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A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges/Preface
The interest and importance of the Book of Judges lie chiefly in the knowledge which it gives us of the state of society and religion in Israel in the early centuries of its settlement in Palestine, for which Judges and Samuel are our only sources. In addition to this, parts of the book are of preëminent historical value: in particular, ch. 1, which contains by far the oldest and most trustworthy account of the invasion of Canaan; and ch. 5, the Song of Deborah, the only contemporary monument of Israelitish history before the Kingdom. In the following commentary matters of history, antiquities, and especially the social and religious life of the people in this period, are properly given the largest place; not only for their intrinsic interest, but because the knowledge of these things is indispensable to any right understanding of the history of Israel and of its religion. The work of the prophets can only be comprehended in its relation to the national religion of Israel. But before there was a national religion, there was a common religion of the Israelite tribes which was one of the most potent forces in the making of the nation. What this religion was, which they brought with them into Canaan, and what changes it underwent in contact with Canaanite civilization and the religions of the land, we learn in no small part from the Book of Judges; while here and there, as in the Song of Deborah, we have glimpses of a remoter past, the adoption of the religion of Yahweh by the tribes at Horeb, the work of Moses.
To make such a use of the book, it is necessary to distinguish carefully between the work of the principal author, who wrote in the 6th century B.C., separated from the times of the judges by as many centuries as lie between us and the crusades, and the much older sources from which the stories of the judges themselves are derived. We must also, as far as possible, define the age and character of these sources, which are not all of the same antiquity or historical value. Nor is it solely on historical grounds that this is required. The difficulties which the interpreter finds in the book are in considerable part of a kind for which exegesis and textual criticism have no solution. They have arisen from the changes and additions which the author made in transcribing his sources, or from the attempt to combine and harmonize two parallel but slightly different versions of the same story, and can be cleared up only by ascertaining how this was done. Criticism is thus not only obligatory upon the historian, it is an essential part of the work of the exegete. That the task is delicate and difficult, and in the nature of the case largely conjectural, cannot exempt the commentator from trying to solve these knotty questions. At the worst, the uncertainties of criticism are infinitely preferable to the exegetical violence which is the only alternative. In the commentary, especially in the introductions to the several stories, I have discussed the particular problems of criticism with such fulness as they seemed to demand; in the Introduction (§ 3–6) the reader will find set forth the general results to which these investigations lead.
The Hebrew text of Judges, with the exception of part of ch. 5, is comparatively well preserved; but in very many places the ancient versions have a better reading, or a variant which may not be neglected. The Greek translations of this book are of peculiar interest, and perhaps nowhere in the Old Testament can the difficult problems which this version presents be approached with more hope of illuminating results. I trust that the somewhat full registration of the readings of G in this commentary may not be unwelcome to students of the Greek as well as of the Hebrew Bible. An edition of the Hebrew text, with critical apparatus, is in preparation, and will shortly appear in "The Sacred Books of the Old Testament," edited by Professor Paul Haupt.
In the philological notes, I have been mindful of the fact that it is the commentator's duty, not to follow the lexicographer and the grammarian, but to precede them; and have investigated afresh, and as far as possible exhaustively, all questions of etymology, usage, and construction which seemed to require it. If, in many cases, I cannot flatter myself that these investigations have added much light, they have often performed at least the negative service of showing that commonly accepted interpretations are unsound. In the hope that the commentary may be used to some extent by students, for whose reading the Book of Judges is peculiarly well suited, some notes of a more elementary character on the forms of words and on grammatical points have been added.
In conformity with the general plan of the series, all matters of textual criticism and Hebrew philology, together with more detailed and technical discussions of points of criticism, antiquities, and topography, have been kept apart from the body of the commentary, and will be found in smaller type at the end of the paragraphs. It is one of the evils of this arrangement that the grounds of an interpretation must often be sought in another place from the interpretation itself, while in other instances some repetition is unavoidable. It is believed, however, that the separation will prove convenient to many who may use the commentary; and I have endeavoured to diminish its disadvantages by cross-references and full indexes.
I have tried to make good use of all that has been done hitherto for the criticism and interpretation of the book. The commentators whom I have chiefly consulted are named in the Introduction, § 9, the critics at the end of § 6; other works are referred to in the foot-notes of the commentary. It is not improbable that, in this extensive and scattered literature, I may have overlooked some things of importance; I have not intentionally ignored any. Several books of great value have appeared during the printing of this volume, so that I have, to my regret and loss, been able to use them only in the later chapters; among these I may name particularly Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie, 1894; Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebräischen Archäologie, 1894; G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 1894; and the 12th edition of Gesenius' Handwörterbuch, thoroughly revised by Buhl, 1895.
A list of the principal abbreviations employed will be found on p. 474. They conform, by the editors' desire, to those used in the new Hebrew Lexicon, in course of publication under the editorship of Professors Brown, Driver, and Briggs. The references in the commentary have been carefully verified, and will, I trust, be found accurate. In the few instances in which I have not been able to consult a book which is cited, the fact is indicated by a (°) affixed to the title. The citations of Scripture in the body of the commentary follow the chapter and verse numeration of the Authorized Version as given in the Queen's Printer's Bible; in the critical notes the verses are those of the Hebrew Bible (Van der Hooght's ed., 1705).
It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge the assistance which I have received in the preparation of this volume from my colleague and friend, Dr. Charles C. Torrey, Instructor in the Semitic Languages in Andover Theological Seminary, who has read nearly all the proofs, and to whom I am indebted for some valuable suggestions and corrections.
G. F. M.
- July, 1895.


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Compared to many breeds, ShihPoos stay puppy-sized even when full grown: 10 pounds average weight, and between 8-13 inches high at the shoulder. Read here about 50 Reasons to Love ShihPoos. Our purebred Shih Tzu, Skye. Concerning our own puppies Our dam, Skye, has good bloodlines, and we have taken care that her needs are met. She lives a. shih tzu pupies for sale in Butler, Pennsylvania. $450. Share it or review it. i have a litter of shih tzu pups that will be looking for their forever homes the first week of jan. they will have their puppy set 1 from a lisenced vet also will be wormed and checked over. i have two boys and two girls one boy is white the other three are blk. . 412-380-2522. Toggle navigation. Petland Monroeville Shih Tzu - Shih Tzu Home; About. About Us; Petland Cares; Find Us; Blog; Puppies for Sale; Pet Information. Shih Tzu Available Puppies Shih Tzu Puppies Who Found Loving Homes . Watch our video on Shih Tzu puppies.
Teddy Bear puppies for sale! These fluffy, adorable Shichon, or Teddy Bear, puppies are a cross between a Shih Tzu and a Bichon Frise Female. $1,500. Sophie - Shih Tzu Puppy for Sale in Warriors Mark, PA. Female. $1,500. Oreo - Shih Tzu Puppy for Sale in Gordonville, PA. Male. $2,175. Kirsha - Shih Tzu Puppy for Sale in Manheim, PA Bernedoodle Puppies!! 5 Available Non-Shedding Hypoallergenic. (Pittsburgh) pic. hide this posting restore restore this posting. favorite this post. Jun 29 Located In Scottdale Pa , near Pittsburgh. 2 Shih Tzu Puppies born on August 7th. They have been vet checked with a great clean bill of health. They have had thier first shots and are worm free. I have one gold and white female for $800.00 and one gold male with black mask for $600.00. The price is firm with full Akc registration
Shih Poo Puppies | Pittsburgh, PA | Petland Robinson. The Shih Poo is a cross between the Shih-Tzu and the Poodle. The Shih poo is one of many named Poodle crossbreeds, bred in an attempt to combine the characteristics of the Poodle, such as its high intelligence and low-shed coat, with the desirable traits of another breedin this case, the. Pomeranian puppies also shih Tzu Chihuahua mix puppies. (lou > Franklin Kentucky 42134) pic. hide this posting restore restore this posting. favorite this post. Apr 11 We have cute of AKC registered male and female Shih Tzu Puppies with all their papersPuppies come with:-- A Cage-- Ownership Papers-- DNA Tested Papers-- Som.. Ridgewood Puppies. Shrewsberry. PA. (610)873-7045. Keystone Puppies. PA. (717) 492-4396. You can find breeders near your area: South Dakota , Oregon, Nebraska , Montana , Idaho , Washington , New Mexico , Colorado. Note* If you are a breeder in the following state and your name is not listed then please contact us here to get yourself listed Adorable male Shih tzu puppy born Nov 16th- Ready on Jan 11th-Vet check shots and dewormed- Very loving with kids and... Pets and Animals Romney 400 $ View pictures Pittsburgh Pets and Animals for sale. McKeesport Pets and Animals for sale. Monroeville Pets and Animals for sale
The Shih Tzu gets along well with other household pets and children. Though the Shih Tzu may bark frequently, it does not make a good watchdog. You can find Shih Tzu puppies priced from $250 USD to $4650 USD with one of our credible breeders. Browse through our breeder's listings and find your perfect puppy at the perfect price If we do not have what you are looking for we have friends in the same business as we are and we can help you find one of these special furbaby puppys. Thanks for visiting with us. Stacy. 330-323-3933 Call or Text. North Canton, Ohio. Email us at: email@example.com. Shih-Tzu pups are here. Give your puppy, dog or cat a healthy treat Cilck. 12 Week Old Full-Blooded sHiH tZu Puppies 19125,philadelphia ,PA. (19125,philadelphia ,PA) hide this posting restore restore this posting. favorite this post. Jul 2
Shih Tzu puppies. $1,200 (Monroe Township) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. $400. favorite this post. Jun 5. Shih Tzu Mixed Female 4 Sale!! No papers. $400 (camden Stunning little shorkie young puppies virtually prepared for their new homes! Moms a AKC Shih Tzu & & father is a 5 lb AKC Yorkshire terrier. We have children and ladies available they will certainly have their very first set of shots, numerous deworming's, starter food for an easier change, a young puppy pack with training snacks, toy,& & house breaking info, and obviously their shot records
Shiranian Shih Tzu puppies (Waterville) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. They live in our home as part of the family. AnimalsSale found 12984 Dogs for Sale in USA, which meet your criteria. All Shih Tzu puppies For Sale are well potty trained and they get along with kids and other pets. press to search craigslist Shih Tzu Breeder. We are a small, in-home family breeder of AKC registered Shih Tzu's. Our goal is to breed sound, quality Shih Tzu's that are healthy, good-tempered and intelligent. We want our puppies to give their forever families many happy years of companionship. All our dogs live in our home along side of us . Join millions of people using Oodle to find unique used cars for sale, apartments for rent, jobs listings, merchandise, and other classifieds in your neighborhood. $550 Bella Shih Tzu Puppy Femal
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Paws Across Pittsburgh is a non-profit animal rescue located in Springdale, PA. Our mission is to rescue, rehabilitate and rehome homeless animals Shenandoah Shih Tzu is a local breeder in the Shenandoah Valley of AKC registered Shih Tzus. We are not a kennel, our dogs are part of our family. We are located in Northern Virginia Shenandoah Shih Tzu - Past Puppies. Linda Klingenberg. Front Royal, Va 22630. Phone: (540) 635-6189
. Female shih tzu puppies family raised, well socialized, wormed, vet check, CKC Registered $600. One black and white,... Vanderbilt Pennsylvania Pets and Animals 600 $. View pictures Pit Bull Terrier · Pittsburgh, PA. Apollo is an all around wonderful guy! He is about 4-5 years old and about 40-45lbs of joy and excitement. He loves everyone he more. Tools. The Foster Farm ·20 hours ago on Get-Pet. 1. 2. 3
Text Renny in Pittsburgh to (213) 297-7446 or email firstname.lastname@example.org. With his bright smile and luxurious long white and grey coat, Renny has to be one of the cutest little dogs in Pittsburgh. Rennie is likely a mix of Lhasa Apso and Shih Tzu, but his ancestry is rather uncertain - Shih tzu Puppies & Dogs For Sale Or Adoption In Your Area StatenIsland NY. 11-20 Search For More Puppies & Dogs And Find Pet Care Information And Buying Tip Located In Scottdale Pa , near Pittsburgh. 3 Shih Tzu Puppies born on Feb 28th. They have been vet checked with a great clean bill of health. They have had thier first shots and are worm free. I have 2 light brindle males with black masks and one male dark brindle with black mask . $600.00 firm with full Akc registration
Rescue abused and negIected shih tzu and Ihasa apsos. We are an 100% voIunteer organization who devotes over 50,000 hours of voIunteer time each year to stop the negIect. Ohio Fuzzy Pawz Shih Tzu Rescue (Shelter #1111689) Buy, Sell or Adopt Local Pets in Pittsburgh. List Free Classifieds Now Petclassifieds.com - Classifieds for all Pets & Animals: Dogs , Cats , Horses. The puppies have all been seen by the vet, wormed a few times and have their first set of vaccines before leaving here. My mother, Esther and I, breed the Shih Tzu's together. Some litters maybe hers and some mine. You can see previous puppies at the bottom of the page. CURRENT LITTERS: LITTER #1. Gidget and Hank ready to go July 31 202 Shih Tzu puppies for sale and dogs for adoption in Pennsylvania, PA. Find the perfect Shih Tzu puppy for sale in Pennsylvania, PA at PuppyFind.com pittsburgh, PA (pit) port huron, MI (phn) raleigh / durham / CH (ral) reading, PA (rea) Beautiful sHiH TzU puppy## (crw) hide this posting restore restore this posting. Shih Tzu pure breed (crw) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting
Welcome to Windsong Shih Tzu Where our puppies make your family complete . Windsong Shih Tzu maintains a small breeding program in an effort to assure quality, not quantity, in the puppies we produce. Our dogs and puppies are family raised in a clean, healthy environment and are pre-spoiled before being sold . (2) Male, (1) Female AKC, purebred Shih Tzu puppies available. Puppies are 8 weeks prepared and old for caring permanently homes! They have lovely thick coats and markings, and wonderful characters. Gorgeous! (1) Female Brindle with black mask, white markings. (1) Male Black with white tux markings AKC Blue Shih tzu puppy for sale in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. $500. Share it or review it. Beautiful AKC blue shihtzu puppy 8 weeks old, Pup will come with her first set of shots,a eukanuba puppy pack (coupons training tips ext.)+ starter food,dew claws removed and will be dewormed several times.She has been socialized with kids and other dogs. AKC-Adorable Shih tzu puppies for sale in Baden, Pennsylvania $600 Share it or review it. 2 litters Max and Chloe had a litter of puppies on May 25th. 2 females and 1 male. Pittsburgh Pets and Animals for sale. McKeesport Pets and Animals for sale. Monroeville Pets and Animals for sale
Beautiful Shih Tzu puppies NC. (lou > louisville) hide this posting restore restore this posting. favorite this post. Jun 26 pittsburgh, PA (pit) poconos (poc) raleigh / durham / CH (ral) reading, PA (rea) richmond, VA (ric) roanoke, VA (roa) rochester, NY (rcs) Rehoming 55gal bioactive tank / $350 Shih tzu puppy (bal > baltimore) hide this posting restore restore this posting. favorite this post Jun 25 Maltese Shih Tzu
Male and female Shih Tzu puppies. They are 12 weeks old, vet checked, dewormed and have all vet records up to date. Our puppies are well trained and very social 350 USD. Brave Shih Tzu Puppies. - For sale. Pets » Dogs. Brave shih tzu Puppies. Call or text (872) 356-1195 if interested in the puppies MALE ORANGE Shih Tzu Puppies NEEDS HOME,.45 hide this posting restore restore this posting. Few local results found. Here are some from nearby areas. Checking 'include nearby areas' will expand your search. favorite this post 12 Week Old Full-Blooded sHiH tZu Puppies 19125,philadelphia ,PA (phi > 19125,philadelphia ,PA) hide this posting restore restore this posting favorite this post Jul Shih Tzu mixed Puppies. $600. pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. Few local results found. Here are some from nearby areas. Checking 'include nearby areas' will expand your search. favorite this post. May 17 Tiny Tim will warm your heart, and make you laugh. Tiny Tim is an Imperial Shih Tzu, small in size but big on Love. He loves to play and cuddle loves to jump on the papers as you put them in his play pen. Tim is up to date on all shots and wormings and is ready for is forever home north jersey pets shih tzu - craigslist We've detected you are using a browser that is missing critical features. pittsburgh, PA (pit) plattsburgh-adirondacks (plb) poconos (poc) potsdam-canton-massena (ptd) Shih TZu puppies Ready for new home (nyc) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting

domain: pet


openSUSE 11.4 - wired icon does not change to wireless icon in panel
Kwallet is off. Then I install a wireless device under WPA. Wired icon starts to change to wireless icon, but does not and goes back to wired icon. Hovering pointer over wired icon shows wired device installed as well as wireless device. How do I keep the wireless icon in place after installing WPA to wireless device?


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SEJournal Online is the digital news magazine of the Society of Environmental Journalists. Learn more about SEJournal Online, including submission, subscription and advertising information.
This fall the US Green Building Council expects to launch its rating system for residential construction. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Homes will consider sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality for single and multi-family dwellings. The system will apply to both new construction and retrofit projects.
LEED for Homes. There you can find lists of LEED for Homes-certified projects by state, builder, type of measures included, and more.
USGBC press: Taryn Holowka, 202-828-1144; or Ashley Katz, 202-742-3738.
LEED for Homes public comment period ended in July. Public comments received (free registration required).
Previous LEED standards have been highly influential in the commercial, industrial, and institutional building sectors. USGBC ran a pilot LEED for Homes program in 2005, and the real-world experience gained from that has heavily informed the final standard. Finding local architects and builders who are adopting LEED for Homes could make for interesting stories on the environment beat and real estate pages.

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Are there any good reception shorty/stubby antennas for Toyota FJ'S? Needing to replace the boot and thought about ordering a 13 inch or Less antenna at the same time. Almost everything I've seen, w a stubby antenna you lose almost all reception. Anyone??


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Eritrea Tourism: TripAdvisor has 1,053 reviews of Eritrea Hotels, Attractions, and Restaurants making it your best Eritrea resource.
Eritrea, country of the Horn of Africa, located on the Red Sea.Eritrea’s coastal location has long been important in its history and culture—a fact reflected in its name, which is an Italianized version of Mare Erythraeum, Latin for “Red Sea.”
Eritrea is in East Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan, with a long disputed border with Ethiopia.. Understand . Eritrea was conquered in 1890 by Italy, who hung onto it until World War II, when they were expelled by the British.
The stratovolcano, Nabro, rumbled to life on 12 June 2011, following a series of earthquakes. This satellite image was taken the following day.
Geography . Eritrea was formerly the northernmost province of Ethiopia and is about the size of Indiana. Much of the country is mountainous. Its narrow Red Sea coastal plain is one of the hottest and driest places in Africa.
World news about Eritrea. Breaking news and archival information about its people, politics and economy from The New York Times.

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Here in Alaska, Governor Walker recently signed Senate Bill 6 (SB6) into law.
"An Act relating to the regulation and production of industrial hemp; relating to industrial hemp pilot programs; providing that industrial hemp is not included in the definition of 'marijuana'; providing that cannabidiol oil is not included in the definition of 'hashish oil'; clarifying that adding industrial hemp to food does not create an adulterated food product; and providing for an effective date."
Wait, so Hemp isn’t ‘marijuana’?
Yes, and no. Hemp is a variety of Cannabis, but it’s not psychoactive because it doesn’t contain a clinically significant amount of the cannabinoid THC. I personally dislike the word 'marijuana' because it’s a misnomer, originally a slang term used by Mexicans to describe Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica, the two varieties of Cannabis that contain THC and are typically smoked for their psychoactive effects.
Hemp is actually Cannabis Ruderalis, the third and the only variety of cannabis that can be theoretically farmed year-round outdoors in Alaska. Besides its myriad industrial uses, it contains copious amounts of a non-psychoactive cannabinoid called CBD (Cannabidiol), which is becoming widely recognized by the medical community for its many therapeutic effects. This makes Hemp a true cash crop, and its oil a commodity that can be processed locally, then exported around the world.
Hemp has been an integral part of America since the earliest days of the colonists. Indeed, Hemp arrived in Colonial America with the Puritans, and was even used for fiber in the lines, sails and caulking of the Mayflower. British sailing vessels were never without a store of hemp seed, and Britain’s colonies in the Americas were compelled by law to grow hemp. After the revolution, America’s Founding Fathers would continue this tradition, one that remained in place through World War II, even though 'marijuana' was prohibited by U.S. law in 1937.
US hemp expansion challenged by lack of trade protection
Unfortunately, it’s not all smooth sailing for Hemp, even as Alaska joins other states like California, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and West Virginia in passing laws allowing for “industrial hemp farming for research and/or commercial purposes”. This is because there are still restrictions for imports and exports in the 2014 Farm Bill, which “allows the importation of viable hemp seeds from other countries – but doesn’t extend agricultural trade protection to them. The result? The United States has become a dumping ground for inferior Hemp seeds.
Exports are problematic as well; American Hemp seed producers say there’s an insatiable global market for American-grown CBD products derived from hemp, not ‘marijuana’. But U.S. Customs officials routinely seize these Cannabidiol products regardless of the source, leading producers to label exports as “Hemp Oil” or even vaguer names to avoid interception.
Our President’s a businessman, and global opportunities abound in hemp! While our domestic Hemp industry was worth $688 million in 2016, this market is expected to grow to $1.8 billion by 2020. American Hemp farmers really need Trump’s support right now as the industry is exploding worldwide – without the trade protections afforded to other crops.
Hemp industry loses case against DEA, industry in peril
While 14 forward-thinking U.S. States are trying to seize an early opportunity with Hemp, a federal appeals court sided with the Drug Enforcement Administration and upheld its decision that CBD is a Schedule 1 controlled substance. This is a major setback for American Hemp! This decision was just issued Monday by the 9th Circuit Court, means that hemp producers can only sell cannabidiol where it is allowed under state law. It also meant that CBD is no longer “50 state legal”, and that anybody selling it is in violation of federal law.
CBD producers who brought the case vowed to appeal. It started in 2016, when the DEA issued a “clarifying rule” stating that CBD is an illegal drug, because it is extracted from ‘marijuana flowers’. Hemp producers argued that CBD can also be extracted from legal Hemp flowers, and there’s no way to tell whether extracted CBD comes from marijuana or from Hemp.
These CBD producers also argued that the DEA was attempting to add a new substance to the Controlled Substances Act, which it cannot do. The DEA said the extract rule was simply a clarification of existing law and that it “makes no substantive change to the government’s control of any substance.” The three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit agreed. Their decision means that the DEA was within its authority to clarify CBD as a “marijuana extract.”
CBD’s legal status remains confusing – for the DEA, and the judges
But wait, there’s more. Even with this new 9th Circuit ruling that CBD is an illegal drug made from ‘marijuana’, the agency released a statement less than a month later clarifying its position and separating Hemp-derived Cannabidiol from its enforcement. The DEA’s Diversion Control Division explained that CBD from hemp grown in compliance with federal law falls outside the purview of the Controlled Substances Act. “Such products may accordingly be sold and otherwise distributed throughout the United States without restriction.”
The agency further clarified that hemp products such as CBD are legal to import and export. This clarification comes in the wake of a federal court decision upholding the DEA’s position that cannabis extracts, including CBD, are illegal drugs that should be treated the same as ‘marijuana’. But the judges pointed out that the CSA does not limit hemp grown in compliance with the 2014 Farm Bill, which allows states to experiment with the crop.
The fact it isn’t possible to tell whether CBD molecules were extracted from hemp or marijuana has led to persistent confusion about the product’s legality.
Earlier this month, Michigan regulators announced CBD will be regulated like medical marijuana. And in Texas, health authorities are mulling a statewide ban on CBD in food products. But the real CBD state battle victory came out of Montana…
Just in time for Montana farmer, Hemp wins federal water battle
If they follow Farm Bill rules for growing the crop, Hemp farmers may have access to federal water, thanks to a long battle by Montana farmer Kim Phillips, and Montana agriculture authorities to secure water rights from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
The Montana decision has enormous implications for the nascent hemp industry across the United States. The Reclamation Bureau is the nation’s largest wholesale supplier of water, and many U.S. farmers rely on it, especially out West. Phillips received her water contract last Wednesday, just days before the deadline to plant hemp in Montana’s short summer.
Several Western U.S. senators introduced legislation last year to address hemp and water rights, but the bill languished in committee and was never acted upon.
After losing all 12 acres of hemp in 2017, Phillips saw her crop wither and die when federal authorities said they couldn’t let her irrigate. The Reclamation Bureau had said last year that the 2014 Farm Bill didn’t authorize access to federal water rights. But after this latest ruling, the Reclamation Bureau now says that hemp-related water requests will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to see if they comply with the Farm Bill.
What else... How about a celebrity-endorsed CBD product line?
Montel Williams is a well-known talk show host in the U.S., whose outspoken advocacy of cannabis treatments for his multiple sclerosis predates many celebrity branding attempts. But when he caught wind last year that other companies were using his name to imply endorsements for their own CBD products, Williams didn’t just call his lawyers to file a fraud lawsuit. He decided it was time to capitalize on the business of selling CBD products.
While Williams’ lawsuit is still pending, he says the case showed him he may be missing the boat on CBD therapies. He sees hemp-derived CBD as a possible bridge toward cannabis acceptance amid a patchwork of confusing state regulations about legal THC ratios.
“We’re in this ridiculous never-never land in America” when it comes to cannabis regulations, Williams said. “It’s gotten so ridiculous it’s almost impossible to navigate. But at the same time, there are patients out there suffering, and we know there is some relief that can be had with CBD. It’s like during flu season, some people take zinc pills, some people take vitamin C. There’s no reason you shouldn’t be adding CBD to your daily holistic program.”
Hemp Bible: “The Emperor Wears No Clothes”
While CBD is getting the most press lately, don’t forget the promise of industrial hemp. Before manufacturing pioneer Henry Ford powered (and build much of) his first automobile with it, he saw Hemp’s potential to “green” power the planet as the world’s most thermodynamically productive biomass crop; Mr. Ford also was also able to forsee the soybean’s potential to feed the world’s livestock, and saw a huge future for both crops.
If you want more info on Cannabis Hemp and its still-unrealized industrial potential, look no further than the immortal Jack Herer’s seminal tome, “The Emperor Wears No Clothes”. Published in 1985, it took 12 years to write, and has gone through 12 editions to date.
Quoting from the book's back cover:
“If all fossil fuels and their derivatives, as well as trees for paper and construction were banned in order to save the planet, reverse the Greenhouse Effect and stop deforestation; then there is only one known annually renewable natural resource that is capable of providing the overall
majority of the world's paper and textiles; meet all of the world's transportation, industrial and home energy needs, while simultaneously reducing pollution, rebuilding the soil, and cleaning the atmosphere all at the same time... and that substance is -- the same one that did it all before -- Cannabis Hemp... Marijuana!”
The book, backed by H.E.M.P. (United States), Hanf Haus (Germany), Sensi Seeds Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum, Amsterdam, (Netherlands), and T.H.C., the Texas Hemp Campaign (United States), offers $100,000 to anyone who can disprove the claims within.
Herer’s book title alludes to Hans Christian Andersen's classic fairy tale "The Emperor's New Clothes" (1837). He uses Andersen's story as an allegory for the prohibition of Cannabis.

domain: law


This month marked 20 years of continuous human presence onboard the International Space Station (ISS), a remarkable feat. But what does the future hold for the world’s orbital laboratory?
Let’s take a quick look at some of the ideas and plans NASA holds for the future of the ISS.
The ISS will continue its role as the planet’s leading orbital laboratory.
NASA has maintained that the ISS will remain a dedicated research facility off the planet, and will continue to welcome scientists and their investigations onboard the orbital laboratory in the near and far future.
Over the next decade, NASA has many plans for the ISS, including making upgrades to the station, improving spacesuits, continuing Earth observations, and using the orbital outpost for long-duration human analog missions to prepare for lunar and Martian exploration.
SpaceX is just the beginning.
NASA’s Commercial Crew Program is now delivering astronauts to the ISS, most recently with the successful launch of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-1 mission.
Boeing soon hopes to join SpaceX in delivering private astronauts to the station with planned flights currently scheduled for June and December of next year.
NASA’s Commercial Crew Program is just the beginning of commercial spaceflight to and from the ISS.
The ISS is expanding space tourism opportunities.
Space just got more accessible. It sounds like something out of a sci-fi film but plans for the ISS include space tourism!
Earlier this year, NASA selected Axiom Space of Houston to provide at least one habitable commercial module to be attached to the ISS as the agency continues to open the station for commercial use.
This selection is a significant step toward enabling the development of independent commercial destinations that meet NASA’s long-terms needs in low-Earth orbit, beyond the life of the space station, and continue to foster the growth of a robust low-Earth orbit economy.
Developing commercial destinations in low-Earth orbit is one of five elements of NASA’s plan to open the ISS to new commercial and marketing opportunities. The other elements of the five-point plan include efforts to make station and crew resources available for commercial use through a new commercial use and pricing policy; enable private astronaut missions to the station; seek out and pursue opportunities to stimulate long-term, sustainable demand for these services; and quantify NASA’s long-term demand for activities in low-Earth orbit.
Check out this short clip that was tweeted out by NASA last year, which shows astronaut Christina Koch talking about accessibility in space and the opening of the ISS for business!
— NASA (@NASA) June 7, 2019
Movies in space
Yes, you read that right. Plans for the ISS include feature films and Hollywood actors.
Last year, NASA issued a directive regarding the use of the ISS for commercial and marketing activities, and in May 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that Tom Cruise was going to be filming aboard the ISS (see tweet below)!
NASA is excited to work with @TomCruise on a film aboard the @Space_Station! We need popular media to inspire a new generation of engineers and scientists to make @NASA’s ambitious plans a reality. pic.twitter.com/CaPwfXtfUv
— Jim Bridenstine (@JimBridenstine) May 5, 2020
Whether it is furthering our scientific understanding through its use as an orbital research laboratory, serving as an outpost for commercial spaceflights, or as a facility that supports commercial ventures such as space tourism and movies, the future holds many possibilities for the ISS, NASA and its international and commercial partners.


text: Joss Whedon Joss Whedon, the creator of the movie and TV series Buffy The Vampire Slayer. He is executive producer of Buffy and co-executive producer of the Buffy spinoff Angel. Before working on Buffy, Whedon wrote for the TV series Roseanne. He has worked on the screenplays for such films as Alien Resurrection, Twister, Toy Story, Speed and X-Men. This interview first aired May 9, 2000.

domain: artistic


text:
Darwiniana, nueva serie
versión impresa ISSN 0011-6793
SCARPA, Gustavo F. Medical ethnobotany of Chorote indians and comparison with the one of Criollos of Semiarid Chaco, Argentina. Darwiniana [online]. 2009, vol.47, n.1, pp. 92-101. ISSN 0011-6793.
Present medicinal plant uses of the Chorote indians of Semiarid Chaco, is identified here. Sixty nine (69) plant species, 2 fungi species and 1 lichen with 194 medicinal uses, are recorded. A low proportion of medicinal uses regarding total ethnobotanical data (15 %), is highlighted. More than a half of such plant uses (52 %) were found identical from those recorded for their Criollo neighbours, concluding that these practices would have been incorporated as a kind of cultural loan. Chorote's pharmacopoeia would have been very reduced in the past owned to the shamanistic nature of their traditional medicine, in which medicinal plants would not have played a significant role. Among Chorote's medicinal plants Achatocarpus praecox, Cleistocactus baumannii, Echinopsis rhodotricha and Funastrum clausum, could be quoted. Ninety Chorote's strictly plant remedies could be counted, mainly as antiemmenagogic; antidiarrheic, for coughs and as cicatrizant.
Palabras clave : Chaco; Chorote; Ethnobotany; Indians; Medicine; Semiarid.

domain: biology


text:
Acupuncture Efficacy on Ischemic Stroke Recovery
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial in China
Background and Purpose—Acupuncture is a frequently used complementary treatment for ischemic stroke in China but the evidence available from previous randomized trials is inconclusive. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in a more robustly designed larger scale trial.
Methods—This is a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Eight hundred sixty-two hospitalized patients with limb paralysis between 3 to 10 days after ischemic stroke onset were allocated acupuncture plus standard care or standard care alone. The acupuncture was applied 5 times per week for 3 to 4 weeks. The primary outcomes were defined as follows: (1) death/disability according to Barthel index and (2) death/institutional care at 6 months.
Results—There was a tendency of fewer patients being dead or dependent in acupuncture group (80/385, 20.7%) than in control group (102/396, 25.8%) at 6 months (odds ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–1.05). The benefit was noted in subgroup receiving ≥10 sessions of acupuncture (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–0.98). There was no statistical difference in death or institutional care between the 2 groups (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–1.79). Severe adverse events occurred in 7.6% and 8.3% of patients in the 2 groups, respectively.
Conclusions—Acupuncture seemed to be safe in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke. If the potential benefits observed are confirmed in future larger study, the health gain from wider use of the treatment could be substantial.
Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.chictr.org/en/. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-11001353.
Worldwide, stroke is the second common cause of death and first leading cause of adult disability.1 In China, there are 1.5 to 2 million new strokes per year and stroke has become the first leading cause of death and disabilty.2,3 The proportion of patients being dependent in daily life is still high at discharge even in those with intensive treatment including rehabilitation.4 In Western medicine, treatment added in standard rehabilitation in the early postacute phase of stroke that might promote the process of recovery such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and constraint-induced movement therapy shows great promise.5,6 Acupuncture which has been used for treating stroke for >1000 years might act in a similar way. Experimental studies have showed its potential beneficial effects in post stroke rehabilitation.7–10 However, randomized controlled trials have yet to show convincing evidence of benefit in acute and subacute ischemic stroke.11–13 In the earlier trials conducted outside China, 2 studies showed that acupuncture can improve motor function and independence in activities of daily living (ADL),14,15 whereas 2 trials using sham treatment as control did not find evidence of benefit.16,17 Although, by contrast, many Chinese trials reported positive results, the conclusions were not regarded as robust, as a result of small sample size and methodological weaknesses as follows: the use of outcome measures that were not internationally recognized; unclear methods of randomization and allocation concealment; the lack of long-term follow-up; and publication bias.12,13,18 Therefore, we designed this randomized controlled trials with a larger sample, and scales to assess efficacy and safety of acupuncture. The hypothesis was acupuncture, in the immediate postacute phase of ischemic stroke, can improve patients’ independence in ADL over a longer follow-up.
Study Design and Participants
This study was designed as a multicenter, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. The study was divided into 2 phases: pilot study from April 2001 to February 2002 and main study from February 2002 to February 2004. The study was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-TRC-11001353) with protocol approved by the ethics committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University.
Patients aged from 18 to 85 years and both sexes were eligible if they had an acute ischemic stroke and could be enrolled between 3 to 10 days after stroke onset. The ischemic stroke was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria for stroke and all patients had brain computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scan to exclude intracerebral hemorrhage.19 Only patients with limbs paralysis were included. The extent of paralysis had to be such that patients should be unable to walk or eat or dress without assistance.
The criteria included the following: (1) dependency in ADL before present stroke, (2) inability to complete scheduled treatment course, (3) infection in acupuncture sites, (4) severe aphasia or unconsciousness making it difficult to comprehend the study or cooperate in evaluation, and (5) other severe complications or comorbidities such as heart/renal function failure.
The sample size calculation was based on assumption of a ≥10% reduction in the absolute risk of death or dependency in the acupuncture group compared with controls (30%) at 6-month follow-up. Considering possible loss of follow-up (10% to 20%), ≥800 patients (400 patients in each group) were required to test the hypothesis (α=0.05; β=0.80).
Randomization and Allocation Concealment
The list of treatment allocations were produced centrally by computer-generated random numbers and the randomization sequence was stratified by participating centres. The article revealing the treatment allocation was placed in sequentially numbered, sealed opaque envelopes. After informed consent was obtained, the envelopes were opened sequentially and acupuncture therapists were notified if participants were allocated into acupuncture group.
Patients in both groups received routine ischemic stroke treatment, such as antithrombotic medications and prevention of complications. Rehabilitation was also performed in centres where it was available. Background medical care could differ from center to center but the protocol required all trial patients in a given center to receive the same background care irrespective of treatment allocation.
Patients in the treatment group received additional traditional Chinese acupuncture which was started 3 to 10 days after stroke onset, 5 times per week for 3 to 4 weeks (in the pilot study) or 3 weeks (in the main study). Before the trial started, all acupuncturists in participating centres received training of standardized acupuncture procedure. The acupoints with corresponding needling methods used in the present study were selected on the basis of “Xing Nao Kai Qiao” acupuncture methods which was originally developed by the acupuncture research group in the Medical College of Tianjing.20 The main acupoints include Renzhong-DU26, Neiguan-PC6 (both sides), and Sanyinjiao-SP6 (paretic side). Auxiliary acupoints include Baihui-DU20, 4 acupoints on the paretic side (Zusanli-ST36, Fenglong-ST40, Taichong-LK3, and Chize-LL5), and 2 acupoints on the both sides (Fengchi-GB20, Qihai-RN6). The Huato sterile acupuncture needles (1.5–4 cm in length and 0.38–0.42 mm in diameter) were used in the present study. Patients were in the supine position when they were treated. The needling methods for each acupoint have been published in the article of pilot study in the online-only Data Supplement.21
Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded at the time of enrollment. During treatment period, adverse events which may be related to acupuncture were monitored and reported to the principal investigator who would decide whether acupuncture should be stopped. All patients who did not adhere to the allocated treatment were followed up in full and their data were included into analysis according to intention-to-treat principle.
The severity of neurological deficits at baseline and at the end of scheduled treatment periods or at discharge was assessed with Scandinavian Stroke Scale. This scale includes 10 items with total of score ranging from 0 to 60 points (higher points indicate better neurological function). At the end of 3 and 6 months after randomization, patients were followed up by telephone interview. ADL were evaluated by using Barthel Index (BI) which involves 10 personal activities with a maximum of 100 points (higher BI score indicates better function in ADL). The evaluation of both neurological deficits and ADL were performed by investigators who were unaware of treatment allocation.
Primary outcomes in this trial were defined as the following: (1) death/disability at 6 months: disability was defined as BI of ≤60 points; (2) death/long-term institutional care at 6 months (in the hospital, nursing home, or rehabilitation house). As sample size/power calculation may vary when it is based on different primary outcomes, sample size calculation based on outcome “death/disability at 6 months” was preset in this study. Secondary outcomes include the following: (1) case fatality; (2) changes of neurological deficit score at the end of scheduled treatment periods or at discharge. Severe adverse events occurred in both groups and adverse events directly related to acupuncture were analyzed to assess acupuncture safety.
Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS for Windows statistic software (version 13.0). χ2 test for categorical variables, t test for continuous variables with normal distribution, and nonparametric test for skewed distribution were used to detect difference in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. For the outcome analysis, odds ratio [OR] with corresponding 95% confidence interval [CI] were calculated for dichotomous data including death, death or disability, and death or long-term institutional care, whereas t test was used to assess difference in changes of neurological deficits score between the 2 groups. The level of significance was set at 5% in the comparison, and all statistical testing was 2-sided. Subgroup analysis was preset to compare patients receiving ≥10 sessions of acupuncture with control group.
Total of 862 patients from 40 hospitals were enrolled in this study; of them 427 were allocated acupuncture and 435 control (Figure 1). There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups except more patients with dysphagia and dysarthria in control group than in acupuncture group (Table 1). Two hundred sixty-seven (62.5%) patients in acupuncture group completed all scheduled sessions of acupuncture (≥15 sessions), whereas 54 (12.6%) received 10 to 14 sessions, 59 (13.8%) received 5 to 9 sessions, 24 (5.6%) received 1 to 4 sessions, and 23 (5.4%) did not receive any acupuncture treatment after randomization. The main cause of discontinuing acupuncture was early discharge from hospital (112 patients, 82.4%). The concomitant therapies were comparable between the 2 groups (Table I in the online-only Data Supplement).
At 6 months, 40 (9.4%) patients in acupuncture group and 39 (9.0%) patients in control group were lost to follow-up. Fewer patients had died or were dependent in ADL in the acupuncture group (113/410, 27.6%) than in control group (137/405, 33%) at 3 months, the tendency continued at 6 months (80/385 [20.7%] versus 102/396 [25.8%]), but the difference was not statistically significant (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.54–1.05; Table 2). There was also no significant difference in death or institutional care between the 2 groups at 6 months (8.0% versus 7.6%; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.63–1.79). The results above did not change significantly when last observation carried forward analysis was conducted.
Post hoc ordinal analysis was performed to assess if there was favorable shift in distribution of scores on BI with acupuncture treatment, and a nonsignificant trend was tested (pooled OR for shift to higher BI, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.88–1.50; P=0.296; Figure 2). Preplanned subgroup analysis showed that only when patients who received ≥10 sessions of acupuncture were included into analysis, a significant difference was detected in death or dependency at 6 months (57/298 [19.1%] versus 102/396 [25.8%]; OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47–0.98; number needed to treat 15) but not for other outcomes (Table II in the online-only Data Supplement).
Death occurred in 6.2% and 4.5% of patients in the 2 groups at 6 months, respectively (OR, 1.39%; 95% CI, 0.74–2.60). At the end of the scheduled treatment period, there was significantly greater change of Scandinavian Stroke Scale score from baseline in acupuncture group (9.70±7.85) than in control group (7.57±12.58; P=0.03), which indicated that patients in acupuncture group had greater reduction in their neurological deficit.
Severe adverse events occurred in 7.6% of patients in acupuncture group and 8.3% in control group. The most common adverse event directly related to acupuncture is pain, moderate or severe pain occurred in ≈9.4% patients; 1.9% of patients discontinued acupuncture because of severe pain (Table 3).
In this study, we assessed efficacies and safety of acupuncture used in subacute stage of stroke; acupuncture seemed to be a safe treatment but did not show definitive benefits of reducing death or dependency in ADL, although a trend of better outcomes was observed in acupuncture group at 3 and 6 months. Also, acupuncture did not prove to be efficacious in reducing death or long-term institutional care. However, it was noted that there was more improvement of neurological deficits in whole acupuncture group and significant reduction of death or dependency in subgroup receiving ≥10 sessions of acupuncture (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47–0.98).
The effect of acupuncture on death or disability observed in this study is consistent with 3 recently published studies with long-term follow-up and 2 systematic reviews of acupuncture in post stroke rehabilitation.13,22–25 The recent systematic review included 56 randomized trials published before 2009; of the evaluated, 46 used acupuncture within 1-month post stroke and only 10 took functional outcomes; pooled OR of 38 trials was in favor of acupuncture (OR, 4.33; 95% CI, 3.09–6.08).25 Of the 56 included trials, 32 trials were published after 2004, most of them (27 trials) were conducted in China. None of the trials conducted outside China reported positive results on primary outcome, whereas all Chinese trials except 1 showed positive results in favor of acupuncture. In the Cochrane systematic review focusing on efficacy of acupuncture in acute and subacute phases of stroke, meta-analysis of 4 trials with a total of 373 patients showed that there was a borderline significant trend toward fewer patients being dead or dependent (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43–0.99) in acupuncture group than in control group.13 The meta-analysis showed more aspiring result when data of this study was merged (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55–0.93; Figure 3). It is suggested that acupuncture might be efficacious in reducing disability but whether the effect is any moderate or less, sample size of this trial is still under power to detect it. In fact, except recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis within 3 hours after stroke onset, there are few interventions in acute/subacute stage of stroke which showed ≥10% of absolute risk reduction of death or dependency. To clarify this issue, a larger randomized controlled trial with sample size of >1340, according to the result of updated meta-analysis, is needed. If the potential benefits above are confirmed, the health gain from wider use of the acupuncture after stroke could be substantial.26
This study has strengths. First, it is the largest randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for stroke at the moment. Second, when compared with most published Chinese acupuncture trials, this study was a real randomized trial with adequate allocation concealment, long-term follow-up and blinding assessment. Third, we used disability in ADL or death as primary outcome which have been preferred in trial of acute stroke but just adopted in a few previous trials of acupuncture for stroke. We also evaluated the efficacy of acupuncture on death or long-term institutional care. The use of coprimary outcomes may increase the chance of positive results in favor of the evaluated treatment. Therefore, adjustment of P value for significance (eg, P<0.025 rather than 0.05) should be considered. In this trial, the adjustment of P value for significance has no real impact on the trial’s conclusion because the P values calculated for the 2 primary outcomes were >0.05. Finally, “Xing Nao Kai Qiao” needling method used in this trial is one of the most commonly used acupuncture program in China. Before this trial began, an uncontrolled observational study of 2336 patients with stroke suggested that it was potentially efficacious in improving neurological deficits.27 Thus, we actually assessed efficacy of acupuncture program which is widely accepted and most likely proved to be efficacious.
There were 3 limitations in this study. The first limitation is poor compliance of patients with allocated treatment, only 62.5% of patients in acupuncture group received all scheduled sessions of acupuncture, and 6% of patients in control group withdrew and required acupuncture treatment after randomization. The reason for this may be related to the Chinese culture background: most Chinese patients think that acupuncture is useful in improving neurological deficits, so they would request for the therapy if they did not have satisfactory recovery from routine treatment. The second limitation is a little high proportion of loss of follow-up (9.4% in acupuncture group and 9.0% control group). The 2 limitations above made the results more uncertain although sensitivity analysis excluding patient who crossed over to the other group, and analysis by last observation carried forward did not show significant change in the results on primary outcomes. Considering the result of subgroup analysis and main cause of discontinuing acupuncture (early discharge from hospital), 2 weeks for acupuncture treatment period may be an appropriate choice in future trials, especially in China. The third limitation is that reasons for noninclusion of screened patients were recorded only in a proportion of participating centers, which made it difficult to assess generalizability of the trial’s results. However, data from center with the largest number of recruited patients (West China Hospital of Sichuan University) indicated that ≈45% of screened patients were excluded for ineligibility and 40% were not included because of unavailable informed consent.
Although sham acupuncture used is the main controversy in design of acupuncture trial, it seems to be reasonable to use sham acupuncture as control to evaluate real or specific effect of acupuncture. However, sham acupunctures which have been used in some previous studies are not feasible in China because patients are well acquainted with acupuncture and recognize the special sensation of “Teh Chi.” Furthermore, sham acupuncture may not be truly inert and may have underlying physiological effects, and hence may not be a proper control group.28,29 To enable us to design a large pragmatic trial, we decided not to use sham acupuncture as control in this study. In contrast to previous Chinese trial in stroke, we used binary outcome as primary outcome (dependency or independency according to BI score) because the systematic review suggested that placebos had no significant effects on objective or binary outcomes in clinical trials.30
In conclusion, this study assessed efficacy of acupuncture used as adjunct to standard care in the early stage of stroke, the result does not support its use in the routine clinical practice from Western medicine perspective. However, a trend toward fewer patients with dependency in acupuncture group was noted, especially in those receiving >10 sessions of acupuncture. Trials with larger scale are needed to confirm the potential benefit of acupuncture for post stroke rehabilitation in future.
We would like to thank all doctors and patients who participated in this study for their cooperation. We also would like to express our gratitude to Professor Peter Sandercock of Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and Professor KS Wong of Prince of Wales Hospital, Hongkong for useful comments on the article of this study.
Sources of Funding
This study was funded by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic China.
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://stroke.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007659/-/DC1.
- Received October 4, 2014.
- Revision received March 18, 2015.
- Accepted March 18, 2015.
- © 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.
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domain: medical


Who We Are
Horizon Off-Road is a team of engineers who strive to design and build premium, high quality aftermarket parts for the UTV industry, specifically the Honda Talon. Our products are tried and tested for optimum capability, and are built to last. Our ever-evolving portfolio of products is set out to achieve a simple goal:
Unleash your Talon.


Arts and humanities researchers gain new insight into working with policy-makers
The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Institute for Government will provide new insights into the world of policy making for twenty early career academics at a three-day course beginning today (Tuesday, 5 March 2019).
The Engaging with Government 2019 course, which aims to build links between policy makers and researchers, will challenge attending academics to consider the role of research in policy and encourage them to look for opportunities in which their own research could make a contribution.
Speakers will include a number of academics with a history of working well with policy as well as experts from AHRC, the Institute for Government and other organisations including Will Moy, director of independent fact checking agency Full Fact.
The programme, now in its seventh year, has helped more than 100 researchers develop the skills necessary to successfully engage with government. This year’s participants were chosen from across the UK and from a range of disciplines, from History and Law to Typography and Criminology.
Anne Sofield, Associate Director of Programmes, said: “The best policy can only come from well informed policy makers and it’s here that the relationship between research and government is vitally important.
“The Engaging with Government course maintains and safeguards this relationship by encouraging researchers to think about how their arts and humanities research could make a genuine contribution to the world of policy-making.
Jill Rutter, Institute for Government Programme Director, said: “Our course alumni have shown the potential for the arts and humanities to influence public policy at all levels - in Whitehall and Westminster, the devolved governments, locally and internationally.
“Policy makers are realising that they need to reach beyond their familiar toolkit of economics and social science, and Institute for Government is delighted to be able to help these researchers discover how they can best engage with government.”
Notes to Editors
For further information, please contact:
Joe Lewis, AHRC Press and Social Media Officer
Tel: 01793 416021 Mob: 07925891633
The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funds world-class, independent researchers in a wide range of subjects: history, archaeology, digital content, philosophy, languages, design, heritage, area studies, the creative and performing arts, and much more. This financial year the AHRC will spend approximately £98 million to fund research and postgraduate training, in collaboration with a number of partners. The quality and range of research supported by this investment of public funds not only provides social and cultural benefits and contributes to the economic success of the UK but also to the culture and welfare of societies around the globe.Return to news list


You will need two good flexible fuel line clamps [ Sealey make some neat ones]to shut off the petrol lines leading to and from the filter. ItS usually a small silver cylinder with 2 spigots at either end [ YOUR NEW ONE WILL BE A GUIDE] . The fuel lines are held on with small jubilee type clips with Phillips head screws. Once clamped the clips are slackened off the the lines are pulled off. Expect a little petrol spillage from the filter body when you first slacken off the clips but that should stop after a few seconds -if not check the fuel line clamps are tight enough. Replacement is the opposite of removal but MAKE SURE THE FILTER IS ON THE CORRECT WAY ROUND !! there is usually a large arrow marked on the body to indicate the correct direction of flow [ check the logic-is the fuel coming out of the filter ultimately heading towards the engine?] The fuel filter itself is flexibly suspended in a frame with the fuel pump and you loosen off some the clamp blots to remove the filter-- it,s pretty obvious once you remove the plastic cover over the assembly- don't over tighten any of the cover nylon nuts as they are naturally self locking and you will easily strip their threads
OK they may be crimped clips- they are "one use only" type clips that are put on with a special tool - if so they can be easily replaced with the appropriate size of screw[jubilee type] clip. They may be the earlier banjo type union - basically that's a hollow bolt that screws into the filter end + ring ended pipe and a couple of washers. The important thing is to renew the washers. The new filter may or may not come with them.


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I know a couple of games that have sold well recently; Minecraft 360 and Skylanders. One involves creating immense worlds, the other buying toys and bringing them into your game. No one ever excused Disney of not being able to make a buck or two themselves, so they have combined these two concepts in Disney Infinity's Toy Box Mode. The latest trailer for the game shows us how you go about building a Disney World of your own.
Disney Infinity is due out on 18th August across 360, PS3 and both Wii types and will allow 2 players to co-op locally or 4 online. Whilst each set of characters has their own sandbox to play in, the Toy Box Mode allows you to bring all the different elements of the Disney Universe together and mash them up like the world’s most expensive Play-Doh.
The only limit is your imagination (and the confines of Disney Intellectual Property):
You can check out the Co-Optimus hands on with game here.


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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, ISBN:0521542146: 2003
(LUCRETIUS). SEDLEY, David. Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom
. (Cambridge) : Cambridge University Press, (2003). First Paperback Printing. Pp [i]-xviii,1-234,(6). Index. 8vo (153 x 229 mm), grey card covers, lettered in white.
David Neil Sedley, F.B.A. (b. May 30, 1947).
"This book is designed to appeal both to those interested in Roman poetry and to specialists in ancient philosophy. In it David Sedley explores Lucretius' complex relationship with Greek culture, in particular with Empedocles, whose poetry was the model for his own, with Epicurus, ... View More...

domain: library


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Douglas Murray is a best-selling author and award winning political and social commentator. He was raised in a Christian home but his belief in God waned over time eventually disappearing in his late twenties. He continues to embrace the positive influence that Christianity, specifically the teachings of Jesus, has had on Western culture but does so without all the divine baggage. He finds himself adopting the odd designation of “Christian atheist.”
Lighting Up the Dark Web
Douglas is a fascinating character who frequently brings the light of the world to the intellectual dark web. He shares the ‘anti-woke’ sentiments of many of the public intellectuals who go under that banner, but seems more open than many of them to the Christian worldview being a serious option. At the very least he sees the ebbing away of the Judeo-Christian tradition as potentially deadly for the West.
Douglas sat down with Christian writer and social commentator Esther O’Reilly on Unbelievable? to discuss his book, The Madness of Crowds. It was a fantastic discussion that covered many current hot-button cultural issues. I won’t go into the details of the entire conversation as it has already been well chronicled by George Brahms in a piece he wrote for Premier Christianity magazine’s blog.
Setting the Bar Too High
One of the most interesting moments in the show was when Justin asked Douglas what evidence he would need to once again believe in God. Douglas responded; “I think I need to hear a voice.” Is Douglas being reasonable or has he set the bar for God’s existence too high?
Esther responded by sharing that she hasn’t heard God literally speak either yet remains a convinced believer. She pointed out that she finds so much historical evidence for the life, death, and resurrection of the One who claimed He was equal to God and whose followers worshipped Him as God incarnate that it was quite reasonable to be a follower of Christ without hearing voices.
Douglas’ evidential requirement for a personal audience with the Divine is a common theme for many atheists when asked the same question. I believe Douglas’ request is sincere but for many other atheists it is a bar that they know cannot be reached which allows their beliefs to go unchallenged.
I find it quite ironic that the very atheists who dismiss supernatural experience as inadequate evidence for the existence of God are the very same ones who admit that the only thing that would change their mind would be a supernatural experience. The very type of evidence that they claim would transform their beliefs is conveniently not even allowed into the conversation.
Douglas graciously recognized that confining arguments for God’s existence to the philosophical, theological and historical disciplines severely limits the Christian witness. He acknowledged the powerful religious experiences of his friends and pointed out that in Africa and the Middle East encounters with the divine are not uncommon and considered acceptable evidence for the existence of God.
Galilean Road Experience
Is it possible that Douglas has already heard God speak but having left the flock he no longer recognizes the Shepherd’s voice? Douglas confided to a friend that while on a trip to Galilee he was obsessed by a thought.
“I had a very private thought…on that trip to Galilee in particular. I (had)one sentence in my head that I couldn’t get out, which was – something happened here, something happened here.”
Such a powerful statement! The sentence he heard could have been the inevitable result of all his accumulated Christian baggage lived out in a Western culture built upon a Judeo-Christian foundation, or maybe, just maybe, God was telling him that two thousand years ago heaven and earth touched.
While people desire to hear God’s voice, many feel that He just won’t speak to them. I think we need to begin by asking ourselves what it is about our lives that would make for interesting conversation. Are we engaging in dialogue or pleading for stuff? Did we bother to say “good morning” before we gave Him our “to do” list for the day? Have we made ourselves unrecognizable to Him by trying to be someone other than who He created us to be so that when we strike up a conversation He gives us a puzzled look and says, “I never knew you.”
Dallas Willard states it quite eloquently in his classic book, Hearing God.
Are we ready to be in business with God? If you find yourself in a position where you can honestly say, ‘God has never spoken to me,’ then you well might ask, ‘Why should God Speak to me? What am I doing in life that would make speaking to me a reasonable thing for Him to do? Are we in business together in life? Or am I in business for myself, trying to ‘use a little God’ to advance my projects?
Message in the Stars
One of my favourite writers, Frederick Buechner, delivered a sermon entitled, Message in the Stars, that goes right to the heart of this issue. He suggested a scenario where God writes “I Exist” in the sky every night in different colors and languages so that everyone in the world has the opportunity to see the magnificent display. He then describes the dramatic responses of the people who witness the message but then shifts the focus to a young man who turns to his father and says, “What difference does that make?” It is a powerful scene because it exposes the stark difference between settling for God’s existence or establishing a personal relationship with the divine.
The majority of debates between Christians and atheists focus on the proof for God’s existence as if that were enough for faith, but as Buechner points out, we don’t need assurance that He is out there but that He is present with us:
We all want to be certain, we all want proof, but the kind of proof we tend to want – scientifically or philosophically demonstrable proof that would silence all doubts once and for all – would not in the long run, I think, answer the fearful depths of our need at all. For what we need to know, of course, is not just that God exists, not just that beyond the steely brightness of the stars there is a cosmic intelligence of some kind that keeps the whole show going, but that there is a God right here in the thick of our day-today lives who may be writing messages about himself in the stars but who in one way or another is trying to get messages through our blindness as we move around here knee-deep in the fragrant muck and misery and marvel of the world. It is not objective proof of God’s existence that we want but, whether we use religious language for it or not, the experience of God’s presence. That is the miracle we are really after. And that is also, I think, the miracle that we really get.
Sounds of Silence
Monasteries, cathedrals, and churches are quiet. The ocean, forest, and desert are quiet. We flock to them to sit in silence. While it may seem to be physically quiet, we are in fact submersed in a sea of divine discourse. We may think that we can hear a pin drop in our acoustic asceticism, but in reality we are engulfed by the surround sound of God’s rhetorical splendour.
The quiet we encounter is actually the creational words God spoke into being long ago. So whenever we encounter a babbling brook we are actually eavesdropping on a stream of divine thought. Maybe if we listened harder for the whisper in the wind, the soliloquy in the sunset, or the symphony in a cell, we could put aside the silly notion that God is silent.
What Would Cause Me not to Believe?
The question Justin asked Douglas must also be turned on me. What would cause me to stop believing in God? Ironically, in contrast to Douglas, I would abandon my faith if I stopped hearing God speak.
Yet… I hear the heavens declares, I read a DNA code written on the biological wall, I am humbled by the blue print of the human machine, and I hear the spirit groan when my patients suffer. I am unable to formulate an excuse for not hearing His voice because I encounter Him on a daily basis in the things that have been created.
Many people wish that God would speak like He did in the Old Testament so that His desires could be more clearly known. Why did God stop speaking so eloquently and forcefully through the prophets? I would argue that God never stopped speaking at all but actually turned up the volume. In the Old Testament God’s words were spoken and recorded by inspired middlemen, but in the New Testament we encounter God’s Word in the flesh. Jesus is the final Word; need God say more?
Has Douglas Murray set the bar too high by asking God to step up to the mic? I would say “no” because in my experience God has never stopped talking. I would say that Douglas’ real problem isn’t detecting divine speech but being disappointed by God’s elocution. He wants God to raise His voice in a whirlwind of words, an earth-shaking exclamation, or a conflagration of conversation but sadly sets the bar for God’s delivery so high that he misses that still small voice calling him home.

domain: literature


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Aftab Ahmed Mazari Instrumentation Books: A Comprehensive Guide
If you are looking for high-quality and up-to-date books on instrumentation engineering, you should definitely check out the works of Aftab Ahmed Mazari. Mazari is a renowned author and professor of instrumentation engineering who has written several books on the subject. In this article, we will review some of his most popular books and explain why they are essential for anyone interested in instrumentation engineering.
What is Instrumentation Engineering?
Instrumentation engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, development, installation, and maintenance of instruments and systems that measure, monitor, control, or regulate physical processes. Instrumentation engineers work in various industries such as oil and gas, power generation, chemical, pharmaceutical, aerospace, biomedical, and environmental. Some examples of instruments and systems that instrumentation engineers work with are sensors, transducers, actuators, controllers, data acquisition systems, signal processing devices, communication networks, and display units.
Aftab Ahmed Mazari is one of the leading experts in instrumentation engineering who has over 30 years of experience in teaching and research. He is currently a professor and head of the department of instrumentation engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (UET Lahore), Pakistan. He has also served as a consultant for various national and international organizations and projects.
Mazari has authored or co-authored more than 10 books on instrumentation engineering that cover various topics such as measurement principles, sensors and transducers, signal conditioning and processing, control systems, data acquisition and communication systems, industrial instrumentation, biomedical instrumentation, and instrumentation project management. His books are widely used as textbooks or reference books by students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners of instrumentation engineering around the world.
Mazari's books are known for their clear and concise explanations, practical examples and applications, numerous diagrams and illustrations, solved problems and exercises, review questions and answers, case studies and projects, and references to current standards and practices. His books are also updated regularly to reflect the latest developments and trends in instrumentation engineering.
Some of the Best Aftab Ahmed Mazari Instrumentation Books
Here are some of the best Aftab Ahmed Mazari instrumentation books that you should consider reading:
Instrumentation: Measurement and Analysis: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and techniques of measurement and analysis in instrumentation engineering. It covers topics such as measurement theory and standards, error analysis, statistical methods, sensors and transducers, signal conditioning and processing, data acquisition systems, display devices, calibration methods, measurement applications in various domains such as temperature, pressure, flow, level,
and chemical composition.
Industrial Instrumentation and Control: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the design,
and maintenance of industrial instrumentation
and control systems. It covers topics such as process variables
control system components
and tuning methods,
and control networks
and control system documentation
and control system troubleshooting
Biomedical Instrumentation: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles
and applications of biomedical instrumentation.
It covers topics such as human physiology
biomedical signal conditioning
biomedical data acquisition
and communication systems,
biomedical display devices
biomedical instrumentation applications in various domains such as cardiovascular system,


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One player worthy of your vote is linebacker K.J. Wright, who through 12 games ranks tied-for-first alongside fellow linebacker Bobby Wagner with 89 tackles, including a team-high 53 solo stops to lead the NFL's No. 2-ranked defense. Wright, in his fifth season out of Mississippi State, is on pace for nearly 119 tackles, which would be a career-high.
Wright has led the team in tackles four times this season, including in the Seahawks' most-recent win over the Minnesota Vikings this past Sunday, when Wright tallied 10 takedowns, one of which went for loss, to help hold NFL rushing leader Adrian Peterson to 18 yards on eight carries. With four games to play, Wright has already set a career-high with two fumble recoveries and has tied a career-high with three forced fumbles, including a sack-fumble against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 10 that Wagner picked up and returned 22 yards for a touchdown.
Fan balloting for the 2016 Pro Bowl concludes on Tuesday, Dec. 15 and Pro Bowl players will be announced the following week on Tuesday, Dec. 22 during a live segment on NFL Network.
Team photographer Rod Mar went with the Seahawks on their business trip to Minnesota and had this perspective of the team's exciting 38-7 win over the Vikings in Week 13.


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Most people who are familiar with addiction are aware that individuals who suffer from the disease, very often, have histories of traumatic experiences. We can think of trauma as an event that took place which literally shattered the foundations upon which we understand the world. As a result of the traumatic catastrophe, our brains go into overdrive in order to try and predict future catastrophes so that we might be more prepared for the experience. As is the case with many psychological functions, what the brain does to try and protect us actually works to harm us over the long run. When we are unable to work through our traumas, our brains stay on high alert at all times and this can create a perpetual state of stress and anxiety.
Beyond exacerbating our levels of anxiety, being in a state in which we are constantly expecting a catastrophe to take place robs us of our ability to experience and enjoy life in the present moment. We are left to marinate in an existence that is characterized by fear and trepidation. Catastrophizing can also negatively affect our ability to regulate emotions effectively which can lead to serious disorders of mood and anxiety. When we remain in this hypervigilant state, we become more prone to responding to situations and people impulsively and harshly. While the tendency to catastrophize is natural, there are ways in which we can work to limit the severity of its signals to our brain in order to calm our mood and leave us feeling grounded. The primary and most effective way to combat our proclivity to catastrophize is to engage in psychotherapy so that the cause of our worry can be placed in a context where we can deal with it realistically and practically. Another strategy is to test the reality of our catastrophic assumptions which can be done by evaluating the potential reality of our fears. For instance, if we fail a test and we begin to have thoughts about how we are most definitely stupid, how our parents will be disappointed, and that this is an obvious sign that we are incapable, we can evaluate those assumptions by asking ourselves what the real impact of that situation should be. Chances are, if we apply patience and understanding we will be able to discover that we might’ve just needed to commit more study time to the material. The first step to any kind of personal improvement comes after we acknowledge that we need help.
Tree House Recovery of Portland, Oregon uses cutting-edge techniques in individualized programs to help men achieve freedom from addiction. Taking a holistic, sustainable approach to the inner and outer effects of addiction ensures you or your loved one will emerge with the confidence and skills to manage your addiction independently. No one is beyond help- our Admissions Counselors are available 24/7 at (503) 850-2474

domain: psychology