text:
An overview of the objectives of and the
approaches to propensity score analyses
and Peter Ju¨ni2,3
Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and3
CTU Bern, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
Received 26 January 2010; revised 17 December 2010; accepted 27 January 2011; online publish-ahead-of-print 28 February 2011
The assessment of treatment effects from observational studies may be biased with patients not randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. One way to overcome this conceptual shortcoming in the design of such studies is the use of propensity scores to adjust for differences of the characteristics between patients treated with experimental and control interventions. The propensity score is defined as the probability that a patient received the experimental intervention conditional on pre-treatment characteristics at baseline. Here, we review how propensity scores are estimated and how they can help in adjusting the treatment effect for baseline imbalances. We further discuss how to evaluate adequate overlap of baseline characteristics between patient groups, provide guidelines for variable selection and model building in modelling the propensity score, and review different methods of propensity score adjustments. We conclude that propensity analyses may help in evaluating the comparability of patients in observational studies, and may account for more potential con-founding factors than conventional covariate adjustment approaches. However, bias due to unmeasured concon-founding cannot be corrected for.
-Keywords Bias † Causality † Confounding by indication † Non-randomized studies † Observational studies
In the European Heart Journal’s recent issues, many studies applied propensity score techniques to investigate effects of interventions in observational studies. The increasing popularity of these methods in cardiology warrants a critical appraisal from a statistical point of view.
In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), random allocation of patients to either an experimental or a control arm guarantees that treatment allocation is unrelated to measured and unmea-sured patient characteristics between groups. It enables research-ers to draw unbiased conclusions about a treatment effect, provided that the number of randomized patients is large enough to minimize random variation. However, viability of RCTs may be limited by ethical or economical constraints. More-over, the patient population is often highly selected in an RCT due to restrictive inclusion criteria, and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be atypically intensive when compared with the interventions used for target patients in routine clinical settings. Therefore, treatment effects observed in RCTs are often explored in observational studies, with investigators wishing to infer causal effects of a treatment. Since treatment allocation is not
randomized in such studies, treated and non-treated groups may differ considerably in their pre-treatment characteristics, which may seriously hamper the validity of conclusions. Even though part of this imbalance may be due to randomness, as in an RCT, the treatment decision is likely to depend on a patient’s pre-treatment characteristics. If these are imbalanced and associated with the study outcome, the assessment of the treatment effect from an observational study suffers from bias caused by confounding by indication.1 Two statistical methods, among others, which may reduce this bias are, first, post-hoc matching of all experimental patients to control patients with similar pre-treatment character-istics and, second, evaluating treatment effects in a multivariable model including those characteristics as covariates that are con-sidered to potentially confound the treatment effect.
Problems may arise in both approaches if the number of covari-ates considered for matching or adjustment is high. A high number of covariates precludes finding a control patient for each patient undergoing experimental treatment. For multivariable models, it was recommended that there should be at least 10 outcome events per covariate considered (EPC).2 Thus, these approaches cannot adequately account for confounding when outcome events are rare or when the number of confounding variables is high.
*Corresponding author. Tel:+43 1404006684, Fax: +43 1404006687, Email:email@example.com
Both problems can often be solved by applying propensity score ana-lyses, which typically consist of two stages: first, propensity scores are estimated using a multivariable logistic regression model, the pro-pensity model. Second, the estimated propro-pensity scores are used in the treatment effect model to adjust the effect of treatment on the outcome under study. The type of the treatment effect model depends on the nature of the outcome variable; usually logistic regression3 will be used to model a binary outcome, while Cox regression4is the standard method for time-to-event outcomes.
Propensity score modelling
The propensity score of a patient is defined as the probability to receive the experimental treatment conditional on pre-treatment covariates. These covariates summarize all of what is known about that patient prior to treatment assignment, and are used as independent variables in the propensity model. Two conditions are necessary to obtain unbiased treatment effects by use of pro-pensity scores. These conditions have been summarized by Rosen-baum and Rubin5 as the assumption of a ‘strongly ignorable treatment assignment’. The first condition is that once covariates have been controlled for, to be assigned to experimental or control treatment is not by itself a prognostic factor. This also means that all confounding variables must be known. Second, it is required that for each patient a real choice existed between experimental and control treatment at the time point of treatment selection. In other words, the patient had a non-null probability to receive either of the two, experimental or control treatment. Given that the above conditions hold, patients undergoing exper-imental and control treatments with equal propensity scores will on average have equal pre-treatment covariate values, and thus propensity scores equalize the covariate distributions in the exper-imental and control patients. Thus, adjusting for the propensity score will allow for unbiased estimation of the treatment effect.
Ideally, all variables potentially confounding the treatment effect (confounders) should be included in the propensity model. A con-founder is defined by three conditions: first, it is a covariate avail-able prior to the treatment assignment; second, it may influence the treatment decision; and third, it may influence the outcome of a patient.1This definition excludes any post-treatment measure-ments, because any imbalance in post-treatment covariates may already be a reflection of a treatment effect. Such variables would rather be called mediators of the treatment effect.
In the propensity model, significance is not a necessary condition for inclusion of covariates in the model. Since the model uses treat-ment status rather than clinical outcome status as the dependent vari-able, the number of potential confounders to be used is not limited by the number of clinical outcome events. Therefore, more covariates can be used than in conventional regression approaches. Neverthe-less, propensity models need to be developed with the same care as other multivariable models. This includes checking the propensity model for interactions or non-linear effects of continuous confoun-ders. One should be aware that including interactions will not necess-arily yield better balance in individual covariates between experimental and control groups, but rather balance certain combi-nations of covariate values between the groups. Therefore, the appro-priateness of including interactions into the propensity score model
cannot be determined by investigating the balance of the covariates after propensity score adjustment.6
The ultimate goal of a propensity model is not to maximize the prediction of treatment status,7but to reduce the bias in the esti-mated treatment effect. In this light, recent investigations revealed that the inclusion of covariates that correlate with the treatment decision but not with the outcome will not improve the results from a propensity analysis; such covariates rather increase the impre-cision of the treatment effect estimate.8In contrast, it may be more important to include covariates that are strongly related to outcome, but have only minor relationship with the treatment decision.7As a simple rule, one could determine whether relevant changes are observed in the estimated treatment effect when potential confoun-ders are deleted from the propensity model. Variables identified as an unlikely confounder by this approach may be dropped from the propensity model provided their deletion leads to a gain in precision (i.e. narrower confidence interval).1
There is some debate as to how adequacy of propensity models can be assessed. Many use the c-index (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve), a measure of discrimination defined as the estimated probability that a randomly selected exper-imental patient has a higher propensity score than a randomly selected control patient. However, the c-index is not suitable to detect confounders omitted from the model.9Furthermore, a high c-index indicates non-overlap of propensity scores between exper-imental and control patients, and may render any evaluation of a treatment effect questionable because of the lack of comparability of the characteristics of experimental and control patients.7Piazza et al.10report a c-index for a propensity model amounting to 0.92, and compare graphically the distribution of propensity scores among aortic stenosis patients either undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation or surgical aortic valve replacement. Their Figure1reveals that sufficient overlap of propensity scores is only provided in the subset of patients with propensity scores .0.675, which the authors said ‘could be eligible for a randomized trial’. As also pointed out by Glynn et al.7, such a graphical compari-son of propensity scores can identify areas of non-overlap that are otherwise difficult to describe in conventional regression analysis with many covariates influencing treatment decisions. Often a c-index of 0.8 is considered as confirming adequate model fit. If such a value cannot be reached by a propensity model, it should not automatically be concluded that propensity analysis is inap-propriate. Provided that the propensity model was built with care, a c-index close to 0.5 may even indicate that the amount of random-ness in the treatment assignment, given the known covariates, is similar to that of a randomized trial. Under this circumstance, one cannot expect any benefit from incorporating propensity scores in the estimation of the treatment effect. However, a low c-index could also mean that important covariates are missing in the propen-sity model, because they are not known to the investigator. The problem of detecting such unmeasured confounding is impossible to address by statistical techniques, and its presence means that obtain-ing an unbiased estimate of the treatment effect is not possible. Some proposals have been made to assess the sensitivity of results to the potential presence of unmeasured confounding.11
Five important points to remember when modelling propensity scores are lined out in Table1.
Estimation of the treatment effect
After propensity scores have been estimated, they can be incorpor-ated in the treatment effect model in the following four different ways:
Propensity scores can be used to enable numerical matching algor-ithms to find best matches between experimental and control patients. This method is fairly robust against misspecification of the propensity model. A recent study suggested that matching on the logit of the propensity score with a calliper width of 0.2 standard deviations of the logit of the propensity score may be superior to other methods used in the medical literature.12 A drawback of matching is an often substantially reduced sample
size since for some patients matches may not be found. This may significantly affect the study’s final conclusions which then apply only to the selected subset of patients that could be matched. Matching by propensity score should be followed by an analysis of the treatment effect that accounts for the matched pairs,12such as a stratified log-rank test or a Cox regression analy-sis stratified by matched pairs for time-to-event outcomes, or con-ditional logistic regression for binary outcomes.
A stratified analysis sub-classifies the individuals based on quintiles of the propensity scores, computed over the combined treatment groups. The outcomes of the individuals are then compared within each of the strata, and a common estimator of the treatment effect is derived by combining the results over the five strata. The quasi-standard of using five subclasses originates from Cochran13 who showed that this may already reduce 90% of the imbalance of a confounder between the groups. Cochran13 also showed that using more than five strata may reduce imbalance even better and, thus, more than five strata should be used in large data sets. Stratifi-cation does not impose any strong assumptions about functional form or time dependency of the effect of propensity scores on sur-vival. It approximates matching without running the risk of losing unmatched patients, since balance in the proportions of experimen-tal and control patients within each stratum is not required.
The propensity score could be included in the treatment effect model as a covariate adjusting for baseline differences. However, wrong assumptions about the functional relationship of propensity scores and outcome (linearity, proportional hazards etc.) may then directly lead to biased estimates.5
Figure 1 Graphical representation of matching by propensity score in the study of Ahmed et al.17Patients not treated by diuretics are matched to corresponding diuretics-treated patients. Patients with similar baseline characteristics are symbolized by ellipses of similar shape. First, propensity scores are estimated from 19 baseline covariates. These propensity scores represent the probability of being treated by diure-tics given the covariates. Second, propensity scores are used to find matches of non-treated patients in the diurediure-tics-treated group. Only 1391 of the non-treated patients could be matched; the remaining 321 patients had no counterparts in the treated group with similar characteristics. Analogously, 4676 of the diuretics patients were left unmatched.
. . . .
Table I Five points to remember for propensity score
1 Propensity analysis can be used to estimate treatment effects in observational studies, when confounding is present. 2 Propensity scores are estimated by logistic regression of the
treatment assignment on pre-treatment covariates. 3 The advantage of propensity score techniques is that usually
the number of covariates adjusted for can be higher than in conventional multivariable models.
4 The c-index should not be used for judging the adequacy of a propensity model.
5 Unlike randomization, propensity score techniques cannot account for unknown or unmeasured potential confounding factors.
Inverse probability of received treatment
In this approach, the contributions of the study subjects are weighted by 1/propensity score for experimental patients and by 1/(12 propensity score) for control patients.14These weights assure that for each combination of baseline characteristics (leading to a particu-lar value of the propensity score), the sum of contributions of all experimental and control patients are equal. As an example, consider a combination of covariate values (e. g. male, smoking, non-hypertensive) present in 20 patients. Assume further that a propen-sity score of 0.3 was estimated for these patients, when out of the 20 patients, 6 (30%) received experimental treatment and 14 (70%) the control intervention. Inverse probability of received treatment weighting (IPTW) assigns a weight of 1/0.3 ¼ 3.33 to each of the 6 experimental patients, and a weight of 1/0.7 ¼ 1.43 to each of the 14 control patients. The sum of weights of the experimental patients, 6× 3.33 ¼ 20, is equal to the sum of weights of the control patients, 14× 1.43 ¼ 20. Thus, IPTW generates a pseudo-population in which each covariate combination is perfectly balanced between treatment groups. In IPTW analyses, experimental patients with low propensity scores, and control patients with high propensity scores obtain disproportional high weight, compared with exper-imental patients with high propensity of receiving experexper-imental treat-ment and control patients with low propensity scores. In some analyses, the weights assigned to some patients can become dispro-portionally high. Then the IPTW estimate of the treatment effect will be imprecise, which is reflected by a wide confidence interval. This unfavourable property is related to problems with finding matches for these patients.7
In such cases, likely to be encountered in small-sized studies, it may be indicated to restrict analysis and conclusions to those patients where weights are homogenous, i.e. where the pro-pensity scores are neither close to zero nor to one. Clearly, IPTW crucially depends on a correct specification of the propensity model. Inverse probability of received treatment weighting allows for a population-based interpretation of results, as if the study popu-lation would have undergone a randomized trial in which, counter to fact, both treatments were applied to each subject.14
Recent simulation studies15,16have demonstrated that matching on propensity score and IPTW tend to eliminate systematic differ-ences between experimental and control subjects to a greater degree than stratification or covariate adjustment. While matching on the propensity score may result in the exclusion of some subjects, in particular those who cannot be matched, the other approaches always use the entire sample. Therefore, the choice of approach depends on the particular data situation and on how certain the inves-tigator is about the optimal set of potential confounders to be included in the propensity model. Thus, a general recommendation towards a particular approach cannot easily be derived.
In practice, the success of propensity score modelling is often judged by whether balance on covariates is achieved between experimental and control group after its use. Balance on covariates is assessed by computing the standardized differences d for each covariate, which is defined as
d=100× |xE− xC| (s2
for continuous variables, and as
d= 100× |ˆpE− ˆpC| (ˆpE(1 − ˆpC) + ˆpC(1 − ˆpE))/2
for binary variables.16Here, xE, sE, xC, and scdenote the mean and
standard deviation of a covariate in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Likewise, ˆpE and ˆpC denote the prevalence
of one of the categories of a binary variable (e.g. female sex) in the experimental and control groups, respectively. These formulas directly apply if matching or stratification has been used. For IPTW, standardized differences can be computed with the quantities in Equations 1 and 2 replaced by their weighted equivalents.16 Austin16further describes adjustments of these basic formulas to be used with covariate adjustment. The standardized difference d should be preferred to significance testing of covariates between experimental and control groups, as it is not confounded by sample size or the statistical power of the test employed, which can be substantially lower for binary than for continuous variables.
If for some covariates balance has not been achieved, one may include these covariates in the treatment effect model, provided that the EPC rule is respected. However, the estimated effects of those covariates cannot be meaningfully interpreted, because some of their association with the outcome variable will have been captured through their inclusion in the propensity score model.
Example: diuretics and mortality
in heart failure patients
Ahmed et al.17used propensity scores to adjust their comparison of mortality between heart failure patients who received non-potassium sparing diuretics or no diuretics in an observational study. A total of 6067 patients with diuretics and 1712 patients without were included in the analysis. A propensity model based on 19 variables, such as New York Heart Association class, cardiothoracic ratio, use of potassium sparing diuretics, and clinically meaningful interactions was used to estimate the propensity of receiving diuretics. The propensity score was used to match patients with and without diuretics. Eventually, 1391 pairs of patients could be identified, which corresponds to 81% of the no-diuretic patients being matched to diuretic patients (Figure 1). The success of propensity matching was demonstrated by comparing the standardized differences, esti-mated by formulas similar to Equations 1 and 2, before and after matching. In the unmatched group, the absolute standar-dized difference was .40% in each of the above-mentioned vari-ables, while it was reduced to ,10% in the matched cohort. In the matched cohort, the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality, referring to the comparison of patients without and with diure-tics, was 1.31, suggesting a protective effect of diuretics (95% confidence interval: 1.11 – 1.55). Table 2 summarizes the typical steps in the analysis of an observational study by propensity scores, exemplified the study of Ahmed et al.
In conventional regression or matching approaches used to adjust for confounding, the EPC rule limits the number of potential con-founders that can be adjusted for, and thus the adequacy of the adjustment may be limited. However, propensity analyses do not have this limitation.18Still, Glynn et al.7pointed out that simulation studies comparing results from propensity analyses and conven-tional regression did not supply clear evidence in favour of or against one of these approaches. The additional estimation step required when computing propensity scores may contribute to increased variance of the final treatment effect estimate, and this may negate the favourable effect from using a more parsimonious treatment effect model.
A disadvantage of propensity analysis is that effects of covariates used for adjustment are not obtained at all, or, if these covariates have been included in the treatment effect model, have no mean-ingful interpretation. It is also not meanmean-ingful to evaluate the pre-dictive accuracy of treatment effect models involving propensity score adjustment, e.g. by Harrell’s popular survival c-index,2 or by the proportion of explained variation,19 because the purpose is not prediction but the estimation of a minimally biased treatment effect.
In summary, propensity analyses may be useful if the number of potential confounders is high such that conventional regression approaches are not feasible. They can help to identify subgroups lacking an overlap of propensity scores, among which an evaluation of treatment effects would not make sense. Neither propensity score methods nor conventional multivariable regression methods address bias resulting from unmeasured confounders; only studies involving random allocation to experimental or
control groups yield estimates of treatment effects that are unbiased with respect to unmeasured confounders.
The authors are grateful to Karen Leffondre´, Bordeaux, France; Rainer Oberbauer, Linz, Austria; Daniela Dunkler, Vienna, Austria; and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
This work was supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant agreement number HEALTH-F2-2009-241544 to G.H.).
Conflict of interest: none declared.
1. Hill HA, Kleinbaum DG. Bias in observational studies. In: Gail M, Benichou J, eds. Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. Chichester: Wiley; 2000. p94 – 100. 2. Harrel FE. Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic
Regression and Survival Analysis. New York, NY: Springer Inc.; 2001.
3. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 2000.
4. Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc Ser B 1972;34:187 – 220.
5. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observa-tional studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983;70:41 – 55.
6. Tamburino C, Di Salvo ME, Capodanno D, Marzocchi A, Sheiban I, Margheri M, Maresta A, Barlocco F, Sangiorgi G, Piovaccari G, Bartorelli A, Brigori C, Ardissino D, Di Pede F, Ramondo A, Inglese L, Petronio AS, Bolognese L, Benassi A, Palmieri C, Patti A, De Servi S. Are drug-eluting stents superior to bare-metal stents in patients with unprotected non-bifurcational left main disease? Insights from a multicentre registry. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1171 – 1179. 7. Glynn RJ, Schneeweiss S, Stu¨rmer T. Indications for propensity scores and review
of their use in pharmacoepidemiology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;98: 253 – 259.
8. Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S, Rothman KJ, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Stu¨rmer T. Variable selection for propensity score models. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:1149 – 1156. 9. Weitzen S, Lapane KL, Toledano AY, Hume AL, Mor VM. Weaknesses of
goodness-of-fit tests for evaluating propensity score models: the case of the omitted confounder. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005;14:227 – 238.
10. Piazza N, van Gameren M, Ju¨ni P, Wenaweser P, Carrel T, Onuma Y, Gahl B, Hellige G, Otten A, Kappetein AP, Takkenberg JJM, van Domburg R, de Jaegere P, Serruys PW, Windecker S. A comparison of patient characteristics and 30-day mortality outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation and surgical aortic valve replacement for the treatment of aortic stenosis: a two-centre study. EuroIntervention 2009;5:580 – 588.
11. Rosenbaum PR. Sensitivity to hidden bias. In: Rosenbaum PR, ed. Observational Studies. New York: Springer; 1995. p87 – 135.
12. Austin PC. Primer on statistical interpretation or methods report card on propensity-score matching in the cardiology literature from 2004 to 2006: a sys-tematic review. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2008;1:62 – 67.
13. Cochran WG. The effectiveness of adjustment by subclassification in removing bias in observational studies. Biometrics 1968;24:295 – 313.
14. Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal infer-ence in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000;11:550 – 560.
15. Austin PC, Grootendorst P, Anderson GM. A comparison of the ability of differ-ent propensity score models to balance measured variables between treated and untreated subjects: a Monte Carlo study. Stat Med 2007;26:734 – 753. 16. Austin PC. The relative ability of different propensity score methods to balance
measured covariates between treated and untreated subjects in observational studies. Med Decis Making 2009;29:661 – 677.
17. Ahmed A, Husain A, Love TE, Gambassi G, Dell’Italia LJ, Francis GS, Gheorghiade M, Allman RM, Meleth S, Bourge RC. Heart failure, chronic diuretic use, and increase in mortality and hospitalization: an observational study using propensity score methods. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1431 – 1439.
18. D’Agostino RB Jr. Tutorial in biostatistics: propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med 1998;17:2265 – 2281.
19. Schemper M, Henderson R. Predictive accuracy and explained variation in Cox regression. Biometrics 2000;56:249 – 255.
. . . .
Table 2 Some typical steps of propensity analysis,
exemplified by the observational study of Ahmed et al.17
Step Task Method used in example
1 Identify confounding variables
19 relevant covariates measured at baseline 2 Estimate propensity scores
as the probability of receiving experimental treatment
Logistic regression of diuretic treatment (yes/no) at baseline on 19 covariables including clinically meaningful interactions 3 Match experimental to control patients
Matching algorithm: ‘5 to 1 digit matching on propensity score’
4 Evaluate success of matching
Compute standardized differences, compare with values before matching 5 Compare mortality of
Cox regression stratified for matched pairs, adjustment for confounding variables 6 Interpretation ‘No-diuretic patients have
1.3-fold mortality compared with diuretic patients with equal baseline


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domain: medical


Watch the 1-4-5-4 Reggae #1 online guitar lesson by Andrew Ford from Bass Groove Survival Guide
Here is the basic 1-3-5 or triad pattern that outlines each chord. Nothing fancy here, but there is a way to play it that allows the bass to sing, but also provide the foundation as well. I use different levels of muting depending on whats going around me musically.(ex, full mute, partial, mute fing, no mute) Check it out.


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VR Park – Dubai
With 51 million annual visitors shopping at 50 football fields worth of stores, the United Arab Emirates’ Dubai Mall is the largest (by total area) and most visited shopping and entertainment centre in the world. Over 1,200 stores currently live in the massive facility, making it one of the most popular destinations in a city famous for its shopping and leisure culture.
The mall’s latest attraction is VR Park, a brand new 75,000 square foot entertainment centre that promises to pack some of the finest VR, AR and location-based immersive experiences currently available. The space offers multiplayer “shared escapism” through standard VR for PC, AR games, interactive installations, and even an indoor rollercoaster.
We were tasked with the job of creating a soundtrack for the whole space and were thrilled to become part of such an ambitious venture. Our cinematic theme spells out the letters E-M-A-A-R in musical notes (the name of the development company responsible for the entire project) – take a listen!

domain: entertainment


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Word 4 Weapons is a multi-award winning, faith based organisation founded in 2007 by Michael Smith. The aim was to counteract the wave of knife and gun crime which is devastating our communities. There are now in excess of 37 knife bins across Greater London and the West Midlands.
"Weapons are openly used on our streets leaving individuals in fear, injured or killed. We are doing something different to bring back the true value of life to a society that is becoming numb to violent crime". Michael Smith
This event is produced in partnership with the Birmingham Empowerment Forum'sfounder, Desmond Jaddoo. BEF is an independent organisation set up to develop the voices of all the communities of Birmingham.
Word 4 Weapons is an initiative of Ascension Trust, charity no. 1127204

domain: sociology


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How many crayfish do you need per serving?
Usually crayfish are cooked for a large company, and there are a lot of them at once. To correctly calculate the number of cancers, start from 1-1,5 kilograms per person, or 10-15 cancers. In boiled crayfish, a significant part of the weight is taken by the shell, claws and head – there is, frankly, nothing in them. So it turns out that out of 1,5 kilograms of crayfish, only 500-600 grams of edible crayfish meat. Yes, this is a rather large portion, but given that only light snacks are served with crayfish and, in fact, this is the only dish at a many-hour feast, too large a portion will not work.
What else is important in this matter? – Of course, 10 kilograms of crayfish cannot be cooked in a home kitchen without cooking equipment right away. But this is not necessary, because when eating crayfish, they do not rush, stretching the pleasure. First, boil 300 grams of crayfish per person, and during the meal, cook and insist the next portion. There is no need to change the brine for boiling crayfish – it will be more and more concentrated and the crayfish themselves will be more and more juicy.

domain: food


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In recent days, the conflict between Li Ziqi and Hangzhou Weinian, his contract company, has aroused widespread concern among netizens. According to data, Li Ziqi himself, Li Jiajia, sued the company three days ago. As public opinion continues to ferment,Netizens support Li Ziqi almost one-sidedly. Hangzhou Weinian was sprayed not lightly for a while. Some netizens said that the company pitted Li Ziqi through equity.Let Li Jiajia himself unable to control anything about Li Ziqi.
have to be aware of is,Hangzhou Weinian Company seems to have not been affected in any way, and even established a brand new company.
According to the Qichacha APP, Shanghai Weinian Trading Co., Ltd. was established on October 28. The legal representative is Zhang Jing and the registered capital is 1 million yuan. The business scope includes: Internet sales; professional design services, etc.,The company’s equity penetration shows that the company is 100% controlled by Hangzhou Weinian Brand Management Co., Ltd.
Prior to this, Li Jiajia himself once stated in a public article that “capital is really a good tool”, which can be regarded as a confirmation of the fact that Hangzhou Weinian made the game.
According to public information, the Sichuan Ziqi Culture Communication Co., Ltd. to which Li Ziqi belongs is held 51% and 49% by Hangzhou Weinian Brand Management Co., Ltd. and Li Jiajia (Li Ziqi) respectively. That is to say, Li Jiajia himself even Li Ziqi three No words can be controlled, and all control is in the hands of Hangzhou Weinian.
It is worth mentioning that,It is reported that due to disputes between Li Ziqi and the contracted company Weinian, Weinian’s shareholder Bytedance has initiated the withdrawal process on October 16.
According to a person close to the transaction, ByteDance initially invested in Weinian mainly because it was optimistic about Li Ziqi.Now that Li Ziqi and Wei Nian are in disagreement, Bytedance has decided to withdraw from Wei Nian in accordance with the investment agreement.

domain: economics


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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/1 Photo of Vegan Brownies
My sister used to bake these every day to sell at a cafe at school. I often bring these to vegetarian/vegan potlucks because they are quick and everyone seems to really like them. Please note - these are pretty good, but the other vegan brownie recipe I have posted (Rich, Fudgy Vegan Brownies) is way better!! (I think).
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (77 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 12


Former president Chief Olusegun Obasanjo has disclosed that he has no special candidate among those contesting for the 2023 presidential election but rather a national agenda for the country.
Obasanjo stated this in Minna when he paid former Head of State, General Abdulsalami Abubakar a visit on Sunday, August 28, 2022.
Responding to questions from journalists on the outcome of the consultations with the Labour Party presidential candidate, Mr Peter Obi, as well as various prominent Nigerians, Obasanjo noted that what he is presently doing is a national agenda.
“I don’t have a special candidate,” he said. “I have a national agenda”.
The former President also said he was in Minna to visit the former Head of State who had been indisposed.
“I have come to see my brother who was a bit indisposed and when he was abroad I had wanted to visit him, and the day I arrived in London to visit him was the day he left,” he said
“So that is why I decided to come and see him at home. He is very special so I had to come.
He also said that “if there is anyone who is indisposed, I will visit and I am still strong.”
The statesmen earlier had a closed-door meeting which lasted for about 30 minutes.
At the end of this, Chief Obasanjo was accompanied by General Abdulsalami and his wife Justice Fati Abubakar to his car at exactly 1:13 pm before leaving for Gen. Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida’s home.
Recall Obasanjo hosted the All Progressives Congress (APC) presidential candidate Bola Tinubu at his Abeokuta, Ogun State residence, a meeting he described as “more brotherly than political”.
Days after that, he met with Governor Nyesom Wike of Rivers State and the Labour Party (LP) presidential candidate Peter Obi in London, UK.
Following the meeting, Governor Wike re-echoed Obasanjo’s comment, saying his consultations – including a meeting with the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) presidential flagbearer Atiku Abubakar – are in Nigeria’s interest.
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A new kind of conference for Fulbrighters
For nearly 50 years, Fulbrighters have gathered at the Association’s conference to share ideas, findings, and adventures. This year, we are enriching this tradition with a special emphasis on leadership and finding solutions to global problems.
Why? As Fulbrighters on a continued mission, we have a responsibility for a better world—our theme for the 46th Conference. This conference aims to contribute to the global effort to improve Climate Change & the Environment, Social Justice & Prejudice, Health & Education, and Food & Water Insecurity, and ultimately to make the world a better place.
Join us to share solutions to difficult problems, engage in critical dialogue, build collaborations, learn about challenges, and leave empowered and hopeful.
We look forward to seeing you in Denver!
Call for Proposals Submissions
Early Registration Available
Hotel Room Reservations
Presenter Decision Notification
Regular Registration Available
Late Registration Available
46th Annual Conference!


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This was the perfect consistency and all of the flavors in it were amazing. I served it with a side of fresh asparagus and it was perfection. This turned out to be such a great meal and I was even able to get my picky eater to eat 3 bites! That is huge progress! :)
Prep Time30 minutesmins
Total Time30 minutesmins
Course: Dinner, Main Course
Cuisine: American, Italian American
Keyword: chicken recipes, chicken with sauce, crispy chicken
In a food processor grind the cornflakes into crumbs. You can also place the cornflakes in a gallon sized bag and use a rolling pin to crush them. Place them in a pan (I used a loaf pan) and set aside.
Mix the flour and the salt together and place in a separate pan. Then lastly put the milk into another separate pan and set them aside.
Pound the chicken to flatten them to about 1/2 inch thickness. Then cut the chicken in half, creating 6 smaller flattened pieces of chicken.
Dip the chicken in the flour and coat well. Place them on a plate and place the floured chicken in the freezer for about 5 minutes.
While the chicken are in the freezer, in a large saucepan, heat up the 6 T of oil in the saucepan over medium high heat.
Take the chicken out of the freezer, drudge them in the milk and then coat them in the crushed corn flakes. Carefully put them into the sauce pan and cook them until each side is golden brown being careful not to burn the sides. It took mine about 5 minutes on each side.
Cover the pan and reduce the heat to medium and cook for about 10 more minutes making sure they are cooked through and no longer heat. Remove the chicken from the pan and cover with foil while you prepare your sauce.
In the same saucepan, whisk together the chicken broth, cream cheese, cream of chicken soup, italian seasoning package, and heavy cream. This should only take a few minutes to heat through so that it is warm and bubbly.
Serve the sauce over bowtie pasta and cut the chicken into strips and serve them over the top! Garnish with fresh parsley if desired.


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As Christmas approaches, people are finishing up last-minute shopping and preparations, and increased stress and anxiety can take a toll on mental health.
Although the holidays are a time for celebrating and connecting with loved ones, they are not always peaceful.
“Seventy-seven percent of individuals report holiday stress, with more than half of them saying that Christmas is the most stressful holiday,” says YEG Psychology’s Holly Whyte.
Edmonton therapists say this time of year, more people experience anxiety and depression and become more stressed in their daily lives.
“Anything from the general overload of the combination of work and needing to prepare for the holidays, how busy the supermarkets are and everything like that, to stressing out the family, being alone ,” says therapist Luke Suelzle with Insight Psychological.
How to deal with holiday stress
With inflation and rising prices, financial pressure is also increasing this year. Psychologists say people often feel guilty if they don’t spend enough on the holidays. People should remember not to push their financial limits.
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“The number one reported stressor is financial because there is almost this expectation that we have to buy, usually not just one gift, many gifts for our children, our spouses, our co-workers, other individuals in our life,” Whyte said.
“Making a budget and sticking to it is so important this time of year. Find out what works for your income and not someone else’s, because everyone has different means and budgets.”
Mental health during the stressful holiday season
Whyte says that many things people experience during the holidays can trigger PTSD. Some individuals may experience loneliness, as this is their first Christmas without a loved one.
Menopause is having a moment’. What’s next for workplaces, health care
‘Dixie Chicks’ founder Laura Lynch dies in car crash
“I see a lot of first responders or people who have to work during the holidays as well, so they might be missing out on the usual Christmas morning celebrations with their kids.”
Suelzle also said that people tend to overextend themselves and their obligations during the Christmas season. It’s important not to stray too far from your daily routine, he said.
Find time to give yourself breaks, she says.
“Make a night for yourself when you need to,” she says. But it doesn’t have to be a whole night. Suelzle also suggests shorter breaks. “Deep breathing if that’s something that works for you. A mindful moment if that’s something you also have experience with.”
Great Ideas for a Fun and Stress-Free Holiday Season
There’s also a lot of pressure to be in the holiday spirit, but psychologists say you don’t always have to be happy at Christmas.
“Many of us feel the need to put on a big fake smile and spread Christmas cheer everywhere, but it’s important to remember what our needs are. It’s OK to take time for yourself, it’s OK to say no,” Suelzle said.
© 2023 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.
#Anxiety #financial #pressure #increased #stress #holidays #mental #health #experts #Globalnews.ca
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Gamble Two Dollars on AMD?
Last Friday Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) closed down 10% to $2.46. The company reports earnings Tuesday (Jan 22nd) after the market closes and it's a scary bet.
For those that care Advanced Micro Devices Inc (AMD) shares have traded between $1.81 and $8.35 over the past 12 months. AMD's arch rival Intel Corp (INTC) reported a crappy earnings call last week and their stock tanked 6% . Intel shares dropped within 9% of its 12 month low last Friday. If Wall Street didn't like what Intel had to say then AMD shareholders should be concerned. Expectations are anything but high for AMD on its earnings call, God help the guidance.
Mastery is not buying ahead of the conference call. AMD carries a 18% short interest so if the results are bad its shares are going down fast. Perhaps those low expectations could work in favor for long AMD optimists. We will not be hitting the crack pipe due to AMD's negative cash flow after reporting two consecutive quarters amid declining revenues. This stock will be fun to watch and if it does miss, expect a victory for the shorts. Place your bet accordingly and trade at your own risk.
If you are conflicted about how to trade AMD check out Forbes.com -- AMD's Earning Preview: What To Watch After A Rough Year. Best of luck to everyone playing the call.
INTC and AMD 1 Year Charts:
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domain: finance


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They will talk about the value of diet plan beyond cutting out sweet drinks and sweets. You might be prescribed dietary changes or less "mainstream" interventions for your oral health problems. Our database of practical suppliers consists of dental practitioners, hygienists, and myofunctional therapists, in over 50 areas all over the world and growing. If that's not what you're looking for, that's all right. Not everyone is interested in practical dentistry. But if you do wish to restrict your search that way, here are links to a couple of databases that might assist to form a list of prospective new dental professionals: Do you desire generally regular checkups and cleansings? The field is wide open.
Have concerns about sleep routines, apnea, or teeth grinding (bruxism), and so on? The sleep medication dentist is likely the very best choice for you, so you'll desire to browse specifically within sleep dentistry companies. Are you searching for cosmetic work or other aesthetic dental treatments? In these cases, look for experts in cosmetic dentistry with a lot of reviews and before/after evidence for their cosmetic work. Is your main concentrate on your children's oral care? Pediatric dentists go through the very same rigorous education as any other dental practitioner, however their workplaces are customized to the children in our lives. Other offices that focus on household dentistry may likewise be a great fit, depending upon the dental practitioner.
Their first impression will be your most important kind of discernment! (on how to select a terrific dental professional particularly for your kiddo.) Have you had a history of regular cavities or more extensive oral treatments, such as dental surgical treatments or? There are numerous dentists who share a practice with an expert who carries out root canals and other more substantial oral treatments. They may also have a terrific recommendation program with a local endodontist. If you're, you probably desire a dental expert who has an open appointment today or tomorrow. Not ready to pull the trigger on picking a long-term dental practitioner, however need relief? Try a near youbecause students have to discover handling emergency treatments, dental schools often have everyday alternatives for immediate treatment.
Here are a couple of professionals you might consider seeing instead of a basic dental practitioner for your particular concerns: offer particularly with treatment of misaligned teeth. focus on oral treatment and prevention of gum-related diseases. If you have advanced, it's a good idea to discover a periodontist to partner with for treatment. bring back and/or replace broken or missing teeth. perform root canals and monwhiteniitor the recovery procedure for about 2 years. However, your general/family dental expert will be responsible for the accompanying, so it's a good concept to deal with both dentist and endodontist for a root canal treatment. concentrate on deep sedation oral surgery (beyond laughing gas, etc.) for complex treatments like irregular tooth extractions, cleft taste buds surgical treatment, or surgery to correct the jaw.
If you live in a location where your very first discovered language is unusual, ask the offices you research study if they have a translator that speaks your primary language. What if one is not readily available, but you like the dental expert workplace for other factors? I would suggest taking a buddy or relative with you who can quickly equate, specifically if you feel the least bit nervous about your check out or conversations of more substantial medical details. I'm typically asked: How do I discover the very best dental expert in my area? How do I select a new dental expert? As soon as you've considered the elements above, you're prepared to limit the exact dental professional who's right for you.
Ask people you know and trust, like family, friends, and colleagues. Do they have a happy, intense smile? Learn who keeps it that way! As quickly as one of them begins to acclaim their dental practitioner, get that name and number for the next step towards your most stunning smile. The best advice I can provide about how to discover an excellent dental expert is this: Who do you know who's had substantial work done beyond basic cleanings or teeth lightening? Discover the individual you know that raves about a dentist after substantial work, and you'll be on the ideal track.
It's a winner that these doctor have actually vetted out the dental experts they use. Medical professionals and pharmacists often get feedback on dental practitioners near them, a lot of times, you'll get a fantastic concept of the best dental professionals in your location utilizing this method. Compare practices from various associations such as the AADSM, ADA, AGD, etc. Here are links to dental practitioner searches at the major associations noted above: Although oral insurance doesn't always need to play a part in this decision like medical insurance coverage might, this is still one excellent method to find an excellent dentist. Evaluation the list of general dental professionals your oral plans partner with.
It sounds practically too simple, however reading patient recommendations will respond to numerous questions you have, and assist contribute to or remove some workplaces from your list. You can even start by browsing "dentist near me" and arranging by the premier reviews. Websites such as Care, Dash or Zoc, Doc concentrate on client evaluates in addition to info about services used in oral and medical workplaces. These can assist you get more particular evaluations (and fundamental info) than a basic Google search may supply. As soon as you discover your top picks using the above techniques, go to their workplace website and browse.
Are dental professionals board accredited? I've been asked this in the past. And the response is yes. You can find out more about accreditation, and learn the accreditations of your "list" by checking out the American Board of Dental Specializeds (ABDS). Nearly every time, you'll discover that your dental professional is board certified and has a current state license. Nevertheless, there may be that one exceptionally uncommon time that a dental expert has actually failed to finish the needed actions to get or renew one of these items. In these cases, I 'd suggest looking in other places. There are several concerns I 'd suggest asking your dental practitioner prior to completion of your very first consultation.
There are most likely traditional dental experts who will speak to you about diet. However, they are likely to concentrate on the no-nos, such as foods and beverages high in sugar or acid material. A functional dental practitioner, nevertheless, will most likely share many other dietary suggestions and basic way of life changes. These will provide you the included advantage of more powerful teeth, healthier gums, and couple of cavities, PLUS a healthier you from head to toe. (More on what to eat for much better oral health can be discovered.) If you're not thinking about the practical route, this answer might also be essential. Some individuals don't desire nutritional therapy from the dentist and would be put off by it.
Functional dentistry or not, you ought to look for a dental practitioner who's wanting to do the least work possible in fixing problems. Excellent oral health is everything about avoidance. An answer that seems like they intend to do more work sounds to me like someone who might be attempting to. Request for a catalog of all basic procedures, consisting of in-network and out-of-network rates. How much will x-rays cost? What if I require a filling? Many workplaces have a ready-made list they may be ready to email or fax you. Others might suggest you come in for an in person conversation, to go over any insurance coverage you might have, or unique rates for cash-only patients.
Don't hesitate to inquire about payment plans the dental office may use, such as Care, Credit, financing choices, or a special charge card. Especially for work beyond cleanings, it's an excellent concept to have a strategy to settle this type of work before having it done. There are numerous functional dental experts who do almost no treatments in the office. My personal recommendation would be to strike these practices off your list. The finest response to this question would be something like: "I handle less intrusive treatments in the office. Nevertheless, if my test indicates you need more extensive oral treatments or oral surgical treatments, I can refer you to other professionals I have actually come to understand and trust." All dental schools within the US are accredited, however the if the dental practitioner was educated in a nation with various standards and requirements, you might desire to do more digging.


And yet, of the millions of foreign nationals who have illegally invaded this country, Mueller has not sought an indictment of a single one of them who engaged in lobbying in favor of Clinton in the last election, nor for their continuing "interference ...
Fiscal policy reporter
Special Counsel Robert Mueller has indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian entities, accusing them of interfering in U.S. elections. The entities include the Internet Research Agency -- described as a Russian group engaged in operations to interfere with political processes -- and multiple defendants associated with it. The indictment says the defendants were supporting Donald Trump's campaign and disparaging Hillary Clinton.
Read the full story: 13 Russians charged with interfering in U.S. elections
elections 2018 elections in hungary elections in 2017 elections elections in italy elections in the uk elections hungary 2018 elections in czech republic elections in slovakia elections in bulgaria


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Immerse yourself in the vibrant spirit of nature with Kiki's Garden Soap, a delightful fusion of handpicked plants, herbs, and botanical wonders from my own garden. Crafted with love and intention, this soap is a celebration of the earth's natural bounty, designed to bring a touch of sparkle to your daily routine.
A Symphony of Botanicals:
In this eclectic blend, you'll find a harmonious mixture of saponified oils, including extra virgin olive oil, coconut oil*, shea butter*, and castor oil, creating a gentle cleansing base. Enhanced with the richness of coconut milk, this soap becomes a creamy indulgence for your skin. It's adorned with an array of nature's treasures – poppy seeds, dill weed, raspberry leaf*, chamomile, calendula petals, and biodegradable glitter, adding a touch of glamour to your bathing ritual. (* = organic, fair trade, or wildcrafted)
Essential Oils for the Soul:
Infused with the soothing scents of spearmint, lemon, lavender, and rosemary essential oils, this soap provides a sensory experience that invigorates your senses and calms your spirit. Each inhalation carries the essence of a blooming garden, offering a moment of serenity amidst the hustle of everyday life.
Craftsmanship with Love:
Handcrafted with precision and care, Kiki's Garden Soap is a testament to the beauty of small-batch production. I take pride in working with botanical infusions, wild-crafted plants, and herbs, supporting local makers, producers, and growers for my ingredients. Expect subtle variations in color and appearance, a testament to the natural ingredients used in every bar.
Ethical and Eco-friendly:
This soap is not just a treat for your skin; it's a gift to the environment. It's free from synthetic colors and fragrances, relying solely on the essence of essential oils, clays, plant powders, and botanicals for its captivating hues and scents. What’s more, it's palm oil-free and vegan, aligning with our commitment to ethical practices.
A Touch of Sparkle:
Who says bathing can't be glamorous? The biodegradable glitter in Kiki's Garden Soap adds a sprinkle of magic, reminding you that life is meant to be celebrated, even in the small moments.
A Note on Care:
While this soap is a celebration of nature's brilliance, it's intended for external use only (please avoid contact with eyes). To ensure its longevity, keep it dry between uses, allowing you to revel in its enchantment for as long as possible.
An Earth-Friendly Experience:
In our pursuit of sustainability, we use recycled paper as packaging whenever possible. By choosing Kiki's Garden Soap, you not only enhance your skincare routine but also contribute to the preservation of our planet.
Embrace the brilliance of nature. Embrace the sparkle of life. Let Kiki's Garden Soap transform your daily ritual into a fragrant, colorful, and enchanting experience. Because in this garden, every bar is a blooming masterpiece, and every wash is a moment of joy. Experience the magic today.
Do to the nature of my products I can not except returns. If you have any questions or concerns please reacheout to me. Prairiefireco@gmail.com

domain: artistic


Team17 Software is one of the few remaining Britsoft veterans and a wholly independent entertainment software studio based in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, UK.
Established in 1990, Team17 is an independent developer and games label for premium games. They collaborate with fellow developers around the globe sharing their expertise from creation to launch across PC, console and mobile devices.
They are proud of their longstanding heritage and passion to create quality gaming experiences for audiences worldwide.
They have released over 90 premium games topping charts on most gaming platforms and winning many awards collectively with their partners from BAFTAs to Golden Joysticks and more.
- 3 Red Hall Avenue
- Paragon Business Park
- West Yorkshire
- WF1 2UL
- United Kingdom
|Playtopia December 2023||Africa||Dec 7th|
|Game Developers Session 2023||Europe||Dec 8th|
|2023 G-Eight Game Show||Asia||Dec 8th|
|gamedev.world December 2023||Dec 9th|
|SIGGRAPH Asia Conference 2023||Australasia||Dec 12th|
|Games for Change Summit 2023||Middle East||Dec 14th|
|HIT Games Conference Online||Dec 14th|
|Bilbao International Games Conference 2023||Europe||Dec 15th|


7. 2019 NBA Finals – Game 5: Warriors vs. Raptors
This game is most memorable for what was lost, rather than what was won.
The Warriors won the game, but when Kevin Durant went down with a ruptured Achilles in Game 5 of the 2019 NBA Finals, it altered the legacy of everyone on that floor.
With Durant missing the rest of the series and Klay Thompson leaving Game 6 with a torn ACL, the Warriors didn’t have much of a chance to beat the Raptors – a team they likely would have defeated if they had a healthy roster going in.
The Raptors, of course, won the 2019 NBA Finals and in the process erased the painful “LeBronto” years where they couldn’t get out of their own way. And the title catapulted Kawhi Leonard into the conversation for the best player in the NBA – a conversation he never would have entered if not for that championship.
But the legacy affected the most was that of the Warriors team as a whole. Without those injuries, they likely 3-peat and put themselves up with the very few teams in NBA history who have been able to pull it off. A series win puts them with the 90’s Bulls, early 2000’s Lakers, Bill Russell’s Celtics of the ’60s, and the Minneapolis Lakers of the 1950s.
From an individual standpoint, Kevin Durant lost the opportunity to make his most convincing case for the belt of the best player in the NBA. With LeBron James not in the playoffs, a 3-peat would have placed Durant at the top of nearly everyone’s list.
Durant lost the championship, the title of the best player in the world, and a year of his prime in 2020. 2019 will always be a giant “what if?” in Durant’s career when it’s all said and done, but it won’t be the biggest (more foreshadowing).


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Micha Barnes 2 p.m., Oct. 16
Japanese Ikebana Flower Exhibition
Exhibits and demonstrations of ikebana, the Japanese fine art of flower arrangement, both traditional and modern.
Ikebana has been practiced for more than 600 years. It developed from the Buddhist ritual of offering flowers to the spirits of dead. Demonstrations will be presented by local master teachers of the Ichiyo, Ikenobo, Ohara, and Sogetsu Schools of Ikebana.
This is the 49th annual exhibition hosted by the local chapter of Ikebana International.
- When: Saturday, March 18, 2017, 10:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
- Cost: Free

domain: hobby


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Ryan, DJ, Remixer, Producer:
"There was a time when artists could make a decent living out of releasing music. Nowadays people expect you to give your music away for free..."
Nick Jones, Label Manager/Music Producer:
"I support the fight against music piracy. "
steve miller, label manager:
"Music piracy is theft pure and simple. It needs to be stopped once and for all."


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This is a limited edition tin of Coccoina glue paste in a tin with a pastel yellow label -- the paste you know and love just in a pretty tin to brighten up your crafting area.
This tin holds 125 grams of specialty paste. Made famous by its delicious marzipan almond scent, this iconic Italian glue is non-toxic and solvent-free.
It will take you from the craft room to the classroom and the office. It works beautifully on paper, cloth and photographs. Ideal for card making, scrapbooking and paper arts.
Made in Italy.
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Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
Independent Order of Oddfellows
Independent Order of Odd Fellows
1. Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
1. input output processor 2. intraocular pressure
iopamidol i·o·pam·i·dol (ī’ə-pām’ĭ-dôl’) n. A diagnostic radiopaque medium used in myelography, urography, and ventriculography.
- Iopanoic acid
iopanoic acid i·o·pa·no·ic acid (ī’ə-pə-nō’ĭk) n. A radiopaque iodine compound used as a contrast medium in cholecystography.

domain: chemistry


Sheriff David Clarke has been an absolute legend throughout the presidential campaign.
During the riots that erupted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin over the weekend, Clarke took to Twitter to speak honestly about the cause. He said that black ‘cultural dysfunction’ should be shunned and condemned. Damn straight it should.
I see Clarke at CPAC (Conservative Political Action Conference) every year in Maryland, but I never want to bother him. I think next year, I’m gonna have to shake this legend’s hand.
https://t.co/QsZmOecZ4F This black cultural dysfunction should be shunned and condemned by every law abiding person and no less black people
— David A. Clarke, Jr. (@SheriffClarke) August 15, 2016


text: In remote sensing, because of physical properties of targets, sensor pixels in spatial proximity to one another are class conditionally correlated. Our main objective is to exploit this spatial correlation. Therefore, a two-dimensional causal first order Markov model was used to extract the spatial and spectral information and, based upon it, new object classifiers with improved performance were developed. First, the minimum distance (MT) and the maximum likelihood (ML) object classifiers are discussed. Then, based on the proposed model, these two classifiers are modified, and a linear object classifier is introduced. Finally, experimental results are presented.

domain: geography


text:
By 2020 Paul & Daisy Soros Fellow Sherman Leung
Since then, Shantanu has built new tech-enabled clinical models and population health programs at Evolent Health, led the growth of The Human Diagnosis Project, the world’s largest open medical project, to span 80 countries, and advised developing countries on digital health adoption as a senior health specialist at the World Bank. Now he serves as chief medical officer at Accolade, developing personalized navigation and population health services to companies that cover over two million working Americans. Throughout all of these roles pushing forward health systems innovation with technology, he’s maintained an active clinical practice as a safety net primary care physician in the Washington DC area.
Shantanu draws from each of these unique perspectives in casting a powerful vision for what our healthcare system could be. He makes the case in his new book Care After Covid: What the Pandemic Revealed Is Broken in Healthcare and How to Reinvent It that the future of healthcare is distributed, digitally-enabled, and decentralized--three fundamental shifts that form the basis of a framework for how healthcare can be redesigned in a post-pandemic world.
Shantanu opens each chapter with a poignant patient anecdote that illuminates a set of gaps and shortcomings of our current healthcare system. Each chapter includes a vision of where our healthcare system needs to go to fill those gaps, outlines what it would take to realize that vision, and ultimately offers a set of specific actions for each stakeholder in the healthcare system.
In reading through Care After Covid, I was captivated by the voice that Shantanu gives each of his patients, each of whom have been failed by the system in some manner. Just as the specific shortcomings become clear, Shantanu brings a refreshing sense of clarity and an achievable blueprint for how our system could be changed for the better. Each insight is practical, yet thoughtfully woven from his clinical experiences, business acumen, engineering mindset, and a palpable passion for the underserved. I found Care After COVID essential reading for any aspiring physician innovator and anyone in healthcare working towards our post-pandemic “new normal.”
I spoke with Shantanu in April of 2021 about his new book.
In the first month of the pandemic, everyone was obsessed with testing--How can I get tested? Where is testing available? As someone who is wired to figure out simple solutions to things, I began asking the question, “Why can’t patients test themselves?” I was chatting with a friend, and she said why don’t you write this up? And so, we wrote this piece and it was the closest thing to a nerdy publication that went viral.
It was insane, I was getting calls from Senator Chuck Schumer’s office, featured in Rolling Stone magazine, USA Today, etc… It was really interesting because for the first time in my life I was starting to talk with policymakers, FDA, Congress, and people were saying really surprising things to me: How do we trust patients to do this right? Won’t they overuse it? How can we get results to patients? And that was when I realized some of these folks were disconnected from reality, and that I could take some of my experiences to be part of a national conversation. So that really was the origin, you’re seeing the country fall apart and I have an idea for how we can make a couple parts of this better, and I wanted to start by putting my own ideas down.
One of my mentors once told me, “words create worlds,” and I think part of the book was to deliberately create a new set of words to describe where we need to go. It was important to come up with concepts that shifted minds. Because healthcare is full of amazing creative people, helping each of us think differently is a higher leverage point than prescribing specific solutions. So, these three ideas were set up as counterpoints to common terms used by the healthcare industry that I believe are falling short of the vision I think we need:
Having been in digital health for a little while now, the first wave of companies was really an information phase: like what Google did for the Internet. The amazing transformation that has happened in digital health with this new wave is that we’ve realized that information is necessary but not sufficient. So now what we’re seeing in this next wave is full-stack healthcare services that aren’t just a layer in the healthcare system, but companies that are delivering a full stack service including doctors and other healthcare professionals, processes and technology.
In a patient-directed world, we have an opportunity to redesign the care model—to think about who is the population, what’s the outcome we’re trying to get to, and how can we work backward to understand how to design the system. How can we create a core experience that just works? Rather than giving users a complicated setup manual, laptops today come 25 percent charged with a button that just turns on the computer and guides the user through the entire onboarding process. There’s this fallacy where we say, “let’s just help our patients figure out our broken system”, rather than saying “let’s make the system less broken.”
I’m pretty concerned by the current discourse around the solutions. On one end, I feel like there are those who are working on pure advocacy that sometimes has too grand of a “pie in the sky” view. But on the other end, I’m worried about solutions that are very narrowly focused on these specific populations.
My argument is to start small and build for scale; to focus on the core of the experience. If you map out and design the experience for those who need it the most that will scale for many more people.
For example, take Accolade—what our founders realized is that the secret front door to healthcare was the number on the back of your insurance card. Rather than answering that with a robot or an IVR menu, a human being who knows you and your data picks up the phone. We didn’t say we’re only going to pick up the phone only for certain patients. We said we’re going to have someone pick up the phone for anyone who has a question or health need.
The result is that if you look at the people who call that number, it’s the people who are most in need. We have higher usage of our service by traditionally underserved populations. It wasn’t because we were specifically going after that population. It’s because we built a service that was solving a real problem—a problem that is shared by everyone but most especially by people who need it most.
We have this moment right now with health equity, where Fortune 100 companies and the CDC are putting equity front in center. But I worry that if we don’t offer real solutions we may waste this opportunity.
Pandemics like Covid-19 only happen once in a century and we have a narrow window to move the healthcare system forward. When you have broad recognition and discussions happening from your neighborhood to corporate America to the halls of policymakers, you have a moment. We’ve already demonstrated that healthcare can change and that patients are ready to embrace that change.
Look back to how an under-resourced clinic like mine went to 80 percent virtual in just a couple of weeks. More broadly, we’ve trained by experience a generation of nurses and doctors in public health: looking at data, proactively reaching out to patients, and implementing novel solutions.
What we need to do next now is seize this moment to create the healthcare system our patients have been waiting for.
The biggest takeaway is being really clear on what the vision for healthcare is—what does “good” look like? Right now, as we’re talking, there are hospital executives saying, “virtual is bad for business: marginalized patients had bad access to it, providers had trouble logging in. Should we go back to all in-person?” There are policymakers asking, “we relaxed patient privacy policies for a few months, but should we just flip that back on?”
These conversations are happening because we’re not really clear on what “good” is when it comes to healthcare. If you’re clear on that then that becomes what you’re solving for. So, it’s not “should we go virtual?” it’s, “we’re going virtual and becoming distributed. How can we do it in a way that is inclusive, that is comprehensive and not transactional, and driven towards outcomes?” We’re still in a place where we’re debating the end goal and that’s slowing us down.
Look what the Biden Administration accomplished by putting a Big Hairy Audacious Goal (BHAG) of trying to vaccinate x many people by y date. The usual way we try to change healthcare is to train physicians on administering the vaccine, create a code to bill for the vaccine, form patient advocacy groups, etc. But that wouldn’t have worked.
Outside of vaccine rollout, we don’t talk enough about actual goals—we need to put some real markers out there. What would some goals look like? “20 percent of hospitalizations in five years will be at home,” or “90 percent of hypertensive patients well-controlled on medications”. These goals orient the entire machine in an “all-in” systems approach to get to something that matters to real people and can move our system meaningfully forward.
For me, receiving the Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship for medical school was transformative. It was the first time an organization really came to understand me as a person and said, “We believe in you.” That has emboldened me to swing harder in my career and to more openly be my best self. I’m so grateful for that.
2020 Paul & Daisy Soros Fellow Sherman Leung is studying medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He invests in and launches healthcare companies at AlleyCorp, a venture studio and early-stage investment fund based in New York City. Sherman cares deeply about leveraging technology to support underserved patient populations and increasing the efficiency and efficacy of health care delivery. You can sign up for his newsletter, Margins of Medicine, on systemic disparities in healthcare here. ∎


text:
Tin Can Tree project is coming along quite well. Now that the base is all flocked, it's time to add a little more character to the setting.
Imagine you're walking through a forest.
Brown trees surround you.
There's grass and brush underfoot.
All those little things: Leaves, moss and other organic features to fill in the terrain.
There's not actually a ton of stuff to say about this article, but if you continue to read, I'll talk a little and show you more examples of how you can use hobby moss.
It comes down to basically just gluing a bunch of moss around your terrain where it looks goodn while trying to keep realism in mind. You're not just distracting from the basic green of your flock, you're building an overall scene that every little detail adds to.
You can find moss at hobby stores like Michaels and Hobby Lobby. It's great stuff. Comes in different shades of green, brown, some is leafy or has other "brush" type features and other types are more like mushrooms.
You can paint moss too. Washes will shade it (especially since the moss will absorb liquids) and you can dry-brush to highlight it.
The colour and texture of moss is already quite realistic. Painting will probably be unnecessary.
Keep in mind how moss grows though. It likes to climb up stuff or wrap around branches. You'll also find it hiding in dark, dank places and under roots.
This actual gluing is done with white glue. No need to thin, though you won't need to use a whole lot.
Sprinkling a little in the water effects you'll see later works well too. Looks just like moss and plant-life floating in the water.
If you're working on the base of a miniature, you can still use hobby moss. Obviously, you'll be working with smaller batches though. Most likely, you'll end up tearing up tiny bits and gluing it under foot. This can create a really nice effect, because anything that "lifts" a base up to interact with a model really pulls realism together. That is... you don't always want your mini just standing on a mostly flat base. Crushing dirt, leaving foot prints and stepping on moss that curls up around their feet builds a more interactive appearance.

domain: design


SOUNDVIEW, Bronx - Police are looking for a man and his accomplice who swiped an 84-year-old woman's purse as she sat on a bus stop bench in the Bronx, the NYPD said.
It happened at 5:45 a.m. in front of one of the Bronx River Houses complexes in the Soundview section of the borough.
The NYPD said one the thieves snatched the victim's purse as she waited for a bus. He then ran into a nearby building where another man held the door open for him, police said.
Both men entered an elevator and fled further in the building. Footage released by police caught them looking through the victim's bag.
The first individual was last seen wearing red-hooded sweater and dark-colored pants. The other was last seen with a gray-hooded sweater and dark-colored pants.
According to the latest NYPD Crime Statistics, robberies targeting Bronx residents over the age of 75 has risen to over 116 percent in 2016.
Anyone with information in regards to this incident is asked to call the NYPD's Crime Stoppers Hotline at 1-800-577-TIPS (8477) or for Spanish, 1-888-57-PISTA (74782).


Ward’s 10 Best Engines 2011 winners announced
Automotive industry analyst Ward’s has announced its ’10 Best Engines’ list for the 2011 model year, including a mix of performance, efficiency and technology.
A total of 38 vehicles with new or significantly improved engines were tested and put up against last year’s winners to determine the top ten.
The 2011 Ward’s 10 Best Engine winners:
• 3.0-litre TFSI supercharged V6 (Audi S4)
• 3.0-litre N55 turbocharged I6 (BMW 335i)
• 1.6-litre turbocharged I4 (Mini Cooper S)
• 3.6-litre Pentastar V6 (Dodge Avenger)
• 5.0-litre V8 (Ford Mustang GT)
• 1.4-litre I-4/111kW Drive Motor (Chevrolet Volt)
• 5.0L-litre Tau V8 (Hyundai Genesis)
• 80kW AC Synchronous Electric Motor (Nissan Leaf)
• 2.0-litre I4 turbo-diesel (Volkswagen Jetta TDI)
• 3.0-litre turbocharged I6 (Volvo S60)
This year’s list features six completely new winners – the largest turnover in the list’s 17-year history.
The 248kW/440Nm V6 from the Audi S4 and the 103kW320Nm TDI from the Volkswagen Jetta (capable of 5.6 litres/100km) joined the winner’s list for the second and third consecutive years, respectively.
The 223kW/407Nm BMW N55 replaced the N54 – which won from 2007 to 2009 – in the list, while the 320kW/510Nm Hyundai Tau V8 (now with greater displacement and direct injection) also returned after victory last year.
The 307kW/529Nm 5.0-litre V8 from the Mustang was one of only three naturally aspirated engines to take home a prize. Despite the 12.3 litres/100km returned by testers on mostly highway conditions, the judges said there was still a place for the engine in the market.
At the other end of the spectrum, the judges rated the Chevrolet Volt’s ‘Voltec’ propulsion system a “technological masterpiece”, while the fully electric Nissan Leaf was deemed practical, affordable and “a thrill to drive”.
To be eligible for the award, engines must be fitted to US-specification vehicles, on sale no later than the first quarter of 2011, and priced at or below $US55,000 ($55,800).


text:
New Lunar Year, New Sale! Save on Expansions, Game and Stuff Packs for The Sims 4.
Electronic Arts has published a brand new Sale across platforms, celebrating the Lunar New Year.
The latest sale from EA offers various discounts on some of their biggest video game titles. Including The Sims 4!
The games included for The Sims 4 are what you would normally expect from a Sims Sale. Including Expansion Packs that are 50% off, Game Packs and Stuff Packs which are 30% off and more.
Down below we’ve listed all of the Sims Deals and Sales that you can get from EA’s latest New Lunar Year Sale. Check out the new prices lasting until February 2nd (PC & Mac) and January 31st (Consoles).
Sims 4 Sale – New Deals
The new deals for The Sims 4 Packs and Bundles include:
- The Sims 4 Expansion Packs – 50% off (High School Years is 38% off)
- The Sims 4 Game Packs – 30% off (Werewolves and My Wedding Stories is 25% off)
- The Sims 4 Stuff Packs – 30% off
- Premade Sims 4 Bundles – 20% off, including
Where to find the Deals
All deals listed above include official online retail stores that provide Sims 4 Packs. Including EA App, Steam, Microsoft Store and Playstation Store. You can also track them from your Sims 4 Main Menu!

domain: game


text:
dinner served every day from 5pm till late, Last order in the kitchen at 10:45.
Lunch on Saturday from 1:30 till 4pm
Lunch on Sunday from 2:30 till 4pm
- Disabled Access
- Private Dining
- Free WiFi
- Families and Children Welcome
About Dada Restaurant
Moroccan cuisine is considered to be one of the richest in the world: inspired by many cultures and civilizations across Africa, Europe and further East, and in particular the flavours of the Moorish kitchens of Northern Africa and Southern Spain.
In keeping with this rich heritage, dada restaurant was established to offer a unique fusion of authentic Moorish-inspired dishes in beautiful moorish surroundings. In the kitchen meet our chef Jalal Belmaati and his team, he applies his years of experience cooking in some of the finest restaurants in North Africa. Jalal started his career in Casablanca´s five star hotels, before working in Spain finest restaurants in the cities of Bilbao and San Sebastian, where he deepen his knowledge of Spanish and Central Mediterranean cuisines. In Ireland Jalal worked in the exclusive clanard and Herbert park hotel and now in Dada he is excited about introducing the authentic flavors of Moroccan and Moorish dishes to the people of Ireland and go back to his cooking roots.
Dada Moroccan restaurant is the latest addition to South William Street variety of restaurants and cafes. Come and try our delicious tagines and couscous!
Restaurant capacity : 150 p
Ziryab Bar capacity : 60 p
Private rooms also available for groups .
Amazing experience in Dada, as always. Tasty food and excellent service - will definitely be back soon.
I found this so disappointing, the venue is great and the staff are nice. Restaurant layout was very cramped where we were (large circular table intrudes quite a lot on the booth style tables). The food was very mediocre. The starting platter was okay but everything lacked flavor and all seemed pretty stodgy. Very over priced.
Everyone in our group was very impressed by the atmosphere, staff and delicious food.
Super friendly staff, delicious food and great atmosphere. One of my favourite restaurants in the city.
Lovely food and service. Monkfish was especially delicious, service very friendly and attentive.
Really nice relaxed feel
Group of 5 had a great meal at Dada. Food is fantastic, use of spices and flavour top notch.
We were a party of 4 from Canada celebrating a birthday, and asked the manager to choose the courses for us, which worked out great! All of the dishes were flavourful, there was a nice variety of items, and more than enough food to satisfy us. The service was efficient and friendly, and we would recommend this spot for anyone looking for a special evening out.
Great atmosphere and very very friendly staff! The food is very nice as well. Worth a visit. Hope to be back there again.
First time here and will be back again.
We had an excellent dinner at Dada on Saturday. We were a group of 9 and the service and food were exceptional. We'll definitely be back and would recommend highly.
A regular at Dada’s-never disappoints
Would highly recommend Dada restaurant. Beautiful food, lovely staff and a very warm and welcoming atmosphere. Suitable for romantic night out, night out with the girls or a big group occasion. Excellent value too!
Amazing staff and aumbience.The owner is a lovely gentleman and his staff is amazing.Beautiful food and also you can bring your boyb which is appealing. I have being here twice and I promise I will return many times in the furture, I would recommend this Restaurant to all my friends. Well worth a visit. Keep up hard work
Thoroughly enjoyed our whole dining experience. From the lovely entrance and decor to the friendly welcome by staff, but mostly the gorgeous food. We will return as value and quality of food beautiful.
Tables are a bit too close
Excellent food, great service. I will recommend the restaurant to friends and family. The only little thing that I could say was that our table was too close to another big table and it was like eating and sharing conversation with another family. Overall a very good experience, we will definitely be back. The lamb & chicken tangines were delicious.
Excellent as always
Staff were really lovely, food was fantastic, returning very soon
Excellent food and very nice and attending service. The restaurant was very busy when we visited but nevertheless the food arrived quickly and the servers were very attentive.
Had a great meal here on Saturday night. Had a lamb tagine and had some spicy potatoes on the side, which were amazing. Portion sizes were spot on and the service was really friendly
Wonderful food, top class service and I even got a little yummy cake for my birthday as a surprise! We are all for sure coming back for more! Thank you for the great evening!
Service was delightful, always a smile in sight! Helpful staff and excellent recommendations.
Food arrived really quickly and was delicious! . The place is lovely and the waiter we had was the nicest man ever, always checking up on us and making sure we were okay. Really great service.
We had a fantastic night. Great service and beautiful food. A great night all around

domain: travel