Received Date: July 09, 2012; Accepted Date: July 13 10, 2012; Published Date: July 16, 2012
Citation: Powers LS, Ellis WR, Lloyd CR (2012) Real-time In-situ Detection of Microbes. J Biosens Bioelectron S11:001. doi: 10.4172/2155-6210.S11-001
Copyright: © 2012 Powers LS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Currently, no methods exist for the real-time detection and quantification of microbes in the environment or for the detection and identification of pathogenic organisms in clinical specimens. We have developed technologies which overcome these limitations and provide detection limits as low as a ten microbial cells per cm2 on abiotic surfaces, and per mL in fluids. The detection and quantification of microbes [total microbial load] is based on the intrinsic fluorescence of microbial metabolites and protein cofactors, and provides an estimate of the total microbial load as well as the relative distribution of live cells, dead cells, and endospores. Unlike existing methods, no additional reagents or sample contact is needed. This technology has been applied to the in-situ measurements of two sub-glacial microbial communities at sites in the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, and to the efficacy of disinfection of contact lenses. In the rapid spread of a life-threatening infection, early diagnosis is of great importance. In such situations, pathogen counts will be very low, which also presents a significant challenge to diagnostic methods. We have developed a point of care disposable diagnostic based on the en masse capture of blood-borne microbes from 1 mL of fresh whole blood with surface-tethered, small molecule ligands. Quantification is based on the intrinsic fluorescence of captured cells.
Microbe detection; Fluorescence, In-situ measurements; Point-of care diagnostics
Em: Fluorescence Emission; Ex: Fluorescence Excitation; LED: Light Emitting Diode; RPN: Reduced Pyridine Nucleotides
There is considerable interest in the real-time assessment of the microbial load in a sample. Outbreaks of food-and waterborne disease highlight the need for robust instrumentation that does not suffer from the need for prior outgrowth of target microbial cells. Any method that relies on cellular outgrowth prior to physico-chemical interrogation potentially suffers from differential growth kinetics of various cells in the original sample. In particular, the viable-but-notculturable phenomenon  constitutes a serious drawback for many current technologies used to assess bacterial loads in complex sample matrices that contain heterogeneous populations of cells where they no longer grow out on standard growth media. In addition, any outgrowth step necessarily increases the total sample analysis time, which can be critical in a variety of situations, e.g., diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, sterilization of medical implements, or the shipment of freshly packed produce to retail markets.
At present, the determination  of total bacterial load is qualitative and largely relegated to the laboratory, with the main alternatives including direct microscopic examination of concentrated suspensions (> 107 cells/ml), PCR amplification of a range of genes, simple enzyme-based assays , and fluorescence measurements using DNAintercalating dyes (e.g., epifluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry). A cell-counting method that is broadly applicable to microbes, and applicable to a variety of sampling problems (thin films of aqueous cell suspensions, ice, soil, rock, food surfaces, medical implements, etc.), would be highly useful in guiding physical sampling efforts, decontamination protocols, forensic investigations, and medical assays where the real-time determination of total bacterial loads is needed.
A variety of optical techniques have been applied to the detection and quantification of microbes, particularly involving scattering or spectroscopy. Simple light scattering (culture turbidity) in the visible region is the classical method for the determination of the concentration of cells in liquid suspension. Advances in instrumentation and data processing have enabled IR and Raman measurements on microbial cells [4-6], and commercial instruments (e.g., River Diagnostics and Brucker) are available for specific microbial identification based upon the comparison of ‘fingerprint’ regions in spectra with reference spectra in a database. However, prior outgrowth on manufacturer-specified media is required. Current commercial instruments, including fieldportable ones (e.g., Ocean Optics systems), are suitable for obtaining spectra of millimeter-sized colonies of cells that are visible to the eye, but not low numbers of cells. The addition of a microscope to the optical path of an instrument (as in a Raman microspectrometer) solves this problem, but renders the equipment more expensive and the high intensity excitation can photobleach the sample.
Fluorescence methods provide the most sensitive optical detection of biomolecules. High fluorescence sensitivity, coupled with a shortcollection- time requirement and the ability to monitor large areas/ volumes continuously are very attractive for the in-situ investigation of microbes in the environment. We developed a multiwavelength fluorescence instrument to distinguish live cells, dead cells, and endospores, based on the intrinsic fluorescence of a number of metabolites and protein cofactors [7-13]. Importantly, our approach does not rely on 260-280 nm excitation because this excites aromatic amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines; these are ubiquitous in real-world samples. More than fifty years ago, it was noted that the fluorescence due to NAD[P]H decays upon cell death as the oxidized forms (NAD[P]+) accumulate [14,15]. Reduced pyridine nucleotide (RPN) fluorescence occurs at Ex 365 nm/Em 440 nm, with small contributions from other fluorophores. Bacterial sporulation is accompanied by the production of a distinctive, fluorescent calcium dipicolinate complex that is densely packed in the endospores ; this fluorescence (Ex 635 nm/Em 770 nm) disappears as the compound is expelled when the spores germinate. Nonviable cells, those not respiring but maintaining some level of cellular integrity, exhibit fluorescence (Ex 590 nm/Em 675 nm) from flavins, cytochromes and apo forms of porphyrins. We report an intrinsic bacterial fluorescence detector that contains notable improvements (particularly field portability and improved detection limit) over our earlier instruments . This methodology was specifically tailored for the determination of total cell counts, apportioned among live cells, dead cells, and endospores, in colonies in situ (i.e., without sample contact or the use of added reagents such as fluorescent dyes). Applications to several practical problems are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the instrument.
Over the past several years, we have developed a method and handheld prototype devices for the detection of microbial life on surfaces (e.g. foods, glass, plastics, cloth, stainless steel, etc.), in water/liquids [7,17-19]. This technology has been shown to have a sensitivity of 10-20 cells/cm2 [cm3] in these conditions. These prototypes employ multiple intrinsic fluorescence markers and are based upon a patented multiwavelength intrinsic fluorescence methodology . The method detects microbes using intrinsic fluorescence with signals from more than one emission wavelength arising from excitation with one or more wavelengths. This fluorescence is directly proportional to the concentration of the metabolite, e.g., RPN, or, equivalently, the number of ‘live’ (metabolizing) cells. Figure 1 shows the kinetics of fluorescent spore core components and cell metabolites with spore germination. Taken together, these can be used to distinguish viable cells from dead cells from spores .
To distinguish the presence of microbes from environmental interferences, we use adaptive algorithms  that are trained using data sets taken under standardized test conditions consisting of a variety of microbial environments and conditions for each optical instrument and sample presentation configuration. In particular, the Neyman-Pearson test receiver-operating characteristic  gives a probability of false alarm of 10-4 for a probability of detection of 0.998. It is important to note that viable cells, dead cells, spores, and media can be distinguished by these methods [10,11,17]. Since we are measuring several fluorescence signatures whose ratios must fall within narrow physiological bounds, interference at any one of them can easily be detected. In particular, we note that other microbial components also fluoresce: bacteriochlorophylls, phycocyanins and phycoerythrins, siderophores such as pyoverdins and deferrioxamines, and some B-vitamins .
The capture and concentration of microbial (bacterial, viral, fungal) pathogens and proteinaceous toxins from fluids occurs via molecular recognition: specific binding between the target and surface-tethered custom ligands [23,24] (Figure 2a). In brief, a peptide, polysaccharide, or other small biomolecule that is specific for the target pathogen is covalently tethered by an organic linker to a substrate surface. Concentration of the pathogen from fluids is a result of the capture of the microorganism by the surface-tethered ligand through a kinetically rapid interaction; captured pathogens are retained on the surface for possible reaction with other diagnostic reagents or subsequent detection with intrinsic fluorescence as described above.
The technological innovation and benefits of this methodology are shown in Figure 2. They include: 1) faster binding kinetics which reduce assay times (tethered ligands bind as much analyte in one minute as many antibodies bind from identical solutions in ca. 30 minutes, Figure 2b); 2) improved retention of captured analyte during washing steps allows tethered-ligand surfaces to be used to concentrate analyte from solution (resulting in lower detection limits for assays, Figure 2c); 3) lowered assay reagent costs; 4) small ligands have been shown to capture target analytes from complex solutions (including mud); 5) improved stability and less sensitive storage conditions (small molecule ligand surfaces have been shown to retain activity after storage for one year at room temperature); and 6) increased binding capacity (ca. 10,000 tethered peptide ligands can occupy the same area or ‘footprint’ occupied by one antibody molecule adsorbed or chemically bound to a surface) on an optimally conjugated surface.
We have shown  that an oligopeptide ligand, tethered to a glass chip, can be used to capture Staphylococcus aureus cells from aqueous solutions for mass spectrometric detection (detection limit <3 cfu/mL, equivalent to what was observed using a monoclonal antibody for cell capture). We have used (see below) this same tethered ligand to capture S. aureus cells from whole blood, with intrinsic fluorescence as the basis of S. aureus detection.
Descriptions of this fluorescence instrument and its application to the determination of total microbial load are given in References [7,12]; hence, only a brief description is given here. Figure 3 shows a detection instrument for surfaces that was used in the studies described below. Excitation of the desired fluorescence which contains contributions from live cells, dead cells, and spores is provided by three interferencefiltered LED sources (~10 nm FWHM). Assuming equal amounts of the three components (live cells/dead cells/spores), Table 1 shows these contributions to each excitation/emission pair we used, [7,12]. These light sources are amplitude-modulated at different frequencies . All three fluorescence emissions can be observed simultaneously with a single photomultiplier detector and the individual fluorescence contributions separated by Fourier transformation, since the resultant fluorescence also has the same amplitude modulation as its excitation. This approach significantly narrows the noise bandwidth, which dramatically enhances the signal-to-noise ratio. Together with the use of a custom filter to reject excitation photons, this makes the instrument useful in detecting microbial populations that vary by up to nine orders of magnitude (limited by quenching when the cell density is too large). The total microbial load (and also the relative amounts of live cells, dead cells, and spores) is determined based on calibrations of the instrument with a variety of microbes (Table 1).
|365 nm/440 nm||0.7 [live cells] + 0.15 [dead cells] + 0.15 [endospores]|
|590 nm/675 nm||0.5 [live cells] + 0.5 [dead cells]|
|635 nm/770 nm||0.5 [dead cells] + 0.5 [endospores]|
Table 1: Source of Contributions to Each Fluorescence Channel.
The multiwavelength fluorescence instrument was calibrated using laboratory-prepared samples of Bacillus thuringiensis and Escherichia coli (reference strains available from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) containing known amounts of live cells, dead cells, and spores before field use. Although the instrument had been calibrated to compare data collected in the field with those collected in the laboratory, optically clear plastic-laminated samples of B. thuringiensis spores were also used to verify the instrument calibration immediately before and after measurements in the field. We also collected samples in the field, isolated pure bacterial strains by standard methods and used a mixture of these field-derived cells for further instrument calibration.
We have previously [17,18] used similar instruments and methods noted above to address issues involving microbial contamination (surface, water, air), as well as point-of-care diagnostics. Here we will discuss applications to life in extreme environments, disinfection of contact lenses, and the development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the detection of pathogens at ID50 levels in small amounts of fresh whole blood.
Life in extreme environments
Currently, there are no methods to determine the total microbial load on an abiotic substrate (e.g., rock) in real-time. This capability could allow in-situ microbial assessments in the field without the need for added reagents or physical contact with the microbial cells, and greatly enhance sampling efforts. We have used a hand-held, fluorescence detection device (Figure 3) for in-situ studies and demonstrated its applicability to sub-glacial microbial communities at sites in Palander, Svalbard, Norway, during AMASE 2008 (Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition) . Such extreme environments may provide models for viable habitats for life elsewhere in the universe.
While the fluorescence contributions of live cells, dead cells, and endospores to each of the emission channels (Table 1) were determined by calibration of two reference strains in the laboratory as described above, these were calibrated again after the expedition using Svalbardcollected bacteria and the same rocks (after cleaving to expose fresh surfaces) that were investigated in-situ. This calibration was in good agreement with the prior one. For each site, measurements of the ice/snow surface were taken about every 1 cm using a small sterile shovel to remove the top layer until a rocky bottom was reached. No physical contact by the instrument was made with the section being measured. Site 1 was at the base of the ice cap and consisted of a gully, approximately 10 cm of granular snow, and approximately 3.5 cm base ice on top of a rocky bottom while site 2 was near the top of the ice cap and had approximately 15 cm of granular snow, and approximately 32 cm base ice before the rocky bottom. Figure 4 shows a picture of site 2. Rocks from the bottom of both sites were collected by aseptic methods and stored in sterile containers for transport to our laboratory.
The Em data collected at both sites had only very small 635nm Ex values, which were within the measurement error. This meant that there were no endospores or non-viable cells detected. Furthermore, the measurements for 590nm and 365nm gave the same value for the live cell density within the error, 2X104 ± 6 X102 live cells/cm2 for site 1 and 7.6 ± 0.08 X106 live cells/cm2 for site 2. A Bacillus sp. was cultured from a rock sample taken from site 2, but no fluorescence characteristic of endospores was detected on the rock. This was also verified by light microscopy of rock scrapings after staining for bacterial endospores. Bacteria isolated from site 2 were strains not capable of sporulating. Our fluorescence detector located thriving colonies of bacteria in a thin film of water at the ice-rock boundary in both sites, but not in the snow and ice above.
Disinfection of contact lenses
The disinfection of contact lenses is essential to lens wearers, but determination of the efficacy of the various available protocols and products is difficult and time-consuming. Classical methods, such as microbial outgrowth, can not only prejudice the growth of specific species, but cannot detect the presence of microbes that are viablebut- nonculturable . We have developed a method and protocol to determine the total microbial load on contact lenses which distinguishes viable and nonviable cells and spores in real-time and to compare various disinfection procedures and products. This is described in detail elsewhere .
Acuvue™ (Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., 7500 Centurion Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32256) contact lenses were chosen for investigation and were measured with the set-up shown in Figure 5 using the intrinsic fluorescence instrument shown in Figure 3. Lenses were measured both before and after incubation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). Lenses were then cleaned and disinfected with AMO Easy Rub™ (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., 1700 East St. Andrew Place, Santa Ana, CA 92705-4933) and Alcon No Rub™ (Alcon, Inc., Bösch 69, CH-6331, Hünenberg Switzerland) according the respective manufacturer’s instructions. As a control, lenses were also rubbed and rinsed with CVS saline for contact lenses. Lenses were then measured for the effectiveness of the procedure. As a control, both disinfected sample lenses and control lenses were placed in media for outgrowth and cells were counted by standard methods.
The background fluorescence of the contact lenses varied widely. P. aeruginosa formed biofilms on the contact lenses that varied in concentration from 106 - 1013 cells/mL and all lenses yielded no colony growth on culturing following cleaning and disinfection. Nevertheless, the intrinsic fluorescence protocol showed that a medically significant amount of bacteria, 105 - 109 cells/mL, on the treated lenses remained viable. Such viable-but-nonculturable cells are not detected by current methods for verification of contact lens decontamination. The cleaning/ disinfection procedures injure the cells to the point at which they cannot grow in microbial media used in standard protocols. However, it is known that such cells can be resuscitated via a variety of means to resume normal growth and virulence traits. Our results point to a need for further refinement of contact lens decontamination protocols.
Detection of pathogens at ID50 levels in whole blood
We have also developed prototype disposable point-of-care diagnostics based on this technology. An example, presented below, is a diagnostic for the capture of Staphylococcus aureus from spiked fresh whole blood. In order to capture only S. aureus cells, we attached the anti-protein A peptide discussed above  to a quartz surface by a long (ca. 50 Å) tether. An experimental set-up is shown in Figure 6. A small amount (eg. 1 mL) of fresh whole blood was allowed to flow over the coated glass surface from a syringe. The limit of detection of S. aureus in whole blood using a very thin ligand-coated quartz cell (0.2 mm) (Figure 7a) is compared with S. aureus cell capture from whole blood onto a peptide-coated quartz glass surface after a rinse step  to remove the blood (Figure 7b). Cell capture and rinsing improves the detection limit by ca. two orders of magnitude. The use of very thin cells should enable the detection of other pathogenic agents at ID50 levels in very small amounts of fresh whole blood.
Figure 7: Comparison of the limit of detection using fluorescence measurements of the reduced pyridine nucleotides of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh whole blood (a) captured in a 0.2 mm thick quartz cell with that achieved on (b) a tethered-ligand quartz surface and rinsed to remove the blood. The dashed line is the uncontaminated fresh whole blood control.
The disinfection of contact lenses portion of this work was supported by Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. (AMO), 1700 East St. Andrew Place, Santa Ana, CA 92705- 4933. The life in extreme environments work was supported by AMASE under the NASA ASTEP program (A. Steele, PI). L Powers was supported in part by The Thomas R Brown Foundation and the University of Arizona. C Lloyd was supported by MicroBioSystems of Utah.
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Phosphatidyl choline PC is an important type of phospholipid and a major structural component of cell membranes, where it provides integrity and structure to the all-important membranes and regulates their fluidity. PC also provides structure to circulating lipoproteins and is essential for lipid transport and metabolism.
The clinical applications of PC center on its role in hepatic detoxification and protection, and through its role in providing choline in the body for lipid metabolism, liver function, homocysteine metabolism, cell signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and methylation reactions.
In the liver, PC is essential for the distribution of fat and cholesterol into extrahepatic tissues. It does this by packaging fat and cholesterol into very low density lipoprotein VLDL particles and secreting them from the liver. Inadequate PC and choline results in impaired VLDL secretion leading to an accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the liver.
This accumulation of lipids triggers a cascade of reactions, including mitochondrial dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species ROSlipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation, apoptosis and finally liver damage and disease. PC can provide liver and detoxification support in a number of ways with human and animal research showing PC to have the following beneficial effects on liver health:. Researchers have also combined PC with silybin, an active constituent of Silybum marianum milk thistle finding the combination to improve liver enzymes, liver histology, and insulin resistance, while also protecting gastric and liver cells from oxidative stress.
In addition to providing structural support and regulating membrane fluidity, PC also acts as a precursor for intracellular messenger molecules that are central to cell signaling and thereby influence cell function. PC provides a source of choline which can be oxidized into betaine, an important metabolite used as a methyl donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
In this study, PC administration was found to alleviate obesity-related complications of a high fat diet such as body weight gain, lipid accumulation and hyperlipidemia — all risk factors for cardiovascular disease — results that can hopefully be replicated in human clinical trials. Choline, provided through PC, is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,[ 1 ] which is involved in muscle control, circadian rhythm, memory, and many other neuronal functions.
Accumulating evidence has found a link between PC levels and cognitive function, with low plasma PC levels highly predictive of cognitive decline and age-related membrane degeneration. Supplemental PC is most commonly derived from soy or sunflower lecithin. PC is synthesized in the body from dietary choline via the CDP-choline pathway or through the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, another phospholipid.
Phosphatidylcholine and Detoxification
Its main benefit in detoxification stems from its critical role as a building block of liver cell membranes, which are highly vulnerable to damage from alcohol, pharmaceutical medications, pollutants, viruses and other toxic influences. PC is highly bioavailable, and through its action as an emulsifier, may enhance the bioavailability of other nutrients that are supplemented alongside it.
PC also appears to be a safe supplement, with very few adverse effects reported in clinical trials, which is particularly important for patients who require safe and effective detoxification and liver support. Higdon J. Viewed 27 Oct EFSA Journal ;9 4 Kidd P, Head K. Altern Med Rev ;10 3 Hepatoprotective effect of phosphatidylcholine against carbon tetrachloride liver damage in mice.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 2 Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial.Ir yo form present tense
Free Radic Biol Med ;52 9 Silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex protects human gastric and liver cells from oxidative stress. In Vivo ;29 5 Gastroenterological Society of Australia. The economic cost and health burden of liver disease in Australia, Viewed 1 Nov Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men.
Am J Clin Nutr ;82 1 Beneficial effects of phosphatidylcholine on high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in mice. Life Sci ; 1 Inferior prefrontal cortex mediates the relationship between phosphatidylcholine and executive functions in healthy, older adults. Front Aging Neurosci ;Phosphatidyl choline PC is an important type of phospholipid and a major structural component of cell membranes, where it provides integrity and structure to the all-important membranes and regulates their fluidity.
PC also provides structure to circulating lipoproteins and is essential for lipid transport and metabolism. The clinical applications of PC centre on its role in hepatic detoxification and protection, and through its role in providing choline in the body for lipid metabolism, liver function, homocysteine metabolism, cell signalling, neurotransmitter synthesis and methylation reactions.330d fuel pump upgrade
In the liver, PC is essential for the distribution of fat and cholesterol into extrahepatic tissues. It does this by packaging fat and cholesterol into very low density lipoprotein VLDL particles and secreting them from the liver. Inadequate PC and choline results in impaired VLDL secretion leading to an accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the liver. This accumulation of lipids triggers a cascade of reactions, including mitochondrial dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species ROSlipid peroxidation, DNA damage, inflammation, apoptosis and finally liver damage and disease.
PC can provide liver and detoxification support in a number of ways with human and animal research showing PC to have the following beneficial effects on liver health:. With over six million Australians affected by liver disease, including the increasingly common NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ,[ 8 ] PC can provide practitioners with an effective addition to complement their current liver and detoxification protocols. In addition to providing structural support and regulating membrane fluidity, PC also acts as a precursor for intracellular messenger molecules that are central to cell signalling and thereby influence cell function.
The beneficial effects of PC on damaged liver tissue are probably due largely to the replacement of cell membrane mass, which occurs when adequate levels of PC are available for incorporation into the cell membranes. An interesting application for PC supplementation may be for the maintenance of cardiovascular health due to its effect on lipid transport and metabolism, and by providing a source of methyl groups for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine.
PC provides a source of choline which can be oxidised into betaine, an important metabolite used as a methyl donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. PC may reduce other cardiovascular risk factors according to a recent animal study. In this study, PC administration was found to alleviate obesity-related complications of a high fat diet such as body weight gain, lipid accumulation and hyperlipidaemia — all risk factors for cardiovascular disease — results that can hopefully be replicated in human clinical trials.
Another important area where PC may prove of value is the nervous system and its effect on cognitive function. Choline, provided through PC, is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,[ 1 ] which is involved in muscle control, circadian rhythm, memory, and many other neuronal functions. Accumulating evidence has found a link between PC levels and cognitive function, with low plasma PC levels highly predictive of cognitive decline and age-related membrane degeneration.
PC may be endogenously produced or obtained through the diet. Supplemental PC is most commonly derived from soy or sunflower lecithin. PC is synthesised in the body from dietary choline via the CDP-choline pathway or through the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, another phospholipid.Dosbox tutorial
The best dietary sources of PC include animal products such as eggs, liver, fish, beef, chicken, and pork, while wheat germ, soy beans, peanuts, peas, broccoli and spinach also provide vegetarian sources. With its ability to repair and protect liver cells, PC is a smart choice for incorporating into a detoxification program.
PC is highly bioavailable, and through its action as an emulsifier, may enhance the bioavailability of other nutrients that are supplemented alongside it. PC also appears to be a safe supplement, with very few adverse effects reported in clinical trials, which is particularly important for patients who require safe and effective detoxification and liver support. A minimum daily dose of mg of PC, easily achieved via supplementation, has been recommended in the literature to improve liver function and enhance its recovery.
The information provided on FX Medicine is for educational and informational purposes only. The information provided on this site is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for professional advice or care. Please seek the advice of a qualified health care professional in the event something you have read here raises questions or concerns regarding your health. Skip to main content. What is phosphatidyl choline? PC can provide liver and detoxification support in a number of ways with human and animal research showing PC to have the following beneficial effects on liver health: reduces hepatic inflammation reduces liver enzymes associated with liver damage protects against chemical toxins and pharmaceutical adverse effects reduces fat accumulation in the liver reduces reactive oxygen species improves hepatic injury and fibrosis improves the structure and function of liver tissue improves parameters of hepatitis B and C.
Including phosphatidyl choline in a detox With its ability to repair and protect liver cells, PC is a smart choice for incorporating into a detoxification program. Viewed 27 Oct Altern Med Rev ;7 2 EFSA Journal ;9 4 Altern Med Rev ;10 3 Hepatoprotective effect of phosphatidylcholine against carbon tetrachloride liver damage in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 2 Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial.Phosphatidylcholine, or PC for short, is an important phospholipid in the body.
A phospholipid simply describes a molecule with a head containing phosphorus and two fatty tails. The membrane acts as a barrier around the exterior, separating and protecting the contents of the cell from the external environment.
It also acts as a gatekeeper making sure that the cell receives the nutrients it needs to thrive, while keeping all the bad stuff, such as toxins, out. Another key function of membranes is communicating messages.
Embedded in the cell membranes are receptors which are activated or blocked by molecules which bind to them.
When a receptor is activated, it begins to carry out a chain of reactions that send a message to the interior of the cell. This message leads to action by the cell, such as making a new protein or enhancing energy production. Mitochondria in our cells and are responsible for the final steps of converting the macronutrients we eat — carbohydrates, fats and protein - into energy in the form of ATP, the common currency of energy our cells use.
This final step of energy production, called oxidative phosphorylation, occurs in the mitochondria between its inner and outer membranes. These two membranes are phospholipid bilayers where a series of reactions carried out by the electron transport chain for the ultimate purpose of making energy for the entire cell.
Surprising Benefits of Phosphatidyl Choline
Hydrogen ions are pumped out generating a positive charge electrical potential between the two membranes. When the hydrogen ion is allowed to re-enter the mitochondria, the energy generated is captured in the form of ATP. To learn more about mitochondria, the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, see my recent article here.
Now, here is the phosphatidylcholine connection: PC is the main component of the cell and mitochondrial membrane structure. Mitochondrial and cell membranes are all made up of the same basic components: phospholipids.
Importantly, the inner and outer membranes need to be intact, but they are constantly being bombarded and damaged by the generation of free radicals like superoxide, an oxygen with an unpaired electron, generated by the energy producing process itself.
This causes more inefficiency, more exhaust and more damage creating a vicious cycle. How does the mitochondria repair and maintain its membrane? Phospholipids, and phosphatidylcholine specifically, are key. Phospolipids are unique molecules.
When they are exposed to an aqueous environment like the extracellular space outside of the cellphospholipids immediately coalesce into a sphere much like an oil and vinegar mixture, but at a microscopic level. Other phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine PEphosphatidylserine PSand phosphatidylinositol PI join forces with PC to support and complete the cell and mitochondrial membranes, offering strength, support and fluidity.
This seemingly simple science is fascinating to me, especially as a functional medicine doctor, interested in the delivery of nutrients to the cells that need them. A liposome is an obvious choice for superior absorbability and bioavailability of supplemental nutrients because a liposome mimics the cell membrane structure and is easily recognized by the body.Intermittent fasting and uti
Let me explain a little more. The contents trapped in the interior of the liposome — such as glutathionevitamin Cvitamin B Complexminerals or phytonutrients like curcumin - are protected from the external environment.
As the liposomes pass through the digestive tract, the contents are protected against destruction by stomach acid and digestive enzymes.
Source 12. Liposomes containing vitamin CglutathioneB vitamins and curcumin increase the absorption poorly absorbed molecules. Source 23 The liposomes themselves are also very nutritious, delivering PC complex as the building blocks for restoring and repair cell and mitochondrial membranes and choline to support brain health, methylation and cellular function. Phosphatidylcholine PC is the main source of choline in our bodies. While not exactly a vitamin, per se, choline is an essential nutrient.
The human body can produce choline from scratch in small amounts, but it is unable to make enough to supply the body with all the choline it needs to function properly.Phospholipids have a common biochemical structure: a glycerol backbone the same stuff used to make soap with two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and one extra molecule attached in this case choline. Every cell in your body has a membrane, and these membranes are responsible for letting in nutrients and oxygen, receiving signals from the rest of the body via receptors, and purging metabolic waste products.
But your cell membranes are made from whatever fats are available for your body to use. This is because choline is the building block for acetylcholine, the main neurotransmitter associated with memory formation. It involves adding a methyl group -CH 3 to various kinds of hormones, neurotransmitters, or toxins to render them water soluble.
So do phenols like salicylic acid—aspirin, cannabinoids, estradiol, and BPA and quite a few other chemicals. Therefore, if the methylation cycle is compromised if you have MTHFR mutationshigh homocysteine or methylmalonic acidconsider not just B12 methylcobalamin and folate 5-MTHFbut consider testing choline levels as well.
It is also possible to find sunflower-derived phosphatidylcholine also called lecithin. Doses for cellular healing can go all the way up to 9 grams! Phosphatidylcholine and Detoxification.
Previous Next. View Larger Image. But this amazing phospholipid does so much more than that. How Do You Consume Phosphatidylcholine? By Dr. About the Author: Dr. Lauren Deville is board-certified to practice medicine in the State of Arizona. She also writes fiction under a pen name in her spare time. Visit her author website at www. Related Posts. February 12th, February 5th, Lacking a diet high in liver patee, kidney, and other organ meats, most modern westerners do not consume adequate quantities of choline.
This vital nutrient is the precursor for acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter responsible for things like learning, memory, and a host of others. One common source of choline is through a phospholipid molecule called phosphatidylcholine.
As the name suggests, this is a phospholipid fatty acid group attached to a choline molecule and the combination is found throughout the body, but often supplemented with soy lecithin. There are a range of purported phosphatidylcholine benefits, though they are primarily known for adding choline within the brain for acetylcholine production, which is a contested claim .
The benefits of phosphatidylcholine are primarily related to choline itself. Our ancestors used to eat large amounts of meat and specifically organ meats such as liver, kidney, lungs etc.
The current animal protein is primarily from muscle tissue, which has little of the choline we used to consume. By using any kind of choline source, there are some benefits especially in those who are deficient. This is one of the reasons why regulatory agencies have recommended daily intakes for humans.10 FOODS FOR DETOX \u0026 liver support
The evidence on phosphatidylcholine especially for cognition and general health is relatively scarce. In fact, as we will discuss in the next section, there may be side effects associated with phosphatidylcholine in the long-term that are unhealthy. There are a few main side effects of phosphatidylcholine or choline as a whole. According to a systematic review in the journal of Nutrition Reviews suggested that throughout all the research there is scant evidence to suggest any cognitive benefits.
In fact, there are potential risks that must be further explored . Other studies have shown that the side effects of phosphatidylcholine include increased triglycerides, but again the evidence is not highly available or convincing .
It is possible to buy phosphatidylcholine supplements online, but we would not recommend doing so. Even if you buy phosphatidylcholine, the benefits are not well-studied, and it is not a great source of choline either way.
We would actually recommend against it. Instead, if you are searching for a source of choline, we would recommended CDP choline or this alpha GPC, which are both higher quality choline sources that can help you to improve cognition with actual scientific evidence. Nootropedia is meant to be a resource for individuals researching drugs and supplements that are good for brain health, otherwise known as nootropics, and thus we are the Nootropics Encyclopedia. Because of our in-depth coverage of this topic, our community has requested that we cover other brain health topics and "lifehacks" so that has become the focus of Nootropedia.
Subscribe to get Updates. Phosphatidylcholine July 4, This post may contain affiliate links. Quick Navigation. Share Tweet Pin Share. Nootropedia Nootropedia is meant to be a resource for individuals researching drugs and supplements that are good for brain health, otherwise known as nootropics, and thus we are the Nootropics Encyclopedia. Related Posts.
Cognitive Enhancers. Adrafinil July 28, Peppermint Essential Oil June 27, Oxiracetam July 8, Does Black Coffee Break a Fast?Milk thistle, a member of the Asteraceae family of plants from which daisies and sunflowers belong to, has been used for over 2, years to treat gallbladder and liver problems.
It is the number-one herb a weed, actually used to detoxify the body, in particular a liver detox. The liver provides an incredibly important function in the human body. As the second-largest organ in the body, the liver is in many ways a workhorse because it performs many functions involving digestion, the immune system, the metabolic system, and how nutrients are stored in the body.
When fatty, rich foods or alcohol are consumed, the liver has to work harder than normal to filter the toxins. After decades of compensating for poor nutritional habits, chemicals in our food, and heavy metals in our main sources of water, the liver can become tired and over-exerted, and needs a good cleansing and detoxification to get it back to where it can operate at optimal levels.
A milk thistle liver detox is an ideal way to cleanse the liver.Dafont cursive font with heart
A milk thistle liver detox is quite simple to do and can be done without the help of a naturopathic doctor or health professional. The herb has been shown to be very safe when taken internally, and studies have reported no side effects when taken in large doses over a long period of time. A study published in the journal Molecular Carcinogenesis revealed that milk thistle could actually help the body detox from the effects of radiation.
This is a concern to some people, because radiation waves are found in cell phones, microwaves, and other common items, though study results on the matter are inconsistent and more research is needed.
A milk thistle liver flush will help get it back on track and remove the toxic buildup. Milk thistle liver detox dosages vary from person to person depending on weight and overall health, so the following numbers are meant as guidelines and can be adjusted. The most common amount administered for a milk thistle liver cleanse is anywhere from mg to mg, taken two to three times a day.
When shopping for milk thistle, look for a high content of silymarin the name of the group of plant compounds found in the plant. Some milk thistle formulations are combined with phosphatidylcholine complex; you can take a lower dose of these to mg, once or twice a day because the complex makes the milk thistle easier to absorb. A milk thistle liver detox is an important step in maintaining a properly functioning liver.
Over the years the liver gets bogged down by heavy metals, fatty foods, alcohol and chemicals, and becomes sluggish.Escocia busca habitantes 2020
Get it back in working order so it can function at optimal levels by detoxing your liver with a milk thistle flush. Some people might experience loose bowels for the first few days, but this will eventually pass. After the liver cleanse has been done, you can continue taking milk thistle, at lower levels, as a nutritional supplement every day to keep the liver healthy going forward. Narayanapillai, S. Disclaimer: The information contained herein is for information purposes only and is not to be construed as a diagnosis, treatment, preventive, or cure for any disease, disorder, or abnormal physical state, nor should it be considered a substitute for medical care from your doctor.
On any matter relating to your health or well-being—and prior to undertaking any health-related activity—consult an appropriate health professional. The opinions herein are exactly that, they are the opinions of the author. Doctors Health Press and its employees are not responsible for medically unsupervised activities that could be harmful to your health.Using statistical, experimental, and ethnographic methods Barbershops, Bibles, and B.
T offers a new perspective on the way public opinion and ideologies are formed at the grassroots level. The book makes an important contribution to our understanding of black politics by shifting the focus from the influence of national elites in opinion formation to the influence of local elites and people in daily interaction with each other.
Arguing that African Americans use community dialogue to jointly develop understandings of their collective political interests, Harris-Lacewell identifies four political ideologies that constitute the framework of contemporary black political thought: Black Nationalism, Black Feminism, Black Conservatism and Liberal Integrationism.
These ideologies, the book posits, help African Americans to understand persistent social and economic inequality, to identify the significance of race in that inequality, and to devise strategies for overcoming it. And listen this author has--to black college students talking about the Million Man March and welfare, to Southern, black Baptists discussing. If you want to stake above this, please contact us on 08000 565 265 from the UK or 1800 721 821 from Ireland.
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domain: chemistry


Suzy và Lee Dong-wook are some of the most popular Korean actors out there in the Korean entertainment industry. Their popularity and fan base are not only limited to lớn South Korea, they are known for their incredible acting talent worldwide. Lee Dong-wook gave us his current dose of incredible acting skills with the amazing male gumiho act as Lee Yeon in the drama titled “Nine-tailed”. While Suzy proved again her amazing acting skills with her role as an entrepreneur named Seo Dal-min in the Korean drama titled “Start-Up”. Both of them left the audience and truyền thông stunned with their fantastic roleplay & performance.
Bạn đang xem: Actors bae suzy and lee dong
They are again in headlines và gossips. But this time the reason is not their hard-working skills or amazing performance. They have stolen the limelight with their dating rumors floating around. A TV Report revealed that the pair are dating though they were only colleagues at first. Though, things took a different turn when their relationship became something more than just a business relationship.
Suzy và Lee Dong-wook are the talks all over social media. We are here khổng lồ tell you about the same & to find out the truth hidden beneath the layers of these rumors.
Suzy and Lee Dong-wook: Are they dating?
With all the rumors going around, Suzy và Lee Dong-wook came forward lớn confirm those dating assumptions floating around. Their relationship became official on 9th March 2018. Though, due lớn the media pressure & all the pictures bugging around the internet, their agencies rushed khổng lồ make things official.
And, due khổng lồ this rushed behavior of them, their relationship broke apart just after four months. The two South Korean actors ended their relationship as confirmed by their agencies.
The news came out on 2nd July when JYP Entertainment under which Suzy operates released a statement that, “It’s true (Suzy) has uneven her relationship with Lee Dong-wook. Because their schedules are tight, it’s difficult for them to fulfill, & naturally, they finally separated.”
The internet was on fire after the revelation and the statement by Lee Dong-wook’s agency, King Kong by Starship only added more fuel to lớn it. They stated, “Lee Dong-wook & Suzy have separated. The 2 decided to lớn separate up thanks khổng lồ their increasingly tight schedule.”
I have just recently joined the OtakuGang. I"m quite excited to cốt truyện my experience in content writing with the viewers here. Look forward to lớn my gossip news.


Cena itel p33 plus
Jul 25, 2019 · The Itel p33 plus is also built on a plastic body in its variants of colors blue, black and gold, just like its successor. It features a 6.0 inches FW+IPS LCD panel with a screen resolution of 960 x 480 pixels and 18 points 9 aspect ratio. At the top of the display a selfie camera, LED flash, proximity sensor and a speaker grill is placed there.
HSDPA: 850 1900 HSPA+. Dimensions (H/L/W): 158.7 x 74.0 x 9.3, vol. 109.2. Display: LCD IPS Color (16M) 720x1440px (6.0") 268ppi Touch screen: Weight: 133.0.
S13 13MP Clear Selfie. P33 Plus My Power My Hero. 5000mAh X AI Power Master. 5000mAh Powerful Battery Supported by AI Power Master. P33 Plus has a 5000mAh battery which gives users 100 hours normal usage, and it can effectively avoid the problem of Itel P33 Plus Price in Philippines and Full Specifications. Itel P33 Plus is recently launched by Itel. Itel P33 Plus release on May, 2019 Coming soon.
Itel P33 Plus Price in Zambia and Full Specifications. Itel P33 Plus is recently launched by Itel. Itel P33 Plus release on May, 2019 Coming soon. Exp. release May, 2019 . It comes with a IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors , 6.0 inches, 95.8 cm2 (~81.5% screen-to-body ratio) display, Android 8.1 (Go Edition) , 16 GB Storage & 1 GB Ram, 1.3GHz Cortex A7 Quad-Core . Primary camera 8 MP
Nếu bạn đang đau đầu với việc pin chiếc smartphone của mình đang dùng hết quá nhanh thì chiếc điện thoại Itel sẽ mang tới một trải Buy iTel P33 Plus smartphone at the best price online from Phones & Tablets Nairobi Kenya. Display. iTel P33 Plus has a 6.0" inch IPS display.
Jun 06, 2019 · The Itel P33 Plus is equipped with 6 level security which is: PIN, Password, Fingerprint, Pattern, Swipe, and Face ID. This is the first-ever Itel device here in Nigeria that supports Face ID. Itel also calls it Biology ID. The Face ID works so well in day time but sometimes malfunction at night.
iTel P33. iTel P33 Key Specs / Features (Specification Highlight) Network: 3G – Yes, 3G – Yes , 4G – No; Operating System: Android 8.1, Oreo (GO Edition) The iTel P33 Plus is the higher variant of the recently announced iTel P33 mobile phones. So in what areas is the P33 Plus actually higher than the. Apr 29, 2019 Find out what comes alongside in the box with the Itel p33, it's specifications, features and The Itel P33 is the successor to the Itel P32 Android device. itel P36 Pro Review (LTE): Vision 1 Plus - Budget Sma P33 Plus. My Power My Hero. 5000mAh X AI Power Master 6 products Itel P33 Plus Specs: 6 inches screen, dual camera, 1GB Ram, 16GB Rom, 1.3 Ghz, Android 8.1.
Exp. release May, 2019 . It comes with a IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors , 6.0 inches, 95.8 cm2 (~81.5% screen-to-body ratio) display, Android 8.1 (Go Edition) , 16 GB Storage & 1 GB Ram, 1.3GHz Cortex A7 Quad-Core . Primary camera 8 MP Learn about itel products, view online manuals, get the latest downloads and more.
On the screen, the iTel P33 has a display screen size of 5.5-inch IPS LCD display in an 18:9 aspect ratio, while the iTel P33 Plus has a bigger screen size of 6.0-inch IPS LCD display with an 18:9 aspect ratio. Itel P33 Plus: Launched: March 019: Dimensions: 158.7 x 74 x 9.3 mm: Screen Resolution: 720 x 1440 pixels, 18:9 ratio: Display Size: 6.0 inches, 68.9 cm2: Display Type: IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors: Operating System: Android 8.1 (Oreo, Go Edition) Chipset: UniSoC Spreadtrum SC7731E: CPU Speed: Quad-core 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 (32nm iTel P33 & P33 Plus Plus Reviews Design and Display. The itel p33 is designed with a plastic materials which makes it have a cool design. The itel p33 features a fingerprint sensor on its back alongside the rear camera coupled with LED flashlight. The Itel P33 Plus is an entry-level device and its powered with Spreadtrum SC7731E quad-core, with Mali-T820 GPU paired with 1GB of RAM with a good RAM management technology via the special Android 8.1 Oreo Go Edition which is well optimized and also helps to saves your data.
Black. Gold colors, Face Unlock . The Itel P33 Plus features Face unlock, AI power master and dual (8.0 MP as main) rear cameras. Comes in … 09.05.2019 01.07.2020 Itel P33 Plus was launched in 28 March 2019. It comes with 16GB memory, 1GB RAM, Dual SIM, 6.0 inches display with resolution 720 x 1440 pixels and IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors. Itel P33 Plus comes with delicious Aqua Blue, Champagne Gold, Deep Grey colors, powerful battery, Non-removable Li-Po 5000 mAh battery with Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot, bluetooth 4.2 Cảm giác của mình khi trên tay itel P33 và P33 Plus không điểm nào gọi là quá đặc sắc hay khác biệt.
This video is a tutorial on How To Repair IMEI On Itel P33 Plus W6001.Follow the video carefully.Please Note: All described operations you are doing at your Itel P33 Plus 1GB/16GB. Order Itel P33 Plus 1GB/16GB online with fast delivery across Kenya and in-store pickup in Nairobi. Upcoming Feb 2021 The Itel P33 Plus comes with an AI Camera that have Auto Focus and portrait mode for taking photos with blur background effect. On the Itel P33 Plus is a dual 8MP rear camera with LED flash. There is also an 8MP front-facing camera that comes with flashlight.
DualSIM: SIM card size: Micro Sim GSM: 850 900 1800 1900. HSDPA: 850 1900 HSPA+. Dimensions (H/L/W): 158.7 x 74.0 x 9.3, vol. 109.2. Display: LCD IPS Color (16M) 720x1440px (6.0") 268ppi Touch screen: Weight: 133.0. Time GSM (talk/stand-by): 39 / 700 hrs.3,49 usd za indické rupie
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Itel p33 plus price in Nigeria: the Itel p33 plus will cost at a retail price of N25,000 in Nigeria Naira to purchase depending on the market deal and region.The Itel p33 plus came as a direct successor to the Itel p33 and both devices have a lot of similarities in terms of storage, camera, and its operating system.. The Itel p33 plus features a 6.0 inches screen size which also comes with 1GB
ITel P33 Plus Price in Nigeria Ghana and Kenya itel p33 (w5504) privacy protection password pac file fix 100% tested 2020 by anonyshutect for free 10:39 PPP Firmware(stock ROM) information Device name: ITEL P33 W5504 Operating System: Android 8 Build number: size: 4.7MB P33 Plus has a 5000mAh battery which gives users 100 hours normal usage, and it can effectively avoid the problem of frequent charging. With the AI Power Master, it saves power intelligently and extends battery life by 35%. The Itel P33 _ Plus has 1GB RAM and 16GB of inbuilt storage options. The phone is powered by a 1.3 GHz Cortex A7 Quad-Core processor with MediaTek MT6580 chipset.


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Featured stories about Romania
Stories about Romania
From the Baltic to the Balkans, enthusiastic groups from Central and Eastern Europe are finding innovative ways to enrich the Wikipedia, which serves as a primary source of educational content in the region.
Interview with Romanian anti-disinformation activist reveals disinformation campaigns often target refugees from Ukraine
The position of Romania regarding the war in Ukraine remains in line with the EU and NATO, despite pro-Russian destabilizing efforts. However, at general level, disinformation had become part of political discourse.
Three women from different corners of Bulgaria have something in common: they believe their vocation is to preserve the local heritage of culinary traditions as part of a collective identity.
Political and private sector experts were warning the EU to take more precautions against the kind of Russian cyber-attacks unleashed on Ukraine, amid concern that Russia could use them in response to EU sanctions.
A 70-year-old Transnistria citizen faces a five-year prison term for critical statements about Russian peacekeeping forces in the breakaway Moldova region.
Despite COVID-19, Eastern European seasonal labourers continued to toil on farms and in factories as before — sparking a fierce debate about the rights of migrants in wealthier EU states.
The online archive Znaci.net digitized several photos of Auschwitz from different museums in the former Yugoslavia. They tell the story, among other things, of the Mandić family of prisoners from Croatia.
Rather than protecting individuals’ rights, exceptions to the GDPR in some countries are limiting freedom of expression, eroding privacy, and abetting the spread of disinformation.
While Western Europe reduces its coal usage, the former Soviet bloc nations are moving in the opposite direction.
Several hospitals in towns outside the capital Bucharest operate with only one pediatrician on duty. When they take a vacation, the unit has to shut down.
Copyright proposals being pushed by European governance bodies must take into account the nature and potential uses of networked digital technology.
Romanian government considering following Trump's move and relocating its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem
The possibility to move Romania's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem is yet another episode in the conflict between the PSD-led government and President Iohannis.
"No more "bad migrant"-"good migrant" division games. People's lives do not fit in a tickbox. Politicians should listen to more real migrant stories to understand."
Did the Macedonian Orthodox Church Really Start a ‘Crusade’ Against a UNESCO-Protected World-Heritage Custom?
An attempt to preach against UNESCO-protected wearing traditional white and red good luck charms by the Macedonian Orthodox Church seems to have backfired.
Cultural heritage activists in South-eastern Europe celebrate UNESCO's recognition of the Balkan Grandma March Day custom of wearing red and white wool ornaments.
But as shown by the increasing numbers of children with parents working abroad, the lines are already being redrawn by economic pressures.
Though shadowed by a sense of national shame, for a few days Romania was an inspirational place, as people took to the streets and acknowledged the widespread reality of corruption.
"Every country in the Balkans believes that it should be bigger than it is."
Upcoming parliamentary elections in Macedonia began with electioneering campaign tactics that were suspiciously sneaky.
According to the documentary "Chuck Norris vs Communism," Romania's state censorship board actually banned scenes from an episode of the classic Soviet cartoon "Nu Pogodi."
The documentary film “Clear Cut Crime” shows the toxic effects of collusion between illegal logging and politicians in Romania and Ukraine.

domain: politics


text:
Teotihuacan Tours offer an extraordinary opportunity to immerse oneself in the wonders of ancient Mexico. Located just outside Mexico City, Teotihuacan is an archaeological marvel that attracts countless visitors each year. With its awe-inspiring pyramids, intricate murals, and rich cultural heritage, Teotihuacan has rightfully earned its place as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Embarking on a Teotihuacan tour is like stepping back in time, allowing travelers to unravel the mysteries of this ancient civilization. From the iconic Pyramid of the Sun to the enchanting Avenue of the Dead, let us delve into the captivating journey that awaits those who dare to explore this remarkable archaeological site.
Teotihuacan, meaning “the place where the gods were created” in the Nahuatl language, was once a thriving metropolis of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Flourishing between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, Teotihuacan was one of the largest cities in the world during its prime. Today, it stands as a testament to the ingenuity and architectural prowess of its inhabitants. Teotihuacan Tours grant visitors the chance to witness the grandeur of this ancient city and understand its cultural significance.
The Pyramid of the Sun stands as the centerpiece of Teotihuacan, dominating the skyline with its impressive height of over 200 feet. Ascending to its summit is a challenging feat but rewards visitors with breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. As the sun’s rays bathe the Pyramid of the Sun, an indescribable sense of awe and wonder fills the air, evoking a profound connection to the past. It is here that the spirit of Teotihuacan truly comes alive.
A stroll along the Avenue of the Dead allows travelers to absorb the vibrant energy that once pulsed through this ancient city. Stretching over a mile in length, this main thoroughfare was the lifeline of Teotihuacan, connecting various architectural marvels and neighborhoods. Adorned with remnants of intricately decorated buildings and temples, the Avenue of the Dead serves as a reminder of the city’s former glory. Walking in the footsteps of the ancient inhabitants, one can’t help but feel a deep sense of reverence for the civilization that once thrived in this remarkable place.
The Temple of the Feathered Serpent, also known as the Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, is another awe-inspiring structure that awaits discovery within Teotihuacan. Intricate carvings depicting the feathered serpent deity adorn the walls of this temple, adding an air of mysticism and religious significance. The Temple of the Feathered Serpent serves as a testament to the advanced artistic and architectural skills of the Teotihuacan people.
Aside from the monumental structures, Teotihuacan is also renowned for its intricate murals that provide a glimpse into the daily lives, rituals, and beliefs of its former inhabitants. The Tepantitla Palace, for example, boasts stunning murals that depict scenes of ceremonies, deities, and ancient symbols. These vibrant frescoes not only showcase the artistic prowess of the Teotihuacan civilization but also offer invaluable insights into their cultural practices.
Engaging with the cultural heritage of Teotihuacan extends beyond its archaeological sites. The nearby Teotihuacan Museum provides a comprehensive overview of the city’s history, displaying a wide array of artifacts and archaeological finds. Visitors can delve into the past, exploring the evolution of Teotihuacan and gaining a deeper understanding of the civilization that once thrived here.
To make the most of their Teotihuacan experience, travelers can optto join guided Teotihuacan tours led by knowledgeable experts. These tours not only offer valuable historical insights but also ensure a smooth and enriching visit to the archaeological site. Expert guides share captivating stories and legends, allowing visitors to envision the lives of the ancient Teotihuacanos and their spiritual beliefs. They unravel the mysteries surrounding the city’s rise and fall, providing a holistic understanding of this remarkable civilization.
For those seeking a more immersive experience, Teotihuacan tours often include unique activities such as participating in traditional ceremonies or workshops. Visitors can learn about ancient rituals, try their hand at traditional crafts, or even partake in a temazcal ceremony—an ancient Mesoamerican steam bath believed to purify the body and soul. These interactive experiences offer a deeper connection to the culture and spirituality that once permeated the streets of Teotihuacan.
To enhance the Teotihuacan tour, travelers can also explore the nearby neighborhoods and towns, such as San Juan Teotihuacan. This charming town offers a glimpse into the local way of life and allows visitors to savor traditional Mexican cuisine at local restaurants. The markets are filled with handicrafts and souvenirs, providing an opportunity to take a piece of Teotihuacan’s cultural heritage home.
When planning a Teotihuacan tour, it is advisable to allocate ample time for exploration. The vastness of the archaeological site demands several hours to fully appreciate its wonders. It is also essential to dress comfortably, wear sunscreen, and bring sufficient water, as the Mexican sun can be unforgiving, especially during the warmer months.
Visiting Teotihuacan during the early morning or late afternoon can be particularly enchanting, as the golden sunlight casts a magical glow over the ancient structures. The tranquility of the early hours allows for a more intimate experience, while the sunset paints the pyramids in hues of orange and red, creating a breathtaking spectacle.
Teotihuacan Tours not only offer a glimpse into the past but also provide an opportunity for cultural exchange and personal growth. The awe-inspiring architecture, vibrant murals, and sacred rituals of Teotihuacan leave a lasting impression on all who visit. It is a place where history comes alive, and the connection between ancient and modern civilizations becomes tangible.
Embarking on a Teotihuacan tour is a transformative journey, allowing travelers to witness the ingenuity, spirituality, and resilience of an ancient civilization. It is an invitation to explore the depths of human history and gain a profound appreciation for the cultural tapestry that shapes our world today. So, pack your curiosity, open your mind, and embark on a Teotihuacan tour to unravel the mysteries of this extraordinary archaeological site.
In conclusion, Teotihuacan Tours offer an unforgettable experience for travelers seeking to immerse themselves in the mysteries of ancient Mexico. With its awe-inspiring pyramids, intricate murals, and rich cultural heritage, Teotihuacan stands as a testament to the ingenuity and architectural prowess of its former inhabitants. Exploring the iconic structures such as the Pyramid of the Sun, the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, and strolling along the Avenue of the Dead allows visitors to connect with the past and gain a deeper understanding of this remarkable civilization. Guided tours led by knowledgeable experts provide valuable insights and enhance the overall experience. Additionally, engaging in traditional ceremonies or workshops adds a touch of authenticity and allows for a deeper connection to the culture and spirituality of Teotihuacan. When planning a visit, allocating ample time, dressing comfortably, and exploring nearby towns like San Juan Teotihuacan can enhance the overall experience. Teotihuacan Tours are not just a vacation; they are transformative journeys that leave a lasting impression on all who venture to this archaeological marvel. So, seize the opportunity to unravel the mysteries of Teotihuacan with carefully curated Teotihuacan Vacation Packages, and embark on a journey that will forever enrich your understanding of ancient Mexico.

domain: geography


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these are easy muffins to make using a cake mix. smells so good when you take them out of the oven. use olive oil, the kind for baking.
bar-sized apple pie. when i make this recipe, i sub greek yogurt for the sour cream and add more than stated - until it is a good texture to roll. also, i roll between 2 sheets of waxed paper, peel the top piece, lay back down, flip over, peel the other s
they were giving out samples of this and the recipe at a grocery store and it was really good! you can eat them with buns or plain. we've since tried out the recipe at home and my husband really likes them as well. sounds a little funny but give them a
this is my favourite beans recipe ever, from a supermarket recipe card of all places. it's absolutely wonderful and seems to work just as well with other types of beans ie pinto or cannellini. as i'm too lazy to soak dried beans overnight, i use can
the best simple butter sauce - rich, creamy, fabulous! use with any pasta recipe - fettucine with chicken, angel hair with shrimp, or just over some spaghetti noodles. its flavor is great! i must give credit to recipe #113017 as this is an augmentation of
Follow the food story Find cooking methods, recipes, tastings and everything about food here.

domain: food


text:
The prenatal testing revolution
This article is more than two years old.
Human reproduction is an extremely complex process and genetic mishaps are not uncommon.
Prior to fertilisation, 20-24% of all ova have an abnormal number of chromosomes, or aneuploidy.1, 2
Another 30% of embryos become aneuploid after fertilisation.2 Most of these early mutations will end in spontaneous miscarriage, but prenatal testing aims to provide early detection of aneuploidy should the pregnancy continue.

domain: medical


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The Reading Fightin Phils, double-A affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, will be joining forces with MiLB Charities by donating 50/50 profits to the MiLB Hurricane Harvey relief fund rolled over from Monday, August 28th through Thursday, August 31st.
Minor League Baseball Charities will match that amount up to $10,000.
“The flooding and destruction related to Hurricane Harvey is epic”, said Fightin Phils General Manager Scott Hunsicker. “Minor League Baseball has always been very generous, and Minor League Baseball teams, including the Fightins, have always stepped up in times of need. The Fightins are happy to contribute, in our own small way, to the relief fund for Hurricane Harvey. I know our fans will be happy to know that the 50/50 will be benefiting the people affected by this terrible storm.”
At each home game throughout the season, Baseballtown Charities holds a 50/50 raffle. One fan takes home 50 percent of each night’s collection while the other 50 percent normally benefits Baseballtown Charities. For these four games, the 50/50 will benefit the MiLB Hurricane Harvey relief fund.
The winner of the 50/50 will be announced on Thursday, August 31 after the conclusion of the Reading Fightin Phils game.

domain: news


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- Featuring the very best premium chocolate truffles and sweet treats! We find the best chocolate gift ideas that we really love from Amazon and feature them in a simple easy to view format.
Luciennes Cinnamon Chocolate Ingredients Chocolate
Lucienne'S Cinnamon And Cayenne Dark Chocolate Bar. Handmade Using All Natural Ingredients. 70% Cocoa Chocolate. 1.5 Oz.
Click To See Price
Additional Product Info:
Cinnamon and Cayenne are a great flavor combination. We bring them together with our 70% Dark Chocolate.
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PALO CHAMBER MUSIC QUARTETS
If you’re looking for sophisticated event entertainment, then take a look through our selection of Chamber Music Quartets. Whether you’re booking for a wedding ceremony or a formal corporate dinner, you’ll find the perfect quartet for your event in the Palo, IA area.
Please note these Chamber Music Quartets
will also travel to Shellsburg, Toddville, Atkins, Hiawatha, Robins, Cedar Rapids, Newhall, Fairfax, Center Point, Marion, Alburnett, Bertram, Walford, Norway, Urbana, Watkins, Vinton, Swisher, Van Horne, Ely, Walker, Troy Mills, Amana, Springville, Viola, Blairstown, Whittier, Central City, Middle Amana, Garrison

domain: artistic


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Social Security: By the Numbers
Here are five facts about Social Security that might surprise you.
Have A Question About This Topic?
Understanding how a stock works is key to understanding your investments.
This helpful infographic will define bull and bear markets, as well as give a historical overview.
E&O insurance is specifically designed to protect you, or your company, from the risk of a client’s dissatisfaction.

domain: finance


The CNG Compressors Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 3.46 billion in 2022 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 8% over the forecast period 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights.
CNG compressors play a crucial role in the compressed natural gas (CNG) industry, which is rapidly gaining traction as an alternative fuel for various applications. CNG compressors are used to compress natural gas to a high-pressure level for storage and transportation. These compressors are widely used in the automotive, industrial, and residential sectors, where CNG is being increasingly adopted as a cleaner and more sustainable energy source. With the growing concerns over environmental pollution and the push for reducing carbon emissions, there is a rising demand for CNG compressors globally.
The CNG compressors market is driven by several factors. Firstly, the increasing adoption of CNG as a fuel source in various industries is propelling the demand for CNG compressors. CNG is considered a cleaner and more affordable fuel compared to traditional fossil fuels, which is driving its popularity. Additionally, government initiatives and regulations promoting the use of alternative fuels are further boosting the market growth. Furthermore, technological advancements in CNG compressor systems, such as the development of compact and energy-efficient compressors, are also contributing to market growth. These factors are expected to drive the CNG compressors market over the forecast period.
Market Key Trends:
The key trend in the CNG Compressors Market is the growing demand for compressed natural gas (CNG) as a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional fossil fuels. CNG is gaining popularity as a transportation fuel, particularly in the commercial and public transport sectors, due to its lower emissions and lower cost compared to gasoline or diesel. This is driving the demand for CNG compressors, which are used to compress natural gas into a high-pressure state for storage and transportation. With increasing government initiatives to encourage the use of clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the demand for CNG compressors is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.
Strength: The CNG compressors market is fueled by the increasing demand for clean energy solutions and the growing shift towards natural gas as a transportation fuel. This creates a favorable market environment for the growth of CNG compressors.
Weakness: The high initial cost of CNG compressors and the need for a supporting infrastructure for distribution and refueling stations are major challenges for the market.
Opportunity: The increasing adoption of CNG as a transportation fuel in emerging economies and the development of advanced compressor technologies offer growth opportunities for market players.
Threats: The availability of other alternative fuels and the limited number of CNG refueling stations in some regions pose threats to the market growth.
The Global CNG Compressors Market Demand is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 8% over the forecast period (2023-2030). This growth is driven by increasing government initiatives to promote clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The market size for 2023 is estimated to be US$ 3.46 billion.
In terms of regional analysis, Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing and dominating region in the CNG compressors market. This can be attributed to the rising demand for clean energy solutions, increasing urbanization, and government initiatives to reduce pollution and dependence on imported oil.
Key players operating in the CNG compressors market include Atlas Copco, Ariel Corporation, Siemens Energy, Galileo Technologies, Bauer Compressors, Ingersoll Rand, ANGI Energy Systems, Bauer Group, Clean Energy Compression, and CIMC Enric Group. These players focus on product innovation, partnerships, and mergers/acquisitions to strengthen their market position and expand their customer base.
Read More- https://www.timessquarereporter.com/news/cng-compressors-market-is-estimated-to-witness-high-growth-owing-to-stringent-government-regulations-and-increasing-adoption-of-natural-gas-vehicles


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Great Weather This Week
I believe last week was the first time this growing season I complained about the weather! This had been one of the most perfect growing seasons I could remember, and the very good corn and soybean yields reflected that. Then we saw the other shoe drop. We had eight inches of snow and temperatures more than 20 degrees below normal. Then after the eight inches on a Tuesday there was another 2 or three inches the next weekend! Needless to say all harvest and tillage was put on hold.
Needless to say it was distressing reading the weather forecast the last couple weeks. Then later last week and this morning it was very exciting reading the forecast for this week! Sunshine and temperatures much above normal. Friday the projected high is 69 degrees! It sure was fun reading that forecast this morning too! Farmers will take advantage of this nice weather to get back at harvesting corn, getting tillage done and a lot of fertilizer will be spread. Plus, for areas where it is approved anhydrous ammonia will be applied too.
In fact down in southern Minnesota by my farm many farmers were back in the fields on Saturday. I even saw the Coop injecting anhydrous ammonia and another neighbor was injecting hog manure. Plus, many livestock farmers need dry weather to bale up corn stalks for bedding. This warm dry weather will allow corn stalks to be baled too! Maybe soon it will all be done and we can look back and say Mother Nature sure smiled on us in 2020!

domain: agronomy


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Just got my second Ace Roc Stars street team package last night when I got home! I am very excited! Some great books were included, I will put more info at the end of this post.
I am very thankful to be apart of this team! Thanks Ace Roc books!
I am still holding out that I get some books from my other favorite Ace & Roc authors like Mark Lawrence, Anthony Ryan, Luke Scull, Django Wexler, and Myke Cole. But for now I got some great books. I am very excited for The Cinder Spires: The Aeronaut’s Windlass by Jim Butcher .
Here are the great books I got, Stay tuned for more info and reviews!
About the books:
OUT July 28, 2015
Born into a political family and gifted with psychic abilities, Jacaranda MacKenzie has served as a border-watcher and even spent time as a representative on the United Planets Council. Now she just wants to spend her days in peace and quiet as a translator—but the universe has other plans…
Humans have long known that they would encounter more alien species, and while those with precognitive abilities agree a terrible war is coming, they do not agree on who will save humanity—a psychic soldier or a politician.
But Jackie is both.
After she is pressured into rejoining the Space Force to forestall the impending calamity, Jackie makes an unsettling discovery. Their new enemy, the Salik, seem to be rather familiar with fighting Humans—as if their war against humanity had already begun…
In the latest novel from #1 New York Times bestselling author Ilona Andrews, no matter how much the paranormal politics of Atlanta change, one thing always remains the same: if there’s trouble, Kate Daniels will be in the middle of it…
As the mate of the Beast Lord, Curran, former mercenary Kate Daniels has more responsibilities than it seems possible to juggle. Not only is she still struggling to keep her investigative business afloat, but she must now deal with the affairs of the Pack, including preparing her people for attack from Roland, a cruel, ancient being with godlike powers.
As Roland’s long shadow looms ever nearer, Kate is called to attend a gathering of leaders from Atlanta’s supernatural factions. When one of the Masters of the Dead is found murdered by a shapeshifter, Kate is given less than twenty-four hours to hunt down the killer. And this time, if she fails, she’ll find herself embroiled in a war that could destroy everything she holds dear…Magic Shifts (Kate Daniels Book 8) Out August 4, 2015
Out August 18, 2015
Multi-award winning author Aliette de Bodard, brings her story of the War in Heaven to Paris, igniting the City of Light in a fantasy of divine power and deep conspiracy…
In the late twentieth century, the streets of Paris are lined with haunted ruins, the aftermath of a Great War between arcane powers. The Grand Magasins have been reduced to piles of debris, Notre-Dame is a burnt-out shell, and the Seine has turned black with ashes and rubble and the remnants of the spells that tore the city apart. But those that survived still retain their irrepressible appetite for novelty and distraction, and The Great Houses still vie for dominion over France’s once grand capital.
Once the most powerful and formidable, House Silverspires now lies in disarray. Its magic is ailing; its founder, Morningstar, has been missing for decades; and now something from the shadows stalks its people inside their very own walls.
Within the House, three very different people must come together: a naive but powerful Fallen angel; an alchemist with a self-destructive addiction; and a resentful young man wielding spells of unknown origin. They may be Silverspires’ salvation—or the architects of its last, irreversible fall. And if Silverspires falls, so may the city itself.
Out September 1, 2015
In this sparkling debut, magic and mayhem clash with the British elite…
The Royal Society of Unnatural Philosophers, one of the most respected organizations throughout all of England, has long been tasked with maintaining magic within His Majesty’s lands. But lately, the once proper institute has fallen into disgrace, naming an altogether unsuitable gentleman—a freed slave who doesn’t even have a familiar—as their Sorcerer Royal, and allowing England’s once profuse stores of magic to slowly bleed dry. At least they haven’t stooped so low as to allow women to practice what is obviously a man’s profession…
At his wit’s end, Zacharias Wythe, Sorcerer Royal of the Unnatural Philosophers and eminently proficient magician, ventures to the border of Fairyland to discover why England’s magical stocks are drying up. But when his adventure brings him in contact with a most unusual comrade, a woman with immense power and an unfathomable gift, he sets on a path which will alter the nature of sorcery in all of Britain—and the world at large…
Out September 1, 2015
From Cherie Priest, the award-winning author of Maplecroft, comes a new tale of Lizzie Borden’s continuing war against the cosmic horrors threatening humanity…
Birmingham, Alabama is infested with malevolence. Prejudice and hatred have consumed the minds and hearts of its populace. A murderer, unimaginatively named “Harry the Hacker” by the press, has been carving up citizens with a hatchet. And from the church known as Chapelwood, an unholy gospel is being spread by a sect that worships dark gods from beyond the heavens.
This darkness calls to Lizzie Borden. It is reminiscent of an evil she had dared hoped was extinguished. The parishioners of Chapelwood plan to sacrifice a young woman to summon beings never meant to share reality with humanity. An apocalypse will follow in their wake which will scorch the earth of all life.
Out September 1, 2015
In his Novels of the Change, New York Times bestselling author S.M. Stirling presents “a devastated, mystical world that will appeal to fans of traditional fantasy as well as post-apocalyptic SF.”* Continuing their quest that began in The Golden Princess, two future rulers of a world without technology risk their lives seeking a fabled blade…
Reiko, Empress of Japan, has allied herself with Princess Órlaith, heir to the High Kingdom of Montival, to find the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi, the Grass-Cutting Sword, a legendary treasure of an ancient dynasty that confers valor and victory to its bearer. Órlaith understands all too well the power it signifies. Her own inherited blade, the Sword of the Lady, was both a burden and a danger to her father, Rudi Mackenzie, as it failed to save the king from being assassinated.
But the fabled sword lies deep with the Valley of Death, and the search will be far from easy. And war is building, in Montival and far beyond.
As Órlaith and Reiko encounter danger and wonder, Órlaith’s mother, Queen Matildha, believes her daughter’s alliance and quest has endangered the entire realm. There are factions both within and without Montival whose loyalty died with the king, and whispers of treachery and war grow ever louder.
And the Malevolence that underlies the enemy will bend all its forces to destroy them.
Out September 29, 2015
Jim Butcher, the #1 New York Times bestselling author of The Dresden Files and the Codex Alera novels, conjures up a new series set in a fantastic world of noble families, steam-powered technology, and magic-wielding warriors…
Since time immemorial, the Spires have sheltered humanity, towering for miles over the mist-shrouded surface of the world. Within their halls, aristocratic houses have ruled for generations, developing scientific marvels, fostering trade alliances, and building fleets of airships to keep the peace.
Captain Grimm commands the merchant ship, Predator. Fiercely loyal to Spire Albion, he has taken their side in the cold war with Spire Aurora, disrupting the enemy’s shipping lines by attacking their cargo vessels. But when the Predator is severely damaged in combat, leaving captain and crew grounded, Grimm is offered a proposition from the Spirearch of Albion—to join a team of agents on a vital mission in exchange for fully restoring Predator to its fighting glory.
And even as Grimm undertakes this dangerous task, he will learn that the conflict between the Spires is merely a premonition of things to come. Humanity’s ancient enemy, silent for more than ten thousand years, has begun to stir once more. And death will follow in its wake…

domain: literature


GreenStuf Sound Solution Insulation | FAQ
Q: What is it?
A: Sound Solution is a range of polyester insulation batts which are designed to reduce sound penetration, keeping your home quieter. Typically these are fitted into external walls but can also be used on internal walls and ceilings.
Q: What does “R” mean and why is it important?
A: The “R” value represents “resistance to heat” which is another way of measuring how well insulation can stop heat flow, whether it’s flowing out of your home or into your home. While Sound Solution is primarily for acoustic control the batts also have a thermal value.
Q: Will all of the Sound Solution batts fit into a standard wall?
A: The R2.0 Sound Solution batts are 90mm thick so they will fit into a standard wall made with 90mm studs. However the R2.5 Sound Solution batts are 100mm thick and should NOT be squeezed into a 90mm thick wall.
If you require R2.5 insulation in the wall you are better to use the thermal Greenstuf R2.5 Wall product. It also has a high density and so will also abate noise penetration.


QAsh achieves fast ashing times by combining in-situ airflow with a microwave. It has a large floor area to accommodate a large number of samples and is suitable for polymers, oils, food, pulp, sludge, and many other sample types.
Ashing System With Furnace
Reduction in ashing times by up to 90%.
Produces consistent ashing.
Provides safe work environment.
Saves lab space with a small footprint.
Documentation of ashing processes.
A choice for crucible material.
9 – 50 mL crucibles in one batch.
Attains 1,000°C in 25 minutes.
1800 watts of microwave energy.
Temperature homogeneity; 1,000°C to 1,200°C.
Multistep heating of samples.
Convenient LED Bar temperature display.
Optional UPS in case of power failure.
Faster & Consistent
Microwaves coupled with SiC are known to produce high temperatures at a much faster rate compared to old electrical heating furnaces. QAsh has a software controlled air inlet inside the ashing chamber which fuels the ashing process. The introduction of air at the source pushes ashing by-products out. An alumina fibre ashing chamber helps retain heat. This provides an efficient ashing process. Vertically placed SiC plates, in conjunction with ceramic insulation, create uniform temperatures across the ashing chamber. The R type thermocouple is encapsulated in a chemical resistant material. It measures temperatures accurately over the working range of 25°C to 1,200°C.
Cleaner & Cooler
Software controlled compressed air or nitrogen gas are introduced into the chamber to draw out fumes and soot. The built-in fan and external blower purge hot gases for safe disposal and results in a cleaner system interior and a cooler exterior. This assists in maintaining a comfortable working environment. The exhaust port has a filter trap to prevent particulate matter and other ashing by-products from entering the exhaust fan thus increasing the life of the exhaust fan..
User-Friendly Software Control
Easy-to-build ashing recipe with multiple heating steps and air control settings.
Calculates sample weight and % ash content.
Displays ashing process time and thermal changes graphically.
Capable of connecting to external Weighing balance for direct weight transfer.
Manual panel provide control over various functionality.
Ashing data is collected and stored for archiving or future viewing in graphical or tabular formats.
Super Savings on Time