text:
US 3820994 A
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent Lindberg et a1.
PENETRATION 0F POLYIMIDE FILMS Inventors: Frank A. Lindberg, Baltimore;
Seymour J. Ponemone, Randallstown; Stephen G. Konsowski, Glen Burnie; Maurice B. Shamash, Randallstown, all of Md.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.
June 7, 1972 Appl. No.: 260,636
US. Cl 96/36, 96/36.2, 29/578,
Int. Cl G03c 5/00 58] Field of Search 96/36, 36.2; 29/578;
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,671,243 6/1972 Campbell et a1 96/36.2
Primary ExaminerRonald H. Smith Assistant Examiner-Edward C. Kimlin Attorney, Agent, or Firm-D. Schron 5 7] ABSTRACT There is disclosed a method of producing holes in polyimide films, typically KAPTON polyimide films,
of substantial thickness, typically about .005 inches.
Such films are typically used for multilayer solid-state circuits. An aluminum coating is deposited by vapor deposition on both surfaces of the film, typically to a thickness of about .0004 inches. A photoresist is deposited on the coating on each surface of the film and is imaged to define the holes in such manner that the areas of each hole in both sides of the film are coextensive. The film is developed exposing the aluminum over the areas of the holes. The aluminum at the hole areas is then etched or dissolved by an acid solvent. Thereafter the polyimide where the aluminum has been etched away and the unexposed photoresist are etched with hydrazine. Finally, the aluminum which is now exposed is removed by an acid solvent.
22 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJum 1924 SHEET 2 0F 3 BEAM OF ELECTRONS .8 AMPS FIGZ REFERENCE TO RELATED DOCUMENTS As to photoresists, KODAK Industrial Data Book entitled KODAK Photosensitive Resists for Industry, Copyright 1962 Eastman Kodak Co. is incorporated herein by reference. I
On deposition of metal HughR. Smith, Jr. Airco Temescal, Berkeley, California Deposition Distribution and Rates From Electron-Beam Heated Vapor Sources Paper presented to the Society of Vacuum Coaters, Mar. 5, I968.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the penetration by chemical means of polyimides and has particular relationsh1p to the photoresist outside of the defined areas breaks down. For example, where the photoresist is negative, the film is exposed to the imaging radiative (typically ultraviolet) light except at the areas to be etched. When the film is developed and the hydrazine is applied to produce the holes, not only does the unexposed photoresist dissolve but the exposed photoresist also breaks down. An attempt was made to reduce the etching time by raising the temperature of the etchant. It was found that the photoresist outside of the defined areas of the exposed photoresist in the above example broke down at the elevated temperatures. I
It is an object of this invention to overcome the above-described difficulties encountered in an attempt to produce holes in polyimide film and to provide a method for effectively producing holes in such film in which the photoresist outside of the hole defining areas shall not break down and the walls of the holes produced in the polyimide shall be substantially or very nearly'perpendicular to the perforated surfaces.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with this invention anadherent coating of a metal, which is resistant to hydrazine, is deposited on the surfaces of the polyimide film typically, by vapor deposition. A photoresist material is deposited on the metal coating and is imaged and developed to define the areas of the desired penetration. The now exposed metal is etched with an acid solvent. The photoresist outside of the defined areas protects the metal under it. The polyimide in the nowexposed areas and the photoresist outside of these areas are etched with hydrazine. The metal outside of the exposed areas masks the film under it. After the penetrations are etched this metal is dissolved by an acid solvent. Typically a solution of 65 percent by volume of hydrazine in water is used for polyimide etching. The etching can the forming of holes or windows in polyimide films for etching or dissolving the film at defined areas where the holes are to be produced. Typically, this invention relates to the forming of clearance holes in polyimide films which are used as supports for multilayer solidstate circuits. Typical of polyimide of which the films are produced is KAPTON polyimide film which is sold by E. I. duPont de Nemours Co. of Wilmington, Delaware.
In accordance with the teachings of the prior art holes are produced in polyimide films by coating the films with a photoresist material, imaging a pattern on the coating to define the areas of the projected holes, and etching the photoresist and the film in the areas as defined with hydrazine NH NH In attempting. to etch holes particularly in thick films typically having a thickness of about .005 inches, it has been found that the time for etching the holes is so long that the portion of take place at 60C but C to C is preferred.
It has been found that the walls of the holes which are produced by this process are remarkably vertical, (assuming that the film is horizontal) rather than pitched at a sharp angle to the horizontal as is the case for etched metal; for'example, copper printed-circuit conductors. This advantage appears to result from the fact that the chemical action of the hydrazine on the polyimide is a denaturing action rather than by formation of a metallic salt as is the case in metal etching. The perpendicularity of the walls of the holes to the surface of the film depends on the ratio of the rate of depth penetration of the etching to the rate of lateral penetration this ratio is called the etch factor. A high ratio results in a perpendicularity approaching 90. The perpendicularity is improved by etching at a temperature substantially higher than room temperature; when etching at room temperature with a water solution of 65 percent hydrazine, the walls of the holes were found to be of irregular shape.
The coating metal is copper oraluminum, the alumi-' num being preferred because of its superior adherent properties. In metal coating the polyimide it was found that blistering of the metal coating at times occurred. The hydrazine penetrates the blisters and etches the polyimide under the blisters. An aspect of this invention arises from the realization that the blisters were caused by the outgassing of the polyimide when heated after having been coated. The heating is substantial during the coating because the vapor particles have high kinetic energy which is converted into heat when the particles impinge on the film. In accordance with this invention, the polyimide is outgassed before it is metal coated, by being heated at a low pressure, l X 10 Torr to X This causes the low-vapor pressure solvents in the film to come to the surface and evaporate. Thereafter, the sheet or film is thoroughly cleaned to remove residue and vapor coated with the metal.
It was discovered that adhesion of the metal, particularly aluminum, to the polyimide is improved by deposition of the metal vapor at a high rate while metal deposited at a low rate is more readily etched than metal deposited at a high rate. A firmly adhering coating which is readily etched, is achieved, in accordance with this invention, by depositing the first layers of the coating, for example up to a thickness of a few thousand angstroms, at a high rate, typically about 9,000 to 12,000 angstroms per minute and thereafter gradually reducing the rate of deposition to a low rate.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of this invention, both as to its organization and as to itsmethod of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view showing apparatus for degassing and coating 21 polyimide film;
FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 but showing the important dimensions of apparatus which has been used successfully in coating film;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a fixture for imaging the photoresist coating on the metal coating on both faces of the polyimide film so that the patterns on both faces are precisely coextensive or congruent;
FIG. 4 is a view in section taken along line lV-IV of FIG. 3, enlarged;
FIG. 5 is a reproduction of a photograph of a cross section of polyimide film etched on one face in the practice of this invention; and
FIG. 6 is a reproduction of a photograph of a polyimide film of 5 mils thickness showing the windows which were etched in the practice of this invention;
FIG. 2 is presented, not with any intention of limiting this invention, but for the purpose of aiding those skilled in the art in practicing this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 21. Typically a potentialof the order of 10,000 volts is impressed between the metal 21 through the hearth 19, usually at ground, and the filament which is maintained electrically negative relative to the hearth 19. The beam E is deflected by a magnetic field perpendicular to the beam E which is impressed by an electromagnet 23. Typically the electron current may be set at about 0.8 amperes for deposit at a high rate and at about .5 to .6 amperes for deposition at a lower rate.
The apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes a frame 31 which is rotatably suspended on a pin or shaft 33 that passes through a vacuum seal 35 in the wall 13. The shaft 33 and frame 31 can be rotated by hand or by a motor (not shown) from outside of the chamber 11. In the use of the apparatus a sheet 37 of polyimide is mounted on the frame 31 by means of wires 39 or tabs. The frame 31 may be so positioned that the sheet 37 is in the path of the vapor V from the metal 21 produced by the beam E.
The apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 also includes electric heaters 41 mounted near the frame 31 so as to heat the sheet 37 on the frame.
In the use of this apparatus a film 37 is first mounted on frame 31 and outgassed. For this purpose the chamber 11 is exhausted and the sheet 37 heated by the heater 41 while the coating apparatus 15, 19, 21 remains deenergized. The frame 31 and film 37 may be turned slowly by hand while the film is heated in the evacuated chamber 11. In this way low-vapor pressure solvents in the polyimide drift to the surface of the film and evaporate. Typically for a film 37 ten inches square, the heater 41 is a 500 watt heater and is spaced about 2 inches from the center line of the film 37 which is coextensive with the shaft 33. The chamber 11 is exhausted to a pressure of about 1 X 10 Torr to 5 X 10 Torr.
The film 37 is then removed from chamber 11 and thoroughly cleaned. A typical cleaning process is as follows:
a. Maintain film 37 for 30 minutes in a boiling solution of Alconox and deionized water.
b. Treat the film 37 in the Alconox solution in an ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes.
c. Rinse the film 37 in hot tap water for 5 minutes.
d. Rinse the film 37 in cold deionized water for 5 minutes.
8. Place the film 37 in boiling deionized water for 5 minutes.
f. Rinse the film 37 in electronic-grade methanol.
g. Dry the film 37 by blowing dry nitrogen on it.
h. Replace the film in chamber 11 which has been preheated to above I50F and pump the chamber 11 to a low pressure, (typically 2 X 10 Torr) with the heater 41 energized.
The coating apparatus 15, 19, 21 is then energized and the film 37 is coated on both faces. The coating is initially at a high deposit rate, typically 9,000 to 12,000 angstroms per minute for apparatus as shown in FIG. 2 until a few thousand (typically 5,000) angstroms are built up then the rate is gradually reduced to a low rate (typically 5,000 angstroms per minute for apparatus shown in FIG. 2) until the desired coating thickness is built up. Typically, on a 5 mil thick film the coating on each face is about .4 mils.
The film 37 is then cut into smaller pieces (typically 1 X I A inch) and coated with a photoresist on both faces. Typically the photoresist is negative. When such a photoresist is imaged and developed the unexposed areas are dissolved, exposing the aluminum layer under the unexposed areas. A typical film 50 is shown in FIG. 4 and it includes a polyimide film 51, a coating 52 of metal on each face and a coating of photoresist 54 on each coating of aluminum.
Typical photoresist is KODAK Thin Film Resist. (KTFR). A typical coating process is as follows:
a. Photoresist is 60 percent KTFR in a thinner.
b. Film to be coated rotated about an axis perpendicular to its surface in coating solution at about 4,000 RPM.
c. Coating film air dried for minutes.
a. Coated film baked at 120C for minutes.
The imaging of the photoresist is carried out on both faces of the sub films 50 of the coated polyimide in such a way that the areas which define the holes or win dows on each face are precisely coextensive with the areas which define the holes on the opposite face. For this purpose sheets of Mylar 53 and 55 or like plastic each of which has photographic emulsion 57 on one face are provided. Mylar composition is preferred because it maintains its dimensions. The sheets 53 and 55 are of substantially congruent dimensions and are substantially congruent with the film 50. The sheets 53 and 55 are exposed under a microscope and developed as a positive so that they have substantially equal patterns of opaque spots 59, corresponding to the desired patterns of holes in the polyimide, with corresponding spots 59 in each sheet 53 and 55 being in substantially the same relative positions. The remainder of the MYLAR sheets outside of the spots are transparent.
The sheets 53 and 55 are secured together at one end so that their surfaces coincide and the film 50 is interposed between them with the opaque spots 59 and the transparent surfaces 57 abutting the photoresist on the respective faces of the flim 50. Both sides of the film 50 are then exposed through the sheets 53 and 55, and coextensive transparent areas substantially congruent to the opaque spots 59 are defined in the photoresist 54. The film 50 is then developed producing metal spots corresponding to the and congruent to the spots 59 in the MYLAR film. Typically, the photoresist may be conveniently prepared such as not to respond appreciably to visible (yellow) light but to respond to ultraviolet light. For exposure a 600 watt quartz iodine lamp may be used. The exposure of KTFR is typically for 2 minutes.
A typical developing process for KTFR for the exposed film 50 is as follows:
a. Still development in Stoddard Solvent 2 minutes b. Rinse in xylene 10 seconds c. Water rinse d. Bake at 120C for 30 minutes The metal of the spots is next etched or dissolved by an acid'etch, The acid etch does not appreciably dissolve the exposed photoresist and this protects from dissolution the metal under the developed photoresist. But for precise definition of the holes it is desirable that the etching take place in as short a time as practicable. It has been discovered, particularly for an aluminum coating, that the stability depends on the rate at which the metal was deposited, and for aluminum deposition and for deposit rates exceeding 2,500 angstroms per minute minutes the aluminum etched slowly and unevenly even where HCl was used as etchant. This rate differs from the higher rate of 5,000 angstroms per minute for sheets coated in apparatus as shown in FIG. 2 because the surface coated was at a smaller distance from the vapor source for the lower rate.
For aluminum a suitable etchant is as follows in parts by volume:
300 phosphoric acid, H3PO4 200 Acetic Acid, cu coon 10 nitric acid i-iNo While increase in the acetic acid concentration increased the etch factor (rate of depth penetration rate to lateral rate) it resulted in uneven etching; the phosphoric acid improved the evenness of the etching. The nitric acid in small quantities prevents the deposit of unetchable black residue.
The film is rotated about an axis perpendicular to its surface in the etchant at about 180 every 30 seconds. The etchant is maintained at about 95 and is stirred typically by a magnetic stirrer. Typical etch rate is about .0003 inches per minute.
The film processed as just disclosed has exposed areas of polyimide corresponding to the desired holes. The holes are etched by immersing the film in hydrazine which etches the holes and dissolves the developed unexposed photoresist but not the metal under the unexposed photoresist. Typical conditions for etching are as follows:
a. Etchant 65 percent by volume hydrazine in water 12. Temperature of etchant 95C c. Etchant is agitated.
d. Etching followed by hot water rinse for 1 minute.
2. Rinse in Methanol fy While the holes are etched the photoresist on the film about the holes is also etched, exposingthe metal. The
out on the part of the aluminum coating 65 overlying the area of the penetration, which coating was first etched away by an acid etchant. The boundary 69 of the penetration is reasonably vertical. The etch factor, ratio of depth penetration to lateral spread was2.5 to l FIG. 6 shows a polyimide sheet 71 with etched windows 73. This reproduction was derived from a sheet having a thickness of .005 inches.
While preferred embodiments of this invention have been disclosed herein many modifications thereof are feasible. This invention then is not to be restricted except insofar as is necessitated by the spirit of the prior art.
1. The method of producing, by use of photoresist masking technique, a predetermined penetration selectably definable in a film of dielectric material, the said material being of the type wherein, to produce the desired penetration the etchant must be applied to the film for so long an interval that it breaks down the masking photoresist defining the area of the penetration, the said method comprising coating the film at least on one face with a first coating of a metal, depositing a second coating of a photoresist material on said first coating, exposing said second coating to radiation so as to produce a pattern on said second coating defining the area of said penetration, processing said exposed second coating so as to expose the first coating on said area while the processed photoresist masks the remainder of said film, etching away the said exposed first coating of said metal with a first solvent which does not. appreciably dissolve the masking processed photoresist, to expose the dielectric material in said area, said masking photoresist masking the metal under it from dissolution, said metal and photoresist thereon defining said area and masking the remainder of said film, etching said penetration in said area with asecond solvent which does not appreciably dissolve said metal, and removing said masking photoresist on said metal.
2. The method of claim I wherein the dielectric material is a polyimide and the metal is at least one of the class consisting of aluminum and copper.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first coating is deposited by vaporizing a coating material of the coating metal and projecting the vapor on the film.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the film is composed of a polyimide material and is relatively thick.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the film is relatively thick. 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the metal is deposited by projecting vapor onto the film and wherein the deposition is initially at a high rate to achieve firm adhesion of the deposited metal and the film and thereafter is at a low rate to achieve a coating which may be readily etched.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the deposit of the metal is reduced gradually from a high rate to a low rate.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material is composed of a polyimide and prior to the deposit of the metal film is outgassed by being heated in a low-pressure medium.
.9. The method of claim 8 wherein after the outgassing the film is thoroughly cleaned.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material is a polyimide, wherein the second solvent is hydrazine solution and the film is subjected to the hydrazine solution at temperatures between 90 and 95C.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the solution is an aqueous solution of about 65 percent hydrazine in water.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal is aluminum and the first solvent is a mixture of phosphoric,
acetic and nitric acids.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the coated film is subjected to the first solvent at a temperature of about 60C.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the composition of first solvent is of approximately the following composition in parts by volume:
a. 375 of phosphoric acid b. of acetic acid c. 15 of nitric acid 15. The method of claim 12 wherein the dielectric material is'a polyimide and the second solvent is a solution of hydrazine.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein both surfaces of the film are coated with the first coating.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the dielectric material is a polyimide which may be etched by hydrazine and the metal of the coating is substantially insoluble in hydrazine.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein both the penetration is etched and the masking photoresist is removed by the second solvent.
19. The method of producing a predetermined selectably definable penetration in a film of polyimide which comprises coating said film at least on one face with a first coating of a metal of the class consisting of aluminum and copper, depositing a second coating of a photoresist material on said first coating, exposing said second coating to radiation so as to produce a pattern on said second coating defining the area of said penetration, processing said exposed second coating so as to expose the first coating or said area while the processed photoresist masks the remainder of said film, etching away the said exposed first coating on said area with a solvent, which does not appreciably dissolve said masking processed photoresist, to expose the polyimide in said area, said masking processed photoresist masking the first coating under it from dissolution, etching said area with hydrazine to produce said penetration while said first coating masks the remainder of said film, and thereafter removing said masking photoresist from said first coating.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the hydrazine also removes the masking photoresist.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the etching takes place at about to C.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein the masking photoresist is removed by a solvent which does not appreciably dissolve the metal.

domain: chemistry


text:
Skateboarder Ornament – Male Personalized Christmas Ornament
Dressed in skateboard clothes and protective gear this skateboarder demonstrates all the right moves. His body twists and turns as he boards down the hill on his way to the skateboard park. He shows no fear! He looks forward to an afternoon of skateboarding with his friends. Let us personalize our adorable skateboard ornament to create memories for your favorite skateboard lover.

domain: entertainment


This is a mellow instrumental CD. Perfect for relaxation, background music, or for spending quality time with your very special 'significant other.' To say that the selection of songs is eclectic is an understatement!! There should be something here to please just about everyone. Put this CD into your stereo system and be prepared to get down and go mellow!


text:
Atria is a sans serif font family. This typeface has four styles and was published by Aviation Partners.
4 fonts for
Single styles from $29.00
A modern sans-serif, Atria is pinched at the junction of certain strokes, providing a distinctive appearance and aiding screen definition at small sizes. The glyphs cover Baltic languages and Cyrillic.

domain: design


*Rifles not included. For Airsoft use only.RAS Fixed: Connects upper receiver and front-end to eliminate barrel wobbling. Slightly raise your scope or red dot for a more comfortable aim. 6 Modular accessory rails included to mount accessories where you want them! CNC high quality construction and build w/ Aircraft grade T6 Aluminum. Light weight - high speed - compact design. Houses Airsoft custom nun-chuck battery pack. Looks awesome!
CQB Master CNC CASV Rails System for M4 series Airsoft Rifles - Dark Earth
The CASV Airsoft Rail Interface System features an integrated "RAS Fixed" upper rail that will greatly reduce any wobbling on your rifle. It also features light weight, extreme durable construction, slick look, modular rail, CNC machine processing, high grade material and superb functionality. The CQB Master CASV rail is made to fit all major M4 platforms of AEG and GBB with adjustable screws to fit all deviations of receivers. (Tokyo Marui, G&G, G&P, King Arms, VFC, Matrix, it fits all!). It is far superior in quality than the China made or other similar items on the market providing any serious shooter unmatched quality and performance.
Applications: For M4 / M16 Series Airsoft AEG and GBB
Color: Dark Earth
Material: Aircraft Grade Steel / T6 Aluminum
Manufacture: CQB Master
- Rail Interface System Upper and Lower Hand Guard
- Top Rail x 1
- 6 Inch rail x 1
- 4 inch rail x 2
- 2 inch rail x 2
- Instruction manual


text:
2012 has, so far been a positive year for wineries around the world. While it may be a little too early to speak of the wines being made in the northern hemisphere, European and North American wineries have already begun reporting that their harvesting season has been generally very good, and are predicting to continue with the kind of successes they saw in 2011. However, 2012 has been something of a late year for France, due to unpredictable weather throughout the summer, and the grapes were ripening considerably later than they did in 2011 (which was, admittedly, an exceptionally early year). French wineries are claiming, though, that this could well turn out to be advantageous, as the slow ripening will allow the resulting wines to express more flavour and features of the terroir they are grown in.
The southern hemisphere has seen ideal climatic conditions in most of the key wine producing countries, and Australia and New Zealand particularly had a superb year, in particular with the Bordeaux varietal grapes that grow there and which love the humidity these countries received plenty of. Also enjoying a fantastic year for weather were wineries across Argentina and Chile, with the Mendoza region claiming that 2012 will be one of their best vintages of the past decade. Similar claims are being made across the Chilean wine regions, where Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon had an especially good year. These two grape varietals also produced characterful wines on the coastal regions of South Africa this year.
Nebbiolo grapes have been grown for centuries in the hilly region of northern Italy, and have more recently started to appear in many New World countries, too, where modern vintners have expressed great enthusiasm for their fine characteristics. Their fame and popularity is widely known, and the Nebbiolo varietal is recognized as the grape responsible for producing the legendary fine wines of Italy. Indeed, this grape is packed full of intense and interesting flavors, ranging from truffle and prune, to tobacco and violets, making the wines they produce a sensory delight which simply get better the longer they are aged. The grapes also lend a beautifully pale red color to their wines, which helped secure their place as some of the finest and most elegant to be found anywhere on earth.
Situated in the north-western part of Italy, the region of Piedmont is known worldwide and is highly respected for the quality of the wines produced there. Many of the most successful sub-regions in Piedmont produce many of the world's finest red wines, such as those made from the excellent Nebbiolo grape varietal in areas such as Barolo and Barbaresco. However, the historic wineries which typify this region use a relatively wide variety of grapes, including Dolcetto and Barbera for their red wines, which are typically aged and have a delightful velvety character. Piedmont isn't all about beautifully complex red wines, though, as it is also famed for high quality, elegant sparkling wines, notably the Asti wines made with the white Moscato grape. The region benefits from a range of terroirs which are often well expressed in the sparkling wines, and a wonderfully consistent climate ideal for vineyard cultivation.
There are few countries in the world with a viticultural history as long or as illustrious as that claimed by Italy. Grapes were first being grown and cultivated on Italian soil several thousand years ago by the Greeks and the Pheonicians, who named Italy 'Oenotria' â€“ the land of wines â€“ so impressed were they with the climate and the suitability of the soil for wine production. Of course, it was the rise of the Roman Empire which had the most lasting influence on wine production in Italy, and their influence can still be felt today, as much of the riches of the empire came about through their enthusiasm for producing wines and exporting it to neighbouring countries. Since those times, a vast amount of Italian land has remained primarily for vine cultivation, and thousands of wineries can be found throughout the entire length and breadth of this beautiful country, drenched in Mediterranean sunshine and benefiting from the excellent fertile soils found there. Italy remains very much a 'land of wines', and one could not imagine this country, its landscape and culture, without it.

domain: agronomy


text:
UMich’s preliminary February print of 99.9 appeared to buck the trend of recent ‘soft’ survey data and ‘hard’ real data, both of which had declined notably, but its final; print of 99.7 was even more ‘odd’.
More consumers reported that they had recently heard favorable news about recent economic developments in February than at any other time since 1984.
This is a rebound back near the Oct 2017 cycle highs for UMich confidence…
This is the second highest level for UMich headline confidence since 2004.
“Consumers based their optimism on favorable assessments of jobs, wages, and higher after-tax pay,” Richard Curtin, director of the University of Michigan consumer survey, said in a statement.
“Economic news heard by consumers continued to be dominated by the tax reform legislation and net job gains, which was untarnished by the consensus view that interest rates would increase and stock prices would remain volatile.”
From a record high in January, UMich survey respondents lost some faith in the US stock market in February (as it crashed), but remain somewhat oddly near record highs in confidence about retiring comfortably…
The highest proportion of households since 1998 reported that their finances had improved compared with a year ago and anticipated continued gains during the year ahead.
Americans also appear to no longer believe in the Phillips curve either:
“Although consumers expected the unemployment rate to dip below 4% in 2018, only modest wage growth was anticipated.”
And finally, as a reminder, it appears the global synchronous recovery narrative is officially dead…
And before everyone blames Trump, this decline started in December (it just took stock markets 3 months to figure it out).

domain: economics


text:
A study by the First Street Foundation, a nonprofit that researches sea level rise, found if Hurricane Florence had occurred in 1970, the state would have been spared a fifth of the damage due to the change in sea level. Additionally, increased land development meant 51,000 homes were impacted compared to 23,000 in the 1970 model.
But since Florence, North Carolina has faced renewed criticism for a 2012 law that restricted the science lawmakers could cite to regulate coastal development.
The law was passed after some legislators criticized a 2010 report by the Coastal Resources Commission that predicted up to 39 inches of sea level rise by the year 2100. In response, the legislation put the task of defining sea level rise to the commission and the Division of Coastal Management but said they could not do so for regulatory purposes before July 1, 2016.
The law prohibited state agencies from developing policies around sea level rise that were not based on this definition.
No state legislation has been passed since regarding sea level change and restrictions on land development along the coast.
But Corbett said policy needs to happen at the local level as well, now that communities are seeing weak points exposed by Hurricane Florence.
Thomas Lloyd, city planner for Southport, said the city’s local building ordinances were updated in August after the Federal Emergency Management Agency released new flood maps. The updates included height requirements on houses in the floodplain, flood vents or walls that break away without causing further structural damage.
Lloyd said city planners think about climate change and sea level rise when creating building and development ordinances for the future, but they also take into account state policies and what other towns are doing.
“Obviously you can’t take a boilerplate policy and apply it to everybody," Lloyd said.
Policymakers often struggle to find political will and funding for strategic plans that incorporate climate change and sea level rise, Smith said. Although coastal communities see an increase in funding for rebuilding efforts after a storm like Florence, it’s still a difficult task.
“It is going to be incumbent on local government to think through if they are willing to ask the tough questions,” Smith said. “Sea level rise may not be manifest in these communities for some time, and the person that’s in power today is going to be asked to make decisions that will influence the future."
It can be challenging, Smith said, when there is enormous political pressure to rebuild communities as quickly as possible, especially as they accommodate more growth.
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In the last few years, the housing market in Southport has boomed, as more people move to the area, making Brunswick County the fastest growing county in the state.
“You have to make sure you’re holding all that new development to these policies and that they’re sticking to them," Lloyd said.
Some scientists have proposed residents move away from what is currently the oceanfront. But Jason West, a professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, said this would be difficult, especially because property on the coast is expensive.
“I think we ought to be thinking about retreat, but retreat could happen in modest ways,” West said. “Thinking of retreating entirely I think would be a lot, but even smaller changes in how we manage the shore might be appropriate.”
But people aren’t ignorant of the risks, Barden said.
“We live on a sandbar, and people have become complacent over a lot of years,” he said. “Things haven’t really changed since the Fran, Floyd, Bertha years. This should be a pretty big wake up call for people to bring things up to code.”
Corbett said high levels of coastal development are a worldwide issue, and when policies change, it’s hard to find a place for people to go. The solution, he said, is to work with the environment and society to create policies for a more resilient and safe coast.
“The coast in North Carolina is developed, and people aren’t going to move away from the coast,” he said. “They have homes, they have history and they have a culture about living on the coast.”
Smith said there is danger in viewing retreat as an all or nothing solution. He believes the future of addressing sea level rise will see some people rebuilding and others choosing to walk away or opt into incentive programs that encourage building in a safer location.
“It’s going to be episodic; it’s going to be following major disasters,” Smith said. “The idea of retreating systematically and thoughtfully is going to be one of the great challenges of the 21st century.”
Barden said the ocean is also a reason for staying on the coast even through storms.
“It’s a fantastic place to raise my kids just for the fact that we have an aquarium in our front and back yard,” Barden said. “It’s the ability to raise my kids the way I was raised.”

domain: politics


text:
Time News Desk: Bangladesh Jewellers’ Association (BAJUS) in the country have decreased gold prices by Tk 2,274.48 per bhori (11.664gm).
BAJUS said the recent price drop in all types of gold prices on Wednesday, said a press release issued by the association.
According to the new price stated on the release, 22-carat gold will be sold at Tk 82,056.24 per bhori which was previously Tk 84,330.72, 21-carat gold at Tk 78,323.76 per bhori which was Tk 80,481.6, and 18-carat gold will be sold at Tk 67,126.32 per bhori which was Tk 68,992.56 in the local market.
Besides, the traditional method gold will be sold at Tk 55,287.36 per bhori, which was Tk 56,978.64 previously.
The revised prices will be effective from Thursday (August 18).

domain: news


text:
Published June 2005
by IndyPublish.com .
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||116|
Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants by William Pittman Lett. Free audio book that you can download in mp3, iPod and iTunes format for your portable audio player. Audio previews, convenient categories and excellent search functionality make your best source for free audio books. Download a free audio book for yourself today!Author: William Pittman Lett. Full text of "Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants" See other formats The Project Gutenberg EBook of Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants, by William Pittman Lett This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants by William Pittman Lett This free downloadable e-book can be read on your computer or e-reader. Mobi files can be read on Kindles, Epub files can be read on other e-book readers, and Zip files can be downloaded and read on your computer. Courtesy of Project Gutenberg: Genre/Form: History Poetry: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Lett, William Pittman, Recollections of Bytown and its old inhabitants.
Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants by William Pittman Lett. Download; Bibrec; Bibliographic Record. Author: Lett, William Pittman, Title: Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants Language: English: LoC Class: F North America local history: Canada: LoC Class: PS: Language and Literatures: American and. Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants: William Pittman Lett: Books - 1/5(1). Author: Lett, William Pittman, ; Format: Book, Microform, Online; 95 p. Recollections of Bytown and its old inhabitants [microform] / by William Pittman Lett | National Library of Australia National Library of Australia. Bytown is the former name of Ottawa, Ontario, was founded on Septem , incorporated as a town on January 1, , and superseded by the incorporation of the City of Ottawa on January 1, The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Governor General Dalhousie which authorized Lieutenant Colonel John By to divide up the .
Author of The city of Ottawa and its surroundings, Annexation and British connection, Recollections of Bytown and its old inhabitants, Address delivered by William Pittman Lett at the Grand Opera House, The transition of Bytown to Ottawa, He published his only collection of poetry, Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants in The Recollections are a series of extended poems mostly in rhyming couplet form describing Bytown's notable residents, their locations, characters and occupations, portrayed on a detailed historical and geographic for: 19th-century commentator and poet, theatre pioneer, naturalist and sportsman. Book from Project Gutenberg: Recollections and Impressions, Topics: Frothingham, Octavius Brooks, , Unitarians -- New England Recollections of Bytown and Its Old Inhabitants --by Lett, William Pittman. texts. eye 1, favorite 1 comment 0. In (one year after Agar's death), William Pittman Lett, the son of another Irishman - not on your list, by the way - published a book written entirely in prose entitled "Recollections of Old Bytown and its Inhabitants". In it he had this to say about our Agar: ".

domain: library


An Australian woman who won A$151,000 in compensation after falling in a store operated by Woolworths Ltd. has lost her case on the retailer's appeal, The Guardian reported.
Colleen McQuillan allegedly slipped on a grape in Woolworth's Leichhardt store in November 2012 and took legal action against the retailer in 2015. But a New South Wales district court has reversed the initial decision, absolving the retailer of negligence, the newspaper reported.
The grape likely fell on the floor when workers moved the grapes out of a cool room to a display table, the district court said in its judgment, adding that the fall took place soon after the supermarket had opened at 10 a.m.
The district court ordered McQuillan to pay Woolworths' legal costs in the case proceedings.


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Lately I have been thinking a lot about the Nurture vs. Nature argument. It has long been debated that our personalities are either a result of our own nature (meaning we are born with a predisposed personality) or as a result of the nurture we receive from our family and the environment we live in as we are growing up. Most people believe that it is some combination of the two that really determines what type of person we become. While nature may predetermine some personality traits like whether we are an introvert or an extrovert; the nurture we receive will encourage some personality traits and discourage others. The nurture portion of our rearing is what makes siblings have similar value systems despite having different personalities.
India is an incredibly patriarchal society. Women here are often considered second class citizens, especially in the more rural parts of the country. Even if parents can afford to send their children to school, they are usually unwilling to spend that money on their daughters' education. Sons are the sought after child, the ones given the place of honor. Such gender discrimination is not new to me, but it is something that has never really pertained to me. My parents raised me to be a strong independent woman. They always told me I could do anything I wanted to, as long as I was willing to work for it.
As I watch these girls accept their fate and their role within their families and Indian society, I can't help but wonder how different my life and my personality would be if I had been born here instead of in Bothell, WA.
Would I still be a strong independent woman? Or would I be like a majority of the girls here who gladly accepts their role as house wife and baby maker?
I would like to think that I would be different... that I would fight for my right to an education and try to act as a leader to other women in the area to do the same... But honestly there is no way of knowing. If nurture is half of what makes our personalities, then would my inherent nature as an adventuresome strong woman have been overridden by a society that normally oppresses such women.
Luckily for me, I have come to realize that the Nurture vs. Nature argument is irrelevant for me. Because I was born into a society and a family who encouraged me to be a strong woman and to dream big. I will never have to worry about being forced into a role I do not want to play. I have the freedom and the power to determine my own future...my own life...And I couldn't be more grateful for that freedom which is denied to so many others, especially to other women.
Today I am grateful for my freedom, my family, my childhood, and for the opportunity to be myself, a strong independent womn with big hopes and dreams.

domain: sociology


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‘Gnarled Hollow’ by Charlotte Greene is one very exciting and wild paranormal/haunted house/ghost story. The story grabs you from the very beginning and holds you as a captive reader until the surprising end.
The main character, Emily Murray, has been chosen along with several other scholars to live and research the mansion called Gnarled Hollow, which happened to be the former home of one of her favorite authors. Strange things begin to happen to Emily even before she gets to the mansion and the paranormal activities only grow in strength as they all try to live and study at the mansion. Emily also becomes close to June Friend, the art historian who was hired to study the artwork in the house, and together they work to solve the mystery of Gnarled Hollow.
It has been a while since I’ve read a paranormal story, but I’ve always loved a good ghost story so I decided to try it. I was not disappointed. The story really does hook you from the very beginning and doesn’t let go until the last page. This book is most definitely worth reading. I do urge you to let your family know you might be yelling things to your book or tablet such as, “Don’t go in there!” or “Don’t let that door close behind you!”
I received an ARC of this book in exchange for an unbiased review.
You can find the book at Bold Strokes Books

domain: literature


This Tesla rival packs a 27-inch backseat screen with video conferencing feature
Faraday Future is gearing up to generate a whole lot of buzz with its upcoming FF 91 electric vehicle. And the American start-up technology company is promising to make the ride for passengers at the rear more fun as it introduces a giant, at least for a vehicle, 27-inch backseat screen with a video conferencing feature. Founded in the year 2014, this is going to be the company’s ultra-luxury vehicle.
The company is soon going to close a SPAC deal with Property Solutions Acquisition Corp which will help in the production of its FF 91 electric vehicle. The start-up also aims to start the production in the next 12 months after closing the deal.
The Los Angeles-based electric vehicle maker intends to make the FF 91 the ultimate combination of technology and luxury. With this move to provide a 27-inch Rear Passenger Display (RSD) in its vehicle, the company wants to carve its niche in the EV market. This screen will operate on voice command and will enable the backseat passengers to have video conferences on the go.
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Hong Rao, the vice president of I.A.I at Faraday Future said that the company wants to keep upgrading the level of experience for its customers. “We continually seek out and discover new ways to enhance both the user and the unique mobility experience of the FF 91, and with these features, we believe our users will truly benefit from the advanced technology we are incorporating into our vehicles," he said, according to Electrek.
The latest FF 91 will not only offer a near-future sophistication with its big screen and innovative interior but will also be power-packed when it comes to performance. It has a 130 kWh battery pack with 1,050 horsepower and claims to hit 100 kmph speed from zero in under 2.4 seconds.


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Atrazine (AZ) is an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical which can affect the development of amphibians. In past studies, the authors demonstrated that chronical exposure to 100??g/L AZ can cause abnormalities in development and related genes expression of gonads in developing male Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) tadpoles. Recent studies by others have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are implicated in multiple developmental anomalies. However, whether circRNAs involve in the effects in AZ-exposed X. laevis remains unknown. In this study, over 68575 circRNAs were detected by circRNA sequencing of testis tissues from control groups (n?=?3) and AZ-treated X. laevis (n?=?3). Treatment of AZ led to 405 circRNAs differentially expressed including 44 upregulated and 361 downregulated compared with froglets in the control groups. Two upregulated and 6 downregulated circRNAs were further validated by real-time PCR assay which displayed consistent regulation patterns as shown by the transcriptome sequencing results. Two hundred and eighty-two differentially expressed circRNAs played miRNA sponges roles. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of miRNA targets showed that AZ-affected circRNAs are mainly involved in 19 pathways. The Wnt signalling pathway and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation pathway may be two involved signal pathways. This study for the first time provides evidence that AZ can alter circRNAs which play a role in AZ-induced testicular degeneration of developing male X. laevis through regulation of expressions of functional genes in the testes of X. laevis.
Authors: Sai L, Li L, Hu C, Qu B, Guo Q, Jia Q, Zhang Y, Bo C, Li X, Shao H, Ng JC, Peng C. ; Full Source: Chemosphere. 2018 Jun; 200:295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.140. Epub 2018 Feb 23.

domain: medical


Fire service urges Exmouth to push the button
Exmouth residents are being urged to test their smoke alarms this month as part of a fire service drive to save lives.
Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service (DSFRS) is asking people to push the button on their smoke detectors on Sunday October 30, to coincide with the end of British summer time.
The fire service hopes turning back the clocks will coincide with alarm testing.
Mike Burroughs DSFRS fire investigation support officer said: “Time and again my investigations demonstrate the importance of early warnings in case of fire and for people to respond promptly to that warning.
“I can’t emphasise enough that people should not ignore fire alarms, think it is “just another false alarm or worse still disable their alarm.
“Many people only experience fire when they see it in fictional programmes on the TV or at the cinema, so they are taken by surprise when they come across the real thing.
“Fire can grow more quickly than most people realise.”


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An international relationship is a legal union of two people so, who are not residents of the same region. To Find Legit Mail Order Brides and Dates: Average Costs & Best Sites 2022 be legitimately married in another country, one needs to get the correct nationality and the permission of both partners. The spouses associated with this marital relationship must have the right legal paperwork and stay at least 18 years old. Generally, not necessarily accepted to marry somebody who is single, so they need to provide files of separation from their former relationship. It is also important to be aware that the legal documents to get an international marriage must be translated into the community language.
Verification of any international marriage is a sophisticated process, yet there are certain actions that must be adopted. The get-togethers in the matrimony must be for least 20 years old, plus the spouses must be the same sexual intercourse. It is important to note that in the U. S., partnerships are valid only when they are recognized by the United States Citizenship and Migrants Services.
One of the biggest problems for a global marriage is the fact that the husband and wife have different cultural backgrounds. Because of this their marital relationship law may vary significantly as a result of their indigenous countries. Irrespective of these conflicts, it is important to keep in mind that some expatriates may be better equipped to handle cultural distinctions than others. In the same way, the approval of relatives and buddies can make or break a worldwide marriage.
International marriage is often connected with abuse and conflict, in particular when the husband and wife are not from the same nation. This is specifically true of dual-citizenship partnerships. Because the two parties might be of different nationalities, abuse of just one spouse can result in a divorce. Furthermore, the age difference will make an international marriage even more challenging. The celebrations involved are often unacquainted with each other peoples rights and duties, and it is crucial to know what their particular rights will be in the two countries.
The number of international marriages is increasing considering the globalization of society. As with any marriage, the success of the union is determined by both parties’ ability to adapt to the pros and cons of the process. However , a big marriage can be a wonderful possibility to explore the culture and traditions of some other nation. Whenever properly worked on, international marriages are usually effective. The challenges and opportunities of transnational marriages make it a worthwhile option for many couples.
The first step in the application procedure is to ensure you have all the mandatory documents in position. A valid passport and the document supplied by the business office responsible for the registration of marriages inside your country are necessary. If you don’t have one of these records, you can obtain one with the registrar’s workplace of your home country. Once the documents will be authenticated, after that you can file the extranieria form at the nationwide police rail station.
It is necessary to perform background checks on all potential partners. These kinds of checks will be mandatory regardless of region of destination, and it is vital for both partners to know the intimacy laws and legal rights of each and every party before committing to a relationship. In addition , you must make certain that the marriage broker will be able to supply required information to avoid practical legal concerns.
Prior to a marriage may be completed, both equally partners must obtain a valid marriage visa. Certain requirements vary from country to region, but generally include a wellness check and background check. When all these everything is in place, you will be able seek community civil and religious regulators to perform the formal procedure. If both parties follow neighborhood laws, all their marriage is known as valid inside the foreign country where the marriage took place.
The IMBRA is a national law that enacts common-sense polices on IMBs. Among other things, it prohibits all of them from using kids as potential mates and them to showcase the violent criminal histories of American men. These regulations help women make an enlightened decision regarding all their future and deter potential predators who victimize them. However , some IMBs have did not implement the IMBRA completely. Tahirih is definitely working to impose full rendering of the regulation.
To get a civil marriage, both parties must live in The country for at least a couple of years before concluding the legal process. Wedding ceremony must be registered in Spain using a license of permission to marry, which is a legal document granted under condition of permission to get married to. This certificate should be obtained from the City Registry, Area Hall, or District The courtroom of the country of home. In addition , the couple need to have their long-form birth records translated in Spanish to be able to legally get married.


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I am looking to help someone I know sell their company. It is a small business based in NYC that places consultants in IT positions, mainly with large financial institutions. I am wondering what the best venues are for advertising such a business. If anyone has knowledge or experience with this, please share. Thank you!
For a decade I've had a 4-letter English word domain at .be and a law firm contacted me about buying it. [more inside]
I am a Rhode Island resident. I'm in San Francisco, CA for several months, working. I've decided to buy a car from a friend here, and today I'm going over to give him the money (I've been driving it for a week or two, since he already bought a new car and we trust each other). [more inside]
One of my oldest friends is selling his 2002 VW Passat Station Wagon (GLX V6). He bought it new and has taken good care of it (I've known him for 30 years; he takes care of things). He has all of the car's records. As it turns out, I'm in the market for a used car. The car drives beautifully. He is listing it at $6K. But a thorough pre-purchase inspection uncovered several problems, for which he is willing to take the price down. How can we find a fair value for the car? And should I buy this Volkswagen at all? [more inside]
Sell our House or Not? We are at an impasse, HELP! Extended explanation inside. [more inside]
Buy offers being made directly to (former-ish) owner during lapsed domain's "recovery period". Scam, or windfall?
Buy offers being made directly to (former-ish) owner during lapsed domain's "recovery period". Scam, or windfall? [more inside]
What will happen to the old Starbucks signs when the new logo is put in place later this month? Is there anyway I could get one? [more inside]
What's the best 1975 car a guy can get? [more inside]
Where do LA-based sculptors go to buy/sell used equipment? [more inside]
I am looking to buy a used car for cash from a local (CA) private party, not a dealer. What do I need to know? [more inside]
Help me find some hidden treasures. [more inside]
Interested in buying and then selling stuff. I am running into two (and I assume, very common) problems. 1. The high quality stuff I find tends to be too expensive to buy. 2. The cheap stuff I find is really crappy. I know in order to make money, you need to buy low and sell high. But, this seems a LOT easier in theory than in practice! What am I doing wrong? [more inside]
I've had some problems selling CDs on Amazon. Will what I consider to be unfair buyer feedback end my ability to sell CDs there? [more inside]
What are the implications of buying an existing LLC in Massachusetts? [more inside]

domain: finance


An environmentally-friendly compound that is used as a propellant in about 10 billion aerosol spray cans each year could become a significant source of energy in the decades to come, according to a report issued by the International Energy Agency (IEA).The new fuel, Dimethyl-ether (DME), was the subject of a workshop hosted by the International Energy Agency last Friday.
The workshop, hosted by the International Energy Agency, was attended by more than 30 experts from major oil and energy companies, vehicle and fuel injection system manufacturers, the research community and Board members of the newly established International DME Association (IDA).
DME is a clean and safe fuel that can be made from natural gas, coal or biomass. In addition to its applications in power generation, domestic fuel use and diesel engines, DME has a potential use in fuel cells. It is environmentally benign and can be handled like LPG.
Workshop participants reportedly discussed DME production, notably BP’s large-scale DME project for India and Atrax Energi’s production of DME from bio-sources in Sweden. They also examined DME applications in the transportation sector, and some technical aspects of its use.
The IEA believes that DME offers a great potential as a multi-source, multi-application fuel and expects it to achieve recognition as an alternative to conventional fuels.


Conducting a Blower Door Test for Energy Savings
A blower door test is a critical method to identify air leaks in buildings within Leola, PA. A considerable amount of energy loss can be the result of these leaks, which often go unnoticed. Utilizing a blower door test for pressurizing or depressurizing a home, our technicians can identify the points where air is leaking in or out it. For air sealing purposes, this information is invaluable, contributing to improved energy efficiency. This outcome translates into decreased heating and cooling expenditures for those living in Leola, PA. The purpose of a blower door test is to calculate air changes per hour, referred to as ACH. For every cycle of air exchange inside the home, it becomes necessary to pay for reheating or recooling the new air. This test saves money and aids in energy conservation at a larger scale, corresponding environmental sustainability objectives.
Conducting a Blower Door Test for Home Comfort and Well-being.
The comfort of a home is largely dependent on its quality of indoor air and consistent temperatures. Drafts, uneven temperatures, and the influx of outdoor pollutants and allergens can be attributed to leaks. Through a blower door test, these specific issues are detected, thus enabling Leola, PA homeowners the opportunity to build a better controlled and more pleasant indoor environment. Not only does sealing leaks enhance temperature regulation but also reduces the entry of dust and allergens, and maintains ideal humidity levels. As a result, the living space becomes safer for residents, relieving them of the issues brought by inconsistent air quality and temperatures.
Performing a Blower Door Test in Leola, PA for Meeting Regulatory Standards
The building codes within Leola, PA are progressively focusing on the dual goals of energy efficiency and environmental stewardship. In adhering to these regulations, blower door tests play an integral role. They offer concrete insights into a building’s seal quality, an essential parameter in upholding energy efficiency standards. Through the identification and rectification of air leakage, buildings can meet or exceed these standards, guaranteeing compliance with Leola, PA and national regulations. This is not solely good for the environment but is also a key factor in maintaining legal compliance, while also enhancing the market value and attractiveness of the building.
Air leakage in excess can result in a significant economic burden. Per the Residential Building Code, it’s mandatory for new homes in Leola, PA to maintain a maximum air change rate of 3 Air Changes Per Hour. In cases where this limit is surpassed, it can result in:
- Issues with Inspections: Because of excessive air leakage, homes might not clear final inspections, which could result in delays in occupancy and possibly requiring costly repairs.
- Financial penalties: Some municipalities have begun imposing fines for homes that exceed the duct leakage limit..
- Wasted energy: Leaky homes can cost Leola, PA homeowners thousands annually in wasted energy.
How we Conduct a Blower Door Test
Performing a blower door test in Leola, PA doesn’t pose any risk to the residence or those living inside. The process involves fitting a powerful fan into an exterior door’s frame. This fan alters the air pressure inside the building, making it easier to detect leaks with the help of smoke pencils, infrared cameras, or other diagnostic tools. Following this, our expert team thoroughly evaluate the property, making note of where air leaks are located and evaluating their extent in a organized manner. We leave no stone unturned in this process, ensuring that every area is thoroughly checked.
Understanding the Findings
The data collected from a blower door test is analyzed to quantify the building’s air tightness and identify problem areas. We interpret these results to provide targeted recommendations for improvement. The objective is to establish a harmonious balance between air tightness and ventilation, and this encourages energy efficiency and at the same time protecting the quality of indoor air.
Recognizing the necessity of performing a blower door test in Leola, PA marks the beginning. The crucial part is acting. Want to check your property’s air tightness? Call Local Energy Audits at (888) 213-3975, perfect for homeowners and building managers alike. The process, encompassing both the execution of the test and the application of the recommended improvements, is led by an expert team. Investing in a blower door test amounts to an investment in your property’s future, yielding reduced energy costs, enhanced comfort, and health benefits, all while ensuring compliance with building codes.
Stop air leakage from affecting your comfort and energy efficiency. Book a session with Local Energy Audits for a blower door test. Enjoy the benefits of a comfortable, energy-efficient home in Leola, PA, and save on costs while improving your living environment. Benefit from the benefits of a cozy, energy-efficient home in Leola, PA, saving on costs while improving your indoor environment.
Local Energy Audits: Your Building Efficiency Ally


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Red-Eared sliders are easily the most popular pet turtle around the world, and that means we know a lot about them! Red-eared sliders are easily identified by their signature red stripe behind the eyes. However, the differences between male vs female sliders are not as well known. The most accurate way to tell them apart is by looking at the tail. Males have thicker and longer tails than females, and a much longer space between the tail and the cloaca.
However, this is not the only way to tell the two apart. Male and female red-eared sliders have other physical differences and behave differently. The gender of your slider does not make much of a difference if you only have one. But if you want to keep multiple sliders in one enclosure, knowing the sex of your turtle is crucial!
Male Vs Female Red-Eared Sliders: Physical and Behavioral Differences
The easiest way to tell a male from a female is by the length and thickness of the tail and how close it is to the cloaca or vent. But this is not the only physical difference between the two. There are a few more key physical characteristics that help to sex red-eared sliders.
Identifying A Male Red Eared Slider
Male sliders tend to be smaller than females, but this is not a reliable way to tell the gender of a single turtle. In addition to the thicker and longer tail, male sliders also have a longer distance between the tail and the cloaca. Male sliders can also be distinguished by the concave bottom shell. This shell is curved inward in males to make mounting a female easier.
The male red-eared slider also has longer front claws unless they are damaged by inadequate living conditions. Short claws on a male slider are an indicator that the turtle is underdeveloped.
Identifying A Female Red Eared Slider
In addition to being larger than male sliders, females have a much thinner and shorter tail. Female sliders have little to no distance between the tail and cloaca and do not have concave bottom shells. The bottom shell on a female slider is either flat or curves outward,
Male Vs Female Sliders: Differences In Behavior
Solitary red-eared sliders do not display noticeably different behavior and most owners do not prefer one gender over the other. However, when kept in the same enclosure or in the wild, male, and female sliders have different behavior patterns. Female sliders tend to pay little attention to another female, as there is no competition for mating. Male sliders will challenge or fight each other during mating season and are very territorial toward other males. Males also perform a mating dance using their long claws.
Can You Keep Red-Eared Sliders Together?
Both male and female red-eared sliders can be kept with other sliders, as well as with compatible animals like painter turtles. However, there are some extra precautions you should take if you want to put more than one slider or turtle in an enclosure.
The slider is a tough, strong, and large turtle that needs a lot of space. A large slider requires a 50–75 gallon enclosure. Housing multiple sliders requires much more space, and an outdoor pond is ideal for multiple sliders. Smaller sliders tend to be bullied in too-small enclosures and may not be visibly injured but could cease growing!
Red-eared sliders kept together have special requirements regarding gender as well.
Male Red-Eared Sliders Need More Space When Kept Together
Males are territorial when kept in proximity and will need more space. Males should have multiple warming spots, caves, and locations for food. If males are not able to put distance between them, the larger of the two will bully the smaller male. This aggression can result in injury or death if not corrected.
Male And Female Red-Eared Sliders Kept Together
All genders can be kept in the same enclosure with some precautions. Of course, unless you wish to breed them males and females should be separated during mating season. This is because the male will relentlessly harass the female and she can become very aggressive. Even when breeding red-eared sliders, one male should be placed with at least two females. This will minimize stress and give the females time to recuperate.
Does My Red-Eared Slider Recognize Me?
Surprisingly, a lot of people may not be aware of this, but many turtles can actually recognize the appearance and sounds of their owners. In fact, numerous pet owners have shared their experiences of their turtles swimming up to the water’s surface to welcome them when they enter the room.
Red-eared sliders are skilled swimmers, and they adeptly escape potential threats, including humans, by swiftly retreating into the water, which is how they earned their name. When kept in captivity, they can be friendly and even sociable with their human families.
In response to positive reinforcement, they often approach the water’s surface or the side of the tank with curiosity to interact with their caretakers.
Keeping Multiple Species In The Same Habitat
The red-eared slider can share habitats with other species but use caution. Sliders are known to outgrow other species and can outcompete them for food. Therefore, a large outdoor environment is highly recommended for housing multiple species together. Red-eared sliders coexist well with painted turtles and other sliders, as well as other animals. Tankmates should be larger than the slider can consume!
Some catfish species, Plecostomus, Koi, and Goldfish make good tank mates for sliders. Surprisingly, some snail species like mystery snails can also coexist with sliders since they move too slowly to catch the slider’s attention. Some feeder fish that sliders can eat that reproduce faster than the turtle can consume are red minnows and guppies!
The photo featured at the top of this post is © effective stock photos/Shutterstock.com
Thank you for reading! Have some feedback for us? Contact the AZ Animals editorial team.

domain: biology


3D Object Converter Crack + Serial Key Updated
3D Object Converter is a Windows iphone that helps consumers check out the contents of 3D concept folder and convert stats to different document metadata.
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|Crack size||~ 500KB|
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Igor, 17 February 2018
Baie dankie vir die keygen 3D Object Converter
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George Clooney admits he could not have thought forward when he determined to show his 5-year-old twins a language he doesn’t know himself. “We’ve made a horrible mistake,” George, 61, informed Gayle King throughout a CBS Mornings interview on Wednesday, September 28. The host had requested the Burn After Reading star if Alexander and Ella are “chatty.” “We taught them Italian,” George continued. “But we don’t communicate Italian, so we’ve armed them with a language they’ll hurt us with. And we each don’t actually know what they’re saying.” George additionally confirmed that the twins communicate French as a 3rd language, and quipped, “I’m from Kentucky, English is my second language.”
Lately, George has been opening up about his children together with his spouse of 8 years, Amal Clooney, 44. In an interview with ET on September 14, the Intolerable Cruelty actor admitted that he doesn’t essentially care if the twins get into appearing, once more citing their expansive data of languages. “They can do no matter they need,” George mentioned. “My guess is that they’re a bit smarter than me, so, they’ll in all probability do one thing — they already communicate three languages, so, I’m nonetheless engaged on English.”
Hollywood’s most revered energy couple married in a lavish Italian ceremony 2014 after a excessive profile courtship, so Italian as a language for his or her solely two youngsters is sensible. Amal gave delivery to their youngsters on June 6, 2017 — and by all accounts, married life has been good to the Oscar profitable actor and his human rights legal professional spouse. In reality, he as soon as admitted that following his divorce from first spouse Talia Balsam in 1993, he thought he’d by no means remarry or have a household. George finally turned generally known as Hollywood’s most eligible bachelor.
“I used to be like, ‘I’m by no means getting married. I’m not gonna have children,’” George informed GQ in November of 2020. The O Brother, Where Art Thou dated a variety of excessive profile actresses, together with fellow Oscar winner Renée Zellweger. “I’m gonna work, I’ve obtained nice mates, my life is full, I’m doing nicely,” he continued to the journal. “And I didn’t understand how un-full it was till I met Amal. And then every thing modified. And I used to be like, ‘Oh, truly, this has been an enormous empty area.’”


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(Last Updated on : 28/07/2014)
Born in the time, when the socio-cultural ethos of India was infested with narrow casteism, Mulk Raj Anand with a masterful artistry etched out the cultural and social tribulations and the predicament of the deprived belonging to the lower caste according to the social niche. The contemporary social problems, like discriminations on the basis of caste and religion and the immediate outcome of this discrimination, untouchability, are presented boldly in his novels. The characters in his novels are always from the common run of men, who are the part and parcel of the mainstream society. The suppression and the repression of the common people by the Britishers have developed the detestations of the novelists towards the Britishers. Extremely of its time, the novels of Mulk Raj Anand reflect the socio-political and cultural forte of the era.
: - Coolie represents the pathetic condition of a boy coming from the village to earn living in the town, ultimately dies of tuberculosis.
: - The remarkable novel "The Untouchables" deals with one of the major social issue "Untouchability".
Two Leaves and A Bud
: -Two leaves and a bud is the poignant story illustrating the laborers in the tea Garden who are barbarically exploited in by the British owners of the Garden and finally killed by the Britishers after squeezing them out.
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Patinenkilkkanakku is a collection of 18 Tamil poetic works which were written in the period of ethical Tamil literature, after the Sangam age. Patinenkilkkanakku is written in the Venpa meter.
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San Diego is a modern city on the Southern California seacoast, the second largest city in the state with 1.
3 million residents. It is known for its ideal climate, miles of beaches, and location on the Mexican border, right across from Tijuana. It has a rich heritage built around sailing and is home to the Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy. It is also well known for its part in the wildlife conservation movement, being home to a SeaWorld theme park and the "world-famous" San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Though large in its own respects, many come to San Diego to escape the hustle and bustle of nearby Los Angeles.
Except for bureaucratic purposes, San Diego really doesn't have any clearly defined "districts"; instead, the city is defined by its many individual neighborhoods, which are too numerous to list here. (more)
Except for bureaucratic purposes, San Diego really doesn't have any clearly defined "districts"; instead, the city is defined by its many individual neighborhoods, which are too numerous to list here.
This list of "districts" is by no means an official breakdown of the city, but one that is meant to make sense from the standpoint of a visitor, based on the number of attractions and/or amenities the average visitor will find in each area.
In addition, there are many communities and suburbs in the San Diego area that are not actually part of San Diego. See the San Diego County article.
A list of contributors is available at the original article on Wikitravel. This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license.
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(SAN) San Diego Lindberg

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Advances in medical research have given addiction specialists new insight into the treatment of alcoholism. However, the Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report states that alcohol abuse remains the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, despite innovations in behavioral health modification, psychotherapy, and addiction medication. The following studies and statistics reflect the power of this disease: The best Free Top rated drug rehab treatment centers
More good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Results from NIDA-funded research have shown that prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media are effective for preventing or reducing drug use and addiction. Although personal events and cultural factors affect drug use trends, when young people view drug use as harmful, they tend to decrease their drug taking. Therefore, education and outreach are key in helping people understand the possible risks of drug use. Teachers, parents, and health care providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use and addiction.
When you have a child struggling with substance abuse, attempting to handle it on your own can be extremely overwhelming and can eventually become your first and only priority. It may also be difficult to take the first step because addressing the problem is disruptive of school and extracurricular activities.2 However, addiction is far more disruptive to your child's life in the end, and treatment can work. Taking the time now to get help can save your child's life.
Checking seven or more boxes from each list indicates that someone you care about is in the later stages of alcoholism. Not only your loved one, but everyone else in your household is at risk of severe harm. Talk with a substance abuse counselor who specializes in intervention about arranging a formal meeting to confront the problem. At this stage, it’s imperative to get your loved one into treatment as soon as possible. Working with an intervention specialist is the most effective way to help you and your family recover your safety, health and sanity.
Beyond the directory, Addiction Recovery Now also provides support in the form of a 24-hour hotline for answering all your questions about recovery. Our agents are compassionate, professional, and dedicated to serving you, not the rehabilitation centers.The agents at Addiction Recovery Now are well-educated in the industry and are waiting to put your mind at ease.
While detox is often looked upon as one of the most difficult aspects of the recovery process, addicts aren’t in the clear once they make it through withdrawal.5The real work of recovery takes place post-detox in the therapeutic portion of treatment. In therapy, both individual and group, recovering addicts uncover the root causes behind their substance abuse, helping them to address these issues so they don’t cause them to return to substance abuse at a later date.3 Connor's Battle with Pills to Heroin | True Stories of Addiction | Detox To Rehab
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that causes powerful physical and psychological cravings for mind-altering substances, including illegal intoxicants like cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and PCP. Many people also become addicted to misused prescription drugs, or to chemical substances not manufactured for human consumption (inhalants), to party drugs (ecstasy), hallucinogens like LSD, or to marijuana, which despite its benign reputation is the most widely abused illicit drug.
How pro-active is the Treatment Center’s approach toward preventing relapse? Does the Treatment Center place greater priority on profit or on getting people free from addiction? What precedence does the Treatment Center set on educating residents about drug and alcohol abuse? What is the philosophy or view of the Treatment Center on healing drug and alcohol addiction? Is healing drug and alcohol addiction perceived as a process that is forged through developing a stronger spiritual relationship with God? Is God acknowledged as part of the healing process at the Treatment Center? Are residents in the Treatment Center embraced as a community and nurtured by those that have completed the process?
Research shows drug use is more common among arrestees than the general population. The Office of National Drug Control Policy reported that 63 to 83 percent of people arrested in five major metropolitan areas in 2013 tested positive for at least one illicit drug. The three most common drugs present during tests were marijuana, cocaine and opiates, and many people tested positive for multiple drugs.
The term opioids describes natural opiates, such as morphine, and synthetic drugs made from opium. These drugs are used medically as pain relievers. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and other organs in the body, reducing an individual’s perception of pain. Opioids include heroin and opium as well as prescription medications such as fentanyl, oxycodone and methadone.
“Most drugs start off being rewarding,” former National Institute on Drug Abuse Director Dr. Glen Hanson told DrugRehab.com. “That gets the person interested in them… As the addiction proceeds, then some of that shifts. It goes from the reward being the attraction to a compulsive behavior. Compulsive behaviors aren’t necessarily rewarding behaviors.” *** ABOUT MY TIME IN REHAB: ALCOHOL REHAB STORIES
Before taking Antabuse you should give your doctor your entire medical history. You may not be a able to take Antabuse if you have a significant medical history of heart or blood vessel disease, diabetes, an underactive thyroid, brain disorders (e.g., seizures, brain damage), kidney disease, liver disease, a history of severe depression, a history of psychosis, or a history of suicide attempts. Antabuse can alter the metabolism and blood levels of certain drugs, especially tricyclic antidepressants, Dilantin (phenytoin), coumadin, isoniazid, and theophylline.
Set in the heart of Essex, the facility is close to London and very accessible from the rest of the UK and wider world. Trust your loved ones with us – we will change their lives. The clinic was founded and is operated by people in long-term recovery, and our treatments, facilities and ethos make it the best possible drug & alcohol rehab for you or your loved ones. How to Help Someone Overcome Addiction - Teal Swan
In order to effectively address drug addiction as well as the co-occurring issues that may be underlying the problem, most patients will require residential or inpatient care. At a residential treatment program, the addicted patient will live at the treatment facility with access to 24-hour care and support that can be critical in helping them to avoid relapse in the early stages of recovery.
Inpatient addiction treatment focuses on stabilization and assessment of your health to ensure you are ready--physically, psychologically and emotionally--to learn about core recovery concepts and to begin practicing recovery principles. Each day, you will be given a schedule of treatment activities, appointments and services tailored to meet your specific recovery needs and goals. Learn more about what happens in a typical day of inpatient addiction treatment.
As the brain matures, experiences prune excess neural connections while strengthening those that are used more often. Many scientists think that this process contributes to the steady reduction in gray matter volume seen during adolescence (depicted as the yellow to blue transition in the figure). As environmental forces help determine which connections will wither and which will thrive, the brain circuits that emerge become more efficient. However, this is a process that can cut both ways because not all tasks are desirable. The environment is like an artist who creates a sculpture by chipping away excess marble; and just like bad artists can produce bad art, environments with negative factors (like drugs, malnutrition, bullying, or sleep deprivation) can lead to efficient but potentially harmful circuits that conspire against a person's well-being. Coming KLEAN: Stories of Overcoming Addiction, The Documentary (Rated R)
Certain opioid medications such as methadone and more recently buprenorphine (In America, "Subutex" and "Suboxone") are widely used to treat addiction and dependence on other opioids such as heroin, morphine or oxycodone. Methadone and buprenorphine are maintenance therapies intended to reduce cravings for opiates, thereby reducing illegal drug use, and the risks associated with it, such as disease, arrest, incarceration, and death, in line with the philosophy of harm reduction. Both drugs may be used as maintenance medications (taken for an indefinite period of time), or used as detoxification aids. All available studies collected in the 2005 Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence suggest that maintenance treatment is preferable, with very high rates (79–100%) of relapse within three months of detoxification from LAAM, buprenorphine, and methadone.
The risk of relapse in drug addiction recovery is substantial, and that makes outpatient aftercare programs vitally important for newly-sober individuals, as well as for those working to maintain their recovery. Regular therapy sessions and 12-step (or alternative) peer group meetings can provide much-needed guidance and moral support to people in the midst of making major lifestyle changes, and family participation in ongoing relapse prevention programs can boost their effectiveness even further. While aftercare programs don’t guarantee permanent wellness, they can significantly decrease the likelihood of relapse and make it easier for recovering addicts to get back on track if and when they slip. D.R.U.G.S - I'm The Rehab, You're The Drugs [ Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows ]


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‘Fordlandia’ Adaptation Heads to the Big Screen 39 weeks ago
River Road Entertainment said Thursday that it will adapt Greg Grandin’s “Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford...
By Liza Foreman
The Emmy winner will play the jaded sister of Meryl Streep's character in the family drama
A New York Times photographer describes Shadid's last, dramatic moments before succumbing on the Syrian border
Shadid, a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner for his Middle East reporting, was carried out of Syria by colleague Tyler Hicks
The Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist will run a twice-weekly tax column and provide TV and business commentaries
Richard Linklater’s third peek into the love story of the couple played by Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke celebrates romance, compromise, disillusionment and the glory of conversation