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Pain is a highly subjective phenomenon, which results from the dynamic integration of objective stimulus information and contextual factors such as cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes.23 Accumulating evidence suggests that neural oscillations (ie, rhythmic fluctuations in summed neural activity) at different frequencies and their synchrony between brain regions serve these integrative functions by enabling the flexible routing of information flow through the brain.33 Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies, for instance, have repeatedly demonstrated that gamma (30–100 Hz) and alpha oscillations (8–13 Hz), which are thought to serve local feed-forward processing and feedback functions,8,10,11 respectively, are associated with the processing of nociceptive information and correlate with stimulus intensity and/or pain perception.5,13,14,22,24,27,31,51 However, the explanatory power of these findings is limited by their correlative nature, which does not allow to infer causality. Proving that the observed associations (eg, correlations between gamma oscillations and pain perception) represent causal relationships requires the controlled manipulation of putative causes leading to the observation of predicted effects and, thus, necessitates methods that enable the modulation of oscillatory brain activity.34,48
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is an emerging, noninvasive electrical stimulation technique designed to modulate brain oscillations in a frequency specific manner34,48 and as such a suitable method to investigate the contribution of neural oscillations to the processing and emergence of pain in humans. Despite its appeal, tACS has rarely been applied in the field of pain research to date. In the present review, we address this issue by discussing how tACS can be used to verify causal relationships between neural oscillations and pain in humans. We begin with a summary of the oscillatory correlates of experimental and clinical pain, followed by a brief introduction of tACS. On this basis, we review the results of the application of tACS in the field of pain research and discuss next steps and future perspectives.
2. Brain rhythms of pain
Although the (patho)physiological mechanisms underlying (chronic) pain remain only partially understood, evidence on the role of the brain in the processing of nociceptive input and the emergence of pain has accumulated.4 Results from several imaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging, MEG, and EEG indicate that there is no dedicated pain system in the brain.4,33 Instead, several brain areas belonging to different functional systems are dynamically recruited during the processing of pain and respond at various time scales and frequencies. In particular, pain-related oscillations have been observed in resting-state recordings during ongoing pain and in response to experimental pain stimuli at infraslow (below 0.1 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (14–29 Hz), and gamma (30–100 Hz) frequency ranges and differ depending on several factors including the type of pain under investigation.33
Brief experimental pain in the range of milliseconds to seconds (ie, phasic pain), for instance, has been shown to increase gamma oscillations while suppressing oscillations at alpha and beta frequencies in somatosensory cortices.13,36,40,51 Interestingly, these stimulus-related oscillations differentially respond to top–down modulations of pain such as attentional or placebo manipulations,13,15,44,51 suggesting that they reflect complementary processing stages in the translation of nociceptive input into pain.33
Longer-lasting experimental pain in the range of minutes (ie, tonic pain) serves as an experimental model for chronic pain and induces a different oscillatory pattern. Specifically, the neural representations of stimulus intensity, which serves as proxy for nociception, and subjectively perceived pain intensity detach when the duration of pain is extended to several minutes. While stimulus intensity is more closely related to and represented by the suppression of alpha and beta oscillations in the somatosensory cortex, pain intensity is encoded by gamma oscillations in prefrontal brain areas.27,29,39 In other words, with increasing duration of the applied nociceptive stimulus, the representation of perceived pain shifts from somatosensory regions, which are commonly linked to sensory processing, to prefrontal regions, which are, among others, linked to emotional, motivational, evaluative, and decision-making processes.9,12,17 Thus, emotional–motivational–evaluative processes might play a bigger role for longer-lasting pain.
With respect to clinical chronic pain, which persists for months or longer, both alterations (1) at rest depicting differences between patients and healthy controls related to the pain state per se and (2) the encoding of ongoing pain intensity, which has been shown to fluctuate over time, have been investigated by means of EEG. When comparing resting-state recordings of patients with chronic pain with those of healthy controls, a widespread slowing of neural oscillations and an increase of theta oscillations are the most noted findings.37,46 However, these changes are not consistently found.38,45 In addition, increases in alpha and beta oscillations have been reported at rest.30 In line with results from the investigation of tonic pain,27,29,39 short-term fluctuations of the currently perceived intensity of ongoing pain across several minutes seem to be represented by prefrontal gamma oscillations rather than somatosensory alpha, beta, or theta oscillations.22 This points towards an important function of emotional–motivational–evaluative processes and related functional brain circuits9,12,17 for the encoding of ongoing pain in chronic pain.
To summarize, both experimental and clinical pain have been associated with oscillatory brain activity supporting the notion that these processes may be functionally linked to the processing and emergence of pain. Importantly, there is most likely no monocausal relationship between oscillations at a certain time/frequency/location and pain. We rather hypothesize that pain depends on complex patterns of oscillations and their interrelationships, which vary with the type of pain (eg, phasic, tonic, and chronic) and contextual factors (eg, attentional and motivational processes). Thus, oscillations at a certain time/frequency/location may only play a role for pain under certain conditions.
3. Transcranial alternating current stimulation
Motivated by the rhythmic structure of endogenous brain activity, tACS uses weak alternating currents (<4 mA peak to peak) of a certain frequency. These currents are applied to the scalp via 2 or more surface electrodes to modulate oscillatory brain activity, usually at a frequency thought to be involved in a certain condition or cognitive process.34,48 In the brain, these currents are thought to induce periodic membrane potential fluctuations in affected areas, aligning the frequency and phase of endogenous oscillations.34,48 This synchronization is commonly referred to as “entrainment”42 and is supported by results from animal and computational modelling studies and behavioral effects during tACS in humans.34,48 Behavioral effects during stimulation, the so called online effects, have been demonstrated during various perceptual, motor, and cognitive tasks and, thus, support the notion that tACS is a suitable tool to modulate oscillatory brain activity underlying several behavioral functions. Besides online effects, also offline effects, which can persist for several hours after stimulation, are well documented in humans both on a behavioral20,49 and neuronal level.16,19,25,47,50 These are most probably induced by temporary alterations of synaptic plasticity50 and are of particular relevance for potential clinical applications of tACS.
To summarize, animal, modelling, and human studies are contributing to a growing understanding of the mechanisms underlying tACS. Overall, these studies suggest that the short- and long-term modulation of endogenous oscillatory brain activity is possible, making tACS a promising tool for the investigation of causal brain–behavior relationships, such as the relationship between oscillatory brain activity and pain in humans (Fig. 1A). However, to derive meaningful conclusions, several methodological considerations should be kept in mind.6,34
Entrainment depends on several factors including the intensity, frequency, and location of the externally applied current.48 Higher intensities are needed with increasing discrepancy between the external and the endogenous frequency,48 yet may also increase the risk of adverse effects such as headaches and skin irritations.2 Hence, most tACS studies use rather weak currents of maximal 4 mA, which are considered safe,2 and attempt to tune the applied stimulation frequency to the endogenous frequency of the target oscillation based on previous research and/or individual peak frequencies determined by M/EEG recordings. In addition, electrode placement constitutes another important factor. Modelling studies suggest that small changes of the electrode position can significantly alter the predicted current distribution and, thus, affect which parts of the brain are being stimulated.6 Hence, a careful selection of the applied electrode montage, its validation through modelling tools, and careful electrode placement are crucial.6,34
Beyond, the usage of appropriate passive and active control conditions constitutes an important issue. Experiments should entail passive sham control conditions without stimulation to rule out placebo and other expectation effects and thus test the stimulation specificity of observed effects (Fig. 1B). In addition, active control conditions, which entail stimulations at control sites (Fig. 1C) and with control frequencies or arrhythmic stimulation protocols such as random noise stimulation (Fig. 1D), should be included to address the spatial and spectral specificity of observed effects,34 respectively. Furthermore, control tasks can be used to demonstrate the modality specificity of observed effects,34 eg, by testing whether brain–behavior relationships are specific to pain or also occur in other sensory modalities (Fig. 1E). Closely related, blinding of both subjects and study personnel is crucial to avoid bias and an overestimation of observed effects.6 Hence, visual and sensory confounds potentially evoked by the stimulation should be similar in all conditions.48 This is particularly challenging with respect to passive control conditions without stimulation making it important to confirm successful blinding after each stimulation using questionnaires (see Ref. 6 for more information). Notably, blinding could be less important in the context of chronic pain where an enhancement of stimulation effects through placebo and related effects may not pose a problem but rather represent a positive side effect.
Finally, monitoring neural effects of the stimulation serves as an important control to assess whether targeted oscillations were indeed engaged and could, thus, represent the mechanism underlying observed changes in pain perception. As simultaneous recordings of brain activity remain challenging because of the strong electrical artifact introduced by tACS,28 offline recordings represent a valuable approximation and should be used to enhance the conclusiveness of obtained results.
4. Modulating pain-related oscillatory brain activity using transcranial alternating current stimulation
4.1. Past research on the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation on pain
Despite its appeal, only 2 studies have used tACS to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying pain to date. Applying short pressure pain stimuli of different intensities, a first study3 could show that alpha tACS at 10 Hz over somatosensory cortices reduces pain ratings. This effect was confined to conditions in which the intensity of the upcoming stimulus was uncertain indicating that expectations influence pain-related tACS effects. Another study1 points towards analgesic effects of somatosensory alpha tACS in chronic pain. Investigating both behavioral and neurophysiological effects, the authors could show that 40 minutes of alpha tACS targeting the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex indeed enhances alpha oscillations in the targeted regions. The extent of this increase was correlated with changes in pain severity and disability, indicating that stronger alpha increases lead to larger reductions in pain and the associated disability. Thus, first tACS studies provide evidence that alpha oscillations in somatosensory regions may be causally involved in the processing of phasic and chronic pain.
4.2. Next steps
As outlined, first studies point towards the usefulness and efficacy of tACS in pain research. However, stimulation effects may not always be in line with previous findings based on correlations or contrasts. For instance, analgesic effects of alpha tACS observed in patients with chronic pain1 nicely fit to the hypothesis that alpha oscillations represent an inhibitory mechanism.11 However, they seem to be at odds with reported enhanced resting-state alpha power in patients with chronic pain compared with healthy controls.30 Thus, the findings mentioned earlier require replication and elaboration by systematic tACS studies to verify a causal relationship between neural oscillations and pain.
Specifically, studies investigating different types of pain are desirable. Previous correlative evidence suggests that phasic, tonic, and chronic pain are associated with different patterns of oscillatory brain activity. In particular, longer-lasting pain seems to more strongly recruit frontal brain areas associated with emotional and evaluative processes than phasic pain. Phasic pain, on the other hand, seems to be dominated by sensory processing in somatosensory regions. These emotional and evaluative processes on the one hand and sensory processes on the other hand might be differently responsive to tACS. Such hypotheses could be addressed by tACS studies targeting somatosensory and prefrontal areas using alpha and gamma frequencies and comparing the resulting changes in pain perception across pain types. Duration is, however, only one factor that influences pain. Other factors such as the underlying mechanism (nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic) might be similarly assessed.
Moreover, studies investigating different dimensions of pain are desirable. Pain is not only a perceptual phenomenon, as its vital protective function crucially depends on appropriate autonomic and motor responses. Thus, autonomic and motor responses to nociceptive input represent additional interesting read-outs26,43 whose underlying neural mechanisms remain to be explored. For instance, recent mediation analysis approaches to EEG data have demonstrated that somatosensory gamma oscillations are involved in the translation of phasic nociceptive input into motor responses but do not function as mediator of perceptual or autonomic responses.43 Autonomic responses, on the other hand, might be more closely related to sensory processing as indicated by correlations between skin conductance responses and suppressions of alpha oscillations in somatosensory regions.26 Comparing the effects of alpha and gamma tACS on perceptual, behavioral, and autonomic dimensions of pain could provide additional evidence for this dissociation and, thus, enhance our understanding of how different dimensions of pain are orchestrated in the brain. This approach might be similarly applied to other pain dimensions, for instance, the sensory, affective, and cognitive dimensions of pain.
Importantly, such mechanistic insights also serve as foundation for the application of tACS in clinical settings to treat chronic pain. With prevalence rates between 20 and 30 percent of the adult population, chronic pain is one of the most prevalent diseases,7,21 yet also among the most complex to manage. Because of the limited efficacy and abundant adverse effects of current pharmacological treatments, the demand for safer and more effective interventions such as noninvasive brain stimulation is constantly growing.18,35 By modulating underlying neural oscillations, tACS could directly and noninvasively target the brain mechanisms underlying pain and, thus, represent a safe and cost-effective complement to current treatment approaches.
5. Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Our understanding of neural oscillations and their relationship to (chronic) pain has advanced considerably in recent years,32,33 yet evidence regarding the causal nature of identified associations remains scarce. Notably, this limitation seems particularly relevant in the context of pain, as the clinical usefulness of identified neural correlates is influenced by their causal involvement in the generation and maintenance of pain. Probing identified neural correlates of pain using causal manipulation methods such as tACS thus represents an important next step.48 Specifically, tACS studies targeting different brain areas and frequencies and comparing effects across different types (eg, phasic, tonic, and chronic) and dimensions (eg, perception, behavior, and autonomic) of pain could yield important insights into the brain mechanisms of pain.
Assessing causality and transferring gained knowledge to clinical practice requires further developments. These include the online measurement of neural activity to demonstrate target engagement48 and enhance stimulation efficiency using closed-loop systems, which adjust stimulation parameters to the current brain state.34,41 Such closed-loop systems represent a promising recent development with a high clinical potential yet require further systematic testing.41 Beyond, multielectrode montages could be used to manipulate the coherence between distinct brain areas and, thus, target the communication between brain areas instead of local activity.48 With respect to clinical applications, investigating the strength and duration of analgesic effects is further of major importance6,48 and could be addressed by paradigms with varying stimulation durations and intensities and the prolonged tracking of analgesic effects. Likewise, increasing the mobility and practicability of tACS devices (ie, small devices allowing for easy and uniform electrode placement) constitutes an important practical issue6 and could facilitate their deployment in clinical and home settings.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
The authors thank Laura Tiemann, Moritz Nickel, Son Ta Dinh, and Henrik Heitmann for helpful comments on the manuscript. The study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (PL 321/10-2 and PL 321/11-2).
. Ahn S, Prim JH, Alexander ML, McCulloch KL, Fröhlich F. Identifying and engaging neuronal oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. J Pain 2019;20:277.e1-277.e11.
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. Arendsen LJ, Hugh-Jones S, Lloyd DM. Transcranial alternating current stimulation at alpha frequency reduces pain when the intensity of pain is uncertain. J Pain 2018;19:807–18.
. Baliki MN, Apkarian AV. Nociception, pain, negative moods, and behavior selection. Neuron 2015;87:474–91.
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. Buzsaki G, Draguhn A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 2004;304:1926–9.
. Dixon ML, Thiruchselvam R, Todd R, Christoff K. Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 2017;143:1033–81.
. Donner TH, Siegel M. A framework for local cortical oscillation patterns. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15:191–9.
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. Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET. Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15:56–67.
. Gross J, Schnitzler A, Timmermann L, Ploner M. Gamma oscillations in human primary somatosensory cortex reflect pain perception. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e133.
. Hauck M, Lorenz J, Engel AK. Attention to painful stimulation enhances gamma-band activity and synchronization in human sensorimotor cortex. J Neurosci 2007;27:9270–7.
. Hauck M, Metzner S, Rohlffs F, Lorenz J, Engel AK. The influence of music and music therapy on pain-induced neuronal oscillations measured by magnetencephalography. PAIN 2013;154:539–47.
. Helfrich RF, Schneider TR, Rach S, Trautmann-Lengsfeld SA, Engel AK, Herrmann CS. Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Curr Biol 2014;24:333–9.
. Hiser J, Koenigs M. The multifaceted role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion, decision making, social cognition, and psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 2018;83:638–47.
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. May ES, Nickel MM, Ta Dinh S, Tiemann L, Heitmann H, Voth I, Tölle TR, Gross J, Ploner M. Prefrontal gamma oscillations reflect ongoing pain intensity in chronic back pain patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2019;40:293–305.
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domain: psychology


Shotguns for children under £3,000
We pick out the best shotguns for children priced £3,000 or under
The most pressing concern will be over what calibre of gun to buy. I am very much of the ‘old school’ and started shooting at tin cans with a .410 side-by-side before progressing onto pigeon and eventually moving on to a 20-bore. Things are a little bit different these days, however, with most youngsters learning how to shoot at clays.
Clearly, having proper instruction can only be a good thing, not only in terms of teaching safe gun handling but also the more abstract ideas of lead and swing. Because the shot can be the same every time, they can also build up a big library of sight pictures.
Choosing shotguns for children
Whether to start with a .410, 28-bore or 20-bore depends largely on the stature of the youngster. A .410 has always the starting place for the young shot due to its small size, low weight and limited recoil. But you should think carefully about how often the youngster is going to shoot before heading down this route, as the limited size of the shot pattern can make shooting a disheartening experience if it proves difficult for them to learn the line and lead of the shot. However, this is a very good bore size to start with, not just for ease of shooting but also for learning about the responsibility of carrying a gun, safe handling, cleaning etc.
Gun fit for children
When it comes to fitting guns for youngsters, we usually find the cast and bend very rarely needs to be altered. We usually recommend the length of stock, the cast and bend to be altered at a later date once they have got more into the rhythm of shooting. Bear in mind that their shape will change radically and rapidly as they grow, so they should have a gun fit session fairly regularly.
We are finding more and more that 28-bore and 20-bore guns are the preferred gauge for youngsters to start with. Though heavier than a .410, they are considerably lighter than a 12-bore and recoil can be reduced to a minimum with careful cartridge selection. Of course, this also gives the youngster more fire power, meaning they are more likely to hit their target and stick with it.
Side-by-side or over-and-under?
Whether to go for a side-by-side or over-and-under is again a purely personal choice. Over-unders do tend to kick slightly less and they can be slightly easier to learn to shoot with as they have only a single sight plain. Of course, over-unders do tend to be heavier than side-by-sides.
You might want your son or daughter to shoot with a side-by-side for tradition’s sake, and a 28 or 20-bore would be ideal for driven or duck shooting and is certainly what I would recommend. However, if they are likely to be shooting more clays than anything else then an over-under is the one to go for.
The three guns I have selected fall into three price brackets, and all would suit most youngsters at the start of their shooting careers.
Yildiz are a Turkish manufacturer who have been steadily building a reputation for manufacturing good quality, good value shotguns. They make an excellent .410 side-by-side with either double or single triggers and 26″ or 28″ barrels. I would recommend a double trigger with 28″ barrels and ejectors.
These guns come with long stocks can be shortened down to the youngster’s size. We recommend that the wood be kept so that it can be placed back on the gun if need be later on.
The gun is a good weight at 5lbs, meaning it will handle well and will allow for a good consistent swing. These guns also have a 3″ magnum chamber, meaning heavier loads can safely be put through the gun if more stopping power is required.
When new, like many guns, the action can be rather tight but your gunshop or gunmaker should be able to ease the gun while you wait, making it a lot easier to operate.
This can be an important safety consideration; if the gun is easy to open and shut there is less chance of the barrels being forced upwards dangerously when closing the gun.
AYA Number Four
A superb choice of a 28 bore gun would be an AYA Number Three or Number Four. The only difference between the two is simply that the Number Three is a non-ejector, while the Number Four is an ejector.
These guns have 28″ barrels choked at 1/4 and 1/2 and 2.3/4″ chambers. This being a small calibre gun, I would recommend the chokes are taken out to improved cylinder and 1/4, or cylinder and improved.
Like the Yildiz, it is likely you will need to shorten the stock and should keep the wood. These guns are single trigger and come at a very handy 5.1/2lbs and are very reliable. Smaller bore guns hold their value extremely well, and with the good AYA name on top this is a very sound investment, as well as a great gun to shoot.
From new you should expect to pay upwards of £2,500, which for a youngster is quite expensive. If there will be another youngster learning to shoot in a few years time, then the price could be justified and the gun passed down to the next sibling coming along. However, a good second hand version of either the Number Three or Number Four is always a good buy, the Number Three being anywhere from £500 – £750, and the Number Four around £750 – £1,500.
Beretta Silver Pigeon S
Some of the guns we sell the most of in 20-bore come from Beretta’s range of over-unders. Their Silver Pigeon guns have been amongst the most popular and best-selling of the last 20 – 25 years, and for good reason. They are elegant and attractive, good to shoot with and extremely reliable. They have very slim actions and are very easy to operate and shoot, being under 6lbs in weight.
I would recommend buying a gun with 28″ barrels, however there have been quite a few guns with 26″ barrels sold over the years, and if you are fortunate enough to come across one it could better suit if the youngster is small. Barrels are choked at 1/4 and 1/2 when new, and I would recommend they are altered to improved and 1/4 or cylinder and improved. They have a crisp single trigger and, like all the guns here, have automatic safety, which absolutely essential for a youngster learning to shoot.
It is matter of seconds for a gunsmith to make a gun auto-safe, so if you’re buying a second-hand you should ensure that every time the gun is opened the safety catch returns to the safe position.
The balance of these guns is slightly forward of the hinge pin which will help to keep the gun free and maintain an easy swing.
The starting price new for these guns is £1,750 but a good second hand one is definitely worth buying, if priced from £800 – £1,200 depending on condition.
Bill Elderkin is the managing director of Elderkin & Son (Gunmakers) Ltd. of Spalding in Lincolnshire. Tel: 01775 722919


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The Brookings Institute posted some exciting news this summer: Madison ranks #5 out of the top 100 metro areas in Advanced Industry growth. These are businesses that engage Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) resources and STEM employees to build cutting-edge organizations. Technology is key to these companies and manufacturing is a driver because 35 of the 50 industries are in manufacturing sectors.
Manufacturing drives Madison’s economy as well. Many in our community separate High-Tech from manufacturing, even though they are inextricably linked. These folks want to believe that technology and the knowledge economy will drive prosperity in the future. That’s terrific – and I agree – but that course requires a strong manufacturing base – even in Dane County. After all, we have the third most manufacturers of any county in Wisconsin, trailing only Milwaukee and Waukesha counties.
That’s right. Manufacturing is key to Dane county’s future. There are 527 manufacturers in the county, contributing $1.4 billion to the economy and employing 23,620 craftspeople in their operations. Manufacturing is one of the few sectors creating the economic value and healthy manufacturing key to our long-term success.
Manufacturing also drives innovation. Manufacturers:
• Fund over 75% of all private R&D;
• Generate 90% of all patents; and
• Employ 83% of all private-sector PhDs.
The science and scientists in our public institutions do terrific work, but it’s manufacturers that bring all that research to life
The ability to embrace change and use it to improve productivity leads to a higher standard of living for all of us. Our grandfathers’ manufacturing wasn’t flexible or innovative enough to answer today’s challenges. By contrast, modern manufacturing drives innovation and implements technology by engaging the capabilities of skilled, motivated, and engaged people to transform visions into reality. These days, the best and brightest make a huge difference for the world in manufacturing.
Manufacturing keeps us competitive in world markets. Exports are a practical way to measure competitiveness in world markets and our manufacturers account for over 90% of Wisconsin’s exports, paving the way for our state throughout the world. Exports help our companies grow and raise our people’s standard of living. These markets challenge companies to deliver the best solutions to difficult problems and Wisconsin’s manufacturers answer that challenge. Our capabilities drive our economy to new – and more sustainable – highs. Our actions create great visibility and recognition – this time from the Brookings!
Congratulations Madison! You’re a terrific manufacturing region!

domain: economics


text:
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domain: geography


text:
Enchantments are cards that have a lasting effect on the game once they are played. They can influence the battlefield by providing ongoing benefits or detriments, modifying rules of play, or even transforming the game’s environment. Unlike other card types that might have a one-time effect or be used for direct combat, enchantments persist on the battlefield and continually affect the game as long as they remain in play.
Auras are a specific subset of enchantments that require a target, usually another permanent on the battlefield, such as a creature, land, or even a player. When an aura is played, it must attach to the designated target, granting it new abilities, enhancing its stats, or possibly imposing restrictions depending on the aura’s nature. This targeting requirement adds a layer of strategy to using auras, as they can turn the tide of battle by bolstering one’s creatures or hindering an opponent’s. However, suppose the target of an aura is removed before the aura can attach. In that case, the aura will typically go to the graveyard, highlighting the importance of timing and strategic planning in their deployment.
Mechanics of Enchantments and Auras
When casting an aura, the caster must select a target to attach to, adhering to the game’s rules on targeting. This can create complex situations, especially when dealing with permanents with protective abilities such as hexproof, preventing opponents from targeting them. Auras can get around these defenses in certain game situations, such as when they return from the graveyard to the battlefield, and give the player the freedom to choose a different target without being subject to hexproof. This interplay of rules adds depth to the game’s strategy. It encourages players to consider the broader implications of each action they take.
Understanding the strategic use of auras and enchantments is crucial for new and experienced players. Auras can significantly enhance a player’s creatures by increasing their power and toughness, granting them new abilities, or even changing their fundamental characteristics. Conversely, auras can also be used defensively or offensively against opponents by restricting their creatures’ abilities or directly affecting their gameplay. Enchantments without the aura subtype can create conditions that affect the entire battlefield, shaping the game’s progress and influencing the strategies of all players involved.
History of Enchantments in MTG
From the game’s inception, enchantments have been used to add complexity and depth to matches, evolving to include various effects and interactions. The introduction of auras and, later, specialized enchantments like Sagas, which tell a story through their sequential effects, showcase the game’s rich lore and its ability to reinvent itself. These developments enrich the game’s strategic possibilities and narrative depth, allowing players to engage with the game on multiple levels.
Enchantments vs Auras vs Saga Cards
Enchantments, auras, and sagas in Magic: The Gathering (MTG) are all subtypes of enchantment cards, yet they function in distinctly different ways within the game. Here’s a brief overview of each, based on the general rules of MTG:
- Enchantments are a broad category of cards that represent persistent effects on the battlefield. They do not require a specific target when cast and remain in play, providing a continuous effect until removed. Enchantments can affect various aspects of the game, from increasing mana production to limiting what actions players can take. Their wide-ranging abilities make them versatile components of many strategies.
- Auras are a subtype of enchantments that require a target when they are cast. These targets can be creatures, lands, players, and sometimes other types of permanents, depending on the aura’s text. Auras attach to their target and provide benefits or impose restrictions on that target. For example, an aura might increase a creature’s strength and toughness or prevent it from attacking or blocking. If the target of an aura is removed from the battlefield, the aura is typically sent to the graveyard, reflecting its dependence on the targeted permanent.
- Sagas are a relatively newer subtype of enchantments introduced with the Dominaria set. They represent stories from the lore of MTG, unfolding over several turns. Each saga has multiple abilities, called chapters, that activate in sequence each turn starting the turn after the saga enters the battlefield. After the final chapter ability has been activated, the saga is sacrificed. Sagas provide a unique way to gain incremental advantages, with their effects building up to a final, often powerful, outcome.
Powerful Enchantment and Aura Cards
Here’s a list of five powerful enchantments and auras in Magic: The Gathering, known for their ability to significantly impact gameplay:
- Eldrazi Conscription – This aura turns any creature into a massive threat by granting it +10/+10, trample, and annihilator 2, making it a formidable force on the battlefield that can quickly end games if not addressed.
- Bear Umbra – Provides a creature with +2/+2 and has the totem armor ability, which can save the creature once from destruction. Moreover, it untaps all lands you control when the enchanted creature attacks, offering a significant ramp in mana and allowing for multiple plays in a single turn.
- All That Glitters – This aura boosts a creature’s power and toughness for each artifact and enchantment you control, making it particularly powerful in decks that heavily utilize these card types, potentially turning even the smallest creature into a huge threat.
- Flickering Ward – A one-mana aura that can be returned to its owner’s hand at will, granting protection from a chosen color to the enchanted creature. This flexibility allows it to protect the creature from most forms of removal and can be used repeatedly to adapt to changing battlefield conditions.
- Hyena Umbra – Another aura with the totem armor ability, giving the enchanted creature +1/+1 and first strike. The totem armor ability provides resilience against destruction, making it a valuable defensive tool that can also enhance a creature’s combat capabilities.
In conclusion, enchantments and auras are pivotal in Magic: The Gathering, offering players unique ways to influence the game and challenge their opponents. Through strategic deployment and understanding of their intricate rules, players can utilize these cards to craft complex strategies and adapt to the ever-changing battlefield. The continuous evolution of these card types reflects the game’s ability to remain fresh and engaging, ensuring it remains a beloved pastime for players worldwide.
- Do enchantments always target?
- Enchantments themselves do not always target. Only Aura spells, which are a subtype of enchantments, always target when they are being cast because they must attach to a specific object or player. Other enchantments can have effects that influence the game without needing a specific target upon casting.
- Can an enchantment be considered a spell?
- Are Auras the only enchantments that target?
- Do enchantments have summoning sickness?
- Can Auras target creatures with hexproof or shroud?

domain: game


text:
Virtual reality games are fun and challenging. If you want to play Omescape Virtual Reality games, you are up for an even more significant challenge. You are not only playing for one round, but you need to finish the game until you escape the room.
The problem with VR games is that you only see virtual reality, and you forget the real world where you are moving. Hence you could get hurt in the process. If you want to stay safe until the end, these are some tips to remember.
Take a break
Usually, people playing VR games spend at most 20 minutes for each round. As you reach that point, you will start getting dizzy and confused. If you start feeling that way, you need to pause and remove the glasses. Take a minute to drink water or relax. You need to reorient yourself first before you continue.
Remove dangerous objects
If you are playing VR escape room games, the designers of the room ensure that you are safe. There are no harmful objects in the way. However, if you are playing these games at home, you need to prioritise safety. Remove items that could block your way and hurt you. It is possible for you to fall or stumble on an object that is in your way. Metal pointed objects, fire hazards and glass should be out of the room. Apart from these objects, you also need to keep your pets away from the room as you could also get hurt if they pass by.
Familiarise yourself with the room
Before you start playing VR games, you need to familiarise yourself with the room first. Once you put the glasses on, you will get disoriented. You will have a hard time telling virtual reality from your real surroundings. It could lead to accidents. If you know what the room looks like and how big it is, you will stay safe, as you can adjust your movements.
Play it with a friend
You need someone who will serve as a “spotter” and make sure that you do not get hurt while playing. If you are almost hitting a wall, your friend will tell you to move away. If you need to duck, jump or avoid an object, your friend will also tell you about it. Of course, you need to ensure that your friend looks out for your safety. Some friends might try to prank you. Instead of looking after you, they will find a way to bring you closer to danger.
Do not play under the influence
The VR glasses are already confusing enough. You do not want to do anything to confuse your brain even more. Drinking alcohol or taking drugs will remove you from reality, and you do not want to be in that condition when playing the game.
VR games can be fun, but they could also cause accidents. You need to think of these safety tips so that nothing bad will happen. You also need to choose places offering VR games where safety is the priority.


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Researcher Susan E. Swithers has written in the journal Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism an attention-getting editorial reviewing the mounting evidence that frequent diet-sugar consumers may also be at risk for all the hazards of excess sugar consumption: weight gain, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. She reports not only the human studies, in which sugar substitutes are associated with all those disease, but also the science from animal studies in which rats receiving feed mixed with artificial sweeteners had greater weight gain, and other problems, than rats fed the same diets mixed with real sugar! It is presumed, and verified by some studies, that improper sweet signals from the non-caloric sweeteners disrupt normal feedback mechanisms. Eating saccharin, for instance, reduces the ability of the body to muster its normal responses to sweet-tasting foods.
"Artifical sweeteners appear to stimulate food intake by reducing the ability to compensate for energy provided by caloric sweeteners in the diet." No perceived sweetness, no normal energy balancing mechanisms set into action, so the saccharin eater keeps eating beyond the sugar eater.
What will be interesting to see is if these findings apply to stevia as well as chemical non-caloric sweeteners. The bottom line just might be to learn to find our satisfaction from less sweet foods, no matter how they are sweetened.
Pass that steak and salad plate, please.

domain: medical


To mass produce wheels, like all the big name brands do, time allocated for production and assembly must be paired to a minimum. And to achieve this requires compromise at the component level which will sooner or later compromise both the performance and durability of your wheels.
A good example of such a compromise needed for efficient wheel mass
production are those small holes found in hubs and rims through which the spokes
must pass and locate with precision.
Make these holes tight and it’s possible to build tight,
strong and long lasting wheels. But the machines that thread spokes
automatically into hubs don’t work well with holes so tiny that each spoke must
be pushed hard and wiggled about in order to get it through.
The ideal hole diameter for really tight, robust wheel is
just about the same as the thread of the spoke you’re using. Any bigger and the
spoke will only locate and bed loosely.
Loose is not good: you can’t build stiff and precise with loose fit.
So hubs made primarily for mass produced wheels simply come
with bigger sized holes so that machine fed spokes drop in easily in a matter of just a few
And these oversized holes allow the spoke head to move radially each and
every rotation whenever the wheel is under load. Like when you’re riding. This movement equates to power loss through
extra friction, and ultimately fatigue and failure of the spoke and hub.
By contrast, each and every wheel we lace takes around 20 or
30 minutes and is done entirely by hand. A lot of that time is spent wiggling
those spokes around to thread them through our tiny hub holes.
The result when
the spoke locates in the hub flanges is a solid, tight fit. No movement, slop or slack is possible.
And that’s how the build of every supremely strong, durable, stiff and precise wheel must begin. There is no other way.
In the next article find out what is the bike equivalent of a marriage made in heaven!


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Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, is located at the southeastern tip of Vancouver Island. The city is equidistant from Seattle, Washington, and the city of Vancouver, on the British Columbia mainland. There are ferries which carry visitors to and from Victoria from either location. Victoria is a quintessential British city and is a delight to walk, especially around the Parliament Buildings which are regal and impressive, and throughout the area which includes Thunderbird Park, a spot that contains a number of totem poles recalling Victoria’s far distant past. .
Also in Victoria you will find the Royal British Columbia Museum and the nearby Crystal Gardens. To the north of the city, in the community of Brentwood Bay are the world-famous Butchart Gardens.
The Royal British Columbia Museum is a great starting point for an exploration of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, in general. It documents the history of the province, the ecology of the environment, and the culture of the native inhabitants, with artifacts and displays. The Main Street Exhibit details what life was like in the city in the 19th century. Other exhibits inform visitors about the explorers, primarily from Europe, who discovered and eventually settled the province. There is even a National Geographic IMAX Theater on site.
Butchart Gardens, in the town of Brentwood Bay, not far from Victoria, has numerous landscaped and flowering gardens and is open year round (winter brings holiday lights in place of the flowers). On the grounds, a former limestone quarry, are Japanese Gardens, a Rose Garden, ponds and statuary.
Gary’s Gem: Follow my walking tour of Victoria, posted on 1-19-09 for an up close and personal look at the city major attractions. I will be following this tour on 6-24-10 when I visit.

domain: history


Scientific Publishing Ltd.
Security situation awareness is a new technology about security. This paper brings it to the assessment of security situation of metro station which serves as a new way to secure the security of passengers as well as the operation of the metro station. This paper sets up an index system for assessing the security situation awareness and makes a prediction model for the security situation of metro station based on PSO/SVM after doing lots of researches and analyses. Furthermore, through case studies, the authors find that the model has high accuracy and ability to accurately predict the security situation of metro station in the future and a certain practical value.


text:
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Find Apartments in Jonesboro.
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1014 Ferrell St Jonesboro AR 72401 has a Walk Score of
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This address is Car-Dependent as almost all errands near 1014 Ferrell St require a car.
Walk to coffee nearby at Daily Grind and to the grocery store at Hays.
Local restaurants include Presley's Drive Inn, SONIC, Wings To Go, Taco Bell, KFC / Taco Bell Jonesboro, KFC, Mi Casa Mexican Restaurant, and Subway.
Close by schools include Annie Camp Junior High School.
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© 2013 Walk Score


A larval flounder with a long projection on its snout made waves in the fish section.
While walking on Tathra beach in February John Chapman came across a very strange looking fish. He gave it to his friends Sue and Don Cotterill who kindly agreed to bring the fish to the Australian Museum (Thank you Sue and Don!).
We examined the fish but could not put a species name on it with confidence. Retired Australian Museum larval fish expert Jeff Leis suggested that the fish was most likely a species of Laeops. Two species in the genus are currently known from Australian waters; the Smallhead Flounder, Laeops parviceps and Kitahara's Flounder, L. kitaharae.
It was at this point we turned to the expert - Japanese ichthyologist, Dr Atsushi Fukui. The fish will be sent on loan to Dr Fukui who will examine it and report his findings. Stay tuned...


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I have sung all my life and been sung to all my life. Now I want to share what I have learnt with my ears in a fun and friendly way, so that using just your ears, a relaxed body and the support of other singers, you too can enjoy singing.
My interest is particularly in singing for wellbeing and I try to create an environment where people feel safe to try singing (no matter what they have been told about their singing voice in the past), and to create a community of singers who have fun and support each other.
I have many years experience as a group leader and speech therapist and work with a number of specialist groups including those living with dementia and chronic lung conditions. I lead acapella choirs (without accompaniment) where the emphasis is on fun and songs with meaning and soul. In addition I have trained carers, care staff and health practitioners to sing during their practice as this can help a range of clients.
Online in addtion to Burnley, Pendle, Rossendale, Hyndburn, Clitheroe, Ribble Valley
Choirs and Groups
|18 Apr 2021||Understanding Breath – Singing and Covid|

domain: hobby


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Never a dull moment at Afton Station! These two young ladies from Berlin, Germany, accompanied by Robin, are going through our huge number of quarters from the penny pinching machine in search of the new National Park quarters. They managed to find $6 worth of them before moving on down Route 66. They had collected all the state quarters during this trip and were moving on to the more difficult to find ones. Such a great idea for adding a new dimension to their Route 66 adventure.
Two gentlemen on the left from the Antique Auto Club of American (Tulsa Chapter) came in to check out our place as a potential stop on their summer tour. We passed with flying colors and will be visited by them on June 29. They loved the cars. The two people on the right are from Paris, France and are traveling all of Route 66.
Other visitors came from Baxter Springs KS, Lafayette IN, Broken Arrow OK, Marvel AR, Sarasota FL, Scott City KS, Hutchinson KS, Erie PA, and Vinita and Miami, OK.
Tattoo Man stopped by on his way to get another tattoo (of course!) and gave Robin a ride on his new toy. He learned a lesson on his way to the Station, though. If you leave a bag of Fritos on the back seat of the bike, they will fly off and never be seen again! Poor Tattoo!


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SeeSaw Magazine: Observation Full and Felt
In 2004, I attended a conference at the Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, 'The 3rd Space: Mapping the Magazines of Photography', which presented lectures and panel discussions with an number of influential photography editors, critics, writers, photographers and curators - from Creative Camera, Camera Austria, Source, Useful Photography, The Photographers Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and so on. I became very inspired. At the same time, a good friend of mine was running an online non-fiction literary journal, Palaver, and it seemed that, by simply locating his magazine on the internet, he'd discovered an ideal way of sharing work that he admired with the widest possible audience, and with the least amount of hassle. I knew of a lot of incredible photography, which didn't necessarily have entirely practical purposes or commercial outlets, but which was fascinating and moving and important nevertheless. So I decided to create another outlet by putting a photography magazine online.
SeeSaw Magazine is an online photography journal dedicated to promoting and publishing photographic work and criticism that successfully presents serious and acute observation via the photographic medium. The magazine engages with both established and emerging photographers, and is directly inspired by Walker Evans’s statement, ‘[Photography] is the capture and projection of the delights of seeing; it is the defining of observation full and felt’.
SeeSaw also encourages writers to engage directly with photography, and regularly presents photo-related essays, reviews and interviews. Having featured works by and interviews with notables such as Stephen Shore, Alec Soth, Carrie Mae Weems, Roger Ballen, Todd Hido, Richard Misrach, Jackie Nickerson, Christopher Stewart and Edward Burtynsky, as well as portfolios by a number of today’s most promising emerging photographers, the magazine has developed a dedicated following, and a strong reputation as a source for important and critically engaging photography. Evidence of SeeSaw’s importance as a research resource came in June 2006, when it was selected for preservation by The British Library; it will continue to be archived regularly within their collection, in collaboration with the UK Web Archive Consortium.
Within the context of SeeSaw, I have published a wide range of extensive portfolios, interviews and essays that have drawn international attention, and have been cited in other important publications. It has also led to a number of written commissions from some of the medium’s most respected publications, including Aperture, ArtReview, Hotshoe International, the British Journal of Photography, Modern Painters and Fotografie Museum Amsterdam (FOAM).
"Congratulations for SeeSaw - it's about time someone did it; the publication is great! Stick with it. It may take time, but eventually, people will appreciate what an important and pioneering effort you're making."
(Richard Misrach, Photographer)
"SeeSaw Magazine is definitely a must-look-at for the consumer of fine photography online."
(Jorg Colberg, Concientious.com)
"SeeSaw is very impressive! Your latest issue is fantastic. I am going to write a book regarding the business of being a photographer, as I did one ten years ago but it needs updating. Would you write about running an online magazine?"
(Rhonda Wilson, Director: Rhubarb-Rhubarb)
"Seesaw Magazine shows off some extremely interesting work."
(Photo District News)
"SeeSaw Magazine is an outstanding new online photography site. Brilliant."
"Seesaw Magazine’s first issue appeared in Winter 2004. The magazine believes that "the most powerful and compelling photography is made in response to reality itself", in line with my own views on the medium. In the new issue there is an extensive portfolio by Richard Misrach, as well as an interview with him by Aaron Schuman, along with a shorter portfolio of work by other artists. Earlier issues included Edward Burtynsky, Alec Soth, Stephen Shore and Jem Southam. Furthermore there is plenty of work in these issues by photographers unfamiliar to me that is worth looking at, for example Greta Pratt's “Americana”, Kevin Romaniuk's “Self Portrait” and work by Wyatt Gallery and Will Steacy from the aftermath of Katrina."
(Peter Marshall, About.com)

domain: artistic


text:
The cold wintertime appears to be the season of children’s movies, as Mr. Peabody & Sherman takes the top box office spot in its second weekend at the box office. It may not have had the same level of success as its fellow children’s movies, Frozen and The LEGO Movie, but it sure has proven strong in the face of several new films, and even an army of 300.
According to BoxOfficeMojo, Mr. Peabody & Sherman made a gross of $21.8 million over the weekend, putting it in the No. 1 position. The previous weekend, 300: Rise of An Empire was in first, but it earned 57.4 percent less this weekend, bringing its gross down to $19.2 million. Mr. Peabody & Sherman’s earnings only dropped 32.3 percent.
One thing that may have helped the film was its presence in more theaters than most of its competition. Mr. Peabody & Sherman played in 3,951 theaters over the weekend — 461 more than 300: Rise of An Empire and over 800 more than the recently released Need for Speed film.
Unfortunately for Mr. Peabody & Sherman, there’s still quite a ways to go to make up for the $145 million budget report by BoxOfficeMojo. After two weekends, the film is less than halfway there, with a total gross of $63.7 million. On the other hand, 300: Rise of An Empire is doing well for itself with $78.4 million in two weekends going toward its budget of $110 million.
Things don’t look to good for Buena Vista’s Need for Speed movie, though. For it’s opening weekend, it came in third after two two-week-old movies. Fortunately, the film has a much smaller budget to beat, as it only cost $66 million to make. Unfortunately, the odds of it rising any higher in the box office don’t look good, as many movies have their best weekend right after they premiere. On top of that, there will be even more competition coming up before the month ends.

domain: news


text:
The IAB's half-year ad revenue report shows record growth, mostly due to the rise of mobile advertising. Meanwhile, search and directory advertising have stayed at the same levels since last year.
In order to attract consumers, good search engine marketing should be built on a strong and thorough checklist.
The company's earnings slip 5 percent as Google ups its spending.
Here are some of the lessons learned from owning a search agency for more than 15 years, shared in order to help you make your agency better.
A recent report by the Interactive Advertising Bureau and IHS show mobile ad revenue nearly doubled in 2013 from 2012, with mobile search ads growing globally.
German publishers say Google and other search engines like Bing and Yahoo are in violation of the country's ancillary copyright law and want them to pay 11 percent of revenues generated from linking to and publishing snippets of their content.
Google's dominance in paid search is taking a hit from the number of mobile apps that users are using on a daily basis, apps that often use alternative sources of revenue generation outside of Google ads. according to an eMarketer report.
For global corporations, the move to international SEO is inevitable. Despite these challenges, companies can't afford to avoid international markets, regardless of the difficulty. Each of these difficulties can be overcome.
The original search marketing conference is back! On July 9, Search Engine Strategies will relaunch in Atlanta. The one-day conference will cover all the critical aspects of search engine optimization (SEO) and paid search advertising (PPC).


text:
Fidelity Digital launched a study report just recently showing significant development in a variety of classifications surrounding digital possessions. Throughout Europe and the U.S., year-over-year development existed in practically every classification, that includes existing direct exposure and understanding and appeal.
Let’s take a much deeper dive into the study and a few of it’s takeaways.
Crypto Drivers: Fidelity’s Findings
The 40-slide report lays out study insights from over 1,000 participants in Europe, Asia, and the U.S. in between December 2020 and April2021 Participants consisted of monetary consultants, high-net-worth financiers, hedge funds, household workplaces, endowments and structures, and so on. Approximately half of the surveyed financiers currently had a financial investment in digital possessions, with Asia and Europe revealing greater rates of financial investment than the U.S.
70% of all surveyed financiers had a neutral-to-positive understanding of digital possessions, and 9 out of 10 participants stated that they discovered digital possessions to be appealing. Additionally, approximately 8 out of 10 surveyed financiers felt that digital possessions have a location in a portfolio.
What possessions are financiers targeting? Remarkably, just 21% of surveyed U.S. financiers own bitcoin, compared to 46% of surveyed financiers in Europe and 45% of surveyed financiers in Asia, respectively. Surveyed U.S. participants likewise revealed lower indexed crypto holdings of other significant tokens too, consisting of ethereum, litecoin and XRP. However, adoption continues to increase essentially throughout the board year-over-year, with U.S. household workplaces and monetary consultants seeing the biggest upticks in adoption.
Bitcoin's strength is usually viewed as the anchor for crypto's more comprehensive development and is rapidly ending up being the pillar of official financial investment choices as crypto ETFs come to life.|Source: BTC:USD on TradingView.com
Associated Checking Out|Forget Walmart, Here’s The Real Reason Why Bitcoin Crashed
What’s Holding Participants Back?
The greatest points of crypto apprehension from Fidelity’s study individuals appeared to depend on crypto’s fundamental volatility and mysticism. Over half of the surveyed financiers mentioned cost volatility as “among the best barriers to financial investment.” And almost half of the study participants stated that an absence of basics to evaluate proper worth was a barrier to entry too.
Additionally, while questioning around the subject was restricted, tokenization revealed weaker interest relative to Fidelity’s previous study. Just around a quarter of U.S. and European financiers surveyed thought that property has fantastic possible for tokenization, which was a twelve percent decline from the last study.
Regardless of these bookings, the study reveals significant optimism through-and-through. Over double the participants in the U.S. stated that they purchased or purchased digital possessions through a financial investment item compared to the previous year. As more formalized financial investment items concern market, it’s affordable to anticipate this number to continue to grow.
The reports comes simply a couple of brief weeks afterFidelity Digital’s ambitious future price target for BTC Simply a couple months back, Fidelity Digital bolstered it’s workforce by 70% due to a boost in need.
Associated Checking Out|Ukraine Adopts New Law To Legalize Bitcoin And Other Cryptocurrencies
Included image from Pexels, Charts from TradingView.com
Taylor Scott Read More.


text:
We know more than 50 types of heart diseases, and the most common type is the CAD or coronary artery disease. It is also known as ischemic heart disease or coronary heart disease. The CAD is characterized by narrowing and hardening of the arteries that cuts off the blood flow to the heart and it can cause a heart attack. Some other types of the heart diseases include:
Arrhythmia – it affects the electrical system of the body and can result in irregularities in the heartbeat rhythm. If the heartbeat is too fast, it is called tachycardia, while if the heartbeat is too slow, it is called bradycardia. The arterial fibrillation is another kind of arrhythmia.
Angina – it is characterized by pain or discomfort in the throat or the chest, usually accompanying shortness of breath.
Atherosclerosis – it is characterized by hardening of your arteries because of plaque buildup.
Congenital heart disease – it is a genetic condition that is able to affect any part of your heart, and also the blood vessels.
Cardiomyopathy – it is also known like congestive heart failure and it happens when the blood is congested in the heart, and that can lead to heart failure.
Endocarditis – it is an inflammatory of the inner lining of the valves and heart, and pericarditis, which is an inflammation of the outer lining of the heart.
Myocarditis – an inflammation of the heart muscle.
Heart attack – also known like MI or myocardial infarction occurs when is blocked the flow of oxygen and blood to any part of the heart.
Stenosis – it happens when one of the valves of the heart narrows. There are different types of stenosis, like mitral valve stenosis and aortic valve.

domain: health


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Augusta,Ga (WJBF) Mayor Hardie Davis has been issuing executive orders concerning the coronavirus since March, now some commissioners want to talk about it at Tuesday’s meeting how they feel they’ve been left out of the loop.
Mayor Davis is calling the shots when it comes to the city’s coronavirus response, using executive orders, now some Augusta commissioners are calling that process out..
“The purpose of my agenda item is to ensure number one is that the commission is always informed and knowledgeable of any executive orders,” said Commissioner Sammie Sias.
Augusta commissioners started talking about mandating wearing masks in government buildings, on May 12the the final reading of the ordinance requiring masks still hasn’t been approved.
But on May 15th the Mayor signed an executive order requiring face coverings in city government buildings.
Commissioners saying they were not made aware of the order before hand
“It would have been much better if we had some communication and involvement with all the commissioners that wanted to be involved,” said Commissioner Dennis Williams.
“I’m concerned there was an executive ordered issued that we did not have access to that is what I’m concerned about,” said Commissioner Sammie Sias.
But some commissioners believe a public discussion on the mayor’s mask executive order could lead to more bickering at the meetings.
“It’s a power play some want that’s not going to do anybody especially the citizens of Augusta Georgia any good,” said Commissioner John Clarke.
I talked to Mayor Hardie Davis he said the commission had been working on the mask ordinance for weeks he say the executive order was needed to protect the employees and citizens when the Municipal Building opened to the public two weeks ago.

domain: sociology


After a few years of interruption due to the Covid pandemic, it’s refreshing to be enjoying and attending in-person conferences and live events again. One of the things I appreciate about being back in person is the feeling of internationalization, globalization, and meeting people from all around the world. However, this can come with some language barrier challenges, leading to lower engagement and a lack of inclusivity or participation at an event. Unmistakably, AI is playing a transformative role by simplifying communications and workflows in the live events space, the broadcast market, and the media industry in general. AI technology offers capabilities that can automate and enhance various aspects of localization, from language translation to content moderation, everything in between, and beyond.
Bridging Communication Gaps
Offering professional interpreters and translators to interpret live while speakers present certainly helps turn attendees into active participants, but often comes with a cost barrier. Interpreters may also struggle with specialized content, unfamiliar terminology, or simply experience fatigue from a long-duration event due to the intense focus and cognitive abilities required. Using AI for translating and interpreting live events can be a powerful application of natural language processing and machine learning technologies. Both interpreters and AI translation offer similarities in that they effectively bridge communication gaps; both have their unique strengths and limitations. AI is delivering consistent performance and accuracy, supports a wide range of languages, accents, and dialects, and is rapidly advancing to offering more sophisticated approaches to translation.
AI Language Processing Models
Simultaneous interpretation is particularly useful for live events where multiple languages are spoken. AI-powered tools can listen to a speaker, transcribe the speech, translate it into another language, and offer subtitles or captions – all in real-time. Along with language detection to help determine what language is being spoken, AI supports automatic language switching for the audience.
Nowadays, the increasing size of Natural Language Processing (NLP) models allows the models to understand cultural expressions, idioms, and even tone, helping to create more accurate translations and subtitles. Live subtitles or captions are generated in real-time making the content more accessible to a larger global audience, suitable for live event broadcasts. AI also has the capacity (with proper training and calibration) to identify and translate specific event-related terminology, which reduces misinterpretation and greatly improves the accuracy of live event translation.
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) can be used for the live transcription of multilingual presentations, speeches, and even conversations, making it especially useful for real-time translation and interpretation.
AI Application in Live Broadcast Content Moderation
Automated content moderation can quickly and efficiently address issues including profanity, or harmful content. This can be an expensive and tedious task for a human moderator, so automated and machine-learning techniques can offer a more efficient and cost-effective approach. In addition to the workflow advantages, it’s about unlocking efficiencies and creating a more integrated content experience for the audience.
At XL8, we’ve been working in the live event subtitling market alongside many online event management platforms for some years. By providing localized content with automated AI translation, interpretation, and transcription, our localization tools help break down language barriers and make real-time communications more accessible. Now that we’re back to in-person live events and live broadcasts, we’re finding an opportunity to use our knowledge and technology to build best practices for multilingual in-person events that will benefit from these types of automated localization services.
We recently worked with event managers of the Nature Forum, where XL8’s EventCAT provided translated subtitles to event participants, without needing human interpreters. Key takeaways for our client were the cost savings, the impressive accuracy that our AI provided, and the obvious enthusiasm from event participants. This particular event was one of the instances that showcased an application that made the event more accessible and inclusive, ultimately enhancing collaboration and understanding. Another recent use-case powered by XL8’s EventCAT was the much anticipated multi-cultural event at The Leeum, also known as the Samsung Museum of Art. This event featured real-time translation of exhibit presentations into eight languages, allowing visitors to experience in their preferred language on their mobile phones.
A part of this success was achieved through a partnership with OnOffMix, one of the largest online event platforms in Korea, which aims to connect the online and offline worlds together. Through the event platform, XL8’s translation technology is now more widely available for audiences and users with a variety of localization needs in international conferences.
The localization process augmented by AI is enabling companies to adapt and thrive in new avenues of global content. It’s empowering localization and event production teams with automated and advanced tools to streamline workflows. Technology has historically been democratizing our lives. AI is once again advancing our lives by helping us make better content, making content more accessible, and allowing us to talk about content without a language barrier.


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Looks like the time of announcing the Agnipath military recruitment scheme was not good. Since its announcement, there are a lot of doubts about it and the military aspirants are of the opinion that their recruitment chances might get hindered. To show their unhappiness youths in various states are hitting the roads to protest against the newly announced scheme.
For the past three days, the country has been seeing violent protests. The other day, the angry protestors went on a rampage and created havoc in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Train coaches were burnt and the cops had to use tear gas to clear the protestors.
Now the Agnipath protests hit Telangana as the protestors created a ruckus at the Secunderabad Railway station. Creating issues for the train, the tracks were set on fire while a few train coaches were also set on fire by the angry mob.
Just like in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, the angry protestors barged into the railway station in Secunderabad and vandalized the station by setting a few coaches ablaze. Before vandalizing the railway station, the protestors attacked a few vehicles that came their way outside the railway station.
The videos shown by the news agency ANI show the angry protestors entering the Railway station and setting a train ablaze. A few protestors threw petrol onto the train leaving it in flames. Besides this, stones were pelted at the trains at the station.
To stop the trains from functioning, the protestors set the tracks on fire and the place was filled with thick fire making it tough for the passengers to take a breath. The cops rushed to the spot and the passengers were shifted to keep them safe from the protests.
To clear the angry mob, the cops who reached the spot reportedly fired at them leaving a few injured. Seeing this, the angry protestors are fleeing the place in fear of getting injured.
The Union government of India recently announced the Agnipath Yojana to take the youngsters into the three uniform services. The scheme aims at providing opportunities for the youth to join the forces. The aspirants should be between 17.5 to 21 years.


At one time, Maria Nunez was a single mom struggling alone to reach a settlement with her ex. Today, she’s a confident personal trainer with fair child support and visitation agreements.
Nunez credits help she got from Metro Volunteer Lawyers.
“I felt that I was in the middle of a big support group,” she says in a video shown to elected officials and others from throughout the 18th Judicial District during the Access to Justice Hearing, held Sept. 24 at the Arapahoe County Justice Center.
“It was nice to see how that helped Maria grow,” attorney Steve Cook says in the video.
When someone facing criminal charges shows up in court without an attorney, the judge can appoint a public defender at taxpayer expense. But there is no such provision in civil cases like divorce, probate and custody battles — situations that people who can’t afford an attorney commonly face.
“I was drowning in debt, as everyone was at the time,” said Patricia Crowe, who saved her house from foreclosure with help an attorney from Colorado Legal Services. “He was very good and very thorough, and he was with me through the whole deal.”
Hobbs presented data indicating there are 85,000 people living in poverty in the 18th Judicial District, a number that is projected to grow by 45 percent before the year 2040. In 2012, more than 82,000 civil cases were filed in the district, mostly in county court.
There are efforts throughout the district to provide help for people facing civil battles, whether they are defending themselves or filing a claim. For example, Douglas and Arapahoe counties both have “pro se clinics” to guide people representing themselves through the court system.
“I compare it to changing an oil filter,” said David Rolfe of the Douglas Pro Se and Mediation Clinic. “If you’ve never changed an oil filter, you’re going to want to get with a buddy and watch it happen first.”
There’s also a new self-help center at the Arapahoe County Justice Center that’s seen more than 1,000 people since it opened at the beginning of the year. Its director, Lindsey Adams, said domestic-relations cases make up 76 percent of those she sees. In divorce cases, for example, people can pick up a packet from the clerk’s office, fill it out and file everything themselves. But they often get stuck.
“There’s a real emotional factor,” she said. “Even though it has instructions, it can be overwhelming.”
Families facing separation due to deportation can often be waylaid by emotion, as well. Mekela Goehring of the Rocky Mountain Immigrant Advocacy Network explained that undocumented immigrants have no right to an attorney, no matter their status, nationality or even age.
“It simply is an injustice that 5-year-olds are forced to represent themselves,” she said.
Organizations like MVL and CLS provide volunteer attorneys to the indigent, but they rely on state and local funding. Representatives from those organizations say the money is unpredictable, insufficient and dwindling.
“Despite our best efforts, the American Bar Association estimates only 20 percent of the legal needs of the poor are met,” said Jonathan Asher of CLS. “We, in fact, turn away one person for every person we help.”
Part of the money comes from fees tacked on to filing charges, which some consider controversial.
“There is a real philosophical debate around funding our judicial system and access to it by charging the participants in the system,” said state Sen. Pat Steadman, D-Denver. “At some point, you can start to price it out of reach.”
Such assistance doesn’t just help the poor, notes Colorado Supreme Court Justice Gregory J. Hobbs. He says it speeds up the process for everyone by keeping incorrect paperwork and confusion from leaving cases languishing on the dockets. And the longer they languish, the more they cost in the way of attorney fees, staff time and other resources, he said.
“It puts us as judges in a very difficult position, because we can’t go out of our way to offer them legal advice,” he said. “We can help them along, but we can’t offer them a whole lot of guidance.”
Elbert County Commissioner Robert Rowland wondered about the other extreme, asking if a lot of pro se cases are frivolous and clogging up the courts unnecessarily.
“I have no doubt that some pro se people have meritless cases,” said Asher. “There are some who no reasonable lawyer would take their case. Some get that message, and some go ahead and file pro se.” But, he adds, assistance services can help weed those out.
Dianne Van Voorhees of MVL noted fundraising in this arena can be more challenging than in others, such as animal shelters or starving children.
“People say, ‘I love puppies, and I love kittens.’ But it’s tougher for our people. We get our people at the toughest time in their lives. … We need to figure out how to broaden the knowledge about this critical service we provide to the community.”


Live stream preview
QUEEN ESTHER | Let There Be Light
QUEEN ESTHER • 3m 5s
Shortly after the decision was made to delay the opening of QUEEN ESTHER due to COVID-19, the cast gathers to worship with this prayer from the show.
Up Next in QUEEN ESTHER
QUEEN ESTHER | Filming the Show
In the midst of an unprecedented year, Sight & Sound embarked on it’s first-ever live broadcast event. Join the cast and crew behind the scenes as they prepare for the QUEEN ESTHER live broadcast in this exclusive video. (2020)


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Temperature dependence of the Oregonator model for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
- Additional Document Info
- View All
It is well known that temperature plays an important role in the chemical dynamics of Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactions. The five-step Oregonator model of the BZ reaction has been elaborated here to investigate the temperature effect. The bifurcation dynamics has been calculated in the phase space spanned by initial reagents concentration ratio, stoichiometric factor and temperature. The combination of activation energies of the individual reaction steps governs the dependence of oscillation period and amplitude with temperature. The analysis reveals the existence of temperature limits beyond which no oscillations occur.
author list (cited authors)
Pullela, S. R., Cristancho, D., He, P., Luo, D., Hall, K. R., & Cheng, Z.
complete list of authors
Pullela, Srinivasa R||Cristancho, Diego||He, Peng||Luo, Dawei||Hall, Kenneth R||Cheng, Zhengdong

domain: chemistry


text:
Hospitality Sessions for Custom Programs
Food and Beverage Management
Food and Beverage Trends: What
are people eating and why?
To be successful, food service managers need to be aware of what the current food and beverage trends are and what global issues will likely impact them in the future. This session will provide an overview of current food and beverage trends, discuss some of the global issues that may influence these trends in the future, use hands-on experiments to teach how to evaluate consumer's food preferences, and discuss today's top ten global trends in food and beverage offerings.
Concessions, properly managed, can contribute significantly to revenue gained from functions such as sporting events, conventions, or other types of occasions and venues. This session will cover principles and practices of concessions operations management, and include discussions of product selection, logistics and supply considerations, inventory management, financial analysis, cash control, and human resource considerations. Topics discussed will include selecting products with appropriate margins which appeal to the targeted market, managing the logistical demands of a specific type of concession operation, establishing inventory standards and controlling inventory, controlling the use of labor, establishing and maintaining time standards for customer service, establishing an effective cash control procedure, and handling cash.
Culture and Cuisine
In today's global environment, it is crucial for those working in the hospitality industry to have an understanding and appreciation of the significance of culture on travelers' food preferences. It is also important to have an understanding of cultural variances in meal service expectations and manners associated with dining. This session briefly reviews the history of foods in the world and the "flow" of food products over time. It introduces participants to various food preparation techniques associated with common foods, as well as different seasonings and flavors reflective of world cultures. Service expectations of diners from varied cultural backgrounds are discussed, along with the respective manners and characteristics associated with international dining. Finally, we examine today's globalization of the food supply, including the impact of globalization on the agricultural environment and the foods now consumed by multiple cultures.

domain: food


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Our tour guide promised us a delicious lunch. Ipoh is known for Chicken rice and they say the best is at Nasi Ayam Pak Kong. It looks like a restaurant you would see in old Chinatown but I believe it is a family run business with a high turnover of people. You also can't just order the chicken rice as they had lots of delicious items on the menu. No airconditioning so if its a hot day, it's hot inside but the food's aroma and taste are absolute heaven.
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|Station Name||Noida Sector 16 Metro Station|
|Opened On||Thursday, November 12, 2009|
|Operated By||Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC)|
|Located on||Blue Line Delhi Metro|
|No. of Plateforms||2|
|Previous Metro Station||Noida Sect 15 Metro Station|
|Next Metro Station||Noida Sect 18 Metro Station|
|Bus Route No||Source||Destination|
|33 DTC bus route||Bhajanpura||Noida Sector 3|
|323 DTC bus route||Dhaula Kuan||Noida Sector 34 Up Roadways Bus Terminal|
|392 DTC bus route||Noida Sector 6||Dhaula Kuan|
|493 DTC bus route||Mayur Vihar Phase 3||Nehru Place Terminal|
|Gate 1||Rajnigandha Chowk|
|Gate 2||Naya Bansh Film City|
Q1. On which line Noida Sector 16 metro Station is located?
Answer: Noida Sector 16 metro Station is located on Blue Line Delhi Metro
Q2. How many gates are available on Noida Sector 16 metro Station?
Answer: As per our records there are 2 gates are available on Noida Sector 16 metro Station.
Q3. Is parking available on Noida Sector 16 metro station?
Answer: No parking is available on Noida Sector 16 metro station.
Q4. What is pincode of Noida Sector 16 metro Station?
Noida Sector 16 metro Station pin code is 121301.
|Source||Destination||Fare||Distance||Travel Time||First Metro||Last Metro|
|Noida Sect 16||Dwarka||Rs. 60||1:04:14 Mins||05:51:46 AM||11:13 AM|
|Noida Sect 16||Lajpat Nagar||Rs. 40||0:21:17 Mins||11:12:59 PM||05:51 AM|
|Noida Sect 16||Noida City Centre||Rs. 30||0:07:59 Mins||5:24:43 AM||11:53 AM|
|Noida Sect 16||Mundka Industrial Area (M.I.A)||Rs. 60||1:08:21 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Ghevra Metro station||Rs. 60||1:11:01 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Tikri Kalan||Rs. 60||1:13:45 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Tikri Border||Rs. 60||1:16:02 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Pandit Shree Ram Sharma||Rs. 60||1:18:19 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Bahadurgarh City||Rs. 60||1:20:56 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Sir Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh||Rs. 40||00:33:13 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Bhikaji Cama Place||Rs. 40||0:30:38 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
|Noida Sect 16||Sarojini Nagar||Rs. 40||0:28:25 Mins||5:30:00 AM||11:15 PM|
The Noida Sector 16 Metro Station is a station on the blue of Delhi Metro railway in the city of Noida in Uttar Pradesh India. The station address is Captain Vijayant Thapar Marg Noida Uttar Pradesh 121301. The station was opened on 12 November 2009.
The station is owned by Delhi Metro and managed by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited. The station structure is elevated its code is NSST. The station has two track and one side platform. Around 15,879 passengers daily travel from this metro.
DMRC provides various facility like Parking, Bank ATM(Punjab National Bank), Escalator, lift, WheelChair, Disabled access. The preceding station is Noida Sector 18 and the following station is Noida Sector 15 of the Noida Sector 16 Metro station.


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It's all about creating the hottest silhouette when going poolside.
Nail poolside styling this summer with Beaded Creations’ sizzling Women's Plus Size Swimwear collection.
Take a look at our swimwear collection from figure-hugging swimsuits and high waist bikinis to plunge beauties and flattering halter necks.
Find the perfect swimwear for you. Work your curves in a sleek black piece, stand out in bold florals and get a fresh new season look with contrasting prints.

domain: design


Xiaomi has officially launched the Redmi K50 Ultra in China. The latest smartphone which is also known as Redmi K50 Extreme Edition in the Redmi K50 series looks somewhat similar to the Xiaomi 12/12S lineup. Also, it comes with some interesting specs.
The Redmi K50 Ultra flaunts a 6.7-inch centered punch-hole 12-bit OLED display supplied by China’s TCL CSOT and Tianma. This panel offers a resolution of 2712 x 1220 pixels, 446 PPI, 120Hz refresh rate, and 1920Hz PWM dimming.
The screen supports Dolby Vision, DCI-P3 color gamut, HDR10+, and Adaptive HDR. The SGS low fatigue-certified display also has a hardware-level low blue light mode.
Further, the phone is powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Plus Gen 1 chipset paired with LPPDR5 RAM, UFS 3.1 storage, and VC liquid cooling system. It boots MIUI 13 based on Android 12.
The device houses a triple camera system on its rear consisting of an OIS-assisted 108MP Samsung ISOCELL HM6 primary sensor, an 8MP ultra-wide unit, and a 2MP macro snapper. On the front, it has a 20MP selfie camera.
Other features include dual SIM, 5G, WiFi 6, dual-band GNSS, NFC, IP53 rating, Dolby Atmos-supported dual stereo speakers, an x-axis linear vibration motor, and an in-screen fingerprint sensor.
Last but not least, the handset is backed by a 5,000mAh battery with support for 120W fast wired charging.
Redmi K50 Ultra Specifications
- 2G bands: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 – SIM 1 & SIM 2
- CDMA 800
- 3G bands: HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100
- CDMA2000 1x
- 4G bands: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 18, 19, 26, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
- 5G bands: 1, 3, 5, 8, 28, 38, 40, 41, 77, 78 SA/NSA
- Speed: HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbps, LTE-A, 5G
- Announced: 2022, August 11
- Status: Exp. release 2022, August
- Dimensions: 163.1 x 75.9 x 8.6 mm (6.42 x 2.99 x 0.34 in)
- Weight: 202 g (7.13 oz)
- Colors: Black, Gray, Blue, Mercedes AMG
- SIM: Dual SIM (Nano-SIM, dual stand-by)
- Type: OLED, 68B colors, 144Hz, HDR10+, Dolby Vision
- Size: 6.67 inches, 107.4 cm2 (~86.7% screen-to-body ratio)
- Resolution: 1220 x 2712 pixels, 20:9 ratio (~446 ppi density)
- Android 12, MIUI 13
- Chipset: Qualcomm SM8475 Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 (4 nm)
- CPU: Octa-core (1×3.19 GHz Cortex-X2 & 3×2.75 GHz Cortex-A710 & 4×1.80 GHz Cortex-A510)
- GPU: Adreno 730
- Memory Card slot: No
- Internal: 128GB 8GB RAM, 256GB 8GB RAM, 256GB 12GB RAM, 512GB 12GB RAM
- UFS 3.1
- Main Camera: Triple
- 108 MP, f/1.6, (wide), 1/1.67″, PDAF, OIS
- 8 MP, f/2.2, 120˚, (ultrawide)
- 2 MP, f/2.4, (macro)
- Features: LED flash, HDR, panorama
- Video: 4K@30/60fps, 1080p@30/60/120/240/960fps
- Selfie Camera: Single – 20 MP, (wide)
- Features: HDR
- Video: 1080p@30/60fps, 720p@120fps
- Radio: No
- Loudspeaker: Yes, with stereo speakers
- Audio 3.5mm jack: No
- 24-bit/192kHz audio
- WLAN: Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6e, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot
- Bluetooth: 5.2, A2DP, LE
- GPS: Yes, with A-GPS. Up to tri-band: GLONASS (1), BDS (3), GALILEO (2), QZSS (2), NavIC
- NFC: Yes
- Infrared port: Yes
- USB: USB Type-C 2.0, USB On-The-Go
- Sensors: Fingerprint (under display, optical), accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass, color spectrum
- Battery Type and Capacity: Li-Po 5000 mAh, non-removable
- Charging: Fast charging 120W, 100% in 19 min (advertised)
- Power Delivery 3.0
Redmi K50 Ultra Price and Availability
The Redmi K50 Ultra will retail at the following price tags in China.
- 8GB + 128GB – ¥2,999 ($445)
- 8GB + 256GB – ¥3,299 ($490)
- 12GB + 256GB – ¥3,599 ($534)
- 12GB + 512GB – ¥3,999 ($593)
The smartphone can be availed in either black, blue, or silver color options.
There’s also a Champion Edition of the phone priced at ¥4,199 ($623) for 12GB RAM and 512GB storage. This variant is themed after Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team.
The handset is already up for pre-order and will go on sale from 10 AM on August 16.