text:
|Publication number||US4555449 A|
|Application number||US 06/578,422|
|Publication date||Nov 26, 1985|
|Filing date||Feb 9, 1984|
|Priority date||Feb 9, 1984|
|Publication number||06578422, 578422, US 4555449 A, US 4555449A, US-A-4555449, US4555449 A, US4555449A|
|Inventors||Joseph V. Koleske, Glenn S. Peacock, George T. Kwiatkowski|
|Original Assignee||Union Carbide Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (13), Classifications (27), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Described herein is a magnetic recording medium comprising a substrate and a magnetic recording layer thereon comprising a radiation cured binder and magnetic particles, the binder containing a blend of a thermoplastic polymer or polymers and a polyfunctional acrylate derivative of a caprolactone-polyol or a polyester polyol.
Magnetic recording media are in the form of magnetic cards and disks, reels, video tapes, computer tapes, etc. Magnetic tape, for example, consists of a very uniform magnetic coating which is bonded to a plastic support film. Magnetic tape is utilized for audio, video, computer, instrumentation, or other recordings.
The basic components of a magnetic tape are the plastic support film and the magnetic coating. The magnetic coating contains magnetized particles which store the information and a resinous binder which provides the cohesive matrix between the magnetic particles and adheres them to the support film. The preferred polymer for the support film is polyethylene terephthalate due to its excellent dimensional stability, high tensile strength, toughness, pliability and resistance to attack by mildew and fungus. However, other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene have been used. Gamma ferric oxide is the most widely used magnetic particle.
Binder systems for magnetic tape coatings are based on blends of hard and plasticizing or toughening resins. The combination of a rigid polymer and an elastomeric polymer offer performance advantages which cannot be obtained with a single component or other simple resin system.
Most conventional binders contain a blend of a hydroxylated copolymer resin, and an elastomeric modifier. The copolymer is usually modified with from 30% to 60% by weight of a plasticizing or toughening resin to increase its abrasion resistance. The amount of modifier used in a formulation is a function of the performance requirements of the particular application. The modifying resin may be a nitrile rubber, a polyester, an alkyd or a polyester urethane. The latter resin is preferred for high performance applications. The polyester urethanes are the reaction products of polyester polyols, short chain diols, and isocyanates. These resins have excellent toughness and abrasion resistance.
Both the hydroxylated copolymer resins and polyester urethane resin contain hydroxyl functionality. The blends of these resins are crosslinked with polyfunctional isocyanates to further increase their toughness and abrasion resistance. Crosslinking of the resins occurs over a period of time including while the tapes are in storage. If the crosslinking takes place prior to calendering, the tape does not polish properly.
For the highest performance applications, such as computer tapes, phenoxy resins are preferred as the hydroxyl containing polymer because of their superior durability, toughness, and thermal stability. The phenoxy resin can be modified with the same polyester urethane plasticizing resins and isocyanate prepolymer crosslinkers or polyfunctional isocyanates as the copolymer resin.
However, curing of polyurethane-based coatings is accomplished with the addition of various multifunctional isocyanates. Once the isocyanate is mixed with the coating formulation, the crosslinking reaction begins immediately, giving the coating a limited pot life on the coater or during the coating/calendering processes. Another disadvantage is the extreme reactivity of the isocyanate molecule with water. A trace of water in the solvent, or moisture absorbed on the magnetic particle, or even moisture in the plant environment will quickly react with the isocyanate negating its ability to crosslink the polyurethane. The resulting film will fall far short of designed toughness and flexibility.
Controlling the many sources of moisture is difficult so nonuniform batch-to-batch cures, are unavoidable. In an effort to overcome this problem, the coated and calendered tape is often stored for two or more weeks; sometimes at elevated temperatures under dry conditions to assure a complete cure. Despite this, it is not uncommon to reject substantial quantities of uncured tape after postcure.
Attempts have been made to formulate binder systems which could be cured by electron beam radiation. Electron curing has been shown to provide a thorough, consistent cure, not possible with the polyurethane/hydroxylated polymer/isocyanate systems.
Experimenters have found they could formulate electron beam cured coatings with resin systems consisting of simple blends of commercially available polyurethanes plus electron curable multifunctional acrylates and methacrylates derived from simple diols, triols and tetraols not containing repeating polyester units. These multifunctional acrylate and methacrylates include trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane dimethacrylate, and the like. These blends showed good binding of the magnetic particles, adequate adhesion to polyester film and elimination of blocking (lifting of the coating on reeled tape). However, the mechanical properties of the tapes were poor due to the use of multifunctional acrylates such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate and pentaeythritol triacrylate which embrittled the film. Also, the surface wear resistance of the resulting tapes was variable. Further, these acrylates were volatilized during the solvent drying step when solvents such as cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, etc. were removed. The result was that systems employing these acrylates did not meet the standards of the magnetic media industry.
Thus, there is a need to develop binder systems which are suitable for electron beam curing and which can improve the wear characteristics of the magnetic coating.
This invention is directed to a magnetic recording medium comprising a substrate and a magnetic recording layer thereon comprising a cured binder and magnetic particles, the binder containing a blend of a thermoplastic polymer or polymers and a polyfunctional acrylate derivative of a caprolactone-polyol or a polyester polyol. Additionally, the blend may contain a suitable surfactant, photoinitiator and/or other ingredients commonly used in the magnetic tape art.
The acrylate containing binders of this invention can be cured by electron beam radiation, afford flexibility, and exhibit good compatibility with the thermoplastic resins used in magnetic tape binders. Further, the binders of this invention allow retention of flexibility or improve flexibility and have improved adhesion and solvent resistance.
The polyfunctional acrylate derivatives of caprolactone-polyols which are used herein are characterized by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl, R2 is the residue a caprolactone polyol prepared by reaction of caprolactone with an organic functional initiator, which can be any polyhydroxy compound as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,945, m is an integer of 2 to 8 or more, and n is an integer of 0 to 6, with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 8 or less, preferably m is an integer of 2 to 6 and n is an integer of 0 to 4, and preferably the sum of m+n is 6 or less.
The caprolactone polyols that can be used to prepare the polyfunctional acrylate derivatives of this invention include many of the known caprolactone polyols that are commercially available and that are fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,945. As described in this patent the polycaprolactone polyols are produced by the catalytic polymerization of an excess of a caprolactone and an organic polyfunctional initiator having as least two reactive hydrogen atoms. The organic functional initiators can be any polyhydroxyl compound as is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,945. Illustrative thereof are the diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene) glycols, and similar polyalkylene glycols, either blocked, capped or heteric, containing up to about 40 or more alkyleneoxy units in the molecule, 3-methyl-1-5-pentanediol, cyclohexanediol, 4,4'-methylenebiscyclohexanol, 4,4'-isopropylidene bis-cyclohexanol, xylenediol, 2-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)ethanol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and the like; triols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, and the like; tetrols such as erythritol, pentaerythritol, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2 -hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine, and the like.
When the organic functional initiator is reacted with the caprolactone a reaction occurs that can be represented in its simplest form by the equation: ##STR2## In this equation the organic functional initiator is the R3 --(OH)x compound and the caprolactone is the following compound: ##STR3## this can be caprolactone itself or a substituted caprolactone wherein R4 is halogen, an alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl group having up to twelve carbon atoms and wherein at least six of the R4 groups are hydrogen atoms, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,945. The polycaprolactone polyols that are used are shown by the formula on the right hand side of the equation; they can have an average molecular weight of from 200 to about 10,000. The preferred polycaprolactone polyol compounds are those having an average molecular weight of from about 176 to about 8,000, most preferably from about 176 to 3,500. The most preferred are the polycaprolactone diol compounds having an average molecular weight of from about 290 to about 2,500 and the polycaprolactone triol and tetrol compounds having an average molecular weight of from about 248 to about 3,500; these are most preferred because of their low viscosity properties and amorphous characteristics. In the formula y is an integer representing the average number of repeating units needed to produce the compound having said molecular weights. The hydroxyl number of the polycaprolactone polyol can be from about 8 to 640, preferably from 200 to 500; and the polycaprolactone polyol can have an average of from about 2 to 8, preferably, 3 to 6, hydroxyl groups.
Illustrative of polycaprolactone polyols that can be used in this invention, one can mention the reaction products of a polyhydroxyl compound having an average from 3 to 8 or more hydroxyl groups with caprolactone. The manner in which these type polycaprolactone polyols is produced is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,945 and many such compositions are commercially available. In the following table there are listed illustrative polycaprolactone polyols. The first column lists the organic functional initiator that is reacted with the caprolactone and the average molecular weight of the polycaprolactone polyol is shown in the second column. Knowing the molecular weights of the initiator and of the polycaprolactone polyol one can readily determine the average number of molecules of caprolactone (CPL Units) that reacted to produce the compounds; this figure is shown in the third column.
______________________________________POLYCAPROLACTONE POLYOLS Average Average No. MW of of CPL unitsInitiator polyol in molecules______________________________________ 1 Ethylene glycol 290 2 2 Ethylene glycol 803 6.5 3 Ethylene glycol 2,114 18 4 Propylene glycol 874 7 5 Octylene glycol 602 4 6 Decalene glycol 801 5.5 7 Diethylene glycol 527 3.7 8 Diethylene glycol 847 6.5 9 Diethylene glycol 1,246 1010 Diethylene glycol 1,998 16.611 Diethylene glycol 3,526 3012 Triethylene glycol 754 5.313 Polyethylene glycol (MW 200)* 713 4.514 Polyethylene glycol (MW 600)* 1,398 715 Polyethylene glycol (MW 1500) 2,868 1216 1,2-Propylene glycol 646 517 1,3-Propylene glycol 988 818 Dipropylene glycol 476 319 Polypropylene glycol (MW 425)* 835 3.620 Polypropylene glycol (MW 1000)* 1,684 621 Polypropylene glycol (MW 2000)* 2,456 422 Hexylene glycol 916 723 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 602 424 1,5-Pentanediol 446 325 1,4-Cyclohexanediol 629 4.526 1,3-Bis(hydroxyethyl)-benzene 736 527 Glycerol 548 428 1,2,6-Hexanetriol 476 329 Trimethylolethane 576 430 Trimethylolpropane 590 431 Trimethylolpropane 750 5.432 Trimethylolpropane 1,103 8.533 Tiethanolamine 890 6.534 Erythritol 920 735 Pentaerythritol 1,219 9.536 Dipentaerythritol 938 637 Fructose 865 6______________________________________
The structures of the compounds in the above tabulation are obvious to one skilled in the art based on the information given.
The structure of compound No. 7 is: ##STR4## wherein the variable r is an integer, the sum of r+r has an average value of 3.7 and the average molecular weight is 527. The structure of compound No. 20 is: ##STR5## wherein the sum of r+r has an average value of 6 and the average molecular weight is 1,684. This explanation makes explicit the structural formulas of compounds 1 to 34 set forth above.
Multifunctional polycaprolactone polyols, such as hexols, etc. suitable for use in the present invention can be prepared by the catalyzed addition of an excess of polycaprolactone polyols to an epoxy resin. Illustrative polycaprolactone polyols useful in the preparation of multifunctional caprolactone polyols include polycaprolactone diols, polycaprolactone triols, polycaprolactone tetraols and the like including mixtures thereof. Many of these polycaprolactone polyols are commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation. Cycloaliphatic epoxides suitable for use in preparing the polycaprolactone hexols include 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate, vinyl cyclohexane dioxide and the like. Many of these cycloaliphatic epoxides are commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation. A suitable polymerization catalyst is diethylammonium triflate which is commercially available from the 3M Company as FC-520. In the case of glycidyl epoxides, tertiary amines are also useful catalysts.
A preferred method for preparation of the polycaprolactone hexols comprises adding one or more polycaprolactone triols to a reactor, heating the polycaprolactone triols to a temperature of about 100° C. and adding the catalyst using a nitrogen sparge as soon as the polycaprolactone triols are molten. The polycaprolactone triols and catalyst mixture is then heated to a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 200° C. and a cycloaliphatic epoxide is added to the mixture. The reaction is carried out for about one hour to about three hours or until the oxirane content has been reduced to a nil or almost a nil value. A modification of this process can involve initially adding all of the ingredients into the reactor. A further modification of this method can involve a vacuum treatment of from 10 to 30 minutes after the catalyst addition and/or the use of a vacuum during the heating of the polycaprolatone triols to a molten state.
The polyfunctional acrylate derivative is prepared by reacting the caprolactone polyol with acrylic or methacrylic acid in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. The strong acid catalyst may be sulfuric, methane sulfonic, or p-toluene sulfonic acid, or ion exchange resins, and the like. The catalyst is used in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 5.0, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0 percent.
The reaction to prepare the polyfunctional acrylate derivative is carried out at a temperature of from about 60° to about 120° C., or higher, preferably from about 80° to about 105° C. The reaction may be carried out at atmospheric pressure, although higher or lower pressures may be used. The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of oxygen to prevent polymerization. Oxygen is generally sparged through the reaction mixture during the course of the reaction. The reaction is carried out for a period of time until the theoretical amount of water is removed or until no further water is produced. This period is generally from about 3 to about 8 hours.
The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of a solvent of the type which removes water formed during the reaction as an azeotrope. Among the suitable solvents which can be used are the hydrocarbons such as octane, heptane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene or the xylenes, etc.
The reaction is generally carried out in the presence of a suitable inhibitor or combination of inhibitors to prevent polymerization of the acrylic or methacrylic acid double bonds. These inhibitors include the monomethyl ether of hydroquinone, benzoquinone, phenothiazine, methylhydroquinone, methylene blue, 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, hydroquinone, and other common free radical inhibitors known in the art. The level of inhibitor used is from about 100 parts per million to about 5.0 percent.
In the reaction, from about one equivalent to about three equivalents of the caprolactone or polyester polyol is reacted with from about 1.2 to about 0.8 molar equivalent of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to form the caprolactone or polyester polyacrylate. A hydroxyl containing acrylated polyol can be prepared by reacting an excess equivalent of polyol with acrylic acid.
The process is carried out by adding the caprolactone polyol and solvent and then adding the acrylic or methacrylic acid and catalyst to a reaction vessel and then heating this to the reflux temperature. During the reaction, oxygen (air) is continually bubbled through the reaction. After the reaction is complete, the excess acid may be neutralized by adding a strong base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide to the reaction, or the acid may be stripped off by conventional techniques or removed by an ion exchange resin. Excess water may be removed from the reaction by, for example, adding a conventional drying agent such as magnesium sulfate, or by the use of vacuum distillation. Air must be bubbled into the reaction mixture during stripping.
The acrylic esters may be additionally produced by other methods such as transesterification or acid chloride reaction.
The polyfunctional acrylate monomer produced has a viscosity of from about 50 to about 2000 centipoise at 25° C.
Mixtures of the polyfunctional acrylate derivatives may be used herein.
The polyester polyols are the reaction products of polyfunctional organic carboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohols. The acids which may be used included adipic, maleic, itaconic phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic glutaric, pimelic, azelaic, and sebacic acids, mixtures of these, and the like. The polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, ED-204, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, 1,2- and 1,3-propane diol, 1,6 hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, glycerine, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, oligomers of ethylene glycol, oligomers of propylene glycol, mixtures of these, and the like.
The polyester polyols are prepared by conventional methods and many are commercially available.
The polyfunctional acrylate monomer may be prepared by reacting the polyester polyol with acrylic or methacrylic acid by the method as fully described above.
The binder of this invention includes one or more thermoplastic resins free or essentially free from any radiation-curable, unsaturated bond with or without addition of a thermoplastic modifier. Among useful thermoplastic resins for this purpose are vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, partially hydrolyzed vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic acid or maleic anhydride copolymers, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-glycidyl acrylate or methacrylate copolymers, vinyl alcohol and other vinyl chloride resins, cellulose nitrates, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and other cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol resins, epoxy resins, thermoplastic polyurethane resins, polyamide resins, polycaprolactone, hexanediol adipates, and polyester resins, polyacrylate polyvinylidine chloride, acrylic resins and phenoxy resins. The thermoplastic elastomers may be one or more of a polyurethane elastomer and their prepolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, polybutadiene elastomers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, chloro-rubber, acrylic rubbers, polyisoprene rubbers, epoxy-modified rubbers and plasticized polyesters. The addition of such thermoplastic resins is effective in balancing hardness, toughness, flexibility and other properties of the product.
The resins are dissolved in a suitable conventional, inert solvent. Conventional solvents include cyclohexanone, toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl amyl ketone, ethoxy ethyl acetate, and the like and mixtures of these solvents such as, for example, a 2:2:1 mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene and cyclohexanone.
When conventional solvents are used, they are employed at a concentration of from 1 to about 99%, the concentration being dependent on the viscosity needed for proper application or other characteristics. Generally, the conventional or inert solvents will be removed or partially removed by evaporation with or without the use of thermal energy before the radiation cure or other processes such as calendering is effected.
The magnetic particles which may be used in the present invention are acicular or granular γ-Fe2 O3, Fe3 O4, Co-doped γ-Fe2 O3, Co-doped γ-Fe2 O3 -Fe3 O4 solid solution, Co-base-compound-adsorbed γ-Fe2 O3, a Co-base-compound-adsorbed Fe3 O4 (including those oxidized to an intermediate state between itself and γ-Fe2 O3), and acicular CrO2. (The term "Co-base compound" as used herein means cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide, cobalt ferrite, cobalt ion-adsorbates and the like which enable the magnetic particles to take advantage of the magnetic anisotropy of cobalt in improving its coercive force.) Also, the magnetic particle may be a ferromagnetic metal element or alloy, such as Co, Fe-Co, Fe-Co-Ni, or the like. Such a fine magnetic particle is prepared in a number of ways, including wet reduction of the starting material with a reducing agent such as NaBH4, a treatment of the iron oxide surface with a Si compound and subsequent dry reduction with H2 gas or the like, and vacuum evaporation in a low-pressure argon gas stream. Fine particles of monocrystalline barium ferrite may be employed as well. The fine magnetic powder is used in the form of acicular or granular particles, depending on the application of the resulting magnetic recording medium.
The binder of this invention can be cured by ionizing or non-ionizing radiation means including, but not limited to, ultraviolet light and electron beam radiation. When the binder is mixed with the magnetic particles this system is cured by ionizing radiation, specifically electron beam radiation. These curing methods and the equipment that can be used for them are well known to those skilled in the art. When the binder is to be cured by non-ionizing radiation, for example, when the binder composition is used as a subing coat, the presence of a photoinitiator therein is desirable. Any of the known photoinitiators can be used. Illustrative of suitable photoinitiators one can mention 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, 2- or 3- or 4-bromoacetophenone, 3- or 4-allylacetophenone, 2-acetonaphthone, benzaldehyde, benzoin, the alkyl benzoin ethers, benzophenone, benzoquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, p-diacetyl-benzene, 9,10-dibromoanthracene, 9,10-dichloroanthracene, 4,4-dichlorobenzophenone, thioxanthone, methylthioxanthone, α,α,α,-trichloro para t-butyl acetophenone, 4-methoxybenzophenone, 3-chloro-8-nonylxanthone, 3-iodo-7-methoxyxanthone, benzaldehyde, carbazole, 4-chloro-4'-benzyl-benzophenone, fluorene, fluorenone, 1,4-naphthylphenylketone, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,2-di-sec-butoxy acetophenone, dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone, propiophenone, chlorothioxanthone, isopropylthioxanthone, dodecylthioxanthone and the like, or any mixtures of these. The foregoing list is meant to be illustrative only and is not meant to exclude any suitable photoinitiators known to those skilled in the art. If desired a polyfunctional isocyanate such as toluene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and the like can be included in the formulation when compounds with free hydroxyl groups are present in the system. Also, minor amounts of other acrylates such as hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 2-ethylhexol acrylate, and the like can be in the formulation for the purpose of viscosity reduction, coating hardness, and the like. Those skilled in the art will know the concentrations at which photoinitiators are effectively employed and generally the concentration will not exceed 15 weight percent of the radiation curable coating composition.
Those skilled in the art of photochemistry are fully aware that photoactivators can be used in combination with the aforementioned photoinitiators and that synergistic effects are sometimes achieved when such combinations are used. Photoactivators are well known in the art and require no further description to make known what they are and the concentrations at which they are effective. Nonetheless, one can mention as illustrative of suitable photoactivators, methylamine, tributylamine, methyldiethanolamine, 2-aminoethylethanolamine, allylamine, cyclohexylamine, cyclopentadienylamine, diphenylamine, ditolylamine, trixylylamine, tribenzylamine, n-cyclohexylethyleneimine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-bis(3-N-morpholinyl)propionyloxypropane, and the like, or any combination of these.
The binders of this invention can also be cured upon exposure to any source of radiation emitting actinic radiation at a wavelength within the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions. Suitable sources of radiation include mercury, xenon, carbon arc lamps, sunlight, etc. Exposures may be from less than about 1 second to 10 minutes or more depending upon the amounts of particular polymerizable materials and photoinitiator being utilized and depending upon the radiation source and distance from the source and the thickness of the coating to be cured. The compositions may also be photopolymerized by exposure to electron beam radiation. Generally speaking the dosage necessary is from less than 1 megarad to 100 megarads or more, typically from about 3 to 20 megarads.
The substrate to be coated with the magnetic coating material in accordance with the present invention may be a polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene film that is in wide use as a base material for magnetic recording media. Where heat resistance is an important consideration, a polyimide film, polyamide film, polyarylether film, or the like may be utilized. In the case of a polyester film as a thin base, it is often used after monoaxial or biaxial orienting. It is well known that pretreatment of the film may be beneficial to promote wetting and adhesion.
For the magnetic coating material of the invention, it is advisable to use various additives usually employed for these applications, such as an antistatic agent, lubricant, dispersant, sensitizer, leveling agent, wear-resisting agent, and film-reinforcing agent, to suit the particular end use.
The recording medium may generally be prepared by dissolving the binder in sufficient volatile vehicle to provide a coatable dispersion of fine magnetizable particles. The dispersion can then be coated onto the substrate to provide a coating thereon. The magnetic recording medium may be prepared by methods described in the art such as in, for example, S. Tachihara, "Magnetic Coatings and their Applications in Japan", Progress in Organic Coatings, 10 (1982), pages 195 to 204.
The magnetic recording medium may be a magnetic recording tape, magnetic cards, program cards, disks, reels, and the like.
The following Examples serve to give specific illustration of the practice of this invention but they are not intended in any way to act to limit the scope of this invention.
The following designations used in the Examples have the following meaning:
Caprolactone acrylate (I)--a caprolactone acrylate prepared as described below.
Caprolactone acrylate (II)--a caprolactone acrylate prepared as described below.
Caprolactone acrylate (III)--a caprolactone acrylate prepared as described below.
Polyurethane--a polyurethane (Estane 5701-F1 obtained from BF Goodrich) having a Brookfield viscosity of about 300 to 700 centipoise when measured at 15% total solids in tetrahydrofuran by the BFG-1066B test method.
VAGH--a copolymer of 91 percent vinyl chloride and hydroxy content of 6 percent when calculated as vinyl alcohol and 3 percent vinyl acetate having an inherent viscosity of 0.50 (0.2 gm of resin in/100 ml of cyclohexanone at 30° C.)
Surfactant (I)--A silicone surfactant with the structure: ##STR6##
Surfactant II--an alkylphenoxy-poly(ethyleneoxy)ethyl mono-and diester of phosphoric acid (GAFAC RE-610 obtained from General Aniline and Film).
Photoinitiator I: 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure 651 obtained from Ciba-Geigy).
Poly(hydroxyether): a reaction product of bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin (having a reduced viscosity of 0.43 dl/g measured as 0.2 g/100 ml in tetrahydrofuran at 25° C., PKHH obtained from Union Carbide Corporation).
A 2000 ml glass reaction flask was equipped with a stirrer, thermometer and condenser, Dean-Stock trap air inlet and heating mantle and used as the reaction vessel. 300 grams of a trihydroxyfunctional polycaprolactone polyol with an average hydroxyl number of 310 and an average molecular weight of 540 (TONE-0305 obtained from Union Carbide Corporation), 88.4 g. of glacial acrylic acid, 150 ml. of benzene, 5 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid and 5 g. of hydroquinone were added to the reaction flask at room temperature. The contents of the flask were then heated to about 85° C. over a period of one hour and maintained at reflux at atmospheric pressure until no further water was produced (about 4.5 hours). During the reaction, air was continually bubbled through the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to about 60° C. in a separatory funnel and about 50 ml of benzene added. Then, about 200 g of a 15 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was dripped through the separatory funnel. A second aliquot of 200 g of a 15 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added and then the contents shaken. Excess acid and hydroquinone inhibitor were washed out by shaking the solution three times with 50 g of a 15 percent aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. After the contents settled, 10 g of magnesium sulfate was added while stirring to remove any remaining water, then the contents filtered to remove the magnesium sulfate. 100 parts per million of methylethyl hydroquinone based on the final product was added and the contents were then stripped of solvent. A 60 to 70% yield was obtained. The product had a viscosity of 250 centipoise.
The procedure for the Preparation of Caprolactone Acrylate (I) was repeated except that the reaction flask was charged with the following:
300 grams of a trihydroxyfunctional polycaprolactone polyol with an average hydroxyl number of 560 and an average molecular weight of 300 (TONE-0301) obtained from Union Carbide Corporation)
147.3 g Glacial acrylic acid
600 ml Benzene
5 ml Concentrated sulfuric acid
4 g Hydroquinone
The procedure for the Preparation of Caprolactone Acrylate (I) was repeated except that the reaction flask was charged with the following:
311 g of a tetrahydroxyfunctional polycaprolactone polyol produced by reacting pentaerythritol and caprolactone with an average hydroxyl number of 360 and an average molecular weight of 622
174 g Glacial acrylic acid
600 ml Benzene
1 g Hydroquinone
2 ml Concentrated sulfuric acid
The product had a viscosity of 624 centipoise.
The ingredients shown in Table I were placed in a container and allowed to dissolve. When solution was effected, 100 gms. of each solution was placed in an amber glass bottle; and 0.2 gm. of Photoinitiator (I) was added to each bottle. The ingredients were agitated to effect solution of the photoinitator. Then 0.5% by weight of Surfactant (I) was added to each solution and the mixture was well agitated.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Example (parts by weight)Ingredients Control A 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Polyurethane 12 12 12 12 12 12VAGH 18 18 18 18 18 18Caprolactone 0 1.6 3.3 5.3 7.5 12.9acrylate (I)Cyclohexanone 150 126 133 141 150 172Wt. % of Caprol- 0 5.1 9.9 15.0 20.0 30.1actone acrylatein solids______________________________________
Films of each solution were then cast onto release paper with a No. 0.050 smooth draw down bar. The wet films were placed in a forced-air oven at 75° C. for 30 minutes. The temperature was then increased to 100° C., and the samples were maintained at 100° C. for 10 minutes. The purpose of this thermal treatment was to remove the cyclohexanone solvent. The films were then removed from the oven, cooled to room temperature, and cured with a 300 watt/inch, ultraviolet-light, radiation source at a rate of 10 feet per minute. Three passes were used. The cured samples were then cut into dumb bell-shaped tensile specimens with a 0.5-inch gauge length and tested in an Instron tensile tester at a rate of 2 in/in/minute (200%/minute). The results are shown in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________EXAMPLES ControlProperties A 1 2 3 4 5______________________________________Film 0.0015 0.0036 0.0023 0.0025 0.0036 0.0019Thickness,(in.)Tensile 5674 3035 6158 5118 4268 6472Strength,(psi)Elonga- 343 559 376 285 249 345tion, (%)______________________________________
To the indicated amounts of the solutions described in Control A and Example 2 (i.e., mixtures of Urethane, VAGH, Photoinitiator (I), and Surfactant (I), and, in the case of Example 2 Solution, Caprolactone acrylate (I), the ingredients listed in Table III were added.
TABLE III______________________________________ EXAMPLES (Parts by weight)Ingredients Control B 6 7 8 9 10 11______________________________________Control A 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 -- -- --Solution (g)Example 2 -- -- -- -- -- 20.0 20.0Solution (g)Caprolactone -- 0.251 0.501 0.752 10.0 0.40 0.80Acrylate(III) (g)Photoinitiator -- -- -- -- 0.10 -- --(I), (g)Surfactant 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.10(I) (g)% Caprolac- 0 10 20 30 100 10 20tone Acrylate______________________________________
These ingredients were mixed and allowed to stand at room temperature to disipate air bubbles. Films were then cast onto Warren release paper with a No. 25 smooth draw down bar. The films were then placed in a 75° C. air oven for 30 minutes and at 100° C. for one hour to remove solvent. The films were then exposed to a 300 watt/inch UV light source at 10 feet/minute. After the UV exposure, the films were tack free. In the case of Example 9, a 1/16-inch thick plaque was prepared in a Teflon mold by pouring the mixed ingredients into the mold and curing as described above.
Dog-bone tensile specimens were cut from all cured films except for the plaque of Example 9. This product was very brittle, and it was not possible to prepare tensile test specimens. The crosslinked polymers were tested at a rate of 2 in/in/min. with an Instron tensile tester. The results given in Table IV are an average of three values.
TABLE IV______________________________________Example Tensile Strength psi Elongation (%)______________________________________Control B 5,930 2586 6,283 2517 7,351 1858 7,432 1479 -- --10 6,872 21611 8,451 161Control A* 3,650 4022 4,711 296______________________________________ *The results obtained for Control A and Example 2 are given for compariso purposes. These are controls for all above examples except Control B and Example 9. Note that Control A and Control B are repeats and that a relatively large difference was obtained. However, even though the repeat data differ, the same trend in properties occurs when the polyfunctional acrylates are added.
It is apparent from the data in Table IV that cured films that contain the caprolactone acrylates (Ex. 6 to 8) and mixtures of acrylates (Ex. 10 and 11) have improved tensile strength and decreased elongation. Even though the elongation is decreased, it remains at a high value, and cured films are considered to be tough materials with good wear properties and durability.
The following ingredients were blended together. All the liquids were added to a container and the ferric oxide powder was stirred in to form a smooth paste. The paste was then run through an Eiger mill until a pigment dispersion was achieved.
______________________________________Formulation A B______________________________________Gamma ferric oxide powder1 100 100VAGH 15% by wt. 40 --in Cyclohexanone (6.0)(Solids)Polyurethane15% by wt. in. Cyclohexanone 26.7 --10% by wt. in. Cyclohexanone -- 70(Solids) (4.0) (7.0)Poly(hydroxyether) 10% by wt. in -- 30Cyclohexanone (solids) (3.0)Cyclohexanone 98 119Surfactant (II) 2.3 2.3Total 267 321% Resin 4% 3%______________________________________ 1 Pferrox 2228HC obtained from Pfizer Co.
The ingredients shown in Table V were blended together by the procedure as described above.
TABLE V______________________________________ EXAMPLES ControlIngredients C 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20______________________________________Formulation A 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Caprolactone -- 0.4 0.8 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- --Acrylate (I)Caprolactone -- -- -- -- 0.4 0.8 1.6 -- -- --Acrylate (II)Caprolactone -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.4 0.8 1.6Acrylate (III)______________________________________
The ingredients shown in Table VI were blended together by the procedure described above.
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________ EXAMPLES ControlIngredients D 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29__________________________________________________________________________Formulation B 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Caprolactone -- 0.3 0.6 1.2 -- -- -- -- -- ---Acrylate (I)Caprolactone -- -- -- -- 0.3 0.6 1.2 -- -- --Acrylate (II)Caprolactone -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.3 0.6 1.2Acrylate (III)__________________________________________________________________________
The pigment dispersions were coated onto a polyethylene terephthalate film with a wire wound rod to a thickness of about 0.2 mils and air dryed to remove solvent. The sample was then exposed to an electron beam using an Electrocurtain system (Model CB 150/15/0.80L, from Energy Sciences, Inc.)
The following test conditions were used for all samples:
______________________________________ Line Speed Dose OxygenTest (ft./min.) (Mrads) (ppm)______________________________________1 50 6 7002 50 8 7003 50 10 7004 50 10 >25,000______________________________________
The samples were then subjected to an abrasion test in which an eraser was rubbed back and forth over the coating until the coating was removed. The CONTROLS used in these experiments were coated samples which were not cured by the electron beam. The results are shown in Table VII.
TABLE VII__________________________________________________________________________ Examples (No. of erasure rubs)*Test Procedure 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29__________________________________________________________________________CONTROLS 45 20 15 20 10 20 66 59 13 20 30 20 100 26 25 25 10 35Test 1 35 65 40 26 35 75 50 130 96 30 85 63 35 30 25 25 45 23Test 2 44 55 65 53 23 80 25 60 257 50 30 40 15 30 35 20 30 18Test 3 35 60 35 26 90 105 17 60 214 33 70 80 33 25 20 17 30 17Test 4 45 55 45 83 125 30 50 110 99 20 26 13 25 33 20 25 20 30__________________________________________________________________________ *The number of oneway erasure rubs to completely remove the coating from the substrate. The number of rubs was normalized to 1.0 mil to compare films in which the thickness may vary.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3169945 *||Oct 7, 1963||Feb 16, 1965||Union Carbide Corp||Lactone polyesters|
|US3700643 *||Sep 2, 1970||Oct 24, 1972||Union Carbide Corp||Radiation-curable acrylate-capped polycaprolactone compositions|
|US4320171 *||May 19, 1980||Mar 16, 1982||Basf Aktiengesellschaft||Magnetic recording media containing elastomeric polyurethane binders in the magnetic coating|
|US4328282 *||Jan 16, 1981||May 4, 1982||Basf Aktiengesellschaft||Magnetic recording media|
|US4407853 *||Apr 1, 1982||Oct 4, 1983||Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.||Process for producing a magnetic recording medium|
|US4415630 *||Feb 28, 1983||Nov 15, 1983||Tdk Electronics Co., Ltd.||Process of making magnetic recording medium|
|US4448848 *||Feb 4, 1982||May 15, 1984||Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.||Magnetic recording medium and process for producing the same|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4717623 *||Jan 14, 1986||Jan 5, 1988||Desoto, Inc.||Radiation-curable coating compositions applied to fluorine-treated surfaces|
|US4801392 *||Jul 2, 1987||Jan 31, 1989||The Mead Corporation||Magnetic recording compositions containing ionic dye compounds as initiators|
|US5002677 *||Sep 19, 1989||Mar 26, 1991||The B. F. Goodrich Company||Flexible high energy magnetic blend compositions based on ferrite particles in highly saturated nitrile rubber and methods of processing the same|
|US5118771 *||Mar 9, 1987||Jun 2, 1992||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Erasable optical disk having an improved optically transparent substrate|
|US5151330 *||Nov 13, 1990||Sep 29, 1992||Konica Corporation||Magnetic recording medium comprising magnetic particles and a polyurethane resin binder having a polycaprolactone structural unit|
|US5475066 *||Dec 19, 1994||Dec 12, 1995||The University Of Alablama||Reactive amino-quinones, copolymers thereof and corrosion resistant information storage devices|
|US5596098 *||Jul 30, 1993||Jan 21, 1997||University Of Alabama||Amino-quinones, and their use in providing corrosion resistance to metals|
|US5686136 *||Jun 15, 1994||Nov 11, 1997||University Of Alabama||Amino-quinones, and their use in providing corrosion resistance to metals|
|US6534128 *||Nov 9, 2000||Mar 18, 2003||3M Innovative Properties Company||Inks and other compositions incorporating low viscosity, radiation curable, polyester urethane oligomer|
|US6916547||Feb 1, 2002||Jul 12, 2005||Awi Licensing Company||Multi-functional unsaturated polyester polyols|
|US20030148126 *||Feb 1, 2002||Aug 7, 2003||Dong Tian||Multi-functional unsaturated polyester polyols|
|DE3704447A1 *||Feb 12, 1987||Aug 27, 1987||Victor Company Of Japan||Magnetaufzeichnungsmedium mit zwei arten von polyesterverbindemitteln in einer magnetischen aufzeichnungsschicht|
|EP0773535A1 *||Nov 8, 1996||May 14, 1997||Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd.||Magnetic recording medium|
|U.S. Classification||428/411.1, 428/423.7, 428/522, 360/136, 360/134, 360/135, 428/423.1, 428/844.7, 252/62.54, 427/502, G9B/5.244, 428/900|
|International Classification||C09D5/23, G11B5/72, C09D175/04, C09D127/04, G11B5/702, C09D127/06, C09D133/04, C09D175/00|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/31935, Y10T428/31565, Y10T428/31504, Y10T428/31551, Y10S428/90, G11B5/702|
|Jun 21, 1984||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION OLD RIDGEBURY ROAD, DANB
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KOLESKE, JOSEPH V.;PEACOCK, GLENN S.;KWIATKOWSKI, GEORGE T.;REEL/FRAME:004271/0361
Effective date: 19840131
|Jan 9, 1986||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MORGAN GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, AND MOR
Free format text: MORTGAGE;ASSIGNORS:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A CORP.,;STP CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.,;UNION CARBIDE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS CO., INC., A CORP. OF PA.,;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004547/0001
Effective date: 19860106
|Oct 8, 1986||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION,
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:MORGAN BANK (DELAWARE) AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:004665/0131
Effective date: 19860925
|Mar 13, 1989||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 12, 1993||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 24, 1997||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12

domain: chemistry


text:
Couldn’t resist, sorry!
I know that Yours Truly is the title of one of my books, but I really truly do also have a Q&A with moi to share with you. (Oops, there I go again …)
Click here to read it.
And that’s not all! Click here if you’d like to read the “Page 69 Test” for Really Truly. It’s absolutely truly fun!
(What?! Did I just do that again? I did.)

domain: literature


text:
Above:In original package
Click a thumbnail to see its larger version and description.
A 3x3x3 promoting the soccer world championship in Spain 1982.
From the design point of view this cube is identical to the fourth cube produced and sold by MAKO during the original cube craze.
No one has contributed to this page yet!
This puzzle can be found in collections of these members:
Found a mistake or something missing? Edit it yourself
or contact the moderator

domain: hobby


text:
|Title: Breath of Fire
Rom Player: ZSNES
Synopsis: What to say of Breath of Fire? If you like long, drawn out, and somewhat complex quests, this game is for you. The first in the "BoF" series is one that definately requires a serious time commitment to play. This is not necessarily a bad thing, mind you. It adds depth and character, if you will, to the game. Unfortunately, it also moves a bit too slowly for my personal tastes in video RPGs.
Anyway, the game starts you off with the hero, who is the standard semi-wimpy guy who sets out with just the sword, armor, and whatever you can get for the initial money. The first quest actually lets you find some pretty decent weapons and armor for the stage of the game.
I suppose it should be said that Breath of Fire is a game that is just as well used as a collectors' title as it is played. While the initial game is worth having a few sequals to, I would recommend that the casual RPG fan think twice at the very least before getting into this one, because interest will be lost all too quickly. The items and powerups are really great, but the game makes you work almost too hard for them. For instance, the hero's dragon morphs. A good many of them, especially the higher level ones, can kick some serious ass. The trouble is that one must find the shrines and beat down some overly challenging bosses with only the hero in the party.
The bottom line: unless you're a hard-core RPG player or a collector of SNES RPGs, think twice about this one.
Game Play: 8
Overall Rating: 7
COMMENTS TEMPORARILY DISABLED!
[Come discuss this game on
our Message Forums!]

domain: game


(CNN) — More than 1,300 flights were canceled Thursday in advance of Hurricane Florence's arrival in the Carolinas, and operations at airports along the coast have been suspended as the region braces for landfall.
Outer rainbands of the Category 2 storm with tropical-storm-force winds had started lashing North Carolina's coast by mid-day Thursday.
FlightAware doesn't anticipate closures at any East Coast hubs (Charlotte, Atlanta or any D.C.-area airports), limiting "cascading disruption to the rest of the nation's airport system," spokeswoman Sara Orsi said in a statement.
Airlines have extended waivers and advisories for travelers with itineraries involving airports in the path of the storm.
All four major US airlines have said they are capping selected airfares below what last-minute tickets would cost. Last year, some airlines caught flack because of high fares in advance of Hurricane Irma.
Myrtle Beach International Airport in South Carolina has also suspended commercial operations and urges passengers to check with their airlines -- not the airport -- about upcoming itineraries.
Services and flights have been suspended on Thursday and Friday at Wilmington International Airport on North Carolina's coast.
Hundreds of miles inland, Charlotte Douglas International Airport already has more than 300 flight cancellations for Thursday and Friday, according to FlightAware. Raleigh-Durham International Airport had a similar number of cancellations for those two days.
Wind and the tidal surge will be the biggest issues for airports in the coastal Carolinas, FlightAware's Orsi said. "Once the storm moves further inland to Atlanta and Charlotte, the biggest issue will be rain and thunderstorms," she said.
Boeing evacuated several new 787-10 Dreamliner jets from its factory in North Charleston, South Carolina, to protect them from the storm. Concern was high enough for the expensive jets that the plane manufacturer flew them all the way across the US to its main facility outside Seattle, Washington.


text:
Dr. Joann Allen
Professor of English
Joann Furlow Allen was born in Seminole, Okla. She attended the University of Oklahoma for her bachelor's and then went to the University of Tulsa for her master's in Modern Letters. She worked as a legal assistant, served as executive director of a crime-prevention agency, married and had three children. She worked as an adjunct at Tulsa Community College and Rogers State University and also spent several years teaching English as a Second Language in the English Institute of International Students at the University of Tulsa. As she worked as a composition and literature teacher, she decided to go back to college to acquire her Ph.D. She studied for and received her doctorate from the University of Tulsa in English Literature, specializing in Modern and Contemporary American Literature, with emphasis in African-American and Latin-American Women's literature. She has since expanded her area of scholarship to multiple areas of Multi-Cultural American literature. After receiving her doctorate, she spent a year as a full-time lecturer at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. There she taught writing and literature, and got to meet, in person, the subject of her dissertation: Sandra Cisneros.
Dr. Allen joined the faculty at ORU in the fall of 2005. She has taught all levels of composition, as well as American Literature, Law in Literature, a genre class in creative writing of the short story and Multi-Cultural American Literature. She especially enjoys working closely with students in her role as sponsor for the English club, and she often hosts both faculty and students in her home. She also serves as a member of the Multi-Ethnic and Intercultural Relations Committee and has had three offices in the College of Arts and Cultural Studies, including that of President. She is especially proud of the annual Walden Weekend Writers' Retreat, now in its seventh year, the idea of which she developed. She continues to be the sponsor of this event.
She is currently a Professor of English. She is also the Director of the Off Campus and Study Abroad Program. In her tenure at ORU, she has been able to publish, to speak at numerous national and international conferences, and to lecture in institutes on the topics of women of color and their literature and on the general topic of cultural diversity. She has published five journal articles, two book chapters and several creative pieces.


text:
The Split Is Short Live, Jessica Simpson and John Mayer Back Together Again
The split already over. In the wake of their shocking split, Jessica Simpson and John Mayer were spotted together again not long after the break up rumors made their way among people.
Mayer, a rock singer, was spotted leaving the pop singer's New York hotel early Monday morning May 21st. A guest who spotted Mayer leaving Simpson's suite at the Soho Grand tells In Touch Weekly magazine, "He was looking really happy. He couldn't stop smiling."
On their rekindled romance, a friend of the couple commented, "They definitely went on a date last night. She still loves him... but he's scared of commitment. He breaks up with her and then regrets it and then begs her to get back together."
Representatives for both stars did confirm their break up, yet the songbird refused to comment on it during press interviews at the Cannes Film Festival in France.
Now that the pair is making up already, everyone's waiting to see what's going to happen.
More Jessica Simpson News
- Ex-Wonder Girls Member Sun Mi to Release Second Solo Album in August
- Find Out Why Song Joong Ki Wants to Get Married Early
- Ariel Winter Flaunts Butt Tattoo on Snapchat
- Did Katy Perry Secretly Undergo Plastic Surgery?
- Beyonce and Jay-Z Spark Rise in Bel-Air Property Prices
- 'American Horror Story': Ryan Murphy Shares Photo of 'Cult' Member. Is It Evan Peters?
- Secretly Married? Liam Payne Calls Cheryl His 'Wife' in New Interview
- Comic-Con: 'Ready Player One' First Footage Introduces Stepen Spielberg's VR Dystopia

domain: entertainment


It’s not clear exactly how this happened. Did the driver somehow not notice the door flapping around, or did they just not care? It’s an odd mishap to happen, right? Why isn’t this guy just pulling over? He’s going to lose that inner door panel, and those aren’t cheap.
That $400-$600 door panel seems to be holding on by the power wires to the window winding mechanism, and when those go, that thing will become a dangerous hazard for anyone behind him.
With that in mind, I’m going to go out on a limb and say don’t be like this guy. If your rear door flies open and you’re trailing interior trim like a kite, pull over, already. You can set your global track record later.


How to Change the String in a Troy-Bilt TB32CS
The Troy-Bilt TB32CS electric trimmer can be an ideal alternative to gas-powered trimmers because it's more lightweight and doesn't require regular gasoline refills. This trimmer uses the SpeedSpool trimmer head, which requires you to change the string after it wears down with regular use. The SpeedSpool simplifies the process because you can wind the string by turning the knob on the unit. The Troy-Bilt owner's manual specifies using only 0.080-inch trimming line.
Flip the switch to the "Off" position and unplug the electrical cord from the outlet.
Cut 0.080-inch trimming line into 2, 10-foot pieces with scissors and set them aside.
Turn the inner reel in the spool counterclockwise until the arrows line up on the inner reel and outer spool.
Remove any leftover line from the spool.
Slide one end of one of the 10-foot string pieces through an eyelet on the outer spool, feeding it through the loading hole on the inner reel and pushing it into the locking hole about 1/2-inch until it forms a small loop.
Pull the excess string outside of the outer spool until it's taut to ensure the other end is locked into place in the spool.
Repeat the above process with the other piece of line, feeding it through the eyelet on the opposite side of the outer spool.
Grasp the outer spool and turn the inner reel clockwise to wind up the strings, but leave about 4 inches sticking out of the eyelets.
- If the string becomes twisted or stuck while winding, the spool might require cleaning. Unscrew the bump knob from the outer spool using a counterclockwise motion, and remove it along with the spring and foam seal. Remove the inner reel and line. Remove the line from the inner reel. Clean all of the parts in warm, soapy water, then rinse and air dry them before reinstalling in the reverse order that you took it apart.
Shelley Marie has been writing professionally since 2008 for online marketing and informational websites. Her areas of expertise include home, garden and health. She holds a Bachelor of Science in business administration and an associate degree in medical billing and insurance coding, both from Herzing University.


Also known as : common ramping-fumitory
Fumaria is a genus of about 60 species of annual flowering plants in the family Papaveraceae. The genus is native to Europe, Africa and Asia, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, and introduced to North, South America and Australia. Fumaria species are sometimes used in herbal medicine
Photographed in the Costa Vincintina natural park – January 2021
OR, it could be
The flower colour looks similar. When the flowers die down it has berries. I will add another photograph at a later date.
Do you enjoy taking photographs of wild flowers, bugs, birds, snakes and other curiosities found in the wild?
Every Wednesday I will be sharing a photograph of wild flora or fauna in my local area. Who will join me?


text:
Destined To Authoritarian Rule?: A Comparative Analysis Of The Processes Of State Creation And Regime Formation Of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, And Iran, Caroline Glass
Government and International Relations Honors Papers
Democracy is complex regime type, one that has been analyzed extensively. Yet the intricate nature of a democratic regime, and the challenges associated with keeping it running effectively, make it a continued object of scholarly research. Some countries with regimes that can be considered democratic maintain their democracies more effectively than others. This study attempts to analyze factors that have obstructed democratization in three non-Western countries: Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.
My first goal is to outline processes of state creation and regime building in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. A democratic regime cannot evolve without a state structure in ...
Occan's Razor Vol. 8 - Full (2018), 2018 Western Washington University
Occan's Razor Vol. 8 - Full (2018)
No abstract provided.
Maga, Memes, And Magnificent Hair: How Have Alt-Right, White Supremacy, And White Nationalism Become Rooted In American History?, 2018 Augustana College, Rock Island Illinois
Maga, Memes, And Magnificent Hair: How Have Alt-Right, White Supremacy, And White Nationalism Become Rooted In American History?, Gabriel A. Tucker
The purpose of this inquiry is to ascertain the level of prevalence of white nationalist rhetoric and sociocultural artifacts in contemporary political discourse as well as the level of normalcy is has achieved. Additionally, I will generate a timeline that will chronicle the growth and progression of this movement to our current political era, highlighting major schisms, shifts, and events with alterations in fashion and physical presentation. I believe that my research will show not only a long-standing tradition of white nationalism within the United States but also that such rhetoric has slowly been creeping into mainstream political rhetoric and ...
Argentina’S Dirty War: Memory, Repression And Long-Term Consequences, 2018 University of Puget Sound
Argentina’S Dirty War: Memory, Repression And Long-Term Consequences, Ilana Dutton
The Dirty War in Argentina refers to an eight-year period, between 1976 and 1983, in which a right-wing government purged Argentina of left-wing “subversives”. The Dirty War is defined by violent tactics, repression, and cover-up. This paper explores the dominant public narrative of the Dirty War by coding and analyzing primary sources from victims, families, and perpetrators. The final goal of this paper was to understand how key groups talk about the Dirty War and what the long-term consequences of that are for Argentina. The democratic governments that took power after the Dirty War followed the military junta’s tactics ...
The Concurrent Rise Of Diversity And Islamophobia: A Comparative Study Of The Uk And France, 2018 University of Windsor
The Concurrent Rise Of Diversity And Islamophobia: A Comparative Study Of The Uk And France, Tugce Arslan
This paper assesses the current stance of multiculturalism and diversity in Europe by taking a closer look at the perception of Muslims in the United Kingdom and France. It is a comparative study that analyzes the sentiments of nationalism along with how a series of pivotal events that have impacted the integration process of the Muslim populations. A look at certain key factors such as cultural and identity clashes, increasing instability in the Middle East and the influence of the media, demonstrates a rise in Islamophobia in Europe. By focusing on how the rise in Islamophobia has affected the perception ...
You've Got A Friend In Me: The Effects Of Lgbtqia+ Legislators On Same-Sex Partnership Rights In Latin America, 2018 The College of Wooster
You've Got A Friend In Me: The Effects Of Lgbtqia+ Legislators On Same-Sex Partnership Rights In Latin America, Danica Genners
Senior Independent Study Theses
Scholars have debated how descriptive representation might operate as a vehicle for furthering minority rights. Rarely discussed in this literature is the role that the election of LGBTQIA+ politicians can have on overall approval of LGBTQIA+ rights within a country. This study aims to identify the various effects that LGBTQIA+ sexual minority federal representatives in Latin America have on public opinion on pro-LGBTQIA+ policies. Using a multi-year, cross-national survey of eleven Latin American countries my study tests whether the election of a LGBTQIA+ representative is related to more progressive views on same-sex marriage. This study finds that the election of ...
Masculinity (De)Construction And Policing: A Comparative Study Of Representation, Policies, And Legitimacy, 2018 The College of Wooster
Masculinity (De)Construction And Policing: A Comparative Study Of Representation, Policies, And Legitimacy, Sarah Huffman
Senior Independent Study Theses
The culture of policing oftentimes equates police competency with masculinity, valorizing physicality and bravery, but at the expense of other characteristics included in policework such as service and protection. The introduction of more female officers into police services leads the question as to how their increased representation (de)constructs traditional masculinist attitudes and affects gender inclusive policy and actions of a police service, encompassing police response to cases of domestic and sexual violence. This study investigates whether higher gender equity in a police service increases gender inclusive policy and actions by the police and whether this factor, in turn, increases ...
International Post-Conflict Peacebuilding In Bosnia And Herzegovina And Cambodia, 2018 James Madison University
International Post-Conflict Peacebuilding In Bosnia And Herzegovina And Cambodia, Mia Fisher
Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current
The end of the Cold War brought many changes to the international system, including a rise in intrastate armed conflict and violence against civilians. Consequently, the international community performed increasingly complex and multidimensional peace support operations, and peacebuilding advanced onto the international agenda during the 1990s. Despite the increased attention on peacebuilding in recent decades, most operations have been relatively unsuccessful, and local and international actors continue to struggle with how to implement effective policies to rebuild post-conflict states. The purpose of this research paper is to examine how the international community contributes to post-conflict peacebuilding efforts and to better ...
Study Abroad And Track Ii Diplomacy, 2018 James Madison University
Study Abroad And Track Ii Diplomacy, Makena Rafferty-Lewis
Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current
Track II diplomacy, or person-to-person diplomacy is one of the most basic, but also most important types of international relations. Track II diplomacy requires not just effective legislature to be in place, but also requires individuals to have cross-cultural competency. One question that arises is how is this type of connectivity between cultures is formed. One of the most direct links can be found in students. As the political environment changes, young minds and rising experts will be the people who need to handle future international problems, that are possibly different from what we have seen in the past. How ...
Modeling Structural Selection In Disaggregated Event Data, 2018 Iowa State University
Modeling Structural Selection In Disaggregated Event Data, Olga Chyzh, Mark David Nieman, Douglas M. Gibler
Growing availability of disaggregated data, such as data on activity of subnational groups (e.g. protest campaigns, insurgents, terrorist groups, political parties or movements), has raised new types of theoretical and statistical challenges. In particular, rather than random, the observability and availability of disaggregated data are often a function of specific structural processes—an issue we refer to as structural selection. For example, domestic terrorist attacks or protester violence are conditional on the formation of domestic terrorist groups or protester movements in the first place. As a result, analytical inferences derived from subnational or other types of disaggregated data may ...
Voices Of Women: The Impact Of Women's Political Reservations On Female Child Mortality In India, Kohsheen Sharma
Scripps Senior Theses
This paper uses state-level variation in the implementation of the 73rd amendment in India to observe the relationship between political reservations for women in local government and female child mortality. Nationally, reservations for women are not associated with a statistically significant difference in female child mortality. However, a state by state analysis shows variations in the level of impact of reservations on the topic of female child mortality. This paper examines the constraints on female representatives and their level of effectiveness in executing pro-female policies given the political and social environment. The two case studies on Kerala and Haryana explore ...
A Comparative Study Of Extreme Religious Nationalist Terrorist Groups In The United States, 2018 Virginia Commonwealth University
A Comparative Study Of Extreme Religious Nationalist Terrorist Groups In The United States, Colleen Arthur
Undergraduate Research Posters
The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative study of Radical Right Wing terrorism and Radical Islamic terrorism both of which are categorized under the Religious Nationalism/Extremism typology of terrorism. In order to compare and contrast the two fairly, I broke down the ideology, motives, methods, and the demographic profile of members of both Radical Right Wing and Radical Islamic terrorism then provided examples of different groups that fall within those categories in order to effectively illustrate the striking similarities of the two categories that have been addressed and condemned differently by the United States. Then I ...
Media Coverage Of Human Rights In The Us And Uk: The Violations Still Won’T Be Televised (Or Published), 2018 CUNY Kingsborough Community College
Media Coverage Of Human Rights In The Us And Uk: The Violations Still Won’T Be Televised (Or Published), Shawna M. Brandle
Publications and Research
This article analyzes American television and American and British print news coverage of human rights using a combination of manual and machine coding. The data reveal that television and print news cover very few human rights stories, that these stories are mostly international and not domestic, that even when human rights are covered, they are not covered in detail, and that human rights issues are more likely to be covered when they are not framed as human rights. This suggests that human rights is simply not a frame that journalists employ, and provides support for government-leading-media theories of newsworthiness.
Trust In The Police In Latin America: Understanding The Urban And Rural Divide, 2018 Abigail Sewall
Trust In The Police In Latin America: Understanding The Urban And Rural Divide, Abigail J. Sewall
Undergraduate Honors Theses
Trust in the police is low throughout Latin America, particularly among residents of urban areas. The principle aim of this investigation is to determine why people in rural areas exhibit higher levels of trust in the police than their urban counterparts. This study focuses on the instrumental perspective of explaining trust, which emphasizes the importance of the performance of the police. Measures of negative experiences with the performance of the police are used to explain the difference in trust between urban and rural areas. The analyses find that people in urban areas are more frequently victimized by crime and solicited ...
The Implications Of Domestic Party Ideologies On Refugee Policy: A Case Study Of Bangladesh And The Rohingya, 2018 University of Central Florida
The Implications Of Domestic Party Ideologies On Refugee Policy: A Case Study Of Bangladesh And The Rohingya, Samuel S. Schiffer
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Why do some political parties in Bangladesh discriminate against the Rohingya, while some do not? Much has been written about the conflict in Myanmar, but the plight of Rohingya in Bangladesh remains understudied. This lack of understanding is underscored by the five million Syrian refugees fleeing their own civil war that dominates the news and the attention of scholars. The Rohingya, however, are stateless: they are denied citizenship in their native Myanmar and are forced to find refuge in whichever country will take them.
Much has been published that links immigration policy to security considerations and the national identity and ...
Human Development And Subnationalism: A Disaggregated Analysis Of Indian States: Kerala And Uttar Pradesh, Manika Garg
CMC Senior Theses
This thesis investigates achievements in human development outcomes on health, education, and poverty indicators across Indian states, in order to discern what factors might influence a state’s better orientation toward social policies. After conducting data analysis, the study explains differences in outcomes, as achieved by Kerala and Uttar Pradesh, by building an argument of subnational solidarity and its impact on determining the state’s policy agendas.
The Impact Of Security Crises On Political Development: An Analysis Of CôTe D’Ivoire, Guinea, And Senegal, Zoe King
CMC Senior Theses
This paper explores the relationship between security concerns and political development in three case studies: Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Senegal. It first analyzes the foundations of political institutions within the three states by exploring the creation of nationalist leaders in the pre-independence era, and how their personal development within these years affected their governance style after independence. Afterwards, the discussion separates into the three distinct case studies. The purpose of this analysis is to first outline the major developments within each country in the political field, highlight the major security concerns within the country, and then analyze how ...
Why Not Mexico? Policy Recommendations For A Globally-Oriented Economic Strategy, 2018 Claremont McKenna College
Why Not Mexico? Policy Recommendations For A Globally-Oriented Economic Strategy, Víctor Manuel Hernández-Rodríguez
CMC Senior Theses
Mexico, one of the world’s largest economies and an increasingly relevant actor in international aﬀairs, is at a crucial point in defining its future policy course. Given the uncertainty surrounding the global economy, as well as the political situation in Mexico, it is important to have a clear vision for policy going forward. This thesis oﬀers a foundation for a national economic strategy with a long-term vision, upon which future administrations can build as appropriate to maximize on the country’s economic potential. The task is undertaken through a three-part approach. First, a thorough and analytical overview of the ...
Aversive Visions Of Unanimity: Political Sectarianism In Lebanon, 2018 Claremont Colleges
Aversive Visions Of Unanimity: Political Sectarianism In Lebanon, Loulwa Murtada
CMC Senior Theses
Sectarianism has shaped Lebanese culture since the establishment of the National Pact in 1943, and continues to be a pervasive roadblock to Lebanon’s path to development. This thesis explores the role of religion, politics, and Lebanon’s illegitimate government institutions in accentuating identity-based divisions, and fostering an environment for sectarianism to emerge. In order to do this, I begin by providing an analysis of Lebanon’s history and the rise and fall of major religious confessions as a means to explore the relationship between power-sharing arrangements and sectarianism, and to portray that sectarian identities are subject to change based ...
The Pursuit Of Innovation: An Analysis Of International Competitive Advantage In A Globalized Knowledge Economy, 2018 Claremont McKenna College
The Pursuit Of Innovation: An Analysis Of International Competitive Advantage In A Globalized Knowledge Economy, Tanay Gupte
CMC Senior Theses
With the advent of the internet age, the way in which global society interacts with technology has changed dramatically. The instantaneous availability of information and connectivity, signal the rise of a knowledge economy. This is a system in which the most valuable resource, to nations and private enterprise, is knowledge. This thesis argues that value is created through knowledge flows, which result in innovation and technological advancement. This technological advancement is the primary determinant of a nation’s global competitive advantage in a globalized knowledge economy. This thesis then posits that these innovations are fostered by institutional, social, cultural, economic ...

domain: library


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Loved every thing I ordered. They will be gifts for next Christmas. The ornaments given this year were happily received.
The Crossed Skis and Poles pewter ornament is a thoughtful gift for the skier and winter lover in your life! Handcrafted in Middlebury, Vermont, by our talented pewter artisans, this ornament is part of our Buy 6 Get the 7th FREE Ornament Special.
Dimensions & Specifications
Dimensions are approximate because all items are made by hand. Subtle variations are natural.
- Measures 2 3/4 inches high by 1 1/4 inches wide
- Tied with a satin ribbon
- Comes in a flannel pouch and gift box.

domain: artistic


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Responsible science, engineering and education for water resource recovery and circularity
Integration of resource recovery and circular economy concepts in higher education will stimulate responsible innovation in the water sector for an ecologically-balanced society.
Growth of Legionella during COVID-19 lockdown stagnation
While “avoiding stagnation” has been the mantra of building water experts, support for how this terminology is used is not overly convincing. Carefully nuanced COVID stagnation studies can improve water quality research and communication strategies.
Recent advances in portable heavy metal electrochemical sensing platforms
This Review explores the parameters to be engineered to design in situ electrochemical sensor platforms capable of meeting new EU regulation.
Microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical review
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important route for microplastics to enter aquatic environments.
Energy performance and climate dependency of technologies for fresh water production from atmospheric water vapour
Solving the water scarcity problem by enhancing water extraction from air technology.
Biochar-augmented biofilters to improve pollutant removal from stormwater – can they improve receiving water quality?
Stormwater biofilters are being implemented widely in urban environments to provide green space, alleviate flooding, and improve stormwater quality.
A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants – market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks
This critical review reveals the technologies and potentials to recover water, energy, fertilizers and products from municipal WWTPs but also analyses the various bottlenecks that may their hinder successful implementation.
Hydrophilic trace organic contaminants in urban stormwater: occurrence, toxicological relevance, and the need to enhance green stormwater infrastructure
Urban stormwater transports hydrophilic trace organic contaminants that need study to ensure safe stormwater discharge or stormwater harvesting for water supply.
Amyloid hybrid membranes for removal of clinical and nuclear radioactive wastewater
Highly efficient hybrid amyloid membrane to remove clinical and nuclear radioactive wastewater.
Efficacy of corrosion control and pipe replacement in reducing citywide lead exposure during the Flint, MI water system recovery
Enhanced corrosion control and replacement of all lead-based pipes are expected to reduce citywide lead exposure by about 72–84%. However, Flint's post-lead pipe era will not result in completely lead free drinking water.
Efficient removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: nanofiltration combined with active carbon or anion exchange
Nanofiltration produces potable water, while adsorption materials GAC and AIX remove more PFASs from membrane retentate than from raw water.
Deep-bed filters as post-treatment for ozonation in tertiary municipal wastewater treatment: impact of design and operation on treatment goals
The removal of organic contaminants during post-treatment with deep-bed filters after ozonation in tertiary municipal wastewater treatment can be optimised by the choice of filter material and contact time.
Influence of short- and long-term exposure on the biodegradation capacity of activated sludge microbial communities in ready biodegradability tests
The output of ready biodegradability tests (RBTs), that are extensively used to screen the potential of chemicals to be biodegraded, can be influenced by exposure of microbial communities to organic chemicals.
Application of liquid-infused membranes to mitigate biofouling
The novel liquid-infused membranes have been shown to mitigate membrane biofouling. Here, the long-term stability of these membrane have been tested and analyzed using bacterial growth curve models.
Ammonia removal from mixed dewatering liquors by three different deammonification technologies
Deammonification is an established biological nitrogen removal process for dewatering liquors from anaerobic digestion.
Regularized regression analysis for the prediction of virus inactivation efficiency by chloramine disinfection
The sparse modeling methods using water quality information as explanatory variables enable us to appropriately predict virus inactivation efficiency in wastewater treatment plants.
Trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations across the United States
Trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations in the U.S. indicate that very small and transient non-community water systems bear a disproportionate burden exacerbated by recent regulatory changes.
Impact of coagulation–ultrafiltration on long-term pipe biofilm dynamics in a full-scale chloraminated drinking water distribution system
Introducing coagulation–ultrafiltration removed bacteria from the drinking water but did not impact nitrification, localizing this process to the biofilm community.
Removal of contaminants from canal water using microwave synthesized zero valent iron nanoparticles
Microwave synthesized (low energy) ZV-FeNPs stabilised with Mentha piperita extract removed >80% of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, lead and chloride, typical agricultural run-off contaminants, from UK canal water with a single application for 24 h.
Evaluating the accuracy of two in situ optical sensors to estimate DOC concentrations for drinking water production
Fluorescence and absorbance based sensors for DOC concentration estimations can help in optimizing drinking water production processes.
Photodegradation of antihistamine chlorpheniramine using a novel iron-incorporated carbon material and solar radiation
Water pollution due to emerging contaminants is a topic that should be researched to a greater extent because of the ignorance of adverse effects these pollutants may have on living beings.
Advanced electrochemical oxidation for the simultaneous removal of manganese and generation of permanganate oxidant
Emerging electrochemical systems, such as advanced electro-oxidation, provide a potentially powerful alternative to conventional oxidation processes which can often be unsuitable for small, remote and decentralised system applications.
UVC-based advanced oxidation processes for simultaneous removal of microcontaminants and pathogens from simulated municipal wastewater at pilot plant scale
The challenge of providing good quality reclaimed water free from contaminants of emerging concern, even at small concentrations, i.e., microcontaminants (MCs) and pathogens are main hot topics worldwide.
High-throughput and reliable determination of 13 haloacetic acids and dalapon in water and evaluation of control strategies
A simple, fast, highly-sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of 13 haloacetic acids and dalapon in water was developed and applied to evaluate two strategies to control the concentrations of the target analytes in water.
Simultaneous ozonation of 90 organic micropollutants including illicit drugs and their metabolites in different water matrices
The ozonation of 90 chemically diverse organic micropollutants (OMPs) including four classes of illicit drugs and their metabolites was studied in pure buffered water, tap water and wastewater effluent at three specific ozone doses and three pH levels.
Exploring resource recovery potentials for the aerobic granular sludge process by mass and energy balances – energy, biopolymer and phosphorous recovery from municipal wastewater
Mass and energy balances are an excellent tool to explore the integration of resource recovery technologies into wastewater treatment processes and reveal recoverable resource quantities and occurring trade-offs at an early process design stage.
Barriers to handpump serviceability in Malawi: life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery
Life-cycle assessment model and regression analysis identifies drivers that negatively impact the lifecycle of community Afridev handpumps under various tariff scenarios for rural community water supply.
Chemical regeneration of granular activated carbon: preliminary evaluation of alternative regenerant solutions
An adsorption and desorption study has been conducted using five organic compounds of different physico-chemical properties and four regenerant solutions to evaluate the feasibility of a novel on-site chemical regeneration of GAC.
Microbiological water quality in a decentralized Arctic drinking water system
Drinking water samples were collected from the water source, water delivery truck, domestic water storage tanks, and at the point of use in a decentralized drinking water system in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, a predominantly Inuit community in Canada's Arctic region.
Emerging investigator series: engineering membrane distillation with nanofabrication: design, performance and mechanisms
Anti-fouling and durability are two important parameters that are closely associated with the development and deployment of membrane distillation (MD).
Integration of aerobic granulation and UV/H2O2 processes in a continuous flow system for the degradation of sulfolane in contaminated water
Aerobic granulation and UV/H2O2 in a continuous flow-through reactor can effectively degrade emerging contaminates, such as sulfolane.
Molecular level characterisation of ion-exchange water treatment coupled to ceramic membrane filtration
Preferential removal of highly oxygenated larger aromatic and condensed aromatic molecules through ceramic membrane based water treatment.
Emerging investigator series: carbon electrodes are effective for the detection and reduction of hexavalent chromium in water
Electrochemical methods using carbon electrodes are an attractive option for the detection and reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to benign Cr(III) in drinking water.
Investigation of metaldehyde removal by powdered activated carbon from different water samples
Applying PAC to the water sample collected after static flocculation (position 2) gave the best result regarding the removal of metaldehyde.
Field testing of an onsite sanitation system on apartment building blackwater using biological treatment and electrochemical disinfection
Demonstration of an electrochemical toilet wastewater treatment and disinfection technology at the scale of an apartment building and translation of the system into a commercial product.
Landfill leachate contributes per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals to municipal wastewater
Widespread disposal of landfill leachate to municipal sewer in the US calls for improved understanding of the relative organic-chemical contributions to the WWTP waste stream and associated surface-water discharge to receptors in the environment.
Impact of transformation, photodegradation and interaction with glutaraldehyde on the acute toxicity of the biocide DBNPA in cooling tower water
The reuse of cooling tower water (CTW) can substantially lower the freshwater footprint of cooling towers.
Modelling the clogging of a field filtration system used for stormwater harvesting
A model was developed to simulate the clogging of a field-scale stormwater harvesting system with high flow filters over 2.5-year.
Reactions of pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrazole with ozone: kinetics and mechanisms
Kinetics and transformation products for the reactions of ozone with pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrazole were determined. For the imidazole–ozone reaction, all possible transformation products were identified, completing the mass balance.
Selective removal of natural organic matter during drinking water production changes the composition of disinfection by-products
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are potentially toxic compounds formed upon chemical disinfection of drinking water. This study evaluate how treatment approaches affect DBP formation and composition.
Field testing of low-cost titania-based photocatalysts for enhanced solar disinfection (SODIS) in rural India
We report the efficacy of titania-based photocatalysts for use as a simple and effective method of disinfecting drinking water in villages in West Bengal, demonstrating the viability of this technique to enhance solar disinfection in rural areas.
Transport mechanisms of water molecules and ions in sub-nano channels of nanostructured water treatment liquid-crystalline membranes: a molecular dynamics simulation study
Transport mechanisms of water molecules and ions in the liquid crystalline (LC) membranes with sub-nano channels formed by self-organization of thermotropic ionic LC compounds were elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations.
Mechanical degradation of polyacrylamide at ultra high deformation rates during hydraulic fracturing
Degradation of drag reducer polyacrylamide under high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) conditions alters its polymer size, distribution and chemical composition, potentially affecting the toxicity and treatability of the resulting wastewater.
DNAzyme-based biosensor as a rapid and accurate verification tool to complement simultaneous enzyme-based media for E. coli detection
DNAzyme-based biosensor can complement enzyme-based media to identify E. coli rapidly.
Temperature-dependent mechanisms of DOM removal by biological activated carbon filters
Physical and chemical adsorption by aged biological active carbon (BAC) filters were observed for some organic matter fractions, and may represent important removal mechanisms during periods of low microbial activity.
Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from tap water using heterogeneously catalyzed ozonation
Heterogeneously catalyzed ozonation is successful in removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water, while persulfate can aid the treatment process.
Layer-by-layer membrane modification allows scandium recovery by nanofiltration
Layer-by-layer membrane modification yields acid resistant membranes for selective scandium recovery from wastes.
Assessing the sustainability of on-site sanitation systems using multi-criteria analysis
Integrated approach to assess the sustainability of on-site sanitation systems.
Oxidation of ammonium by Feammox Acidimicrobiaceae sp. A6 in anaerobic microbial electrolysis cells
Schematic of a biotic MEC with Feammox bacterium Acidimicrobiaceae sp. A6 culture. NH4+ is oxidized to NO2− at the anode and H+ is reduced to form H2 at the cathode.
Monitoring the integrity of reverse osmosis membranes using novel indigenous freshwater viruses and bacteriophages
Naturally present indigenous fresh water viruses are able to accurately monitor virus rejection of intact and damaged RO membranes, with high sensitivity and similar performance as spiked bacteriophage MS2.
Step-by-step analysis of drinking water treatment trains using size-exclusion chromatography to fingerprint and track protein-like and humic/fulvic-like fractions of dissolved organic matter
The removal of UV absorbing and fluorescent DOM fractions of tyrosine-, tryptophan-, and fulvic/humic-like compounds at different steps of drinking water treatment was systematically evaluated using size-exclusion chromatography.
Evaluation of the novel substrate RUG™ for the detection of Escherichia coli in water from temperate (Zurich, Switzerland) and tropical (Bushenyi, Uganda) field sites
The assessment of a novel enzyme-based assay showed it to be reliable to detect and quantify E. coli in water.
Long-term performance evaluation of an anoxic sulfur oxidizing moving bed biofilm reactor under nitrate limited conditions
An anoxic sulfur-oxidizing moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) treating sulfur and nitrate-contaminated synthetic wastewater was monitored for 306 days under feed nitrogen-to-sulfur (N/S) molar ratios of 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1.
On the electrical operation of batch electrodialysis for reduced energy consumption
Batch electrodialysis (ED) may be used for the desalination of brackish water and seawater and for the concentration of high-salinity brine. Better system operation can significantly decrease energy consumption and cost, especially for seawater desalination.
Waterworks-specific composition of drinking water disinfection by-products
Non-target analysis of potentially toxic disinfection by-products at four waterworks in Sweden.
Rejection of micron-sized particles using beech wood xylem
Investigating the removal efficiency of wood tissue in a dead-end filtration of micron-sized surrogates by determining the log removal values as well as the permeability of the material to water.
Identification of the causes of drinking water discolouration from machine learning analysis of historical datasets
Understanding the processes and interactions occurring within complex, ageing drinking water distribution systems is vital to ensuring the supply of safe drinking water.
A framework to analyze sulfate versus chloride selectivity in nanofiltration
Interspecies selectivity between NaCl and Na2SO4 in nanofiltration is explained by a simple, intuitive analytical framework.
COMBI, continuous ozonation merged with biofiltration to study oxidative and microbial transformation of trace organic contaminants
Investigating the biodegradation of ozonation products of trace organic contaminants is important to further elucidate their fate and to assess the efficiency of advanced water treatment processes.
An assessment of the dietary bioavailability of silver nanomaterials in rainbow trout using an ex vivo gut sac technique
The uptake of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) by the gut of fishes is poorly understood.
Overcoming ammonia inhibition in anaerobic blackwater treatment with granular activated carbon: the role of electroactive microorganisms
Methanogenesis and enrichment of microorganisms capable of interspecies electron and/or hydrogen exchange was investigated with addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) to batch anaerobic digesters treating vacuum collected blackwater with high ammonia concentration.
Assessing the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor contaminants in source waters and water reuse systems
It is of ongoing interest to evaluate real-time instruments for monitoring water contaminants for source water control and water reuse system performance applications.
About this collection
Please see below for recent Open Access papers published in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology.


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Game Of The Generation is clearly:
That game is garbage. Enjoy your horrible dark and edgy poop. Wow how hardcore, a fantasy game with dwarves and goblins and knights and dragons. I'll be over here playing a game with actual substance thanks
AXKSION posted...Dark Souls.
I don't really remember there being dwarves in dark souls.
I'm a gamer dang it, not a pc gamer or a console gamer, just a gamer.
Chunx907 posted...AXKSION posted...Dark Souls.
there arent any
rtyffa776 asdf tfch776 bhjby uihjk776 swdfe776 kjhy vbfg evbisymru776 dswer gyoeymun776
Someone didn't make it past the tutorial in dark souls.
Everything unrelated to elephants is irrelephant
PSN - Ohgood
Dwarves? - WHERE?????!
I think you are confusing Lord of the Rings.
If you are thinking this is standard WRPG elements, you couldn't be more wrong, since none of the enemies are cliche. All have very creative designs. Except for maybe
GOTG clearly goes to Uncharted 2: Among Thieves.
AMD Phenom II X2 565 Dual Core 3.4 BE | Corsair Vengeance 8GB | Biostar Radeon HD5770 1GB | Msi 760GM-P23(FX) AM3+| Antec 300 Mini-T | XFX PRO650W CE | 500GB |
sin & punishment: SS
"You're not a player until you've gamed a girl with a Wii. Or Kingdom Hearts." - Ray
(>-'.'-)> Kirby rules you.
I would have to agree with you on this one. Music was top notch, Character was also amazing.
I would have said Mass Effect series, but that ending ruined the whole experience to the point of unplayable.
RDR and Skyrim are probably going to be the most fondly remembered games of this gen. Maybe Uncharted 2 and the ME Trilogy too.
"When you play the Game of Thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground."
please tell me of another game with such superb perfect gameplay WITH dragons..
I would, but there's no such game to my knowledge. Dragons are almost entirely limited to RPGs and those games have horrendous gameplay.
My first born, Jackson was born on Friday, May 11, 2012.
'I just wanted to be the best Pokemon Master I could be." - Michael Vick