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Italy and NATO
Why did a country so far away from the Atlantic Ocean become a member of the North Atlantic Alliance? What role did Italy have in securing NATO’s Southern Flank during the Cold War? See how NATO photographers depicted daily life in Italy during the 1950s and find out how the city of La Spezia got involved in anti-submarine warfare.
The Italian nation, after two World Wars, in the space of one generation, looks with confidence and hope to this treaty; it sees in it a decisive step towards the advent of peace in a free and united world.Count Carlo Sforza, speaking at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty,
Washington, D.C., 4 April 1949
In Italy, NATO membership was the result of lengthy domestic debates and longstanding dissensions engrained within the population and different political factions. However, the desire for peace and security was palpable and the path toward NATO membership was considered to be the most viable option for the country. For the drafters of the North Atlantic Treaty, Italy’s privileged position in the Mediterranean region made it a valuable strategic partner that could help secure the defence of NATO’s Southern Flank. Furthermore, concerns over its highly popular Communist Party made it an absolute priority to integrate into a family of like-minded countries determined to protect democratic values, individual rights and freedom. During the Cold War, Italy had a steady influence on NATO and contributed in many different ways, including through the hosting of commands and research hubs and, perhaps more importantly, through its people.
Italian political parties sent mixed signals on NATO membership, changing opinion over short periods of time, with the exception of the Communist Party that consistently campaigned against the future Alliance. The Italian Communist Party had played a pivotal role in the Resistance during the Second World War and was the second largest political party in the post-war period. For a while, it was the biggest Communist Party in Western Europe. Aside Italy’s strategic position in the Mediterranean, the power of the Communist Party was the main reason for American involvement in Italy. The United States did not want to lose a strategically placed European country to the Soviet Union. War-torn Italy became a recipient of American aid in the form of the European Recovery Program, better known as the Marshall Plan, to build up the economy. France also had an interest in seeing Italy become a member of the Alliance since it would help secure North Africa and protect the Po Valley. Italy would be stabilised within a stable NATO…
The April 1948 elections secured a victory for the Christian Democrats, led by Alcide De Gasperi, who eventually agreed to lead his country towards NATO membership. This decision was reinforced by the country’s fear of insecurity and instability and its desire to play a role on the world scene. Moreover, the staunch anti-fascist Count Carlo Sforza, Italian Foreign Minister from February 1947 to July 1951, had economic cooperation as one of his major goals. NATO was a first step towards the integration of Italy into the Western European community. Count Sforza signed the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 in Washington D.C., and also led his country into the Council of Europe (May 1949) and then the European Coal and Steel Community in April 1951.
Meet the other signatories of the North Atlantic Treaty
Getting to know you…
While 12 founding member countries had come together at the Departmental Auditorium in Washington D.C. to sign the North Atlantic Treaty, their citizens did not know each other, nor did they know what this new Alliance was or how it functioned.
To get acquainted with each other, NATO’s Office of Information and Press created a series of films on each of the members in the 1950s that were shown in cinemas.
Photographers were sent to each of the member countries to draw up a portrait through scenes of daily life, be it in factories, on the streets, in shops or elsewhere.
While members got to know each other, NATO tried to explain itself –role, objectives and activities- to people in the street. It created the “Caravan of Peace”, a bus whose first destination was Italy. It was an immediate success. From February to August 1952, over 1.5 million visitors flocked to the exhibition in Naples, Rome, Bologna, Milan, Bari, Genoa, Turin, Florence and Venice. The NATO bus undertook other tours of Italy. In 1955, the “Mostra della Comunità Atlantica” opened in Frascati in July and toured 26 other towns by early October; in 1957, the mobile exhibition started in Sicily and finished in Empoli, Tuscany. Between February and December, it was shown for 187 days in 88 towns to approximately 800,000 people.
More on NATO’s travelling exhibitions
NATO’s 10th anniversary was also an opportunity to communicate with the public. In Naples, a big exhibit was set up in one of the main squares to reach out to people of all ages and backgrounds.
When NATO had reached its 10th anniversary, Italy’s economy was booming. In parallel, the Korean War (1950-1952) had created the necessity to build up Italy’s treaty-limited armed forces. Furthermore, while there was a call for greater military production, Italy was modernising its industry. So after having integrated Western European institutions, regained internal political stability and reinforced its economy, Italy was developing a strong military force to help deter the Soviet Union.
One strong anchor: AFSOUTH
In May 1951, NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), General Dwight Eisenhower, proposed the appointment of Admiral Robert B. Carney (United States) to head the Southern Command that would have its headquarters in Italy. The idea was to defend southern member countries, to protect the vital sea lines of communication for Europe, and to serve as a barrier against Soviet expansionism towards Africa. As a consequence, Naples was an obvious choice. Carney’s area of responsibility would extend from the Western Mediterranean (except the Balearic Islands and Malta) to a line in the Adriatic from Trieste (Italy) to Cape Matapan, and to the Tunisian waters. On the morning of 21 June 1951, the Admiral raised his flag on the USS Mount Olympus, at anchor in the Bay of Naples. The first Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) headquarters was afloat until another temporary facility in an apartment building was found in Naples and opened on 1 September 1951. On the 5th anniversary of the Alliance, 4 April 1954, a new complex was officially inaugurated as the permanent headquarters of AFSOUTH.
At the AFSOUTH compound, as in many other NATO commands, there was a nursery and a school for the children of the expatriate employees.
Shortly after the creation of AFSOUTH, in July 1951, Headquarters Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (LANDSOUTH) was established in Verona and Headquarters Allied Air Forces Southern Europe (AIRSOUTH) in Florence in August 1951 (they moved to Vicenza in December of the same year). The NATO commands in Italy would soon be backed by commands in Greece and Turkey, once these two countries joined the Alliance in February 1952.
Two influential figures: Martino and Brosio
While he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1954 to 1957, Gaetano Martino was tasked, together with Lester B. Pearson from Canada and Mr. Halvard Lange from Norway, to “advise the Council on ways and means to improve and extend NATO cooperation in non-military fields and to develop greater unity within the Atlantic Community”. The report they produced focused on the need for stronger political consultation between member countries on all aspects of relations between the East and West.
A former physician and an internationally renowned Professor of Human Physiology, Gaetano Martino was a member of many Italian and foreign academies and scientific societies. A Dean of the University of Messina (1943-1957) and the University of Rome (1966-1967), and a leading advocate of European unity, he devoted a significant part of his work to the issue of university education as a tool to encourage the teaching and dissemination of a sense of European awareness. While he was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Martino continued this quest by promoting a stronger European integration and internationalism for Italy. In 1955, he obtained the Italian acceptance to the United Nations and a year later, on behalf of Italy, he signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community.
Manlio Brosio became NATO’s fourth Secretary General (1964-1971) and dealt with many internal tensions during his tenure. He had seen Italy celebrate NATO’s 10th anniversary in full splendour, but the period leading up to the 20th anniversary in 1969 was far more challenging. The unity of the Alliance was shaken, partly due to Article 13 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which stipulates that any Party can withdraw from the Alliance after the Treaty has been in force for 20 years. Brosio also needed to steer the Alliance through France’s withdrawal from the integrated military structure in 1966; the ensuing move of the Organization from France to Belgium; and the tensions between Greece and Turkey. He skilfully managed Alliance affairs in his discreet yet deliberate diplomatic manner, preserving cooperation and unity among all members.
NATO’s Secretary General is supported by a Deputy Secretary General. From 1958 onwards, most Deputy Secretaries General were Italian. There was Alberico Casardi (1958-1962), Guido Colonna di Paliano (1962-1964), Paolo Pansa Cedronio (1971-1978), Rinaldo Petrignani (1978-1981), Eric da Rin (1981-1985) and Marcello Guidi (1985-1989). After the end of the Cold War, four more Italians served as Deputy Secretary General: Amedeo de Franchis (1989-1994), Sergio Balanzino (1994-2001), Alessandro Minuto Rizzo (2001-2007) and Claudio Bisogniero (2007-2012).
Three specialised contributions
In addition to contributing to NATO’s general defence and deterrence efforts during the Cold War, as well as participating in NATO-led exercises and training, Italy contributed through three other specific channels: it participated in the NADGE, NATO’s new air defence system; and it hosted an anti-submarine centre in La Spezia, as well as the NATO Defense College in Rome.
Air defence was becoming ever more challenging with modern aircraft capable of reaching supersonic speeds. In order to pick up enemy aircraft and report their presence to control centres in good time, NATO ensured a barrier of radar stations were installed and connected across Europe to identify, intercept and, if necessary, destroy enemy aircraft. Italy was one of the contributors to this modern air defence system called the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment, or NADGE.
Read more on the NADGE
Italy also hosted the NATO Defense College in Rome when it had to move from Paris in 1966 because of France’s withdrawal from the NATO integrated military structure. The need for a NATO Defense College was first voiced by SACEUR General Eisenhower in 1951. At the time, he expressed the need “to develop individuals, both on the military and civilian side, who will have a thorough grasp of the many complicated factors which are involved in the problem of creating an adequate defence posture for the North Atlantic Treaty area”. The North Atlantic Council quickly recognised this need and approved General Eisenhower’s proposal. On 19 November 1951, the NATO Defense College opened its doors to the members of Course 1 in the «Artillerie» Wing of the Ecole Militaire in Paris, France. The NATO Defense College was transferred to Rome on 12 September 1966, where it continues to fulfil its role as a major hub for education, outreach and research on transatlantic security issues.
In the mid-1950s, NATO found itself in an arms race on submarine technology, so it set up a collaborative research centre for anti-submarine warfare in La Spezia, Italy. The Anti-Submarine Warfare Research Centre was inaugurated on 2 May 1959. Its mission was to study and help solve basic problems in anti-submarine warfare and "to provide technical advice and assistance to SACLANT [the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic] and to other NATO Commanders and participating nations in the field of anti-submarine warfare” and to "be in all respects responsive through SACLANT to the requirements of naval forces in this field”.
It changed names several times over the years, but its experimentation-based research was – and still is – internationally recognised. For instance, in the 1970s, it began experimenting with towed hydrophone arrays. The use of multiple hydrophones allowed sailors to detect the faint acoustic signatures of submarines despite ocean ambient noise, and to identify the direction of the threat. More generally, the Centre in La Spezia monitored and analysed oceanographic measurements in selected waters, helping to meet the threat of the Soviet submarine fleet.
Nine Allies contributed to the Centre’s work: Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. Eminent scientists from these countries provided advice and recommendations to SACLANT concerning the Centre’s programme and progress. Today, the Centre continues to conduct research in core areas of interest for NATO.

domain: history


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Travelling with your pet to Freeport
Looking for a pet-friendly hotel in the family-friendly city of Freeport? We've got you covered. We can help you find a cosy space for you and Fido to call home while you enjoy all the city has to offer. Bring your pets along on some of your Freeport outings, or pop out to enjoy the sights while they're asleep. Consider a visit to local attractions like Port of Freeport and Quintana Beach while you're in the area. Whatever you and your pets are looking for, our selection of pet-friendly hotels in Freeport can help you find a good place to stay.
What are the best things to see and do in Freeport?
You'll find a variety of sightseeing opportunities in Freeport:
- San Luis Pass County Park
- Surfside Jetty Park
- Quintana Beach
- Surfside Beach
- Follets Island Beach
- Port of Freeport
- The Mystery - Shrimp Boat Fleet Monument
- Sea Center Texas
Sights & landmarks

domain: geography


Print | When the first Smart entered the market in 1998, it caused a small revolution. Never before was a car so radically different. And it paid off, because since then the compact two-seater car has conquered the world. Now Smart introduces the fourth generation of the world's favourite city car and it is even smarter than before...
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For those of you just joining me along this trip, this is day 9 of National Blog Writing Month. I've committed myself (yes, finally, off to the Funny Farm for me 8P) to writing here every single day in the month of October.
So far, so good and today, I have something worthwhile to say. Before I start, though.... I honestly tried, Tooj, I did, I tried reeeaaaly hard to make this shorter. Nothin' doin'.
First, let me ask you something. What do you really, truly appreciate in nature? What are you thankful for when it happens, truly thankful and pleased that it's occurring? What in nature makes you so very, very happy that you want to dance?
Now let me ask you this. What annoys you about nature? What is something, that when it happens, you moan and groan and think to yourself, "Omg, again?" What makes you want to shake your fist at the world and go crawl back into bed?
If you ask most people in many parts of the world, the answer will be, for both questions, RAIN.
RAIN makes full-grown adults want to dance.... or moan and groan. The difference is in location.
I've seen both sides of it now. I grew up in a world where rain came about once every two months, maybe even once a month if we were lucky... and then during monsoon season, a few times a week. When water is rare, it becomes precious. It becomes something wonderful, something joyous and celebratory. I've seen grown men run outside into the rain and stand there, happy as a clam, because it's beautiful, life-giving water. I've done it too... in fact, I've made it a tradition to go outside on the first monsoon rain of the year, and let myself be utterly drenched in the water falling from the sky (followed by a nice, hot shower inside, lol). I missed out on that this year, because we left not even two weeks before the storms came.
And now we're here... and I hate it. I have never, ever, in my 21 years been so tired of rain. I hate it now. I wake up to the sound of it and put my pillow over my head. I go to sleep to the sound of it and sing to Andrew mostly to drown out the constant drumming sound outside. It's been raining for two days...the water on the roads is so heavy that my poor Zedd sways on the way through and I can barely see. The moments where, were I home, I would be laughing, I'm now grumpy-faced along with everyone else.
Example: I was standing in the entrance of Border's today with a gentleman, watching as it poured sheets and sheets of rain outside. We were joined by a lady, and in Tucson, we would have been giddy with the rain. It would have been some bemused laughing, a little disbelief... but an enjoyable outlook. But not these people, not this time or place. I said, with my usual Arizona-brand amazement, "Wow." and the man next to me glared at me and said, "Yeah. Wow." in the most sour, grumpy voice imaginable. The woman looked outside and said, gruffly, "Ugh, I guess we're waiting, then." Both of them, though, felt like nice people. They looked kind, and friendly, and generally good-natured... but the rain turned them crochety in a split second.
What I'm getting at here is this: people who never see it, who never have that precious gift of water learn to appreciate it when it comes to them. People that have it always see it as an inconvience... but in truth, it is a blessing! It's an amazing thing, and it's under-estimated constantly.
I want to go home. I want to go back to the place where water is seen as a miracle, not a curse. Where people feel rain drops and exclaim with excitement, and take their toddlers outside to dance in the pretty, pretty puddles. I want to go back to being grateful for water falling from the sky, back where I hear thunder as I go to bed at night and feel comforted by the knowledge that my world will be green and fresh by the time I wake up, not soggy (and smelling like a fishtank, because FYI, it does).
In my opinion, one cannot appreciate fully that which is always at hand. It's in the absence of a necessity that we truly understand how necessary it is.

domain: artistic


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Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
TSKgel Phenyl-5PW Guardgel Kit for ID 7.5 mm x Length 7.5 cm
The most hydrophobic among the three TSKgel HIC columns, TSKgel Phenyl-5PW is an excellent choice to screen for the selectivity, retention and recovery of most biomolecules. Featuring a 1000 Å pore size in a polymethacrylate base material, the Phenyl-5PW column is stable in either acid or caustic cleaning regimens and provides excellent access to larger molecules with low diffusion coefficients.
Stainless steel is the standard column format for TSKgel Phenyl-5PW. Glass and PEEK column housings are available for samples that may adsorb to stainless steel. The alternative column formats are also suitable for general applications.
- Model: 07652
- Manufactured by: Tosoh BioScience

domain: chemistry


Back to Press
Releases and Publications
Every day we are asked to save energy, reduce
our carbon footprint, and save utility costs.
Some ideas are simple and straightforward - replace
your light bulbs, setback thermostats, increase your
insulation. Some suggestions are more esoteric
- geothermal heat (actually geo-transfer),
photo-voltaic solar panels, condensing boilers, fuel
cells. It can get pretty confusing and
In addition some of these ideas
can get expensive.
How can we implement these
important energy and cost saving measures without
spending a lot of money? One answer is Energy
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State and Local governments, as well as school
districts, have been implementing ESPC's for years
and private owners can also benefit from this
Simply put an EPC or ESPC is a
contract with an Energy Service Company (ESCO) to do
all the analysis and construction work necessary for
you to save energy and money. The cost for the
work is offset by the energy savings realized.
The energy savings are guaranteed. If the
savings are not realized you are reimbursed the
difference, if you realize more savings than
anticipated you get to keep the additional dollars.
Sounds too good to be true -
there are some caveats. These are construction
contracts with all the risks and responsibilities
associated with any project. These are also
design/build agreements so make sure there are
favorable termination clauses should you not want to
pursue the energy conservation measures (ECM's)
proposed by the ESCO. You also want to make
sure you have a design consultant assist you to
assure you get the capital improvements you desire
and they are of the quality you need and expect.
Typical ECM's include: HVAC
upgrades, lighting improvements, building envelope
modifications, automation and energy management
control systems, renewable energy systems, peak
Measuring methodologies and
verification of the energy savings are also
important factors to consider in your ESPC.
Federal and State agencies have additional
information on these valuable tools to help save
energy and money even with limited capital.
For more information on these and other green
building strategies we have assembled some valuable
Michael Shilale Architects, LLP, an eight person
architectural engineering firm founded in 1991,
serves an educational, institutional, municipal,
commercial and residential client base, throughout
New York and New Jersey. For
more information, please call 845-708-9200, or visit
their website at, www.shilale.com.


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Stanford Law School is dipping into its rainy-day fund to cover its financial aid obligations to students — the first time it has had to do so.
According to the university’s 2012-13 budget plan, approved by the board of trustees in June, Stanford’s endowment has not produced sufficient returns to fulfill the school’s financial aid commitments. The Stanford Daily first reported matter this week.
Judith Romero, the law school’s associate director of media relations, said administrators plan to use approximately $500,000 from its so-called “unrestricted” fund this year for financial aid. The university is also kicking in to help cover the law school’s financial aid costs — a reallocation that Romero said is not unusual given the centralization of the law school’s budget within the larger university’s.
The financial aid shortfall is the result of a 25-percent decline in endowment returns as well as growing financial aid needs, according to the budget plan. The declining returns cost the school $2 million in expected financial aid funds.
The law school has not cut its financial aid program, which Romero characterized as “the most generous.” Stanford is one of just a handful of schools that only offer need-based financial aid, as opposed to merit scholarships. Students received an average $25,000 last year. (Tuition is $48,870).
The school spends $10.5 million on financial aid each year, about $2 million of which goes to its loan repayment assistance program for graduates in public interest jobs, Romero said.
The percentage of Stanford law students qualifying for need-based financial aid has grown in recent years from 50 percent to 60 percent, and the average award amount has increased by 20 percent, according to the budget plan.
Stanford has launched a $20 million fundraising campaign geared specifically toward financial aid. Administrators said they expected that financial aid needs would grow, and that they hope to bolster the endowment in preparation. The school has already raised $10 million toward that goal.
Contact Karen Sloan at firstname.lastname@example.org.

domain: finance


Frontiers Lecture: Curiosity’s Mission at Gale Crater, Mars
by AMNH on
Since NASA’s Curiosity rover landed successfully on Mars last August, the one-ton, SUV-sized vehicle has been exploring the Gale Crater on the surface of Mars. In this podcast, join NASA project scientist John Grotzinger as he discusses the highlights of the Curiosity Mission to date.
The Frontiers Lecture took place at the Hayden Planetarium on May 8, 2013.
Hayden Planetarium Programs are proudly sponsored by Con Edison.
Additional support provided by the Schaffner Family.


Estasia ‘Last Night’ Video Premiere at Halloween
Estasia has been cooking up the heat to stun her fans once again with the release of her 2nd album: ‘No Brakes’ On her album she brings together artists and deejays to create music in her own way and vision. The track ‘Last Night’ has a special meaning to her, that’s why she decided to create a video to this hardcore track. The video takes you on a journey into her life as an artist, a dj and the person she is now. The video will premiere on youtube, facebook and Instagram on the 31st of October at 18.00 hrs.


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The Foothills Corporate Centre II office complex in Phoenix, Ariz., recently sold for $29.5 million. Los Angeles-based FORT Properties purchased the two-building facility from locally based Crown West Realty, which had owned the property since late 2005. Located at 14601 and 14605 S. 50th St., the complex contains 144,910 square feet and was fully occupied at the time of sale by Global Crossing, AT&T, Alaska Airlines and Exhibit One. ...
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School of Social & Cultural Studies: Communication Department
Our communication curriculum integrates theory and practice, which prepares students to meet today’s communication challenges. We equip our undergraduates for success in graduate or professional school and in their chosen professions.
Communication majors at Truman choose one of three areas of emphasis:
- Communication Studies
- Public Communication
All three emphases can be used as preparation for the professional world or for graduate school. To enhance their experience at Truman, students are actively engaged in student media.
Convergence Vision Statement
Since media consumers increasingly demand information that utilizes new technologies and more personalized delivery systems, Truman State University’s journalism community is committed to news reporting and production practices in the emergent and dynamic environment of cross-platform media.
Recognizing intensifying challenges facing the news industry, Truman exposes students to a model of convergence that values the enduring tenets of journalism essential to citizenship and democracy while also investigating how best to tell and deliver stories—most likely through multiple media platforms.
In this manner, the combined resources of the Truman Media Network (TMN), when possible, stress comprehensive and complementary storytelling that expands audiences, but which also maintains the integrity of distinctive TMN venues: The Index, KTRM, News 36 and Detours.
April 20, 2017
Chris Burk, KTRM Assistant Manager, has received a 2017 first-place award for best radio station promotion announcement. The honor was presented by the Missouri Broadcast Educators Association as part of its annual student media contest. Truman State is a member of MBEA; Dr. Mark Smith serves as the current Communications Director of the organization.
April 19, 2017
By Truman Forensics Students and Staff Truman State University’s Forensic Union (speech and debate team) attended the National Forensic Association’s (NFA) Championship Tournament on April 13th through April 18th, hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Eight students traveled to the competition where Truman State University was among 75 schools competing in both speech and debate […]

domain: news


Auto Parts Search
LODAL RECALLS & DEFECTS | LODAL PROBLEMS
Access the National Highway Traffic Safety database of LODAL recalls and defective parts found on LODAL automobiles. The National Highway Traffic Safety administration is authorized to order the LODAL manufacturers to recall and repair vehicles or parts of motor vehicle equipment when its investigation indicates that they contain serious safety defects in their design, structure, body, or performance.
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Shop online for auto body parts, engines, wheels, lights...
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|2012 Hyundai Veloster Used Parking Lamp, Driver Side, OEM, BOXED, 92201-2V000, Very Good.||$128.00|


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Sorensen's Guide to Powerboats, 2/E Paperback / softback
Paperback / softback
- Other Formats
The first book ever to revealwhat boat builders pay thousands ofdollars to learn: the secrets of ownersatisfactionWhat makes a boat owner happy?
Eric Sorensenand J. D. Power & Associates answer that questionin detail in this revised edition of Sorensen's Guideto Powerboats.
Now incorporating results from J. D.Powers' Boat Competitive Information Study, thisguide tells you everything youneed to know before opening your wallet.
From runaboutsand pontoons to express cruisers and bassboats,the book covers it all, explaining the implicationsof different hull designs, construction methods, enginetechnologies, and more.
Includes J. D. Power's "PowerCircle" rankings.
- EPUB from £22.40

domain: library


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At Scott Robinson service center, your Ram 1500 will be in the hands of highly experienced and certified technicians. We are proud to be an authorized service center for Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram vehicles. We carry genuine OEM parts and some high-quality aftermarket products at our facility. For services, we offer oil change, tire service, transmission service, brake service, battery replacement, and more. Our service center is located in Torrance, CA, only a short drive from Redondo Beach, Carson, Gardena, and Long Beach.
We can do a fully synthetic, semi-synthetic, or conventional oil change for your Ram 1500. If you are uncertain what type of motor oil is best suited for your vehicle, our certified technicians can guide you. They can also check the engine oil filter and engine air filter to determine if the filter needs to be replaced. Regular oil change service will maximize your vehicle’s fuel economy, allow for optimum engine performance, and maximize the longevity of the engine parts.
We carry a variety of new tires at our facility, including seasonal tires, high-performance tires, fuel-efficient tires, and more. For tire services, our skilled technicians can perform tire rotation, tire balancing, and wheel alignment. They can also perform tire inspections to check the tire tread condition, inflated air pressure, punctures, cracks, sidewall damage, and more.
Our technicians are extremely familiar with the transmission system of Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram vehicles. We also welcome other makes and models. In transmission services, we can perform various services, including transmission fluid exchange, transmission filter replacement, and more. We can also repair or replace components of the transmission system.
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If your vehicle is struggling to start the car, the headlights have dimmed, or there are other electrical issues, your vehicle might need a new battery. Ideally, you want to replace the battery before it starts to underperform. We can perform a battery test and visual inspection to determine if a new battery is required. We carry car batteries from the most reputed and reliable manufacturers in the market.


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Introduction: Digital Dice
Step 1: What You Need
A clean and empty Pringles Can
An Espruino Board (http://www.espruino.com)
A switch, and two wires for it
A string of 12 WS2811 RGB LED Lights
(Not shown) Wrapping paper, tape, and double-sided tape
Step 2: Cutting the Tube
Measure 4cm from each end of the pringles can, and use a craft knife to cut it as straight as possible.
Also cut another ring from the middle of the can, around 3cm wide. Cut across it as well - this will help to hold the LED lights in place.
Step 3: Drilling Holes
Then, cut 12 equally spaced (8mm) holes in the tin end of the can, about 2mm from the edge. You'll also need a hole in the middle for your switch. We marked ours by hand with a marker pen until they looked about right, and then drilled them out.
Put the two ends of the can back together, and tape them together on the inside.
Finally apply double-sided sticky tape around the outside of the can, and then use some patterned paper (like wrapping paper) to cover up the pringles text.
Step 4: Adding the LEDs
Look carefully at the two ends of your strip of lights. Through the clear plastic you should be able to see markings on the PCB where the wires connect. One set should clearly say '5V, DI, GND', the other might say 'DO' in the middle (or you might not be able to make anything out). Make sure you mark the end of the lights marked with '5V, DI, GND' - you don't care about the other end at all, so just make sure it stays out of the way.
Then push each one of the 12 LEDs into their holes (in order). You can use blu-tack or double-sided tape to hold them in place.
Put the third ring of the Pringles can inside the LEDs to hold them in place - add some tape to it to help hold it in position.
Step 5: Soldering Up
Now, connect the two wires to your switch. We've used some head-shrink sleeving to stop the contacts shorting out, but you could use tape again. Having the contacts short won't damage anything, but it'll make Espruino think the button has been pressed when it hasn't!
Solder the wires to Espruino. For the connections, see Here:
Connect the other end to 'A1' on Espruino (any data pin would do for this)
Connect one end of the switch to a pad marked 3.3V (it should be right next to A1)
On the lights, take the end that was marked '5V, DI, GND', and separate out the 3 sets of wires that correspond to each marking.
Connect '5V' to 'VBAT' on Espruino
Connect 'GND' to 'GND' on Espruino
Connect 'DI' to 'B5' on Espruino (for this one, you need a pin that is marked SPI#_MOSI)
You're done - you can now connect the battery!
Step 6: Fitting Together
And now, you can tuck everything inside. The Espruino board and battery should fit snugly in the middle of the LED lights.
Make sure the USB connector faces outwards so that you can connect to it with your PC.
Step 7: Software!
Now, for the software! Connect your computer as described in the Espruino Quick Start. You can follow the examples in the LED Lights Tutorial to play with the lights - remember to use 'B5' as the SPI pin though.
Just copy and paste the code from one of the two files into the terminal window - or copy it from the bottom of the website here
You've now got a working Digital Dice! Type 'save()' and everything will be saved to flash, so the next time you power on your Digital Dice it'll auto-load the Digital Dice software!
If you change the software and add more functionality, let us know!
Participated in the

domain: hobby


In-House Pump Repair, Overhaul and Machining
DNOW's U.S. Process Solutions group provides professional in-house pump repair, overhaul and machining services that feature precision fabrication and machining performed by our certified technicians. Get reliable repairs from us, regardless of the job's size or complexity.
Get your pumps back to performing at peak efficiency with our in-house pump repair shop. Our experienced technicians offer a full range of services for virtually any type of pump, including, but not limited to, maintenance and machining repairs. With our advanced machining capabilities in-house, our factory-certified technicians can fabricate and machine as necessary to complete any repairs, regardless of the complexity or scale of the job. We use only high-quality parts for all new build projects and rebuilds and get you back on track quickly without compromising quality or performance, regardless of the complexity or scale of the job.
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Comfort makes your ride a pleasure. Good socks are a great addition to your apparel. The ThermoFeet is the one to choose on the colder days. The perfect fit together with the thermolite fibers makes these socks a great all-arounde sock for cold weather. Even when the socks are wet, the thermo material gives enough insulation to keep your feet warm. The open structure on top of the sock makes it easy for moisture to evaporate to keep your feet dry.
- Lightweight Thermolite fibers provide comfort and warmth, even when wet
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46% polyamide, 40% ThermoLite polyester, 10% polyester, 4% elasthane


It's usually iPhone users who get the monopoly on all the newest apps and tech, but when it comes to Android wear watches, they're the ones turning green with envy. Not that anyone's complaining about the fabulous Apple Watch, but some of the best Android wear watches on the market right now are packed with functions galore that could tempt even the most hardcore iOS devotee to jump ship. Android users prepare yourselves, because here comes the wrist wear elite.
LG Watch Urbane 2nd Edition
The announcement of the LG Urbane 2nd Edition comes just months after its predecessor the original LG Urbane was launched, but there’s a good reason why this upgrade is being rushed to the shops.
As well as receiving notifications from your phone, tracking your heart rate and step count, and streaming music via Bluetooth, LG Urbane 2nd Edition has gone where no other Android watch has gone before. Owing to its own cellular connection, LG Urbane 2nd Edition can make and receive phone calls without needing to be tethered to your phone.
Like the original Urbane, 2nd Edition is a decent looker, with a round face, analog display, and three handy shortcut buttons – one for contacts, another to open the LG Health app, and one for dimming the display.
LG has hinted at “personal coaching” and “stress level monitoring” as well as its basic activity tracking functions, but it’s yet to be revealed how these will work.
Intrigued? Keep an eye out for its release at LG.com, which should be late this year/early 2016,
With a Live Dials shortcut, you can access all of you favourite apps in one place. It also has even more dials than before, like Shazam, which you can access at a touch.
Not forgetting its primary function, it always displays the time even when it kicks into power saving mode. This isn’t to the detriment of its battery life, though, as the Moto 360 will apparently soldier on for up to two days before needing juice. It comes with a wireless charger, which we’re beginning to fully expect these days.
LG Watch Urbane Much like the loyal Apple Watch, LG Urbane is a chunky fella, except it’s got a round…
Pebble Time Round Bearers of delicate wrists take note, this slimmed down upgrade on Pebble’s popular smartwatch is the lightest,…
Its fitness tracker will monitor your activity levels and send a weekly email summarising your progress – a motivational little extra we know you’ll appreciate.
It’s fully customisable, comes in a smaller size for women, and is, frankly, rather gorgeous.
Prices will vary, starting at around £229. To bling it up with a gold paint job, you’re going to be forking out a little extra. Look out for its release at Motorola.co.uk.
The Huawei Watch
Aside from looking absolutely dreamy with its pure Sapphire crystal façade, customisable analog interfaces, and a gold option for added bling, the Huawei smartwatch is packed full of a ton of great functions.
Behind that pretty face hides a barometer, heart rate monitor, and daily activity tracker, for sending your vital stats straight to the app on your Android phone.
Its faux winder not only takes you to the home screen, but is in the 2 o’clock position rather than the standard 3, which makes it more comfortable on your wrist and places it in a more natural position to press.
With a screen swipe to the left you can access your apps, and to the right, your contacts.
Prices range from $349 (£229) to $799 (£525). Now available to pre-order from Huawei.com.
Tag Heuer Carrera Wearable 01
Much excitement surrounds the launch of the Tag Heuer Carrera Wearable in November this year, with Tag Heuer’s CEO Jean-Claude Biver promising extra dimensions of emotion, desirability, beauty, and sex appeal. Now that’s a lot to ask for in a watch, but it’s looking promising.
Tag Heuer has partnered with Intel and Google to create the Wearable 01, which is being hailed as the first Android device to be upgradeable, meaning it will be able to support future tech upgrades so that you’ll be able to keep it on your wrist for a lifetime.
Tag Heuer has kept quiet about the full capabilities of the Carrera Wearable 01, but we do know it’ll have a battery life of around 40 hours, and it’ll carry a price tag of $1400 (Around £912). Keep an eye out for the UK release at TagHeuer.co.uk.
To send a text message or make a call, instead of swiping or tapping at the screen, all you have to do is talk. Smartwatch 3 listens to your voice commands and does exactly what you say without you having to fiddle around with any wrist-based menus.
As well as listening, SmartWatch 3 will provide travel information, weather reports, and even personal commuting updates at a glance. You can customise it with loads of cool apps, like Todoist, which organises all of your important tasks, and syncs them with the app on your phone or other devices too.
If you want to head out for a morning run, SmartWatch 3 can work independently from your phone, holding all of your favourite tunes to entertain you on the go. Your activity and fitness stats will beam straight to the LifeLog app for you to see when you get home.
Depending on what colour and strap material you want, prices range from £189 to £229.
Welcome to Live-Smart!
We help you find the hottest connected tech:
- Brilliant solutions to everyday problems – like this hoover
- The latest and best smartwatch coverage
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Load up on tacos and guacamole in Wichita's biggest taco celebration, ICT Taco Fest!
Thousands of people enjoy Wichita's finest tacos for only $1 each year. But it's not just the food that draws visitors to downtown Wichita. Patrons can sample tequila, margaritas and enjoy live entertainment.
With limited tickets available, you better hurry to get your hands on these tasty tacos!
Take a look at what you can expect in the photo gallery below:

domain: food


text:
Mountain men are an interesting part of Montana’s history, and near Red Lodge one of the early pioneers whose name is still etched on the landscape is Edward Earl Van Dyke, also known as E.E. Van Dyke. He came to the state as a teenager looking to fight Indians. Instead, he ended up in Cooke City in the 1870s as miners tried to scratch a living from the steep, rocky soil. E.E.’s main claim to fame in the area is that he and his father marked the first route from Cooke City to Red Lodge over the top of the Beartooth Mountains in 1883.
It runs close to where folks now drive up and over the high plateau on the Beartooth Scenic Byway, Highway 212. E.E. went on to become a local hunting and tourist guide, helped guide the survey crew marking the reduced boundaries of the Crow Reservation, and eventually got into the oil business. Like many men of his time, he was a jack of all trades. And like many of his time, he also had a notorious past. E.E. was busted for poaching in Yellowstone National Park and his exploits, as well as a few others, eventually prompted Congress to enact stiffer punishments for park poachers.
Read more here: http://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/recreation/the-exploits-of-beartooth-mountain-man-e-e-van-dyke/article_820df7b8-383f-584d-9898-66d22d22ccea.html
(Written by Brett French – Outdoors Editor for the Billings Gazette; Photo: Brett French)
Texan breaks marksmanship world record with 3-mile shot
Slightly slower and much warmer than usual end to big game season in west-central Montana
By Moosetrack Megan
Final hunting numbers show improved success in NW Montana
Upper Salmon River Steelhead Fishing Report 11.29.21
FWP TO HOST TWO SMITH RIVER MEETINGS
Montana buck down
Montana Wolf Harvest Update
POST CARDS FROM THE WATER!!!
By Montana Grant
Rocky Mountain Elk Chili Recipe
MADISON RIVER AMBASSADORS!!!
WHAT IS WILDLIFE WORTH?
Shepherd teen charged with 18 counts in poaching case
Hunting Season Nears the End – Listen to Last Weeks Show 11/27/21
By Kamp Cook
Montana Hunting and Fishing Reports for 11/27/21
Black Friday Edition of Hunters Breakfast 11/26/21
TOP 5 WINTER ACTIVITIES IN BOZEMAN FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY
By Krawdaddy Jones
WOW – Epic buck fight during elk boning
Cutthroats and the Last Week of Montana’s General Rifle Season
Watch for wildlife on the road
ESSENTIAL TURKEY JOKES!!!
How to Release Your Hunting Dog from a Trap [VIDEO]
Boone and Crockett Club to Verify Washington State Record Bighorn Sheep


1980 GM IGNITION SWITCH WIRING
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The weather was atrocious but still people turned out in the pouring rain to get a little bit of the carnival spirit.
The costumes were stunning and it was obvious that a lot of work had gone into making them so it is a real shame that Preston missed out on the full carnival parade this year.
Preston Carnival procession had to be shelved this year, the second time in 30 years, due to a lack of funds.
Hopefully the show of support on the Flag Market this weekend is a good omen for 2017!
Did you go down to Carnival? What did you think? Let us know in the comments below


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Exploring the Best Parts of a Country Sans the Cities
Traveling has turned out to be a very interesting adventure that you can do not just for you own self but even with some people dear to you such as your loved one, your best friend, all your friends, or even your entire family. Nothing, not even just being around your gazebos, can ever compare the feeling and the many things that you can learn while traveling not just the learning with other cultures but also learning more about yourself and those that you are traveling with. Usually, when you do some traveling, you can always expect to see yourself and those traveling with you in at least one city. Obviously, this will be the case as you might be taking the main airport of the country that is located in one city and then get some access to various train stations as well as bus terminals. What is the problem with traveling to cities will have to be the fact that you will have a lot of things to be done in such city that you forget to do the things that you intend to go to such a country. Even so, can you really make the most out of your country visit when what you have to see is one of their cities and nothing more of their places?
When it comes to traveling to another country, you need to know that you never should just stay in cities most of the time. If you travel to another country even, you should skip the part of having to do some city hopping as well.
What you should know about big cities is that they are just that hard to avoid altogether owing to the fact that you get some access to common transportation services such as busses, planes, and trains. When you are after getting the most out of your country travels, then it will be best to do some travels the old-fashioned way such as doing some horseback riding, boating, using a private car, hiking, and many more.
When you want the most unforgettable memories in the country that you are headed, then skip all the city life that they offer and choose the more beaten and natural path that they offer that is more refreshing and kindles the adventurer in you in a lot of ways.
Outside of your country and into another country, make the most out of your travels by seeking a private car to service you from one place to another. Just be sure to acquire an international license that can help you rent and drive a car from another country.
When you drive on your own while traveling, not only will you save most of your money but also you will be able to put your camping gear such as some gazebos inside of your car than checking into hotels or hostels. You might consider packing some gazebos, tents, drinks, good, and games to get yourself going with your private car. Camping gazebos are great to making your traveling adventure more spacious and memorable. That is why gazebos are a must during travels.


The new CMLA electromechanical linear actuator range from Columbus McKinnon has been designed to handle the toughest operating conditions. The CMLA linear actuators are compact and can be mounted in any position, which makes them suitable for any number of applications in the food, chemical, process and metalworking industries.
Columbus McKinnon, through its Pfaff-Silberblau and ALLTEC Antriebstechnik brands, brings a combination of technologies to deliver high performance electromechanical components for linear motion technology.
With the CMLA linear actuator, customers get excellent reliability, but now in an even more compact, more powerful unit. The CMLA is available in four load specifications from 500kg to 1300kg with rated outputs of 5,000 to 13,000 N. Its outer tube is made of anodised aluminium, the housing of aluminium and the rod heads of stainless steel. The translation tube is hard-chrome plated.
As the unit is pre-wired, installation is 'plug and play’ simple. Its optional ball screw and low gear ratio make for high lifting speeds. The CMLA is suited for precision applications due to its precise positioning and its repeat accuracy. It also offers constant lifting power through the complete stroke, its standard stroke length being up to 1,000mm.
As the unit boasts case hardened gears and a bronze driving nut, it will offer an exceptionally long life. None of its power transmission components are plastic. Low maintenance is ensured through the use of high-quality lubricants to last for its full operating life.
The CMLA's motors, brakes and drive mechanism are designed in accordance with DIN EN 60034-5, protection class IP 65 for outdoor use in a temperature range of 0˚C to 60˚C.
A special motor gives the CMLA linear actuator maximum power with minimum size compared to motors in similar applications. While a three-phase AC 3Ph 400V (50 Hz) motor is standard, a direct current 24V motor is an option on P50 and P70 models. Efficiency is enhanced thanks to a two-stage straight-toothed spur gear and an optional ball screw. All rotating parts run on high-quality ball bearings.
Mechanical limit switches are standard although variable magnetic limit switches are an option. The CMLA is fitted with a self-locking trapezoidal screw, with a ball screw as an option. An anti-turn device is standard and no external control elements are needed. The unit is also supplied with a wide range of accessories.
As the unit is modular, and an adequate supply of components is kept in stock, operating hours are maximised.


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News this week that Centre Wellington Township will be purchasing Templin Gardens is great News indeed.
The uninitiated might suspect that the town has always owned the site along the banks of the Grand River just off the main street, but it was actually leased under a long term agreement.
Now that Centre Wellington has secured it along with other lands in and around the river, generations can enjoy that wise move.
We have never shied away from opportunities or endorsing the purchase of land by municipalities, particularly in the downtown or along natural waterways. Arguably, councils who choose to abandon land for a quick buck or take a pass on property offered to it, do a great disservice to future citizens.
We believe this purchase will be embraced by residents and downtown businesses alike. This significant investment leads to a larger issue.
Across this province, downtown business operators and property owners all seem to be looking for the magic bullet for prosperity. The purchase of land is a start, but without a further plan to incorporate that land into a larger strategy, it can become simply another derelict property to keep up.
A plan is needed and in speaking with members of the local BIA, we believe there is interest in developing a strategy that would see downtown Fergus become a people place, rather than just a place where people go to do business. This very public space is open to all and should be enjoyed.
Smart moves like the Templin Gardens purchase certainly move the idea along nicely.
Councillor Lou Maieron is on his way again to court, dealing with a migratory bird named Brutus who likes living at Lou’s property.
The Ministry of Natural Resources continues to pursue Maieron, having made five court appearances and numerous visits to the Maieron property, culminating in hundreds of pages of documents for a grandiose court case.
Although Maieron admits to caging Brutus in the past, that was only a means to protect his fish operation, which happens to be his livelihood. Apart from that time or two or three, he claims Brutus is free to come and go as he pleases.
Getting to court will take some time and the cost to citizens to prosecute this case is considerable. It seems like overkill to us.


FVM,FDM AND FEM
Hi CFD Friends,
Can some one explain me the basic difference among these three numerical technique FVM,FDM AND FEM? why one is good for CFD, another is good for structural analysis? If some one know any link for this info then plz tell me.
Re: FVM,FDM AND FEM
when talking about "good" numerical methods, we shall stand with end users, either engineers or researchers. because that's our purpose to develope numerical methods.
three words are better to be use to describe "good" numerical methods: reliability, efficiency, and flexibility.
accuracy, stability, roubustness, simplicity, ... all are included in the above three words, and themselves are inappropriate to stand out independently, for the sake of end users.( the explnation could be a long story).
an example, saying that high-order method is more accurate does not tell anything. because the cost might be high. that is, one may refine mesh in low-order method to gain the same accuracy with less cost. so, efficiency is the right word. accuracy is not.
as a matter of fact, the two best numerical methods are: (continuous) FEM (what very known to people) and discontinuous FEM (so called Discontinuous Galerkin, which is an improper name).
the former is the best for low-Re flow and structure and heat, because all those problems are elliptic or heat type PDEs, and where solutions are usually smooth.
the latter is the best for typical flow, which is hyperbolic type PDEs, and where solutions are typically not smooth, due to convective nonlinearity and also due to pressure in the case of incompressible flow.
in structural mechanics, there is only one thing passing around: stress. but in fluid mechanics, there are two: stress and mass. in a computational view, linear elasticity is a subset of Navier-Stokes, which can display as any of three types of PDEs under different conditions. a method works for subset does not have to work for the superset.
when a method is in weak form which means the solution generated by computers may NOT be THE solution, when there are two things trying to kicking away responsibility to each other, when the solution is not smooth which means sharp changes are ubiquitous; when all three stand, a non locally conservative method is not something we shall trust.
the continuous FEM is not locally conservative, therefore it is a poor method in typical flows. FEM is not reliable for typcial flows, whatever so called stabilized methods or not. the Control-Volume based FEM, which is locally conservative in mass, is the only exception.
the discontinuous FEM is locally conservative both in mass and momentum, but for smooth problems it becomes inefficient because it introduces much more unknowns.
both methods are flexible, better than FDM, which still can handle complex geometry but in an awkward manner.
FVM is a simplified type of Discontinuous FEM, therefore it is very popular in fluids. but, FVM is NOT the best.
so called spectral element method is a high-order continuous FEM; and so called subdomain methods should be named as discontinuous Spectral Element Method, and it belongs to high-order Discontinous FEM.
so called spectral method is the one-element continous/discontinous spectral element method, and it can't handle complex geometry.
for problems where fundamental solutions from the government equations (Green's functions) can be found, consequently only BC are left to be satisfied, the Boundary Element Method/Boundary Integral Method is the most efficient one.
and there are a bunch of Lagrangian based methods like those tracking particles. Chorin's vortex method belongs to this category, I guess.
the above is mainly on 'reliability'. flexibility is mentioned but only when starting to implement a method or use a method to solve a varity of problems, one can feel the meaning of flexibility. efficiency is easy to measure in case by case base. just run the code, to see which spends less time but gains the same accuracy. but efficiency is hard to measure in general. for example, for a simple geomerty problem, nither the continous nor discontinuous FEM is the best, simply because their powerful features, which takes time for computer to run, are wasted.
overall speaking, the Discontinuous Spectral Element Method is the best of the best for fluid mechanics.
difference among three in a nature
the most apparent different among three, in a structure sense, is explained below.
FDM uses the "exact fit" found in any textbook on numerical analysis. Taylor expansion is used for this method.
FEM uses the "best fit". Polynomimal (typically lagrangian) employed in this method.
FEM has a relative, called Discontinuous Galerkin (DG). and this relative has a son, called FVM.
when in low-order polynomials, FVM looks like FDM.
Re: difference among three in a nature
Read also previous discussions:
Re: FVM,FDM AND FEM
FVM is most recent method for the CFD. Because the conservative nature of this schemes. That means the control volumes does not overlap and summation of these control volumes gives the hole domain. FVM is the natural extension of FDM and FEM. In the present time researchers encourage to find the convergence and stability of this scheme.
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This mod contains more than 60 paths for the Scenario Planner of the route "Hauptstrecke Rhein-Ruhr". In this, unlike in the vanilla version, a large part of the portals are also used. As a result, paths are also included that are only intended for AI traffic.
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More information on included paths and the instructions to use them as well as a detailed changelog are in the manual for this mod. I strongly advise you to read the manual before using this mod in your own scenarios. There is an English and a German version.
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Files[DE] HRR Szenarioentwickler Pfad-Erweiterung Handbuch v1.2.pdf 63 KB · Added 12 Sep 2022 · Downloaded 335× [EN] HRR Scenario Planner Path Extension Manual v1.2.pdf 62 KB · Added 12 Sep 2022 · Downloaded 351× TP-HRR-Scenario-Planner-Path-Extension-v1_2.pak 15 KB · Added 12 Sep 2022 · Downloaded 1,088× TSW3 readme.txt 1 KB · Added 12 Sep 2022 · Downloaded 344×
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About this mod
- 28 Mar 2021
- 12 Sep 2022
- Train Sim World
- Type of content
- Train Sim World 2: Steam version (UE4 4.26), Train Sim World 3
- Train Sim World Content
- Hauptstrecke Rhein-Ruhr: Duisburg - Bochum


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