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The referendum of the Kurdistan region produced a very interesting formula which is the Turkish-Iranian-Iraqi alliance and coordination at the diplomatic level of “the presidency of three-states” and at the military-security level “through their high-level military visits.” In Iran, Qassem Soleimani and the IRGC were conducting military operations outside Iran Which were monitored through all the media, but this matter was highly changed after the declaration of Massoud Barzani, President of the Kurdistan region of Iraq to hold a referendum on 25th of the last September , we saw the chiefs of staff of the Turkish , Iranian and Iraqi armies held a military meeting to discuss the referendum of Kurdistan noting that after hosting Ankara the Iranian chief of Staff Mohammad Baqari on August 15, the Turkish chief of Staff, Khulosi Akkar, met with Iraqi Chief of Staff Osman al-Ghanmi on the last September 23.
The matter was not limited at this level only but military Turkish Iranian maneuvers were taken place on the borders of KRG , On September 18, the Turkish military said that the armed forces had begun military exercises on the border with Iraq a week before a referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan region. Turkish Prime Minister Ben Ali Yildirm said at that time that the referendum scheduled for 25 September was a matter of national security and warned that Turkey would take the necessary steps towards it. On 24 September, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards carried out ground maneuvers near the border with the Kurdistan region of Iraq and Turkey. Infantry, artillery, rocket units and rapid intervention forces participated in the exercises. Hamza’s headquarter is effectively responsible for securing the north-western border, as well as for military operations against Kurdish militants. The Headquarters has already entered into armed confrontations with Kurdish groups. In this context, Foreign Ministry Spokesman Bahram Qasimi described the referendum as a strategic error that threatens the security and stability of Iraq and leads the region to chaos and division. He said that insisting on holding the referendum contradicts the political process in Iraq and undermines all the efforts exerted to fight terrorism in the region. He added that the referendum threatens the entire political process in a country with an emerging democracy. The Iranian official warned that the secession of Iraqi Kurdistan would be like a disaster in the region. He said that this leads to the division and fragmentation of countries in the Middle East, which puts the fate of the Kurds of Iraq and the rest of the peoples of the region in the heart of a crisis that will harm everyone.
As part of the escalation of political positions against the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited yesterday and met with his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rowhani, during which he also met Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Erdogan said during a press conference with Iranian President Hassan Rowhani, “I think that the fate of the administration of northern Iraq is the isolation, and the determination of Turkey and Iran on their common position in this regard is clear.” He added: “From now and on we will talk with the Iraqi central government, and added that the referendum is definitely illegal “and Ruhani stressed that the two countries will work to confront the disintegration of Iraq and Syria to calm the tension in the region.” We want security and stability in the Middle East. Referendum for the independence of Iraq’s Kurdistan is a separatist plot in which the foreign countries stand behind it and opposed by Ankara and Tehran. “It is clear from these military exercises and military and diplomatic meetings that Iran is using all its capabilities as a state to stand against the results of the referendum. The same applies to Iraq and Turkey.
The timing of a referendum was not welcomed by the superpowers and the big ones in the international group, so they called on the Kurdish leadership to postpone its date and not cancel it until the maturity of the objective circumstances for its conduct , but the Kurdish leadership insisted on conducting it on schedule. This led to several quick results: the referendum showed the KRG with appearance of weakness through the actions taken by neighboring countries noting that the economic growth of the Kurdistan region passes through Iran, Turkey and Iraq, and these countries collectively reject the referendum, the Region has no contact with the outside world except through them. Second: the referendum was embarrassed the great and super powers allied to the Kurdistan region of Iraq, where the Kurdish leaders have been told that this is not the proper time to hold the referendum, the priority now lies in the final elimination of the terrorist organization ISIS . Thirdly, this referendum brings closer to the extent that it harmonized the positions of Turkey, Iran and Iraq that reject the referendum. These countries are “Turkey on the one hand, Iran and Iraq on the other.” As everyone knows, their relations – before the referendum are characterized with tense because as a result of their contradictory political positions on a number of regional issues. The three countries have overcome their differences and focused on the failure of the Iraqi Kurdish endeavor to secede. It is remarkable that no small or large country in the international community can criticize any political realism aimed at preserving the national security of these countries and maintaining the integrity of the territory through their rejection of the Kurdish referendum. The referendum has turned these countries, especially Turkey and Iran, to two enemy states for the Kurdistan region of Iraq after they had good political and economic relations with it.
Fourth: Kurdish parties rejected the referendum process, including the Movement of al-Taghier (CORAN), which issued a statement on October 3 stating that the internal and external conditions are not suitable for holding the referendum. And called for responding to the initiatives of the international community and the United Nations to facilitate dialogue and mediation between Kurdistan and Baghdad. For its part, a member of the Political Bureau of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Hero Ibrahim Ahmed, launched an attack on the President of the Kurdistan region of Iraq Massoud Barzani, refusing to form a political council in Kurdistan to deal with the results of the referendum. Hiro Ibrahim Ahmed, wife of the late Iraqi President Jalal Talabani said that the citizens of Kurdistan pay the price for the challenge of the Kurdish leadership by holding a referendum. She added in a statement that Major countries such as the United States, Britain, Russia, China and neighboring countries have called for the referendum not to be held at the moment and offered solutions to the problem, but the Kurdish leadership challenged the world, and described the formation of a council of political leadership in Iraqi Kurdistan by the Kurdish leadership as a big mistake, and she is not with that leadership in any way. Bottom line is that this referendum contributed to the harmony of the regional players against the aspirations of the Kurdistan region.
Iraqi Studies Unit
Rawabet Center for Research and Strategic Studies


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Deliveries of the most affordable electric SUV on sale in the country, have restarted in select cities
As India and rest of the world learn to live with the highly contagious corona virus, Tata Motors has resumed deliveries of its Nexon EV in select cities. Authorized showrooms in designated green zones are operational under regulatory permissions from local authorities and are taking required precautions.
The company revealed that the customers who have booked the Tata Nexon EV in Chennai, Ahmadabad and Bangalore are receiving their vehicles based on booking priority. Tata Motors has also stated that they will soon restart deliveries of the Nexon Electric in many other major cities of the country.
The Tata Nexon electric clocked sales (dispatch) of 198 units in the month of March which is better than the tally of its rivals, the MG eZS and Hyundai Kona. The numbers may still be small but they represent the Indian consumer’s growing interest in electric vehicles. The sales figures of electric crossovers is expected to increase steadily in the coming months and years.
The strict lockdown started in last week of March and was eased a bit only a few days ago. During this period, the automotive industry came to a stand still with halted productions and ceased deliveries. As of now, most of the automakers resumed production under restricted circumstances and dealerships in select zones have become operational. Initial reports indicated that there has been large scale cancellation of bookings as customers steered clear of hefty EMIs during uncertain times.
This year is shaping up to be one of the worst period for the Indian automobile industry in recent times. The timing of BS6 transformation also meant that several BS4 stocks are not facing write off. However, experts are hoping for a minor recovery later this year, as people are expected to turn to private vehicles as preferred mode of transport.
Coming back to the Tata Nexon EV, it is powered by the automaker’s new Ziptron powertrain which has a claimed range of 312 km. The system comprises a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) which dishes out 127 hp and 245 Nm of torque. The motor is supported by a 30.2 kWh lithium-ion battery pack.
The Tata electric SUV is available in three variants with the prices ranging from INR 13.99 lakh to INR 15.99 lakh (ex-showroom). The company is gearing up to launch an array of electric models including the Altroz EV which is likely to share its powertrain with the crossover.
Visually, the Tata Nexon EV differentiates itself from conventional IC engined models by means of special colours, glossy black panel instead grille and an exclusive bumper with interesting detailing and blue accents.

domain: news


text:
Pamper your pup with a soft and warm vibrant purple Dog Harness Hoodie from GOOBY!
Why We Love It:
The Fleece Vest Hoodie Dog Harness by Gooby in Purple is soft and warm, making your pup cozy and comfortable while providing a secure harness. This sleeveless dog hoodie also includes an O-ring for leash attachment. The high-cut tummy keeps your pet clean and dry.
This cozy pullover is a great option for chilly days when you don't want to fuss with getting a leash on under or over clothes. Just attach and go, and stay warm!
The hood can be worn up or down. The sleeveless style gives your pet complete mobility.
Caution - Not ideal for heavy pullers on a leash.
Garment Information and Care:
Machine wash in warm water in gentle detergent. Line dry. Do not dry clean.
Important Sizing Note: The following measurements are the dimensions of the actual product, not of the pet they fit. After measuring your pet, make sure all measurements fit within the following dimensions (with a little room to spare in the chest and neck).X-Small

domain: pet


Finding a Jaguar spare, especially at a rock bottom price, is a valuable find to say the least. The brand Jaguar has long been associated with high end vehicles. It stands to reason that spare parts for these same vehicles would not be cheap.
Like most parts that may be needed for any repair job, Jaguar spares can be found amongst the trashed cars, trucks, and other vehicles in the local breaker or junk yard. A keen eye can spot the treasures – whether they are still attached to the remnants of a Jaguar or in a pile of parts from all sorts of cars.
Finding a Jaguar spare in a pile of rubbish is not as easy (or as clean) as buying the part new from a local parts store or the dealership. After wiping off the grime from your own body after the search and then putting some effort into cleaning the part you found, you will be pleasantly surprised to discover that the sweat equity was more than worth the savings you netted.
Digging through the junk piles is only one of the economical ways to find a Jaguar spare. The internet is covered with sites offering parts – some could even be local to you. If at all possible, avoid shipping automobile parts long distances. Because of the weight of there items, the shipping costs will often negate any savings you may have had.
It may be that you are looking for a unique Jaguar spare or a part for a unique Jaguar. Either way, the internet is probably the best answer you will find. Even if you don’t find the part right away, you can register on some of the car forums available for free. This will allow you to connect with other Jaguar lovers and ultimately could lead you right to the part you need.
Kathryn Lang is a freelance writer covering the motoring industry. She has written various articles on Jaguar parts and Jaguar cars in general.


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Nebraska Revised Statute 66-1005
Loan shall mean an extension of credit by a utility from its own capital or from capital raised by the Nebraska Investment Finance Authority pursuant to sections 58-201 to 58-272 to or for the benefit of a customer solely for the purchase or installation of energy conservation measures with repayment to be made through the utility's periodic billing system.
- Laws 1980, LB 954, § 18;
- Laws 1982, LB 799, § 3;
- Laws 1983, LB 626, § 76.

domain: finance


text:
Zoo Posters is extremely nice and makes a good wall decoration, it dimension is 18 x 24 inch and the price is $59.99. If you're trying to find top recommended Zoo Posters with inexpensive price, it is the majestic deals for you.
Type: Giclee Print
Dimension: 18 x 24 inch
Zoo Posters is absolutely flashy, and it is a excessively pleasant one. The colors are simply useful, the one was such a inexpensive price. The one is just awesome, it looks wonderful in person and the colors essentially pop. It is black and white image, usually with a resplendent finish, used for lobby display and press promotion. Zoo Posters is well-known heavy shimmering paper and truly quite big. The prominent quality paper, photograph is gleaming however this poster is slightly dark but that has nothing to do with the subscribers. The produce comes in imposing condition and the paper it is printed on is valuable. The item provides buyers with the option to enhance the appearance of their poster or art print. It can be custom designs of Zoo Posters, or already released posted for sell.

domain: artistic


text: I've noticed that some of you have taken or planning a trip to Paris and I totally forgot to tell you about a rather breathtaking place I went to when I was there in May 2006, Brasserie Mollard, it's a seafood restaurant entirely decorated in Art Nouveau. It opened in 1867 and I don't think it has changed much since then. I don't eat seafood (it's not kosher and I'm vegetarian) so I can't really recommend the food, the only vegetarian meal they had when I was there was onion soup which I didn't enjoy because I'm not a fan of onions. You can always pop in for a drink though. Now check out the decor!

domain: travel


text:
It's the bee's knees! This fragrance is inspired by the flapper era in New York City. Made with the intoxicating scents of lily of the valley, champagne, ginger, lime, and vanilla. Floral, fizzy, vintage, with a hint of sweetness. Reminiscent of a flapper at a speakeasy. The perfect combination for using vintage slang like "cat's meow" and "snake charmer", dancing all night at fabulous parties, and post-war bliss!
Fragrance Note(s): Lily of the Valley • Champagne • Ginger • Lime • Vanilla
Scent Categories: Floral • Fizzy • Vintage
“The city seen from the Queensboro Bridge is always the city seen for the first time, in its first wild promise of all the mystery and the beauty in the world.” — from The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald

domain: geography


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Non-neutered Males Accepted, Spayed Females Only
No Females in Heat
Great!! Kelly has a wonderful family and provided daily updates. I think our dogs were almost sad to come home :) Will definitely use again.
Kelly and her family were wonderful with Copper. We got frequent pictures and updates and he was happy when we picked him up!
Kelly and the rest of the family always take good care of Milo, we get one to two pictures of Milo every day he’s there. He is always a happy puppy when we come to pick him up!
Home full-time w/ large fenced yard
I'm a stay-at-home mom of two kids, a eight-year-old and a five-year-old. Our home is a ranch-style house with a large fenced yard. Our yard is also equipped with an inground dog fence because our last dog was a fence-climber. We currently have two cats and are looking for the right rescue dog to join our family after we lost our ten-year-old shepherd/chow mix this past winter to a stroke. We have a baby ...


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There was a period of time when I was a kid that I thought I wanted to design cars. Then I learned that it wasn't just making models out of clay. And also you had to know math and stuff.
The drawknife: not just for green woodworking. I find it a super handy tool for wasting material - it's basically just a really wide chisel, after all. I'm chamfering the insides of the front legs on the chairs here, and I'll smooth it out with a spokeshave. Easy peasy and done before I could have changed bits in a router.
Final piece of the puzzle about done. Lots of shaping on deck -- unless everyone thinks the arms look good like this, then I'll just call it good.
@meredithhartfurniture is claiming it looks like there is a herd of chairs strutting around making inappropriate hand gestures. But I think that is just reflective of some sort of condition or something. 😘
Ah, I love the taste of veneer tape in the morning.
Soap box: I find veneering gets a bad rap sometimes. Probably in part because the word "veneer" has sort of become a euphemism for cheap or fake, something pretty that's only skin deep. But there are times when it is really the better option for fine work; you can do things with veneer you shouldn't with solid lumber. And it certainly isn't necessarily easier. It is still wood after all, so there is material prep/flattening, layout, joining, etc. And skimping on any of it will result in shoddy looking work. (That said, the piece in this video is just for finish samples, so I actually didn't spend the 4 days flattening it that I did for the real piece. Whoopsy.) You don't have to love the way it looks, but let's not assume it's inherently of lesser quality just because it isn't "solid wood."
These are the checks I run through when fitting this important little piece of the puzzle. (And for those concerned about the strength of this joint there are a few more elements that will cinch it up before all is said and done - it really becomes a rigid little chair.)
Two in Mahogany, two in Walnut, one painted and an old one to help remember.
Here's my highly professional, draft filing system. I suppose I should consider and upgrade. But for now I'm looking at you "tub chair 8/15."
Form and shadow lines. It's amazing how a little paint can distill a piece.
Two more... I promise dining tables aren't the only things I build. But on the subject of tables, I'd like to say something (and be forewarned, this may skew a little cornball): they probably aren't the most expressive pieces of furniture from a design point of view, nor the most complicated form of construction, but I do believe they are likely the most important piece in a home. Think of all the people you've sat with at your table, the conversations, the laughs, tears, the lessons you were taught. It's the place that keeps bringing us together. And one made well will absorb the scratches and dents of life, it will hold on to those stories for years, even generations, to come. I guess this metaphor is maybe a little too easy, but I feel it every time I send one into the world. It is worth being aware of, and I believe they are worth getting right. I know it's not "save the world" stuff, but a good table wouldn't be a bad place to try to figure that out.
I honestly think it was easier to make this detail than to take a picture that sort of shows what's going on.
I probably could have made this easier on myself.
Tables, tables. I think I'll name this one, "The Riff From ZZ Top's 1983 Hit 'Sharp Dressed Man.'" Sound good?
The clients and I really explored a lot of territory before we landed on this relatively straight-forward base. There was the desire for curves and a bit more formality than some of my other tables, but also a subtly and restraint that wouldn't clutter the space with their chairs (stay tuned for those). I think we found a nice balance of structure and elegance, form and details.
Every single time the mortiser gets fired up "somebody" brings me a gift.
I just want everyone to know two things: 1) just how quickly oak oxidizes with the ol' vinegar+steel wool concoction and 2) what the top of my head looks like.
Surface off a hand plane and surface off a sander. See the difference?
I've been at a family reunion all week, but it's back to work today where these legs have my undivided attention.
The lumberman cometh. (And is more impressive in person.)
I have a bunch of work that's just waiting on a few little logistical things before I can jump in, so I figured I'd make something weird. I've seen something like this in cermamic and thought it'd be fun to try on the lathe. Anyone need a replacement head for their voodoo doll?


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- Odyssey Health Inc. is a medical product developer with a mission of filling unmet needs when it comes to acute emergencies involving patients’ central nervous systems
- The company recently announced the formation of a wholly owned subsidiary to help Odyssey develop its products as they move through the regulatory process
- Odyssey’s solutions include a breath-powered intranasal delivery mechanism and synthetic neurosteroids designed to provide rapid-response treatment for patients with concussions and a highly fatal pediatric neurological disease
- Odyssey Health also is developing solutions for heart disease detection, obstructed-airway choking and nerve agent exposure
- The concussion therapeutic solution recently completed Phase I testing successfully and the company is preparing for Phase II efficacy testing in cooperation with military service personnel
Medical technology solutions innovator Odyssey Health (OTC: ODYY) is moving up a rung on the ladder to product success with the formation of a wholly owned pharmaceutical subsidiary focused on developing drugs to treat neurological disorders.
Odyssey has been developing and testing drug candidates to combat conditions with unmet needs, with primary area of interest being the development of drug and device combination products that will help people afflicted by central nervous system maladies. This area includes brain concussions, especially affecting military and sports personnel, in addition to a neurological disease with a high mortality rate among pediatric patients, and potentially deadly exposure to nerve gas agents.
In September, Odyssey reported completion of its Phase I clinical trial for its concussion drug candidate, PRV-002. The safety trial’s Single Ascending Dosing (“SAD”) and Multiple Ascending Dosing (“MAD”) cohorts all found the drug to be well tolerated, and Odyssey is now communicating the trial’s findings to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) while beginning preparations for a Phase II trial that will seek to provide greater evidence of the drug’s effectiveness, according to a company news release (https://ibn.fm/LpDXa).
The new subsidiary, Odyssey Neuropharma, Inc., will help advance Odyssey’s development of neurosteroids such as PRV-002 and PRV-001, which is being designed to combat the neuro-degenerative Niemann-Pick type C disease and has been shown to improve neuromotor function and reduce brain inflammation in pre-clinical studies, according to the company’s most recent news release (https://ibn.fm/dtIcz).
Both drugs are fully synthetic and are administered via a breath-powered intranasal delivery device subject to a provisional patent application.
The Organophosphate Nerve Agent antidote similarly involves intranasal delivery of powdered oximes (a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds) to combat the consequences of exposure to chemical weapons.
Current use of oximes as an antidote involves multiple injections but Odyssey’s attempt to develop an intranasal product offers the hope of a painless means of delivery that is fast-acting and targeted to the central nervous system.
“Odyssey’s lightweight drug device combination can be carried in the pocket of civilians around the world at risk (of nerve agent exposure) as a means of biodefense,” the company’s news release states.
Odyssey has also produced other products for potential commercial marketability, such as a device to remove a throat obstruction in a choking person and new technology for the early detection for heart disease. Each product furthers the company’s mission to develop products that fill needs for life-saving solutions to acute brain, cardiovascular and respiratory emergencies.
For more information, visit the company’s website at www.OdysseyHealthInc.com.
NOTE TO INVESTORS: The latest news and updates relating to ODYY are available in the company’s newsroom at https://ibn.fm/ODYY
InvestorWire is the wire service that gives you more. From regional releases to global announcements presented in multiple languages, we offer the wire-grade dissemination products you’ll need to ensure that your next press release grabs the attention of your target audience and doesn’t let go. While our competitors look to nickel and dime you with hidden fees and restrictive word limits, InvestorWire keeps things transparent.
As part of its service, InvestorWire provides coverage of noteworthy announcements. To further expand visibility of achievements being made throughout a multitude of sectors, InvestorWire’s syndication partners have extended the digital coverage to include individual broadcasts on financial websites and platforms visited by millions of investors daily.
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domain: medical


Saree Fabric: Cotton
Type: Summer cool Khadi Cotton
Blouse Piece: With blouse piece
- This saree comes with blouse piece.
- It makes a perfect addition to the wardrobe for Regular office use.
- Khadi Cotton sarees are best suited in summer season.
|Fabric Care||Normal Wash|
|No Of Content||Pack Of 1|


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Atrazine (ATZ) and S-metolachlor (S-MET) are two herbicides widely used, often as mixtures. The present work examined whether the presence of S-MET affects the ATZ-biodegradation activity of the bioaugmentation bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP in a crop soil. S-MET concentrations were selected for their relevance in worst-case scenarios of soil contamination by a commercial formulation containing both herbicides. At concentrations representative of application of high doses of the formulation (up to 50 µg g−1 of soil, corresponding to a dose approximately 50× higher than the recommended field dose (RD)), the presence of pure S-MET significantly affected neither bacteria survival (∼107 initial viable cells g−1 of soil) nor its ATZ-mineralization activity. Consistently, biodegradation experiments, in larger soil microcosms spiked with 20× or 50×RD of the double formulation and inoculated with the bacterium, revealed ATZ to be rapidly (in up to 5 days) and extensively (>96%) removed from the soil. During the 5 days, concentration of S-MET decreased moderately to about 60% of the initial, both in inoculated and non-inoculated microcosms. Concomitantly, an accumulation of the two metabolites S-MET ethanesulfonic acid and S-MET oxanilic acid was found. Despite the dissipation of almost all the ATZ from the treated soils, the respective eluates were still highly toxic to an aquatic microalgae species, being as toxic as those from the untreated soil. We suggest that this high toxicity may be due to the S-MET and/or its metabolites remaining in the soil.
Citation: Viegas CA, Costa C, André S, Viana P, Ribeiro R, Moreira-Santos M (2012) Does S-Metolachlor Affect the Performance of Pseudomonas sp. Strain ADP as Bioaugmentation Bacterium for Atrazine-Contaminated Soils? PLoS ONE 7(5): e37140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037140
Editor: Stephen J. Johnson, University of Kansas, United States of America
Received: January 10, 2012; Accepted: April 13, 2012; Published: May 15, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Viegas et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (http://www.fct.pt/), Portugal (Contracts PTDC/AAC-AMB/111317/2009, PTDC/AMB/64230/2006, PPCDT/AMB/56039/2004, and Ciência 2007-FSE and POPH funds). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Diverse pesticides (and their metabolites), fertilizers and organic components used in commercial formulations can be found in agricultural soils due to intensive use in crop cultivation or accidental spills. In particular, agricultural dealership sites and mix-load or disposal sites may represent potential sources of environmental contamination with high levels of diverse compounds , . For example, 205, 2272, 13, 1829 and 108 µg g−1 of soil of the s-triazine herbicides atrazine (ATZ), cyanazine, simazine and the chloroacetanilide herbicides metolachlor (MET) and alachlor, respectively, were measured in soil samples from a mix-load site . As a consequence, mixtures of chemicals are likely to contaminate freshwaters via leaching, drainage and runoff events –, and toxicological synergies of multiple chemicals may enhance deleterious effects on ecosystems and human health . Herbicidal formulations containing ATZ, either as the sole active ingredient or in combination with the racemic mixture of MET or, more recently, with the product enriched in the active S-enantiomer (S-MET), have been used worldwide for broad-spectrum weed control in several crops –.
In soil, ATZ presents moderate persistency (DT50 = 28–150 days, field, aerobic) and mobility (soil organic carbon/water partition coefficient, KOC = 100 L kg−1) . These properties and increasing concerns regarding potential impact of ATZ and its toxic chlorinated N-dehalkylated metabolites on human health and ecosystems –, promoted active research on ATZ-degrading microorganisms and on bioremediation strategies aiming to reduce soil contamination to safe levels and to minimize dispersion into surrounding aquatic compartments , –. Pseudomonas sp. ADP is the best-characterized ATZ-mineralizing bacteria and uses ATZ as sole N source by means of a catabolic pathway encoded in the plasmid pADP-1 , . It has high potential for the bioaugmentation of ATZ-contaminated soils, but, presumably due to C limitation and low survival in soil, it was found to be less effective at high ATZ concentrations that are relevant in the case of spill or careless disposal scenarios , . As part of a framework for the rational bioremediation of ATZ-contaminated land, we recently presented evidences that a clean-up strategy, combining soil bioaugmentation with this bacterial strain and biostimulation with citrate , was effective at a larger microcosms scale , . It led to the rapid removal of ATZ from a natural crop soil spiked with a commercial formulation containing ATZ as single active ingredient at doses mimicking worst-case scenarios (e.g. spills and/or concentrated hotspots) , . More importantly, assessment of the ecotoxicity of soil samples and eluates/leachates from the bioremediated soils proved the effective soil decontamination in less than 10 days, hence contributing to significantly diminish the toxicity impact in the aquatic compartment .
Time-course formation of 14CO2 from [ring-UL-14C]ATZ in (A) soil spiked with [14C]ATZ plus increasing doses of Primextra S-Gold as follows: 5× (⧫), 20× (□) and 50×RD (▴), without citrate amendment; or (B) soil spiked with [14C]ATZ plus 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold and amended with 3.4 mg g−1 trisodium citrate (Δ) or non-amended (▴). The average amount of 14CO2 released from non-inoculated control soil is shown for comparison (○) in (A). Data are means±SD of measurements from three replicated samples from at least two independent experiments under each condition.
S-metolachlor is relatively non-persistent (DT50 = 21 days, field, aerobic) and moderately mobile (KOC = 226 L kg−1) in soil, but very persistent in water , . Both the racemic mixture and the S-enantiomer have the potential to cause adverse effects on microorganisms ,  and on higher terrestrial and aquatic organisms , –. Freshwater macrophytes and microalgae are however the most vulnerable ones , , . To our knowledge, the few published studies addressing the effect of MET or S-MET on ATZ-degradation in soil have been limited to indigenous soil microorganisms and intrinsic biodegradation. In some cases a negative effect was demonstrated  while in others there was apparently no impact .
Possible deleterious effects exerted by S-MET  could contribute to diminish the efficacy of the bioremediation tool previously shown to be effective for the clean-up of soils contaminated with high concentrations of ATZ , , . Therefore, the present work aimed examining whether S-MET could negatively affect the survival and the ATZ-biodegradation performance of the bioaugmentation bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP in a crop soil. We used a representative crop soil from Central Portugal ,  spiked with mixtures of ATZ and S-MET (either as the commercial formulation Primextra S-Gold or as pure active ingredients). Doses mimicked worst-case scenarios of soil contamination, being thus higher than the recommended dose (RD) for weed control in corn plantations. The following issues were addressed: first, the ability of Pseudomonas sp. ADP, either combined or not with citrate amendment, to mineralize [ring-UL-14C]ATZ mixed with increasing doses of Primextra S-Gold (up to 50×RD), in soil at small laboratory scale. Second, the effects of S-MET in a pure form on the bacteria survival and on its ATZ-mineralizing ability, at concentrations of the pure active ingredients representing up to 50×RD, also in small soil microcosms. Third, the rate and extent of biodegradation of ATZ from 20× or 50×RD Primextra S-Gold when applying the bioremediation tool, in larger and more realistic soil microcosms , . The efficacy of ATZ-biodegradation in soil microcosms was evaluated mainly by performing microalgae ecotoxicity tests (72-hours Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth tests) on the eluates from soil samples. At this stage, eluates from soils contaminated with the herbicidal formulation Atrazerba FL (with ATZ as single active ingredient) and previously reported to be decontaminated after a 10-days treatment with the bioremediation tool  were also used for comparison purposes. The extent of ATZ removal was also examined with chemical analysis of ATZ and its metabolites in soil samples. In addition, possible modifications in the concentration of S-MET initially present in the soil microcosms contaminated with Primextra S-Gold as well as the possible formation of its major degradation products S-MET oxanilic acid (OA) and S-MET ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) , ,  were also examined during the biodegradation experiments carried out.
ATZ mineralization by Pseudomonas sp. ADP in soil spiked with Primextra S-Gold
Following inoculation with viable cells of the bioaugmentation bacterium (1.3±0.5×107 CFU g−1 soil dry weight) of soil spiked with mixtures of [14C]ATZ plus increasing doses of non-labeled ATZ from the double formulation Primextra S-Gold (5×, 20× or 50×RD), ATZ mineralization started rapidly. The percentage of 14CO2 produced from the 14C-labeled ATZ attained maximal values within 3 days (Fig. 1A). Comparatively, ATZ mineralization was negligible (<2%) in the non-inoculated control soil during the same time-period (Fig. 1A). However, a moderate inhibition of rate and extent of ATZ mineralization occurred in the soils contaminated with doses of Primextra S-Gold increasing from 5× up to 50×RD (Fig. 1A). For example, the percentage of initial labeled ATZ evolving as 14CO2 at day 3 were 74.3±3.0% and 27.0±2.1% in the soil microcosms with 5× and 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold, respectively (Fig. 1A). These values correspond to approximately 37 and 24%, respectively, of the total estimated amount of ATZ mixed into the soil (assuming that labeled and non-labeled ATZ may be mineralized homogeneously). The soil that had been contaminated with 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold showed the lowest percentage of [14C]ATZ mineralization following bioaugmentation (Fig. 1A). In this soil, enhancement of the ratio of soluble carbon to nitrogen from atrazine (Cs∶Natz) from ∼1 (in the crop soil used) up to ∼50 , due to soil amendment with trisodium citrate, led to a slight but significant increase in the rate and extent of 14CO2 formation (Fig. 1B).
Effects of S-MET in Pseudomonas sp. ADP survival and ability to mineralize ATZ in soil
Viable populations of Pseudomonas sp. ADP inoculated into the soil were exposed to mixtures of ATZ plus S-MET at concentrations representing applications of approximately 30× or 50×RD of each active ingredient (Fig. 2). For the soil contaminated with 24 µg ATZ g−1, the addition of S-MET at 30 µg g−1 (representing ∼30×RD of each active substance) and up to 60 µg g−1, did not significantly affect the bacterial survival (Fig. 2A). Moreover, the rate and extent of [14C]ATZ mineralization was essentially the same whether or not S-MET was added to soil previously contaminated with a total of 24 or 40 µg ATZ g−1 of soil (Fig. 2B), indicating that presence of S-MET does not significantly affect the ability of Pseudomonas sp. ADP to mineralize ATZ in the worst-case conditions tested herein.
In (A), soil previously contaminated with 24 µg ATZ g−1 of soil was supplemented with increasing concentrations of S-MET, namely 0 (⧫), 15 (□), 30 (Δ) or 60 (○) µg g−1 of soil, prior to inoculation. In (B), soil was spiked with a total of 24 µg ATZ g−1 of soil (including [14C]ATZ) plus 30 µg S-MET g−1 (Δ) or no S-MET (⧫), or with a total of 40 µg ATZ g−1 plus 50 µg S-MET g−1 (▪) or no S-MET (⋄), prior to inoculation. Data are means±SD of measurements from at least duplicate determinations from two or three independent experiments under identical conditions.
Biodegradation of ATZ from Primextra S-Gold in larger soil microcosms
The performance of the bioaugmentation/biostimulation treatment for ATZ-contaminated soils, consisting on one initial inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP (4.1±1.2×107 CFU g−1 soil dry weight) combined with soil amendment with trisodium citrate (Cs∶Natz∼50) , was examined in larger soil microcosms spiked with 20× or 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold (Fig. 3). For both doses of the commercial formulation and upon soil bioaugmentation, bacterial numbers were always higher (2.5-fold, in average) in the soil amended with citrate compared with non-amended one (Figs. 3A and B). Despite that, whether or not soil was amended with citrate, most of the initial ATZ was rapidly removed from soil in up to 2 days with no lag period required (Figs. 3C and D). This high rate of ATZ biodegradation contrasted with the high levels of ATZ remaining in the untreated soils (Figs. 3C and D). Nevertheless, slight differences on the extent of ATZ biodegradation in the inoculated soils were observed depending on the initial level of soil contamination. For example, in the soil spiked with 20×RD of Primextra S-Gold, the ATZ concentration declined by ∼96%, from 12.8±0.4 to less than 0.5 µg g−1, in only 5 days (Fig. 3C). On the other hand, in the soil with the highest dose of Primextra S-Gold (50×RD, corresponding to an initial measured ATZ of 29.1±12.5 µg g−1 soil dry weight), inoculation with the bacterium without citrate amendment led to quite high levels of ATZ still remaining in the soil, namely 2.4 and 1.4±0.8 µg ATZ g−1 at days 5 and 8, respectively (Fig. 3D and data not shown). Combination of soil bioaugmentation with citrate amendment apparently allowed a slight but significant improvement in ATZ removal from the soil, with its concentration decreasing to 0.4±0.1 µg g−1 in 8 days (Fig. 3D and data not shown).
Time-course variation of (A, B) the concentration of viable cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADP RifR, (C, D) the average concentration of ATZ and (E, F) the average concentration of S-MET, in the soil microcosms contaminated with (A, C, E) 20×RD or (B, D, F) 50×RD of Primextra S-Gold, and bioaugmented with Pseudomonas sp. ADP with (Δ) or without (▴) citrate amendment, during incubation at 25°C. ATZ and S-MET concentrations in the non-inoculated control soil (•) are also shown in (C, D) and (E, F), respectively, for comparison. Data are means±SD of measurements from at least two replicated samples from two independent experiments under each condition.
Fate of S-MET and its major degradation products in the soil microcosms contaminated with Primextra S-Gold
Dissipation of S-MET in the soil microscosms was not different in untreated or inoculated soil (Figs. 3E and 3F). Indeed, in all the different conditions tested, its concentration was moderately reduced by around 40% on average during the first 5 days. For example, S-MET concentration declined from the initial 21±5 and 35±19 µg g−1 in the 20×RD and the 50×RD-contaminated soils, respectively, to 13±2 and 21±4 µg g−1at day 5 (Figs. 3E and 3F), and maintained identical values after 8 days (data not shown). This decrease in the concentration of S-MET was accompanied by the accumulation of its derivatives S-MET ESA and S-MET OA in the soil microcosms. Namely, S-MET ESA concentration increased from undetectable values (<6 µg kg−1 soil dry weight), at time zero, to 27±9 and 46±19 µg kg−1 after 5 days of incubation, in the 20×RD and the 50×RD-contaminated soils, respectively. The S-MET OA concentration increased from <6 to 42±22 and 87±33 µg kg−1, respectively, in the same period of time. At day 8, the concentrations of these compounds measured in the soil microcosms were somewhat lower, namely 22±2 and 28±7 µg S-MET ESA kg−1, or 29±5 and 43±35 µg S-MET OA kg−1, in the 20×RD and the 50×RD-contaminated soils, respectively (data not shown).
Ecotoxicity removal efficacy
To estimate potential ecotoxicological effects of addition of the two doses of Primextra S-Gold (20× and 50×RD) to soil, and to assess the efficacy of treatment of these soils with the bioremediation tool, the ecotoxicity to microalgae was assessed in eluates prepared from soil samples collected in the microcosms during the biodegradation experiments with Pseudomonas sp. ADP plus citrate (Fig. 3), as examined before for the case of soils contaminated with up to 20×RD of the single ATZ formulation Atrazerba FL . Since there was a similarity between toxicity data obtained with the eluates from soil samples collected after 5 or 8 days upon treatment with the bioremediation tool, only the 5 days toxicity data are presented in Fig. 4.
Mean 72-hours growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata on eluates prepared with soil samples collected from microcosms spiked with the indicated doses of (A) Primextra S-Gold, (B) Atrazerba FL, or (C) pure S-MET, at day 5 after soil amendment with Pseudomonas sp. ADP RifR plus citrate (white columns) or without the bioaugmentation/biostimulation tool (black columns). Data are means±SD from toxicity tests in at least three independent eluate samples.
The eluates from the soil microcosms that were spiked with Primextra S-Gold but not subjected to biaugmentation/biostimulation treatment caused serious deleterious effects on microalgae growth, compared with those from soil not contaminated with the commercial formulation (Fig. 4A). After treatment with the bioremediation tool, the toxicity of the soil eluates was still significantly higher than that of the eluates from the control soil not-contaminated with the herbicide (Fig. 4A). Indeed, microalgae growth rates were similar in the eluates from the treated or untreated soils, for both doses of Primextra S-Gold (Fig. 4A). On the contrary, treatment of Atrazerba-FL-contaminated soils (up to 50×RD) with the same bioaugmentation/biostimulation tool, led to an effective decrease on the ecotoxicity of the respective eluates, compared to the eluates from untreated soil (Fig. 4B). More importantly and corroborating previous observations , toxicity values were achieved which were comparable to those obtained for eluates from the soil not contaminated with the herbicide (Fig. 4B).
In addition, we examined whether the S-MET (and/or its degradation products) that remained in the soil during the biodegradation experiments in the microcosms contaminated with Primextra S-Gold (Figs. 3E and F, and data described in previous section) could be responsible, at least partially, for the high toxicity of the respective eluates (Fig. 4A). Consistently, eluates from soils that were contaminated with S-MET in the pure form (25 or 62 µg g−1 soil dry weight) were also highly toxic to the microalgae irrespective of the soil having been subjected or not to the Pseudomonas sp. ADP plus citrate treatment (Fig. 4C).
Effects of S-MET on Pseudomonas sp. ADP performance
When considering in situ bioremediation strategies, bioaugmentation may fail in the field as a result of the susceptibility of the specialized degrading microorganisms to high concentrations of non-target compounds; other plausible reasons may include microbial competition for a limiting nutrient and/or inhibition of degradation through catabolic repression/competitive inhibition phenomena in the soil , , , . The significance of pesticide interactions with intrinsic xenobiotic degraders or with bioaugmentation bacteria in soil is thus a relevant issue , , , . In the present work, we examined whether the presence of levels of S-MET representing worst-case scenarios of soil contamination with a commercial formulation containing both S-MET and ATZ may affect the performance of the bioaugmentation bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP for ATZ-biodegradation in soil. Soil amendment with viable cells of this bacterial strain plus an adequate provision of citrate to get a ratio Cs∶Natz∼50, has previously been shown to be effective in the cleanup of a crop soil contaminated with high doses (up to 20×RD, mimicking similar worst-case situations) of the formulation Atrazerba FL . It is worth mentioning that intrinsic ATZ-mineralization is absent or shows a very long lag-phase in the soil used (, , and this work). In the present study, we demonstrated that the presence of S-MET in the soil at concentrations between 15 and 50 µg g−1 of soil, representative of applications of up to approximately 50×RD of the double herbicidal formulation Primextra S-Gold, affected neither the survival of Pseudomonas sp. ADP used to bioaugment the contaminated soil (∼107 CFU g−1 of soil) nor the rate and extent of mineralization of 14C-labeled ATZ by this bacterium. Consistently, its growth curve in liquid PADP medium (initial inoculum around 4×107 CFU ml−1) was not affected as a result of medium supplementation with S-MET at concentrations up to 60 µg ml−1 (Costa C and Viegas CA, unpublished results). Based on the results obtained herein, we speculate that the observed moderate decrease in the bacterium ability to mineralize [14C]ATZ in the presence of increasing doses of Primextra S-Gold (from 5× up to 50×RD) may mainly reflect inhibitory effects on the bacterium physiology presumably caused by high concentrations of ATZ in soil (as suggested in Silva et al. ) and/or by unknown substances that may be present in the commercial formulation (even though not addressed in more detail in the present work), rather than by the active ingredient S-MET. Other authors  also reported that the pattern of intrinsic degradation of ATZ (initial concentration 40 µg g−1 of soil) in a soil from a pesticide-contaminated site was not significantly affected by the presence of 50 µg g−1 of MET or of another herbicide, pendimethalin . On the contrary, Moorman et al.  reported that the viability of indigenous ATZ-degrading microorganisms and hence ATZ-mineralization in a contaminated soil from an agricultural chemical dealership area were negatively affected by high concentrations of MET. In the latter study, however, the authors tested the effects of MET at 200 µg g−1 of soil , which is a concentration quite higher and thus presumably more toxic than the ones tested in the present work.
Consistently, based solely on soil chemical analysis, we present evidences that in soil microcosms contaminated with 20× or 50×RD Primextra S-Gold and subsequently treated with optimized quantities of Pseudomonas sp. ADP and citrate, ATZ removal from soil, due to its biodegradation, was extensive (>96% of the initial, to less than 0.5 µg g−1 of soil) and rapid (in less than 1 week) as reported before for the soils contaminated with the formulation Atrazerba FL that contains ATZ as the sole active herbicide , . Moreover, these results together with indications from the chemical data that, in the time-frame of the biodegradation experiments, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) did not accumulate in the soils (data not shown), point to a significant potential reduction in the dispersion of the herbicide and of its highly toxic N-dealkylated metabolites into the adjacent water compartments, as reported before . In agreement with previous studies, this would indicate an important environmental impact of the treatment of the contaminated soils with the bioremediation tool , , . However, contrarily to what is reported for the case of soils contaminated with Atrazerba FL (, and present work), the eluates prepared from the soils spiked with Primextra S-Gold and subsequently treated with the ATZ-degrading bacterium plus citrate remained significantly toxic to the microalgae P. subcapitata in the time-frame of the biodegradation experiments. Based on experimental evidences, we propose that the high ecotoxicity of these eluates may be mainly associated with the presence of S-MET that remained in the soil and/or of its degradates, as is further discussed below.
Contribution of S-MET for water extracts ecotoxicity
On one hand, soil bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas sp. ADP apparently had no significant effect on the dissipation of S-MET in the soil microcosms contaminated with Primextra S-Gold, suggesting that this bacterial strain is not able to degrade the chloroacetanilide herbicide, as reported by others . In spite of that, the concentration of S-MET in the soils decreased moderately during the 8 days of the biodegradation experiments even though keeping values always higher than 60% of the initial concentration as described above. We thus suggest that the mobilization of a significant portion of intact S-MET from the soil microcosms to the water extracts may have contributed at least partially for the high ecotoxicity of the eluates towards the microalgae. Even though S-MET levels were not measured in the eluates prepared from the soil samples, using an estimated soil/solution distribution coefficient (Kd value) approximately equal to 2.5 for S-MET in a sandy loam soil with 3.1% organic matter , it can be anticipated that ∼40% of the S-MET present in the soil may be mobilized into the water. Since a soil∶water 1∶10 ratio (w/v) was used in the eluate preparation, this points for predictable S-MET concentrations in the water extracts considerably higher (about 50-fold) than the value 8 µg L−1 reported as the acute 72 hours median effective concentration for P. subcapitata growth , or of similar order of magnitude of the MET concentrations reported recently as causing almost complete inhibition of the growth of this microalgae species . According to published toxicological data, phytoplankton species are important targets for damage caused by S-MET and other chloroacetanilide herbicides, being more susceptible than aquatic organisms from higher trophic levels , , , . In addition to the specific mode of action of these compounds in the target plants (inhibition of fatty acids synthesis) , they also have potential to cause non-specific toxicity over diverse soil and aquatic non-target organisms, including microorganisms, related with the lipophilic nature of their molecules , , . Since water extracts obtained from the soils contaminated with equivalent quantities of pure S-MET were as highly inhibitors of microalgae growth as those prepared from the soils contaminated with Primextra S-Gold, the high ecotoxicity of the latter may be less likely attributable to the presence of ingredients from the commercial formulation other than S-MET (and/or the S-MET derivatives herein found to accumulate in the soil microcosms, which could also be detrimental for the microalgae). Nevertheless, possible toxic effects of unknown ingredients should not be ruled out as they might have been hidden due to the high toxicity exerted by S-MET (and/or derivatives).
The metabolites S-MET ESA and S-MET OA did build-up in the soil microcosms concomitantly with the moderate dissipation of S-MET down to 60% of its initial value. MET can suffer biodegradation in soil , ,  and in aquatic systems  to form these major metabolites, among others , . The main route of chloroacetanilides degradation in soil has been reported to be microbial , , . For example, ESA and OA derivatives of chloroacetanilides were reported to arise primarily from aerobic dechlorination via GST-mediated reactions and further metabolism of glutathione conjugates by diverse soil bacteria such as pseudomonads and Enterobacteriacea , . We speculate that under the conditions used in the present work some indigenous active bacteria presumably present in the soil may have contributed for the formation of these two metabolites during the time-course of the biodegradation experiments. Their relative values measured in the soil samples (approximately in a 35∶20 ratio OA∶ESA) are within the range of published values for other soils .
ESA and OA degradates of chloroacetanilide herbicides  are frequently detected in ground and surface waters worldwide, often at higher concentrations than the parent compounds , , and are considered of potential concern . Recently, Gadabgui et al.  performed a toxicological risk assessment of acetochlor, alachlor and the respective ESA and OA metabolites, and concluded that the toxicity of the degradates for mammals may be lower than that of the parent compounds . To our knowledge scarce information exists about the toxicological properties of ESA and OA metabolites for microorganisms and aquatic organisms. We suggest that the S-MET ESA and OA that accumulated in the soils examined herein (and possibly other metabolites that may have formed but were not analysed ) might also contribute for the toxicity of the soil water extracts to the microalgae P. subcapitata. Importantly, the transformation of S-MET into these degradates, whose mobility in soil appear to be greater than that of the parental compound , , suggests that they may have potential to contaminate water compartments and hence impact water quality , .
In conclusion, the results herein presented point to the complexity of bioremediating soils contaminated with mixtures of pesticides, in this particular case of ATZ and S-MET. Both active substances have been frequently used alone or combined in herbicidal formulations , , , . Due to the potential effects of these substances and their metabolites for non-target aquatic organisms, risk mitigation measures are recommended particularly when the herbicidal formulation is applied in regions with vulnerable soil . To date, as far as we are aware of, effective biodegradation and detoxification of MET/S-MET or derivatives ESA and OA in soil have not been well succeeded, apparently because microorganisms do not easily metabolize their aromatic ring , , . In the present work, there are evidences of the transformation of 40% initial S-MET in the contaminated soils, presumably performed by intrinsic microorganisms present in the soil, but this is not associated with an effective decontamination as discussed above. Further work is needed for the development of efficient bioremediation strategies for land contaminated with herbicide mixtures such as the one herein examined. It is necessary, in one hand, to focus on the isolation and optimization of performance of soil bacteria (most probably working in consortia) able to concomitantly biodegrade multiple chemicals to less toxic derivatives; and, in the other hand, to address the effects of multiple pesticides on the performance of specific degrading microorganisms , . The present work is a contribution to enhance the knowledge on the latter issue, particularly with respect to the interaction of S-MET with the well-known ATZ-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP –. Overall results also highlight the importance of monitoring the efficacy of the soil clean-up processes based on ecotoxicity assessments of soil aqueous extracts before and after the implementation of the bioremediation treatment, besides chemical analysis . Ecotoxicological evaluation provide a more realistic glimpse over the ecological risk assessment of soil remediation, being particularly important, in aquatic ecosystems, for the evaluation of the potential impact of the mobilization of extractable and bounded fractions of ATZ, S-MET and other pesticides (including their possible metabolites) via water, mainly due to leaching and runoff events.
Materials and Methods
Atrazine (ATZ; Pestanal, purity 99.1%), S-metolachlor (S-MET; Pestanal, purity 98.2%) and 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany), trisodium citrate from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and [ring-UL-14C]Atrazine (purity 99%, specific activity 1.85 GBq mmol−1) from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). The formulations Primextra S-Gold (320 g of ATZ L−1 and 400 g of S-MET L−1 as active ingredients; 3 L ha−1 as the recommended dose (RD) for weeds in corn plantations) and Atrazerba FL (500 g ATZ L−1 as single active ingredient; RD = 2 L ha−1) were purchased from Syngenta Portugal (Lisbon, Portugal) and Sapec (Setúbal, Portugal), respectively. The RD of ATZ and S-MET (0.96 kg ha−1 and 1.2 kg ha−1, respectively) were estimated as equivalent to approximately 0.8 and 1.0 µg g−1 of soil, respectively, assuming a possible field scenario of herbicide distribution through a 5 cm diameter ×10 cm height soil column and an average soil density of 1.5 g cm−3 .
Bacterial strain and culture conditions
A spontaneous rifampicin-resistant (RifR) mutant of Pseudomonas sp. ADP which can mineralize atrazine with equal efficiency than the wild-type  was used. The cell suspension used as inoculum was prepared from a late-exponential culture (6.5±0.4×108 colony forming units (CFU) ml−1, corresponding to OD640 nm∼1) grown at 30°C in liquid PADP medium (adapted from , ) following a procedure reported elsewhere . Briefly, the growth medium was buffered using MOPS (0.1 M; pH 6.2) and supplied with trisodium citrate (10 g L−1) as C source , and with ATZ (300 mg L−1) from Atrazerba FL as sole N source . Cells were harvested by centrifugation (5 min, 9000 g), and the cell pellet was washed once and resuspended in sterile saline solution (0.9% w/v NaCl). The concentrated cell suspension obtained was used as inoculum in survival, mineralization and biodegradation experiments, as is described below. The inoculum density, expressed as CFU ml−1, was determined by plating culture serial dilutions onto agarized Lennox Broth (LB) medium and further incubation at 30°C during 72 hours.
A natural sandy loam soil (pH 6.1; organic matter 3.1%; water content 9.8±0.9%; water holding capacity (WHC) 39.4±1.6%; cation exchange capacity 0.013 cmol g−1 soil dry weight; soluble carbon 23.5±5.2 µg g−1 soil dry weight) was used , . This soil is representative of a corn production field from Central Portugal (Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra - ESAC, Coimbra, Portugal) with no history of pesticide applications. The soil was sieved (5 mm mesh) and stored in plastic bags at −20°C. Prior to use in the survival, mineralization or biodegradation experiments, soil was defrosted for at least 4 days at 4°C.
To examine the effects of S-MET on the survival of Pseudomonas sp. ADP in ATZ-contaminated soil, experiments were carried out in sterilized EPA vials (40 ml, gastight PTFE/Silicone septa, Sigma–Aldrich) each containing 5 g soil dry weight freshly spiked with ATZ to give an approximate concentration of 24 µg g−1 soil dry weight (equivalent to 30×RD of the active substance). Then, three different concentrations of S-MET (15, 30 or 60 µg g−1) were added to these soils to represent doses equivalent to 15×, 30× and 60× higher than the RD of this active ingredient. Each compound was added from a stock solution in methanol (18 or 20 mg ml−1 for ATZ or S-MET, respectively), mixed with pure methanol when needed (to guarantee a similar total volume of methanol in all vials) and with sterile deionized water (to obtain an initial soil moisture of 40% soil WHC). Vials non-supplemented with S-MET were included as controls. Vials were vigorously stirred in a vortex to promote homogeneous distribution into the soil and were left uncapped in the laminar flow chamber for 1 hour to allow most of the methanol to evaporate. Each vial was then inoculated with an adequate amount of a suspension of bacteria viable cells prepared as described above, in order to have an initial inoculum density of approximately 107 CFU g−1 soil dry weight. Vials were stirred again, capped and incubated at 25.1±0.2°C in the dark. The total volume of liquid added to each vial (298 µl; 40% soil WHC) took in account the volumes of herbicide solutions, inoculum and deionized water. In each experiment, 16 replicates of each condition were prepared. To determine Pseudomonas sp. ADP RifR viable cells in soil, at each time interval (up to 9 days) one replicated vial was destructively sampled and processed immediately for the determination of CFU concentration as is described below (microbiological analysis). At least duplicate determinations from two or three independent experiments under identical conditions were carried out.
ATZ mineralization assays were carried out in sterilized EPA 40-ml vials containing 5 g soil dry weight, as previously described  with minor adaptations. Briefly, a mixture of [ring-UL-14C]ATZ (stock solution in acetonitrile: 467.7 KBq ml−1) plus non-labeled ATZ was incorporated into the soil to give a total activity of 0.65 KBq g−1 dry weight of soil and different total concentrations of ATZ in soil. Non-labeled ATZ was supplied from Primextra S-Gold or as the pure substance, depending on the type of experiment to be carried out, as follows: first, to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of Primextra S-Gold in ATZ mineralization by Pseudomonas sp. ADP, soil in the vials was freshly spiked with mixtures containing the [ring-UL-14C]ATZ stock solution, aqueous suspensions of Primextra S-Gold (to give approximately 5×, 20× and 50×RD corresponding to 15, 60 and 150 L ha−1, respectively) and sterile deionized water (to obtain an initial soil moisture of 40% soil WHC). Second, to examine the influence of S-MET in ATZ-mineralization bacterial activity, soil in the vials was freshly spiked with mixtures of the [ring-UL-14C]ATZ stock solution plus adequate amounts of stock solutions of herbicides in methanol to have total concentrations of 24 or 40 µg of ATZ g−1 soil dry weight plus, respectively, 30 or 50 µg g−1 of S-MET (equivalent to approximately 30× or 50×RD of the active ingredients, respectively) or no added S-MET. Pure methanol (to guarantee a similar volume of methanol in all vials) and sterile deionized water (to obtain soil moisture of 40% soil WHC) were also added. Then, soil was vigorously mixed with a vortex apparatus to incorporate the substances, followed by the inoculation with an adequate amount of the bacterial cell suspension prepared as described above (to obtain approximately 107 viable cells g−1 soil dry weight) . Non-inoculated controls were included in each set of experiments to account for intrinsic mineralization activity in the soil. In addition, in experiments aiming to examine combination of soil bioaugmentation with biostimulation with citrate on ATZ mineralization, sterile concentrated solutions of trisodium citrate were added to soil to obtain a ratio of Cs∶Natz equal to 50, as described before , . The total volume of liquid added to each vial (298 µl; 40% soil WHC) took in account the volumes added of herbicide solutions, inoculum, a citrate solution and deionized water. After all soil amendments, the vials were stirred once more for homogeneity. Triplicate vials were included for each treatment. A test tube containing 1 ml solution of NaOH 1 M was placed inside each vial to trap the released 14CO2. All vials were incubated at 25.1±0.2°C in the dark for up to 8 days. At adequate time intervals, the quantity of released 14CO2 was quantified using a Beckman LS 5000TD scintillation counter, as described before . Ultima Gold (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA) was used as the scintillation cocktail in a 1∶4 sample-to-cocktail ratio. At least triplicate determinations from two independent experiments under each condition were carried out.
Biodegradation experiments at a larger scale
Soil microcosms consisting of glass cylinders (10 cm height×4.5 cm interior diameter) containing 160 g dry weight of soil (∼7 cm×4.5 cm) over a 2 cm height layer of 2-mm-diameter glass beads supported by a fine Teflon mesh were used as described elsewhere , . Briefly, the soil was freshly spiked with 5 ml of aqueous suspensions of Primextra S-Gold to obtain approximately 20× or 50×RD (60 or 150 L ha−1, respectively). After homogenization with a glass rod to promote incorporation of the herbicides, soil was inoculated with an adequate quantity of the inoculum bacterial suspension (initial density: 2.5–4.1×107 CFU g−1 soil dry weight), and either amended or not with trisodium citrate at 1.3 or 3.4 mg g−1 soil dry weight in the 20× or 50×RD amended soils, respectively (to give a ratio Cs∶Natz∼50 ). Identical experiments with 20× or 50×RD of Atrazerba FL or with pure S-MET (25 or 62 µg g−1 soil dry weight) instead of Primextra S-Gold, were also carried out for comparison purposes. Microcosms non-contaminated with the herbicides or contaminated but not inoculated with the bacterium were also included in each set of experiments as controls. In all experiments, soil moisture was adjusted to 40% soil WHC as described above, taking in account the total volume of liquid (9.5 ml, comprising herbicide suspensions, inoculum, citrate solutions, and deionized water). Amended soils were again mixed, gently packed into the glass cylinders, and incubated at 25.1±0.2°C in the dark for up to 8 days. Soil microcosms were weighted every day to replace the water lost by evaporation with sterile deionized water. Soil samples were collected from the surface, at days 0, 1, 2, 5 and/or 8, and processed immediately for microbiology analysis (1.0±0.3 g dry weight), or stored at −20°C for chemical and ecotoxicological analyses (∼20 g), which were performed as described below. At least two determinations with samples from two independent experiments were carried out.
Ecotoxicity tests with the model aquatic microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (strain Nr.WW 15–2521; Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, NC, USA) were carried out on eluates obtained from soil samples collected in the biodegradation experiments (0, 5 and 8 days) as described above. Microalgae culturing procedures were as previously outlined . Soil eluates were prepared following standard methods as described elsewhere . 72-hours P. subcapitata growth tests followed standard guidelines , , on 24-well sterile microplates, at 21 to 23°C and under continuous cool-white fluorescent illumination (100 µE m−2 s−1). Three 900 µl sub-replicate cultures per replicated eluate, and a standard control with six replicates, were set up and inoculated with 100 µl of algal inoculum, so that the cell density at the start of the tests would be 104 cells ml−1. Both pH and conductivity were measured at the start of each test, and measured levels were comparable across treatments and not expected to have deleterious effects on the test organisms , . At the end of the 72-hours exposure, algal growth was estimated as the mean specific growth rate (per day). Further details on testing procedures are described elsewhere . For eluates from soil samples taken from non-inoculated microcosms within the same time interval (5 or 8 days), effects of the two doses (20× or 50×RD) of each herbicide application (Primextra S-Gold, Atrazerba FL, or S-MET) on microalgae growth were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnet's test to compare each dose with the respective non-contaminated control soil. One-tailed Student t-tests were employed to compare microalgae growth responses between spiked soils that were treated or not with the bioremediation tool, within the same herbicide dose and time interval. The latter tests were also used to assess decontamination efficacy due to bioaugmentation/biostimulation treatments, by comparing microalgae growth in eluates from non-contaminated (controls) and treated contaminated soils, within the same pesticide dose and time interval.
Microbiological analysis of soil samples
To determine the concentration of CFU of Pseudomonas sp. ADP RifR, soil samples from survival and biodegradation experiments were used as a basis for 10-fold dilution series in saline solution (0.9% NaCl w/v) in triplicate. Dilutions were spread plated onto agarized selective LB medium supplemented with rifampicin (50 mg L−1) and cycloheximide (100 mg L−1). Petri dishes were incubated at 30°C and colonies counted after 96 hours.
Soil samples were thawed at room temperature, dried at 40°C and further processed for analysis of the herbicides and respective metabolites in soil. For analysis of ATZ, DEA and DIA, extracts preparation and analysis by GC-Electron Ionization (EI)-MS (Perkin Elmer-Clarus 500) was carried out as described elsewhere . Recovery range was between 75 and 90%, and the limits of quantification were 25 ng g−1 soil dry weight for ATZ, DEA, and DIA. For analysis of S-MET and of its OA and ESA derivatives, soil samples were dried at 40°C, extracted three times with a mixture of methanol and water (1∶2) using a Liarre 60 ultrasonic apparatus (15 min) and centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 g. Analysis of the combined extracts was performed by GC-EI-MS (Perkin Elmer-Clarus 500) for S-MET, and by LC-EI-MS (Agilent 1100 Series) for S-MET OA and S-MET ESA. All extracts were injected in scan mode to confirm the presence of each analyte and in SIM (single ion monitoring) for quantification purposes. Recovery ranged from 75 and 90% and the limit of quantification was 16 and 6 ng g−1 soil dry weight for S-MET and for S-MET ESA or S-MET OA, respectively.
We are greatful to S. Chelinho (IMAR, Univ Coimbra, P), J.P. Sousa (IMAR, Univ Coimbra, P), and R. Guilherme (ESAC, Coimbra, P) for providing the soil used in these studies, and to A.M. Fialho (Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, P) for advice and valuable discussions.
Conceived and designed the experiments: CAV MMS. Performed the experiments: CC MMS SA PV. Analyzed the data: CC MMS PV CAV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MMS RR PV CAV. Wrote the paper: CAV MMS RR.
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domain: agronomy


Leigh Paatsch, The Daily Telegraph, reports
Movie review: A quiet, unhurried and graceful Australian drama, Satellite Boy is going to experience much hardship finding an audience during a limited release in coming weeks.
Not only is the marketplace less than receptive to homegrown product at the moment, there are just too many bigger, brighter and better-promoted titles elsewhere for a little flick like this to get itself noticed.
Sadly, it is just the way things happen to be in 2013.
The film takes place in the far northern reaches of Western Australia, where a young Aboriginal boy and his grandfather face eviction from the unusual place they call home.
The pair live at the site of an abandoned drive-in cinema, which has been marked for demolition by a local mining company.
Incensed by the news, 11-year-old Pete (Cameron Wallaby) and his trouble-making best friend Kalmain (Joseph Pedley) take off for the big smoke to see if he can change some corporate minds.
Along the way, Pete and Kalmain - who are travelling by BMX bicycle - wander off the main road and find themselves hopelessly lost.
To get everything back on track, Pete is going to have to call on some of the ancient bush wisdom always being imparted by his grumpy grandpa (David Gulpilil). There's just one problem: Pete has rarely paid attention when he should have.
The film could be construed as a bit slow and airy for some tastes. Nevertheless, Satellite Boy's insightful fascination with a fading way of life in the outback (and a people determined to keep living it as vividly as they can) is a small triumph.
Satellite Boy [PG]
Director: Catriona McKenzie (feature debut)
Starring: Cameron Wallaby, David Gulpilil, Joseph Pedley, Rohana Angus.
"In through the outback door"


text:
Indonesia has been struggling to reform its corrupt bureaucracy for years. In 2002 an independent Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) was established by law. This article explains how the commission has managed to avoid the usual corrupt practices—the ultimate danger to its mission—by circumventing the flawed incentive-system of the civil service. It compares key features of the KPK’s human resource management system with the practices of the general civil service and argues that autonomy in internal budget allocation, recruitment practices, performance-based promotion, remuneration, and attendance have fostered KPK staff integrity. The ability of the KPK to promote job descriptions and performance-based remuneration in the civil service dissipated once it went beyond select allies, but has ultimately fed into a new civil service law passed in 2014. To sustainably reduce corruption, the new Indonesian government must rigorously follow through with civil service reform.
Could the Kanjuruhan stadium disaster spark Indonesian police reform?
David Aled Williams, Kari Telle
Review of Murder in Tropical Blue: A Novel of Lombok, by C. W. Watson
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society (JRAI)
UN Resolution 16/18 and the Istanbul Process: What has been achieved? A charting of blasphemy trends in Pakistan and Indonesia.
E-payments in Vietnam’s forest sector: An effective anti-corruption innovation?
David Aled Williams, Duc Tinh Bui, Xuan Hung Pham, Quoc Khanh Nguyen
Integrating corruption considerations into Nationally Determined Contributions. Insights from Colombia’s climate adaptation efforts at the local level
Juan Camilo Ceballos Oviedo

domain: law


text:
Posted 7/29/2020 3:22 PM (GMT -7)
Hi Hector and welcome,
Oh I second Karen, that book is a walking CBT. Well not that books walk, but.
It is an amazing read and really encourages you to do all of those practices to learn about your pattern of thoughts so that then you can work on them to break the unhealthy thought-feeling anchors.
Update us on how you are feeling, we are here to support.

domain: literature


April 22, 2003
Audio information that is featured on Blood On The Bluegrass by Legendary Shack Shakers.
Find songs that harmonically matches to Blood On The Bluegrass by Legendary Shack Shakers. Listed below are tracks with similar keys and BPM to the track where the track can be harmonically mixed.
|Pills I Took||Hank Williams III||B Minor||8||10A||109|
|Evil Motherfucker from Tennessee||Joe Buck Yourself||B Minor||9||10A||148|
|Miller, Jack, And Mad Dog||Wayne Hancock||B Minor||7||10A||120|
|Headed to the Country||Bob Wayne||B Minor||6||10A||119|
|A Bank Robber's Nursery Rhyme||Goodnight, Texas||B Minor||6||10A||95|
|Zombie Dance - Remastered||The Cramps||B Minor||9||10A||108|
|Midnite Blues||The Detroit Cobras||B Minor||5||10A||130|
|Late Night Lover||Rachel Brooke||B Minor||5||10A||81|
|Log Bomb||Bob Log III||B Minor||8||10A||109|
|Carry My Body Down||Nick 13||B Minor||7||10A||99|
|I Am All I Got||The Dead Brothers||B Minor||4||10A||109|
|Ten Feet Tall||The Devil Makes Three||B Minor||5||10A||154|
|3 Shades Of Black||Hank Williams III||B Minor||6||10A||120|
|Hungover in Jonestown||Amigo the Devil||B Minor||6||10A||171|
|Galaxy 500||The Reverend Horton Heat||B Minor||10||10A||158|
|The Viking||Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards||D Major||8||10B||99|
|I Was A Teenage Werewolf - Remastered||The Cramps||D Major||6||10B||115|
|The Devil Ain't Lazy||Pokey LaFarge||D Major||5||10B||119|
|I'm Drunk Again||Hank Williams III||D Major||8||10B||94|
|Hell||Squirrel Nut Zippers||D Major||8||10B||103|
|Champagne And Reefer||The Devil Makes Three||D Major||8||10B||121|
|Waiting Around to Die||The Goddamn Gallows||D Major||8||10B||116|
|LUCKY PENNY||JD McPherson||D Major||7||10B||128|
|Bringin' Home the Rain||The Builders and The Butchers||D Major||5||10B||111|
|Bad News||Whitey Morgan and the 78's||D Major||7||10B||88|
|Crooked Man||Those Poor Bastards||D Major||7||10B||123|
|My Worst Enemy||Honky Tonk Hustlas||D Major||8||10B||87|
|Jack Of Diamonds||Scott H. Biram||D Major||7||10B||102|
|Lost My Mind||Left Lane Cruiser||D Major||9||10B||122|
|Fell Off the Wagon||Joseph Huber||D Major||7||10B||90|
|The Heat||The Bones of J.R. Jones||D Major||8||10B||93|
|Do Wrong Right||The Devil Makes Three||D Major||6||10B||121|
|Indianapolis||The Bottle Rockets||D Major||7||10B||176|
|Wynona's Big Brown Beaver||Les Claypool's Duo De Twang||D Major||7||10B||112|
This song is track #8 in Cockadoodledon't by Legendary Shack Shakers, which has a total of 12 tracks. The duration of this track is 3:43 and was released on April 22, 2003. As of now, this track is currently not as popular as other songs out there. Blood On The Bluegrass has a lot of energy, which makes it the perfect workout song. Though, it might not give you a strong dance vibe. So, this may not be something that you would want to play at a dance-off.
Blood On The Bluegrass has a BPM of 127. Since this track has a tempo of 127, the tempo markings of this song would be Allegro (fast, quick, and bright). Based on the tempo, this track could possibly be a great song to play while you are walking. Overall, we believe that this song has a fast tempo.
The key of Blood On The Bluegrass is B Minor. In other words, for DJs who are harmonically matchings songs, the Camelot key for this track is 10A. So, the perfect camelot match for 10A would be either 10A or 9B. While, a low energy boost can consist of either 10B or 11A. For moderate energy boost, you would use 7A and a high energy boost can either be 12A or 5A. However, if you are looking for a low energy drop, finding a song with a camelot key of 9A would be a great choice. Where 1A would give you a moderate drop, and 8A or 3A would be a high energy drop. Lastly, 1B allows you to change the mood.
An error has occurred! We could not play this song at this time.


text:
2019 is set to be a very exciting year judging by what is happening so far regarding the projects that have been dropping. And today, DJ Speedsta and Zoocci Coke Dope have dropped hints that they may be working on a collaborative project.
DJ Speedsta has already dropped his 5 year in the making album, Bottlebrust Str and according to his reports, it has been doing very well. So to hear that he is working on new music is exciting.
Zoocci Coke Dope was a little cryptic about the project but assured fans that he and DJ Speedsta are “gonna drop fire music every year”. He also praised DJ Speedsta for always plugging new talent through his music. This is evident in the popularity of Mayo and the work Speedsta did on I Don’t Know which earned turned out to be double and triple platinum selling records.
DJ Speedsta confirmed the joint project is set to drop this year but didn’t confirm if it’s going to be an album or an EP. So this means that they have already started working on it and from what we know we know from both these artists, it’s going to be fresh.
Share with us your thoughts; are you looking forward to it?


text:
Displaying 101–125 of 2178 results for Food Safety
Autonomous work teams have the potential to increase efficiency by giving employees greater buy-in.
Cold Pressure Council hopes success stories and greater scientific understanding will help expand use of "cold pasteurization."
Support for USDA oversight comes from beef producers.
Systems that marry potentially dangerous products to the people who purchased them are distinctions of these customer-centric organizations.
The key to keeping food safe during transport? Detailed preparation and a little common sense.
Our editors selected the following equipment products to feature in our October 2018 issue of Food Processing. See which products they chose.
Heat levels may be moderating, but consumer desire for interesting new flavors is being met by spices and herbs.
Food and beverage companies are wrestling with what should be their role in e-commerce.
With practical strategies and a proactive approach, you can reduce the risk of fires at your facilities.
Farmers and food processors are relieved with the removal of the threat of trade wars with Canada and Mexico. Now they want that goodwill extended to China and elsewhere.
Mixum AB tripled output and cut cleanup and changeover times by 85 percent with a Lyco blancher and cooler.
While the deadline is not till September 2020, you should be demonstrating progress now.
This white paper offers information on ensuring compliance with radiation uses for food inspection.
The October 23-24 meeting, open to all, will focus on safety, oversight and labeling.
As food companies upgrade their enterprise software, the opportunity to replace manufacturing systems with a leaner, less costly software layer beckons.
Recall under way, but source has not been identified.
Our editors selected the following equipment products to feature in our September 2018 issue of Food Processing. See which products they chose.
Chicken supplier to McDonald's sold by Brazil's Marfrig.
Learn how to reduce risk, improve data accuracy, and fine-tune traceability and recall in this whitepaper from Aptean.
Chemicals and other remedies may be effective in temporarily resolving a food plant’s pest infestation, but the right materials for keeping critters out in the first place is a wiser approach.
Food Processing partnered with Remco Products to explain the benefits of color-coding as a preventive control as well as tactics for how to implement it.
Our editors selected the following equipment products to feature in our August 2018 issue of Food Processing. See which products they chose.
Our editors selected the following ingredients to feature in our August 2018 issue of Food Processing. See which products they chose.
One still calls itself GMA, the other Sustainable Food Policy Alliance; both are big wins for consumers ... and for Big Food.
Candy remains dandy to many consumers, despite clean-eating claims. See what's trending, plus three products that will cure your sweet tooth.

domain: food


text:
In the oil and gas industry, even the smallest leak can be costly — in lost product, costly repairs, productivity and potential environmental damage.
John Hull had seen the effects first hand, working in open-hole and cased-hole services for almost a decade. He also saw an opportunity to more effectively monitor hydrocarbon leaks, and in 2008 established Hifi Engineering, a Calgary-based company that creates high-fidelity monitoring systems.
Hull’s big break came in 2009 when Hifi secured $1.1 million in financing through the Cenovus Energy Environmental Innovation Fund to commercialize its leak-detection technology.
LeakSonar is effective because it’s able to detect early-stage leaks at the source. Hull says the technology is 100 times stronger than conventional tools and is able to resolve them in just one attempt. It can traditionally take up to 15 attempts to stop a leak if the source of the leak is not properly located, with an average cost of $30,000 per attempt.
Today, Hifi’s technology has been deployed in more than 200 wells in North America, and counts among its clientele industry heavyweights such as Cenovus, Husky Energy and Shell Canada.
Hifi Engineering released the first version of its product in January 2011, and is now working on a fourth. The LeakSonar device is just one in the suite of products.


text:
Today is the 41st day that we have been counting the omer.
Luke 24:49-53 (NLT), “And now I will send the Holy Spirit, just as my Father promised. But stay here in the city until the Holy Spirit comes and fills you with power from heaven.” Then Jesus led them to Bethany, and lifting his hands to heaven, He blessed them. While He was blessing them, He left them and was taken up to heaven. So they worshiped Him and then returned to Jerusalem filled with great joy. And they spent all of their time in the temple, praising God.”
Acts 1:8-11 (NLT), “’But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you. And you will be my witnesses, telling people about Me everywhere – in Jerusalem, throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth’. After saying this, He was taken up into a cloud while they were watching, and they could no longer see Him. As they strained to see Him rising into heaven, two white-robed men suddenly stood among them. ‘Men of Galilee,’ they said, ‘why are you standing here staring into heaven? Jesus has been taken from you into heaven, but someday He will return from heaven in the same way you saw Him go!’”
Jesus had done all He could do to ensure that the disciples were convinced beyond any possibility of a doubt that He was alive. He had meals with them; He continued to teach them about the Kingdom of Heaven. He connected the dots for them from the prophets and through all the writings found in the Old Testament. He proved to them that He was the Messiah and would return to be the King over all the world. He knew all the persecution that would follow. He knew who would be the first to die for proclaiming that Jesus is the Messiah. And, He already knew who will be the last to die for faith in Jesus. For 40 days, He worked diligently to confirm His Father’s truths to them. He knew that they would be put on the witness stand and would have to be convinced beyond convincing that what He had told them was true. And now, He was leaving.
He commanded them to return to Jerusalem and stay there until they were baptized by the Holy Spirit. He did not ask them if they wanted to do that. He commanded them to do it. According to Jesus, it was essential, not optional. He knew that despite the fact that He had just spent 40 days confirming and reconfirming, teaching and reteaching, the indwelling of the Holy Spirit was the critical piece that would be required if they were going to ready to be put on the witness stand of the world. He knew that the methods that would be used to bring about their deaths would require the indwelling of the Holy Spirit if they were to stand firmly. So He commanded them to stay in Jerusalem.
If it was essential for them, it is essential for us. More believers are dying for their faith today than at any time throughout history. We in the United States have not been persecuted like those in the rest of the world. But as we come down to the end of this age, it would not surprise me if we begin to see terrible persecution. Will we be ready? Only through the power of the Holy Spirit will we be able to stand! This was His last command, the last thing on His mind before He left. We must not ignore this command. It is ESSENTIAL.
May 22, 2020


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MUSCLE SHOALS, Ala. – The Cypress Cove Center in Muscle Shoals recently held a special event for one of their residents. Miss Mamie Landsell celebrated her 101st birthday.
Last year, the pandemic caused Miss Landsell to miss out on her 100th birthday, but that wouldn’t be the case this time.
She was able to ring in her golden age with friends and family surrounding her, as well as two Muscle Shoals police officers, who wouldn’t arrest her since it was her birthday, they said.
Miss Landsell says she doesn’t have a secret to her longevity, simply, “just a good support system”.
“I’m happy I’ve lived a good life or have tried to”, said Landsell. “Everybody is so wonderful here and Chris and Amy has went out of their way to make us all happy here and this is just like home.”
Chris and Amy would be the two Cypress Cove employees who planned the entire celebration.
Although she says she doesn’t have some secret to her longevity, those who know her at the center say it’s her love for Alabama Football.

domain: sociology