|Publication number||US4907845 A|
|Application number||US 07/245,227|
|Publication date||Mar 13, 1990|
|Filing date||Sep 16, 1988|
|Priority date||Sep 16, 1988|
|Publication number||07245227, 245227, US 4907845 A, US 4907845A, US-A-4907845, US4907845 A, US4907845A|
|Original Assignee||Salomon Sa|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (116), Classifications (17), Legal Events (10)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This Invention pertains to a bed patient monitoring system and more particularly to a system for detecting the undesired movement of a bed-restricted patient and providing a system of alarms to facilitate returning the patient to a proper position in the bed.
2. Background of the Invention
It is often desirable to restrict patients to their beds and not permit their movement from the bed without supervision of medical personnel or, in many instances, without the direct aid and assistance of such personnel. With the increase of litigation and legal liability in the area of medical care, the consequences of bed-restricted patients getting out of their beds and then being injured, or worsening their condition as a result thereof, is of major economic significance in the health care field. As a result of this and related problems concerning bed-restricted patients, a need has developed to monitor the activity of such patients and to be forewarned that the patient is about to or is trying to leave their bed. One such attempt to solve this problem is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,692 issued Dec. 18, 1979, to Dwight A. Vance and entitled "APPARATUS TO INDICATE WHEN A PATIENT HAS EVACUATED A BED OR DEMONSTRATES A RESTLESS CONDITION". The system disclosed in the Vance patent utilizes a variety of switches for detecting patient movement and/or restlessness. The system is arranged to detect the movements of a patient and thereafter try to determine a level of restlessness which when exceeded will indicate that the patient may be getting ready to leave the bed. This and other systems which have attempted to solve this problem have had a variety of shortcomings which are overcome in the present system. If a patient is adjusting themselves in the bed and activates a detecting device which is indicative of an undesirable movement, but in fact the patient is not moving from the bed and resumes a more normal position which would not activate the detecting device, an alarm which may have been activated oftentimes continues to operate even if the patient's activity has ceased.
Other systems do not interface with the nurses' call light which is stationed in the hall over the patient's door and at the nurses' station; or if the systems do interface, they do not differentiate between a patient call and a patient trying to leave a bed, the latter condition normally being a much greater emergency than the former under normal circumstances. On the other hand, some systems require that they be interfaced with the nurses' call station system in order to operate. Many of these systems require rather complex procedures for activating or reactivating the system or for resetting the system if it has been activated. It is desirable to have very simple procedures for activating the system so that doctors, nurses, orderlies or the like, or even visitors or family members who are not familiar with the system, will not inadvertently set off the alarm or if they have deactivated the system in order to move a patient from the bed, forget or be prone to avoid activating or resetting the system because of the complexity of the system or because of forgetfulness. It is also important that any alarm device at a remote location have some means for identifying the discreet room number that houses the patient making an undesirable move. Another problem with such prior systems is that a malfunction in the system is not readily detectable and thus the system may not be working and this not be known to the health care staff. Yet another problem is that of the patient having some way to intentionally or unintentionally either disarm the system or trigger a false alarm. In some systems, once an alarm is set off, each bed must be reset.
Although it is the express object of the Vance patent, cited above, to provide and signal a level of restlessness, it is more desirable to know if the patient is moving from a desired condition and yet not set off an alarm which must be reset in the patient's room should the condition return to normal. In some systems the sensor is placed directly beneath the patient or beneath a sheet and because it is easily moved by the patient's movements, can be moved out of its desired position and then produce false alarms because the detector is mispositioned rather than the patient. In some systems the detector, when placed on top of the mattress, becomes contaminated by contact with the patient or the patient's body fluids and as a result must be replaced with each new patient or after each occurrence of suspected contamination.
One such detecting device is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,910, issued on Jan. 21, 1986, to Musick, et al, and entitled "SWITCH APPARATUS RESPONSIVE TO DISTORTION". This device, because of its construction, must be placed under sheets, bedding or the like on top of the mattress and thus is protected from patient contact or body fluid contact by only thin layers of materials. Hospitals using this product routinely require its replacement with a new detector unit with each patient turnover.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved bed patient monitoring system which will overcome the drawbacks of the prior systems.
With this and other objects in view, the present system contemplates a bed patient monitoring system including a detection device that when placed beneath the mattress of a bed is sensitive to the weight distribution on top of the mattress to effectively monitor the patient's movement. The detection device is comprised of a ribbon switch array having a pair of parallel conductive strips which are arranged to move away from one another in the absence of pressure and to contact one another under a sufficient pressure source to make an electrical contact. The ribbon switch is sandwiched between a pair of substantially parallel plates that are arranged for relative movement laterally and transversely and are encased in a sealed cover which permits such relative movement between the plates and at the same time holds the plates and the switch in assembly. The cover also seals the assembly from contamination in the environment of the bed patient. The contacts in the ribbon switch are electrically connected to a control device that translates the making and breaking of the contacts into a movement signal for use in operating various alarm devices. One such device includes an already existing nurses' call station alarm system usually consisting of a patient controlled call button positioned at the patient's bedside, a hall light over the patient's door and signal lights and/or audible device at the nurses' station. The control device, when receiving a signal indicative of undesired patient movement, deactivates the regular nurses' call light system and superimposes an alert signal on the nurses' call light system which is distinguishable from the regular signal indicative of the patient calling for help. The alert signal also activates an audible alarm in the patient's room which is designed to encourage the patient to discontinue the undesired movement and to return to the desired position on the bed. If the patient returns to the desired position, the alarm system is automatically reset and the alert signal ceases.
In addition, the movement signal initiates operation of a radio frequency transmitter which sends a discreet signal to a central processing unit at a remote location for identifying the discreet room location of the alert signal and for further transmitting the signal to other remote alarm stations in the system.
In one embodiment of the invention, a switch device is positioned on the bed and movable bed rail so that if the bed rail is lowered, in order to voluntarily move the patient from the bed, the alert system is deactivated and no alarms are initiated. Then, when the patient is returned to the bed and the bed rail is raised to confine the patient, the system is activated to provide an alarm under appropriate circumstances.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a circuit diagram showing the bed patient monitoring system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a bed rail switch for use in the circuit diagram of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of a hospital bed having a bed rail switch for use with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a movement detection device in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the assembled movement detection device of FIG. 4 positioned over a portion of a bed frame; and
FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a ribbon switch for use in the movement detection device of FIG. 4.
REFERRING first to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a bed patient monitoring system is shown for use in a health care facility having patient rooms and a nurses' station remote from the patient's room. It is readily appreciated that many arrangements of such facilities are possible and that the present invention is described with respect to but a few of such arrangements. A bed sensor 12 which would normally be positioned on or about the patient's bed is shown having a circuit path 14 connected to a control relay 24, the connection is made by means of a male/female quick disconnect microphone jack 25 which has a built-in spring loaded means for closing the circuit path 14 when the male portion of the jack 25 is removed from the female portion of the jack 25 which is shown mounted on the housing of the control relay 24. As will be described later wit reference to FIG. Z of the drawings, a bed rail switch is interposed in the circuit path 14 to provide a functionally unique way to automatically open and close this circuit path 14. A dampening circuit operates in the input to the control relay 24 to provide a momentary delay in the activation of the relay 24 should the bed sensor 12 provide a momentary movement signal. This dampening is provided by a capacitor across the coil of the control relay which gives a time delay of about .2 of a second if the bed sensor switch is opened. As will be described later, the bed sensor includes a ribbon switch which has contacts that are held closed when a patient is properly positioned on the bed. If the patient moves their weight off of the sensor for more than the momentary delay described above, the open contacts of the switch cause the control relay which is normally closed, to open. A first signal path from control relay 24 leads to a light emitting diode 26 which is positioned on the bed or in the patient's room in view of health care workers. A second circuit path from the control relay 24 passes to a flasher timer 28 such as a "555 timer". A third circuit path from the output of control relay 24 passes to a nurses' call station control relay 30.
Most health care facilities have a nurses' call station system already in existence which permits a patient, by pressing a call button 31, to send a signal to a light 35 positioned over the patient's door and to a light and/or audible alarm at a remote nurses' station 38. There are of course a variety of such systems but for purposes of illustration the system described herein, which is one of the more prevalent systems, includes a low voltage power supply 32 for providing power to one leg 23 of the hall light 35 and nurses' call station display 38.
When not powered by a signal from control relay 24, nurses' call station control relay 30 is normally closed to provide a ground path 29, 33 to the hall light 35 and nurses' call station display 38. Ground path 29 is connected to the nurses' call button 31 which has its other lead connected to the ground leg 27 of power supply 32. The other power leg 23 of the power supply is connected to the hall light 35 and nurses' call station display 38. When the control relay 24 sends a signal to control relay 30, relay 30 is opened to break the ground leg 33 to the hall light 35 and nurses' station 38.
Another output of control relay 24 to flasher 28 causes flasher 28 to intermittently operate the flasher relay 40. An intermittent signal from the flasher 28 is passed to an audible alarm 42 which may be in the form of a beeper, voice synthesizer or the like, in the patient's room.
Another normally open output 41 of relay 40 is activated by the relay 40 to provide a ground leg to the nurses' call station 38 and hall light 35. This will provide an intermittent ground because the relay 40 is driven by an intermittent signal from flasher 28. Thus when control relay 24 operates control relay 30 to open the ground leg 33 in the nurses' call light system, the ground to the hall light 35 and nurses' call station 38 is taken up by the intermittent ground on leg 41 from flasher relay 40.
A 12-volt D.C. power supply 46 provides power to all components of the system thus far described except those components of the already existing nurses' call station system which are shown utilizing a 24-volt A.C. power supply 32.
Yet another circuit path 43 from the flasher relay 40 is normally closed to ground out an operating signal to a discreet frequency transmitter 16. When relay 40 operates, the ground leg 43 is intermittently broken to permit transmitter 16 to intermittently operate at its discreet frequency. In order to utilize the radio frequency signal generated by transmitter 16, a remote alarm portion of the system is placed at a central station for remote room monitoring, usually the nurses' station. This remote portion of the system includes a central processing unit 48 which has a receiver for receiving the radio frequency signal from the transmitter 16. The signal from the transmitter 16 is modulated by a programmable modulating device to provide a discreet signal so that each room in which the transmitter 16 is placed may have a discreet signal which is then discernable by the central processing unit 48 to identify the room from which an alarm signal originates. A system produced by Interactive Technologies, Inc., of North St. Paul, Minn., and described as their SX-IVB SECURITY SYSTEM, provides a system including the transmitter 16 and Central Processor thus far described. This system is powered by an 8-volt D.C. power supply 50. The central processor 48 also provides a visual digital readout of a number indicative of the transmitter location originating the discreet alarm signal which is programmed into both the transmitters 16 and the central processor 48. This visual readout would most likely be provided to the nurses' station display 52. In addition, the system utilizes the 110 electrical circuit in the vicinity of the system to provide any number of alarm units such as audible hallway devices 54 which are merely plugged into a wall outlet and which receive a radio frequency signal interposed upon the 110-volt A.C. power supply.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawings, a bed rail switch device is shown including a first switch component 18 mounted on a bed rail 66. The first switch component 18 may be a magnet or magnetic device which when positioned near a second switch component 22 such as a magnetic reed switch, will cause the switch to operate. The switch component 22 is a normally closed relay switch which provides a closed circuit path between the bed sensor 12 and the control relay 24. The normally closed state exists when the magnetic switch component 18 is spaced from the stationary component 22. When component 18 is brought into the magnetic proximity of component 22, the switch is opened and in the open position, the relay switch provides a constant signal to the control relay 24 independent of a patient's weight being present to operate the bed sensor. The switch component 22 is mounted on a stationary portion 63 of the frame of the bed 56 so that when the bed rail 66 is in an up position, components 18 and 22 are spaced sufficiently to maintain the relay switch in its normally closed position. When the bed rail 66 is lowered to permit an authorized removal of the patient from the bed, components 18 and 22 are placed in magnetic proximity to operate the switch and thereby provide a constant signal to control relay 24, which simulates the patient's presence in a proper position on the bed. FIG. 3 shows a hospital bed 56 having a mattress 52 positioned over a bed framework including a stationary center frame member 60 and movable hand and foot end portions 62, 64. The bed sensor 12 is shown positioned between the mattress 58 and the stationary center frame member 60. The mattress 58 and the stationary frame member 60 are shown to be separated vertically for purposes of clearly illustrating their relative arrangement on the bed. Their position under actual circumstances is the sensor 12 being sandwiched between the mattress and stationary frame portion 60. A movable bed rail 66 is slideable on vertical supports 68 to raise and lower the bedrail alongside the bed frame and thereby provide in its raised position a means for confining a bed patient to a desired position on the bed, and in its lowered position, permitting the patient to leave the top of the bed area.
Next referring to FIG. 4 of the drawings, the bed sensor 12 is shown in an exploded view and includes an upper plate 70 made of a stiff plastic material such as 1/8 inch thick acrylic plastic or plexiglas. A bottom plate 74 is constructed of a similar acrylic material approximately 1/4 inch thick to provide a firm and steady base for the detector assembly. Bottom plate 74 has a drilled opening 71 sized just large enough to pass a pair of conductors 72 which are sealed with a silicon sealant where they pass through opening 71 as will be described later. A pair of ribbon switches 76 are arranged parallel to one another on top of plate 74 and are sandwiched between the top and bottom plates 70, 74 when the detector is assembled. The ribbon switches used herein are manufactured by Tapeswitch Corporation of Farmingdale, N.Y., as 102-BP ribbon switch. This switch is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,896,042 entitled "Tape Switch", which was issued to R. H. Koenig on July 21, 1959. As shown in FIG. 4, the parallel rows of ribbon switches are electrically connected in parallel to circuit wire 72. The ribbon switches 76 are arranged in the assembly so that their outer edges and ends are spaced inwardly from the outer edges of the top and bottom plates. A configuration that has proven effective is a side spacing "a" of 11/2 inches from the edges of the top and bottom plates 70, 74 to the outer edge of the ribbon switches which are each about 1/2 inch wide. An end spacing "b" of approximately 2" works well. A spacing "c" of about 23/4 inches between the parallel rows of ribbon switches is appropriate for this assembly. The ribbon switches are about .156 inches thick. This switch material is shown in cross sectional detail in FIG. 6, and is comprised of a pair of spaced conductor ribbons which when forced together under pressure to make electrical contact. A cover 78 of polyethylene plastic of approximately 71/2 mil thickness and completely sealing the assembly (also see FIG. 5) is next provided to seal the assembly from environmental contamination and to hold the parts of the detector thus far described in assembly. The cover 78 is preferably formed into a bag which closely fits about the assembly so that the assembly can be easily slid into the bag while leaving enough space for the top and bottom plates 70, 74, to move vertically and transversely relative to one another. The end 80 of the bag 78 is then heat sealed to provide a sealed environment within the bag for the assembled detector. This sealed configuration permits the detector to be cleaned with a disinfectant and reused from one patient to another. This reuse procedure is permitted due to the detector being placed below the mattress and also being sealed against fluid contamination. The advent of the discovery of Anti Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has caused health care facilities to become extremely cautious regarding the contamination of health care equipment and products which are subjected to the body fluids of patients. Detectors which are placed on top of the mattress under bed clothing are routinely discarded after each patient use. The present detection system is arranged so that its sensitivity and construction features lend it effective for under mattress use, thus removing it from the immediate environment of potential body fluid contamination. In addition, the sealed configuration permits its being cleaned for reuse after each patient turnover. The circuit cord 72 from the ribbon switches 76 passes through a hole in the cover, the hole and cord 72 being again sealed by any good grade of silicon sealant. FIG. 4 also shows end plates 84 which are made from a thin tough material such as 0.03 inch acrylic plastic. The end plates 84 are bonded by glue, epoxy or the like to the bottom outer surface of the cover 78 of the assembly and are positioned at the ends of the assembly. Referring now to FIG. 5, a side angle iron bed frame member 86 is shown having a matrix of wire webbing 88 spanning between the side frame members 86 for supporting a mattress, box springs, or the like in a supple manner. The webbing is attached to the frame by means of coiled spings 90 having their curved ends hooked to the webbing and through spaced holes in the frame members 86. These springs 90 will tend to wear through and rupture the cover 78 of the detector assembly 12. The end plates 84 provide a protective barrier at the ends of the detector assembly 12 so that when the detector assembly is placed on the stationary portion 60 of the bed frame, and lengthwise is dimensioned to lap over the edge of the side frame member 86, the end plates 84 covering that portion of the detector assembly 12 overlying the coil springs 90 will prevent rupture of the environmental sealed cover 78. The stationary center portion 60 of a typical hospital bed frame has a width dimension "e" of approximately 9 inches. The detector assembly 12 has a width dimension "d" of 63/4 inches which approaches the minimum width which is used for the top and bottom detector plates 70, 74. It is preferable to make the detector assembly 12 wide enough so as to fill as much as possible the space occupied by the non-movable center portion 60 of the bed frame. In addition, the length of the detector assembly should be such that it extends onto at least a portion of the frame portion 86 on either side of the bed to give a firm and resistive support to the bottom of the sensor. Such filling of this space with the detector assembly maximizes the detector sensitivity to patient movement. When the detector is placed under the mattress as shown herein, this maximizing of sensitivity becomes even more important because of the attenuating effect of the intervening mattress between the bed patient and the detector.
FIG. 6 of the drawings shows a cross sectional view of the ribbon switch 76 which is used in detector 12. The switch 76 includes an upper ribbon contact 92 which is spaced upwardly from a lower ribbon contact 94, and has an insulating strip 95 which is positioned under the contact 94 and folds over the edges of the lower contact 94 to provide a separating member between the ribbon contacts 92 and 94. The longitudinal edges 96 of the insulating strip 95 are formed in a "Z" shape to provide a spring effect to the separating member for keeping the contacts 92 and 94 from normally coming into contact. The assembly described above is encased in a plastic sheath 97 which transmits force to the contacts 92, 94. Electrical conducting wires 98 are electrically connected to the contacts 92, 94 to provide an electrical indication of when the contacts are spaced or touching. This ribbon switch shown in FIG. 6 is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 2,896,042 described above.
In the operation of the system described thus far, reference is first made to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. When a patient is positioned on the bed mattress 58, enough weight is present on the mattress to sufficiently compress the ribbon switch 76 so that the ribbon contacts 92, 94 therein are electrically connected. The construction of the detector 12, such as size of the detector assembly and these features permitting lateral movement of the top and bottom plates permits patient weight in any number of normal positions on the mattress to provide this contact closing pressure. Thus, the circuit path 14 is closed when a patient is positioned on the bed. This in turn provides a holding voltage to the control relay 24 to hold the relay in a deactivated or open state. A capacitive delay circuit is connected across the coil of the relay to provide a delay of approximately .2 seconds so that momentary opening of the ribbon switch contacts due to a patient shifting positions, will not set off the alarm system. In this deactivated state the control relay passes a power signal to the LED 26 to provide a visual signal to health care workers in the room that the system is activated and ready to operate. When patient weight is removed from the detector 12, a movement signal is passed by the control relay to the nurses' call station relay 30. Activation of relay 30 opens a ground leg circuit path passing from the power supply 32 through the patient operated call button 31 and relay 30 to the nurses' hall light 35 and nurses' call station display 38. This in turn disables the normal operation of the nurses' call station call button 31, so that if this system is being operated by the patient's button 31, it is disabled by the patient trying to move from the bed. At the same time another output of control relay 24 drives the flasher 28 to generate an intermittent signal to operate flasher relay 40 in an intermittent fashion. Operation of flasher relay 40 provides an intermittent alternative ground path 41 to the hall light 34 and nurses' call station display 38 to cause their intermittent operation. In addition, if the patient bed monitor portion of the system should fail, such as by power failure, the nurses' control relay 30 which is normally closed, will remain normally closed in the absence of a movement signal from control relay 24. The circuit path from control relay 24 is normally open absent a movement signal from the bed sensor which closes the relay for sending out a control signal to flasher 28 and nurses' call station relay 30. When flasher 28 signal operates the flasher relay 40, an intermittent signal is also passed to audible alarm 42 which provides a signal within the normal audible range of a patient to let the patient know that he has caused an alarm by his movement which in many cases will remind the patient that he/she is exceeding the desired movement range and thereby encourage the patient to return to the desired position on the bed. One such audible alarm is a voice synthesizer which would speak a phrase such as "Please return to your bed" or the like so that if the patient in fact is getting out of bed, they will be encouraged to return. Another output 43 of the flasher relay 40 operates a transmitter 16 which outputs, on an intermittent basis, a discreet frequency RF signal that is modulated so as to provide a discreet signal that is different for each transmitter 16 in a particular hospital system. A remote receiver for the transmitter's discreet signal is housed in a central processing unit 48 which is located at a central monitoring station such as a nurses' station. The central processing unit 48 has a visual display readout that identifies the location of a transmitter being activated by undesired patient movement. The central processor 48 also provides an output signal that can be used to operate a remote alarm 54 in the hospital corridors for example. In the system shown in FIG. 1, the bed sensor output passes through circuit path 14 through a quick disconnect jack 25 to the control relay 24. The control relay is in a normally open state until the circuit path 14 is opened by the patient lifting their weight from the detector 12 for a sufficient time to overcome a capacitive delay circuit across the coil of control relay 24. The delay circuit causes the relay 24 to delay about 0.2 of a second before being activated to provide a power signal output to the nurses' call station relay 30. When relay 30 is activated it breaks a grounding leg to the nurses' call station and hall light as described above with respect to FIG. 1. Operation of relay 24 also shuts off the power to LED 26. This would always tell a staff person that the system is either not operating or that patient's weight is not closing the detector 12. If it is desired to move the patient from their bed, the circuit path 14 is opened by removing a male jack end of circuit path 14 from a female connector in quick disconnect jack 25. A jack switch, not shown, closes to simulate a closed circuit path 14 which is the condition existing when a patient is on the bed over the detector 12. Thus the system's alarms are not activated.
An alternative system is shown in FIG. 2 for connecting the bed sensor circuit path 14 to the control relay. As described with respect to FIG. 2, a magnetically operated switch is interposed in the circuit path 14, with the switch having a stationary switch component 22 mounted on the bed frame 63 and a proximity switch component 18 mounted on the bed rail 66. When the bed rail is raised to confine the patient to the bed area, the switch components 18, 22 are spaced so that the relay switch component 22 remains in a normally closed condition to close the circuit path 14 with the sensor 12 included in the circuit. When the bed rail is lowered, the magnetic component 18 of the switch is brought into magnetic proximity of the magnetically activated switch component 22 to operate the switch 22. When operated, switch 22 maintains a constant power signal to the control relay 24 which disables the detector 12 from the circuit and in effect simulates the presence of a person in the bed in a proper position to avoid the actuation of any alarm systems when the bed rail is down. In this manner when a patient is removed from the bed by lowering the bed rail, the system will not sound any alarms and when the patient is repositioned on the bed surface and the rail is again raised, the system is once again operable with the detector 12 in series in the circuit path 14.
It is readily seen that there are any number of combinations of alarm schemes that might be utilized in a health care facility since each facility of course has its own set of criteria that must be accommodated to provide a workable system. It is the purpose of this system to provide a detection device that is safe and reliable and a system for providing alarms that will maximize the probability of avoiding the unauthorized patient movement from their beds. This system provides the flexibility necessary to carry out these purposes.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is apparent that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and therefore the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4179692 *||May 5, 1977||Dec 18, 1979||Vance Dwight A||Apparatus to indicate when a patient has evacuated a bed or demonstrates a restless condition|
|US4228426 *||Sep 29, 1978||Oct 14, 1980||Roberts William A||Hospital bed monitor|
|US4446345 *||May 19, 1982||May 1, 1984||Eaton Corporation||Seat switch assembly|
|US4484043 *||Sep 30, 1982||Nov 20, 1984||Bed-Check Corporation||Switch apparatus responsive to pressure or distortion|
|US4539560 *||Dec 10, 1982||Sep 3, 1985||Hill-Rom Company, Inc.||Bed departure detection system|
|US4633237 *||Jul 11, 1984||Dec 30, 1986||Kenneth A. Tucknott||Patient bed alarm system|
|US4638307 *||Oct 15, 1985||Jan 20, 1987||Swartout Willson C||Patient position monitoring system|
|US4658242 *||Jun 7, 1985||Apr 14, 1987||Abraham Zeder||Impedance sensing anti-theft device|
|US4661664 *||Dec 23, 1985||Apr 28, 1987||Miller Norman K||High sensitivity mat switch|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5140309 *||Mar 12, 1991||Aug 18, 1992||Gaymar Industries, Inc.||Bed signalling apparatus|
|US5184112 *||Sep 11, 1991||Feb 2, 1993||Gaymar Industries, Inc.||Bed patient position monitor|
|US5235319 *||May 11, 1992||Aug 10, 1993||Joseph C. Hill||Patient monitoring system|
|US5353012 *||May 14, 1992||Oct 4, 1994||Bartronix, Inc.||Bed position and activity sensing apparatus|
|US5410297 *||Jan 11, 1993||Apr 25, 1995||R. F. Technologies, Inc.||Capacitive patient presence monitor|
|US5519380 *||Nov 4, 1994||May 21, 1996||Guardian Electronics, Inc.||Personal monitoring system and method|
|US5780798 *||Aug 15, 1996||Jul 14, 1998||Hall-Jackson; John Alan||Bed occupant sensing device|
|US5796059 *||Mar 19, 1996||Aug 18, 1998||Boon; Stephen W.||Pressure-sensitive switch apparatus|
|US5808552 *||Nov 25, 1996||Sep 15, 1998||Hill-Rom, Inc.||Patient detection system for a patient-support device|
|US5844488 *||Sep 23, 1997||Dec 1, 1998||Musick; Jeff L.||Bed sensor and alarm|
|US5990799 *||Oct 6, 1998||Nov 23, 1999||Boon; Stephen W.||Chair occupancy monitoring device|
|US6025782 *||Jun 9, 1997||Feb 15, 2000||Newham; Paul||Device for monitoring the presence of a person using proximity induced dielectric shift sensing|
|US6078261 *||Nov 10, 1998||Jun 20, 2000||Alert Systems, Inc.||System for monitoring a bed patient|
|US6166644 *||Sep 10, 1998||Dec 26, 2000||Senior Technologies, Inc.||Patient monitoring system|
|US6204767||Jun 4, 1999||Mar 20, 2001||Donald A. Edwards||Chair monitor|
|US6297738||Sep 22, 1999||Oct 2, 2001||Paul Newham||Modular system for monitoring the presence of a person using a variety of sensing devices|
|US6307476 *||Apr 2, 1999||Oct 23, 2001||Bed-Check Corporation||Smart binary switch for use with an electronic patient monitor|
|US6320510||Dec 14, 2000||Nov 20, 2001||Douglas J. Menkedick||Bed control apparatus|
|US6441742 *||Feb 25, 1999||Aug 27, 2002||Bed-Check Corporation||Microprocessor based bed patient monitor|
|US6778090||Oct 2, 2001||Aug 17, 2004||Paul Newham||Modular system for monitoring the presence of a person using a variety of sensing devices|
|US6788206||Sep 5, 2002||Sep 7, 2004||Donald A. Edwards||Patient monitoring system|
|US6791460||Nov 19, 2001||Sep 14, 2004||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient position detection apparatus for a bed|
|US6829796||Oct 1, 2002||Dec 14, 2004||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Integrated barrier and fluid supply for a hospital bed|
|US6847301 *||Mar 6, 2003||Jan 25, 2005||Personal Safety Corporation||Patient position monitoring device|
|US6934986||Jul 14, 2003||Aug 30, 2005||Kci Licensing, Inc.||Power and electrical signal interface for a therapeutic bed|
|US7026940||Jan 2, 2003||Apr 11, 2006||Alimed, Inc.||Chair back monitoring device|
|US7038584 *||Feb 21, 2003||May 2, 2006||Ge Medical Systems Information Technologies, Inc.||Object location monitoring within buildings|
|US7152791 *||Mar 30, 2004||Dec 26, 2006||Honeywell International, Inc.||Identifying the location of an asset|
|US7242308 *||May 11, 2005||Jul 10, 2007||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed status information system for hospital beds|
|US7310839||Dec 14, 2004||Dec 25, 2007||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support apparatus|
|US7389552||Dec 31, 2007||Jun 24, 2008||Monster Medic, Inc.||Ambulance cot system|
|US7472440||Mar 28, 2006||Jan 6, 2009||Kci Licensing, Inc.||Control member for therapeutic bed|
|US7538659||Jun 26, 2007||May 26, 2009||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed status information system for hospital beds|
|US7541935 *||May 19, 2005||Jun 2, 2009||Proacticare Llc||System and methods for monitoring caregiver performance|
|US7568246 *||May 21, 2007||Aug 4, 2009||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed with a networked alarm|
|US7570152||Aug 21, 2006||Aug 4, 2009||Bed-Check Corporation||Method and apparatus for temporarily disabling a patient monitor|
|US7652581||Feb 18, 2005||Jan 26, 2010||Hoana Medical, Inc.||Method and system for integrating a passive sensor array with a mattress for patient monitoring|
|US7656299||Jan 17, 2007||Feb 2, 2010||Hoana Medical, Inc.||Bed exit and patient detection system|
|US7666151||Nov 20, 2002||Feb 23, 2010||Hoana Medical, Inc.||Devices and methods for passive patient monitoring|
|US7698765||Jan 3, 2006||Apr 20, 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support|
|US7714728||Jan 8, 2007||May 11, 2010||Gt Angel, Llc||Using RFID to prevent or detect falls, wandering, bed egress and medication errors|
|US7761310||Dec 7, 2006||Jul 20, 2010||Samarion, Inc.||Methods and systems for monitoring quality and performance at a healthcare facility|
|US7786874||Dec 7, 2006||Aug 31, 2010||Samarion, Inc.||Methods for refining patient, staff and visitor profiles used in monitoring quality and performance at a healthcare facility|
|US7825814||Jan 22, 2008||Nov 2, 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed occupant monitoring system|
|US7849545||Nov 14, 2006||Dec 14, 2010||Hill-Rom Industries Sa||Control system for hospital bed mattress|
|US7911348||Jul 17, 2007||Mar 22, 2011||Bee Cave, LLC.||Methods for refining patient, staff and visitor profiles used in monitoring quality and performance at a healthcare facility|
|US7940187||Jan 30, 2009||May 10, 2011||Paul Newham||Modular systems for monitoring the presence of a person using a variety of sensing devices|
|US7986242||Jul 9, 2007||Jul 26, 2011||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Electrical connector assembly suitable for a bed footboard|
|US7987069||Nov 11, 2008||Jul 26, 2011||Bee Cave, Llc||Monitoring patient support exiting and initiating response|
|US8042206 *||Sep 11, 2009||Oct 25, 2011||Anodyne Medical Device, Inc.||Bed exit alarm|
|US8046625||Feb 12, 2009||Oct 25, 2011||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Distributed fault tolerant architecture for a healthcare communication system|
|US8051513||Apr 25, 2008||Nov 8, 2011||Monster Medic, Inc.||Ambulance cot system|
|US8079103 *||Feb 9, 2010||Dec 20, 2011||Cardon Rehabilitation & Medical Equipment, Ltd.||Activation means for position adjustment of a therapeutic table|
|US8081083 *||Mar 6, 2009||Dec 20, 2011||Telehealth Sensors Llc||Mattress or chair sensor envelope with an antenna|
|US8090478||Jun 12, 2006||Jan 3, 2012||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus|
|US8154413||Jun 1, 2009||Apr 10, 2012||Proacticare Llc||System and methods for monitoring caregiver performance|
|US8169304||Feb 12, 2009||May 1, 2012||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||User station for healthcare communication system|
|US8344860||Jan 1, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support apparatus alert system|
|US8378826||Oct 1, 2010||Feb 19, 2013||Checkpoint Systems, Inc.||Key device for monitoring systems|
|US8384526||Feb 12, 2009||Feb 26, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Indicator apparatus for healthcare communication system|
|US8392747||Sep 23, 2011||Mar 5, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Distributed fault tolerant architecture for a healthcare communication system|
|US8393026||May 27, 2011||Mar 12, 2013||Stryker Corporation||Hospital bed|
|US8400311||Dec 16, 2011||Mar 19, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed having alert light|
|US8419660||Jun 3, 2005||Apr 16, 2013||Primus Medical, Inc.||Patient monitoring system|
|US8452868||Sep 21, 2010||May 28, 2013||Checkpoint Systems, Inc.||Retail product tracking system, method, and apparatus|
|US8456286||Apr 11, 2012||Jun 4, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||User station for healthcare communication system|
|US8464380||Dec 22, 2011||Jun 18, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support apparatus having alert light|
|US8508367||Dec 1, 2009||Aug 13, 2013||Checkpoint Systems, Inc.||Configurable monitoring device|
|US8525679||Sep 14, 2010||Sep 3, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Sensor control for apparatuses for supporting and monitoring a person|
|US8525682||Aug 1, 2012||Sep 3, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed having alert light|
|US8537008||Aug 23, 2012||Sep 17, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed status indicators|
|US8564445||Mar 5, 2012||Oct 22, 2013||Proacticare Llc||System and methods for monitoring caregiver performance|
|US8593284||Sep 19, 2008||Nov 26, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System and method for reporting status of a bed|
|US8598893||May 17, 2010||Dec 3, 2013||Hill-Rom Industries Sa||Pressure sensor comprising a capacitive cell and support device comprising said sensor|
|US8598995||Feb 12, 2009||Dec 3, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Distributed healthcare communication system|
|US8605892||Dec 2, 2003||Dec 10, 2013||Bio-Med Disposable Covers, Inc.||Disposable antimicrobial covering for device|
|US8620477||Dec 22, 2011||Dec 31, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus|
|US8620625||Jul 30, 2010||Dec 31, 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Above bed sensor|
|US8689376||Nov 7, 2006||Apr 8, 2014||Stryker Corporation||Patient handling device including local status indication, one-touch fowler angle adjustment, and power-on alarm configuration|
|US8698509||Apr 27, 2006||Apr 15, 2014||Roho, Inc.||Proximity sensor|
|US8736439 *||Apr 6, 2013||May 27, 2014||Kenneth Feng Shinozuka||Sock for bed-departure detection|
|US8762766||Feb 20, 2013||Jun 24, 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Distributed fault tolerant architecture for a healthcare communication system|
|US8771184||May 4, 2007||Jul 8, 2014||Body Science Llc||Wireless medical diagnosis and monitoring equipment|
|US8803669||Jun 3, 2013||Aug 12, 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||User station for healthcare communication system|
|US8830070||Aug 28, 2013||Sep 9, 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed having alert light|
|US8844076||Jan 27, 2014||Sep 30, 2014||Stryker Corporation||Patient handling device including local status indication, one-touch fowler angle adjustment, and power-on alarm configuration|
|US8847756||Sep 12, 2013||Sep 30, 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Bed status indicators|
|US8878676 *||May 16, 2007||Nov 4, 2014||Gt Angel, Llc||Healthcare workstations and RFID devices for detecting medication errors|
|US8907287||Nov 29, 2011||Dec 9, 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient monitoring system|
|US9009893||Mar 15, 2012||Apr 21, 2015||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed|
|US9013315||Aug 30, 2013||Apr 21, 2015||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Sensor control for apparatuses for supporting and monitoring a person|
|US9107511||Dec 18, 2013||Aug 18, 2015||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Control for pressurized bladder in a patient support apparatus|
|US20040111045 *||Nov 20, 2002||Jun 10, 2004||Hoana Technologies, Inc.||Devices and methods for passive patient monitoring|
|US20040130452 *||Jan 2, 2003||Jul 8, 2004||Cherubini Julian H.||Chair back monitoring device|
|US20040178910 *||Mar 12, 2003||Sep 16, 2004||Tekare Investments Inc.||Patient monitoring system|
|US20050012477 *||Jul 18, 2003||Jan 20, 2005||Piana Joseph M.||JBOX and safety zone PIR system|
|US20050035871 *||Sep 14, 2004||Feb 17, 2005||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient position detection apparatus for a bed|
|US20050091753 *||Dec 14, 2004||May 5, 2005||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support apparatus|
|US20050166324 *||Mar 24, 2005||Aug 4, 2005||Dixon Stephen A.||Romovable footboard for a hospital bed|
|US20050190068 *||Feb 18, 2005||Sep 1, 2005||Gentry Jason M.||Method and system for integrating a passive sensor array with a mattress for patient monitoring|
|US20050200489 *||Feb 24, 2005||Sep 15, 2005||Sloop David J.||Cushion immersion sensor|
|US20050219059 *||May 11, 2005||Oct 6, 2005||Ulrich Daniel J||Bed status information system for hospital beds|
|US20050258240 *||Mar 30, 2004||Nov 24, 2005||Honeywell International Inc.||Identifying the Location of an Asset|
|US20080129496 *||May 16, 2007||Jun 5, 2008||Gt Angel, Llc||Healthcare workstations and RFID devices for detecting medication errors, falls and wandering|
|US20100228516 *||Mar 6, 2009||Sep 9, 2010||Telehealth Sensors, Llc||Electronic mattress or chair sensor for patient monitoring|
|US20150048949 *||Nov 4, 2014||Feb 19, 2015||Gt Angel, Llc||Healthcare workstations and rfid devices for detecting medication errors, falls and wandering|
|USRE42614 *||Jan 21, 2010||Aug 16, 2011||Proacticare Llc||System and methods for monitoring caregiver performance|
|USRE42991||Oct 29, 2010||Dec 6, 2011||The Door Switch||Door suicide alarm|
|USRE44039||Dec 5, 2011||Mar 5, 2013||The Door Switch||Door suicide alarm|
|EP0860803A2 *||Feb 25, 1998||Aug 26, 1998||Lunan Products Limited||Carer's monitoring system|
|EP0985375A2||Sep 10, 1999||Mar 15, 2000||Senior Technologies, Inc.||Patient monitoring system|
|EP1101481A2 *||Dec 5, 1994||May 23, 2001||Hill-Rom, Inc.||Patient care system|
|EP2301430A2 *||Sep 15, 2010||Mar 30, 2011||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Sensor control for apparatuses for supporting and monitoring a person|
|WO1996003727A1 *||Jul 25, 1995||Feb 8, 1996||Bed Check Corp||Monitor for load bearing device|
|WO2003096957A1 *||May 20, 2003||Nov 27, 2003||Einar Johansson||Mattress with pressure sensing device|
|WO2012092567A2 *||Dec 30, 2011||Jul 5, 2012||Condra David L||Patient alert management system|
|U.S. Classification||340/573.4, 5/424, 5/658, 200/85.00R, 5/940, 5/425, 5/600|
|International Classification||A61G12/00, G08B21/22|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S5/94, G08B21/22, A61B5/1115, A61B2562/247, A61B5/6892, A61B2560/0204|
|European Classification||A61B5/11N4, G08B21/22|
|Dec 25, 1990||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Oct 12, 1993||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Mar 13, 1994||REIN||Reinstatement after maintenance fee payment confirmed|
|Apr 15, 1994||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 15, 1994||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|May 24, 1994||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19940313
|Jul 26, 1994||DP||Notification of acceptance of delayed payment of maintenance fee|
|Sep 16, 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ALERT SYSTEMS, INC., OKLAHOMA
Free format text: LICENSE OF PATENT;ASSIGNOR:WOOD, RON, D/B/A/ MED-SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:008133/0473
Effective date: 19960213
|Aug 4, 1997||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 27, 2001||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


Police Dispatcher Salaries in Frisco, TX
* Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to Simply Hired. These figures are given to Simply Hired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Top Police Dispatcher jobs near Frisco, TX
9-1-1 Call Taker/Police/Fire/EMS Dispatcher
City of Plano - Plano, TX
Police Dispatch, Fire Dispatch, Police Information Radio (NCIC), depending on department need and training schedule....
Parkland Health & Hospital System - Dallas, TX
Looking for your next opportunity? If so, choose Parkland and discover what a meaningful job feels like. Whether you work directly with patients or use your
PUBLIC SAFETY TELECOMMUNICATOR (911 DISPATCHER)
City of Richardson, TX - Richardson, TX
Must complete all phases of training provided by Richardson Police Department and demonstrate proficiency in each of the assigned areas 911/Calltake, Fire/EMS,...
Police, Fire, EMS Dispatcher/E911 Call Taker
City of Allen, TX - Allen, TX
THE ALLEN POLICE DEPARTMENT - HIRING PROCESS. Monitors activities of Police, Fire and Emergency Medical Service personnel;...
Town of Flower Mound - Flower Mound, TX
Dispatches police and fire support units and animal control. Six months or more of municipal Police, Fire, and 911 Enhanced dispatching experience is preferred....


View by school
- Follow DASD News on WordPress.com
CommentsAll comments in this blog are moderated. Comments that are solicitations, obscene, vulgar, sexually oriented, racist, sexist, harassing, degrading, libelous, threatening or harmful will not be posted. We reserve the right to deny or remove any comments that we deem inappropriate. We encourage comments that are related to the post and questions to be asked. If you notice a factual error, e-mail email@example.com
Tag Archives: spring
Students and staff at Morrisonville Elementary School took advantage of the beautiful weather this spring for some educational activities. Math Egg Hunt On the last full day of school before Easter weekend students participated in a “Math Egg Hunt,” where plastic … Continue reading
Eagle Point Elementary School held their annual Spring Carnival for students, staff and families on Thursday, May 26.
Final rehearsals are taking place in preparation for the DAHS Drama Department’s spring play, You Can’t Take It With You. The 1940’s comedy will be performed April 28, 29 and 30 in the Performing Arts Center.


He said intelligence sources have provided them with the information, but hope these individuals who possess such firearms, including home made and unlicensed guns, to voluntarily surrender them.
"We do not wish to go knocking on everyone's doors, so this is our last warning to these people, come and surrender your weapons," he said after a programme at the Sabah Police Headquarters in Kepayan near here on Friday (Aug 23).
He said this following the arrest of eight individuals in Ranau district about two weeks ago, where suspected firearms suppliers and buyers were nabbed in different operations.
Zaini said those who surrender themselves will see a smoother investigation procedure, compared with those who wait to be nabbed.
"The police force are going down hard on all illegal gun owners in Sabah," he added.
We're sorry, this article is unavailable at the moment. If you wish to read this article, kindly contact our Customer Service team at 1-300-88-7827. Thank you for your patience - we're bringing you a new and improved experience soon!


text:
How To Download Lajja Tun Nesa Book In Bangla Pdf Format
Lajja Tun Nesa Book Bangla Pdf Download
Lajja Tun Nesa is a book of Islamic advice for women written in Bangla. It contains 30 chapters and 960 pages. The book was first published in 1920 and has been widely read by Bangladeshi Muslim women. The book covers various topics such as modesty, virtue, marriage, divorce, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, inheritance, and more.
How to Download Lajja Tun Nesa Book in Bangla Pdf Format
If you are interested in reading Lajja Tun Nesa book, you can download it for free from the internet. There are many websites that offer Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf download. However, you should be careful about the quality and authenticity of the pdf files. Some pdf files may be corrupted, incomplete, or contain errors. Therefore, it is advisable to download Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf from reliable sources.
One of the reliable sources for Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf download is Islamer Alo website. Islamer Alo is a popular Islamic website that provides various Islamic resources such as Quran, Hadith, biography, history, question and answer, and more. You can find Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf download link on Islamer Alo website. The pdf file is clear and complete. You can also read other Islamic books in Bangla pdf format on Islamer Alo website.
To download Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf from Islamer Alo website, you need to follow these steps:
Scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on "DOWNLOAD PDF" button.
A new tab will open with the pdf file of Lajja Tun Nesa book.
Click on the download icon on the top right corner of the pdf file.
Select a location on your device where you want to save the pdf file.
Wait for the download to finish.
Open the pdf file and enjoy reading Lajja Tun Nesa book.
Lajja Tun Nesa book is a valuable source of Islamic knowledge and guidance for women. It can help you to understand your rights and duties as a Muslim woman. It can also help you to improve your faith and practice of Islam. Therefore, you should not miss this opportunity to download Lajja Tun Nesa book Bangla pdf for free and benefit from its wisdom.
Lajja Tun Nesa book is not the only Islamic book in Bangla that you can download for free from the internet. There are many other Islamic books in Bangla that you can find on various websites. Some of the popular Islamic books in Bangla are:
Koka Pondit by Asal Lojjatun Nesa: This is a book of black magic and astrology written by a female author. It contains various spells, charms, and remedies for different problems and situations.
Al-Quran: This is the holy book of Islam that contains the words of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It is the source of guidance and legislation for Muslims. You can download Al-Quran in Bangla translation and recitation from many websites.
Al-Hadis: This is a collection of the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his companions. It is the second source of guidance and legislation for Muslims after Al-Quran. You can download Al-Hadis in Bangla translation and explanation from many websites.
Jiboni: This is a genre of biography that narrates the life stories of various Islamic personalities such as prophets, companions, scholars, saints, and martyrs. You can download Jiboni books in Bangla from many websites.
Islamic History: This is a genre of history that covers the events and developments of the Islamic civilization from its inception to the present day. You can download Islamic History books in Bangla from many websites.
These are some of the examples of Islamic books in Bangla that you can download for free from the internet. There are many more Islamic books in Bangla that you can explore and read. Reading Islamic books in Bangla can help you to increase your knowledge and understanding of Islam. It can also help you to strengthen your faith and practice of Islam.
However, you should also be careful about the authenticity and accuracy of the Islamic books in Bangla that you download from the internet. Not all Islamic books in Bangla are reliable and trustworthy. Some Islamic books in Bangla may contain errors, mistakes, or deviations from the true teachings of Islam. Therefore, you should always check the sources and references of the Islamic books in Bangla that you download from the internet. You should also compare them with the original Arabic sources of Al-Quran and Al-Hadis. You should also consult with knowledgeable and qualified scholars if you have any doubts or questions about the Islamic books in Bangla that you download from the internet.
Downloading Islamic books in Bangla for free from the internet is a great opportunity for you to learn more about Islam. However, you should also remember that reading Islamic books in Bangla is not enough to fulfill your obligations as a Muslim. You should also act upon what you learn from the Islamic books in Bangla. You should also perform your daily prayers, pay your zakat, fast during Ramadan, perform Hajj if you are able, and follow the commands and prohibitions of Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him). You should also invite others to Islam and do good deeds for the sake of Allah. By doing so, you will be able to attain success in this world and the hereafter. 04f6b60f66

domain: library


text:
An exciting new range of Wallsticker Decals is now available from
The WALLSTICKER COMPANY
A simple styling piece for any room in your home
featuring imagery by artist Trudy Rice.
Please click through HERE to order
For WALLPAPER ENQUIRIES please choose a representative from the Emily Ziz Style Studio in your State by clicking this link: EMILY ZIZ.

domain: artistic


text:
At the end of the Second World War, Trentham citizens began a debate about how best to honour their war dead and remember those who had served their country. Public meetings to discuss the matter were held and regular correspondence was published on the front page of the weekly Gazette.
Proposals for a war memorial made at such forums included the building of an annexe to the Trentham Bush Nursing Hospital, the building of a Community Centre, the erection of a monument, new buildings at the Sports Ground, renovation of the Mechanics Hall, and scholarships for young residents.
A War Memorial committee was formed and they grappled with this decision, finally putting the question to the public by means of a ballot. Five alternatives for a war memorial were offered, and all residents over the age of 18 were urged to record their preferences. The majority of the local residents voted for the community centre proposal, giving rise to regular fundraising activities, including dances, concerts, film nights and street stalls.
These fundraising events continued until early 1954.
Land was purchased to construct a community centre. However, the construction of a community centre as a war memorial did not come to fruition. Today the land remains as public space, with an open air community swimming pool and tennis courts.
Meanwhile, the RSL Trentham sub-branch raised sufficient funds to erect a monument, or cenotaph, on the corner of High and Market Sts, in front of the Post Office.
The monument to ‘fallen local soldiers of the past three wars’, was unveiled on Sunday 27 April 1947. At the unveiling ceremony, Mr J. T .Trewhella, President of the Trentham Branch of the RSL, presided at the large gathering of citizens and dignitaries. They included the Shire President and Councillors, and the Secretary General of the Australia Red Cross Society.
Fifty returned service-men marched from the western end of High St to the memorial, where they took up positions in front of the cenotaph. They were led by the Kyneton Municipal Band with Mr J. Garlick as drum major.
The Shire President (Cr Clowes) addressed the meeting. In his moving speech he referred to the historic significance of the day:
This day was an historic one for Trentham, as it marked the 32nd anniversary of the landing of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps on the shores of Gallipoli. Those men had brought justice to the Australian nation, whilst the valor of their deed and spirit with which they served had proved an inspiration to the later generation. With feelings of deep pride and deep reverence… (we meet today) to remember the men who had fallen in three wars.
Kyneton Guardian 29 April 1947
Adapted from Trentham & District Historical Society’s publication:
Trentham at War, Boer War, World War 1, World War 2
by Ina Bertrand and Jan Robertson.
Ch 3 page 63

domain: history


We’re the “Kick Me” state.
If you doubt that, consider that deal to hand our broadcast spectrum over to out-of-state interests. I got an example of what it will entail as I drove over to
That signal faded, but 15 minutes later I picked up the signal of the Trenton NJN station. Senate President Stephen Sweeney was facing down a room full of screaming public employees. Sweeney told them that the members of the union for which he works in private life, the ironworkers, had had to increase their pension contributions. Public employees had to pitch in, too, said Sweeney.
It’s not often you get to hear a Democrat say that sort of thing, and I for one like the idea that it was carried over the public airwaves. But I also agree with the Christie administration that we need to dismantle the state television and radio bureaucracy.
That’s not at issue, though. The Democrats who control both houses of the Legislature also want to dismantle NJN. The question is what’s in it for
If this deal goes through, imagine the options for a driver on the aforementioned I-195. As of July 1, he will find that both the
Coincidentally, New York Public Radio itself provides the best example of how such a transition could have been handled. In 1995, the station was run by
When Mayor Rudy Giuliani proposed selling the license, the WNYC Foundation put together a deal to buy it. The foundation did so well that they recently bought a classical music station from the New York Times.
Good for them. But why in the heck do we want to sell them our stations? Under the deal the Christie administration is pushing, the New Yorkers would get licenses in Netcong and
And once those licenses are sold — and at fire-sale prices, by the way — they’ll be gone forever. That’s not the case with the TV side of this deal. The proposal to let
The Democrats are on the record against this. Last October, an Assembly Majority Task Force sent a memo to the administration stating: “The television and radio licenses must remain with the state.” Besides the question of news coverage, the Democrats also argued that the value of the licenses may soon skyrocket under proposed federal regulations.
“I think the whole deal is bad,” said Assemblyman Paul Moriarty of
So just why are the Dems going along with this deal?
“They gave us two weeks and said to us, ‘If you don’t agree with it, we’ll turn out the lights,’ ” said Moriarty.
That’s one explanation. Another explanation more frequently heard in the halls of the Statehouse concerns a certain North Jersey Democratic political boss whose TV-personality son was on public television Thursday evening interviewing a certain
I have no idea if those rumors are true. All I know is the location of the studio in which that interview took place.
Let’s get started printing up those new plates.


text:
New DLC for Mass Effect 3 will arrive Feb. 26, Mar. 5
Published: Thursday, February 21, 2013
Updated: Thursday, February 21, 2013 23:02
An article on Joystiq.com has revealed that two new sets of downloadable content for Mass Effect 3 will arrive within the next two weeks.
The first to arrive on Feb. 26, "Reckoning," is a free bundle of multiplayer content that will include even more characters, weapons, and item upgrades to be used within multiplayer. However, as of right now, none of these categories have been elaborated on.
The second batch of content, set to release on March 5, "Citadel," will be the final single player DLC to be released that is described as, ""one final, sentimental journey with Commander Shepard and their squad," by Bioware and EA's press release. Set at a $14.99/1200 Microsoft points price tag, the content offers players one final mission that will allow their Shepards to "reconnect with some of their favorite characters from all three of the Mass Effect games."
As a huge fan of the Mass Effect series, I could not be more excited for these new batches of downloadable content, especially for "Citadel." As fun as I've had with the multiplayer, I will always be more attached to the single player experience, and with the promise of being able to reconnect with characters from all three games, this news leaves me with hundreds of questions.
There were numerous characters, specifically squad mates from Mass Effect 2, that only had small cameo roles in the final installment. Characters that players had become attached to and grown to care about, barely got any screen time and thus left many fans disappointed.
With the numerous amount of possibilities, I'm interested to see how exactly this DLC will play out to allow for this "reconnection" to characters from all three of the Mass Effect games.

domain: game


text:
Although Heath Ledger is no more, Busy Philipps still keeps memories of him close to her heart.
While remembering Ledger on his 10th death anniversary, the 38-year-old actress cried listening to the song Time To Pretend by MGMT, which she said the late actor would have loved.
In an emotional video posted as an Instagram Story, Philipps said she was thinking of Ledger while driving in her car and "this song came on". She said the song reminded her of Ledger as it was released after his passing.
"I remember when it came out, because [I thought] it made me think of him. I just thought he would have liked this song. And for some reason, every time I hear this song... it's weird," she said, wiping her tears.
Philipps is Ledger's former partner Michelle Williams' long-time best friend. Williams has a 12-year-old daughter, Matilda, with the late actor.
Other celebrities also paid tribute to Ledger on the 10th anniversary of his death. Jake Gyllenhaal remembered his Brokeback Mountain co-star – who died from a drug overdose at the age of 28 – at the premiere of his film Wildlife at the Sundance Film Festival.
He said he could not explain the friendship he shared with Ledger in a three-minute interview. "Those who can do it, I find sort of odd," the 37-year-old told E News!, adding, "I happen to not be one of those people." He said Ledger "meant a lot to a lot of people" and "he is still missed" by the people who loved him.
Naomi Watts also took to social media to remember Ledger, who she dated between 2002 and 2003.
"Thinking about this beautiful soul today. 10 years ago he left this world," Watts wrote alongside a black and white photo of Ledger posing with his fists raised.
"He was a true original. Heart always on his sleeve, with the most powerful charisma, strength, humour and talent. I will never forget his gentle spirit. #heathledger @wattsupphoto."


By Kathryn Reed
It’s official – the voters of South Lake Tahoe will decide in November the future of vacation home rentals outside the tourist core area.
Per the city staff report on July 17, “The initiative would ban VHR rentals in residential zones following a three-year amortization period, with exception of qualified VHR rentals totaling less than 30 days per calendar year. The initiative has no effect on vacation rentals in commercial zones and the tourist core area.”
There are roughly 1,300 VHRs outside the tourist area and another 450 in the tourist area. The tourist area includes much of the area from Ski Run Boulevard to the state line. The Gondola Vista condos being built by Van Sickle Bi-State Park would be considered tourist core VHRs, as are units in the Marriott properties, and residences scattered in the neighborhoods.
While backers of the initiative are seeking to get the rentals out of neighborhoods, they have ignored the residents near the state line. Through their ballot question they are essentially allowing unlimited units to go in this area. There are many who believe that limiting the land available for VHRs will in fact impact an area with lower income people who don’t always have a voice in city politics.
The tourist area is also seen as town centers; therefore, more developed and commercial.
This approach to putting VHRs in these areas is the opposite to what Douglas County is doing. As that jurisdiction looks to revamp its ordinance, the goal is to keep VHRs in residential areas and out of town centers. This is because their definition is the buildings are residences, not commercial entities.
The South Lake Tahoe City Council on Tuesday was faced with the decision whether to put the initiative that would ban short-term rentals over the course of three years or to implement it immediately. The electeds opted to send it to the voters; with Councilman Tom Davis recusing himself because of his business.
Prior to the vote the council heard a report from Hilary Roverud of the Development Services Department about what some of the impacts of the ordinance could be. With there being so many unknowns, like what people would do with their property if a VHR is no longer an allowed use, the actual ramifications are unknown.
Roverud said it’s estimated the city will lose more than $2.4 million a year in transient occupancy tax. This is one of the three main revenue sources for the city. TOT that was going to be dedicated to recreation could be cut by more than $450,000 a year. The Tourism Improvement District, which is made up of hotels within the city, could lose about $360,000 a year. Today that money is used for marketing this area. Vacation home rental permit fee collections could drop by close to $800,000.
If the ordinance passes in November and the city were to ignore the will of the voters “the city could be faced with a writ or injunction compelling it to implement and enforce the ordinance,” according to interim City Attorney Nira Doherty. She explained to Lake Tahoe News this would be done by “a citizen lawsuit to compel the city.”
The ballot language states that if someone were to operate a VHR after Dec. 31, 2021, the city could fine the property owner up to $1,000.
What remains to be seen is if the ballot question passes is if those who use VHRs will instead choose to stay in a hotel. It’s unknown if property owners will sell, operate illegally, keep the dwelling as a second home, rent it out full time or some other scenario.
There is one theory that the VHRs will be filled with full time residents, which will fill schools. On the flip side is the belief the schools will be hurt by this initiative as will businesses tied to VHRs because there won’t be jobs.
It people want to unload the VHR because they can no longer use the house as they desire, this could detrimentally impact the housing market by flooding it. The resulting impact to the property tax, another key revenue source, is unknown.
The initiative says that after 2021VHRs will not be allowed on multi-family properties.
The staff report says, “There are currently 119 single-family residential units in the commercial zones and 371 condominiums and 37 single-family residential units in the tourist core area, a total of 527 units, which would have the ability to become VHRs if permitting requirements are met.”
Assuming voters want to ban VHRs, there is nothing to stop other people from coming back with a different ballot proposal to undo all of this – with the voters backing.


Contamination Expo 2018
Contamination Expo, Birmingham, 12–13 Sep
Turnkey Instruments will be at the Contamination Expo Series at the NEC in Birmingham. This runs 12 – 13 Sep 2018 at:
National Exhibition Centre
The Contamination Expo is a series of seven related shows running side by side: Land Remediation, Spill Response, Clean Air Technology, Hazardous Materials, Waste Water, Nuclear Decom, and Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental. Come and see Turnkey’s range of dust and gas monitoring equipment at the Clean Air Technology Expo, stand 5P100.


text:
CHICAGO (SUN TIMES MEDIA WIRE) - Four people were wounded in shootings across the city between about 10:35 a.m. and about 11:40 p.m. Monday.
The most recent shooting left a man wounded in the Hyde Park neighborhood on the South Side.
The 21-year-old told police he was asleep while riding in a friend’s black Nissan when he heard shots and realized he had been shot about 11:40 p.m. in the 5600 block of South Maryland, according to Chicago police.
He was shot in the back near his shoulder. The driver of the vehicle took him to the University of Chicago Medical Center where his condition stabilized, police said.
The man saw a light colored car that may have been involved in the shooting, but was not cooperating with officers and provided no further information, police said.
Two hours earlier, a teen was critically wounded in the Burnside neighborhood on the South Side.
The 19-year-old man was walking about 9:45 p.m. in the 9200 block of South Dobson when he heard gunshots that struck him once in the head and multiple times in his arm, according to police.
He was taken to Trinity Hospital in critical condition, police said.
At 8:08 p.m., a man was shot in the Galewood neighborhood on the Northwest Side.
The 27-year-old was walking in the 2100 block of North Moody when he heard gunfire and realized he’d been shot in the chest, according to police.
He was first taken to Community First Medical Center and later transferred to Illinois Masonic Medical Center, where his condition was stabilized, police said.
The first shooting of the day happened in the Englewood neighborhood on the South Side.
A 45-year-old man was standing on a porch about 10:35 a.m. in the 6200 block of South Laflin when a male fired at him from a dark-colored SUV, police said.
He suffered gunshot wounds to the arm and chest and was taken to University of Chicago Medical Center, where he was listed in serious condition, police said.
On Sunday, 21 people were shot, three fatally.

domain: news


text:
I would like to start by saying thank you so much for all your hospitality. I had an absolutely amazing time, i could not of asked for a better place to stay, the accomodation is perfect and very affordable at really cheap rates. The neighbour hood is friendly and i felt safe to walk around. With hope rd(bob marley museum/devon... More
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline and HostelWorld so you can book your The Durham Hostel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- The Durham Hostel Jamaica/Kingston

domain: travel


text:
out of this world : D Here is what we made:
A little bit of heavy whipping cream and white pepper made the dressing even better.
The sweetness of the creole sauce is a perfect match for the spice of the chicken.
Our next batch will have andouille sausage in it.
The dessert was heavenly. I normally think bananas are too gross to eat, but in this dessert they tasted amazing : D Ask my team members how many times I said this morning, "*sigh* I want another Bananas Foster."
Warm Nut Encrusted Goat Cheese Salad with Bacon Lardons, Emeril Lagasse, 2003 Show: Emeril LiveEpisode: Bistro Cooking, Food Network
Cajun Spiced Chicken, Submitted by: Jennifer Owen, AllRecipes
Pecan-crusted Trout with Creole Meuniere Sauce and Brabant Potatoes, Emeril Lagasse, 2003, Emeril LiveEpisode: In a Nutshell, Food Network
Bourbon Street New York Strip Steak, Submitted by: Mark Daniel, AllRecipes
American-Style Red Beans and Rice, Submitted by: LAURENB222, AllRecipes
Bananas Foster II, Submitted by: BUTTERMEBREAD, AllRecipes

domain: food


text:
Look what I found, a little hidden treasure on my CF card.
I snapped a few of Taryn blowing bubbles with my mom the other day after the baby bed mini shoot I posted below. But then I didn’t go back to them because I got busy with client proofing. I love the look of wonder on her face. Her world is huge, wonderful and fascinating, yet still so small in many ways. I love that about her. I love seeing something new in her eyes, the joy and wonder it brings. This is just so her right now, about 10 times a day she runs into her room and hollers “bu-bl bu-bl” and points to them up on the shelf….it’s so cute, she gets so excited! Somehow she usually manages to convince my mom to let her blow the bubbles, which results in Gee Gee getting soaked with bubble solution, hehehe.
I have thoroughly enjoyed capturing her over the last month, I feel like we’re turning a corner together, entering a new phase of exploration and ways to capture her world and dare I say it…..with a little more cooperation.


text:
- About Breast Cancer
- COVID-19 Information
- Community Impact
- Get Involved
Survivor Story: Terri Walker
In early May of 2013, during a routine mammogram, a small lump was detected. On May 17th I received the results of the scheduled biopsy “Triple Negative Breast Cancer”. This is a date I will remember forever, as the day my life changed forever. After many hours of research and doctor appointments, I was finally scheduled to have a bi lateral mastectomy on July 11th. At the time of my surgery the doctors did not think I would need Chemotherapy (Yippee). But, the final pathology reports did show a trace of cancer in my lymphatic system.
After meetings with the Iowa Oncology Research Association and my oncologist, I decided to participate in the B49 Research study. These treatments began on August 12, 2013 through December 11, 2013, and the 2 drugs used were Cytoxan and Taxotere. This was the hardest thing I have ever done, to save my life. My last reconstruction surgery was February 11th, 2014, another YIPPEE.
With the support of my family, friends and fellow Breast Cancer survivors “I MADE IT”.
I have found the support from Survivor Sisters & Brothers from the John Stoddard Cancer Center and the Susan G. Komen Iowa group to be the most rewarding. These are people who are currently on or have been on this same journey and really understand the ups and downs that I am experiencing.
Wow. What a journey I have been on….but I AM A SURVIVOR.

domain: medical


text:
Beautiful Mixte Couples
There is no doubt that more persons than ever before are dropping their particular differences and falling fond of someone who differs from them. This kind of trend is definitely helping to reduce ethnic discrimination and produces wonderful families that outlast lovers of the same race. In addition , an expanding quantity of celebrities will be embracing mixte http://youngmogulenterprises.org/techniques-for-dating-with-girls-right-from-moscow interactions. From golf star Serena Williams and Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian to actress Zoe Saldana and Marco Perego, there are many examples of good interracial marriages.
It is important to consider, though, that racial differences are generally not simply skin tone or popular physical characteristics. The deeper concern is tradition, and that can result in some obstacles for interracial couples. Thankfully, many of these issues can be overcome after a while venezuela bride and commitment.
In order to have an effective interracial romantic relationship, it is important for equally partners to respect every other’s ethnicities. Additionally , it is helpful to master as much regarding the other’s customs as possible. This will help to you to better understand their beliefs and traditions. A good place to start is by learning the basics of this language, faith and dishes of your spouse’s nation. The more you know, the easier it will probably be for you to easily fit in and feel at home in their world.

domain: sociology


text:
Fall of the Ottoman empire
It is not something that suddenly happened overnight and has been a long time in the making.
From the fall of the Ottoman empire when Turkey completely lacked any defense industry infrastructure whatsoever.
Defense industry of Turkey, General, Wikipedia
Thus, no significant defense industry infrastructure was present during the first years of the Republic and activities in this domain were limited to the establishment of new facilities near Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence.
Local defense industry
To the small scale local defense industries up until 1950.
Machinery, craftsmen and workmen transferred discreetly from Istanbul and its surroundings at the end of the First World War played a crucial role in winning the War of Independence. Small scale and simple workshops in Ankara, Konya, Eskişehir, Keskin and Erzurum not only provided light weapons and ammunition but also lay the foundation for a sound local defence industry infrastructure.
Then to an over-reliance on foreign aid between 1950 and 1960 which slowed down their development.
Instead of improving the local defence industry, foreign aid and foreign procurement were practiced during this period. Because of the Cold War and military and political polarization after the 2nd World War, Turkey met its defence requirements through and in the framework of the NATO.
Within the impact of the increasing foreign aid in the post-IInd World War period, efforts for the development of local defence industry slowed down; orders of the Turkish Armed Forces from the local suppliers decreased, thus military facilities became a part of the Machinery and Chemical Industry Corporation (MKEK) which was formed as a State Economic Enterprise on 15 March 1950.
To the realisation of the downside of foreign aid between 1960 and 1970, and the negative effects of over dependence fuelling the need for a national defense industry.
It was a period regional conflicts and the Cyprus issue. Cyprus crises in 1963 and 1967 and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the arms embargo imposed on Turkey as a result of this invasion proved the need for a national defence industry. During the crises, Turkey was face with the difficulty of dependence on foreign supply. The deadlock experienced in this period caused to seek ways to reactivate national defence industry.
National defense industry
Then between 1970 and 1980 plans got underway for this national defense industry, and foundations and enterprises were established.
1970s have been the period in which solid initiatives were put into force so as to establish a national defence industry. As a result of the national reaction to the arms embargo against Turkey, Armed Forces Foundation were established.
Then, between 1980 and 1985, the formation of the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries.
The first step in this direction was taken by the establishment of defence equipment Directorate as a state enterprise. However, the shortcomings stemming from its state-bound status prevented the success and all the properties of that enterprise were transferred to the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) which was established in 1985 under the Law No: 3238
Presidency of Defense Industries
The Presidency of Defense Industries was set up in 1985, to build the projects, foundations, enterprises and business that we see today.
Presidency of Defense industries Wikipedia
The Presidency has close relations with the Office of the President of Turkey, the Ministry of National Defense and the Turkish Armed Forces, as well as domestic and foreign defense industry companies. In addition to supporting projects and products based on domestic design and production, SSB gives importance to technological transfer of products and services acquired from foreign suppliers.
Today, all the achievements are very much down to the work of the PODI since its creation.
Todays Turkish defense industry, Wikipedia
Over the last 21 years since its establishment, and as a result of dedicated efforts, the Presidency of Defense Industries (formerly Undersecretariat for Defence Industries) has made real achievements in the creation of a modern national defence infrastructure in Turkey, with highly successful results in certain vital areas. Key defence industrial institutions have been established to meet the requirements of the Turkish Armed Forces through local sources, each of which fill an important gap in their scope of activity.


text:
With the use of a computer and an internet website you can order 4×9 vinyl banners overnight or anytime of the day or night. You can have them shipped overnight so you get them the next day. You can order them from your home or business sitting in your pajamas or fully dressed because you do not have to leave your building to place an order. Anytime you have an inspiration for a special design on a banner you can just sit down and pull up the website you are using for your printed 4×9 vinyl banners and start to create a banner. Designing vinyl banners overnight with expedited shipping means you will have that unique design hanging in your windows fast.
Shipping 4×9 Vinyl Banners:
After you have logged into your favorite online banner and sign printing website you will design your banner then you have to decide on a shipping method. Many online banner printing sites will offer standard shipping for free. However if you are in a hurry you can opt for an overnight or next day delivery of your banners. They will arrive at your door the next day, unless of course you ordered them at 0400 hours in the morning and you will get them the next business day. So take advantage of all of the shipping options when you order your business or personal banners.
Generally when you have placed an order for banners you will receive them in a sturdy cardboard tube or triangular box. They will not be folded as this leaves creases in the vinyl banners that won’t hang out. Remember this when you decide to change out your banner advertising display and roll them up and don’t fold them up. This way those 4×9 vinyl banners will last for several years.

domain: design


text:
Whether your dog is our guest for an afternoon of dog day care or finishing up an overnight boarding visit, our professionally trained dog grooming technicians are available 7 days per week to keep your dog looking and feeling their best. The CageFree Dog Grooming Spa in Los Angeles provides a myriad of services, including everything from a full haircut to a bath to even a simple toenail trim. CageFree utilizes the state-of-the-art HydroSurge massage bathing system which automatically combines fresh water, shampoo and air to penetrate your dog’s coat down to the skin. This process quickly and effectively removes oils while flushing away dirt, debris and loose hair, providing an invigorating massage for your dog. Each CageFree Spa bath treatment includes a toenail trim, ear cleaning, and blow-drying done gently by hand. We never cage dry.
We use only all-natural, great smelling shampoos and conditioners. Special needs such as anal gland expression, flea baths and treatments, hypo-allergenic shampoos, and anesthesia-free teeth cleaning are available upon request.

domain: pet


text:
From scizophrenia to delusional disorder – what causes and remedies psychosis?
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. It typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, although it can occur at any age. The onset may be sudden or gradual, and the course of the illness can vary.
An example of schizophrenia is a person experiencing hallucinations and delusions, believing they are being controlled by external forces. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be categorized into positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions (false beliefs), disorganized thinking and speech, and abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms, such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, decreased speech, and anhedonia (a diminished ability to experience pleasure).
Treatment options for schizophrenia include antipsychotic medications, which help to manage the positive symptoms, and psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to address the negative symptoms. Early intervention and support from family and friends play a vital role in the recovery process.
Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition that combines features of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder or depression. The characteristics of schizoaffective disorder include the presence of psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, alongside significant mood disturbances. These symptoms can occur concurrently or in separate episodes.
Schizoaffective disorder is classified into two subtypes: Bipolar Type, which involves a combination of both manic or mixed episodes (elevated or irritable mood) and psychotic symptoms; and Depressive Type, which involves a combination of major depressive episodes and psychotic symptoms.
Treatment options for schizoaffective disorder typically involve a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Antipsychotic medications are used to manage the psychotic symptoms, while mood stabilizers and antidepressants are prescribed to address the mood-related symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-focused therapy can also be beneficial in helping individuals with schizoaffective disorder to develop coping strategies and improve their overall functioning.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Brief psychotic disorder is a mental health condition characterized by a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, that last for a short period of time. An example of brief psychotic disorder is a person who experiences a sudden episode of hearing voices and believing they are being persecuted, but these symptoms resolve within a month. The symptoms of brief psychotic disorder can be triggered by a stressful event or trauma.
Treatment options for brief psychotic disorder typically involve the use of antipsychotic medications to manage the acute psychotic symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure the safety of the individual and provide a supportive environment for recovery. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can also be helpful in addressing any underlying stressors or emotional issues that may have contributed to the development of the disorder.
Delusional disorder is a mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more non-bizarre delusions, which are false beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary. Unlike other psychotic disorders, individuals with delusional disorder typically do not experience significant disruptions in their overall functioning or exhibit prominent hallucinations or disorganized thinking.
Persecutory type: The individual believes they are being mistreated, spied on, conspired against, or targeted in some way.
Grandiose type: The individual has an inflated sense of self-importance, believing they possess special abilities, talents, or have a significant status or relationship with a famous or powerful person.
Jealous type: The individual harbors a delusional belief that their partner or significant other is unfaithful, without sufficient evidence.
Erotomanic type: The individual believes that someone, usually of higher social status, is in love with them, despite no evidence supporting this belief.
Somatic type: The individual has delusions related to their physical health or bodily functions, such as believing they have a severe illness or infestation.
Mixed type: The delusions encompass multiple themes or do not fit into one specific category.
Treatment options for delusional disorder typically involve the use of antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and family support.
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder, also known as Folie à Deux, is a rare mental health condition in which two or more individuals share the same delusional beliefs. This typically occurs in close relationships where one person has a psychotic disorder, and the other person comes to adopt the same delusional beliefs. The unique characteristics of Shared Psychotic Disorder include the presence of shared delusions and the influence of one individual’s psychosis on the other person’s mental state.
Treatment options for Shared Psychotic Disorder often involve separating the affected individuals to reduce the influence of the shared delusions. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to manage the psychotic symptoms, and psychotherapy can be helpful in addressing the underlying emotional and relational issues that contributed to the development of the shared delusions. In some cases, family therapy may be beneficial in helping to rebuild healthy communication and boundaries within the relationship.
Psychosis and the Brain
The neurological basis of psychotic disorders is complex and involves abnormalities in certain brain regions and neurochemical imbalances. Research has shown that individuals with psychotic disorders often have structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, which are involved in cognitive and emotional processing.
Additionally, imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate, have been implicated in the development of psychotic symptoms. Psychosis is believed to involve disrupted neural circuitry within the brain. Dysfunction in networks that regulate perception, emotion, and cognition can contribute to the characteristic symptoms of psychosis. Aberrant connectivity between regions like the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia may underlie the cognitive and affective disturbances observed in individuals with psychosis.
These neurological abnormalities can contribute to the characteristic symptoms of psychotic disorders, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Understanding the underlying brain mechanisms involved in psychosis can help to inform the development of more targeted and effective treatments for these conditions.
Antipsychotic medications play a crucial role in the treatment of psychotic disorders by helping to manage the symptoms of psychosis. These medications primarily target the dopamine system in the brain, which is thought to be overactive in individuals with psychotic disorders. Antipsychotic medications can be divided into first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics.
First-generation antipsychotics, also known as typical antipsychotics, primarily target dopamine receptors and are effective in treating positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Examples include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and fluphenazine. Second-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, have a broader range of action, targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Examples include risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole. They are generally better tolerated and can be effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of psychotic disorders.
Common side effects may include sedation, weight gain, metabolic changes (such as an increased risk of diabetes and high cholesterol), movement disorders (such as parkinsonism, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia), sexual dysfunction, and cardiovascular effects.
Psychotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of psychotic disorders, often in conjunction with medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is a specific adaptation of traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on helping individuals with psychotic disorders to identify and challenge their irrational beliefs and develop coping strategies for managing their symptoms.
For example, a person with schizophrenia who experiences auditory hallucinations may be taught to recognize the triggers for these experiences and develop strategies for coping with the distress they cause. By targeting the cognitive and emotional aspects of psychotic disorders, CBTp can help to improve overall functioning and reduce the risk of relapse.
Individual therapy provides a safe and confidential space for individuals with psychotic disorders to explore their experiences, emotions, and beliefs. It can help individuals gain insight into their condition, develop coping skills, enhance self-esteem, and address personal challenges related to their symptoms.
Social skills training focuses on teaching individuals with psychotic disorders the necessary skills to navigate social situations effectively. This may include improving communication skills, assertiveness, problem-solving abilities, and conflict resolution skills.
Early intervention is crucial in improving outcomes for individuals with psychotic disorders, as it can help to prevent the development of more severe symptoms and improve overall functioning. Research has shown that early intervention programs, which typically involve a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and psychosocial support, can lead to better long-term outcomes for individuals with psychotic disorders.
Early intervention programs emphasize the early identification of individuals who may be experiencing or at risk of developing a psychotic disorder. This can involve screening programs, outreach efforts, and collaboration between mental health professionals, primary care providers, schools, and community organizations. Early assessment is conducted to gather information about symptoms, functioning, and potential risk factors.
By identifying and addressing the early signs of psychosis, these programs can help to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis and minimize the impact of the disorder on the individual’s life. Early intervention is particularly important for young people, as the onset of psychotic disorders often occurs during adolescence and early adulthood, a critical period for social and emotional development.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
The process of recovery and rehabilitation for individuals with psychotic disorders involves a combination of medical treatment, psychosocial support, and skill-building to help them regain their independence and improve their overall quality of life. This process is often ongoing and may require adjustments to treatment plans and support systems over time.
Rehabilitation programs address not only the symptoms of psychosis but also the person’s overall wellbeing and may include vocational training, social skills training, and cognitive remediation to help individuals with psychotic disorders develop the skills necessary to function effectively in their daily lives. Family support and education can also play a crucial role in the recovery process, as they can help to create a supportive environment for the individual and reduce the risk of relapse.
Recovery-oriented care recognizes that individuals with psychotic disorders are experts in their own lives and should be actively involved in their treatment and recovery process. A person-centered approach involves collaborating with individuals to set goals, identify strengths, and develop individualized treatment plans that align with their values, preferences, and aspirations.

domain: psychology