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In a prospective study, prenatal risk factors for mental retardation were identified in two large samples of white and black children followed from gestation to age 7 years in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Important antecedents of severe and mild retardation include both characteristics of the family and complications of pregnancy.
For the severely retarded, a higher frequency of maternal seizures was a major discriminator in comparisons with higher IQ groups. For a subgroup of the severely retarded that was free of major neurological disorders, maternal urinary tract infection in pregnancy was an important independent risk factor.
Major prenatal discriminators between the mildly retarded and children at higher IQ levels were indices of maternal intelligence, education, socioeconomic status, and amount of prenatal care received.
These and other risk factors found in the samples studied suggest preventive strategies that could reduce the incidence of cognitive deficit in children.
The magnitude of the problem of mental retardation in our country hardly needs any exaggeration. The psychological burden that these parents carry has been varied. The present study was undertaken to delineate the psychological problems of parents of mentally retarded children and to establish whether these problems were more prevalent in the parents of mentally retarded children than in the parents of normal children. The material comprised of three groups of subjects: The first group comprised of parents of twenty students of a school for mentally handicapped children; the second group comprised of parents of ten mentally retarded children who were not institutionalised or attended any special school for mentally retarded in the past: the third group comprised of parents of twenty normal school going children. The results of the study conclusively proved that the parents of mentally retarded children had a higher prevalence of psychological morbidity than the parents of normal children. The commonest psychiatric disorder was Dysthymia followed by Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Moderate Depression.
Psychological morbidity; mental retardation; general health questionnaire (GHQ)
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, characteristics, and factors related to feeding problems among normal children, and the differences in feeding practices between those with and without feeding problems. Caregivers of 402 healthy children aged between one and four years of age were interviewed by pediatricians involved in the research. Data included the child’s medical history, food intake within a day, and feeding behaviors and practices. Parental socio-economic and demographic information, as well as information on parental education and occupation, and their concerns about feeding their children, was collected. Physical examination and anthropometric measurements were taken. The percentage of children identified as having feeding problems was 26.9%. The first child of a family had an increased risk of having feeding problems [P=0.032, odds ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.04-2.71]. Children with feeding problems were fed less frequently, were less likely to be fed at their own table or at the family table, and had mealtimes longer than 30 min when compared with children without feeding problems (P=0.015, 0.004 and 0.025, respectively). The results highlight that feeding problems in normally developing children are common. During consultations about feeding issues, pediatricians should focus on families with a first child. Topics such as frequency of meals per day, duration of mealtimes, and appropriate places for feeding should be discussed.
children; feeding problems; prevalence
The number of children of incarcerated parents in the U.S. has grown dramatically in recent years. These children appear to be at risk for various problems, and a number of family-focused preventive efforts have been attempted. The current study examines differences between incarcerated mothers, incarcerated fathers, and their families on factors that might be important to consider when creating the content and process of preventive intervention programs. Participants were 359 inmates (54% women; 41% minority) who were parents of children between the ages of 3 and 11 years and who parented their children prior to imprisonment. Mothers and fathers were similar on a number of dimensions including age, education-level, number and age of children, and family criminal history, but differences were observed on key variables relevant to outcomes for children and families, including employment history and income, substance use, mental health, trauma experiences and criminal history. Implications for prevention programs are discussed.
children; corrections; gender differences; incarcerated parents; prevention
Undetected and untreated developmental problems can have a significant economic and social impact on society. Intervention to ameliorate potential developmental problems requires early identification of children at risk of future learning and behaviour difficulties. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of risk for developmental problems among preschool children born to medically low risk women and identify factors that influence outcomes.
Mothers who had participated in a prenatal trial were followed up three years post partum to answer a telephone questionnaire. Questions were related to child health and development, child care, medical care, mother's lifestyle, well-being, and parenting style. The main outcome measure was risk for developmental problems using the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS).
Of 791 children, 11% were screened by the PEDS to be at high risk for developmental problems at age three. Of these, 43% had previously been referred for assessment. Children most likely to have been referred were those born preterm. Risk factors for delay included: male gender, history of ear infections, a low income environment, and a mother with poor emotional health and a history of abuse. A child with these risk factors was predicted to have a 53% chance of screening at high risk for developmental problems. This predicted probability was reduced to 19% if the child had a mother with good emotional health and no history of abuse.
Over 10% of children were identified as high risk for developmental problems by the screening, and more than half of those had not received a specialist referral. Risk factors for problems included prenatal and perinatal maternal and child factors. Assessment of maternal health and effective screening of child development may increase detection of children at high risk who would benefit from early intervention.
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN64070727
Ocular problems are common in mentally retarded children. Due to population growth these problems are increasing. Prevalence rate is variable from region to region. Data on ocular problems in mentally retarded school children is lacking in this region.
The aim of the present study was to identify the ocular disorders in children with mental retardation attending special schools in a district and to study their relationship with the degree of retardation.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 241 mentally retarded school children in the age group of 6-16 years attending special schools for the mentally retarded children in a district in central India were examined by a team of ophthalmologist, psychiatrist, and a resident in ophthalmology department of a medical college. Complete ocular examination was done. Ocular problems were identified and categorized according to the intelligent quotient.
One hundred and twenty four children (51.45%) had ocular problems. Strabismus (10.37%) and refractive error (20.75%) were the common ocular problems seen in this study. An association was found between the severity of mental retardation and ocular problems (P<0.005). However, no association was seen between the severity of mental retardation and strabismus and refractive error.
A high prevalence of ocular problems was seen in mentally retarded school children. Children with mental retardation should undergo annual ophthalmological check up. Early detection and correction of ocular problems will prevent visual impairment in future.
Children; mental retardation; ocular disorder; refractive error; strabismus
Depression in fathers in the postnatal period is associated with an increased risk of behavioural problems in their offspring, particularly for boys. The aim of this study was to examine for differential effects of depression in fathers on children's subsequent psychological functioning via a natural experiment comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure.
In a longitudinal population cohort study (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)) we examined the associations between depression in fathers measured in the prenatal and postnatal period (measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), and later behavioural/emotional and psychiatric problems in their children, assessed at ages 3½ and 7 years.
Children whose fathers were depressed in both the prenatal and postnatal periods had the highest risks of subsequent psychopathology, measured by total problems at age 3½ years (Odds Ratio 3.55; 95% confidence interval 2.07, 6.08) and psychiatric diagnosis at age 7 years (OR 2.54; 1.19, 5.41). Few differences emerged when prenatal and postnatal depression exposure were directly compared, but when compared to fathers who were not depressed, boys whose fathers had postnatal depression only had higher rates of conduct problems aged 3½ years (OR 2.14; 1.22, 3.72) whereas sons of the prenatal group did not (OR 1.41; .75, 2.65). These associations changed little when controlling for maternal depression and other potential confounding factors.
The findings of this study suggest that the increased risk of later conduct problems, seen particularly in the sons of depressed fathers, maybe partly mediated through environmental means. In addition, children whose fathers are more chronically depressed appear to be at a higher risk of emotional and behavioural problems. Efforts to identify the precise mechanisms by which transmission of risk may occur should be encouraged to enable the development of focused interventions to mitigate risks for young children.
Depression; child behavioural problems; perinatal; fathers; ALSPAC
The investigation studies the perception and attitudes of patents towards their mentally retarded child. Thirty such children were followed up after one year of initial contact and the parents were interviewed. Parents of higher education had a more scientific perception. Most parents had unrealistic hopes and expectations, feelings of shame, guilt and self blame were predominant. Rejection, hostility neglect of child and other negative attitudes were significantly more often seen in younger parents, urbanites and those with higher education. The negative attitudes were more towards a child with additional psychiatric problems. This information could be of great advmuge in managing families with a retarded child.
A genetic study of children attending ESN(M) schools in Coventry has shown a recurrence risk of idiopathic mental retardation in sibs lying between 1 in 4 and 1 in 5. There was also a prevalence of mental retardation in other relatives that was greater than the population prevalence, and was less for second degree relatives than for first degree, and less still for third degree relatives. Recurrence in sibs was greater if more than one first degree relative was affected. There was no suggestion of a contribution by X linked genes, once the fragile X syndrome had been excluded. The presence of perinatal and other environmental factors in the index children did not alter the recurrence risk for sibs except for very low birth weight. There was a low recurrence rate of mental retardation in Asian families, suggesting that they had a different distribution of intelligence from non-Asian families.
Children with Autistic Disorder (AD) evidence more co-occurring maladaptive behaviours than their typically developing peers and peers with intellectual disability because of other aetiologies. The present study investigated the prevalence of Clinically Significant maladaptive behaviours during early childhood and identified at-risk subgroups of young children with AD.
Parents rated their child’s maladaptive behaviours on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) in 169 children with AD aged 1.5 to 5.8 years.
One-third of young children with AD had a CBCL Total Problems score in the Clinically Significant range. The highest percentage of Clinically Significant scores were in the Withdrawal, Attention, and Aggression CBCL syndrome scales. There was a high degree of co-morbidity of Clinically Significant maladaptive behaviours. Several subject characteristic risk factors for maladaptive behaviours were identified.
Findings highlight the need to include behavioural management strategies aimed at increasing social engagement, sustained attention and decreasing aggressive behaviour in comprehensive intervention programmes for young children with AD.
Keywords autism; autistic disorder; behaviour problems; children; child behaviour checklist; maladaptive behaviour
Aims and Objectives:
The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of enuresis in school children and to determine contributing factors along with treatment methods used in these children.
Materials and Methods:
The parents of 1473 children aged between 6-10 years completed a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Socio-demographic profiles, enuresis data, medical and psychiatric disorders and family stressors were collected. The data was analyzed and the results presented.
The response rate was 89.22%. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 7.61%. Enuresis was more common in boys. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 28.57% children; 14.29% of the children had daytime wetting as well. Only 24.11% of the parents had taken their child to a doctor for the problem. Family stressors, significant birth history and lower socioeconomic status was present to a larger extent in the enuretic group. Scholastic backwardness was also an important factor in this group.
This study reports on the prevalence of enuresis in school-going children and stresses on the need for parental education and awareness about this problem.
Enuresis; primary school children
Information about the extent of additional disabilities presented and experienced by the mentally retarded children is essential for proper health services planning for this group.
The objective of this case-control study was to identify the developmental milestones and additional disabilities of mildly mentally retarded male children. Sixty-nine parents of mildly mentally retarded male children (MMR group) and a similar number of matched parents of normal male children (control group) were interviewed and a questionnaire was completed.
Generally, the MMR group children smiled, sat, walked, talked and became continent for urine and bowel significantly later than the control group. Additional disabilities in the children of the MMR group were in the form of speech (65%), visual (28%), limb weakness (20%), hearing (16%), convulsive disorder (15%) and other disabilities (10%).
Well structured health education and I.Q. screening programs were recommended for early detection of mental retardation and subsequent entry to special education. Institutes for mentally retarded children in the Kingdom need to be better vocationally equipped. The role of Family and Community Physicians in early detection and management was also emphasized.
Mental Retardation; Disabilities; Saudi Arabia
numbers of children experience parental incarceration worldwide. Families and
children of prisoners can experience multiple difficulties after parental
incarceration, including traumatic separation, loneliness, stigma, confused
explanations to children, unstable childcare arrangements, strained parenting,
reduced income, and home, school, and neighborhood moves. Children of
incarcerated parents often have multiple, stressful life events before parental
incarceration. Theoretically, children with incarcerated parents may be at risk
for a range of adverse behavioral outcomes. A systematic review was conducted to
synthesize empirical evidence on associations between parental incarceration and
children's later antisocial behavior, mental health problems, drug use, and
educational performance. Results from 40 studies (including 7,374 children with
incarcerated parents and 37,325 comparison children in 50 samples) were pooled
in a meta-analysis. The most rigorous studies showed that parental incarceration
is associated with higher risk for children's antisocial behavior, but not for
mental health problems, drug use, or poor educational performance. Studies that
controlled for parental criminality or children's antisocial behavior before
parental incarceration had a pooled effect size of OR = 1.4
(p < .01), corresponding to about 10% increased risk for
antisocial behavior among children with incarcerated parents, compared with
peers. Effect sizes did not decrease with number of covariates controlled.
However, the methodological quality of many studies was poor. More rigorous
tests of the causal effects of parental incarceration are needed, using
randomized designs and prospective longitudinal studies. Criminal justice
reforms and national support systems might be needed to prevent harmful
consequences of parental incarceration for children.
parental incarceration; antisocial behavior; mental health; drug use; education
BACKGROUND—Submicroscopic subtelomeric chromosome defects have been found in 7.4% of children with moderate to severe mental retardation and in 0.5% of children with mild retardation. Effective clinical preselection is essential because of the technical complexities and cost of screening for subtelomere deletions.
METHODS—We studied 29 patients with a known subtelomeric defect and assessed clinical variables concerning birth history, facial dysmorphism, congenital malformations, and family history. Controls were 110 children with mental retardation of unknown aetiology with normal G banded karyotype and no detectable submicroscopic subtelomeric abnormalities.
RESULTS—Prenatal onset of growth retardation was found in 37% compared to 9% of the controls (p<0.0005). A higher percentage of positive family history for mental retardation was reported in the study group than the controls (50% v 21%, p=0.002). Miscarriage(s) were observed in only 8% of the mothers of subtelomeric cases compared to 30% of controls (p=0.028) which was, however, not significant after a Bonferroni correction. Common features (>30%) among subtelomeric deletion cases were microcephaly, short stature, hypertelorism, nasal and ear anomalies, hand anomalies, and cryptorchidism. Two or more facial dysmorphic features were observed in 83% of the subtelomere patients. None of these features was significantly different from the controls. Using the results, a five item checklist was developed which allowed exclusion from further testing in 20% of the mentally retarded children (95% CI 13-28%) in our study without missing any subtelomere cases. As our control group was selected for the "chromosomal phenotype", the specificity of the checklist is likely to be higher in an unselected group of mentally retarded subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—Our results suggest that good indicators for subtelomeric defects are prenatal onset of growth retardation and a positive family history for mental retardation. These clinical criteria, in addition to features suggestive of a chromosomal phenotype, resulted in the development of a five item checklist which will improve the diagnostic pick up rate of subtelomeric defects among mentally retarded subjects.
Keywords: submicroscopic subtelomeric rearrangements; clinical preselection; checklist; chromosome deletion.
incidence of school and behaviour problems at age 7 years in children
born between 32 and 35 weeks gestation, and investigate perinatal risk factors.
population consisted of all children born at 32-35 weeks gestation to
mothers resident in Oxfordshire in l990. General practitioners,
parents, and teachers were asked about health, behaviour, and education
by postal questionnaire. Teachers rated children on level of function
in six areas using a five point scale. They also completed the
Strengths and Difficulties behaviour questionnaire. Perinatal risk
factors were identified for children with poor school performance using
a univariate and multivariate analysis.
responses were obtained for 117 (66%) of the 176 children in the
cohort. Twenty nine (25%) required support from a non-teaching
assistant, five (4%) had required a statement of special educational
needs, and three (3%) were at special school. Poor outcome was
reported for 32% in writing, 31% in fine motor skills, 29% in
mathematics, 19% in speaking, 21% in reading, and 12% in physical
education. On the behaviour questionnaire, 19% of the cohort achieved
an abnormal hyperactivity score (population norm 10%). Multivariate
analysis showed perinatal variables that remained significant,
independent of other variables; they were discharge from the special
care baby unit > 36 weeks postconceptional age (odds ratio 4.15; 95%
confidence interval 1.43 to 12.05) and male sex (odds ratio 3.88; 95%
confidence interval 1.42 to 10.6).
CONCLUSION—Up to a
third of children born between 32 and 35 weeks gestation may have
school problems. As there are larger numbers in this gestational
category compared with smaller babies, this finding has implications
for educational services.
Emerging evidence suggests that early intervention and prevention programmes for mental health problems in the offspring of parents with depression are important. Such programmes are difficult to implement if children with psychiatric disorder are not identified and are not accessing services, even if their parents are known to primary care.
To investigate service use in children of parents who have recurrent depression, and factors that influence such contact.
Design and setting
A total of 333 families were recruited, mainly through primary health care, in which at least one parent had received treatment for recurrent depression and had a child aged 9–17 years.
Psychiatric assessments of parents and children were completed using research diagnostic interviews. The service-use interview recorded current (in the 3 months prior to interview) and lifetime contact with health, educational, and social services due to concerns about the child’s emotions or behaviour.
Only 37% of children who met criteria for psychiatric disorder were in contact with any service at the time of interview. A third, who were suicidal or self-harming and had a psychiatric disorder at that time, were not in contact with any service. Lack of parental worry predicted lower service use, with higher rates in children with comorbidity and suicidality.
Most children with a psychiatric disorder in this high-risk sample were not in contact with services. Improving ease of access to services, increasing parental and professional awareness that mental health problems can cluster in families, and improving links between adult and child services may help early detection and intervention strategies for the offspring of parents with depression.
adolescent; depression; early intervention; primary health care; risk
Although relations of various parental psychological problems and family functioning with child development are well documented, it remains unclear whether specific prenatal or specific postnatal risk factors are independently associated with child emotional and behavioural problems, or whether observed associations can be explained by general parental psychopathology. Using a stepwise approach, we examined the effects of prenatal and postnatal parental depressive symptoms, prenatal and postnatal hostility of the parents, as well as prenatal family functioning on the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems. This study was embedded in Generation R: a population-based cohort from foetal life onwards. Mothers and fathers of 2,698 children provided information about depressive symptoms, symptoms of hostility and family functioning during pregnancy and 3 years after birth. Mother and father each reported on child behaviour when the child was 3 years old. Parental depressive symptoms increased the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems, but this increase was explained by postnatal parental hostile behaviour. Postnatal symptoms of hostility of mothers (OR = 1.34, p value <0.001) and postnatal symptoms of hostility of fathers (OR = 1.30, p value <0.001) each contributed independently to the risk of child emotional and behavioural problems. Postnatal parental hostility is associated with an increased risk of child emotional and behavioural problems, independent of parental depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that prevention and intervention strategies should focus on psychological symptoms of both mothers and fathers, in particular on hostile behaviour, in families with young children.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0178-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Family functioning; Psychopathology; Depression; Hostility; Child emotional and behavioural problems
A register of children with cerebral palsy born to mothers resident in the Mersey region from 1966 to 1977 was compiled from health service records. Frequency distributions and prevalences of birth weight and gestational age differed for those with hemiplegia, diplegia, and quadriplegia. In particular, the children with diplegia showed a bimodal frequency distribution. Children of normal birth weight with diplegia had a higher prevalence of severe mental retardation than those of low birth weight. These differences may be due to survival bias and may not be of aetiological importance. Furthermore, the mothers of diplegic infants had a significantly higher proportion of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and low birthweight infants in their obstetric history. This suggests that prenatal factors predominate in the aetiology of diplegia.
Microdeletions within chromosome 15q13.3 are associated both with a recently recognised syndrome of mental retardation, seizures, and dysmorphic features, and with schizophrenia.
Methods and results
Based on routine diagnostic testing of ~8200 samples using array comparative genomic hybridisation, we identified 20 individuals (14 children and six parents in 12 families) with microdeletions of 15q13.3. Phenotypes in the children included developmental delay, mental retardation, or borderline IQ in most and autistic spectrum disorder (6/14), speech delay, aggressiveness, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioural problems. Both parents were available in seven families, and the deletion was de novo in one, inherited from an apparently normal parent in four, and inherited from a parent with learning disability and bipolar disorder in two families. Of the 14 children, six in five families were adopted, and DNA was available for only one of these 10 biological parents; the deletion was very likely inherited for one of these families with two affected children. Among the unavailable parents, two mothers were described as having mental retardation, another mother as having “mental illness”, and one father as having schizophrenia. We hypothesise that some of the unavailable parents have the deletion.
The occurrence of increased adoption, frequent autism, bipolar disorder, and lack of penetrance are noteworthy findings in individuals with deletion 15q13.3. A high rate of adoption may be related to the presence of the deletion in biological parents.
Unconfirmed histories of antisocial behaviours in unavailable biological parents raise the concern that future research may show that deletion 15q13.3 is associated with such behaviours.
To determine the prevalence of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) and assess risk factors that can cause this disease.
After the determination of 15 primary schools in the provincial center of Ankara, questionnaires were given to 15,150 students to be answered by their parents. Detailed urologic history was obtained and physical examination applied to the students whose parents answered the questionnaire. After excluding children with polysymptomatic NE, 14060 questionnaires of MNE patients were evaluated. Demographic features with social and medical history of students and their parents, general approach of family to the children, school success of the students and general behavioral attitudes, method of toilet training and the presence of nocturnal enuresis were questioned.
MNE was determined in 9.0% (n: 1266) of the students and nocturnal enuresis frequency was higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). Univariate analysis revealed gender, method of toilet training, sleep problems, school success, and general approach of the family to children and general behavioral attitudes of the children as significant factors. In logistic regression analysis; age, male gender, toilette training with threatening method, deep sleeper, sleep walking, being introverted and shy, significantly increases the risk of nocturnal enuresis.
The current study suggests that the methods of toilet training are extremely important to prevent bedwetting and behavioral disorders due to enuresis. Parents should be well-informed about the appropriate toilet training method.
Enuresis; monosymptomatic; nocturnal
Despite numerous studies asserting the prevalence of marital conflict among families of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), evidence is surprisingly less convincing regarding whether parents of youth with ADHD are more at-risk for divorce than parents of children without ADHD. Using survival analyses, this study compared the rate of marital dissolution between parents of adolescents and young adults with and without ADHD. Results indicated that parents of youth diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (n=282) were more likely to divorce and had a shorter latency to divorce than parents of children without ADHD (n=206). Among a subset of those families of youth with ADHD, prospective analyses indicated that maternal and paternal education level, paternal antisocial behavior, and child age, race/ethnicity, and oppositional-defiant/conduct problems each uniquely predicted the timing of divorce between parents of youth with ADHD. These data underscore how parent and child variables likely interact to exacerbate marital discord and, ultimately, dissolution among families of children diagnosed with ADHD in childhood.
ADHD; ODD/CD; Antisocial behavior; Divorce; Marital conflict
The study was carried out on children born over a 10 year period from 1981 to 1990 in a defined area known as Greater Manchester and referred to the Centre for Audiology or the Manchester Royal Infirmary for specialist audiological assessment. The children were investigated for possible congenital or intrauterine infection. Perinatal assessment was carried out in conjunction with paediatricians for adverse aetiological factors. Full medical histories were obtained with detailed family history relevant to hearing impairment and any associated condition or syndrome. Parents and siblings were examined and hearing assessed. A total of 339 cases was studied. Children with positive family history of deafness in parents or siblings, or both, constituted 23.3% of the cases (genetic group). Other aetiological groups showed the following distribution: cause unknown 33.9%; perinatal group 12.8%; congenital infections 8.2%; bacterial meningitis 6.5%; chromosomal anomalies 5.3%; syndromal group 5.3%; and miscellaneous group 4.7%. The high incidence of genetic causes indicates that steps should be taken to facilitate genetic counselling and conceivably to reduce the numbers affected.
Data drawn from the National Study of Health and Growth enabled an examination to be made of the attained height, weight for height, and triceps skinfold of children from one and two parent families. Children from one parent families were shorter than children from two parent families; however, once heights had been adjusted for birthweight, number of siblings, mother's height, father's height, and mother's education this was no longer the case. An examination of the adjusting factors showed that low birthweights and shorter parents accounted for the shorter stature of the one parent family children. An examination of weight for height and triceps skinfold measurements indicated an increased tendency towards obesity in the one parent family children, although this difference was not statistically significant. The higher prevalence of low birthweights and shorter parents that account for the shorter stature of one parent children are factors that cannot be ignored in a consideration of the health and growth of this group of children and obesity may be a potential health problem among the one parent family children.
This study evaluated how enrollment in special education services in 11 year old children relates to prenatal cocaine exposure, psychopathology, and other risk factors.
Participants were 498 children enrolled in The Maternal Lifestyle Study, a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study examining outcomes of children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure and psychopathology on enrollment in an individualized education plan (a designation specific to children with special education needs), with environmental, maternal, and infant medical variables as covariates.
Prenatal cocaine exposure, an interaction of prenatal cocaine exposure and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, child Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, parent-reported internalizing behaviors, and teacher-reported externalizing behaviors, predicted enrollment in an individualized education plan. Other statistically significant variables in the model were male gender, low birth weight, being small for gestational age, white race, caregiver change, low socio-economic status, low child intelligence quotient, caregiver depression, and prenatal marijuana exposure.
Prenatal cocaine exposure increased the likelihood of receiving an individualized education plan with adjustment for covariates. Psychopathology also predicted this special education outcome, in combination with and independent of prenatal cocaine exposure.
cocaine; special education; behavior; prenatal substance exposure
The purposes of this 36-month study of children with first recognized seizures were: (a) to describe baseline differences in behavior problems between children with and without prior unrecognized seizures; (b) to identify differences over time in behavior problems between children with seizures and their healthy siblings, (c) to identify the proportion of children with seizures and healthy siblings who were consistently at risk for behavior problems for 36 months; and (d) to identify risk factors for behavior problems 36 months following the first recognized seizure. Risk factors explored included demographic (child age and gender, caregiver education), neuropsychological (IQ, processing speed), seizure (epileptic syndrome, use of antiepileptic drug AED, seizure recurrence) and family (family mastery, satisfaction with family relationships, parent response) variables.
Participants were 300 children ages 6 through 14 years with a first recognized seizure and 196 healthy siblings. Data were collected from medical records, structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and neuropsychological testing. Behavior problems were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher’s Report Form. Data analyses included descriptive statistics and linear mixed models.
Children with prior unrecognized seizures were at higher risk for behavior problems at baseline. As a group, children with seizures showed a steady reduction in behavior problems over time. Children with seizures were found to have significantly more behavior problems than their siblings over time and significantly more children with seizures (11.3%) than siblings (4.6%) had consistent behavior problems over time. Key risk factors for child behavior problems based on both caregivers and teachers were: less caregiver education, slower initial processing speed, slowing of processing speed over the first 36 months, and a number of family variables including lower levels of family mastery or child satisfaction with family relationships, lower parent support of the child’s autonomy, and lower parent confidence in their ability to discipline their child.
Children with new-onset seizures who are otherwise developing normally have higher rates of behavior problems than their healthy siblings; however, behavior problems are not consistently in the at-risk range in most children during the first three years after seizure onset. When children show behavior problems, family variables that might be targeted include family mastery, parent support of child autonomy, and parent confidence in their ability to handle their children’s behavior.
First Seizures; Children; Behavior Problems; Processing Speed; Family Response


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Americans waste 33 million tons of food each year - what we can do to fight this problem
Forty percent of the food in the U.S. today goes uneaten, which means Americans are throwing out the equivalent of $165 billion worth of food each year. But that's not all. Food waste, as it decays in landfills, also produces methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas.
Why not recycle all the uneaten food that goes to waste? What can we do to cut back on food waste? You can listen to the whole story here
Or read on -http://www.npr.org/2012/11/23/165774988/npr-the-ugly-truth-about-food-waste-in-america

domain: news


The Wheeling Police Department is reminding those traveling throughout the City of Wheeling on Saturday, May 27 and Sunday, May 28 to be aware of those participating in this weekend’s Ogden Half-Marathon/Wellness Weekend.
Running and walking events will begin around 7:30 a.m., Saturday, with the main half-marathon race starting just before 8 a.m. in downtown. The race will last until roughly Noon.
This year the course will be changed slightly, due to construction. In downtown, the course will use parts of 14th Street, Jacob Street and 16th Street. In South Wheeling, the race will extend one block to 38th Street.
FRIDAY, MAY 26
SATURDAY, MAY 27
While spectators are encouraged to be involved and cheer on participants, those in the downtown area are being asked to park in the Robert C. Byrd Intermodal Transportation Center, located at 1401 Main Street. Access will only be available from the Main Street entrance.
Those who need to travel on the race route are urged to go below the posted speed limit and be extra cautious of those running or walking. Wheeling Police officers will be stationed at most major intersections for traffic control. Drivers are advised to watch for coned off lanes in various areas and look for participants on the right side of the road.
Should rain occur, motorists are advised to reduce their speed and to watch for walkers and runners.
SUNDAY, MAY 28
Various road closures and delays will take place in the downtown/Center Wheeling area on Sunday, May 28 for the ‘Tough as Nails’ Urban Challenge. Events will begin around 12 p.m. and last until roughly 5 p.m.


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Given the brash headlines and images often associated with superyacht owners, you would be forgiven for thinking that anyone who owns one has more money than taste. However, you would be wrong. For much of the year, many of the world’s wealthiest stay well below the radar as they take to the sea in style, racing, refitting and cruising their classic sailing yachts, with not a gold tap or a fur throw in sight.
For a line-up of the most elegant yachts on the sea, look no further than Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez, which is “by far the most exciting regatta in the Med, if not the world”, according to Tara Getty, the grandson of Jean Paul. Getty has just added a fifth classic yacht to his portfolio, ranging in size from a Riva to the 80-metre Talitha G. His latest acquisition, a 22-metre sailing yacht called Baruna, will accompany his bigger motor classics to his favourite regattas.
“I love the old-fashioned feel of Les Voiles, and the regattas in Cannes and Antibes, with all the added drama of being in a famous port surrounded by beautiful boats, but the smaller ones are just as much fun in different ways,” he explains.
From Sir James Dyson to the Who’s Pete Townshend, Hugh Morrison, the founder of Montfort Communications and his partner, the designer Amanda Wakeley, the Gucci sisters and the Carphone Warehouse co-founder Sir Charles Dunstone, a discerning elite have poured passion into making sure that their time capsules evoke the romance of the past while still offering seven-star comfort. Wakeley takes the helm every May in Morrison’s pride and joy, a 27-metre J Class called Savannah, for the Coupe des Dames regatta in Saint-Tropez, while Morrison plans a season that includes Spetses and the Panerai circuit (of which Getty is also a fan).
While racing is undeniably a draw, there is also the challenge of restoration. Savannah’s saloon, for example, is surrounded by mahogany panelling and a wood-burning stove, giving it the feel of an old-school gentlemen’s club rather than a superyacht. “We love having low-key dinners below deck with a group of friends,” says Wakeley. “When they leave I retreat to the master cabin, which has the most glorious roll-top bath.”
For many classic yacht owners the allure lies in a feeling of recapturing history. Sir Charles’s Shemara, relaunched in 2015 after a rebuild that took a million man-hours — with marble fireplaces and a resplendent staircase — was once banned from the Riviera by Prince Rainier of Monaco thanks to the scandalous behaviour of its owners at the time, Sir Bernard and Lady Docker. Having found her languishing in a dockyard, Sir Charles asked the designer Ilse Crawford to oversee the interior makeover. “In a way,” he explains, “it’s actually easier to restore something beautiful than to try to build something beautiful from scratch.”
There is no typical profile uniting this elite, says Mike Horsley, a classic yacht broker for Edmiston, “but to make your mark in Portofino, Saint-Tropez or St Barths with a modern yacht, the investment needed is several tens of millions. With a classic you can get all the same kudos for a fraction of that, and buy into a very nice circle of like-minded people who want to get away from the flashy ‘nouveau riche’ crowd.”
Even in the world of superyachts, it seems, you can’t go wrong with a classic.

domain: hobby


text:
Time to break the silence on gender inequality
To mark International Women's Day, GUE/NGL expresses its continued commitment to the fight for gender equality and women's rights.
GUE/NGL President Gabi Zimmer said: “Every day in all areas of life activists are fighting for women's rights. Outdated stereotypes and power structures in Europe mean women are more likely to be paid less, work in precarious employment, and hit the glass ceiling in their careers. In many countries, women's freedom to make choices about their own bodies is being undermined. We stand with activists fighting against dismissal for wage adjustments, a legal quota for women on boards and for the right to abortion.
“Women's rights are human rights. We must break the silence about continuing inequalities and power relations. We want to promote a change in thinking, so that people live in dignity and solidarity.”
Gender equality will be in the spotlight at this week's plenary session which starts tomorrow in Strasbourg. On Tuesday afternoon MEPs will vote on a progress report on equality between women and men in the EU.
Zimmer said: “Far too little has been done in recent years and there have been many setbacks on the road to greater equality. The economic and financial crisis has worsened the situation for many women across Europe who are living in appalling poverty and who are hit hardest by austerity cuts to social and health budgets. Women are increasingly victims of sexual and domestic violence.”
Last week in the European Parliament, GUE/NGL held a conference on feminist self-defence as an empowerment strategy.
Zimmer continued: “Self-defence is a political tool against existing inequalities. Violence against women and girls is always rooted in unequal power relations. Through traditional notions of femininity, many women are not prepared to oppose violence. Feminist self-defence aims to strengthen self-confidence and develop ways in which women and girls can effectively set boundaries.”

domain: politics


text:
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domain: entertainment


text:
Entrance Mats + Grids: Design with...
Presented by Construction Specialties & Mays, Maune, McWard, Inc.
- 1 hr1 hour
- Customer's Place
Construction Specialties & Mays, Maune, McWard, Inc. present Entrance Mats + Grids: Design with the Elements in Mind. This course will cover why entrance flooring is needed and how they help keep building maintenance costs lower. We will cover how to use new products and technology to incorporate unique and impactful designs for building entrances. We will cover the different attributes of systems and what specifiers should consider when designing and specifying entrance flooring. Learning Objectives: 1. What are entrance flooring systems and why are the needed? 2. How to reduce maintenance costs and slip/fall accidents 3. How to properly design and integrate EFS into your design/building 4. Environmental considerations with a focus on LEED and Cradle 2 Cradle 5. Making a great first impression Length: 1 Hour Credit: 1 AIA LU/HSW 1 GBCI, 1 AAHID
540 Axminister Dr. Fenton, MO 63026

domain: design


text:
|South Carolina Department of Archives and History|
|National Register Properties in South Carolina
Mount Carmel A.M.E. Zion Campground, Lancaster County (Cauthen’s Crossroads vicinity)
|Brush Arbor|| Brush Arbor
Left Rear Oblique
| Brush Arbor
| Brush Arbor
Mount Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church and Campground is one of the earliest sites in South Carolina associated with the establishment of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Founded ca. 1866, Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church and Campground was part of the widespread growth of independent black churches that occurred in the South during the post-Civil War era. Mount Carmel A.M.E. Zion Campground consists of a complex of structures located in the general form of a rectangle. A line of approximately fifty-five small “cabins” or “tents” and a brick church lie along the outer edge of the rectangle, creating a large open area in the center. An “arbor,” or open-air structure, is located in this area. The majority of the cabins are small frame or concrete block structures with metal roofs which are still situated directly along side each other and oriented towards the center of the rectangle. On the southern side of the campground is Mt. Carmel A.M.E. Zion Church, a brick structure with a belfry and gable roof. On the northern side is the church cemetery. Although significance of the site is primarily historical and not architectural, the design of the campground and its landscape reflects its use as a setting for a collective religious experience. Mount Carmel is also among the state’s few surviving campgrounds where annual gatherings continue to be held. Additionally, the rectangular design landscape exemplifies one of the typical shapes of nineteenth century religious encampments. Listed in the National Register May 10, 1979.
View the complete text of the nomination form for this National Register Property.
Most National Register properties are privately owned and are not open to the public. The privacy of owners should be respected. Not all properties retain the same integrity as when originally documented and listed in the National Register due to changes and modifications over time.
Images and texts on these pages are intended for research or educational use. Please read our statement on use and reproduction for further information on how to obtain a photocopy or how to cite an item.
Images provided by theSouth Carolina Department of Archives and History.

domain: geography


text:
August Strindberg Rep presents a new adaptation of Strindberg's impressionistic play about an aspiring playwright. More…
After years of struggle, Maurice sees that his about-to-be-produced drama is poised for success. But on the evening of his victory, in a fit of wild passion, he abandons his mistress and her child to take up with the mistress of a friend. When his old mistress' child dies, he accuses his new love of committing murder, while the law thinks Maurice may be the killer. This new adaptation of Strindberg's classic offers a lighter take on the story, setting it in modern-day NYC and adding an element of absurdity by making the human child a treasured champion show dog.
"Though the change from child to animal does lighten the mood and makes Maurice’s actions somewhat more forgivable, some of the plot stretches credibility...It does, however, make the circumstance melodramatic and absurd, which brings out the humor in the play. Aronson has accomplished her goal. The play has witty moments and comic scenes. The absurdism makes for great melodramatic humor as well. The revision keeps the audience focused on its entertaining and engaging story." Full Review
“A tedious and inane contemporary adaptation...There is nothing at all redeeming about it...The mastermind behind this travesty is Whitney Gail Aronson. Ms. Aronson’s dialogue is archly stylized and the New York City cultural milieu is strictly fantasyland. Aronson’s direction is rudimentary and sluggish...An academic experiment that is poorly realized...About the only real entertaining element of ‘Crimes and Crimes’ is the uncredited excellent music played during the scene transitions." Full Review
See it if you have a relative in the cast; you like komondore dogs; you like Strindberg regardless of what the show is; you enjoy ginger cookies.
Don't see it if you don't have a relative in the cast; you dislike ginger cookies. However, the staff is wonderful and the actors are all trying hard.
Get alerts about your favorite artists and theater companies


text:
New solo record from this DC artist is another solid notch in the belt for this talented musician. It shows with the caliber of players who jumped in to help out-Dave Smalley on vocals on “Yours Truly” and Steve Hansgen (ex-Minor Threat) on bass from start to finish. Melodies and harmonies are plotted with precision here, helped along by the stellar production skills of Don Zientara. Fifteen songs in all, so grab your favorite adult beverage and set the stereo on “repeat.” Your rewards will be many, young grasshopper.
–koepenick (Self-released, facebook.com/MarcGananciasMusic)


text:
Termaria's Houston Texans Scrapbook (NFL)
Remember The Titans! (How they lost to The Texans!!!)
FOOTBALL...FOOTBALL...FOOTBALL....need I say more
August finally... I smell football in air...
Andre Johnson , The whole team!
Why I am a fan:
I just love'em
Beating the Bears and The Titans this year
Termaria's Houston Rockets Scrapbook (NBA)
Yao will return!!!
I'm glad its over!!!!
Orlando where's the magic???? Can you please...
Von Wafer Otis Thorpe Ralph Sampson Matt Bullard 'The Dream Team' Every person that has ever played for them!!! I just can't name them all
Why I am a fan:
I love them!
winning back to back championships in 94 & 95
Termaria's Texas Longhorns Scrapbook (NCAAF)
Termaria's Texas Longhorns Scrapbook (NCAABB)
Fans Termaria Follows
Fans Following Termaria
one game at a time...
How sweet it is!!!!
Remember The Titans! (How they lost...
95% Complete Bio
I love sports!!!!!
|Schools:||Cleveland High School and Lamar University|
|Relationship Status:||Long Term Contract (Married)|
|Kids:||Yes, three beautiful girls!|
|Places I lived:||Just Texas|
|Greatest Moment in Sports:||hasn't happened yet!! When Houston wins the Superbowl!!!|
|Greatest Event in Sports:||SuperBowl|
|Greatest Athlete of All Time:||tie between Bo Jackson and Barry Sanders|
|Most Fanatical Moment:||Being a mom!!!!|
|My Sports Superstitions:||can't watch a whole rockets game!!!! never bet on my teams|
|Most Disappointing Sports Moments:||When the Denver Broncos came back and beat the Oilers|
|Fantasy Sports I Play:||NFL|
|Fantasy Skill Level:||novice|
|Sports I Play:||Basketball, Volleyball|
|Current Skill Level:||not sure|
|Highest Organized Level:||High School|
|Athletes I've Played With/Against:||no one famous|
|Career Highlights:||winning area|
|Career Lowlights:||not making state|
|Sports Injuries:||none thank God!!!|
|Games I Usually Attend:||Houston Texans, Rockets, My high school's games|
|Greatest Sporting Event I've Attended:||My baby sister went to state in high school bball|
|Sports People I've Met:||Vernon Maxwell, Otis Thorpe, Robert Horry, Tim Duncan|
|Sports Figures from my Hometown:||Joseph Smith|
|Most Prized Sports Possessions:||Texans gear and some Dallas|
|Sports Trading Cards:||Dominique Wilkins, Warren Moon, Micheal Irvin, Daryl Strawberry|
|Favorite Sports Collectibles:||Texans gear and some Dallas|
|Dream Sports Job:||Being the first female NFL coach|
|Favorite Jerseys:||Dominique Wilkins, Micheal Irvin, Andre Johnson, T.O.|
|Favorite Sports Brands:||Reebok, Nike Under Armour|
|Favorite Ballgame Foods:||Hot dog, chili cheese frie|
|Beer of Choice:||wine coolers|
|Hottest Athletes:||not enough space lol|
|Ugliest Athletes:||Sam Cassel|
|Favorite Sports Announcers:||Chris Berman|
|Least Favorite Sports Announcers:||Jim Rome, Steven A. Jackson|
|Favorite Sports "Experts":||Dick Vitale|
|Least Favorite Sports "Experts":||no one really|
|Favorite Sports Movies:||Remember the Titans|
|Favorite Sports Books:||Espn mag.|
|Favorite Sports Websites:||Fan IQ of course|
|Sports Video Games I Play:||EA Madden Series|
|Video Game Skill Level/ Playing Style:||just for fun|
|Favorite Sports Video Games:||madden|
|Non-Sports Hobbies and Interests:||What else is there???|
|TV:||CSI(all), Law and Order (all), House, Fringe, Lost , House of Payne|
|Music:||anything that sounds good!!!|
Teams Termaria Hates
|Why I Hate Them:||cushion schedule overrated too|
|Players I Hate:||None added yet...|

domain: sports


text:
You've heard of equipment leasing and computer leasing. Generally speaking, leasing offers a means of financing 100% of a purchase at fixed rates -- without jeopardizing existing banking relationships. Now a new flavor of leasing is beginning to pop up: software leasing.
Many lenders and computer vendors won't lend for software because of concerns about the value of the collateral should the user run into trouble. Unlike a minicomputer, which can be resold, software is often customized for a particular setting and has little or no resale value. But as the sums spent on software-related items climb (often, they're more than the hardware), specialized lessors are moving in and assuming the risk.
La Mode, a privately held sportswear maker in Los Angeles, for example, is leasing more than $200,000 worth of software over a five-year period. The alternative, says executive vice-president Sherwood Sterling, was to fund it internally or borrow against other, more tangible assets. Since the collateral is so weak, software lessors base their decisions on the credit-worthiness of lessees (the customer's net worth, leverage, interest coverage, and the like). -- Bruce G. Posner
Large software vendors will frequently arrange leases on their own products. Two of the biggest independent software lessors are Software Leasing, in Santa Monica, Calif.; and Meridian Software Funding, in Cypress, Calif.

domain: economics


text:
It's become almost as highly anticipated as seeing the winner being crowned - and tonight's former contestant group performance on the X Factor final didn't disappoint.
Blonde Electra managed to steal the show by bizarrely sharing a short snog by the judging panel, as they sang alongside their pals.
Yes, we know, they really are sisters - we're not sure where they thought this stunt up.
The two remaining finalists Fleur East and Ben Haenow joined everyone from Andrea Faustini to Stephanie Nala for a stunning final performance together.
Following on from last night's surprise collaboration, where all the acts joined for a rendition of I've Had The Time Of My Life, they were back for one last time to show off their vocals.
Fleur took centre stage in a plunging black outfit, showing off serious cleavage, as she beamed at her friends, including Andrea - who was voted out the final just hours ago.
Ben looked equally as trendy in a leather jacket as he stood next to his main contender, surrounded by Jake Quickenden, Jay James, Blonde Electra and more.
Like this? Did you know we have a dedicated TV and Film page on Facebook?
Last night saw ex-love birds Chloe Jasmine and Stevi Ritchie forced to dance together during the performance.
It didn't help that Stevi arrived on a huge rocket (and didn't particularly sing in tune either).


Delta 5 Pro: Daniel Defense Unveils Upgraded Bolt-Action Rifle
Available in .308, 6mm Creedmoor, and 6.5 Creedmoor, Daniel Defense unveiled its Delta 5 Pro, which features some heavy tactical upgrades over the original.
Century Arms C39v2 Zhukov: A Suppressed, Magpul-ized 7.62x39mm Rifle
Russian rugged dependability meets American ingenuity in the suppressed, Magpul-laden Century Arms C39v2 Zhukov in 7.62x39mm.
Get The Magazines
Man Stops 250-Pound Black Bear With Uberti Yellowboy in 45 Long Colt
When a 250-pound black bear crashed into a cabin, a Texan pulled a Uberti Yellowboy off the wall, and promptly pumped .45-caliber slugs into the bruin.
How to Build a Sub-MOA Precision Rifle With Optic for Less Than $1,000
With advanced optics and loads of premium parts available today, building a sub-MOA precision rifle has never been easier.
Ruger Vote 2020 10/22 Carbine: Collector’s Series Celebrates Democracy
Complete with a metal street sign, the Ruger Vote 2020 10/22 Carbine celebrates our democratic process and encourages 2A supporters to get out and vote.
SIG Cross Bolt-Action Rifle Officially Begins Shipping to Retail Stores
Featuring a folding stock, and available in .308 Win, 6.5 Creedmoor and 277 SIG Fury, the all-new SIG Cross rifle is finally shipping to retail stores.
Definitive Arms Creates Custom Saiga 7.62×39 Worth Your Attention
Loaded with upgrades and solid tactical components, the Definitive Arms Saiga 7.62x39 provides a hard-hitting rifle alternative.
PROOF Research Unveils Conviction Ti Rifle in 10 Different Calibers
Combining a titanium receiver and carbon-fiber barrel, the PROOF Research Conviction Ti enters as a lightweight, sub-1/2-MOA tack-driver.
WATCH: STL Joseph Garcia and the Guns He Uses During a Prison Riot
STL Joseph Garcia heads a quick-reaction unit that responds to incidents like a prison riot with cadre of giant schnauzers and an impressive arsenal.


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Published time: March 06, 2014 18:26
The nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser U.S.S. Truxtun, DDG-103 (Image from truxtunassn.org)
The US Navy has confirmed that a guided missile destroyer, the USS Truxton, is heading to the Black Sea, for what the US military said is a “routine” deployment, decided long before the crisis in Ukraine, which has divided world powers.
The US Navy said in a statement that the USS Truxton left Greece on Thursday on the way to the Black Sea and was going to conduct training with the Romanian and Bulgarian navy.
“While in the Black Sea, the ship will conduct a port visit and routine, previously planned exercises with allies and partners in the region,” The US Navy said in statement.
“Truxton’s operations in the Black Sea were scheduled well in advance of her departure from the United States,” the statement added.
The ship has a crew…
View original post 218 more words


text:
Drought and effect of vegetation on aeolian transport in the Aralkum
MetadataShow full item record
This study focusses on the effects of the desiccation of the Aral Sea, which occurred ~50 years ago. The desiccation of the Aral Sea began a shift in climate and transformed the Aral Sea. The Aral sea that once was the livelihood of many changed into the Aralkum, a dessert which to this day destroys the lives of many. This study focusses on the shift in climate that occurred due to the desiccating of the Aral Sea, the dust storms originating from the Aralkum, and vegetation strategies that can limit the magnitude of these dust storms. This study used precipitation data and satellite imagery to analyse the shift in the meteorological climate and the resulting changes in vegetation. Using the Aerosol optical depth and local wind speed data, the temporal variation of dust storms and high wind events were analysed and linked. The effect of different types of vegetation on reducing wind erosion in the form of suspension and saltation was modelled using a cellular automaton approach. The climate has shifted into a wetter but warmer climate. The regions affected by this are the rangelands in proximity(0-500 km) to the Aral sea, which experienced soil salination and a significant loss in vegetation density. The dust storms occur mainly in spring when high wind events are present. The modelling showed that to stop the erosion entirely, dense vegetation is required. Sparse vegetation will help reduce erosion, yet very sparse vegetation will create higher shear stress on the soil due to the formation of wakes increasing the erosion. Grass patches can protect the soil without creating wakes, making them the best option if possible. These storms have plagued the agriculture sector and massively increased respiratory problems in the general population of Uzbekistan jeopardising public health. Vegetation will play a key role in reducing salt and dust storms in Uzbekistan.


text:
She is sexy, she is hot, and she is back! Sunny Leone is all ready to set the silver screens on fire with Bobby Khan‘s Ek Paheli Leela. The makers of the film just released the first trailer and man, it’s hot! The trailer doesn’t really divulge too many details about the plot of the film but it is seemingly set in two parallel time zones. Apart from that, there’s a heavy dose of sex thrown in with Jay Bhanushali and Rajneesh Duggal trying too hard to match up to the hotness Sunny is.
The film also showcases a reprised version of Dholi Taro from Sanjay Leela Bhansali‘s Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam and it’d be interesting to watch Sunny recreate it.
Check out the trailer:
What do you think?
Psst – don’t forget to check out her Victoria’s Secret look.

domain: artistic


text:
You could sort Americans into two types: people who pay attention to politics, and those who don’t. It seems like 9 out of 10 are in the second group.
There are all sorts of reasons how liquid democracy can improve your life if you care about politics, but it’s important to also show how it makes things easier for those who just aren’t all that interested.
Rock The Vote
In our current world, citizens are expected to go to the polling booth at least every 4 years, and really every 2. And for each election, it’s your “civic duty” to research the candidates to make the best choice. After all, you’re going to be stuck with that lawmaker for the next few years. And even if you don’t vote, they still “represent” you.
Liquid democracy does away with this idea.
The first big difference is that there aren’t once-every-4-year elections. Once you’ve found someone you respect, you can stick with them as long as you like.
More importantly, liquid democracy isn’t winner-take-all, so there’s no pressure to stop a bad candidate from taking office and representing the entire district.
And lastly, liquid democracy is managed through the digital devices already in your pocket. So when you want to participate, you don’t even have to leave your home.
All of this adds up to make it a more convenient way to do democracy than what we have today.

domain: sociology


text:
The New England First Amendment Coalition expressed concern this week about a proposed policy that would limit access to recordings of the Maine State House Facilities Committee, calling such recordings “an invaluable tool to aid with accuracy and immediacy, and one that is in the public’s great interest.”
The State House Facilities Committee is responsible for, among other things, the management of the capitol grounds and legislative space in the State House. It is currently considering three policies for the recording of its public hearings:
(1) provide the recordings for public viewing on the legislature’s website,
(2) provide the recordings to the public only by request, or
(3) immediately delete the recordings after they are publicly broadcasted.
The committee is also exploring copyright protection against the public distribution of the recordings if they are ultimately preserved.
These options are being considered in response to the fears of some committee members that widely distributed recordings of public hearings may have an adverse impact on those providing testimony.
In an April 25 letter to the committee — drafted by the Maine Freedom of Information Coalition — NEFAC, MFOIC, Sun Media Group and MaineToday Media addressed those concerns while advocating for public access.
“Members of the public who offer testimony do so in a public forum, where they can be clearly seen and heard, and that testimony is streamed live to be heard by untold numbers of people,” the groups wrote. “Preserving information that has already been made public does no harm. In fact, quite the opposite.”
A publicly accessible archive of the recordings, the groups explained, has research and educational value. There is also the legal value of having a record of committee dialogue: “Preservation and access eliminates any question about what was said in committee rooms, including by those offering testimony and by elected officials, many who ask questions for more information and clarity.”
The immediate deletion of the recordings will also limit the ability of news organizations to inform their communities, according to the groups. Of additional concern is the idea that the recordings could be given copyright protection and their distribution limited by the very taxpayers who paid for them.
“Media companies, upon which the public relies for information, often access these files for background material, to confirm facts and also to report on current legislation,” the groups wrote, adding that the recordings “are unquestionably public records which the public has an absolute right to access.”


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Agar village is located in the Barakot block of Champawat district, Uttarakhand, at 1,770 meters above sea level. The town’s total population is 518 (268 males and 248 females). Spread over 138.97 hectares, most of the land in the village is barren. The scarcity of natural sources for irrigation has pushed the farmers to practice rain-fed agriculture in this town. Most people have migrated from the village because of the unpaved roads, the lack of sufficient water, and the destruction of crops by wild animals. The main occupation here is animal husbandry and daily wage jobs.
The women of the Agar are hardworking. Mamta Kholia is a conscientious woman who studied up to class 12. Her husband had to migrate out of town to seek employment opportunities. Mamta decided to make animal husbandry her main business to support her husband and family. She went to the forest every day to bring grass for her cows, bullocks, calves, and goats to supplement their food. She took milk to the cooperative milk society in the village, where she traded milk for enhanced income. But despite her hard work, Mamta still needed guidance to get the right price for her product.
The cow could give 6–7 liters of milk daily when healthy, but she fell ill. The doctor told Mamta that the grass from the forest and barren fields did not have the right nutrients, which deteriorated the cow’s health and resulted in low milk production. Even after treatment, the cow’s health did not improve, adversely affecting the family’s livelihood.
Mamta shared her concern in the monthly farmers’ meetings held under the HDFC Parivartan project implemented by S M Sehgal Foundation. Mamta is a member of Mahila Shakti Farmers Interest Group, organized under the project that has been trained on improved agriculture practices and balanced animal nutrition.
Mamta got the animal nutrition kit and administered the kit regularly, and deworming slowly improved her cow’s physical condition and increased her ability to eat food. The amount of fat and SNF (solids not fat) increased, allowing the cow to produce 8–9 liters of milk per day. Before, Mamta had earned Rs. 27 per liter of milk, and now the regular use of the nutrition kit has increased the fat content and milk production. Today Mamta earns Rs. 35 per liter.
The proper guidance goes a long way, and such has been the case for Mamta; this change in her life has given her the confidence to save enough, pursue higher education, and build a livelihood in animal husbandry.
(Author: Ajay Nigaltiya is field assistant, Champawat, with S M Sehgal Foundation)

domain: agronomy


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domain: game


Down to the rotor bearings. Can't cut anymore off.
I can save about .5" by keeping the GM pulley because of the offset.
The case is still 1.75" longer than my M45. I need things to match up for the bypass valve you can see here.
I should be able to move the assembly toward the belt the other .25" or so. There is plenty of mounting surface on the manifold.
Posted via FF Mobile


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EAST LANSING, Mich. (WLNS) – There are new developments Monday out of East Lansing after two women who are MSU students reported unwanted sexual advances from rideshare drivers near campus.
The East Lansing Police Department confirms they are investigating two separate reports of inappropriate touching involving the same rideshare company but with two different drivers.
6 News asked police which rideshare company but they declined say. However, they did confirm the company is well aware of these reports and is investigating.
It’s the question everyone’s asking, which rideshare company is linked to the recent criminal sexual assaults near campus.
“I know what the big question is but I cannot divulge that,” said Lt. Scott Wriggelsworth with the East Lansing Police Department.
In both cases, the victims were female Michigan State University students picked up near downtown East Lansing by a rideshare driver.
“We do have these open and active investigations with these ride-share drivers and we thought it was important for the public to know that,” said Wriggelsworth.
So what’s the next step?
“The next step is completing the criminal investigation and having it reviewed by the prosecutor’s office and if any charges are issued eventually they would be arrested brought it in and arraigned,” said Wriggelsworth.
But how do you prevent something like this from happening again?
Lieutenant Wriggelsworth says while most rideshare companies do background checks that may not be enough.
“If there’s no background and the person goes on a slow decline and just snaps we would never know that or be able to predict that,” said Wriggelsworth.
So what can others learn from this?
“It’s always up to the individual if they get in the back of the vehicle whether it’s a cab driver or a ride share driver and they have to make their own determinations whether they think it’s safe or not, said Wriggelsworth.”
Officials with East Lansing Police Department confirm both of these criminal sexual assaults happened recently, January 16 and February 14.
If you’ve had a similar experience you are asked to call the East Lansing police department at 517- 351-4220

domain: law


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- ISBN: 0572017294
- Physical Description: 160 pages : illustrations ; 20 cm
- Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] : Foulsham,
- Copyright: ©1992
With this book, you can explore a whole cuisine: chili con-carne, spicy chorizo, nachos, tacos, baked crab, or Mexican-style chicken in green peppers, coriander, and garlic. You'll be amazed at what variety and flavor the Mexicans can charm out of maize, kidney beans, and a few spices.
Search for related items by subject

domain: food


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Redfin tripled profit from last year in its first quarter as a public company, and its stock is rising as a result.
In its first public earnings report, the Seattle-based tech-powered real estate brokerage reported quarterly profit of $4.3 million, up from $1.4 million from a year ago.
Redfin posted $104.9 million in revenue, a 35 percent increase over this time last year, and earnings per share of $0.06, right on par with expectations of analysts surveyed in advance by Yahoo Finance.
Redfin’s stock initially dropped in after-hours trading before rallying and rising close to 4 percent. Shares of the tech-powered real estate brokerage are up 70 percent from its initial $15 offering price in July.
CEO Glenn Kelman discussed Redfin’s successful first quarter and new services the company is testing on an earnings call Thursday. Among them is Redfin Mortgage, which underwrote its first-ever mortgage in the first quarter of 2017. In the second quarter, Redfin underwrote eight mortgages.
“The premise of our mortgage and title business is that when a real estate agent, title officer, and a loan officer all work for one company, use one software system to close a sale, the whole process is easier, faster, and more efficient,” Kelman said on the call.
He also shared some early learnings from Redfin Now, a service the company is testing. Redfin Now lets customers sell homes directly to Redfin. It expedites the process but “the customer typically nets lower proceeds than she would in a conventional sale,” Kelman said on the call.
Redfin bought five homes in Q1 and another five the following quarter. Kelman said that all five of the first homes purchased were sold in Q2.
“It’s too early to say what percentage of home sellers prefer this service,” Kelman said. “What we’ve learned so far is that Redfin Now customers are sensitive to the small changes in the price difference between Redfin Now and what a broker charges. Since price matters so much, our online buyer audience, our pricing expertise, and our agent network would have to give us meaningfully lower costs than our competitors before we decided to pursue this business in earnest.”
Redfin continues to gain market share and web views, according to its earnings report. The company reported 24 million monthly active visitors to its website, a 43 percent increase over this time last year.
“Redfin’s market-share growth accelerated in the second quarter, in part because so many people have been visiting our website,” Kelman said in a statement. “Redfin.com visitors have grown at a higher rate over each of the past three quarters than in any quarter in the last three years. And more of those visitors are connecting with a Redfin agent because our technology lets those customers move faster to tour and buy homes. Technology also benefits our home-sellers, by promoting their listing to a huge online audience, and by driving long-term efficiency gains that help us charge less and still deliver better results.”

domain: finance


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Childhood obesity likely to increase as hard-up families are pushed towards cheap, unhealthy food
Tuesday, April 7, 2020
The fall-out from coronavirus threatens to widen health inequalities in society.
As coronavirus continues to tighten the squeeze on many household incomes, childhood obesity is predicted to rise.
Charities including anti-childhood obesity campaigner, Bite Back 2030, warn that cash-strapped families will be pushed towards buying cheap, unhealthy food for children.
Last week the Department for Health and Pensions revealed there had been almost 950,000 new claims for universal credit in just over two weeks, representing an increase of around 100,000 claims usually made in a fortnight.
Vulnerable families from a lower socio-economic background who already have higher obesity rates are likely to find purchasing healthy food challenging.
On the plus side a lot of fast-food takeaways have closed.
Extending free school meals for the Easter Holiday
The Government has bowed to pressure and agreed to pay for a national voucher scheme over the Easter holidays to feed the 1.3 million children who are given free school meals. However, this will be a one-off.
When schools closed, the Government set up a £15 weekly voucher scheme to support children but had intended to suspend it during the school break.
Following pressure from charities and schools, the government said it recognised more must be done over the Easter Holiday to help poor children at risk of going hungry.
Cabinet Minister Michael Gove said: ‘For children eligible for free school meals, vouchers will be available through the holidays to support household income.’
At Bite Back 2030, chief executive James Toop, said: ‘We applaud this decision, which will mean that the families that need it most will get a little extra help to put good food on the table.’
Read the free school meals guidance here


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Having the Best Diabetes Doctor In East Delhi may make a huge difference in treating diabetes. Diabetes care specialists may be found at various prominent hospitals, but getting the best is a task. We will explore the significance of locating the top diabetic physician, the elements to take into account when searching, and the essential qualities that characterize a model diabetes specialist.
Choosing the best Diabetes Specialist Doctor in East Delhi is an important decision that may have a big influence on your general health and quality of life. It’s not just about convenience. A knowledgeable and caring diabetes expert can offer priceless advice, care, and support to help you properly manage your disease and enhance your quality of life.
Finding a medical expert who can offer efficient treatment, support, and direction for controlling diabetes is essential while looking for a diabetic doctor. The following are essential characteristics of a diabetic physician:
Board Certification: Verify whether the physician has board certification in diabetology or endocrinology, which denotes advanced training in the management of diabetes.
Expertise: The intricacies of diabetes are better handled by a physician with substantial experience in managing the illness.
Compassion: Diabetes might cause emotional difficulties. A sympathetic physician can treat the psychological as well as the physical components of the illness, offering comfort and understanding.
Patient-First Healthcare: When providing personalized treatment, the Best Diabetes Doctor in East Delhi should take into account your particular requirements and preferences.
Comprehensive understanding: Diabetic treatment extends beyond prescription drugs. Seek a physician who is knowledgeable about the most recent developments in diabetes research, lifestyle management, and nutrition.
Effective Communication: Building a solid patient-doctor connection and making sure you comprehend your treatment plan require effective communication.
Team Cooperation: Oftentimes, managing diabetes calls for a multidisciplinary strategy. Physicians can offer more complete treatment when they work in conjunction with nutritionists, diabetes educators, and other medical specialists.
Accessibility: It’s imperative that you reach your doctor. Take into account things like office hours, availability of appointments, and telemedicine offerings.
Encouragement: A competent diabetic physician should provide you with the information and resources you need to properly manage your illness.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM): Makes accurate insulin adjustments by monitoring blood sugar levels using real-time data.
Insulin Pump Treatment: Provides consistent and adaptable insulin delivery, improving blood sugar regulation.
Telemedicine Service: Makes it possible for diabetic specialists to consult remotely, increasing access to high-quality treatment.
Customized Therapy Schedules: Customized to meet the specific requirements of every patient, maximizing diabetes control
Lifestyle Modification: Encourages healthy nutrition, frequent exercise, and stress management for improved blood sugar control.
Medication Advancement: Makes good use of the newest drugs to control blood sugar levels.
Multispecialty Healthcare: Works in tandem with medical specialists such as nutritionists and teachers to provide all-encompassing assistance.
The road to better diabetes care is one that is paved with dedication, wisdom, and assistance. It starts with a thorough diagnosis, individualized treatment programs, and routine examinations. A healthy diet, consistent exercise, and stress reduction are all important lifestyle changes.
Keeping to medication or insulin therapy and open contact with a reliable healthcare professional are crucial. Diabetes care requires customized attention; there is no one-size-fits-all strategy. You may attain stable blood sugar levels, improve your general well-being, and look forward to a healthy future by taking an active role in your health.
Your journey towards managing your diabetes might be profoundly impacted by the Diabetes Specialist Doctor in East Delhi you choose. The top diabetic physicians use modern methods, have key characteristics, and provide care that is comprehensive. You may enhance your general well-being, take control of your diabetes, and look forward to a healthy future when you have the proper healthcare provider by your side.

domain: medical


Call us for high end Whirlpool refrigerator repair in Yorba Linda, California. In order to carry out high-quality diagnostics, the exact reason for the release of the refrigerator by the master is determined as soon as possible. The service offers home renovation services depending on the refrigerator model, as well as free repairs for all brands of refrigerators and cooling systems. In the workshop, depending on the nature of the malfunction, it is necessary to urgently call the captain, after which he will urgently come for repairs. He found the cause of the malfunction and will replace one or more blocks or buy a new one with original spare parts, and that's all.


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Have you ever wanted a custom-made dress, one that fits you like a glove, but thought you’d never be able to afford it? Well, the fashion gods have smiled down on you. The website StyleShake allows customers to create their own designs of dresses, tops, and skirts, and ten days after the time of purchase…
According to the Associated Press, Arkansas police have destroyed the 2006 offense report for Josh Duggar, which detailed how the then-14-year-old had molested five girls, including his sisters, on the orders of Judge Stacy Zimmerman. “As far as the Springdale Police Department is concerned, this report doesn’t exist,” Springdale’s police representative Scott Lewis told AP.
Netflix confirmed today that “A Very Murray Christmas” will be streaming this December.


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PATTERSON, CALIFORNIA (September 1, 2017) – A major accident on State Route 33 near Hamilton Road on Friday morning left at least one person with serious injuries, according to a California Highway Patrol report. (map)
The accident happened around 5:46 am on State Route 33, east of Hamilton Road. A grey Chevrolet Malibu and a second vehicle were involved in a collision, and a third vehicle then struck the two cars initially involved in the collision.
The accident was classified as a major injury incident by the California Highway Patrol, but the condition of those involved and the number injured is unknown at this time. The accident remains under open investigation at this time to determine cause and liability.
“Any motorist injured in a traffic accident at the hands of a negligent driver will be subject to a bodily injury claim,” said the attorneys from Lexton Law Firm.
We from Lexton Law Firm are certain we can win you a settlement. Contact us today at (877) 541-2111 for a free consultation. There is no cost or obligation to our clients until we win your case. Our law firm will get the compensation for all the injuries, losses and pain and suffering you, or your loved one, have had. We will fight for the claim you deserve.


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Grab a bottle and find a picnic table! Stop by Pourhouse next door for beer on tap.
A great option for groups, enjoy a delicious white on the large outdoor patio.
These guys throw the best parties! Be sure to tell Brooke “Go Raiders” for Nick.
Dodge the summer heat in a cool cave tasting room! We <3 the syrah.
A must-see! This State Park is home to the Giant Sequoia. Visit the South Grove for a shorter paved hike (1.5 miles, family friendly) or the North Grove for a longer one.
Bring your swim suit to wade under the natural bridges and see the limestone cavern carved by Coyote Creek.
Start at the Sierra Nevada Lodging Museum for a shaded out-and-back adventure or the Cougar Rock trailhead for a loop with a stunning view.

domain: travel


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The market is as unpredictable as the weather. We'd love to help you prepare.
Have A Question About This Topic?
Every so often, you’ll hear about Social Security benefits running out. But is there truth to the fears, or is it all hype?
Currency has been around for a long time. Here’s a quick history lesson.
Using smart management to get more of what you want and free up assets to invest.


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/ Home / Your Council / News / News Releases / 2010 / July
Visitor numbers soar at Highland Folk Museum (30/07/10)
Visitor numbers at Highland Folk Museum, Newtonmore have steadily increased since The Highland Council, who own and manage the facility, took the decision to make it a free admission attraction. Staff are delighted by the significant rise in visits so far this year. On the busiest day to date, 770 people visited, beating the previous daily record by some 30%.
Museum curator Bob Powell said: “We are very proud of our staff who endeavour at all times to give our visitors a welcoming and enjoyable visit. It seems, as more and more people enjoy the museum, they are recommending it to more and more people, who in turn visit too.”
A recent survey revealed that 86% of visitors rated their visits as “excellent” and the Folk Museum just narrowly missed out on winning the “Family Friendly Museum of the Year 2010” award, in the national award scheme run by The Guardian newspaper. Highland Folk Museum was the only Scottish contender of the six finalists.
The museum strives to ensure it continues to develop, so the experience of both new and returning visitors is enhanced. Later this summer a newly recreated stone cottage from the 1800s will open to visitors and a daily programme of hands-on activities and demonstrations, including traditional weaving, butter making and musical instrument making, runs throughout the summer.
Highland Folk Museum is open between 10:30am – 5:30pm until the end of August and 11:00am – 4:30pm during September and October. The Folk Museum is part of The Highland Council’s Education Culture and Sport Service and lots more information can be found at www.highlandfolk.com

domain: news