text:
Nutrition in diabetes so that sugar does not rise means table No. 9, which is recommended in combination with physical activity, medication and other methods of conservative therapy.
Diet number 9 in diabetes helps to improve the functionality of the pancreas, provides normalization of metabolic processes, which together leads to the stabilization of glucose indicators at the required level.
There are several types of therapeutic diets. The choice of one or another type depends on the severity of the disease, the initial indicators of blood sugar, insulin use, etc. nuances.
So, consider what is table 9 for type 2 diabetes, what can you eat and what is forbidden? Also find out how Pevzner's diet number 8 helps and its basic rules and principles?
9 diet: varieties
In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, patients experience relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin in the body, as a result of which the only method of therapy that allows one to live a normal life is the administration of insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a sufficient amount of insulin in the body, however, due to the course of the disease, the digestibility of glucose is impaired due to a decrease in the sensitivity of soft tissues to it.
Diet for diabetes helps strengthen the pancreas, activates the work of beta cells. The treatment table helps to reduce and stabilize blood sugar at the target level, preventing blood glucose jumps.
The main table 9 for diabetics is recommended for a short period of time to determine the susceptibility to carbohydrates, as well as to adequately select drugs when diet does not give the desired therapeutic result.
On the background of diet 9, glucose is studied once every 3-4 days on an empty stomach. When lowering the values that are kept at a reduced level for 2-3 weeks, the diet expands, as a result of which it is permissible to add 1 XE in 7 days.
What is a bread unit? One XE implies a content of 12-15 carbohydrates. This is about 25-30 grams of whole-grain bread, half a cup of buckwheat, one apple, two pieces of dried plums.
Diet for diabetics following varieties:
- Diet 9A in type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed for a mild or moderate degree of chronic pathology, which is not dependent on insulin doses, but is associated with the presence of excess weight in the patient.
- Table 9B is recommended for patients with severe insulin-dependent disease. Unlike other types of food, patients can eat an increased amount of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
If insulin therapy is carried out in the morning and evening, then about 70% of carbohydrates should fall on these meals. After the injection, it is necessary to eat two times - after 20 minutes, and also after 2-3 hours, when the maximum concentration of the hormone in the blood is observed.
Table number 9 is recommended to establish tolerance to carbohydrates in order to select the dosage of drugs and compensate for diabetes.
Diabetes: Diet 9
The ninth table appears to be a popular diabetic food, recommended for patients with mild and moderate severity of endocrine disease against the background of a moderate increase in body weight.
It is noted that the diet presented by the ninth table is fully rational and balanced. Following the recommendations, the patient consumes about 330 grams of carbohydrates, about 95 grams of proteins and 80 grams of fat per day (of which at least 30% must be of plant origin).
The principle of dietary nutrition is the reduction of calorie intake of food, the reduction of fat and fast-absorbing carbohydrates. It is strictly forbidden to eat sugar and sweet foods.
Sugar / sweets are replaced by a sugar substitute - xylitol, sorbitol, etc. Patients should maximally enrich the diet with natural fiber, vitamins and minerals.
It is necessary to exclude food with a high glycemic index, the menu includes products that characterize low GI.
For type 2 diabetics, there are certain recommendations:
- You need to eat often and gradually, a portion - not more than 250 grams. It is recommended to eat every 3 hours.
- Exclude all fatty, spicy, fried, canned and pickled food, hot spices, alcoholic and carbonated drinks.
- The concentration of protein components in the diet menu remains at the same level acceptable for a healthy person.
- It is mandatory to reduce the content of consumed carbohydrates and fatty substances.
- Cooking recipes are limited to boiling, stewing and baking.
Table 9 in diabetes mellitus implies a balanced diet that nourishes the body with vitamins and mineral components. Therefore, special attention is paid to the vitamin broth hips, seasonal fruits and vegetables, greens.
To normalize the functionality of the liver, you should include in the menu oatmeal, low-fat cottage cheese and hard cheese.
They are replete with lipid components that promote the burning of fat deposits.
Permitted and Denied Products
Table 9 in type 2 diabetes involves the inclusion of only authorized foods in the diet. A complete table of provisions is on the Internet, and you can download and print it for ease of use.
What is permissible and what should not be eaten, patients are interested in? It is recommended to exclude from the menu pastries, sweets, fatty cheese curds, semolina, risk, pasta. You can not cook soups with these products.
It should abandon the sweet concentrated juice, home / shop jam and jam with the addition of granulated sugar. Exceptions include homemade sweets based on xylitol or another sugar substitute.
Partially limited products: natural honey, chicken yolks regardless of the method of preparation, liver.
The diet regime allows the use of the following products in diabetes type 1 and 2:
- Whole grain baked goods.
- Sausage with a low concentration of fatty substances.
- Fish products low-fat varieties.
- Meat. Prefer beef, pork, turkey breast, rabbit.
- Vegetables in boiled and fresh form - cabbage, zucchini, tomatoes, legumes, green peas, lentils. Potatoes are allowed in limited quantities.
- Fruits / berries - dogrose, cranberries, raspberries, cherries, oranges, gooseberries, lemons and limes, peaches.
- Dairy and dairy products with minimal fat.
- Low-fat sour cream, homemade yogurt without sugar, olive oil.
If a patient with diabetes of the first or second type uses xylitol, then the recommended daily dosage does not exceed 30 grams. Fructose is allowed one teaspoon three times a day (added to drinks). Natural honey - no more than a teaspoon per day.
It is permissible to use confectionery products containing sugar substitute. But in this case there is a restriction - one or two sweets no more than 2 times a week.
Diet number 9 in diabetes: examples of the menu
If the patient has diabetes, table 9 is recommended by the attending physician. As a rule, for an adult and a child, the diet is made on an individual basis, depending on the severity of the disease, associated illnesses, and the state of the gastrointestinal tract.
Despite certain limitations, with the right approach, you can eat not only correctly and balanced, but also diverse.
What can you eat for breakfast? There are many options for dishes: low-fat curd mass with the addition of permitted berries, the optimal portion of 200 grams; buckwheat porridge, boiled in water; protein omelette; Porridge with bran and fresh pear.
Dinner options on the background diet number nine:
- Soup with a teaspoon of sour cream, boiled meat (pork or turkey), braised cabbage with the addition of sweet pepper. For dessert, fruit jelly without sugar and sweetener.
- Soup based on vegetable broth, boiled rabbit, vinaigrette, seasoned with a small amount of olive oil, unsweetened compote or cranberry juice.
- Borsch with sour cream, potato casserole, vegetable stew from a mixture of different vegetables, tomato juice or sour apple.
At dinner, the diet allows many foods. For example, fish, steamed or stewed in water, fresh tomato salad, a slice of whole-grain bread, black currant juice, sweetened with sugar substitute.
Either cottage cheese casserole, poured with sour cream or homemade jam, milk buckwheat porridge, tea (black or green); boiled hake, as a garnish, green string beans with tomato sauce, dogrose broth with a natural sugar substitute - stevia.
As a snack, it is permissible to use: fresh apples; fruit salad, seasoned with unsweetened yogurt; low-fat and unsalted cheese and tea; grapefruit; orange, etc.
Diet number 8 Pevzner
Type 2 diabetes leads to impaired metabolic processes in the body, resulting in the patient gaining weight. Weight gain along with chronic sugar is a double blow to the body, since the probability of complications increases significantly and the underlying disease progresses.
Diet number eight suggests a diet that promotes smooth weight loss without harm to health.
They recommend dieting with a “sweet” disease, however, if the patient has a history of pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and circulatory system, certain adjustments are required by the doctor.
The purpose of nutrition - the normalization and stabilization of metabolic processes. Primarily, lipid metabolism is implied. When this violation is leveled, the patient’s blood pressure levels out, the concentration of cholesterol and sugar decreases.
Example of the menu for one day:
- For breakfast they eat bacon from fruits or vegetables, a small sandwich with unsalted cheese, cottage cheese with berries. Coffee without added sugar.
- As a lunch - unsweetened fruit, a handful of permitted berries.
- Dine vegetable soup, meat or fish with vegetables. Drink - decoction based on herbs or milk.
- Dinner. Salad with tomatoes and cabbage, shrimps with steamed vegetables.
Salt in the cooking process is not added, salt already prepared food. The rate per day does not exceed two grams. The amount of proteins varies from 10 to 110 grams per day, vegetable fats - not more than 80 grams, and complex carbohydrates up to 150 grams.
Diet number 8 requires compliance with the drinking regime, the patient is recommended to drink from 1 to 1.2 liters of pure water per day.
Diet implies a decrease in blood glucose, so the basis of the diet consists of products, after the use of which, glycemia does not increase. It is necessary to adhere to the multiplicity of food intake and volume of servings, since overeating of approved products levels the therapeutic effect of the used diet and insulin therapy (if it is used).
On the Internet are a variety of recipes that will appeal to adults and children, will allow to eat properly and tasty.
Dietary soup: bring water to a boil, send diced potatoes to it, five minutes later add finely shredded cabbage and green bean pods. Top onions with vegetable oil, season the soup. The finished dish is sprinkled with parsley.
Pumpkin cottage cheese casserole is a nourishing and healthy dish that is popular even among children. Cooking process:
- One small pumpkin is cut into cubes, low-fat cottage cheese is added, butter, sugar substitute, egg and dough baking powder, a little semolina.
- Mix all the ingredients until smooth.
- Grease a baking sheet with butter, put the mixture.
- Bake 50 minutes.
During therapy and the use of diet No. 9, there is an effective decrease in glucose, its stabilization at an acceptable level. Improves the work of the pancreas and increases vitality, which facilitates the patient's condition.
About diet table 9 is described in the video in this article.

domain: food


After i commenced this experiment, I used to be optimistic that we could revolutionize home heating and make the forced air fuel furnace out of date. In spite of everything, the cost is reduced, dwelling comfort and ease is bigger, and you also help save lots of interior Place that could normally be consumed by ducts and chases – particularly in multi-Tale households. But right until the marketplace advances a bit, there are a few flaws:
it is to own heat floors. Your ft get a nice reward with every single action you're taking, or while you rest them within the wood ground beneath the dinner table. In addition to that, anything you allow on the floor gets excess toasty: a set of moist Wintertime boots, a overlooked coat, or maybe the socks you threw off in advance of hopping into bed – beautifully warm and dry any time you decide on them up the following morning. The bathroom flooring also dries promptly following a shower.
Radiant flooring may be instantly heated by electric resistance heating, or heated by water inside of a circulating loop. They can be heated by air, nevertheless This can be unheard of.
Your heat source will even component into your choice. Should you have an efficient boiler that’s not as well previous, it possibly can be employed to produce heat in your radiant floors.
A lot of the process is crammed with corrosion inhibitor and the hot water is divided, mainly because it’s typical to own an oblique coil passing through the sizzling drinking water tank.
The two most frequent different types of radiant-ground heating units are electric (heat by using electric powered wires) and hydronic (warmth by means of hot water tubes), equally of that are buried underneath the ground. In this article’s how The 2 Examine: Electric radiant-flooring heating methods are a lot easier and much more reasonably priced to install, but dearer to work, creating them perfect for heating little places. Hydronic programs are more affordable to function, so they operate effectively for big ground parts and also complete houses.
A chiller or geothermal heat pump have to be made use of to provide the cold water. Additionally, the tubing for radiant cooling is ideal run inside the ceiling (not the ground, the greater location for heating). And even though radiant cooling devices will minimize air temperature, dehumidification may also be needed to make occupants sense awesome.
Warm h2o techniques may also be coupled with photo voltaic thermal Power to help make them much more eco-friendly. Photo voltaic thermal Vitality utilizes daylight to heat h2o, that may then be Employed in the underfloor heating program.
The entire basement ground turns into a large radiant panel that heats everyone and everything within the House. Going for walks in bare feet or laying on the floor is pure ecstasy. I've baseboard radiators in all one other rooms of the house.
Could the same tankless heater with circulation pump be configured to interchange an ancient (1961) boiler process? With no need to reroute all The present baseboard model radiators? I’ve been pondering ‘casually’ relating to this since you early posts on your own engineered procedure.
Reliable Wooden flooring can shrink and increase with fluctuating temperatures leaving Unattractive gaps. If you’re in appreciate with Wooden floors, having said that, a highly skilled wood-flooring installer should be able to control likely shrinkage. Vinyl and plastic laminate floors also include temperature restrictions, while carpets have insulating properties that most likely lessen warmth flow.
Efficiency: I'm basing this about the 15 or so tankless models that I've ripped out that have heat exchangers which were totally rotted out. normal age was two a long time. Your method will most likely past eternally because it is utilized very little. Our heating period lasts from November to May possibly which genuinely will work the appliance (I’ve seen appliances not convert off for each week straight). This results in the heat exchanger to fail prematurely which then showers the Command board and so on. with h2o ruining almost everything (the eight-twelve yr warranty only handles the exchanger alone for most manufacturers i’ve seen not any problems it leaking leads to) the customer then will get a Monthly bill for thousands of dollars, typically very similar to the amount that a suitable boiler would've Expense in the first place.
You may, certainly, require use of the bays from the basement or crawl Room. Batts of fiberglass insulation are installed beneath the mats so most of the heat goes up, not down.
In addition they use below geothermal, one thing they website get in touch with Puits Canadiens, they're pipes that go down to the earth’s regular temp after which you can again as many as your own home…anyway, there’s tons of different ideas floating all-around about below, partly to adjust to far more stringent environmental rules…


text:
Diabecell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes
Once again, at the suggestions of Allie Beatty and Ann Bartlett, I have checked out one of the newer technologies in early stages of development, Diabecell. According to LCT (living cell technologies) Diabecell is a "porcine (pig), insulin producing cell product for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The islet cells are self-regulating and efficiently secrete insulin in the patient's body." The main difference between the Edmonton Protocol developed by Dr. Shapiro of Canada requiring radiographic imaging and injection of human islet cells in the portal vein is that these islet cells are derived from piglets and are encapsulated and can be administered by an injection into the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) by laparoscopy under local anesthesia. Encapsulation of the cells is critical and the reason why no anti-rejection or immunosuppressant drugs are necessary. The company first entered clinical trials for Diabecell in 2007.
According to Living Cell Technologies, clinical trials were conducted in Russia to test the safety and efficacy of Diabecell. In this trial, 10 patients received the implanted cells in differing doses. The doses are defined as islet equivalents (IEQs) ranging from 5,000-15,000 IEQs/kg of body weight. A second transplant was required six months later. In May 2009, LCT reported preliminary data showing sustained long-term clinical benefits with the Diabecell transplants with no remarkable adverse events. In New Zealand, based on LCT's web site, Phase 2 trials are underway at Middlemore Hospital in Auckland. In this trial, eight patients will receive the porcine implants. Of the eight patients, four will receive double the initial dose received in Russia followed by four patients who will receive triple the dose. Essentially these trials are trying to determine the IEQs required to maximize glycemic control safely and over the long-term.
Review of published abstracts provided by Living Cell Technologies has demonstrated success in reducing insulin dosages and several patients became insulin-independent for several months. In one study, the insulin dose was reduced by 30 percent after 12 weeks. The insulin dose returned to pre-transplant levels after week 49. Improvement of hb A1c was noted as well, with a pre-transplant level of 9.3 percent to 7.8 percent at 14 months post-transplant. Even more significant was that urine c-peptide (a marker of insulin) remained detectable for 11 months. In terms of safety, a study published in 2004 revealed that after a nine-year follow-up of 18 human patients receiving pig islet cell transplants, no evidence of viral infection was found. This information is important because there is always the risk that the pig's tissues may harbor infectious agents. Another study developed techniques to monitor pig herds and tissues prior to their use in transplantation. And lastly, due to these concerns about the virological risk of transplantation, a study conducted in 2000, revealed no evidence of infection with porcine retrovirus in recipients of encapsulated islet transplants.
There have been no studies conducted in the United States and to my knowledge the FDA has not approved Diabecell.
Based on a communication from Ann Bartlett, Allie Beatty has actually chatted with one of the scientists at Living Cells Technologies about Diabecell in terms of expense and the number of pigs required to harvest the islet cells. Per Allie, ten porcine pancreases are required for every transplant with the cost of each pig of about $10,000. To maintain a bottom line for the company, LCT must charge approximately $100,000 per procedure. I am not surprised about the expense, as it is crucial that these pigs be safe and bred in sterile conditions to avoid transmission of porcine viruses to humans.
What are the benefits and disadvantages of this new technology?
- The potential ability to become insulin independent without hypoglycemia.
- Encapsulation of the porcine islet cells and thus the lack of requirement of immunosuppressive drug therapy.
- Due to the lack of immunosuppressive therapy, the potential risk of infection and cancer is markedly diminished.
- No human cadaveric pancreases required.
- The presence of an animal source of insulin that (in theory) can be based on supply and demand.
- The demonstrated safety profile (so far).
- Lack of injection of islet cells in the portal vein (risky) per the Edmonton Protocol. Islet cells injected into the peritoneum by laparoscopy.
- Need for expensive pigs to harvest the islet cells.
- Despite a period of insulin-independence, insulin requirements appear to return.
- Probable frequent injections of encapsulated porcine islet cells to maintain glycemic control.
- Continued need for monitoring due to safety concerns.
- Need for FDA approval in the United States
- Studies have only documented results in a few type 1 diabetes subjects.
- Unknown future.
I will keep you posted.

domain: medical


The final round of the UEFA Champions League group stage will lead people to concentrate on "dead rubbers," but rather than dwell on nuances of the format or regrets that you're not getting Mega Club FC versus FC Super Team, let's look for the drama. At the top, groups A, B, and C are still up-for-grabs, even if it's top two teams have been identified, but considering the likes of Barcelona, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Real Madrid have already clinched their groups, the difference between first and second place is already pronounced. Win your group, you'll be drawn against the second place finishers. Slip - as Manchester United and Spurs can still do - and your Round of 16 life becomes problematic.
Between potential group wins and Europa League qualification, there is only one true dead rubber on Tuesday, which is not to say some matches aren't more meaningful than others. Matches in Lisbon and Manchester will have the most significance, while the race at the top of Group A, which will play out in Enschede and Bremen, may be more compelling, with a first time Champions League entrant looking to relegate the holders to the second pot:
All matches start a 2:45 p.m. Eastern time. Thank the WIkipedia community for the tables.
|Group A ||Pld||W||D||L||GF||GA||GD||Pts|
Matches: Twente versus Tottenham Hotspur; Werder Bremen versus Internazionale.
The two hosts have their futures set. Werder, hosting Inter, is out, and embarrassingly so considering they were expected to challenge Tottenham for second place. Spurs have put those low expectations behind them, fighting for first at Twente, the Dutch champions having nothing but fame to gain from the match.
Inter will be hoping for a sign of inexperience from Tottenham, but having won only one in six domestically, the Nerazzurri have greater worries. For instance, they're not actually very good right now.
Given Rafa Benítez's injury list, we're unlikely to see an uptick in form. Inter will be without (deep breath) Wesley Sneijder, Lucio, Julio Cesar, Maicon, Walter Samuel, Dejan Stankoivc, Coutinho, Joel Obi, Diego Milito and Cristian Chivu. Yeesh - how is going to play?
In contrast, Werder is relatively healthy. They'll miss Naldo but the rest of their major contributors are maybes at worst.
Tottenham are still without Younes Kaboul, Rafael van der Vaart, and Ledley King, though none of those absences will loom as large as Bryan Ruiz's. Twente's best player is out until mid-January with a knee injury.
|Group B ||Pld||W||D||L||GF||GA||GD||Pts|
|Hapoel Tel Aviv||5||1||1||3||5||8||−3||4|
Matches: Benfica versus Schalke; Lyon versus Hapoel.
Schalke is bearly out of the drop in to Bundesliga but can clinch this group with a win in Lisbon. Benfica's loss last round in Tel Aviv means they need a result to advance, though that assumes Hapoel can get points at the Stade Gerland.
Considering last year's Israel representative failed to get a point, Hapoel's practically trail blazing, though that doesn't mean they can get a result in Lyon, particularly with OL experiencing a minor resurgence. Expect Claude Puel's side to get three and force Schalke to win in Portugal.
The only major injury in Group B sees Lyon without Yoann Gourcuff, the French international suffering with a knee injury just as he was starting to show glimpses of his 2008-09 self. While OL is also without Cesar Delgado, they are getting Jeremy Toulalan and Cris back. Health won't be an excuse.
|Group C ||Pld||W||D||L||GF||GA||GD||Pts|
Matches: Manchester Untied versus Valencia; Bursaspor versus Rangers
Rangers' trip to Turkey is the day's only dead rubber, though Bursaspor will be remiss not to get their first Champions League win against the Scottish champions. During their first appearance in this competition, Bursa's put together one of the more ignominious campaigns in Champions League history. A point against an already Europa-bound Rangers will remove them from the debate of the worst UCL teams of the modern era, a discussion that's (probably inappropriately) limited to the teams that get no points.
Meanwhile, Valencia goes to Old Trafford, with the only thing separating these two sides is United's 1-0, second round win at the Mestella. That would hint Manchester United is favored in this one, but with Alex Ferguson's squad selection for Champions League group stage, it's hard to have too much confidence in the Red Devils. Ferguson's developed a habit of playing half a team at this stage of the competition, and while he started a strong team in Valencia, a draw being as good as a win might have the Untied manager planning for Monday's visit from Arsenal.
A half-team from Manchester United may meet a corresponding crew from Los Che, who have a handful of injury concerns ahead of today's match. David Navarro, Manuel Fernandez, Mehmet Topal and Jeremy Mathieu are all out, and with Valencia slumping out of the top four in the Primera Division, Unai Emery is facing a shift in priorities ahead of his England sojourn.
|Group D ||Pld||W||D||L||GF||GA||GD||Pts|
Matches: Barcelona versus Rubin Kazan; Copenhagen vs. Panathinaikos
It would have been nice if Rubin Kazan's return to the Nou Camp meant something for both teams, but given Barcelona's Group D partners, it wasn't meant to be. Barça clinched the group last round in Athens, increasing Rubin's chances to take second from Copenhagen. Those odds are still slim, however, given they need three in Cataluyna and Panathinaikos's first win of the tournament. Barring that (estimated) 40-to-1 shot coming home, Rubin's set for another trip to Europa League, a spot they've already been assured.
With Russia's season over, Rubin's alleviated of the Europe-domestic juggling act. Barcelona, however, will use today's match as a chance to rest the likes of Xavi, Daniel Alves, Pedro and David Villa. At least.
|A||Twente||Tottenham Hotspur||2-1, Spurs|
|Werder Bremen||Internazionale||2-1, Werder|
|Lyon||Hapoel Tel Aviv||2-0, Lyon|
|C||Manchester United||Valencia||1-0, United|
|D||Barcelona||Rubin Kazan||2-0, Barcelona|


|Publication number||US4718949 A|
|Application number||US 06/915,555|
|Publication date||Jan 12, 1988|
|Filing date||Oct 6, 1986|
|Priority date||Feb 8, 1984|
|Also published as||CA1230805A1, DE3504031A1, DE3504031C2|
|Publication number||06915555, 915555, US 4718949 A, US 4718949A, US-A-4718949, US4718949 A, US4718949A|
|Inventors||Iwao Takase, Toshimi Yoshida, Shinzo Ikeda, Isao Masaoka, Junjiro Nakajima|
|Original Assignee||Hitachi, Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (30), Classifications (13), Legal Events (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 699,560, filed Feb. 8, 1985 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a method of producing a material for use in nuclear reactor environments and, in particular, to a method of producing a cladding, particularly a cladding tube, for nuclear reactor fuel. In particular, the present invention relates to a method of producing a cladding tube for nuclear fuel (that is, a tube for cladding the nuclear fuel) which is made of a zirconium alloy, and which is adapted for use in light-water reactors and heavy-water reactors of either the boiling water type or the pressurized water type.
Because of their excellent resistance to corrosion and very small neutron-absorbing sectional area, zirconium-based alloys have been used for making cladding tubes for holding fuel for nuclear plants, and for making fuel channel boxes.
These structures are irradiated with neutrons within reactors for extended periods of time, and also exposed to water or water vapor at high temperatures and high pressures, so that zirconium oxide films are formed on the surfaces thereof as corrosion proceeds. Spots of white oxide also form on the surfaces thereof. These spots of white oxide, called nodular corrosion, grow with the progress of corrosion reactions, and often peel off.
The outer surface of a cladding tube, in particular, is corroded by water or water vapor at high temperatures, so that the thickness of the tube is reduced by nodular corrosion, and its strength decreases.
In order to prevent abnormal nodular corrosion, studies have been conducted into methods of total β-quenching. It is known that, among the zirconium-based alloys, Zircaloy 2 (an alloy composed of zirconium containing about 1.5% tin, 0.1% iron, 0.1% chromium, and 0.05% nickel, all by weight) and Zircaloy 4 (an alloy composed of zirconium containing about 1.5% tin, 0.2% iron, and 0.1% chromium, all by weight) exhibit a markedly increased corrosion resistance if entire bodies made of them are heated quickly after a hot extrusion step, e.g., if both inner and outer surfaces of a cladding tube, for instance, are heated rapidly to the temperature region of the (α+β)-phase or the β-phase, and if they are quickly quenched (hereinafter referred to as total β-quenching). (German Laid-Open Pat. No. 3,324,686).
A problem, however, occurs on the inner surface of a cladding tube for reactor fuel, as described below. The cladding fuel tube becomes brittle at an increased rate because of the interaction of the nuclear fuel and the products of nuclear fission, and also because of irradiation with neutrons, and hence tends to crack easily. This tendency is promoted by local mechanical stresses generated by differences in thermal expansion between the nuclear fuel and the cladding tube.
Stress corrosion cracking may develop on the inner surface of the cladding tube because of the presence of nuclear fission products such as iodine, cadmium, and the like that form during the operation of the nuclear reactor, and also because of simultaneous local stresses.
The inner surface of a cladding tube is also subject to the problem of stress corrosion cracking caused by gases (such as iodine) emitted by the combustion of the nuclear fuel making up the central core, and also by the expansion of the central core as it is sintered.
It is known to provide a layer of pure metal between the central core and the cladding tube in order to prevent the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. In particular, a composite cladding tube has been proposed, in which the inner side of the cladding tube is lined with pure zirconium. (British Pat. No. 1,525,717).
The layer of pure zirconium has a thickness of 5 to 30% that of the cladding tube. Compared with a zirconium alloy, pure zirconium remains ductile during use, reduces local stresses that act on the cladding tube, and helps prevent the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking.
If the whole cladding tube is subjected to total β-quenching, however, the resistance to nodular corrosion increases on the outer surface of the cladding tube in contact with the reactor water, but the inner surface of the cladding tube tends to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. This is considered to be due to the fact that the dendritic structure formed by the total β-quenching is hard and has a low ductility. In addition, β-quenched materials tend to be more susceptible to stress corrosion cracking than ordinary annealed materials which are not subjected to β-quenching, even after cold-rolling and annealing.
If the whole composite cladding tube were subjected to total β-quenching in order to increase its resistance to stress corrosion cracking, the inner surface of the cladding tube being lined with pure zirconium, solute elements of the Zircaloy, such as tin, iron, chromium and oxygen, diffuse into the pure zirconium when heated to high temperatures, and the SCC resistance (resistance to stress corrosion cracking) decreases.
It is known to provide a nuclear fuel element having a zirconium alloy cladding tube with improved corrosion resistance. The cladding tube comprises a metallurgical gradient across the width of the tube wall wherein the tube has a more corrosion-resistant metallurgical condition at the outer circumference and a less corrosion resistant metallurgical condition at the inner circumference. The metallurgical gradient can be generated by heating an outer circumferential portion of the tube to the high α or mixed (α+β) range while maintaining the inner surface at a lower temperature followed by cooling of the tube. (hereinafter referred to as partial β-quenching) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,654).
In above U.S. patent, the technique of partial β-quenching is shown. Namely, the exterior of the tube shell within the induction coil was allowed to increase in temperature to about 1650° F. (900° C.), in about 22 seconds. The exterior temperature of the tube shell was held at about 1650° F. (900° C.), for about 8 seconds. The power was then cut off and the tube shell with water flowing through its interior was allowed to cool to about 400° F. (204° C.), in about 21 seconds.
The heat-treated tube shell was then reduced in a Pilger mill in three successive passes to a final cladding tube. After each reduction pass, the tube was annealed at about 1150° F. (621° C.), for about 2 hours.
In above U.S. patent, both of an outer surface and an inner surface of the cladding tube are held at same temperature, at above the recrystallization temperature (about above 830° C.).
As the outer surface of the cladding tube is quenched from a temperature above the recrystallization temperature, the processing structure does not remain at the outer surface. Therefore the corrosion resistance at the outer surface is lowered and the nodular corrosion at the outer surface can not be prevented.
Besides, the inner surface of the cladding tube is quenched also at above the recrystallization temperature. Since intergranular precipitations are caused as a whole at the inner surface, therefore the SCC resistance (resistance to stress corrosion cracking) decreases.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a cladding tube for reactor fuel wherein an excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking at an inner surface of the cladding tube can be obtained.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a cladding tube for reactor fuel wherein an occurrence of intergranular precipitations can be prevented as a whole at the inner surface of the cladding tube.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a cladding tube for reactor fuel, wherein an excellent resistance to nodular corrosion at an outer surface of the cladding tube can be obtained.
According to a method of producing a cladding tube for reactor fuel according to the present invention, the inner side only of the cladding tube is heated and annealed while the outer surface thereof is cooled, in an annealing step after a hot extrusion step.
The temperature-gradient annealing of the present invention is performed by placing a heating member against the inner surface of the cladding tube, and by cooling the outer surface of the cladding tube with water, water vapor, gas, a salt bath or a metal mold providing cooling. The annealing should be effected while a temperature gradient is maintained between the inner surface and the outer surface of the cladding tube, i.e., while keeping the inner surface at a temperature higher than the recrystallization temperature, and the outer surface at a temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature.
By effecting the temperature-gradient annealing with this temperature difference, as described above, smaller quantities of precipitates form on the outer surface than on the inner surface. Thus it is possible to obtain a cladding tube with an outer surface which has an excellent resistance to nodular corrosion due to high-temperature, high-pressure water, and a soft inner surface which has an excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Since the temperature-gradient annealing can be effected at a temperature of less than 900° C., the inner surface can have a substantially completely recrystallized structure. Moreover, since the outer surface can be prevented from being heated, smaller quantities of precipitates form on the outer surface.
If the annealing temperature should exceed 900° C., the β-phase will appear, quenching will occur during cooling, and the material will be hardened, which is not desirable. A portion of up to one-third in thickness from the outer surface should be maintained at a temperature of less than 600° C.
The present invention, in particular, deals with a method of an article, such as a cladding tube for reactor fuel, which is made of a zirconium-based alloy, and in which smaller quantities of precipitates form on the outer surface of the cladding tube than on the inner surface thereof.
The method of the present invention is described in the following paragraphs in connection with an embodiment comprising a cladding tube. However, the method of the present invention is not limited to such embodiment, and can be utilized for other structure, to attain the objectives according to the method of the present invention.
The cladding tube for reactor fuel of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention, has an excellent resistance to nodular corrosion since the quantity of precipitates on the outer surface is less than that on the inner surface thereof, and also has an excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking since its inner surface is ductile.
As an example, the method of the present invention is applicable to all zirconium-based alloys containing at least one of tin, iron and chromium, and is further applicable to Zr-2.5% Nb zirconium-based alloys. The zirconium-based alloy is preferably composed of 1 to 2% tin, 0.05 to 0.2% iron, 0.05 to 0.2% chromium, with either no nickel or 0.03 to 0.1% nickel, all by weight, the balance being substantially zirconium. The following chart shows exemplary compositions of the zirconium-based alloy. (wt %):
______________________________________ Zircaloy 2 Zircaloy 4 Zr - 2.5% Nb______________________________________Sn 1.20-1.70 1.20-1.70 --Fe 0.07-0.20 0.18-0.24 --Cr 0.05-0.15 0.07-0.13 --Nb -- -- 2.40-2.80Ni 0.03-0.08 -- --Fe + Cr + Ni 0.18-0.38 0.28-0.37 --N.B. Zircaloy 2 and Zircaloy 4 - ASTM standard.______________________________________
For example, Zircaloy 2, Zircaloy 4, and Zr - 2.5% Nb zirconium-based alloy are used practically in nuclear reactor environments; Zircaloy 2 is used in boiling water reactors, Zircaloy 4 is used in pressurized water reactors, and Zr - 2.5% Nb zirconium-based alloy is used in pressure tubes for heavy-water reactors.
The cladding tube for reactor fuel according to the method of the present invention is made of a zirconium-based alloy, and the inner surface thereof may be provided with a metal barrier wall. For the metal barrier wall, pure zirconium or a zirconium alloy containing small amounts of iron and chromium (e.g., about 0.1 wt. % Fe and 0.1 wt. % Cr) but with no tin can be used, or copper, niobium, stainless steel, nickel, or aluminum can be used. The metal barrier wall should have a thickness 5 to 15% that of the cladding tube. In particular, it is desirable to use pure zirconium.
It is desirable to control the quantity of precipitates on the outer surface of the cladding tube so that, among the elements in the zirconium-based alloy for the cladding tube as a whole, the amount of solid solutions of iron, nickel and chromium (that is, the total amount of Fe, Ni and Cr in solid solution) is greater than 0.28%. Precipitates from the zirconium-based alloy are ZrCr2, Zr(Fe, Cr)2, Zr(Fe, Ni)2, Zr2 (Fe, Ni), etc.
The cladding tube is subjected to cold rolling and annealing at least once. However, the cold rolling and annealing should preferably be performed three times. The annealing temperature should preferably be less than 640° C., even more preferably, less than 600° C. The lower limit of this temperature should preferably be 500° C. The final annealing should be effected at a temperature lower than that of the intermediate annealing, and should preferably be effected at 400° to 610° C. The annealing should preferably be performed for less than 10 hours.
FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c are block diagrams of the steps of producing a cladding tube for reactor fuel according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partially-sectioned view of a nuclear fuel element using the cladding tube for reactor fuel according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a partially-sectioned view of a nuclear fuel aggregate using cladding tubes for reactor fuel according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the structure of an apparatus for realizing the partial β-quenching method;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the distribution of heating temperature in a quenched tube;
FIG. 6 is a partially-sectioned view of an apparatus for realizing the temperature-gradient annealing method of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the distribution of heating temperature in a tube temperature-gradient annealed according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph of thicknesses of oxide film after testing using high-temperature, high-pressure water;
FIG. 9 is a graph of elongation percetages of cladding tubes; and
FIG. 10 is a graph of the relationship between annealing temperature and corrosion increment.
The block diagrams of FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate the position at which temperature-gradient annealing is performed in the process of producing cladding tubes for reactor fuel according to the method of the present invention.
According to the present invention, temperature-gradient annealing is effected instead of the annealing of the conventional method, as shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c, and is effected at least once.
The partial β-quenching is effected at least once after hot extrusion but before annealing, or after cold rolling but before annealing, in a method in which annealing and cold rolling are repeated after hot extrusion has been finished.
The temperature-gradient annealing may be performed with the partial β-quenching from a temperature region including the β-phase, which may be effected at least once after hot extrusion but before annealing, or after cold rolling but before annealing, in a method in which annealing and cold rolling are repeated after hot extrusion has been finished in FIG. 1b. In particular, the partial β-partial quenching should be effected after hot extrusion, but before annealing.
The temperature-gradient annealing may be performed in combination with the conventional total β-quenching which is performed for the whole tube. FIG. 1c shows a production method based upon a combination of the total β-quenching of the whole tube and the temperature-gradient annealing of the present invention.
As mentioned above, the temperature-gradient annealing is effected at least once but, preferably, the partial β-quenching should be performed once immediately after the hot extrusion, and the cold rolling and annealing should each be effected three times.
The following description concerns a nuclear fuel element and a nuclear fuel aggregate in which the cladding tubes formed by the method of the present invention are employed.
FIG. 2 is a partially-sectioned view of a nuclear fuel element employing the cladding tube formed by the method of the present invention. A central core 21 consisting of nuclear fuel elements 20 of a nuclear fuel material is held in a cladding tube 22. The central core 21 contains an uranium compound, a plutonium compound, or a mixture thereof. A small gap is provided between the cladding tube 22 and the central core 21.
FIG. 3 is a partially-sectioned view of a nuclear fuel aggregate according to the method of the present invention. Individual fuel elements 20 are held in channels 23 and are inserted into a nuclear reactor.
An ingot of Zircaloy 2 used consisted of 1.43% tin, 0.16% iron, 0.11% chromium, 0.06% nickel, all by weight, the balance being zirconium. This material was hot-extruded to produce a tube 63 mm in outer diameter, 10 mm thick, and 2500 mm long.
Both ends of the tube were sealed, and the tube was subjected to high-frequency partial β-quenching while the inner surface thereof was cooled with circulating water. The partial β-quenching was effected by securing a high-frequency oscillation coil, and moving the tube downward therethrough.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the structure of a partial β-quenching apparatus. Both ends of a tube 1 being produced are connected to water pipes 10, 11 by flanges 7, 8, and the inner surface of the tube 1 is constantly cooled by cooling water 2. On the other hand, the outer surface of the tube 1 is heated to a quenching temperature by a high-frequency oscillation coil 4. By moving upper and lower holder plates 5, 6 up and down, the tube 1 can be quenched over the full length thereof. Although water is used as a cooling medium herein, the predetermined temperature gradient can be obtained even when argon is introduced.
FIG. 5 shows a temperature distribution when the temperature is raised during the partial β-quenching. This temperature distribution is that obtained when water is used as the cooling medium. In this case, the temperature of the inner surface of the tube 1 is less than 100° C. As mentioned above, however, this temperature may be raised to the upper limit of the α-phase region. However, if the temperature exceeds 600° C., the precipitates become coarse, and resistance to nodular corrosion decreases. Therefore, the temperature of the inner surface of the tube 1 should be no higher than 600° C.
The outer surface of the tube 1 was heated to 960° C. for 20 to 30 seconds, and was then cooled to below 100° C. in less than one minute. The temperature on the inner surface of the tube 1 was raised to 100° C. at the most, for only a very short period of time.
Thereafter, cold rolling was performed once at room temperature to provide a cross-section reduction ratio of 70%. After the cold rolling, the tube 1 was annealed using a temperature-gradient annealing apparatus as shown in FIG. 6. A high-frequency oscillation coil 4 was inserted in the tube 1 to heat the inside thereof, and the tube 1 was moved slowly in the lengthwise direction to provide the temperature-gradient annealing. At the same time, argon 15 was blown from cooling nozzles 14 onto the outer surface of the tube 1 to keep its temperature constantly low.
In this case, the inner surface of the tube 1 was heated to about 700° C. for 5 minutes, and then the temperature was lowered to below 100° C. in less than 10 minutes. The outer surface of the tube 1, on the other hand, was heated to about 500°, lower than the above temperature of the inner surface which is about 700° C. The temperature gradient in this case is shown in FIG. 7.
During the temperature-gradient annealing, dummy tubes 12 were welded to both ends of the tube 1, and argon 15 was made to flow over the inner surface of the tube 1, in order to prevent oxidation.
Cold rolling was effected in the same manner as described above, annealing was effected at 600° C. for 2 hours, cold rolling was performed again in the same manner, and final annealing was effected at 577° C. for 3 hours.
The cladding tube according to this embodiment according to the method of the present invention had a partially recrystallized structure on the outer side, and a sufficiently softened recystallized structure on the inner side.
Corrosion tests and SCC (stress corrosion cracking) tests were performed in an iodine atmosphere on the cladding tubes. The corrosion tests were performed at 500° C. for 24 hours in water vapor, and the appearance of the test pieces was observed and the thickness of the oxide film measured. FIG. 8 shows the corrosion resistance of a conventional tube as shown in a diagram (a) and that of the tube of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention as shown in a diagram (b).
The conventional tube had not been quenched, but had been cold rolled three times, had been annealed at 650° C. for 2 hours, and had been finally annealed.
Nodular corrosion was observed in the conventional tube, and the thickness of the oxide film varied greatly, as shown in the diagram (a) of FIG. 8. On the other hand, no nodular corrosion was found on the tube of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention, and a uniform black oxide film was observed. With the tube of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the thickness of the film hardly varied as shown in the diagram (b) of FIG. 8 and this variation was close to the lower limit of the variation range of the conventional tube.
FIG. 9 shows the results of SCC tests conducted in an iodine atmosphere. Elongation around the circumference was measured after stress corrosion cracking had developed under conditions of a test temperature of 350° C. and an iodine concentration of about 1 mg/cm2 (with respect to the inner surface area of the cladding tube). As is obvious from FIG. 9, the circumferential elongation (b) of the tube of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention was larger than that (a) of the conventional tube, proving the excellent SCC resistance of the tube of this embodiment according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a graph of the relationship between annealing temperature and corrosion increment. The specimens were heated to 940° C. for 20 seconds, quenched by sprayed water, subjected to cold rolling at room temperature to obtain a cross-section reduction ratio of 70%, and were then annealed for 2 hours at various temperature.
The corrosion tests were performed at 500° C. for 24 hours in water vapor. It will be seen that corrosion increased as the annealing temperature exceeded 600° C. Recrystallization took place at temperatures above about 500° C., although this varied depending upon the degree of processing. To obtain an excellent nodular corrosion resistance, it will be understood that the annealing temperature of the outer surface which comes into contact with high-temperature, high-pressure water in the nuclear reactor should not exceed 600° C.
The material used was a hot-extruded tube the same as that employed in Example 1. Total β-quenching was effected for the whole tube. The tube was heated to 1000° C. for 20 seconds, and was then cooled to room temperature in less than a minute. The tube was then subjected to a first cold rolling step at room temperature, and was then temperature-gradient annealed in accordance with the present invention.
The temperature-gradient annealing apparatus of FIG. 6 was used. The whole tube was temperature-gradient annealed by inserting the high-frequency oscillation coil 4 in the tube 1 to heat the inner surface thereof, and spraying water from the cooling nozzles 14 onto the outer surface thereof, while moving the tube 1 in the lengthwise direction. The temperature was 800° C. on the inner surface, this temperature being maintained for 5 minutes, and was 650° C. on the outer surface thereof. Thereafter, cold rolling and annealing under conditions of 600° C. for 2 hours were effected twice to obtain a cladding tube. The annealing was effected for the whole tube. The second and third cold rolling and annealing steps were the same as those of Example 1.
Test pieces were cut from cladding tubes and were tested with respect to nodular corrosion resistance and SCC resistance in iodine. Table 1 shows the results of these tests. As comparative examples, results of a conventional tube which had not been quenched, and of a conventional tube which had been completely total β-quenched, are also tabulated. The conventional tubes were produced by the method of producing conventional tubes quoted in Example 1. As is obvious from the test results, the tubes of embodiments applying the method of the present invention exhibit an excellent resistance to nodular corrosion and an excellent SCC resistance in iodine.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Susceptibility to nodular corrosion SSC tests in iodineCladding 500° C., in water vapor at 350° C., low-speed compressiontubes Features 105 kg/cm2 for 50 hours test in iodine__________________________________________________________________________Tubes of Partial β-quenching No nodular corrosion Circumferential elongationembodiments plus temperature larger than 10%of the gradient annealingpresent Total β-quenching plus No nodular corrosion Circumferential elongationinvention temperature-gradient larger than 10% annealingConventional No quenching Conspicuous nodular Circumferential elongation 7%tubes corrosion Total β-quenched tube No nodular corrosion Circumferential elongation__________________________________________________________________________ 3%
While we have shown and described several embodiments in accordance with the present invention, it is understood that the same is not limited thereto but is susceptible of numerous changes and modifications as known to one having ordinary skill in the art and we therefore do not wish to be limited to the details shown and described herein, but intend to cover all such modifications as are encompassed by the scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4576654 *||Nov 1, 1982||Mar 18, 1986||General Electric Company||Heat treated tube|
|DE3224686A1 *||Jul 2, 1982||Jan 27, 1983||Asea Atom Ab||Process for producing encapsulating tubes composed of a zirconium-base alloy for nuclear reactor fuel rods|
|GB1525717A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4980121 *||Jul 28, 1989||Dec 25, 1990||Westinghouse Electric Corp.||Protective device for lower end portion of a nuclear fuel rod cladding|
|US5076488 *||Sep 19, 1989||Dec 31, 1991||Teledyne Industries, Inc.||Silicon grain refinement of zirconium|
|US5230758 *||Mar 18, 1992||Jul 27, 1993||Westinghouse Electric Corp.||Method of producing zirlo material for light water reactor applications|
|US5278881 *||Oct 30, 1992||Jan 11, 1994||Hitachi, Ltd.||Fe-Cr-Mn Alloy|
|US5297177 *||Sep 21, 1992||Mar 22, 1994||Hitachi, Ltd.||Fuel assembly, components thereof and method of manufacture|
|US5383228 *||Jul 14, 1993||Jan 17, 1995||General Electric Company||Method for making fuel cladding having zirconium barrier layers and inner liners|
|US5417780 *||Oct 28, 1993||May 23, 1995||General Electric Company||Process for improving corrosion resistance of zirconium or zirconium alloy barrier cladding|
|US5437747 *||Apr 23, 1993||Aug 1, 1995||General Electric Company||Method of fabricating zircalloy tubing having high resistance to crack propagation|
|US5469481 *||Mar 21, 1994||Nov 21, 1995||General Electric Company||Method of preparing fuel cladding having an alloyed zirconium barrier layer|
|US5519748 *||Apr 23, 1993||May 21, 1996||General Electric Company||Zircaloy tubing having high resistance to crack propagation|
|US5524032 *||Mar 21, 1994||Jun 4, 1996||General Electric Company||Nuclear fuel cladding having an alloyed zirconium barrier layer|
|US5578145 *||Dec 14, 1994||Nov 26, 1996||General Electric Company||Process for improving corrosion resistance of zirconium or zirconium alloy barrier cladding|
|US5618356 *||Jun 12, 1995||Apr 8, 1997||General Electric Company||Method of fabricating zircaloy tubing having high resistance to crack propagation|
|US5620536 *||Dec 15, 1993||Apr 15, 1997||Abb Atom Ab||Manufacture of zirconium cladding tube with internal liner|
|US5681404 *||Feb 9, 1995||Oct 28, 1997||General Electric Co., Wilmington Facility||Method of fabricating Zircaloy tubing having high resistance to crack propagation|
|US5699396 *||Nov 21, 1994||Dec 16, 1997||General Electric Company||Corrosion resistant zirconium alloy for extended-life fuel cladding|
|US5712888 *||Jun 5, 1996||Jan 27, 1998||General Electric Co.||Alloy for improved hydriding resistance and corrosion resistance nuclear reactor components|
|US5793830 *||Jul 3, 1995||Aug 11, 1998||General Electric Company||Metal alloy coating for mitigation of stress corrosion cracking of metal components in high-temperature water|
|US6503346||Feb 26, 1998||Jan 7, 2003||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Fuel rod cladding tube for a boiling water reactor fuel rod and the production thereof|
|US7473329 *||Oct 30, 2003||Jan 6, 2009||Westinghouse Electric Sweden Ab||Method, use and device concerning cladding tubes for nuclear fuel and a fuel assembly for a nuclear pressure water reactor|
|US7495197||Dec 28, 2006||Feb 24, 2009||Areva Np Gmbh||Method and apparatus utilizing first and second heating devices for heat treating a fuel assembly channel with induction heating|
|US7715518||Jun 4, 2003||May 11, 2010||Westinghouse Electric Sweden Ab||Method, use and device concerning cladding tubes for nuclear fuel and a fuel assembly for a nuclear boiling water reactor|
|US20050265513 *||Jun 4, 2003||Dec 1, 2005||Mats Dahlback||Method, use and device concerning cladding tubes for nuclear fuel and a fuel assembly for a nuclear boiling water reactor|
|US20130044852 *||Apr 6, 2011||Feb 21, 2013||Electricite De France||Treatment of a heater tube intended for a pressurizer of the primary cooling system of a nuclear reactor|
|DE19709929C1 *||Mar 11, 1997||Aug 13, 1998||Siemens Ag||Hüllrohr eines Brennstabs für ein Siedewasserreaktor-Brennelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung|
|EP0622470A1 *||Apr 11, 1994||Nov 2, 1994||General Electric Company||Method of fabricating zircaloy tubing having high resistance to crack propagation|
|EP0966744A1 †||Feb 26, 1998||Dec 29, 1999||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Fuel rod cladding tube for a boiling water reactor fuel rod and the production thereof|
|EP1170154A2||Jun 22, 2001||Jan 9, 2002||Ford Motor Company||Compact, low-clearance, traction assist device|
|EP1308966A1 *||Jul 13, 2002||May 7, 2003||Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute||Method for manufacturing zirconium-based alloys containing niobium for use in nuclear fuel rod cladding|
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|U.S. Classification||148/672, 976/DIG.44, 148/421, 376/457, 376/900|
|International Classification||C22F1/18, C22C16/00, G21C3/06, G21C3/07|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S376/90, Y02E30/40, G21C3/07|
|Jun 29, 1987||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: HITACHI, LTD., 6, KANDA SURUGADAI 4-CHOME, CHIYODA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:TAKASE, IWAO;YOSHIDA, TOSHIMI;IKEDA, SHINZO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004733/0614
Effective date: 19861125
|Jul 10, 1991||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 3, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 3, 1999||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jan 9, 2000||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Mar 21, 2000||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20000112


1920s Wooden antique vintage display shelves pigeon holes garage tool store old. In original as found used condition, completely original. This cam from the tool and parts store room in Hey Tools engineering in Coventry which has been recently demolished. This was by far my favourite piece I managed to salvage before the demolition team arrived. The typography is amazing and the years and years of wear is so charming.
Measure 32.7cm high x 38cm deep x 86cm wide. Collection from cv11 Nuneaton within 7 days. I will be removing from sale soon as my maternity starts in a couple of weeks for a few months so get it whilst it's still available. The item "1920s Wooden antique vintage display shelves pigeon holes garage tool store old" is in sale since Friday, November 12, 2021.
This item is in the category "Antiques\Antique Furniture\Cabinets & Cupboards". The seller is "twinfeatures" and is located in Nuneaton. This item can't be shipped, the buyer must pick up the item.


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|Distance to city centre||5,2 km|
|Nearest airport||Sarasota Bradenton Intl|
|Distance to airport||9,7 km|
|"Excellent staff and nice pool"||(in 97 reviews)|
|"The Tiki bartenders were fabulous."||(in 106 reviews)|
|"Clean, great location, laid back guests."||(in 119 reviews)|
|"Charged 15.00 a day for parking!"||(in 17 reviews)|
|"Red tide dead fish sea weed"||(in 4 reviews)|
|"Lacks 4 star quality."||(in 9 reviews)|
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|ocean view||in 103 reviews|
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Great hotel, wonderful friendly staff. Room was amazing overlooking the pool.
Spacious room. Nice bed.
Fire alarm going off at 1 in the morning
Property beautiful. Everyone was nice!! Felt mostly safe! Would love to visit again!
The cost per night just under 400$! So it was expensive. Seemed to be a lot of vacancy’s at hotel! Maybe if they lowered price they could fill those vacancy’s up!!
Tiki bar..room service...the beach
Very clean...staff very helpful..close to the beach
Called room service for towels they never came.
Lido Beach Resort offers guests contemporary lodgings in one of Florida’s most enviable beachside destinations. Its rooms and amenities make it an ideal spot for business travelers, couples, families, and groups alike.
Located on Lido Key in Sarasota, Lido Beach Resort is situated on a private beach overlooking the Gulf Coast. It’s close to many popular attractions, like St. Armands Island, Bird Key, Mote Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, and Marie Selby Botanical Gardens.
Accommodations are beach-inspired, modern, and spread across different buildings. Guests may choose guest rooms or kitchenettes in the Tiki Building, ideal for two to four guests, or guest rooms, junior suites, and suites in the Palm Building, offering more space and bay-view balconies.
Dining choices are plentiful and thoughtful. For upscale cuisine, be sure to visit Lido Beach Grille. The famous Gulf-front Tiki Bar is perfect for inspired cocktails in the open air. Café Lido serves fresh and casual eats in an inviting setting.
For amenities and services, Lido Beach Resort leaves little to be desired. There are two beachfront pools, one for adults only and one for the whole family, as well as a 24-hour fitness center. Guests can enjoy beach volleyball, and bicycle rentals are available to explore the boardwalk with ease. The spacious events center is ideal for social and business events alike.
Whether in Sarasota for work or play, a stay at Lido Beach Resort ensures guests enjoy a visit filled with indulgence, relaxation, and a beautiful ambience.
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|Sarasota Bradenton Intl||9,7 km|
|Tampa St. Petersburg||67,6 km|
|Sarasota, Florida||5,2 km|
|Pinellas Park St Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida||63,8 km|

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text:
Respond to the following:
1. Stress can be the root cause of psychological disorders. Name four symptoms shared by acute and post-traumatic stress disorders.
2. What life events are most likely to trigger a stress disorder?
3. Traumatic events do not always result in a diagnosable psychological disorder. What factors determine how a person may be affected by one such event?
4. What are the four stages in meeting the psychological needs of disaster victims?
5. What is the link between personality styles and heart disease?
6. List and briefly describe four psychological treatments for physical disorders.
1. Here are five: insomnia, hypersomnia, flashbacks, efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings, hypervigilance.
2. Any event where the "person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others" (DSM-IV-TR).
3. Factors that might contribute to how a person handles a particular trauma could be: ...
Provided is a complete and neat solution to questions regarding psychological and psycho physiological stress disorders. Answers include: symptoms shared by acute and post-traumatic stress disorders, life events that trigger stress disorders, impact of stress disorders, four stages in meeting the psychological needs of disaster victims, the link between personality styles and heart disease,, and four psychological treatments for physical disorders.


text:
The Centers for Disease Control has informed states of a voluntary recall by manufacturer Sanofi Pasteur of several lots of the H1N1 vaccine.
The recall is not related to vaccine safety.
A total of 115 providers in Georgia received 43,630 affected doses via direct shipment.
Individuals who were vaccinated from this lot do not need to be re-vaccinated. While the antigen content of these lots is now below the specification for the product, CDC and the Federal Drug Administration are in agreement that the small decrease in antigen content is unlikely to result in a clinically significant reduction in immune response among persons who have received the vaccine.

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Wireless hotspots that can deliver hundreds of megabits per second in real-world bandwidth will become more common as operators increase their investments in Wi-Fi networks.
With new DDR4 memory, computers will be faster next year but users will likely pay a premium on the price of the technology.
Shipments of solid-state drives (SSDs) rocketed in this year's first quarter and the technology is now becoming the storage of choice in thin and light laptops.
Samsung has built several different Galaxy S4 smartphones, including a U.S. version running a Snapdragon processor that requires an extra image processor to enable heavily promoted user functions such as eye-movement recognition.
China took the title of world's largest market for PCs in 2012, and a survey by IHS iSuppli revealed that computer buyers in the country had unique preferences compared to counterparts worldwide.
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- 1 How do you create and insert blocks in AutoCAD?
- 2 What is insert block command in AutoCAD?
- 3 How do you insert furniture blocks in AutoCAD?
- 4 What is the shortcut key for insert a block?
- 5 Does AutoCAD come with blocks?
- 6 How do I resize a block in Autocad?
- 7 How do you create a block?
- 8 Which block option allows you to insert a drawing in any project?
- 9 How do you insert a toilet symbol in AutoCAD?
- 10 How do you insert furniture symbols in AutoCAD?
- 11 What are blocks in AutoCAD?
- 12 What are the tools of AutoCAD?
- 13 What are the basic AutoCAD commands?
- 14 What is the basic of AutoCAD?
- 15 How do I get free blocks in CAD?
How do you create and insert blocks in AutoCAD?
A Quick Way to Create a Block in AutoCAD First, press CTRL+SHIFT+C on the keyboard, and then snap to the “insertion” point where you want the block to be defined. Then, select the objects from which you want to make a block and press ENTER.18 août 2020
What is insert block command in AutoCAD?
Displays the Blocks palette, which you can use to insert blocks and drawings into the current drawing. … Inserting a drawing file as a block also imports all of its block definitions into the current drawing. If you enter -INSERT at the Command prompt, command options are displayed in the Command window.29 mar. 2020
How do you insert furniture blocks in AutoCAD?
What is the shortcut key for insert a block?
Does AutoCAD come with blocks?
Many manufacturers in different industries provide libraries of blocks for their products for use with AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT. Some are free while some may have a fee associated. The available symbols can be found at Ribbon panel -> View tab -> Palettes panel, to launch the palettes.26 jan. 2020
How do I resize a block in Autocad?
Using the Select Objects tool click on the CAD block to select it, then click the Open Object. edit button. On the General panel of the CAD Block Specification dialog: Specify both the Height Factor and Width Factor as 1 in the Size section. Click OK to close the dialog and apply your change.
How do you create a block?
1. Click the Create Block tool button ( ) on the Tools toolbar.
2. Choose Create Block in the Tools menu.
3. Type block in the command bar, then press Enter.
Which block option allows you to insert a drawing in any project?
The Insert Block in Drawing Generation Task allows you to insert any pre-made Drawing Block onto any given Sheet.
How do you insert a toilet symbol in AutoCAD?
1. Click Insert tab Content panel drop-down Design Center .
2. Click the AEC Content tab.
3. Under Custom Applications, expand AutoCAD Architecture, and expand Imperial or Metric.
4. Expand Design, and expand one of the following layouts:
5. Double-click a layout.
How do you insert furniture symbols in AutoCAD?
How do I insert furniture blocks or other 2D elements in AutoCAD? Ribbon > View Tab > Design Centre (on Palettes Panel) > Browse to folder e.g. Home Space Planner and open blocks > drag selected furniture blocks into drawing area.”
What are blocks in AutoCAD?
In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single named object. The following are some sample blocks at various scales. Some of these blocks are realistic representations of objects, some are symbols, and one of them is an architectural title block for a D-size drawing.29 mar. 2020
What are the tools of AutoCAD?
What are the basic AutoCAD commands?
1. L. It can be used for making simple lines in the drawing.
2. C. It is the command used for making a circle in AutoCAD.
3. PL. This command can be used to make a Polyline in your drawing.
4. REC. This command will make a rectangle in AutoCAD.
What is the basic of AutoCAD?
Basics: This section reviews the basic AutoCAD controls. Viewing: Pan and zoom in a drawing, and control the order of overlapping objects. Geometry: Create basic geometric objects such as lines, circles, and hatched areas. Precision: Ensure the precision required for your models.
How do I get free blocks in CAD?
DWGmodels.com is a community of architects, designers, manufacturers, students and a useful CAD library of high-quality and unique DWG blocks. In our database, you can download AutoCAD drawings of furniture, cars, people, architectural elements, symbols for free and use them in the CAD designs of your projects!


The Bottom Line
- Cordless hedge trimmers provide the mobility of gas-powered models....
- But without the noise and pollution.
- These cordless hedge trimmers are lightweight, at only 6.5 pounds.
- Cordless hedge trimmers need their batteries recharged occasionally.
- Powered by battery, cordless hedge trimmers give you the benefits of electric without the cord.
- Hedger's 18-volt battery is rechargeable and doesn't quit easily.
- These cordless hedge trimmers cut wood up to 3/8" thick. Keep pruners handy for anything thicker.
- Unlike gas models, they start up with ease. No more gas-mixing, no more tugging on a pull-cord!
- 22" blade offers good reach and cutting surface, which is important for large hedges.
- The light weight (6.5 lbs) of these cordless hedge trimmers minimizes fatigue.
- Dual-action blades move in opposite directions, reducing vibration and further minimizing fatigue.
- Safety trigger switch and hand guard on these cordless hedge trimmers permit worry-free trimming.
Guide Review - Black & Decker 22" Cordless Hedge Trimmers (NHT518)
Gas hedgers offer maneuverability and don't need to be charged; but they're noisy, messy and can be hard to start. Enter electric hedgers: they're quiet, clean and start at the squeeze of a trigger. But corded models restrict your movements.
With cordless electric hedge trimmers, you have the best of both worlds. Battery-operated, there's no cord to worry about cutting or tripping over -- and you'll never "come to the end of your rope" (cord). I was skeptical about only one thing before trying this product: would the battery hold its charge long enough to suit me, or not? I'm happy to report that my tests yielded an answer in the affirmative.
The charger and battery are included as part of the package. Prior to first usage, charge for 9 hrs. Thereafter, charging will take only 3-6 hrs. Black & Decker claims that its cordless hedge trimmers trim "mature hedges of up to 1,200 square feet per charge." I don't have such a long hedge, so I used a different criterion. For me, it was an issue of time. How long could I go without having to recharge the battery? Well, I trimmed a bush shortly after charging my cordless hedge trimmer for the first time, then trimmed another a week later. I tested the product again today, 3 weeks after the initial charge, and it's still cutting perfectly. I'm sufficiently satisfied to recommend this product.


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The theme of human agency in relation to taboos emerges across several of the works in the Independent Theater Hungary’s Roma Heroes International Theatre Festival. Since 2017, Independent Theater Hungary has been organizing this festival, which is the European Union’s only international Roma theatre festival, every year. Independent Theater Hungary invites Roma companies and artists from many European countries to contribute. The Roma community is Europe’s largest ethnic minority, with an estimate of ten to twelve million Roma across the continent. The European Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) suggest that the Roma are still being deprived of their basic human rights in Europe. With this backdrop, a central goal of the Roma Heroes International Theatre Festival is to draw attention to the situation of Roma communities, focusing on the challenges of people and dramatic heroes.
The Roma Heroes International Theatre Festival has curated a series of plays that brings out the superpowers of each of the individuals who contributed to the works included in the festival. I had the privilege of interviewing various festival artists, directors, dramaturgs, actors, and playwrights. Through these interviews, I gleaned that central characters in the plays were often reflecting on their social realities, and many overcame adversity. In the works there was always a certain vulnerability that was transformed into a positive outcome. As I prepared for each interview, watched the plays, and discussed them with their creators, it became clear to me that risk-taking and the resilience of the individual are transformational. It was also clear that theatre plays an important role in exploring these aspects.
There is a tension that often emerges between “traditional” and “‘modern” concepts of what a Roma person might look like and how they should act.
The bravery of each of the individuals involved in the festival left me reflecting on “taboo” topics in some of their work. Several of the actors, playwrights, directors and dramaturgs drew on the lives of local Roma populations in their countries and communities. The artistic teams created characters and scenarios that went against the grain or were challenging traditions and expectations from parents, their community, or even society. The interviews also revealed that there is a tension that often emerges between “traditional” and “‘modern” concepts of what a Roma person might look like and how they should act. Many of the artistic teams wanted to honor the voices from their communities and not dictate or place expectations on the final theatrical outcome. In several interviews, there is also a celebration of the fact that the Roma families can choose and have the right to follow traditions that feel suitable to them. To venture into unknown or perhaps contested territories despite notions of “appropriateness” or “taboos” takes real courage, and the creatives involved in the Roma Heroes International Theatre Festival faced these issues in a respectful manner. In doing so, they exhibited a bravery akin to modern-day superheroes.

domain: sociology


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Brook Drive is a CQC registered, residential community drug and alcohol detoxification unit, consisting of 26 bed spaces. The service is open 24 hours 365 days a year and provides medically supervised alcohol and drug detoxification programmes for people aged 18 and above.
Thank you for all you support with clients that I have referred and have accessed your service.
The feedback has been very positive.
I have spoken with NP- he found his stay pleasant, comfortable and felt very supported by all the staff and enjoyed groups and the company of other residents.
Recovery Coordinator – Alcohol Lead @ CGL


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Mississippi River Distilling CompanyCurrently Open [Closes at 05:00 pm]
- Address: 303 N Cody Rd, Le Claire, IA 52753, USA., United States
- Timings: 10:00 am - 05:00 pm Details
- Phone: +1-5634844342
- Ticket Price: Free
- Time Required: 01:00 Hrs
- Tags: Tour
Being a distilling company, they make products like River Pilot Vodka, River Rose Gin, River Baron Artisan Spirit, Cody Road Bourbon, Cody Road Rye, Limited Release Spirits, Iowish Cream/Iowish Whiskey, "My Whiskey" Custom Whiskey which is made 100 % from the scratch. They also have a whiskey school and an initiative known as Adopt a barrel. You can look up their products on their official website and definitely find out what your bottle of alcohol is made up of! Apart from that, the free tours here are something worth going to and you can get a free sample at the end of it if you are in a legal drinking age.
- Carry your age proof.
- Do not get intoxicated out of your limits.
- Definitely shop from the retail shop.
- Free tours: Tours are free and open to all ages. The tour ends with a free sample for those who are of legal drinking age.
- Your choice of alcohol from the retail shop.
Mondays through Saturdays, 10 AM to 5 PM; Sundays 12 PM to 5 PM
- FREE TOURS: Daily on the hour at 12, 1, 2, 3, and 4 PM or by appointment. There is no need for reservations for their regular tours. Just go down near the top of the hour.
- FIRST FRIDAYS: They are open until 8 PM on the first Friday evening of every month. Their "First Friday" Features will bring a fun event to the distillery each month. Come on down!
The distillery is closed 4 days annually for holidays. Those days are: New Year's Day, Easter Sunday, Thanksgiving, Closing early at 3 pm on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day. Otherwise they are open for all other holidays.
- Drive from US Highway 67.
Love this? Explore the entire list of things to do in Le Claire before you plan your trip.
Fancy a good night's sleep after a tiring day? Check out where to stay in Le Claire and book an accommodation of your choice.
95% of people who visit Le Claire include Mississippi River Distilling Company in their plan
1 PM - 2 PM
50.77% of people start their Mississippi River Distilling Company visit around 1 PM - 2 PM
People usually take around 1 Hr to see Mississippi River Distilling Company
62.71% of people prefer to travel by car while visiting Mississippi River Distilling Company
I had the peach old fashioned and my husband chose the bacon bourbon old fashioned. We both LOVED our drinks. Then we went on the tour of the distillery and enjoyed that a lot too. Jan was a friendly and informative host and Lindsey made our terrific cocktails. Can't wait to go again!
First time here. We tried many of the specialty cocktails. Jill our bartender was incredible. The drinks were absolutely delicious. We had a lovey afternoon talking relaxing drinking. I highly recommend coming here when you’re in town. We drove 3 hours to get here and it was well worth the trip. Jill is one of the best bartenders I’ve ever had the pleasure to meet. The drinks were true works of are and crafted with the finest ingredients locally sourced. Beautiful views of the river and relaxing easy environment. Thanks for a wonderful experience Shelly & Brian
We visited the distillery last weekend (2.24.18). We started by ordering a round of cocktails; the drinks were delicious and we didn’t think the price was unreasonable for a higher-end drink. The atmosphere was pleasant and inviting. After enjoying our cocktails we elected to take the free tour. The tour was informative; each step of the distilling process was covered in some detail. We also learned that many of the ingredients are purchased locally – very cool. They provide free samples during the tour…delicious…I just had to buy a bottle! We will definitely go back to this place.
The bacon old fashioned is awesome. Recommended to any bacon lovers
Simply a must visit while in Le Claire. Incredible drinks, we had old fashioned and smoked hard lemonade. Spectacular views.


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I have learned through making films the warfare and calmness of indie movie production could be creative hell or imaginative paradise. It’s cliché, but it’s actually all in a individual’s perspective on indie movie production that it’ll be. Becoming unrealistic about which sort of indie movie you’ll be able to make using a restricted film budget Corporate Video an aspiring filmmaker up for imaginative hell. They’re creating this indie movie that’s going to be a sweeping epic that has a little military of a production team and brief collection of climbing talented actors for the lead character.
I think in going after your filmmaking fantasies, but also you to be sensible. I ran into them a few weeks back and they had been at a shitty unhappy disposition. They felt like a film making collapse since they could not create their indie movie production occur. They were in creative hell torturing themselves for not having the ability to create their film. There was no point adding more damaging gas to burning fire by telling them how they way over taken their movie budget and the movie had no possibility of being forced. Having too lofty aims for a movie production you are picture budget can not handle is a terrible place for any filmmaker to maintain in
. The dreadful time in my filmmaking life once I completely let strain and worry dominate me through post-production of my very first feature film. I’d established a creative hell for me personally. Knowing that other individuals have fallen short of the creative mark did create them feel just a tiny bit better. After speaking they explained that they were planning to make a more compact picture with a tighter script taken at the current moment. Making films is stressful, character conflicts on places occur and technical issues are constantly lurking. We do not have to allow the negative things absorb us that we fly off the handle within little film production issues, become rude jerks to others on become paralyzed with self-doubt and dread. When you are in creative hell throughout indie movie production the film will probably suffer at all levels.

domain: artistic


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Must Visit Tourist Places in Seoul, South Korea!
Seoul. One word, one city that brings so many fond memories back to me. I loved that city so much and luckily I got to stay there for over 2 years on and off. I explored Seoul old school style – on foot, in metro and sometimes buses. Everything that happened in those years has remained fresh in my memories. And since I have never talked about my trip and first trip to Seoul in detail on this blog ever before (this being a beauty blog et all), I thought I would tell you a little bit about those days today. Since I was accompanying my husband for a short term assignment of 3 months, I applied and received a Tourist Visa. I will also list the place you must visit in Seoul. So in case you are planning to visit Seoul in the near future, you might find this information useful!
We booked International Flights for our trip to Seoul and the best route turned out to be:
Bangalore -> Hongkong -> Seoul
And we got both of our flights from the same carrier – Cathay Pacific Airways.
The only downside to this carrier is that they allow 23kgs of check-in and 7kgs of hand luggage. Many other carriers offer upto 40 kgs. But we found Cathay Pacific rates to be decent so we went for it (plus that gave us an excuse to shop in Korea!)
Our flight left at 3:15am and we arrived in HongKong in 6 hours. After a halt of 4 hours, we left HongKong for Seoul. It took us three and a half hours to land in Seoul. We arrived in the evening and it took us another 90 minutes taxi ride to arrive at our destination in Bundang-gu (a suburb in the outskirts of Seoul). We were stayed at the SR Hotel in Seohyeon.
We stayed so close to the main market of Seohyeon and the AK Plaza (a mall) that we had no issues with finding restaurants and supermarkets for our stay. We explored only Seohyeon in the first week of our stay while we searched for an apartment for rent in the neighbourhood close to my husband’s office. And we found a spacious one in Jeongja-dong!
We moved to Jeongja-dong and since there were no good markets in the neighbourhood at the time, I used to go to Kim’s Mall in Migeum, emart in Jukjeon or the market in Ori. All of these places are on the yellow subway line (called the Bundang line). Sometimes I went there on foot! These trips to the markets introduced me to Korean brands like Etude House, Nature Republic, The Face Shop, Missha, Innisfree, Laneige, Skinfood etc. All of these brands have their outlets (sometimes more than one) in the same locality. Migeum was my favourite since it was at a walkable distance of 1.2 kms from my apartment and I could get groceries in the area in addition to checking out cosmetics. Migeum also had drugstores – Olive Young and Watsons – which housed various international brands like Maybelline, L’Oreal, NUXE, Catrice Cosmetics, OPI, Majolica Majorca, Canmake, FairyDrops, NYX, Revlon, Elle girl, KATE, Bomb cosmetics, Aveeno, Art Deco, Kiss Me, etc.
Anyway that is sufficient about my daily life in Seoul so let me share all the places I explored in Seoul and would highly recommend to you for your trip to Seoul, South Korea!
1. Seoul Tower
I think no matter how many lattice (or otherwise) towers you visit, each one of them offers something different. My husband has visited the Eiffel Tower so he was not as excited as I to explore this landmark of Seoul. It is the tallest structure in South Korea and offers gorgeous panoramic views of the city. I loved the observatories and I think going there at sunset was the best time for us. We had a great time both at the base of the tower (outdoors) and in the observatory. We went there through the cable car which was an experience itself. If you in Seoul for a short duration, this is something that will always be a cherished memory I think.
2. Chandeokgung palace
There are 5 main palaces in Seoul from the Joseon Dynasty and I have visited all of them. In my opinion if you go to Chandeokgung palace, you can skip the other four. The second one I enjoyed visiting was the Gyeongbokgung palace (because of the changing guard ceremony). Chandeokgung is the largest palace of the 5 and also has a secret garden which we loved exploring as well. My husband is not into history so I took a friend with me. For a sneak peek of the Korean history, do check out the palaces. The Changeokgung palace is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
PS – The secret garden has a separate ticket so at the counter ask for the ticket to Secret garden (guided tour) in addition to the palace ticket.
Insa-dong is a gorgeous locality in Seoul and a must visit for people looking to grab some souvenirs worth buying. You can find antiques, traditional goods, fine art and handcrafted products. There are some cute tea shops and art galleries worth visiting.
Some of my favourite things to buy were gemstones specifically Amethyst jewelry, Mother-of-pearl products like jewelry boxes, key chains etc., Ginseng, silk products like purses, wallets, and Korean handmade paper products like lanterns, fans etc.
I am sure there are many other things you can get in Insa-dong, do visit Ssamzie-gil (a shopping centre which is like world of its own). There are plenty of artists making caricatures in 10 minutes and under!
Gangnam-gu is really famous (thanks to Psy’s song Gangnam Style). It is a business and shopping districts in Seoul. And a must visit place if you are into shopping or eating or just exploring. The Gangnam area is full of shopping complexes, brand outlets, shopping malls, restaurants, pubs, cafés, hotels, cinema halls etc. Basically it is a place for everyone. I loved going to Gangnam. It was the most accessible major shopping joint for me in Seoul since I lived in Jeongja. Jeongja and Gangnam are connected via the Red Line (Sinbundang line). It took me hardly 20 minutes to reach Gangnam. There are also a couple of nice Indian restaurants that I loved. You can find restaurants with cuisines from all over the world. It is a lively place and a must-visit place especially for shopping!
I have already covered Myeong-dong in my Shopping in Seoul blogposts in the past. So there is no way I was going to exclude it from this list. While Gangnam and Myeongdong are very similar for shopping, I think Myeongdong has a bit more of soul than Gangnam. Out of the two, I would choose Myeongdong. It is also crowded most of the time. You can find all sorts of international brands in Myeongdong. Shinsegae Department store houses major luxury brands so if you are into that sort of thing, visit Myeongdong on your trip to Seoul (Korea).
6. Moonlight Rainbow Fountain (Banpo Bridge)
The world’s longest fountain (musical fountain) is worth visiting in Seoul. It is located at one of the bridges built on Han river (connecting North and South parts of Seoul). There are a total of 16 briges like these and each one of them is beautiful but Banpo bridge is definitely one of a kind. The musical fountain and lights are really mesmerizing in the evenings. If you are visiting Seoul in months between April to October, do visit the place for the show. It is really lovely.
7. Han-gang River (+Cruise)
Han river is a beautiful area with plenty of parks, swimming pools and other facilities. I could not resist adding the Hangang River Cruise activity as a part of the must-visit places in Seoul. The river cruise especially the one in the evening is worth taking. When the cruise crosses under the beautifull-lit bridges, it all looks so etheral. Again, one-of-a-kind experience. And the cruise in the evening also stops very close to Banpo bridge. Watching the musical fountain from the cruise itself is even more exciting than watching it sideways from the banks of the Han river. Han river area is fantastic for picnics and camping too!
8. 63 City Building
Another point to get a beautiful view of Seoul, 63 City Building is another tourist attraction which I think is worth visiting in Seoul. The name comes from the fact that building has 63 floors – 3 under the ground and 60 above. The observatory is on the 60th floor while major part of the building is kept for business. If you have time only for one, I would say choose Seoul Tower because it offers views from two points – base of the tower which is the top of the Namsan Hill and the observatory in the tower. Otherwise, the glass elevators of 63 city building are also fun. I loved looking out from the elevator as we reached up from 1st to the 60th floor!
That is it for this post! I will be sharing a list of other places worth visiting in Seoul in my next post. Stay tuned.
*We arrived exactly on the 89th day of our departure via the same route and the same carrier. It was my first and the most special travel experiences of my life. A part of soul still lives in Seoul!

domain: geography


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Witness appeal after man hit by two cars in Harlesden fight
- Credit: PA Wire/Press Association Images
Police are appealing for witnesses to a mass street fight in Harlesden which has left a man fighting for his life after he was hit by two cars.
The 27-year-old victim was hit by a car and thrown on its bonnet before falling off and hit by a second vehicle in the High Street during the brawl.
Detectives investigating the incident on September 6 at around 3.30am believe between 15 and 20 men were fighting in the street near the Chicken Cottage shop close to The Cleopatra Lounge club.
The victim was struck by the silver Mercedes A Class car registration number V168 DLU which was spotted speeding away from the scene before he was hit by a silver Ford Focus which dragged him along the street.
The men in the Ford Focus registration number BF14 FDN abandoned the car and fled on foot.
Police have seized the car.
The victim is in a critical condition in hospital.
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- 3 Trial date for men charged with fatal stabbing of Emmanuel Odunlami
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Police are appealing for information and witnesses following the attempted murder of a man in Brent.
Detective Chief Inspector, Noel McHugh, investigating officer, said: “This was a shocking assault which has left a man fighting for his life. Witnesses have seen two vehicles collide with the victim, and despite their attempts to intervene he eventually became trapped between the wheels of a car.
“We are now keen to trace the silver Mercedes vehicle as well as the occupants seen travelling in this vehicle. We would also like to speak to anyone who could identify the men involved in the initial argument or who knew the occupants of the Ford Focus.
“Following previous appeals we are aware that some witnesses may have unwittingly removed items from the scene - either from the vehicles or the road side. We appeal to those people to come forward and return any items as soon as possible.”
Anyone witnesses or anyone with any information should call the incident room on 020 8785 8000 or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.

domain: law


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DirectorFlexmag Crafts Pvt Ltd
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I design and develop products for hobby art and craft. We produce these under the brand name Pie Lane. We are a Pune and Mumbai based company and cater to Indian and European markets.