US 3560739 A
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United States Patent Inventor Otto Wolil' Alt-Pichelsdorf 11, 1000 Berlin 20, Germany Appl. No. 810,698 Filed Mar. 26, 1969 Patented Feb. 2, 1971 Priority Mar. 26, 1968 Switzerland PARTICLE BEAM APPARATUS FOR SELECTIVELY FORMING AN IMAGE OF A SPECIMEN OR ITS DIFFRACTION DIAGRAM 24 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs.
us. c1 250/495; 313/84; 335/210 rm. c1 00111 23/04; Holj37/l4: Holi37/26 Field of Search ..250/49.s 1),
 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,418,349 4/1947 Hillier et al. 250/495 3,046,397 7/l962 Delong et al 250/495 Primary ExaminerWilliam F. Lindquist Attorney-Curt M. Avery, Arthur E. Wilfond, Herbert L.
Lerner and Daniel J. Tick ABSTRACT: Particle beam device for selectively imaging a specimen or a specimen diffraction diagram having a separately energizable electromagnetic diffraction lens located coaxially of the beam axis between the lens gap of objective lens and the projection lens. The diffraction lens is mounted in magnetically insulating relation within the bore of the objective lens which reduces the axial space of the device. The diffraction lens comprises two component lenses that develop opposing magnetic fluxes along the beam axis so that imag rotations within the diffraction lens are avoided.
sum 1 or 3 PATENTED FEB 2 \97l PARTICLE BEAM APPARATUS FOR SELECTIVELY FORMING AN IMAGE OF A SPECIMEN OR ITS DIFFRACTION DIAGRAM My invention relates to a particle beam apparatus for selectively forming an image of a specimen or its diffraction diagram. A solution to this task is known from a paper in Philips' Technische Rundschau," Aug. l9S0,pages 33 to 64,which discloses an electron microscope that contains a radiation part in beam direction in front of the specimen, as well as an imaging part in beam direction behind the specimen which has an individually energizable electromagnetic diffraction lens located between the lens gap of an electromagnetic objective lens having a lens bore and an electromagnetic projection lens of such construction that it translates the diffraction diagram outlined in the back focal plane of the objective lens into the objective plane of the projection lens.
In known particle beam apparatus the projection lens constitutes the projective lens of an electron microscope, that is, the last image-forming lens in beam direction, and the diffraction lens, or the intermediate lens arranged between the diffraction lens and the projective lens, is selectively energized. In the first-mentioned operational state, the diffraction diagram is enlarged and projected on a final image screen, whereas the normal electron-microscopic image of the specimen is formed during operation with an energized intermediate lens.
Due to the use of electromagnetic lenses in the known electron microscope as well as due to the frequent energization and deenergization of the intermediate lens and of the diffraction lens which must have variable refraction forces, additional image distortions can occur during transitions between the conventional operating condition wherein an image of the specimen is formed and the condition wherein an image of the diffraction diagram is formed. These distortions make the coordination or correspondence of the image of the diffraction diagram to the image of the specimen more difficult. Also, the diffraction lens, arranged as an independent lens between the image lenses, utilizes space in axial direction and it is desirable to construct the customarily perpendicularly arranged electron microscope so as to have the smallest possible height.
The publication of the Sixth lntemational Congress for Electron-Microscopy in Kyoto, 1966, pages 19 and 20, discloses the use of an electrostatic diffraction lens to prevent a disturbing change of the stray fluxes in the vicinity of the specimen which causes detrimental influences to the electron beam impinging upon the specimen during high-resolution investigations. The electrostatic lens is within an electron microscope equipped with electromagnetic lenses. In this connection, actually two electrostatic lenses are used, one being a reducing lens and the other a magnifying lens. The lenses are selectively energized. After the reducing lens is energized and while the intermediate lens behind the two diffraction lenses is switched on (three-step specimen imaging), or when the intermediate lens is switched off (two-step specimen imaging) and the magnifying diffraction lens is energized, a two-step magnified image of the diffraction diagram is obtained with useful camera length.
Because the diffraction lenses are constructed as electrostatic lenses in the aforedescribed device, their energization does not produce an additional image rotation. However, the lenses require a supplementary high voltage generator in addition to the space needed for independent lenses because of the dielectric strength between the electrodes and other high-voltage-carrying parts. The high-voltage generator must generate a very constant voltage.
It is an object of my invention to. provide a particle beam device for selectively forming an image of a specimen or its diffraction diagram. Subsidiary to this object, it is an object of my invention to equip the radiating and imaging portions of the particle beam device with permanent magnet lenses. It is still another object of my invention to provide a particle beam apparatus which eliminates the aforementioned disadvantages of the known apparatus.
With regard to providing the radiating and imaging portions with permanent magnet lenses, none is provided in the electromagnetic diffraction lens. Typical of the particle beam devices to which the present invention relates are electron and ion microscopes.
According to a feature of the invention, the diffraction lens is constructed as a double lens with two lens gaps having a mutual separation smaller than the image width of the component lens of the diffraction lens which contains the first lens gap in beam direction. The magnetic fluxes of the difiraction lens are oppositely aligned along the lens axis and are in a relation to each other with respect to intensity so as to eliminate the disturbing image rotation through the diffraction lens. Also, the diffraction lens is positioned in magnetic insulating relation within the bore of the objective lens.
Thus, the invention combines the advantages of an electrostatic diffraction lens (that is, good shielding, no image rotation) with the advantages of an electromagnetic diffraction lens (no additional high-voltage generator, easy adjustment of the lens excitation) as well as a reduction in the additional axial space, required in the known embodiment for both lenses. These advantages are combined because the construction selected for the lens is such that the latter is free of image rotations and because the diffraction lens is accommodated within the objective lens.
The construction of electromagnetic double lenses has been known in several basic forms for a long time. For example, German Pat. No. 819,438 discloses a double lens system wherein a single winding for the production of the magnetic flux and a single iron core with two lens gaps following each other in beam direction are provided. This type of lens arrangement attains the same focal length as a single lens but with a considerably smaller cross section in the flux-carrying iron path. Such a double lens system, however, is not used in the invention since in the known double lens system the mag netic fluxes are equally aligned so that the image rotation, which the invention purposely aims to avoid, occurs as before.
Another basic construction of double lenses is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,418,349. Here, two lenses having individual windings and iron cores and having two lens gaps are arranged sequentially one behind the other so that the second of the two lenses seen in beam direction is arranged within the focal length of the first lens seen in beam direction. The significance of this arrangement is found in the reduction of lens errors.
Still another configuration is described in German Pat. No. 680,284. There two lens windings are present which are subordinated to one lens gap. With the aid of variable lens currents passed through the two windings, the location of the position of the lens axis can be adjusted in radial direction where the greatest influence of the beam takes place. If the number of ampere windings of the upper coil is greater, this position will be above the center point of the entire lens, otherwise this position will be below the center point. Hence, the effect of the influence of the beam can be placed at an arbitrary point between the two lens gaps, within certain limits. Here, too, the magnetic fluxes are aligned equally in both lens gaps.
In contrast, a report in the Zeitschrift fur physik" l935,pages 634 to 642,describes an electromagnetic double lens which is constructed so that the image rotations caused by each of the lens components of the device are canceled out because of the oppositely directed fluxes in both lens gaps. This type of lens arrangement is used to particular advantage as a diffraction lens because the double lens is arranged within the objective lens. It is essential for the double lens according to the invention that no intermediate image occur between the two lens gaps; otherwise this arrangement would constitute a normal sequence of two separate lenses.
The effect of such a double lens, as utilized by the invention, results because the refracting power of the lens is proportional to the square of the magnetic field intensity and thus is not dependent on the direction of the magnetic flux in the two lens gaps, while the image rotation is linearly proportional to the field intensity and thus dependent on the direction of the magnetic fluxes.
The advantage of using an additional diffraction lens provides a considerable operational simplification of the device during the transition of conventional specimen imaging, to an imaging of the diffraction diagram or vice versa.
Normally, this transition is effected by reversing the excitation of the intermediate lens in such a manner that, altemately, the image of the specimen or the image of the diffraction diagram is projected on the final image screen of the apparatus or on the photographic material. This not only produces a change in the image rotation brought about by the intermediate lens, as a result of a change in its excitation current, but can alw produce, particularly when the construction of the particle beam apparatus is crowded, the aforementioned change in the stray fluxes within the region of the specimen, which necessitates a subsequent adjustment in the radiation portion.
if on the other hand, an additional diffraction lens is installed, the excitation of the intermediate lens remains constant and no image rotation occurs in the diffraction lens as designed by the invention.
According to a feature of the invention, the diffraction lens is constructed so that it transmits the diffraction diagram into the object plane of an immediately adjacent projection lens, that is, an intermediate lens in a particle beam apparatus which contains more than two image lenses. It is also possible to dimension the diffraction lens, or more specifically, to vary its excitation current so that the diffraction lens also effects a transmission into the object plane of another projection lens, namely, in a three-stage particle beam apparatus, into the object plane of the projective lens.
According to another feature of the invention, it many he of advantage to vary the excitation current of the diffraction lens in such a way that when the excitation current of the objective lens is switched off, the diffraction lens can be adjusted for forming an image of the specimen in the object plane of the projection lens. This type of operation affords the opportunity of employing the diffraction lens virtually as an objective with a long focal length which images the specimen which lies in its customary position with slight magnification or with an imaging scale of 1: l in the object plane of, for example, the intermediate lens. This affords a possibility for small enlargements, for example, with an electron microscope at sufficient resolving power.
As a rule, the use of the diffraction lens, provided in accordance with the invention, does not require additional regulating devices, since the distance between the specimen plane and the rear focal plane of the objective lens is very small in all cases and since the lens circuit of the diffraction lens must, in any case, contain means for making a precision adjustment of the diffracting power of this lens.
As already discussed, the diffraction lens can be used as a true transmission lens, that is, at an image scale of 1:1, but it is also possible to adjust an imaging scale, deviating therefrom. As a rule, one will prefer, as a result of an appropriate selection of such an imaging scale, to provide approximately the same magnification for the imaging of the first specimen image projected by the objective as for the imaging of its diffraction diagram. On the other hand, it may be expedient in connection with certain specimen structures to magnify the diffraction diagram more than the image of the specimen. However, available space conditions frequently limit the selection of the imaging scale to a value which is close to the imaging scale of 1:1.
This imaging scale of 1:1 will be adjusted, for example, when the diffraction diagram is transmitted into the object plane of the adjacent projection lens and if the same magnification is desired as that during the imaging of the first specimen image.
A projection lens is dependent with respect to its focal length on the value of magnetic field intensity; this dependency is defined by a characteristic curve for which the focal width first decreases to a minimum with increasing magnetic field intensity and thereafter increases in response to further increases in magnetic field intensity. in contrast to the projection lens, the focal width of a transmission lens, for example of the objective lens, diminishes with an increase in magnetic field intensity in one direction. In the meaning of this definition is described the conception of a projection lens within the scope of the invention.
in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the diffraction lens has two flux-producing windings, as well as an iron path consisting of three annular discs positioned on the front faces of the windings and a tubular portion which connects the outer faces of the discs so as to enclose the two windings. The inner regions of the annular disc which face the lens axis define as pairs, the two lens gaps. Thus, the double lens has neither an inner iron core nor special pole shoes for defining the lens gaps; rather, the latter are formed by the discs as gaps with lengths which virtually correspond to the height of the winding lying parallel therewith. This not only affords the advantage of small distortions but limits the resulting magnetic flux so that the iron cross sections can be small. This type of core-free design is recommended for the diffraction lens also in view of its installation into the objective lens which makes space conditions very limited. With this design of the diffraction lens, the induction in the iron path can be so small that highly permeable iron alloys can be used having very small coercive force and so, also a low remanence. This ensures that, after the excitation current for the diffraction lens is shut off, the latter can no longer influence the particle beam.
In the preferred embodiment, the objective lens is designed as a pole shoe lens and the bore of its second pole shoe in beam direction is widened in its region that faces away from the lens gap, thereby forming a receptacle for the diffraction lens. in this arrangement, if an electromagnetic objective lens is used, its winding surrounds the diffraction lens, so that in axial direction there is no lack of space, at least not a disturbing lack of space, for the diffraction lens.
This spatial concentration of beam-influencing devices can be further extended by simultaneously providing an expansion in the second objective pole shoe for receiving a stigmator arranged in beam direction ahead of the diffraction lens. Such stigmator devices are known, for example, from US. Pat. No. 3,150,258.
A construction for the objective lens known from US. Pats. Nos. 2,851,611 and 2,939,955 can also be advantageous within the scope of the invention, whereby the objective lens has two excitation windings, following each other in sequence in radiation direction. Between these two excitation windings,
to the side of the lens gap, a space is left open for a device used for laterally inserting the specimen into the lens gap. With this type of lateral specimen insertion, no space must be provided above the objective lens for a locking device and neither does a specimen cartridge extend into the bore of the upper pole shoe of the objective lens. The bore of the first pole shoes, seen in beam direction, of the objective lens can then be provided with a deflection system for the particle beam so that diffraction diagrams can also be produced in the light of individual reflections. Such deflection systems are also part of the state of the art and can be formed of coil pairs lying opposite each other or of electrostatic deflection plates, so that through an appropriate excitation of the two pairs, the particle beam can be deflected in any desired direction prior to its impingement upon the specimen. The two pairsof deflector devices can also be combined by arranging the front faces of the coils of one pair, facing the beam, simultaneously, as electrostatic deflection plates, insulated and connected to voltage, so that they constitute the second pair at the same time. In this connection, reference is made to German printed publication DAS 1,088,628, 21g 37/01.
For structural reasons the first winding, in beam direction, of the objective lens is constructed for a larger number of ampere turns than the second excitation coil. For example, the first coil can receive two-thirds of the total number of ampere turns.
The arrangement of the diffraction lens, with its magnetically conductive parts within the objective lens, affords good shielding of the specimen vicinity against stray fields which can be produced by the diffraction lens. In this respect, too, the core-free design of the diffraction lens with low field intensity is preferred.
Investigations have shown that though the diffraction lens has a relatively large opening error constant, due to its construction, the disturbance caused by the opening error can become virtually negligible down to low magnifications.
it is known that a selector diaphragm will usually be arranged in the object plane of that projection lens into which the diffraction lens transmits the diffraction diagram. This is done for the purpose of masking details in the image. In this case, the objective lens is firmly adjusted to the selector diaphragm plane and likewise the below lying projection lens which usually constitutes an intermediate lens in the apparatus. The total magnification of the particle beam apparatus must, therefore, be adjusted by changing the excitation of the intermediate lens and the refractory force of the projection lens. Since the object plane, as well as the image plane, are fixedly assumed, it may be necessary, according to a further feature of the invention, to provide two intermediate lenses, the first in beam direction, constituting the projection lens into whose object plane the diffraction lens transmits the diffraction diagram.
The excitation currents of the two intermediate lenses must then be variable for the objective lens, in accordance with the desired total magnifying range, at a constant excitation current. Conventional current adjusters are used for this purpose. Also, as shown in German Pat. No. 929,747,several exchangeable pole shoe systems can be provided for the objective lens and held, for example, in a rotary drum type device.
As previously mentioned, the magnifying adjustment is effected by changing the excitation of the intermediate lenses. Even if a disturbing image rotation due to the diffraction lens is eliminated by an appropriate construction of this lens, it is still advantageous to construct the intermediate lenses also in form of double lenses which are free of image rotation.
in this way a particle beam device is obtained which makes it possible to produce with the same orientation magnified images of a diffraction diagram as well as of a specimen, regardless of the respective magnification.
If a fixed adjustment for the diffraction forces of the specimen and the projective is used, care must be taken during the construction of the intermediate lens so that it will accommodate an imaging particle beam-having a large diameter, during small magnification, this being especially true for the second intermediate lens seen in beam direction. The bore of the first intermediate lens must also have a large diameter in view of the image errors, since this lens must scale down during a low magnification and must produce an image close to the second intermediate lens during high magnification. As conventional lens equations show, the dimensioning also includes, essentially, the distance between the selector diaphragm plane and the principal plane of the first intermediate lens.
By leaving an appropriate space between the two intermediate lenses, an additional device for universal diffraction can be inserted therebetween which primarily contains a specimen holder and a subsequently energized lens. These devices are known as such; for example, see U.S. Pat No. 2,403,529. There is also space for a device for X-ray microanalysis.
The preferred structural configuration of the invention specifies that the diffraction lens be held at a base plate while it extends into the bore of the objective lens. The base plate with inserted vacuum seals rests against the rear front face, in beam direction, of the objective lens and has channels for accommodating electrical terminal leads in a vacuumtight manner. tifhannels for cooling means can also be provided. This base plate can be provided with an adjusting drive for transverse displacement for centering the diffraction lens with respect to the of the objective lens. in principle, a construction such as the one known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 2,939,955,for transversely displacing specimen tables can be used to achieve this purpose. The vacuumtight arrangement of such drives is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 2,423,158.
As previously mentioned, it is necessary to install the diffraction lens in the objective lens in a magnetically insulated relation thereto, so that the respective fluxes of these lenses will be separate from each other. Since the diffraction lens is located within the vacuum chamber of the apparatus, this insulation can be accomplished by arranging the diffraction lens in the bore of the objective lens under the formation of a gap.
The base plate described above can also serve as a holder for a stigmator device. in the latter case, it is preferable to equip the plate of nonmagnetic material with a tube which extends into the objective lens. The diffraction lens as well as the stigmator device are then arranged on this tube.
A disc which shields stray magnetic fields can be arranged in beam direction following the base plate, the disc being equipped with means for receiving the selector diaphragm and accompanying drives, and following the latter, the projection lens is positioned, whereby the disc is inserted between the aforementioned equipment by the interpositioning of vacuum seals.
The invention will be further elucidated with reference to embodiments illustrated by way of example on the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration, in section, of an objective lens of an electron microscope equipped with a diffraction lens constructed as a double lens;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the essential quantities needed in calculations pertaining to the defraction lens; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 show, partly in section, the essential parts of an electron microscope pertaining to the illustrative embodiment of the invention.
The lens gap 1 of the objective lens in FIG. 1 is formed by the two pole shoes 2 and 3 which have bores for passing the electron beam, the axis of the latter being indicated by reference numeral 4. The bore 5 of the second pole shoe 3, in beam direction, is constructed to receive the stigmator device 6 and the diffraction lens 7. The diffraction lens contains two excitation coils 8 and 9, as well as an iron path for the magnetic flux which is formed by the three discs 10, ill and 12 at the front faces of the coils 8 and 9 together with tube 13 which connects the outer surfaces of the three discs in magnetic conductivity. The lens gaps of the diffraction lens 7 extend between the discs 12 and 11 and between 11 and 10 since no magnetic core has been provided. Due to mutually opposing currents in coils 8 and 9, the magnetic fluxes in these gaps are also opposed to each other. The current directions are indicated in FIG. 1 by a cross and a dot within respective circles. Consequently, the diffraction lens 7 functions free of image rotation with the same number of ampere turns for their windings 8 and 9 and is free of image rotation.
When the diffraction lens 7 is energized, it focuses the electron beam upon the selector diaphragm plane 14. The path of the beam is indicated by reference numeral 15 when the diffraction lens is energized and by 16 when the diffraction lens is deenergized.
The selector diaphragm plane 14 is coincident with the objective plane of the first intermediate lens 17 having lens gap 18.
Preparatory to a discussion of the embodiment of the invention according to FIGS. 3 and 4, the determination of the relation between the focal length f of the first and second lens portions of the double lens which constitutes the diffraction lens, on the one hand, and of the resultant focal length F, on the other hand, is clarified by referring to H6. 2. The same observations could be made for calculations pertaining to the intermediate lenses constructed as double lenses. Reference character L in FIG. 2 designates the primary plane of the den ble lens.
Assuming that the distance e between the middle planes L and L" of the two component lenses is considerably less than the focal width f of the lens portions and assuming further, which is the case in actual practice, that the deviation between the positions of the main planes and the lens centers is negligible, the following equation is obtained:
As a rule, the quadratic expression in the numerator will have a value in the vicinity of 0. l so that the equation which is used in light optics can also be used to determine the approximate focal length of a double lens, as follows:
FIG. 3 shows the region of an objective lens and of the first intermediate lens of an electron microscope. In the illustration, the electron beam emitted by a beam generator of known construction travels from left to right along axis 20. The beam crosses a specimen 21a arranged in gap 21 of the objective lens. By means of the objective lens and the succeeding magnifying lenses, and depending upon which plane is imaged by the subsequent lenses, the beam forms an image of the specimen or of the diffraction diagram which is magnified and projected on a nonillustrated screen or on photographic material.
The objective lens contains two windings 22 and 23 which are arranged at respective sides of the lens gap 21. In this example, a water cooling means 24 is provided for both lens windings, but its construction is of subordinate importance with regard to the invention. The magnetic flux produced by these windings closes through the iron path comprising parts 25 to 28 and the two pole shoes 29 and 30. The water cooling means 24 has no magnetic effect since it is made of copper. Reference numerals 31 and 32 designate connectors for vacuum lines.
According to the invention, the bore 33 of the second pole shoe 29, seen in beam direction, widens to form a receptacle for the diffraction lens 34 and the electromagnetic stigmator 35. The tubular inner region of portion 25 and the pole shoe tip 29 may be regarded as one portion. The bore diameter and the outer diameter of the diffraction lens 34 are dimensioned so that a magnetically insulated gap 36 exists between the two portions. As in FIG. 1, the diffraction lens 34 contains two excitation coils 37 and 38 through which current is passed in respectively opposite directions. Lens 34 also contains iron path 39 which has the same configuration as in FIG. 1. The coils of the stigmator and the diffraction lens 34 are insulated by means of a casting resin 40.
The stigmator 35 and the diffraction lens 34 are positioned upon the tubular carrier 41 having a flange-type region 42 attached to base plate 43 made of magnetically neutral material.
In beam direction behind the objective lens, the plate 43 extends transverse to the beam to reach to the region of the microscope housing 44. In this embodiment, the base plate is attached by screws 45 to part 25. Suitably arranged sealing means 47 and 48 ensure that the vacuum chamber of the apparatus will be as small as possible.
Channels 49 are arranged within the base plate 43 for the passage of a coolant. Additional channels 50 serve for leading electric leads to windings 37 and 38 as well as to the coils of the stigmator 35. For clarity, these leads are represented as S1 and 52 and are directed through the magnetically insulated intermediate space 36.
In the illustrated embodiment, the cooling channels 49 open into the cooling chamber 49a shown in H6. ll, the latter also showing the arrangement of the channels 49. FIG. 4- shows the base plate 43 which can be made, for example, of brass or bronze.
A flux barrier 53 is disposed in beam direction behind the base plate 43. Barrier 53 functions to ensure that the stray fluxes of the diffraction lens 34- and of the succeeding intermediate lens 54 will not expand freely, the latter lens 54 also being constructed as a double lens. Carrier 53 is also constructed in the form of a plate. However, it is comprised of magnetically conductive material and is provided with channels 55 and the cage 56 for receiving a selector diaphragm of known design. The selector diaphragm is equipped with known drives for transverse displacement.
A feature of special significance with regard to the intermediate lens 54 is that it contains two excitation coils 57 and 53 provided with a lens gap 59 or 60. This gap is produced through interruptions in the iron or magnetic circuit by annular portions 61 to 62 of nonmagnetic material. Reference numeral 63 designates a water cooling means.
The aperture diaphragm 64 is located in the rear focal plane of the diffraction lens. The diaphragm is dimensioned so that the beam will pass without hindrance when the objective lens is deenergized, the beam having a relatively large cross section at the plane of the diaphragm.
The objective lens is always focused upon the plane of the selector diaphragm, that is, upon the plane of the cage 56. Immediately upon being energized, the difi'raction lens 34 transmits the diffraction diagram, which is projected in the rear focal plane of the objective lens, into the plane of the selector diaphragm, so that a magnified image of the diagram is formed.
As previously noted, when the objective lens is deenergized, the diffraction lens 34 can also be used as an objective lens with a large focal length for imaging the specimen with a lower magnification.
Basically, with the exception of the diffraction lens, it is also possible to build the lenses as permanent-magnet lenses. This, however, may involve difficulties with respect to changes in the refraction forces.
The diffraction lens according to the invention does not require an undesirable increase of the diameter of part 25. In
the embodiment of FIG. 3, it was preferable to supply the first winding 22, in beam direction, of the objective lens with the larger number of ampere turns.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art, upon studying this disclosure, that my invention is amenable to various modifications with respect to details and can be given embodiments other than that particularly illustrated and described herein, without departing from the essential features of my invention and within the scope of the claims annexed hereto.
1. In a particle beam device having a longitudinal optical axis, an apparatus for selectively imaging a specimen or a specimen diffraction diagram, said apparatus comprising beam generating means for issuing particle beams, means for accommodating a specimen in the path of said beams, an objective lens having a lens gap and a lens bore coaxial with said axis and having front and rear focal planes, said rear focal plane being spaced from said beam generating means a larger distance than said front focal plane, said diffraction diagram being imaged in said rear focal plane of said objective lens by the latter, a projection lens having an object plane and being disposed beyond said objective lens coaxially with said axis, and imaging means disposed beyond the specimen locality in coaxial relation to said axis, said imaging means having a separately energizable electromagnetic diffraction lens for transmitting the diffraction diagram imaged in said rear focal plane of the objective lens to said object plane of the projection lens, said diffraction lens being disposed coaxially intermediate said lens gap of the objective lens and said projection lens, said diffraction lens being further disposed within said bore of said objective lens in magnetically insulating relation thereto, said difi'raction lens comprising two component lenses ofrespective image widths coaxially adjacent to each other for developing respective flux linkages directed along said axis in mutually opposed relation, each of said component lenses having a lens gap bisected by a midplane perpendicular to said axis, the axial distance between said midplanes being less than the image width of the component lens closest to the specimen locality.
2. in a particle beam device according to claim 1, said flux linkages having respective values the ratio of which is adequate to substantially compensate image rotations due to the diffraction lens.
3. In a particle beam device according to claim 1, said objective lens and said projection lens each being electromagnetic.
4. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said two lenses of said diffraction lens are two coils for developing said respective flux linkages and said diffraction lens further comprises an iron circuit for conducting said flux linkages, said iron circuit comprising three annular discs disposed in respective planes perpendicular to said axis, said two coils being sequentially disposed intermediate said discs, and a tubular portion disposed in surrounding relation to said coils and being connected to the respective edge surfaces of said discs.
5. in a particle beam device according to claim 4, said iron circuit consisting of material having low remanence.
6. in a particle beam device according to claim 1, said objective lens being a pole shoe lenshaving two pole shoe members disposed coaxially in relation to said axis and separated from each other so as to define said lens gap, one of said pole shoe members being disposed beyond the specimen locality and having an opening which widens in a direction extending away from said lens gap so as to form a receptacle for accommodating said diffraction lens.
7. A particle beam device according to claim 6 wherein the particle beam device is provided with a stigmator, said opening being adequate to receive said stigmator, said stigmator being in coaxial relation to said axis and being closer to said lens gap defined by said pole shoe members than said diffraction lens.
8. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus has an imaging scale for transmitting the diffraction image such that the image of the specimen projected by the objective lens and the image of its diffraction diagram projected by said apparatus are formed with at least substantially the same magnification.
. 9. In a particle beam device'according to claim 8, said imaging scale being at least 1:1,
10. In a particle beam device according to claim 8, said imaging scale being greater than 1:1.
11. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises a selector diaphragm disposed in the object plane of said projection lens.
12. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises two intermediate lenses, one of said lenses being closer to said beam generating means than the other of said lenses, said projection lens being said one lens of said two intermediate lenses, said two intermediate lenses having respective variable excitations for the entire range of magnification corresponding to a fixed objective lens excitation.
13. In a particle beam device according to claim 12, each of said intermediate lenses having two component lenses fordeveloping respective flux linkages directed along said axis in mutually opposed relation, said flux linkages having respective values the ratio of which is adequate to substantially compensate image rotations.
M. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises projection means beyond said projection lens, the last lens of said projection means being a projective lens with an interchangeable pole shoe system.
15. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said a aratus comprises vacuum seal means and a base plate, said i raction lens being mounted on said base plate and extending into said bore of said objective lens, said objective lens having an end face beyond the specimen, said end face abutting said base plate, said seal means being disposed intermediate said base plate and said end face for forming a vacuumtight seal therebetween, said base plate having vacuumtight channels for directing electrical leads to said diffraction lens.
16. ln a particle beam device according to claim 15, said apparatus comprising adjusting drive means mounted on said base plate for transverse displacement.
17. A particle beam device according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises a selector diaphragm, disc means disposed adjacent said base plate for shielding stray magnetic fields, said disc means having means for receiving said selector diaphragm, and drive means mounted to said disc means for adjusting said diaphragm, said disc means abutting said projection lens, and a vacuum seal disposed intermediate said disc means and said projection means.
18. In a particle beam device according to claim 15, said diffraction lens being disposed in said bore of said objective lens so as to define gap between said diffraction lens and the latter whereby said gap magnetically insulates said objective lens from said diffraction lens.
19. In a particle beam device according to claim 1, said diffraction lens being adjustable to form an image of the specimen in the object plane of said projection lens with said objective lens being deenergized.
20. in a particle beam device according to claim 19, said objective lens having two excitation coils, said coils being disposed in coaxial relation to said axis and positioned there along to form a space wherein the specimen-is laterally insertable.
21. A particle beam device according to claim 19, wherein one of said coils is closer to said beam generating means than the other of said coils, said one coil having a greater number of ampere turns than the other of said coils.
22. In a particle beam device according to claim 21, said objective lens having two pole shoes coaxial with said axis, one of said pole shoes being further from said beam generating means than the other of said pole shoes, said one pole shoe having a bore for receiving said diffraction lens.
23. In a particle beam device according to claim 1, said diffraction lens being adjacent said projection lens and adjustable for transmitting the diffraction diagram into said object


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Lucy, the ancient ancestor of modern humans, probably spent at least a third of her day nesting in trees, according to new research unveiled Wednesday.
Our 3.18 million-year-old relative, whose fossilized partial skeleton was discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, likely got around as much like a modern chimpanzee as a modern human, according to a new study published in the journal PLOS ONE by scientists at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland and the University of Texas at Austin.
The beloved, 3-foot-6-inch (about one meter) bipedal Australopithecus afarensis has confounded paleontologists for years. They have been debating whether the 60-pound (27 kilogram) hominid spent most of her time on the ground, like modern humans, or in the trees, like chimpanzees.
The study finds that Lucy had strong upper arms, suggesting she regularly climbed trees. She also had relatively week legs that were not used for climbing and were inefficient for walking.
The combination of the two discoveries led researchers to conclude that Lucy probably nested in tree branches at night in order to avoid predators, used her arms to travel between trees and may have even foraged for food among branches.
The researchers arrived at their conclusions by conducting new high-definition scans of Lucy's bones -- combining 35,000 individual images taken with a powerful scanner capable of penetrating the layers of minerals in her fossilized remains.
They studied the internal structures of the upper bones of Lucy's two arms, and the femur bone of her left leg, discovering that her upper limbs were highly developed -- suggesting they sustained strong muscles similar to tree-climbing modern chimpanzees.
"It is a well-established fact that the skeleton responds to loads during life, adding bone to resist high forces and subtracting bone when forces are reduced," said John Kappelman, an anthropology professor at the University of Texas, and one of the main authors of the research.
Chimpanzee skeletons have more solidly built upper limbs, because they use their arms to climb, while humans have more developed lower limbs due to walking, according to Christophe Ruff, anatomy professor at The Johns Hopkins University and a co-author of the study.
"The results for Lucy are convincing," he said.
Another recent study concluded that Lucy probably died from a fall from a particularly tall tree. The study, published in the British magazine Nature, arrived at that conclusion after analyzing a bone fracture in Lucy's fossilized remains.
But scientists have had trouble determining exactly how much of Lucy's time was spent off the ground. The new study suggests that if she slept around eight hours a day, she would have spent at least a third of her time in and among branches.
Other comparisons in the study suggest that even when Lucy walked on her two legs, she did so less efficiently than modern humans, limiting her ability to move long distances by foot.
Long considered the longest living human relative, Lucy was dethroned of her status in 1994 following the discovery -- also in Ethiopia -- of Ardi, a female Ardipithecus ramidus who lived 4.5 million years ago.
She is the most ancient hominid fossil from the evolutionary branch that led to humans.

domain: news


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That you’re matched up with the service…Will My Insurance Cover Betterhelp… makes it truly easy to just change therapists when I felt like I wasn’t really connecting with my very first couple therapists I just selected I think it’s just an option in the app where you can search for a various therapist you can read their BIOS and figure out more about them and select which one you want to deal with so I believe part of why I wasn’t really that amazed to begin with with those very first therapists was that they were initially offering me kind of canned responses which didn’t really sit well
Confronted with signing up with a desperately long NHS waiting list, Joe Rackham chose online counselling rather. “I simply felt that I could not wait any longer– I was motivated and ready to deal with my issues and rather liked the idea of doing so in the convenience of my own home,” said the 29-year-old, who lives in London. After an online search, he discovered a therapist whose profile matched his requirements and scheduled a chat session for the next day.
Remote, text-based counselling is growing in popularity. The medical professional app Babylon uses therapy to 150,000 active users, while PlusGuidance, an online counselling service, has 10,000 users. The US-based service BetterHelp likewise has actually 150,000 signed up UK users (though not all are active). Talkspace, another online therapy platform, reports it has 500,000 registered users worldwide, with a lot of in the United States.
Online training recommends therapists on everything from utilizing emojis to avoiding misinterpretations. They likewise need to safeguard clients’ individual information– a problem that has actually triggered controversy in the United States, where big online therapy platforms have come under the spotlight.
Buckley stated clients ought to inspect services’ privacy policies before registering. “Not all online counselling websites utilize professionally trained therapists or comply with an ethics policy, so ask your GP for a suggestion in the very first circumstances. Similar to all type of services and support, what works for a single person might not work for someone else,” he stated.
Marc Bush, chief policy advisor at Young Minds, stated that while online counselling services are valuable, “they shouldn’t replace face-to-face therapy with an experienced expert. If a young adult is having a hard time, we would encourage them to talk to their GP in the first instance, or to call a recognized service like The Mix, Childline or the Samaritans.”.
For Rackham, who has actually generalised stress and anxiety disorder, online counselling wasn’t the ideal fit. “I felt it was near difficult for the therapist to actually get a sense of the issues I was handling, as all they had to go from was my typed-out words. I think I understood after that online session how essential social interaction was.
” I’m a huge fan of using innovation in all locations of my life as an option to daily issues. I have apps for everything, but when it comes to mental health, you need to select how technology contributes in your healing very carefully.”. Will My Insurance Cover Betterhelp
The business explains BetterHelp as the “largest online therapy platform worldwide,” tailored towards assisting people dealing with concerns “such as tension, stress and anxiety, relationships, parenting, depression, addictions, consuming, sleeping, injury, anger, family conflicts, LGBT matters, sorrow, religion [or] self esteem.” The company’s frequently asked question area on its website plainly specifies BetterHelp’s app and therapists shouldn’t be utilized for individuals dealing with a serious mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) or for individuals thinking about self-harm. Instead, the app prides itself on having actually licensed therapists and psychological health experts offered to help people through text, call or video chat. That’s what many YouTubers who have actually accepted sponsorships from the company often say in their own videos, where they speak on the stresses in their personal lives and sensations bordering on stress and anxiety or anxiety. Bobby Burns, Elle Mills, Philip DeFranco, Heath Hussar, Boogie2988, Shane Dawson and ChandlerNWilson are all developers who have actually Will My Insurance Cover Betterhelp sponsors now.
Much of these developers have spoken about psychological health concerns in the past, however as burnout becomes a larger topic within the neighborhood– and traditional world– sponsorships involving BetterHelp have actually increased, in spite of the app not being exactly what the creators are touting.

domain: psychology


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Find this title in Libby, the library reading app by OverDrive.
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The sun shines on Tom Sawyer. The idealized childhood of this fictional hero, based on Mark Twain's own early life along the banks of the Mississippi, is filled with robust good humor and high-spirited adventures. Yet there is also an in-depth experience of the central South of the 1840s—its dialects, superstitions, and social values. While romping through fun-filled fantasy, Tom Sawyer shows how morally complicated real life can be.
This reading of Tom Sawyer is especially notable for the virtuoso performance of actor Patrick Fraley. Crafting thirty-six authentic "voices" to represent the wide range of Twain's delightful characters, Fraley proves his storytelling mastery. Hear why this is one of the world's best-known and best-loved books, appealing to all ages.

domain: library


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Gift Yourself These FREE Learning ABC Flashcards (26-page PDF) For Your Preschooler - Just Click Here!
This 3D picture frame is the perfect craft for your Cricut knife blade.
Make your home decor "pop" with this shadowbox cut file.
You can read the assembly instructions for this frame right here.
DIY 3-D Picture Frame SVG

domain: hobby


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The large-scale project "Women in the Arctic" has been launchedThe information project "Women in the Arctic" was launched, initiated by a participant in the projects of the Council of the Eurasian Women's Forum - the Association of Women in the Nuclear Industry.
The project is intended to unite women specialists and residents of the northern regions to discuss topical issues of the development of the Arctic zone and the preservation of the national identity and original culture of the North. A number of discussions are planned with the participation of Russian and international speakers, representatives of public institutions.
One of the key events of the project will be the photo exhibition “The Arctic has a woman's face”. The main idea of creating a thematic photo exhibition is to popularize the role models of women in the development and preservation of the northern territories, to present professions and career opportunities for women.
Women working in the North and residents of the northern territories are invited to participate in the photo exhibition.
“Together we will create a unique portrait of women in the northern regions and tell about the life, achievements and successes of the participants. We are convinced that women have a significant role to play in preserving the national culture and developing the Arctic territories. They are the ones who are employed in industry, healthcare, education, culture and other social spheres that provide a solid foundation for development, ”the organizers of the project say.
On the official website of the Women's Association of the Nuclear Industry, personal stories from top officials will be presented in an online format. In an offline format, the exposition of the exhibition will be presented at major events in 2022.
Acceptance of applications for participation in the exhibition is open until November 22, 2021.
You can send applications by e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Detailed information about the exhibition can be found at the following link http://winrussia.com/news/dan-start-masshtabnomu-proektu-zhenshchiny-v-arktike/
The project is the winner of the Collaboration Foundation's grant competition in a special nomination for the development of the northern territories.

domain: sociology


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It's not known when they will play yet, but it is known who and where the Steelers will play in the 2018 season.
In addition to games against AFC North opponents, the Steelers will play the AFC West and NFC South, which means some miles to travel next season.
At home the Steelers will have their normal AFC North matchups against the Baltimore Ravens, Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns. The Steelers will also host the Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, Kansas City Chiefs, Los Angeles Chargers and New England Patriots.
On the road the Steelers will take on AFC North rivals Baltimore, Cincinnati and Cleveland. Outside of the division the Steelers will be at the Denver Broncos, Jacksonville Jaguars, New Orleans Saints, Oakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
The Steelers won't know when they play until the NFL schedule is released in the spring.

domain: geography


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Are you looking for a friendly and reliable dental practice to help take care of your family’s oral health? Main Street Dental is here to provide comprehensive dental care with a personal touch. Dr. Amish Desai and his experienced, dedicated team are ready to meet all your family’s needs in one place. We offer state-of-the-art equipment and techniques at an affordable price, so you can rest assured knowing that we will care for your dental health with the best modern technology. We even offer orthodontics at our state-of-the-art East Dundee facility.
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Orthodontics in East Dundee, Illinois
Orthodontics can be an effective way to improve your smile’s function and appearance. At Main Street Dental, we understand how important it is to feel confident in your smile, which is why we offer various treatments tailored to each individual’s needs and goals.
In addition to our top-notch services, we strive to create a warm atmosphere. You’ll feel like part of the family as soon as you walk through the door – from quickly greeting each patient by their first name, taking extra time during appointments for questions or concerns, and giving access to online educational resources and prevention tips; we make sure everything focuses on making dental visits something you look forward to instead of dreading! Please schedule an appointment today so that one of our experienced professionals can evaluate your case and determine the best treatment for you!

domain: medical


1\series RJ45 Cat5E module can meet ISO/IEC11801, TIA/EIA568.
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A shielded version is available to maximum protection from EMI/RFI interference by utilizing fully shielded jacks and connecting hardware, you can reduce the effects of interference on the network data transmissions . The compact size provides high-density connectivity in the work area and telecommunications room .
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Continuing my journey through Latin American media today, I found a story in a Peruvian paper about how quickly footage of the 8-magnitude earthquake made it to YouTube. The one below seems to have been shot by a regular person, and just to give you a sense of the scale of this earthquake, the shaking in this video was shot in the Lima suburb of Miraflores — more than 100 miles north of the epicenter. Can you just imagine what it felt like at Ground Zero. I hope we in SoCal never do.
On a more X-Files note, everyone’s now talking abou those strange lights that appeared over Peru in the middle of the shaking. War of the Worlds, anyone?


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Suzhou Sabina Wedding Dresses Co., Ltd.
|Business Type:||Manufacturer, Trading Company|
|Location:||Jiangsu, China (Mainland)|
|Year start exporting:||2008|
|Number Of Employees:||11 - 50 People|
|Total Annual Sales Volume:||US$50 Million - US$100 Million|
|Average Lead Time:||20 Day(s)|
Suzhou Sabina Wedding Dress Co.,Ltd is located in Suzhou and is specialized in manufacturing Wedding Dresses with 12 year's export e...
Suzhou Sabina Wedding Dress Co.,Ltd is located in Suzhou and is specialized in manufacturing Wedding Dresses with 12 year's export experience,and We have about 100 skillful workers, we can poduce 3000pcs wedding dresses and 5000pcs evening dresses per month, we have exported our products to many countries and regions all over the world,especially North America South America and Eastern Europe, Our products enjoy a good reputation among our customers.
We welcome customers, business associations and friends from all parts of the world to contact us and seek cooperation for mutual benefits.
Domestic Market : 100.00%
Average Lead Time : 20
Factory Size : 1,000-3,000 square meters
No. of Production Lines : 5
No. of R&D Staff : Less than 5 People
Email to this supplier

domain: economics


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Noncompliance may result in a loss of immunity for liability under the DMCA. Theresa May. That is why CCRI advocates for comprehensive, carefully drafted criminal laws against this practice. Michael E. Miller May 9, 4: But Seay said the damage has already been done. His email account had also been hacked, he says, and he wondered if it wasn't one of Jacobs' other flings.
Technology is becoming more integrated into all of our lives.
‘Revenge porn’ victim tells story, fights for change
Sheriff's deputies served Seay with a notice to appear in court, and soon he was facing criminal charges. It appears someone has uploaded our client's images onto your website without her permission. Matt Gaetz proposed three amendments designed to neuter the bill. Courtesy M. This comment has been deleted. Gina Miller. But Jacobs wants justice sooner than that.


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Cookies help us provide, protect and improve Mr Pets services. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our cookies policy.
Enzymatic Double Ended Toothbrush
This is an essential part of any dental care kit, and can be used in conjunction with other products from Virbacs Enzymatic dental care range.
The Enzymatic Double Ended Toothbrush makes brushing quick and easy thanks to the large and small brushing heads. This brush is ideal for all sized cats and dogs as the larger brushing head is perfect for covering larger areas quickly and thoroughly, while the smaller head is great for smaller dogs and cats, as well as for harder to reach areas.
This is an essential part of any dental care kit, and can be used in conjunction with other products from Virbac’s Enzymatic dental care range. Use for daily brushing to help prevent plaque and tartar build up and bad breath. Only brush your pet’s teeth using products specifically designed for pet dental care.

domain: pet


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Poets in a Landscape
Gilbert Highet was a legendary teacher at Columbia University, admired for his scholarship and his charisma as a lecturer. Poets in a Landscape is his delightful exploration of both Latin literature and the Italian landscape. As Highet writes in his introduction, “I have endeavored to recall some of the greatest Roman poets by describing the places were they lived, recreat...more
This book was a life-changer for me. I read it one summer when I was in high school and it transformed me from someone taking Latin because I had to do so to someone who cared about Latin poetry and wanted to be able to read it in the original. I ended up a classics major in university and I have been reading Latin ever since. I have not reread it in a long time because I'm afraid that at a different stage in my life it won't seem the same as in did all those years ago.
The charm of this book is ...more
This was a graduation gift from my girlfriend, and whenever I look through it I miss that atmosphere of int ...more
Plus, he gives the occasional “fuck yeah, books!” battle cry that I love: “These are not books, lumps of lifeless paper, but minds alive on the shelves. From each of them goes out its own voice, as inaudible as the streams of soun ...more
However, Gilbert Highet writes so well that it is a pleasure to read; his prose landscapes are a near approach to poetry themselves.
pleasant injection of erudition on the Roman poets and their background, literary context and influence on latter-day literature and poetry.
Worthwhile reading for teachers of the Latin poets (there are dozens of us!) to stimulate the appreciative gene.


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Corinna Postal History
Penobscot County, Maine
a service of
V. F. Thomas Co.
- P. O. Box 55 - Bass Harbor, Maine 04653
(updated 9 May 2019)
Thank yuu for the contributions to this page from the Strout family collection.
Postmarks from the town of Corinna include:
1826 June 7:
Corinna post office opened. (source: Maine Philatelic Society. 1995.
The Post Offices of Maine: A Rarity Guide
1883 May 15 through 1886 September 17:
The circular postmark is 26–27 mm in diameter.
1931 January 21 through 1956 October 31:
The circular postmark is 29–30 mm in diameter.
1939 December 11:
The circular postmark is 28–30 mm in diameter.
1948 March 24:
The circular postmark is approximately 22 mm in diameter.
Corinna post office is still in operation.


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Everyone’s heard of a canted reticle, but why is it important? How do you check your scope for this problem? We’re going to tackle this subject in today’s article! The issue here is that a canted reticle is annoying to look at. We tend to incorporate right angles and symmetry into our lives everywhere we look. Surfaces are almost always vertical or horizontal. So when something is out of whack, it’s noticeable. It jumps out. Many people might mount their scope up and notice the reticle is off a few degrees. Many more will address it, improperly, and further compound the problem. We’re going to talk about all of it and how to address it if it’s a problem your optic has!
First off is the issue of “cant” itself. Basically what this means is that when you get behind the rifle, and the rifle is level, the reticle will be crooked. So the crosshairs wind up not being plumb with gravity. It’s irritating to look at. However, the real significance is in the ballistics. We wrote an article on the effects of cant error on the ballistics of your rifle. If you haven’t read that, you can do so here to gain some insight into why this is an issue worth addressing. That article was written in reference to the rifle itself being canted as the shooter fires. However, if the rifle is plumb, but the reticle is off, you will have the same problem. Mainly, because you will likely try to resolve the canted reticle issue by rotating the gun until it looks right!
The solution might seem simple here. I thought it was when I first got started in precision shooting and the scope I purchased had a canted reticle. Many people will just rotate the scope in the rings until the reticle is plumb. It’s easy enough to do, right? Hang a weighted plumb line, point the scope at the line, twist the scope in the rings till the reticle is plumb and tighten the rings! Easy as pie. Well, that’s both correct…and wrong at the same time. If you have a scope with a canted reticle, leveling the reticle with a plumb line will remove the cant error from the reticle. So if you’re a hunter that doesn’t dial different ranges and you do all your shooting with hold overs and hold unders…you can level the reticle. However, if you’re a target shooter that dials elevation, or windage, for distances other than your zero…you’re screwed.
Here’s why: the reticle of the scope is typically a small piece of glass that a laser etches the shape of the reticle onto. That piece of glass moves up and down, and left to right, as you twist the turrets on the scope. The problem becomes how the reticle moves. If the reticle was installed crooked, and you add elevation by dialing your scope…it doesn’t move how you think it does. It will not travel perfectly parallel to the lines on the reticle. It will travel vertically and horizontally along the elevation and windage assemblies. If you’ve leveled the reticle, and the elevation and windage assemblies aren’t plumb with gravity and perpendicular with gravity, when you move the turrets you will add/remove both elevation and windage. You might only want one or the other, but you’ll get both. Here’s an illustration to help you visualize what’s happening.
What’s the Remedy?
The easiest way to check is to mount the scope and make sure the scope body and turret housing are plumb with gravity. When you’ve done that, level the rifle (and the scope) so that they are level with gravity and look at a vertical line. The edges of buildings are typically level with gravity so in a pinch, you can use that. Or, you can hang a plumb line, and check the reticle against the plumb line. If it’s level, great! If it’s not…you have a problem.
Unfortunately, there are only two ways to deal with this. You can remount the scope and level the reticle so it is plumb, at which point you lose the ability to dial the scope after you zero the gun. Your only other option is to see if the manufacturer will repair or replace your scope. Honestly, there are plenty of scope manufacturers out there that produce optics with plumb reticles. Several have outstanding warranty and support service, like Vortex Optics! If you have an issue, my first suggestion is call the manufacturer, or the shop you purchased from, and see what they say. If the scope manufacturer is unwilling to fix the problem, I suggest you sell it for whatever you can get out of it and put the money towards a quality optic.
Just because an optic is affordable doesn’t mean it automatically loses quality control. Vortex Optics has an excellent warranty and will replace scopes with canted reticles. I’ve also heard, but never had the need to check myself, that Bushnell has good support in this area. Remember, a canted reticle means all your adjustments of windage and elevation are screwed up. You’re adding and subtracting both windage and elevation when you have a canted reticle. That’s just not acceptable. Proper tracking of the optic is the most important feature in a precision rifle optic. The reticle being plumb is pretty critical here. Many manufacturers have a tolerance of +/- a few degrees of reticle cant. That’s not necessarily an issue if the reticle is off by 1 degree. However, if it’s off far enough that you notice it with the naked eye, it’s probably off quite a bit!
Tips for a Level Reticle
It all starts with mounting. If you haven’t mounted the scope properly, you can’t tell if the reticle’s off or if you just mounted the scope cock-eyed to begin with! There are a few methods to mounting the scope so that it’s level. For starters, always level the scope based off the flat section on the bottom of the turret housing. Optics are meant to use that space to level the scope body with the rifle you’re mounting it on. You can use a few methods to mount your scope using that flat section such as: feeler gauges, a deck of cards, or a leveling tool like what SPUHR offers!
Only after you have mounted the scope itself so that it is level can you ascertain whether or not the reticle is plumb with gravity. As we mentioned earlier, that’s easy enough to do. With the scope mounted, aim the scope at a plumb line hung with a weight. Check that the rifle (and scope that’s mounted to it) are level, then look through the optic and see if the reticle is plumb with the plumb line. If it looks good, you’re all set! If it’s way off to the point where you can see the error with your eye, you have a problem!
So we’ve discussed what a canted reticle is, and how to check for it, and what your solutions are for remedying the situation. If you’re hunting, or shooting with a carbine, and don’t have any plans to engage targets beyond what you can hit after establishing a good zero, this isn’t a big deal. If you plan to shoot farther and will be dialing elevation and windage corrections then this is something you have to be leery of. Remember, you can’t just twist the scope in the rings to fix it. This is something the manufacturer has to address. If they are unwilling, I would look at a different scope brand because there are several out there willing to fix the problem and provide good customer service. If you have anything to add, or a question, drop it in the comments below!
Owner and Proprietor of AccuracyTech, LLC. Rich is a Firearms Enthusiast, Precision Rifle Competitor, and Writer. He is committed to bringing readers quality reviews and articles related to the Precision Shooting Sports. If you have any questions for him, please use the contact form on the site.


text:
Download full Darth Vader 2015 15 Book or read online anytime anywhere, Available in PDF, ePub and Kindle. Click Get Books and find your favorite books in the online library. Create free account to access unlimited books, fast download and ads free! We cannot guarantee that book is in the library. READ as many books as you like (Personal use).
Synopsis : Star Wars written by Jess Harrold, published by Marvel Entertainment which was released on 2018-04-04. Download Star Wars Books now! Available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format. A New Hope - The 40Th Anniversary Jess Harrold. DARTH VADER (2015) #15 VARIANT COVER BY FRANCESCO FRANCAVILLA DARTH VADER (2015) #9 VARIANT COVER BY ADI GRANOV DARTH. -- Celebrate the 40th anniversary of Star Wars: A New Hope with this collection featuring all of Marvels 40th anniversary cover art retelling the story of A New Hope as illustrated by some of the industrys most gifted artists, including Stuart Immonen, Adi Granov, Kevin Wada, Terry Dodson, Stephanie Hans and more! Extras include sketches and pencils, commentary, essays and the original Star Wars #1 from 1977 that began Marvels adaptation of the saga!
Type: BOOK - Published: 2018-04-04 - Publisher: Marvel Entertainment
Celebrate the 40th anniversary of Star Wars: A New Hope with this collection featuring all of Marvels 40th anniversary cover art retelling the story of A New Hope as illustrated by some of the industrys most gifted artists, including Stuart Immonen, Adi Granov, Kevin Wada, Terry Dodson, Stephanie Hans and more! Extras include sketches and pencils, commentary, essays and the original Star Wars #1 from 1977 that began Marvels adaptation of the saga!
Authors: Kelly Thompson, Jason Latour, Jason Aaron, Kieron Gillen
Categories: Comics & Graphic Novels
Type: BOOK - Published: 2022-04-26 - Publisher: Marvel
When Star Wars returned to Marvel, Jason Aaron was the ideal candidate to steer the rebels into all-new adventures! Now Aaron's entire saga is collected in full! The Death Star has been destroyed -- but the Empire isn't toppled yet! Join Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, C-3PO and R2-D2 as they continue the fight for freedom against Darth Vader! Luke battles Boba Fett! A woman from Han Solo's past returns! The Dark Lord crash lands -- but you can't keep Vader down for long! And the roguish Doctor Aphra lures Luke to the Screaming Citadel! Plus, the deadly stormtroopers of Scar Squadron -- and hidden tales from the journals of Obi-Wan Kenobi! COLLECTING: Star Wars (2015) 1-37, Star Wars: Vader Down (2015) 1, Darth Vader (2015) 13-15, Star Wars: The Screaming Citadel (2017) 1, Star Wars: Doctor Aphra (2016) 7-8, Star Wars Annual (2015) 1-3
Type: BOOK - Published: 2019-10-09 - Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
This volume was originally inspired by a 2017 conference to honour the scholar and linguist Cao Xuân Hạo, whose landmark work – in many diverse areas of language study – established a bridge between traditional Vietnamese scholarship and contemporary theories of grammatical organisation. The book offers the reader a closely edited collection of papers, representing a wide spectrum of frameworks, approaches and methods, from traditional fieldwork studies of non-standard dialects, to corpus-based discussions of language and gender, to formal syntactic and semantic analyses of key functional morphemes, to laboratory experiments, and work in first language acquisition. Many of the papers present detailed analyses of original data, as well as novel treatments of established facts; considered together – as well as in contrast to one another – they make a significant empirical contribution to our understanding of how Vietnamese is structured, acquired and put to use. The papers should be of value to anyone interested in contemporary approaches to Vietnamese linguistics, and Southeast Asian languages more generally.
Type: BOOK - Published: 2017-05-30 - Publisher: ABC-CLIO
Covering genres from action/adventure and fantasy to horror, science fiction, and superheroes, this guide maps the vast and expanding terrain of graphic novels, describing and organizing titles as well as providing information that will help librarians to build and balance their graphic novel collections and direct patrons to read-alikes. • Introduces users to approximately 1,000 currently popular graphic novels and manga • Organizes titles by genre, subgenre, and theme to facilitate finding read-alikes • Helps librarians build and balance their graphic novel collections
Type: BOOK - Published: 2015-11-01 - Publisher: Triumph Books
Perfect for Star Wars fans who think they already know everythingOn May 25, 1977, the world of science fiction, film, and pop culture was changed forever with the release of Star Wars. The beginning of this epic space opera franchise would inspire an expanded universe of creativity, including books, comic books, theme parks, and much more. With extensive back stories, lore, and author Dan Casey's encyclopedic knowledge on the subject, this lively, detailed book explores the characters, storylines, and facts every true Star Wars fan should know. This guide covers the history of how a multibillion-dollar and beloved institution was born and went on to flourish. Dan Casey has collected every essential piece of Star Wars knowledge and trivia, including what infamous, cult classic TV movie introduced beloved bounty hunter Boba Fett, what Star Wars novel was released in 1976 before the first movie premiered, and what animal species is named after Han Solo. Whether you're a fan of the original film trilogy, an avid reader of the books, or can't wait to see what J. J. Abrams does with the next generation of movies, 100 Things Star Wars Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die is the perfect resource for all Star Wars fans looking to increase their knowledge of the storied franchise and look back on the most memorable moments of a galaxy "far, far away."
Type: BOOK - Published: 2019-10-17 - Publisher: Inter-Varsity Press
What is shame and where does it come from? How can we break free and help others held in its vice-like grip? And what is the gospel when shame is the problem? Shame, humiliation and stigma are all around us. Online shaming reminds us of the power of shame, the crisis of self-worth, the weight of judgement and the need for freedom. At the same time, people are becoming less responsive to gospel messages about guilt, morality and sin. If we want to reach those around us and bring healing to their hurts, we need to speak their language: the language of shame. This book helps Christians to introduce 'shame thinking' into their own lives and the lives of those they disciple and evangelize. Above all, it shows how God's freedom can release anyone suffering from the debilitating grip of shame. Introduction: Reputation ruined - what shame looks like 1 Identity, perception, judgement, and the horizontal nature of shame - case study from Genesis 2 Shame examined - what exactly is shame and how does it relate to guilt? Helpful emotion but also profoundly destructive 3 Who do you think you are? Shame in relation to identity: fig leaves and Instagram 4 Shame and the cross - flipping the script; putting shame to shame. How Jesus dealt with shame 5 'Disposing' of the shameful body - hiding, distancing, laughter, etc. Cultural perceptions 6 A new life. The role of the church - a brand new social community for the shamed 7 Putting our house in order before we help others: practical application 8 Reaching out to the shamed: practical application
Type: BOOK - Published: 2016-08-04 - Publisher: McFarland
This second comprehensive chronology of international terrorist attacks covers three eventful years during which the Islamic State supplanted al-Qaeda as the most active, well-financed and well-armed terrorist group worldwide. Domestic and international incidents around the globe are covered, outlining several trends and exploding a number of media myths. The author examines the enigmas of contemporary terrorist behavior and offers indicators and predictions to watch for in the coming years.


They are three precociously talented sibling teenagers, on tour with their mum and dad. Dapper, quiet, polite and impeccably mannered, they cut an almost Enid Blyton-esque triumvirate figure, although the homespun image is rather punctured by the fact that they are narked that they can’t get ciggies on their rider. They are Kitty, Daisy & Lewis, and they came to rock and roll. But they do NOT appreciate being called “rockabilly” thank you very much. “We’re not rockabilly. Journalists use that word because it’s easy,” observes Lewis, the chatty one. “They see quiffs and want to compress all our influences into one word,” adds sister Daisy, the street-savvy one. “We play music from the ’20s right through to the ’60s. But they just call us rockabilly.” Kitty, the quiet one, nods in agreement.
Lewis is chuffed that State’s photoshoot in a barber shop has given him the opportunity to avail of a free hot towel shave. As a result he looks about 12.
Kitty, Daisy & Lewis are sitting in their dressing room at the Button Factory. Occasionally Kitty will toddle over to the mirror to add some more hairspray to her already impressive hairdo. Lewis roots through the fridge for a can of lager then jams for a bit with his dad. Eddie Thornton, the Jamaican trumpeteer who will shout the phrase “NICEY NICEY NICEY!” as he joins them onstage later, is having a snooze on a sofa in the corner. As a family band on the road you’d expect things to be tense, but apart from a mild tiff during the soundcheck, everyone is relaxed. Lewis is chuffed that State’s photoshoot in a barber shop has given him the opportunity to avail of a free hot towel shave. As a result he looks about 12.
The trio started out as a band in London, gravitating towards the music scene around Mario’s Cafe, the Camden caff immortalized in song by Saint Etienne on their So Tough album (its owner Mario formed a band called Mario’s Cafe which still gigs). Under the influence of fellow band members Mum (Ingrid, on bass) and Dad (Graham on guitar), they learned to play “songs that were easy to pick up. Three chord stuff.” Like dedicated students of music they toured clubs and asked permission to get off school to go on jaunts around the country. “But we didn’t make a big deal of it at school,” Daisy maintains. “Our classmates knew we were in a band but there was never any fuss about it”.
Soon they were signed to a proper record label and towards the end of 2008 they got the chance to put out a CD. The band received audio help from lab-coated boffin Liam Watson of Toe Rag Studios and the resulting, self-titled, album was one of the most vibrant funk-pop-a-roll records in years; a fusion of jazz, old style rhythm and blues and zippy rock and roll. Lewis reckons they were “really lucky” to find such an accommodating label. “Sunday Best are great. They let us do what we like. There’s no pressure on us to sound like this or that”. That first record clocked in at less than half an hour but their forthcoming long-player Smoking In Heaven is a full hour in length – and with added ska! – which by this band’s standards is, I suggest, an endeavour of prog-rock style proportions. Snorts of derisive laughter are heard from dad Graham, who clearly has no truck with the world of mellotrons and Roger Dean artwork.
All but two of the songs on the first album were covers, but having run out of old songs to play the trio decided to write some nifty tunes of their own. “We tried using computers to record the new album but it sounded crap,” Daisy states bluntly. A bunch of confessed vintage audiophiles, they issued the debut album as a set of 78rpm 10″ vinyl discs. “There are good, audio reasons for doing that,” offers Lewis, before Daisy adds that “they’re not made of the same material old 78s are made of. They can’t make them like that anymore.” The band came up with new material by jamming along to their favourite riffs. While they are indebted to the records which they listened to as they grew up, it’s fair to say grime, chillwave and X Factor are not on this lot’s radar. Or as Lewis puts it: “We don’t really listen to much contemporary music, but we are still discovering older stuff”.
One of the most striking things about the Kitty, Daisy and Lewis live “experience” is, to be a bit muso-y about it, how tight the band are. This is the end result of years of dedication to their playing but, as Lewis points out, their musical passion was never in conflict with their regular schooling. “There was one teacher in particular who was really supportive. You couldn’t sleep through class, but if you needed time off to go and play a gig somewhere he understood.”
They’ve all left school now. Touring is an education in itself. “A bad is gig is when you don’t connect to the audience”, Lewis explains. “We did a show in New Zealand and mum got sick near the end of the show, so we were left without a double bassist. We continued to play on but we’d lost that connection with the crowd”.
What’s been the best gig then? “There isn’t one that sticks out, because they’ve all been crap! Haha!” he chortles somewhat unconvincingly, before asking for some input from his dad. “Dad, can you remember any great gigs?”, he asks. “I’m not being interviewed!” comes the dad’s chirpy but firm response. The trio have toured widely too; playing clubs in England – “blues crowds and rock crowds are no different, and we attract people of all ages,” beams Kitty – as well as European outdoor festivals (“We always go down really well in Germany and Spain,” says Daisy). And when they take to the boards in Dublin after speaking to State, the audience go wild. As well they might, because the band are actually properly brilliant, swapping instruments, human beatboxing, harmonizing fabulously and looking completely utterly fantastic, as pop stars should do.
Who would they contact at a seance? Lewis would like to contact “Jesus. Why? To see if he’s on the other side. To see if he’ll pick up.”
Yes, yes, yes but who would they contact at a seance? Lewis would like to contact “Jesus. Why? To see if he’s on the other side. To see if he’ll pick up.” Much mirth ensues. Daisy’s face wrinkles when I ask how important fashion is to the band’s image. “This is just how we dress,” she protests, sounding a tad miffed. And do you turn heads as you wander down the street? “Not really,” says Lewis. “Well, maybe Kitty might. Har har!” “Shut up!”, says an embarrassed Kitty.
When they’re not living the rock and roll lifestyle they watch telly. “Come Dine With Me!”, squeals Daisy when I inquire after her extra-musical televisual viewing activities. Would they be inclined to appear on the celebrity version of said show? “Oh no”, muses Lewis, “I hate people coming up and saying things to me like ‘oh you’re that guy out of that band'”. “But there’s always someone at the hob in our house”, Daisy assures us. The entertainment tonight has been tremendous, the band make for excellent company – it’s a resounding 10 out of 10 from State.


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The Bank of England has raised interest rates for the first time in three years. But what could this mean for UK shares and should I make any changes to my Stocks and Shares ISA? Those are the questions that I’m asking myself today.
The central bank decided to increase its base rate of interest to 0.25% from the record low rate of 0.1%. It did so despite the Omicron variant threatening to disrupt the economic recovery. The main reason it chose to act now appears to be an attempt to keep inflation under control. From used cars to gas bills, prices have been rising across the board. Analysts expect inflation to hit 6% next year. That’s triple the bank’s target. That said, despite this rate hike, interest rates are still near record lows and are unlikely to threaten any economic recovery, in my opinion.
Will a rate hike affect UK shares?
Some UK shares are more affected by interest rates than others. For instance, it could be good news for high street domestic banks including Lloyds, Barclays and Natwest. In fact, all three banks were among the top performing FTSE 100 shares on Thursday, the day of the hike. Generally, banks can benefit from higher interest rates. They profit from the difference between interest earned and interest paid out. When rates rise, they can potentially pass on these higher charges to customers.
So will bank shares continue to benefit? Well, it’s not that simple unfortunately. There are several other factors at play. Banks also benefit from a thriving economy. Currently, there are parts of the economy that are struggling. Just when the hospitality and travel sectors were starting to recover, the latest variant caused a setback. This part of the economy has been hurt from cancelled pre-Christmas parties and frequently changing travel restrictions. Many bank shares have struggled to reach pre-pandemic levels, and I reckon any gains could still be limited for now. I don’t currently own any bank shares in my portfolio. I will monitor them but for now, I’m finding much more compelling share ideas elsewhere.
Shares to avoid?
If rate rises continue next year, which UK shares should I avoid? If inflation continues to rise, the Bank of England could increase interest rates further. In that scenario, I’d be keen to avoid companies in the utilities sector. Shares including National Grid, United Utilities and SSE could all underperform. Utilities shares tend to compete with bonds. So when interest rates rise, multi-asset investors can shift funds from utilities to higher-yielding bonds.
Some things to bear in mind, however. There could still be a small place for utilities in my portfolio. They tend to offer defensive characteristics and higher than average dividend yields. As such, they can act as a balance to some of the more volatile growth stocks in my portfolio.
Overall, although the interest rate rise could affect several UK shares, I’m currently happy with my portfolio and won’t be making any significant changes.
The post What the Bank of England’s rate rise means for UK shares appeared first on The Motley Fool UK.
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Harshil Patel has no position in any of the shares mentioned. The Motley Fool UK has recommended Barclays and Lloyds Banking Group. Views expressed on the companies mentioned in this article are those of the writer and therefore may differ from the official recommendations we make in our subscription services such as Share Advisor, Hidden Winners and Pro. Here at The Motley Fool we believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors.


Design and manage a citywide building energy benchmarking and energy conservation challenge
The City of Fort Collins needed support to design and implement its first-ever multifamily building energy challenge. The challenge sought to help property managers benchmark their properties and to educate tenants about energy conservation and the relevance of ENERGY STAR scores for buildings. The City called on IBE to manage all aspects of the challenge including designing the program strategy, coordinating technical and energy ambassador volunteers, and supporting the City and Cadmus Group in the delivery of technical trainings. Working closely with participating property managers, IBE applied its expertise in behavior change to tailor tenant engagement resources to the unique needs of specific multifamily communities.
- Prepared multifamily property owners and managers for Fort Collins’ new building energy and water benchmarking requirements
- Education of property managers about tenant engagement strategies to support energy conservation
- Improved tenant awareness of energy conservation
- Tenant engagement strategy, adaptable across diverse properties and tenant communities
- Toolkit to guide municipalities in supporting property managers in long-term tenant behavior change focused on energy conservation


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Welcome to this week’s Prose for Thought. Thank you to everyone who linked up last week, it was great to see some new faces.
‘Bold’ is this week’s poetry and photography prompt. For a number of reasons I have found this word very appropriate this week. It has been a rather trying one and I have found myself having to step back in time a little – which I find rather annoying.
If you would like to join in, next week’s prompt is a somewhat lighter word, ‘Smiles’.
So, if you have written a piece of original poetry, prose or fiction and would like to share it, then please link up below. I will try my utmost to read every single linker and share on Twitter, Google + or Facebook (please say in the comments if you have a preference). I would also love it if you share and use the #Prose4T hashtag. Please also use my badge below if you are linking up – it helps to publicise the linky to others

domain: artistic


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So you may be saying “Um… VWs are German cars… aren’t they all German Look?” and obviously, you’d be correct.
But there’s German Look and there’s German Look!
German Look can mean different things to different people, but overall there are some overall characteristics I’d say that are common:
- Typically using a Super Beetle, most often a 1303 model as the base structure
- Incorporating many aspects of style of various eras of Porsches
- Improved front and rear suspensions above and beyond the basics
- Wheel and tires, often from Porsches, typically far larger and wider than basic Beetles
- Subdued and often deep metallic paint schemes
- Little to no chrome (as was typical for American Beetles)
- An engine swap to a performance oriented Type IV engine (typical in Europe) or a high performance Type 1 engine (typical in the US) or even a Porsche 914 engine
- Substantially improved braking on all four wheels
- Slightly lowered (not slammed) aggressive stance
- Often modified fenders
Basically, a sports car out of a Beetle.
Now quite frankly, while I love all Beetles and am especially fond of the stock look for most years, the 1303 Beetles just lend themselves to this “Porsche-fication” with their smooth curved front windshields and slightly more bulbous lines.
German Look would be awful on a pre-67 Beetle, and they can have their Cal Look which suits them.
Us Super Beetle lovers can have a far grander and sleeker German Look.
Hell… so many of them those early Beetle lovers hate our cars anyway, so screw them anyway.