone and occupy main positions, mostly religious, in similarity with Assyrian women.
From the earliest preserved archaeological records, Egyptian women have been thought to be considered nearly equal to men in Egyptian society, regardless of marital status.
An Egyptian woman was thought to be at the peak of her power when her sons had married because she automatically acquired the control over the newly growing families of her sons.
Women have traditionally been preoccupied with household tasks and child rearing and have rarely had opportunities for contact with men outside the family.
Women who had only bore females were given derogatory names, such as "mothers of brides".
A family with well-grown sons was considered to have decent security.

domain: history


The aerodynamic sports car, which is the only one of its kind built, boasts a 1,149 horsepower and a quad-turbocharged 16-cylinder engine with six tailpipes. It is not yet known what the top speed is for the car, but its design is based on the Bugatti Chiron supercar, which has a top speed of 261 miles-per-hour.
While the new owner has not been made public, both Bloomberg and CNBC cite several auto industry reports that the car may have been purchased by Ferdinand Piech, the former Volkswagen Group chairman. Piech left Volkswagen AG in April 2015.
“La Voiture Noire,” which means “the black car” in French, has a smooth, unique shape made of jet-black carbon fiber, one almost akin to the Batmobile.
“Every single component has been handcrafted and the carbon fiber body has a deep black gloss only interrupted by the ultrafine fiber structure. This is a material that has been handled perfectly,” says Bugatti designer Etienne Salomé, in a press release. “We worked long and hard on this design until was nothing that we could improve. For us, the coupé represents the perfect form with a perfect finish.”
The original Bugatti car manufacturer was founded in 1909 in Molsheim, Alsace, and specialized in the production of carefully designed French sports cars during the 20th century. In the 1990s, the company was rebranded as a producer of limited edition sports cars, some of which broke world speed records. Today it is owned by German automaker Volkswagen, who purchased the Bugatti trademark in 1998.


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Yet, here I am after thirty years of practicing dental hygiene, and have experienced working for dozens of dentists as a permanent or temporary hygienist and can honestly say that most hygienists I’ve encountered are completely comfortable with what they do in their appointments. So who am I to judge what other hygienists do, how they rank among other clinicians, and think I can tell them how to practice better? In part, it has to do with my exposure to many different protocols and practice management styles over the years, in part my production results speak for themselves, and in part my positive feedback from doctors and other hygienists. I am well aware there are hygienists that are knocking it out of the park and are cutting edge and can probably run circles around me. I love learning from them any chance I get. There are also those who would not necessarily think they are making mistakes and if they would be very self-critical and honest, they might see where they could identify with these five mistakes great hygienists make. It is for those that are humble enough to look at themselves and see if there are areas to improve upon that this is written. The top five mistakes I have seen with well-meaning and intelligent hygienists, who, if they realized the cost of these mistakes, would correct and address these immediately.1. A hygienist who gives away periodontal therapy and calls it a prophy. To know if this is you, ask yourself some questions. “Is there any bleeding present when I scale at a prophy appointment? Do I use my cavitron to knock of calculus subgingivally because it is there? Does your patient have only a few 4mm pockets or just a little bleeding? Do you believe that if your patient could just brush and floss better that their gums would be better, so you tell them for the um-teenth time that they should swish with Listerine or floss daily and their bleeding should improve…and you say this year after year? Do you explain to a patient when they have any level of infection and have a specific protocol to address it? Patients are walking out thinking bleeding is not a problem, but their ‘norm’ and have no idea that they have an infection that could be eating away at their bone, or worse, putting them at risk for a myriad of inflammatory disease.
2. A hygienist who accepts overlaps and cone cuts in their x-rays without self-correcting their technique by retaking an image so that it’s textbook quality. In part, I blame dentists for this because they accept this and succumb to substandard x-ray quality from their hygienists. I also blame the hygienists who don’t think they can retake an x-ray or don’t know how to change their angles to get the right technique by the trouble-shooting to correct the error. And shame on the hygienist who knows the quality is not their best, but figures it’s good enough because nobody holds them accountable. These patients are walking around with undiagnosed disease because a hygienist did not learn how to or care how to do something different.
3. A hygienist who does not have, does not use, or does not use well an intraoral camera during a routing hygiene appointment on every patient is making a very costly mistake. Are you looking at every tooth on every surface with an intraoral camera? Are you drying off teeth first so you can see the fossa and fractures? Do you only use a camera when you see a problem with your mirror and explorer? Is every photo saved clear enough to have a conversation with the patient where they can see with certainty the problem you are seeing? Do you know how to take a full mouth tour and when and how to use it during the doctor exam? Do you realize that over 50-75% of treatment that needs to be discussed is discovered when a hygienist uses the intraoral camera effectively?
4. A hygienist who does not know how to effectively educate patients during a hygiene visit on discussing what treatment is needed and waits for the doctor to come in for an exam and figure it out on their own. These patients often can question the dentists motives and the necessity when they are being told by the dentist for the first time about treatment recommendations. Doctors spend unnecessary and precious time talking to your patient about their dental conditions and needs because you either did not take the time, did not understand what the treatment should be, or were not confident in your ability to co-diagnose. Does your dentist have to go on a scavenger hunt during their exam to find the problems? Do you have a photo or periodontal chart up for the doctor and have a system of talking about the patients needs without talking too much?
5. A hygienist who believes that what he or she learned in hygiene school, whether you graduated in May of 2018 or in May of 1988, is still how dental hygiene needs to be practiced every day. For years I knew I provided a great experience for my patients. I intentionally connected with them; I educated them well and spent time teaching my patients to floss better than any hygienist I knew; I helped them understand their disease and need for treatment and had a very high treatment acceptance rate, I took the best x-rays, the best impressions, was more thorough with my periodontal charting than most hygienists I knew, and had the best patients in the practice. Yet, I believed for years that having glassy smooth roots scaled with my sharpened Barnhardt 5/6 and 204S was the most important part of providing that patient with what they came for…an amazing cleaning! One where I couldn’t find any calculus left on their teeth! I recommended those typical dental products that every big pharma company dispensed free sample of and assumed that if something didn’t have ADA on it, that it probably wasn’t the best. Today, my ideal dental hygiene appointments include taking the patient’s blood pressure and blood glucose, discussing their medical history to a degree that I never realized I could and can connect their inflammatory diseases to the specific pathogens I tested for in their own mouth by doing a saliva test of the top periodontal disease causing bacteria. I provide a personalized treatment based on what they need, not on a one size fits all kind of therapy. And I continually am open to new technology, new products, and new ways to communicate so the patients can stay aware of current evidence based dentistry available to them. While it was easy and comfortable practicing dental hygiene the way I always had, I quickly realized I was being left in the dark and needed to up my game. Do you implement new techniques when you read about them? Do you read the latest research on the buzz topics in dental hygiene? Do you realize that treating your patients the way you always have can put your patient at 50% risk for a heart attack or stroke? Are you aware that 5 pathogens that cause periodontal disease are actually scaling and root planing resistant?
If you are one of the great hygienists out there who needs to pause and reflect on if any of these 5 mistakes are ones that you have fallen prey to, whether by your own choice or the choice of the dentist you work for, rest assured that you are in good company. I have coached many dental hygienists and have seen those ah-ha moments happen. It’s exciting. It’s rejuvenating. It’s what makes a great hygienist their best. Thankfully, to create a shift in how to fix these mistakes, it only takes a split second decision to do things differently. To implement the highest level of dental hygiene takes a willingness to change and improve, and like any athlete, it takes the hard work of practicing and executing dental hygiene excellence and holding yourself to the highest standard. Then once that has been accomplished, it takes a level of self-confidence, humility, competence and mastery to truly know that you are a great hygienist.

domain: medical


In cities across America, residents balk at the idea of density. "Putting twenty-eight homes on just under four acres is crazy." This is almost the exact density of my neighborhood in Northeast Minneapolis which seems perfect to me. My yard is just the right size to mow with a reel lawn mower, but still large enough for my vegetable garden and dogs to run a little. I understand some people do not want to hear their neighbors talking or see them from their back yard, but cities cannot all wait for the next town over to provide more housing. This may have been accepted as recent as the 1980's, but those kinds of development plans are no longer legal.


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Galaxy is a lovely creature.
Welcome to my newsletter signup form, which comes with a valuable gift of insight.
I'm a scientist and amateur Ironman-distance triathlete, in my late 70s. My major interests include, (1) how to stay fit and healthy as we age, including, (2) the battle against vascular disease, (3) the urgent fight against climate change, and, (4) the harm inflicted on domestic animals and human health by factory farming. Underneath all of that lies my life-long enthusiasm for learning new things.
Please tell me about yourself and why you are here. I really appreciate input from my readers. I can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org, whence, on signing up, you will receive a download link to a free copy of my ebook, "Passion versus Reason on the Spectrum: An Aspergers Memoir." You'll discover we are all "on the spectrum," that you can learn more about your strengths and weaknesses, and how to exploit them. This little book is based on my life and recent research into the so-called autism spectrum.
I look forward to hearing from you.
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I turned around and told him in no uncertain terms to get off me, and he said something like, 'you love it, i'm just being nice to you' moving away and ordering drinks at the bar, she thought her ordeal was over—until he reappeared and continued to assault her i started feeling really upset, and i turned. Us department of justice office of community oriented policing services www copsusdojgov assaults in and around bars by michael s scott problem- oriented guides for police series no 1. Tourist are being sexually assaulted at the hotel bars at this destination, this is scary and people need to be carefull re: assault apr 16, 2018, 6:57 am is it safe as a hetro couple to walk during day on the beach near teh riu hotel at ahungalla and around ella towards ella rock and other greenery. With an increase in sexual assault and harassment in bars, clubs and pubs, we looked at some initiatives in place to make alcohol-serving venues safer spaces other venues around the world have implemented the 'angel shot' initiative to prevent sexual violence and make patrons feel safer the 'angel. Moreover, we assumed the assault occurred near the patient' home residence, and we do not account for alcohol purchased at a bar, pub, or other major retail beer outlets [16,17] we may not have detected an association between beer sales and risk of assault, since about 80% of beer is sold in non-lcbo. The total of assault, sexual assault and robberies - not broken down by the individual offence categories - and does not include crimes committed inside dwellings, such as residential homes, in order to protect privacy a common pattern in most cities is greater victimisations in areas around bars and pubs,. The emergence of user-friendly geographical information systems (gis) has revitalized interest in the study of urban crime patterns among the avenues of research from this expansion of interest is the study of diffusion of crime within neighborhoods or around urban structures as with any new technology, initial use often. Police are on the hunt for a group of people after a wine glass was smashed over a man's head, leaving him with life-threatening injuries the assault happened around 11:30pm on saturday, outside a bar on queen st in otahuhu in south auckland, police said acting detective sergeant warwick worth,.
The article described staggering resources that have been applied to this problem, and also how tailgating, bars near campuses with lax policies, and greek life drinks from bar tenders would be less susceptible to spiking and drugging, which could reduce incidents of sexual assault on campus. Outer banks safe bars is a program that uses ground-breaking bystander education tactics to empower outer banks restaurants & bars staff as well as local and visiting patrons to stand up against sexual harassment, assault, and bullying the outer banks hotline is dedicated to bringing a safe community environment. A woman claims she was assaulted and robbed in a san francisco bar — for wearing google glass sarah slocum, a contributor at newsdab, arrived at molotov's, which google maps describes as a laid-back bar with daily happy hour, early saturday morning around 1:45 am, according to her youtube.
The guide begins by reviewing factors that increase the risks of assaults in and around bars it then identifies a series of questions that might help you analyze your local problem of assaults in and around bars finally, it reviews responses to the problem, and what is known about them from evaluative research and police. It went from everybody having fun to a man lying on the floor in serious condition the witness says the victim, nicolas childs, was well-known around the bar however, he says the man he saw commit the crime was not there was no reason to get involved, they were playing pool and this guy took a pool stick and just hit. Of alcohol in their urine, while robb (1988)— in a study of serious assaults recorded by police in new south wales— found that 40 per cent were nominated by police as involving alcohol moreover, assaults coming to police notice and recorded by them frequently occur after midnight around pub closing times, and at least.
Requires two or more days of hospitalizationii aggravating/mitigating risk factors based on a review of empirical literature bars and nightclubs many assaults occur in and around bars, nightclubs, and similar liquor serving facilities such as pubs or taverns alcohol consumption leads to risk taking behavior, less concern. Ii assaults in and around bars • are willing to consider new ways of doing police business the guides describe responses that other police departments have used or that researchers have tested while not all of these responses will be appropriate to your particular problem, they should help give a broader view of.
Goodfellows bar has taken a step to combat sexual violence by implementing the “ask for angela” campaign “over the years, sexual assault awareness has become a lot more important to me woodham said he's hoping to see the campaign spread around chapel hill beyond just goodfellows. The statistics around bar fights find that not every person is at the same level of risk for being involved in such an incident: bar fights happen in darker, dirtier bars involving people who are heavy drinkers and usually unhappy to begin with they also tend to happen in establishments in which there is a.
Susan junis, assistant director at rvap, conceived of raise the bar in 2013, after attending the national sexual assault conference she launched it in of michigan, says that the program has helped address questions and misunderstandings around what sexual violence and consent looks like in bars. It is therefore no surprise that pubs, bars and clubs are frequently the site of sexual assaults that's why hayley child, sexual violence and abuse strategy coordinator for lincolnshire county council, came up with ask for angela when thinking how to work with the nightlife industry to prevent sexual abuse. However, the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism estimates that 25% of american women are victims of sexual assault and/or rape fifty percent of these incidents will involve alcohol consumption by either the instigator, victim or both clearly, bar culture has not always been kind to women and in the past,. Preventing violence in and around bars, pubs and clubs ross homel assault incidents of person-to-person violence ('alleged assault') involving alcohol in cairns cbd: april 2011 emergency department data 80 including n=3 dual presentation for make the individual responsible (eg pub bans) ▫ the deserved.
We combined data from ethnographic observations of barrooms and from systematic social observations of the local areas around these bars together with police-reported assault data in the associated cities multilevel models were used to assess statistical relationships between barroom and neighborhood characteristics. Chapter first presents findings on the estimated number of incidents of alcohol- related violence in england and wales in 1999 it then examines the trend in alcohol-related violence and in particular, stranger and acquaintance assault during the 1990s results on the number of incidents occurring in or around pubs , bars or. Several women also disclosed experiences of rape and sexual assault that were perpetrated within pubs and clubs while it's likely that many people would certainly, many people in the study experienced unwanted sexual attention in sexually charged clubs and bars but others experienced harassment. The overall quality of studies on australian policing interventions in and around licensed premises was poor • police-recorded assault rate was found to be an unreliable source to measure the level of alcohol-related violence • there lacks evidence to support the effectiveness of australian policing interventions in.

domain: sociology


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A magnesium transdermal therapy mineral bath and foot soak, enriched with pure essential oils of Bergamot, Cedarwood and Rosewood. Perfect Medicinal Bath Soak for skin, body and mind health
Magnesium is a essential mineral supplement to help promote healthy skin, relaxation, joint and muscle health, muscle and joint pain and stiffness relief and is absorbed through the skin when added to bath or foot soak.
Bergamot, Cedar & Rosewood Magnesium Mineral Bath & Foot Soak
Magnesium bath flakes are a form of transdermal magnesium, a method of mineral supplementation designed to deliver magnesium through the skin for rapid absorption into the cells. We have enriched our pharmaceutical grade magnesium flakes with pure essential oils of Bergamot, Cedarwood and Rosewood to provide a soak that is nourishing and medicinal.
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- Rosewood Oil is considers to have uplifting, analgesic, antibacterial and antiseptic and incredibly clarifying for body and mind
- Bergamot Oil is used by herbal practitioners for is incredibly calming and repairing qualities


A car repair shop is usually a enterprise the place automobile motor vehicle and professionals techniques mend automobiles. Usually, the facility may also get a handyroom area for car examining and designing. Cars that requirement fixes or substitutions is often earned for analysis using a competent auto mechanic, then frequently fixed or labored on to make sure they are back on the streets capable to go. Some car owners are afraid their cars and trucks preset so purely and like to acquire them work towards their autos on their own, having said that. This means there are many measures that really must be utilized previous to car owners can begin automobile their own personal autos.
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Many vehicle services techs are taught by their moms and dads in secondary school applications. The majority of courses provided currently use classroom instruction, while secondary school courses provide hands-on training. Today, there are several automotive maintenance educational facilities, along with automotive support technical assistant qualification packages, which can be taken by high school students. One example is, the popular vehicle industry university American Council for Driving Excellence provides two classes in their recognized MCSE (Microsoft Certified Systems) workout. Those two lessons concentrate on Windows Vista, in addition to OS X and Java.
Most automatic shape stores need to have their technicians to own some technological understanding in their job. However, oftentimes motion are properly trained for the position from the moment they start functioning, which is portion of the job to maintain automobiles working efficiently. Mechanics are coached each of the prevalent maintenance however they are also competent in preventative servicing in addition. This really is crucial, due to the fact without right routine maintenance, cars has decided to break up, and won’t deliver harmless, dependable transfer.
There are many items automotive body shops do in different ways than traditional car repair centers. In combination with having particular training in their line of work, techniques at they are anticipated having an interest in the subject matter likewise. Also to maintain current styles and advancements, and some motor vehicle assistance qualified professionals attend instructional classes not just in learn new methods and techniques of mending automobiles. At these types of stores, authorities are asked to sign up for seminars that debate present issues, for example gas mileage, which affects the countless Americans who commute. By preserve existing on the many approaches that affect the mend market, and staying as up-to-day as you possibly can on most of the new styles, vehicle system repair shops provide individuals with a high quality, protected merchandise, that produces their everyday life less difficult.
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Gameloft cuts around 80 staff from Tokyo office - report
11 people remain after production staff let go
Gameloft Tokyo , the studio that worked on Magna Memoria, has lost 80 members of staff due to job cuts according to a former employee.
The verified source spoke to Gamasutra and said the lay offs took place between June and August after Magna Memoria was released. They added that around 11 administrative staff remain at the studio.
"Following 1.5 years of development with steady overtime, with a final release rush crunch time of about 4 months...We were told that the game was performing below expectations, and as a result was stopped, and the production department would be closed."
Gameloft has made no official comment on the rumors as yet.
In July it was reported that the company was also closing its New York office, cutting around 100 jobs in the process. Gameloft refused to those confirm numbers.
"Gameloft is actively managing its production organization and is refocusing on its most efficient and experienced creation centers in order to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions and to grow its revenues faster and more profitably."

domain: news


text:
Sleep deprivation is like stealing from a bank where you have no account – it’s bound to catch up with you, and it seems teenagers are among the biggest culprits of this theft of rest. Listen up as I spill the beans on recent mind-boggling science that’s sure to shake awake every sleep-deprived teen out there.
You see, once upon a time at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a clan of white-coated researchers played peek-a-boo, watching over adolescent sleepy mice and comparing them to their restless rodent comrades kept awake. It’s like some twisted version of summer camp with a whole lot of science.
The findings were nothing short of remarkable. After just a single night going without their forty winks, these mice were up for a rude awakening. Their brain’s usual night shift – working overtime on synaptic development – hit pause. Basically, their brain’s tech support decided to take a nap too.
If you think adolescence is just about awkward moments and crazy hormones, think again. It’s when your brain is pretty much on a construction frenzy. New synaptic connections are like a booming business – popping up here, there, and everywhere, just to be pruned back like some wildly overgrown hedge.
But sleep-deprivation slams the brakes on this entire operation.
Adolescence, folks, it’s like the brain’s version of extreme make-over. And it’s only during those sacred hours of slumber that the brain puts up its ‘Do Not Disturb’ sign to get the construction work done. Shelves of neural circuits are rearranged, connections formed, others chucked out – it’s the ultimate brain cleanse.
However, the boffins’ exhaustive rodent sleepover also signaled an elephant-sized caveat. The sleep-secrets spilled are based on a one-nighter alone. We’ve barely scratched the surface on what happens when this all-important snooze button is consistently ignored.
The suspense is real, and there’s a sequel brewing. The science folks need to keep their eyes peeled open a tad longer to uncover the long game of faithfully dodging the Sandman throughout the stormy seas of teenhood.
So there lies the midnight oil burning dilemma. While one night of scrolling through memes at 2 AM seems fairly harmless, your brain’s inner workings might think otherwise. It’s high time for every night owl to flip the bedtime story – your brain’s synaptic saga eagerly awaits the right amount of Zzzs.
And with that, I tuck myself away under the covers of curiosity, moon-walking through this slumberland scientific novel that calls out for much deeper, round-the-clock explorations.

domain: psychology


text:
Municipality fills tankers with reverse osmosis water for cattle
NDLAMBE Municipality has been transporting water in tankers to two farms in Alexandria at a cost to ratepayers that has not been quantified.
Local businessman Leon Naude alerted TotT to the activity of the water tankers, after he saw them filling up at the reverse osmosis (RO) plant in Cannon Rocks and entering Kruisfontein farm, which is owned by the municipality, and Longvale farm.
“Obviously we’ve had some rain now, but I’ve seen tankers go to Kruisfontein daily. Also to Longvale farm, which is a trust farm,” Naude said.
TotT reported on the myriad problems at Kruisfontein last week, including the scarcity of ground water on the farm, which is used as a commonage for cattle without any municipal control. Donkeys and pigs are also kept on the land.
There is a borehole and four reservoirs on the farm, but the pump was stolen along with other infrastructure while the land was being leased to a trust and while the municipality was fighting a legal battle with the trust over the length of the lease.
“A milk cow can drink up to 200 litres of water a day,” Naude said. “The municipality cannot transport enough water for up to 1 000 animals.”
Naude said Longvale had suffered similar problems as Kruisfontein, as the infrastructure had disappeared and the farm had deteriorated.
He said the municipality’s attempts to take water to those two farms amounted to “a drop in the bucket” compared to their water needs, but it was costing ratepayers money.
“RO is the most expensive water and the cost to transport it there must be sky-high. A borehole pump would cost less,” he said.
TotT asked the municipality how much water had been transported to Kruisfrontein and Longvale farms in terms of kilolitres and tanker loads; what the cost of this was in terms of water and fuel; when the municipality would replace the borehole pump on Kruisfontein; and what the municipality’s relation and obligation to Longvale farm was.
Municipal spokesman Cecil Mbolekwa said since January the municipality had delivered 14 tanker loads to Kruisfontein and 13 to Longvale.
“We are currently busy with water catchment areas to assist in the scourge of water shortage on that farm,” he said.
Mbolekwa described Longvale as a “farming enterprise with livestock and chicory”.
“Our commitment [to] them [is] giving them technical advice with the assistance of the department of agriculture,” he said.
He did not reveal how much the assistance had cost in terms of water and fuel.

domain: agronomy


text:
TRENTON — A measure that would ask voters to dedicate hundreds of millions of dollars in state funds each year for open space preservation is set to move forward in the state Legislature, weeks after an earlier version stalled in the Assembly because of concerns about its price tag.
The resolution (SCR160) will be considered today in the state Senate environment committee, which will hold a public hearing once members vote on it.
Lawmakers are in a race against time: To place the question on the ballot in November, both houses must pass the resolution by a three-fifths majority — 48 out of 80 in the Assembly, 24 out of 40 in the Senate — by Aug. 4.
Senate President Stephen Sweeney (D-Gloucester) is working to find a day to call back lawmakers for a full vote, Sen. Bob Smith (D-Middlesex), chairman of the environmental committee, said yesterday. Assembly Speaker Sheila Oliver (D-Essex) would need to do the same.
“We’re hoping to get the speaker to have a session… and hopefully we can get this on this year’s ballot,” Smith said.
Oliver would not commit Wednesday night to holding a vote before the deadline, simply saying ""we'll see what the Senate does tomorrow."
The new resolution (SCR160/ACR205) would ask voters if they want to change the state constitution to guarantee $200 million per year in sales tax revenue is used for preserving open space, farms and historic sites. The diversions would last for 30 years, adding up to about $6 billion.
An earlier version passed the full Senate, 36-2, in June, but faced opposition in the Assembly after it was rushed to the floor on the last day before the summer recess. Democratic leadership pulled the resolution after a closed-door meeting.
That referendum would have asked voters to dedicate about 1/35th of the state's sales tax revenue for open space. While it would have started at around $200 million per year, the nonpartisan Office of Legislative Services said that would rise as the state took in more sales tax revenue, estimating it may cost $17 billion over three decades.
Even as amended, the loss of sales tax revenue would need to be made up elsewhere in the budget. Critics — including two of the state's most vocal environmental groups, the Sierra Club and the New Jersey Environmental Federation — have said a constitutionally dedicated funding mechanism for open space would come at the expense of other important programs.
Historically, the state has sold bonds to raise money for preserving open space, farms and historic sites. Voters approved such borrowing more than a dozen times, as recently as 2009. But the $400 million the state raised with that sale has been allocated.
Star-Ledger staff writer Matt Friedman contributed to this report.

domain: law


text:
“A lot of us wanted to find something bad, something we could connect to the laws,” said Maddy, who had recently moved to Sanford, Fla., from Chicago. “But as the law was read to me, if you have no proof he killed him intentionally, you can’t say he’s guilty,” she added.
For those who firmly believe, as Maddy does, that Zimmerman deserves punishment that the law couldn’t give, we noted in our last post on this case that law and justice don’t always point in the same direction. The prosecution had to meet a tough standard, and in the view of the jury it manifestly failed in the task.Maddy’s emotional intuition and sense of justice led her to want to punish Zimmerman, but her respect for the law and determination to do her job as a juror led her to vote for an acquittal. This is the way the jury system is supposed to work. Maddy is a powerful reminder that our legal system ultimately relies on the honesty and integrity of ordinary Americans.[Blind Justice Image courtesy of Shutterstock]


text:
Flan recipes there are many and here in Recetín we have several, but why not one more and especially if it is so simple? Tasty because we do it with condensed milk and evaporated milk. You either buy the candy already made or you do it at home, but eye with burns. Try and tell me….
Ingredients: 1 cup sugar, 1 can (14 oz) condensed milk, 0 can (1 oz.) Evaporated milk, 13 large eggs, 3 teaspoon vanilla extract, pan toffee.
Preparation: We caramelize the flan mold and reserve. We preheat the oven to 180 ºC. In a large bowl, beat the eggs with a mixer. Add the condensed milk and evaporated milk, vanilla, whisking slowly until well blended.
We pour into the flan mold (after the caramel is cooled if we make it homemade), and we place it on a baking dish. Pour about two fingers of hot water to cook in a double boiler and bake for 50-60 minutes, until set.
We remove from the oven and let it cool completely. We put in the fridge for at least an hour, we turn the mold over a source and enjoy.
Image and adaptation: wordflux

domain: food


text:
Since Tom Brady's four-game Deflategate suspension was reinstated by the NFL, Free Brady signs and chants have been a regular occurence around New England. The Pawtucket Red Sox are staging "Free Brady Friday" June 10th, and all fans named Tom or Brady will get in free for a game against the Louisville Bats.
Instead of a traditional first pitch, the PawSox will throw a football to kickoff the game.
Via CSN NE:
"Tom Brady is one of the region's most beloved athletes and public figures," said PawSox senior vice-president and general manager Dan Rea. "This evening allows PawSox fans, so many of whom are Patriots fans, to show their support for him."


Pagani, the Italian car brand known for its hypercars has now launched the Pagani Zonda HP Barchetta, which happens to be the most expensive car in the world. There will be only 3 of these hypercars which will be made, out of which one will be retained by Horacio Pagani (Pagani’s founder and owner), one has been presold and only one unit is available for sale to customers from across the globe.
The car was recently seen being driven by Horacio Pagani at the 25th anniversary of the Goodwood Festival of Speed in UK. The Goodwood Festival of Speed is an annual hill-climb event held in England around June-July.
With its pricing, the Zonda HP Barchetta has created a new world record and dethroned the Rolls Royce Sweptail (Rs 89 crores) from the title of being the world’s most expensive car. The limited edition hypercar is based on the Pagani Zonda, which was a highly successful mid-engine supercar.
Talking about the car, it is powered be an 800 BHP 7.3 litre V12 motor sourced from Mercedes AMG. The powerhouse is mated to a 6-speed manual gearbox, helping the car to achieve a top speed of 355 kph while it can do a 0-100 kph in just 3.1 seconds.
In terms of design, the Zonda HP Barchetta comes without a roof and doesn’t include a convertible top either. In a unique approach, the wheels on the left have been painted silver while the wheels on the right come in a shade of blue. Additionally, there is a large rear spoiler to help the car with the much needed downforce, considering it just weighs 1250 kg.
Chances of the last available Pagani Zonda HP Barchetta to come to India are bleak, considering its price tag and the fact that Vijay Mallya is still in the UK.


text:
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domain: artistic


Amgen Renewables specialise in designing, supplying, installing and supporting advanced renewable technology here in the UK. We are accredited installers with the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS number NIC1567) and members of the RECC Renewable Energy Consumer Code (35306). We are also Gas Safe registered (Gas Safe Registration No. 551915) to install and service gas boilers.
Amgen Renewables is a member of the Renewable Energy Consumer Code, member no. 35306. A leaflet describing the Code can be downloaded here. You can see the full code here: www.recc.org.uk/scheme/consumer-code
Amgen Renewables is a UK based company situated in Carmarthenshire, South Wales. Amgen (Welsh for alternative) Renewables offer a comprehensive range of products that are suitable for new build or retrofit projects for both the domestic and commercial markets. We are also involved in the development of new renewable products and hybrid renewable systems.
All of our products have been selected on the basis of their quality, performance, durability and suitability for UK conditions. Products offered by Amgen Renewables have been rigorously evaluated and tested to ensure they meet our very high standards of quality and performance.
We cater for all types of properties including residential, commercial, government and community owned. We can help with the different funding options available and provide assistance with planning and building control applications (if necessary).
Our product range includes solar photovoltaics, ground and air source heat pumps, solar hot water systems, wind turbines, biomass boilers, waste water heat recovery systems, hydro powered turbines, biofuels, wood burners and compressed wood briquettes (Eco-Logs).
We specialise in bespoke designs and can integrate multiple technology systems (for example a solar hot water system integrated with a wood stove and heat pump). Our team of experienced and accredited installation engineers are available for the specialist installation of all of our products.
Our broad product knowledge and expertise allows us to offer unbiased information as part of our free consultation and feasibility service. Our team of specialists can provide you with expert advice on a range of renewable products and topics while addressing all technical queries you might have.
We also offer engineering and design services, consulting and education and MCS recognised installer training courses.
The founder of the company, Dr Peter Hughes, has a background in science, engineering and extensive experience and knowledge of renewable technologies.
Products and services available from Amgen Renewables include:
• Ground Source Heat pumps
• Air Source Heat Pumps
• Solar Panels- Photovoltaic
• Solar Evacuated Tubes for Domestic Hot water
• Waste Water Heat Recovery
• Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery
• Wind Powered Turbines
• Hydro Powered Turbines
• Wood Burners
• Biomass boilers (pellet, wood chip or log gasification)
• Eco Logs, compressed briquettes
• Product Development
• Education / training workshops
• Engineering and Design Services
We provide free technical support and consultation services for all of our products. Online support is available in our library of easy to read (yet detailed) technical support documents found within our technical zone.
Contact us for more information.
Showroom / Mailing Address:
Y Syddin Bancffosfelen
South Wales, UK, SA155HP
(NB: 10 minutes from Crosshands or Carmarthen)
Amgen Renewables is the trading name for Green Source Energy Ltd.
Company offically registered in England and Wales as Green Source Energy Ltd. Registration Number 6637472, UK VAT registration Number 940540935.


text:
Keep raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs separate from all other meals within the fridge. Raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs can spread germs to ready-to-eat foods—unless you retain them separate.Use separate chopping boards and plates for uncooked meat, poultry, and seafood. Following four simple stepsexternal iconat house—Clean, Separate, Cook, and Chill—might Food help protect you and your loved ones from food poisoning. Eating local food can even assist shoppers enhance their well being. Because the local food motion is comparatively new, there have not been plenty of research on the well being results of eating this way.
- Wonderful flavors make the meat the star of the dish by combining simple components for a mouth-watering meal.
- TUPELO • Malcolm and Cindy Sanders McAuley are about as totally different in the kitchen as night and day.
- It says to roast it, scoop out seeds, drizzle with oil, salt, etc, poke holes, the roast.
Just as fruits and vegetables come into and fade out of season, the grasses, wildflowers, and legumes cows, sheep, and goats eat do the identical. I don’t keep in mind the primary time I had dried plum.
Recipes Of Boulestin
“Everything about Tovala has exceeded my expectations. The high quality and originality of your meals, the excellence of the oven itself, the timeliness of the supply … the entire package.” It has many tasty, yummy issues for you to discover and try out yourself, from dog treats to superbly tasteful kitchen and dinner table objects. There is good salty food, too, so you possibly can prepare an entire meal earlier than the well-deserved and awaited dessert. Now, with three published cookbooks, followed by a nationwide book tour, and hiring two assistants,Sallycan call herBaking Addictiona properly-established business. A digital house the place you can find nearly something your foodie hungry coronary heart would possibly desire – even vegetarian, dairy-free, and gluten-free vary recipes. The story behind her house reworking might turn out to be useful, too.
These are scrumptious, straightforward, quick, and so versatile! Eat them plain, topped along with your favourite spaghetti sauce, or sliced on a Caesar salad. You doubtless wash your palms a number of instances a day, however are you doing so effectively? Learn tips on how to reduce the unfold of germs with an extra few seconds of scrubbing.
Get Ready For Thanksgiving With The Ten Finest Cooking Channels On Youtube
The scientific ideas are mentioned in the movies, and apply issues give you an opportunity to apply them. If you’ve a need to know how physics and chemistry have an effect on food and a willingness to assume, you may learn all the physics and chemistry that you just need in the course. Includes a dialogue by Daniel Humm of Eleven Madison Park in NYC on flavor, pH, and the key tohis famous duck sauce, and scientific discussions on the most important molecules of food, taste, moles, and pH. Bring the irresistible tastes and aromas of do-it-yourself pastas and sauces into your kitchen. With the guidance of Chef Diana and a mouthwatering menu that options fettuccine, cavatelli and spaghetti — made utterly from scratch.
A examine reported that adolescents with cooking capability indicated better dietary and mental health and stronger family connections. Among adults, cooking at home has indicated improvements in health standing, dietary consumption, self-efficacy, shallowness, mood and have an effect on. Cooking is a learned talent that is broadly outlined as the power and capability to arrange meals. Cooking at house is a apply that encompasses a spread of activities to include vitamin and age-acceptable kitchen duties from food planning, preparation, safety, consumption and much more. Children can purchase cooking skills at residence with adult guidance and supervision. Dog diet may be tough, especially when contemplating cooking for your pets.
Attractive Cheesecakes Excellent For Springtime
Our sustainability efforts range from selecting sustainably sourced elements for our meals to creating composting and recycling a priority. Share love and hope by volunteering within the kitchen, delivering meals, or helping in different methods. “I remember watching my mother cook and noticed the utter joy that she had when folks Food & Cooking ate her food,” Ferguson mentioned. “I beloved to see this happiness in her. I started to grasp this cooking happiness that came visiting my mother.” In our version, we added white wine in the cooking course of. Of course a contact of salt and pepper plus Tony’s seasoning went in.
I am anxious to try some of these recipes to see if that helps her little belly woes. Start by chopping the rooster breasts into bite size items and sauté them in oil until cooked. Bake the dog food for roughly forty five minutes until Trit is brown and agency to the contact. Pull the cookie sheet from the oven and allow to chill. Amy Tokic, Editor of PetGuide.com, is a passionate animal lover and proud pet father or mother of Oscar, a Shih Tzu/Chihuahua cross. She writes about her adventures in pet ownership and tirelessly researches merchandise, information and health associated issues she can share with other animal enthusiasts.


|Publication number||US6326794 B1|
|Application number||US 09/231,043|
|Publication date||Dec 4, 2001|
|Filing date||Jan 14, 1999|
|Priority date||Jan 14, 1999|
|Publication number||09231043, 231043, US 6326794 B1, US 6326794B1, US-B1-6326794, US6326794 B1, US6326794B1|
|Inventors||Paul Matthew Lundquist, Son Van Nguyen, Manmohanjit Singh|
|Original Assignee||International Business Machines Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (50), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to ion beam etching and deposition of thin film, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for in-situ monitoring of ion energy distribution for endpoint detection via capacitance measurement.
2. Description of Related Art
The processing of semiconductor wafers to create integrated circuits and devices such as sliders and disk overcoats involves a sequence of processing steps which build up or remove layer structures. These processing steps include the deposition of metals, dielectrics and semiconductor films, the creation of masks by lithography techniques, the doping of semiconductor layers by ion implantation and the etching of layers for selective or blanket material removal.
The semiconductor manufacturing industry continues to increase the functionality and performance of integrated circuits by increasing the number of circuit elements within each integrated circuits chip. Further, the size of devices structures continue to decrease. As the size of the elements decrease and their density increases, the processing steps become more critical. For example, wet etching techniques are generally inadequate for feature sizes less than 2 microns because wet etching is an isotropic process which etches equally well in all directions. With smaller feature sizes, the isotropic etching causes undesirable undercutting of the masking layer and possible destruction of closely spaced elements.
To address the need for a more anisotropic processes, ion beam and reactive ion etching and deposition are increasingly being used. These techniques involve the application of RF power to a cathode and typically allow the anode to electrically float. In either case, however, positive ions formed in the plasma are accelerated towards a wafer by a self-biased negative cathode to provide an effective anisotropic etch or deposition to the wafer.
Predicting or measuring when a desired layer of an element has been etched or deposited to the desired level is an important aspect of such ion beam and reactive ion etching processes. For example, it is desirable to measure when a layer of an element has been etched to a proper depth, i.e., when the etch process has reached an “end-point”. Prediction or measurement of the end-point is needed to prevent damage to a wafer caused by excessive over-etching or to provide the proper etch depth. End-point detection is particularly crucial in ion beam and reactive ion etching, because this detection tends to have much lower selectivity than the comparable wet etching processes.
Prior end-point detection methods have typically monitored the emission spectra of the plasma, the surface layer of the wafer, or one of the operating parameters of the plasma system itself. For example, to form a reactive ion or ion beam, the equipment usually initiates and maintains a plasma in a gas mixture containing either fluoro-hydrocarbons or inert gas. The system maintains the plasma at a positive potential with respect to ground. Positive ions are then electrostatically extracted from the plasma to form a beam of energetic ions. Control of ion energy requires adjustment of the plasma potential, i.e., bias voltage, which is known as the beam (plasma) voltage. The beam of ions is then aimed at the substrate (normally remote from the plasma). Deposition and etch rates vary in proportion to the ion-beam (plasma) current density. With the gridded ion source, the gas flow, discharge voltage, beam voltage, beam current, accelerator voltage, and neutralization current can all be independently controlled over wide operating ranges. The specific type of gas used, its rate of flow into the ion source, and the magnitude of the discharge voltage will determine the ion species formed in the plasma. The beam voltage controls ion-impact energy at the substrate, for a given beam shape and beam/substrate geometry, the beam current controls the deposition and etch rate. The accelerator voltage can be used to adjust the beam shape, i.e., focus the beam, or adjust the beam's current density at the substrate.
Nevertheless, the stability of various plasma processes can be problematic. The intensity of an RF plasma can be difficult to control, and fluctuations lead to increased process tolerances or to decreased yields. The most important indicators of plasma deposition or etch rates are the flux of ions that strike the material surface, and the energy distribution of those ions. Optical and electronic techniques for monitoring plasma strengths are often utilized. However, these techniques are at best indirect methods and therefore do not provide adequate monitoring and measurement capabilities. The measurement of ion energy can be used to determine endpoint and uniformity of etch and deposition processes that use plasma.
It can be seen then that there is a need for a method and apparatus that provides in-situ monitoring of both the ion flux and the ion energy distribution of plasma processes.
To overcome the limitations in the prior art described above, and to overcome other limitations that will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, the present invention discloses a method and apparatus that provides in-situ monitoring of both the ion flux and the ion energy distribution of plasma processes.
The present invention solves the above-described problems by providing a capacitance sensor for measuring ion flux and ion energy distribution at various locations in the ion beam or reactive ion etching chamber.
A system in accordance with the principles of the present invention includes least one capacitance sensor disposed within a plasma reactor at a first position for detecting ion flux emanating from a plasma within the plasma reactor and generating an ion flux measurement signal in response to the detection of the ion flux, each of the at least one capacitance sensor being coupled to signal lines for routing an ion flux measurement signal outside the plasma reactor.
Other embodiments of a system in accordance with the principles of the invention may include alternative or optional additional aspects. One such aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor comprises two conductors separated by at least one insulation layer.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the insulation layer comprises a dielectric material.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the signal lines are coupled to the two conductors.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor comprises a plurality of capacitance sensors formed as one of a plurality of rows of parts to be processed.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor is disposed in a pallet, the pallet providing support to a device being subjected to the ion beam.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the ion flux measurement signal represents a number of ions impinging a capacitance sensor.
Another aspect of the present invention is that at least one capacitance sensor comprises a plurality of capacitance sensors diffused within the electrode.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the plurality of capacitance sensors measure the ion distribution from the plasma.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor comprises a shape of a part to be processed to prevent a disturbance of the plasma.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor has an electric potential applied thereto for tuning the capacitance sensor to a predetermined energy range.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the electric potential is scanned to determine an energy distribution of the ions.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the at least one capacitance sensor is formed using a substance that is substantially identical to a part being processed.
These and various other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and form a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and the objects obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to accompanying descriptive matter, in which there are illustrated and described specific examples of an apparatus in accordance with the invention.
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of the plasma reactor;
FIG. 2 illustrates a plurality of plasma electrode probes formed in the electrode for measuring energy distribution of ions and total energy on the surface of the electrode;
FIG. 3 illustrates a plurality of plasma electrode probes formed as part of the pallet for providing ion energy measurement and total energy impingement on the pallet surface; and
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the method for in-situ monitoring of ion energy distribution for endpoint detection according to the present invention.
In the following description of the exemplary embodiment, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration the specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized as structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus that provides in-situ monitoring of both the ion flux and the ion energy distribution of plasma processes. More specifically, the present invention provides a plasma endpoint probe for in-situ monitoring of ion energy distribution for endpoint detection via capacitance measurement.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified diagram of the plasma reactor 100. In FIG. 1, an electrode 102 is provided in the plasma reactor 100. A target is positioned on the electrode 102 and a plasma discharge 120 provides ions that strike the material surface. Also shown in FIG. 1 is an Plasma Endpoint Probe (PEP) 130 for monitoring the ion flux and ion energy. The PEP 130 is a capacitance sensor that is disposed within the plasma reactor 100 at a position for detecting ion flux from an ion beam emanating from plasma 120 within the plasma reactor 100. The capacitance sensor 130 generates an ion flux measurement signal in response to the detection of the ion flux. The signal lines 132 route the ion flux measurement signal outside the plasma reactor 100 via the PEP interface 140.
Furthermore, the PEP 130 mimics the electrical environment of the parts that are being processed, so that the local disturbance to the plasma 120 caused by the PEP 130 is minimized. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the PEP 130 includes two conductors 150, 152 separated by at least one insulator layer 154, e.g., a dielectric material. Ions that strike the surface conductor 150 cause a potential difference across the dielectric layer 154. The measurement or monitoring of this voltage provide a direct measure of the flux or number of ions that strike the surface electrode. If an electric potential is applied across the two conductors 150, 152, the probe 130 can be tuned to select specific ion energy ranges. If this applied potential is scanned, the actual energy distribution of the ions can be determined along with the number of ions. The determination is a time averaging value measured over the period of oscillation of the applied potential. It is also a spatial averaging over the size of the surface electrode.
The two conductors 150, 152 are connected to signal lines 132 that provide signals at the PEP output through an interface 140. An RF filter (not shown) or other signal processing devices may be coupled at the PEP interface 140. The PEP 130 can in some cases be formed in the shape of a part to be processed, and thus inserted anywhere in the distribution of parts on the electrode 102 or on a pallet (see FIG. 3). The PEP 130 can also be formed as a part of the electrode 102. In this way, the strength of the plasma 120 can be monitored at any location of an electrode 102 or palette, or at several locations simultaneously.
FIG. 2 illustrates a plasma reactor 200 including a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2, a plurality of plasma electrode probes 210-216 are formed and diffused in the electrode for measuring energy distribution of ions and total energy on the surface of the electrode. Each probe 210-216 provides signals via signal lines 230 to the interface 240 at the probe output 250.
FIG. 3 illustrates a plasma reactor 300 that includes a third embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 3, a plurality of plasma electrode probes 310-316 are formed as part of a pallet 326 over electrode 302 for providing ion energy measurement and total energy impingement on the surface of the pallet 326. Again each probe 310-316 provides signals via signal lines 330 to the interface 340 at the probe output 350. A work piece 360 that is to be processed, e.g., etched, is disposed at a position on the pallet 326. The plasma electrode probes 310-316 may be formed as one of a plurality of rows of parts to be processed. For example, the plasma electrode probes 310-316 may be formed as one of a plurality of slider rows at the wafer level. Further, to minimize the ion/plasma electrical potential disruption in the plasma chamber environment, the plasma electrode probes 310-316 may be formed using a substance that is substantially identical to the material which the part being processed is composed of, e.g., the probes may be composed of silicon, silicon oxide, Al2O3/TiC (N58), ceramics, etc.
For any plasma deposition or etching process, the associated rate will be determined by the ion flux and the ion energy distribution. For example, ion processes may be used in the manufacture of substrates for air bearing surface, for the patterning of sliders for magnetoresistive head, or for Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) slider overcoat film deposition in computer information storage applications. The direct and simultaneous monitoring of the ion flux and the ion energy distribution allows a significant improvement in process control. After appropriate calibration measurements, the deposition or etching rate can be monitored as the plasma strength fluctuates during a run, and the run can be ended at the appropriate time. The run can in fact be defined as the duration of a specified number of ion strikes per unit of surface area, and as a function of their energy distribution. This is a significant improvement over the simple timing of deposition/etching runs.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart 400 of the method for in-situ monitoring of ion energy distribution for endpoint detection according to the present invention. At least one capacitance sensor is provided within a plasma reactor at a first position 410. Ion flux from an ion beam emanating from a plasma within the plasma reactor is detected using the capacitance sensor 420. Then, an ion flux measurement signal is generated from the capacitance sensor in response to the detection of the ion flux 430. From the ion flux measurement signal the ion distribution form the plasma may be measured. An electric potential may be applied to a capacitance sensor to tune to a predetermined energy range. The electric potential may be scanned to select various energy levels and to determine an energy distribution of the ions.
As mentioned above, the PEP can be formed in the same shape of most parts (slider and rows for magnetic recording heads and disk, silicon wafers . . . etc . . . ) that are etched or used as substrates in plasma processes. Additionally, the surface layer (or additional layers) can be composed of material identical (or similar) to the sample being etched in the chamber to minimize variation in the plasma environment. In this way, the PEP can be inserted just as a regular part without disturbing the plasma processing. Each PEP requires two electrical leads for the application and measurement of the potential difference across the capacitor and can be feed through to the external environment for measurement and monitor.
The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not with this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
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|U.S. Classification||324/678, 324/464|
|International Classification||H01J37/32, G01N27/62, G01R19/00|
|Cooperative Classification||H01J37/32935, H01J37/32963, G01N27/62, G01R19/0061|
|European Classification||H01J37/32S4F, H01J37/32S4, G01N27/62, G01R19/00E3|
|Jan 14, 1999||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LUNDQUIST, PAUL MATTHEW;VAN NGUYEN, SON;SINGH, MANMOHANJIT;REEL/FRAME:009787/0368;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990105 TO 19990108
|Aug 19, 2003||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Jun 22, 2005||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Dec 5, 2005||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Jan 31, 2006||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20051204


text:
As soon as you get the wage attachment form, make sure your employer is not taking too much out of your pay. Ask your employer to show you how the amount was calculated.
You must be left with whichever is greater:
- at least 40 times the minimum wage ($440 as of October, 2019); or
- 75% of your take-home pay.
If your weekly take-home pay is $440 or less (this amount is calculated by multiplying 40 times the minimum wage), your wages are protected and nothing may be taken out of your pay.
Your earnings are also protected if you are getting state benefits (welfare) and working under a work incentive or similar program.
If your earnings are protected, you should tell the court so that money cannot be taken from your pay. See below: How do I ask for a court hearing?

domain: economics


text:
I love classical horror, and especially love vampires. The genesis of my interest in vampires was the thrilling literary classic by Bram Stoker, which I have read twice.
The second source was Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula, which premiered on Friday the 13th of November 1992. Enchanted by the lush visuals, in camera effects, and moving love story, I watched BSD 13 times in the theater, and have enjoyed collecting BSD memorabilia.
I later enjoyed The Vampire Chronicles books by Anne Rice, and the masterpiece film Interview with the Vampire (1994) by Neil Jordan. I eventually warmed to the classic Hammer series starring Sir Christopher Lee, and now particularly enjoy them as well. I of course have watched Herzog's and F.W. Murnau's films, as well as the film adaptation of the stage play by Balderston and Deane, starring Bela Lugosi. I can add here a plethora of Karnstein and other vampire themed B-movies by Paul Naschy and many others.
My mother wouldn't let me watch Dark Shadows as a child. Streaming on Amazon is giving me a new vampire collection obsession, only this time it is online, on my Dark Shadows website!
PHOTOS: I claim no rights to these photos from the web, which represent most of the items in my BSD collection.
Video slide show of the "Coppola and Eiko on Bram Stoker's Dracula" coffee table book


text:
Ever since the song ‘Mere Rashke Kamal’ has been out from the upcoming film Baadshaho, it has created a stir in social media as the viewers are stumbled upon the love making scenes between Ajay Devgn and Illiana D Cruze. The song is the very famous track of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan that has been viral on various platforms and Baadshao is a next among of them. However, Director Milan Luthria took this step on being feeling fear of Censor Board to create objections on these scenes.
Milan Luthria axed these scenes as he learnt the controversy and pressure facing by the makers of Indu Sarkar which is much like of Milan’s Baadshao. “The scene between Ileana and Ajay, if left as is, lasts for 10 minutes. It’s aesthetically shot and is crucial to the film’s plot. But Milan decided to shorten it, trimming the kisses and bareback shots. He didn’t want to attract the wrath of the Censors. The film is all-out commercial and he wants it to get a U/A certificate. The scene would have resulted in an A certificate,” an insider tells Mid day.
Directer doesn’t want to face any controversy ahead of its release, thus, he trying to get the things under his control. While the film will gonna be the super hit as its plot is based on the emergency period of 1975-1977. Based on the real life events; A Maharani, a thief and an army officer will keep you stuck to your seats until the end.
Watch Mere Rashke Qamar here
— Uttam Jaiswal (@Uttam8520) July 16, 2017


text:
During a recent trip to Ukraine for the 2015 Ukraine Dairy Congress, I had the opportunity to visit two dairy operations near the capitol city of Kyiv. These modern dairy farms were both excellent examples of how the Ukrainian dairy industry in Eastern Europe is becoming more efficient, productive and profitable.
Many of the management strategies made on dairy operations in the United States and other leading dairy nations have been adapted to the more progressive farm operations. However, not all the dairy operations in Ukraine have been able to adapt the larger dairy models. At the conference, three distinct types of operations were referenced.
According to the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service Report, 78 percent of the total raw milk in Ukraine is concentrated in household farms of less than five cows per farm. These represented the “social farms” where a significant portion of milk is consumed within the household, sold to neighbors or in open-air markets in nearby towns. The other types of farms mentioned at the conference were identified as “industrial farms” that would be larger in scale and sell milk to the processors and may have been part of the former collective farm system.
The last type was referenced as a “progressive association farm.” These farms have the advantage of utilizing services such as veterinary, nutrition, farm managers, marketing and commodity buying. The farms visited were considered above average operations and had 17,500- and 21,500-pound herd averages.
Even though the progressive farms have seen improvements in their operations, managing forage supplies is a common challenge. This is not unique to only the Ukrainian dairy industry. In Michigan farms that I have visited, managing the forage supplies at the silo is an area where many producers can often make improvements. These improvements can lead to decreased dry matter losses and make a sizeable impact in reduced economic losses from feed shrink.
Here are a few suggestions to help manage bunk silos more effectively.
Source: Phil Kaatz, Michigan State University Extension
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A Site Dedicated to all enthusiasts of Classic Style Banjo
This is a great banjo solo that was suggested in a discussion post on http://classic-banjo.ning.com website by my friend Joel H. from the USA It is a tricky ...
Favourite of 2 people
This is a great banjo solo that was suggested in a discussion post by our friend Joel Hooks from the USA It is a tricky (very tricky) piece to get your fingers around without getting tied in knots.
You may notice that I also added some variations of my own... So there is only one person to blame for the mistakes... Thanks Joel ;-)
As I said on BHO, I think you've been practicing!
Well done. One of your best yet!
If Joel has gotten you to this level, perhaps you ought to try reading in A notation? ;-)
Another wonderful performance. Bravo Ian!
Well done Ian, a great rendition of a very demanding solo. I am almost there with it too, but the intense heat here in Cyprus this summer has limited my practice.
This one sounds better than it looks on the page. Well played, Ian! The piano accompaniment is so in synch that at first (when listening at moderate volume) I didn't catch on that there were two instruments. I kept wondering how you were getting such amazing tone from one little ol' banjo. I still like the tone.
Thanks for the kind comments to everyone. Chop Suey did come out much better than I expected. I liked Syncopatin' Shuffle better! (but maybe that was because FVE's fingers were involved!).
The sound from my 20 fret maple Weaver banjo is pretty darned good and has become my favourite banjo to play. It has a great bass and that "nasal" sound to the notes that I like. I did notice that I got an occasional buzz on the 2nd string, but that was probably my over zealous picking! The piano is a bit quiet but does make it sound much "fuller" as you say.
I enter and record a MIDI piano part that I can play on our Electric Piano, but also a MP3 that I can slow to what ever speed I want to practise along with while I am learning the piece by my computer. (using "The Amazing Slow Downer" software)
From the score, the tempo for the piece is shown as 108 crotchet bpm and this is quite a lick!
One thing I do is add a one bar count in and then one bar silent before the piece, this lets me count in in my head during the silent bar. This makes a video recording that is easier to crop at the start without a sudden jump after a count in without the bar of silence.
I play along to the piano and record a video using a Canon HF10 video camera, but also record the audio using a Zoom H2 digital audio microphone/recorder.
This is set a medium gain, as suggested my Marc Dalmasso, as at high gain you could hear every breath and gasp and it was very obtrusive. ;-)
I use iMovie to produce the video and this has a facility, with two clicks, to detach the original audio as recorded by the crappy camera microphone, and replace it with the much better Zoom H2 recording. Then... off to Youtube.
very original / oriental tune by EG ;
exquisite playing , Ian
By these times , my 20 frets Weaver is also my favorite Bj ; 11 1/2 inches
and yours ?
Sorry I must have missed your post!
My banjo has a "slightly" under 11" hoop, fitted with a Renaissance head and a Morley style maple bridge that I made myself from a piece of old school gymnasium flooring board!
As Chairman Mao said, “I am a lone monk walking the world with a leaky umbrella".
Ian he say "You talk in riddles Richard".
I am sure I should understand what you are talking about, but my Chemistry degree did not instil any culture in me ;-)
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