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A blog post on the company’s web site by Josephine Lochhead, Presidentof vanilla supplier Cook Flavoring Company, notes a major disaster that has hit the vanilla region of Madagascar. 15 Mar 2017
When PepsiCo, the world’s second-biggest food and beverage company, bought small fermented drinks maker KeVita in late 2016, it sent a clear sign that fermented foods have reached a tipping point, according to Julian Mellentin.24 Feb 2017
According to Dutch probiotic researcher and manufacturer Winclove Probiotics, its upgraded Propionibacterium freudenreichii W200 contains enough vitamin B12 to make an EFSA approved health claim.17 Mar 2017
Modified baker’s yeasts cause an immune response and the production of lymphocyte killers, which detect and eliminate cancerous cells.Read more
In spite of recording global sales of over 60,000 metric tonnes in 2016, Future Market Insights (FMI) predicts that the global demand for carrageenan gum will witness a considerable decline.Read more
PT. Natura Laboratoria Prima provides wide range of products which includes astinox. It belongs to herbal medicinal category. Contact us for more information.Read more
Capol offers a wide variety of products which includes CAPOL® 254 N, 254 W, 4648. It belongs to chocolate coated centers category. It is a glazing agent for chocolates. It is an aqueous solutions. It is based on gum arabic or starches. It is applicable for all kinds of chocolate. Contact us for more informati...Read more
Corman offers a wide range of products which includes Cor-Nutri®OPO. It is 100% dairy product. AMF fraction with a high content of OPO triglycerides- palmitic acid in central position (-16% to 20% vs 4% to 5%). Adavantages: Dairy origin, natural origin (exclusively physical processess, non-enzymatic). Clean l...Read more
Natural gelling agents to be used in the following applications fields:
Mixed Phosphate,a food grade polyphosphates and food materials in a ratio to provide excellent performance in increasing the weight of seafood products, preventing freeze burn and suitable for flavor and texture improvement of seafood products, mainly fish and shrimp. Mixed phosphate also helps the factory...Read more
CMC Food, Cosmetics, Pharma and Industrial GradesbrhrbrCMC Food, Cosmetic and Pharma GradesRead more
GELITA supplies various types of gelatine product such as edible gelatine which is forms a thermo-reversible gel that melts in the mouth when in contact with water, thus giving a quite unique mouth feeling through intensive release of its aromas. These properties are not possessed by any other hydrocolloids. ...Read more
PAC-STAR® is a natural stabilizing agent that develops a smoother texture in dry and wet beverage formulations. PAC-STAR® is gluten free, hypoallergenic and excellent for special diets. Product applications include sport drinks, dairy replacement drinks, ice cream and nutritional beverages.Read more
Ricebran technologies provides a wide range of products which includes proryza p-35. Features: all natural, no major allergens, gluten free, dairy free, trans fat free, cholesterol free. Low calorie, vegan. Contact us for more information.Read more
Rama production co. Ltd. Offersa wide range of emulsifier/stabilizer (solae lecithin group) which includes actiflo. Applications: beverages; soy milk; confectionery; sauce & seasoning; bakery products; processed fruits & vegetables; ice-cream; sugar-free, low-calories products. Features: liquid and powder (de...Read more
Advanced Organic Materials S.A offers wide range of products which includes advasterol 90. It belongs to plant sterols category. It is used as an LDL cholesterol reducer in food preparations and in cosmetics for its emulsifying and stabilizing properties. Physical state: powder. Appearance: off white. Odor: t...Read more
Kevin food co. ltd offers a wide range of products which includes cereal beverage stabilizer. Features: suspension of insoluble particles, prevent product stratification, provide a suitable viscosity, smooth taste. Scope: red beans, green beans, corn and other vegetable drink. Contact us for more information.Read more
Our innovative starch-based ingredients can replace expensive milk protein in your cheese product. Whether you produce pizza cheese, cheese slices, hard cheese (parmesan-like) or spreadable cheeses, KMC has a unique solution. Each CheeseMaker solution is designed to obtain specific functional properties w...Read more
Eastern Foodchem Co. Ltd. offers a wide range of stabilizers & thickeners which includes cmc. Contact us for more information.Read more
Hung thong food technology sdn bhd offers a wide range of food additive which includes drink stabilizer. Application: stabilizer/thickener for cordial, juice and beverage. Contact us for more information.Read more
FrieslandCampina Ingredients offers a wide range of products which includes Excellion EM 7. It belongs to processed cheese ingredients category. Excellion EM 7 is a very pure roller dried milk protein, type fresh curd sodium caseinate, prepared from fresh skimmed milk. Excellion EM 7 is a versatil...Read more
Indian hydrocolloids offers a wide range of food products which includes guar gum powder (natural). It is the ground endosperm of the seeds of natural strains of the guar plant,cyamopsis tetragonolobus (family leguminosae).
Gkm Gida Ve Katki offers wide range of products which includes ice - cream stabilizer. It is a mixture of selected hydrocolloids, emulsifier. Application: improvement of mouth feel, appeling texture well control size of ice crystal. Contact us for more information.Read more
Chemco prima mandiri offers food chemicals which includes pex - pex b2. It belongs to ph7 category. It has a purpose of preserving and hydrating all kinds of fish whether they are cut in fillets, slices or any other form. Application : all kinds of fish whether they are cut in fillets, slices or any other for...Read more
Rousselot-Darling ingredients offers a wide range of solutions which includes Rousselot Acido-Gel. Application: Marshmallows. This gelling agent allows you to manufacture stable acid marshmallows. It is composed of Rousselot®Gelatin and Pectin.
- An all-in-one gelling and foaming system- Perfect stabi...
Jebsen & Jessen offers a wide range of products which includes Stabiliser. It belongs to beverages category. Applications: coffee & tea, fruit juice based, powdered beverage, alcohol beverage, hard boiled & chewy candy, jellies & gummy, ice cream, milk, soy milk, yoghurt & drinking yoghurt, canned meat & seaf...Read more
Kerry ingredients & flavours provides wide range of beverages which includes texture & stabiliser systems. Contact us for more information.Read more
Hubei yizhi konjac biotechnology co., ltd offers a wide range of products which includes yizhi stabilizer. It belongs to stabilizer category. Uses: it can be used well in milk products,it makes the product quality stability and a long time storage,the antholeucin will not settle or bed, can be easy filtered a...Read more
Panteley toshev ltd offers wide range of compounded stabilizers for the production of meat products which includes aerosil anti claying agent. Packaging: 10 kg. Contact us for more information.Read more
Akdeniz Harnup ve Gida Katki Maddeleri S provides wide range of products which includes agar-agar, e-406. Contact us for more information.Read more
SHANDONG JIEJING GROUP CORPORATIONoffers a wide range of products which includes algae feed. It is made from seaweed with natural flavor. It retains peculiar nutrition ingredient of marine plants. Through rinsing and cooking procedures on the process of alginate extraction, impurities in the feed are greatly ...Read more
Kinry Food Ingredients Co., Ltd provides wide range of food ingredients which includes biobondtm tg-yg. It is an effective ingredient for the dairy products. It tries to reduce costs by replacing/reducing the added protein powder and/or stabilizers. Contact us for more information.Read more
Category: Functional compounds. Burolac SM is a semi-processed product made from milk ingredients. It was developed to replace eggs in certain bakery products. It can be used in pound cake mix (without eggs), doughnuts, layer cake and sponge cake. It offers the following advantages when used in pound cake mix...Read more
Nutrition Sc Co., Ltd. offers a wide range of stabilizer which includes carrageenan. It is a food grade carrageenan extracted from the red seaweed. Light tan, free flowing powder; it forms thermoreversible gels at sufficient concentration. It provides the perfect balance of rigidity and firmness along with el...Read more
We can offer many different types of Carrageenan:- Iota, Kappa, refined, semi refined, transparent, food, petfood.
They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong bin...
Fiberstar Orange pulp fiberRead more
Wuxi R&D chemical co., ltd offers a wide range of products which includes CMC. It belongs to thickeners & stabilizers category. Contact us for more information.Read more
Combination of thickener and stabilizer with the purpose of ensuring the chemical and physical properties of the emulsions and suspensions.Read more


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Recently we wrote about the Red Raven Magic Mirror and its animated movie records, a mirrored praxinoscope device that was made as a children’s toy in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. In 2009, a delightful music video for Moray McLaren was created for his song “We Got Time” using praxinoscopes inspired by the Red Raven device. The director of the video, David Wilson, hand-drew and colored the animations. Later, a great making of video was made that delves in deep into the history of the praxinoscope and talks about making the music video’s animation with only the use of the camera, not computers. Good stuff.
Using both praxinoscopes and the technique of matching up the frame rate of the spinning record to that of the camera, no computer super-imposing was used; what you see is what rolled off the camera. The transitions between each section of animation was created by simply cutting or wiping between the bits of footage.
Thanks David Ballinger!

domain: artistic


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HERTFORD, England, July 12, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Freedom Asia suggests three of the best Thai island holidays for paradise-seekers
Tourism numbers to Thailand are up. From January to May 2012 the number of international tourists to Thailand increased by 7.27% despite the global economic slow down. Visits from Britons increased by 12% in May 2012 compared to the same time in 2011. This strong performance cements Thailand's position as one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, currently ranked 11th by the UN World Tourism Organisation.
Freedom Asia offers a variety of holidays to Thailand including trips to paradise-like islands Phuket, Koh Samui and Koh Phi Phi. It offers accommodation as well as tours to give visitors an insight into the traditions, cultures, wildlife and landscape of these beautiful islands.
Phuket is the most famous Thai isle. It is a mountainous island surrounded by golden sand beaches that are lapped by the warm waters of the Andaman Sea. Holidays in Phuket from Freedom Asia can include Thai cooking classes, a sunset dinner onboard a traditional Thai boat and a cruise in a long tail boat to Phang Nga Bay Marine Park. Phuket holidays offer exceptional value for money with accommodation starting at just £32 per person, per night.
Koh Samui off the east coast of Thailand offers a more relaxed pace of life than Phuket. There are temples and waterfalls to discover inland and a breathtakingly beautiful coast to explore. Koh Samui comes to life at night with a range of restaurants, cafes, bars and clubs offering a welcoming blend of Thai and international cultures. Accommodation in Koh Samui is available from £44 per person, per night.
After the 2004 tsunami Koh Phi Phi has rebuilt itself to be even more beautiful and tourist friendly. Freedom Asia has a selection of premium hotel accommodation available on what is one of the most picturesque of all the Thai islands; prices start at £99 per person, per night at the truly luxurious Zeavola resort on the beachfront of Koh Phi Phi's northern tip.
David Wallis, email@example.com, Phone: +44(0)1992-574-915
SOURCE Freedom Asia

domain: geography


text: This is why studio monitors exist and referencing your mixes on different sources. I only use over ears or in ears mixing for quiet tracking and when I'm checking stereo imaging on a final mix. To be noted my signal is ran thru a splitter before I go to our in ear monitor rack and foh so I have two completely different mixes. Live if I can I try to dial my sound for the front of house seperate from my personal in ear mix. The sound isn't drastically different between the two mixes but it is enough to not sound ideal on either source if I don't mix them independently.

domain: hobby


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Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold
Best Gold Ira Companies: Top 5 Gold Investment Retirement …
There is debate over the security of purchasing gold. It is necessary to keep in mind that the majority of advisors advise that gold plays a part in a portfolio but does not consist of the totality of the portfolio. Supporters of gold IRA investing claim that one of the significant benefits of gold is that it is a reliable hedge.
Historically, it holds true that gold has been used as a hedging asset against increasing inflation. The worth of gold remains the exact same during economic uncertainty. The stock market falling and high inflation have essentially no result on gold prices. Even when the worth of a currency falls, gold is not impacted.
In some nations, gold has cultural worth. In China, for example, gold bars are the common form of saving, so the gold market broadened. For these reasons, lots of financiers swear by gold IRA investing. Gold is a possession that serves as a safe haven. The dependability of gold is observable through gold’s traditionally imperishable worth.
Ira Allowable Precious Metals – Strata Trust Company
Individuals who invest in gold and other precious metals think these properties are critical to survival if the international economy deals with problem. They feel that in times of crisis, gold and other rare-earth elements may present a universal type of currency. That may be true, but you can likewise build wealth for retirement with a gold IRA in any economy.
It is vital to understand individual retirement account financial investment constraints stated by the internal revenue service. For instance, jewelry can not be acquired in your IRA. Anything considered a collectible by the IRS is not allowable. Likewise, just specific types of coins are approved holdings in IRAs. So, make sure you do your research study prior to you invest.
Even in times of economic obstacles, you can make sensible investments in concrete assets with gold Individual retirement accounts that have the prospective to develop wealth for your retirement (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold). Gold is frequently promoted as a potential hedge of sorts to stock exchange declines, as the expense of gold normally increases throughout these times.
Gold & Silver – Self Directed Ira – Midland Trust
If you ‘d like more info on investing with a gold IRA, contact Advanta IRA. Extra reading: This article was first published on March 19, 2020 and has actually been updated with existing information. Scott is an attorney and a graduate of the University of Florida Law School. Scott started his profession with Advanta individual retirement account in 2006.
What do you get by purchasing a gold investment pension!.?. !? You are actually turning part of your retirement nest egg into gold (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold). That said, is putting a gold IRA in your portfolio the ideal move for you? Not all individual retirement account accounts enable gold investments, however this article must assist you understand what to search for in your IRA to see if it allows you to develop a golden retirement egg.
Gold IRAs appeal to investors who desire a varied retirement portfolio. “Because gold costs usually relocate the opposite instructions of paper properties, including a gold individual retirement account to a retirement portfolio offers an insurance coverage policy versus inflation,” states Moy. “This balanced technique smooths out danger, especially over the long term, that makes it a wise option for retirement financial investments like IRAs (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold).” Throughout his period as director of the Mint, Moy says there was little demand for gold IRAs due to the fact that they include a really complex deal that just the most persistent investor wanted to pursue.
How To Invest In A Gold Ira – Monex
You need to purchase the authorized gold or other precious metal and have it moved to the depository in a method the custodian can account for it,” Moy discusses. Given that the monetary crisis of 2008 and the resulting Great Recession, nevertheless, gold IRAs have actually ended up being significantly more popular – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. Record gold sales integrated with the appearance of a lot more companies to deal with and simplify the transactions have actually made investing in a gold individual retirement account a one-stop shop.
“The gold must be stored in an IRS-approved depository.” In other words, no stowing away the bullion or specie in safety deposit boxes, home safes, or closets. “All other rules about IRA contributions, disbursements, and taxes apply,” Moy adds. The gold in a gold IRA should be saved in an IRS-approved depository; you can’t keep it in a security deposit box, home safe, or under your mattress.
This is the investor’s responsibility. Recognized custodians have relationships with a number of hundred dealerships throughout the nation and might be willing to share that list. It can likewise work the other way. “Some metal dealers may advise an IRA custodian,” says Johnson. “Nevertheless, consumers are constantly complimentary to look for custodians on their own.” Selecting which company to utilize is made complex, as it is a specialized task that significant brokerage companies typically don’t provide, according to Moy.
How To Invest In Gold With A Roth Ira – The Balance
: You must just handle a company that has all the proper and required licenses, registrations, insurance coverage, and bonds to secure your investment. Request for confirmation of those licenses and other details. Owning gold in a gold individual retirement account does come with some unique expenditures (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold). The charges that an investor will deal with consist of::”Although gold takes a crack at rate, there are markups depending upon whether you desire gold bullion, coins, evidence, and so on,” states Sentell.
“Similarly, each kind of gold presents its own set of requirements when an investor has to offer,” he adds.: This one-time fee is credited establish your brand-new IRA account – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. This likewise varies by institution, however it might be more than the typical setup charge, as not all monetary services companies deal with gold Individual retirement accounts.
: The gold needs to be held by a qualified storage facility for which storage fees are charged. Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold.: If you want to close out a gold individual retirement account by selling your gold to a third-party dealership, stated dealer will wish to pay less than what it chooses on the open market.
Precious Metals – Gold Ira – Silver Ira – The Entrust Group
Some individual retirement account business will guarantee to purchase the gold back from you at present wholesale rates, but you might still lose cash by closing the account, something that generally doesn’t take place with opening and closing routine Individual retirement accounts. As soon as you reach age 72, you will be mandated to take needed minimum distributions (RMDs) from a conventional gold individual retirement account (though not from a Roth one).
This issue, however, can be ameliorated by taking the overall quantity of your RMDs from other conventional IRAs – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. There is one possible method to prevent having a custodian and the expenses connected with one: You can open what’s referred to as a “checkbook individual retirement account,” a self-directed IRA that does not require custodial management.
The rollover process is the exact same when it comes to any other retirement fund – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. You normally fill out an account application (whether online or on paper), and the account is normally developed within 24 to 48 hours of conclusion and receipt of the application. “When the signed transfer demand is gotten by all celebrations, the 2 custodians will interact with each other to transfer the funds to the new custodian and fund a new gold IRA,” says Gottlieb.
Trade Gold, Silver, Platinum And Palladium At Fidelity
“You advise them regarding the exact type you wish to buy and costs are secured at that time,” includes Gottlieb. All financial investments feature threats and rewards, gold consisted of. “In lots of methods, gold Individual retirement accounts have the exact same threats that any investment has,” says Moy. “The rate of gold can increase or down and have volatility.
So if your portfolio is stabilized with both gold and paper-based financial investments, a loss on the gold side will be stabilized by the gain experienced by other assets. “Numerous of these dangers exist for traditional Individual retirement accounts too. And standard Individual retirement accounts have threats that gold Individual retirement accounts do not have,” he adds.
Any physical product is subject to theft. Somebody could break into the depository where your gold is being kept. However, to receive gold Individual retirement accounts, depositories are required to be insured, which would protect your investment as long as your account doesn’t surpass the custodian’s mentioned value on accounts, “There are likewise unreliable custodians who may steal from their clients’ accounts or dedicate fraud by offering your valuable metals that they do not actually have nor are preparing to buy,” states Moy (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold).
A Beginner’s Guide To Gold Ira Investment – Retail Insider
While gold has the capacity of a high return, it’s simple to be blinded by its shine. Gold costs can drop unexpectedly. When gold is increasing, you also have to decide whether you ‘d be buying ator close tothe top of the market if you invest at that point. Waiting might make more sense – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold.
A gold individual retirement account can be a wise way to conserve for retirement and diversify your financial investment portfolio. Here’s what you require to understand to start a gold IRA account – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold.
* We may get a recommendation fee from a few of the companies featured in this article. This is not a financial recommendations article. Refer to an expert for investment advice. (Ad) Purchasing gold is among the best ways to protect your savings and diversify your retirement portfolio. Gold has consistent development and little volatility compared to the stock exchange, making it the perfect hedge versus inflation (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold).
Precious Metals – Gold Ira – Silver Ira – The Entrust Group
It covers insurance and tracking, however you’ll likely need to pay yearly maintenance costs and storage costs if your financial investment is in a depository (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold). Given that the company’s online precious metals brochures do not list prices, you’ll need to talk to an agent. Family-owned and ran business BBB-accredited business with an A+ rating A buyback commitment and price-match warranty Company that contributes to charitable neighborhood organizations Does not reveal specific charge structure or rare-earth element prices Charges annual maintenance costs Supplies no global shipping So, what’s the final decision in this American Hartford Gold evaluate? With a great reputation, a series of gold and silver investments to select from, and a buyback dedication, this business is popular among investors.
Next, you can develop your brand-new individual retirement account with the aid of your live agent – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. You’ll require to have at least $50,000 readily available to purchase order to receive an Augusta Precious Metals IRA account. Once you have actually produced your account, you’ll need to money it with money from your existing retirement account.
If your retirement goals or cost savings change gradually, you can rest guaranteed that the company will redeem any gold or other rare-earth elements that you previously purchased. Overall, Noble Gold is an impressive gold individual retirement account company that goes above and beyond to help its clients acquire lucrative financial investments.
Gold Iras: What You Should Know Before You Invest
These retirement accounts enable you to purchase index funds, stocks, and other paper investments to money your retirement account – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. Most traditional retirement financial investment accounts do not permit you to invest in gold. That’s where gold private retirement accounts (IRAs) can be found in. Gold IRAs are specialized specific retirement accounts that hold rare-earth elements, such as gold, silver, platinum, or palladium.
When we selected the five best gold individual retirement account business to contribute to our list, we looked for a variety of factors that indicate that a company is trustworthy, well-informed, and reliable. Particularly, we took a look at the list below elements while creating our list (Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold). Business generally establish positive or negative credibilities for a reason.
One way to evaluate a company’s credibility is to look the business up through the Bbb. The Better Company Bureau is an organization that enables customers to write evaluations and, often, grievances of businesses online. The Better Organization Bureau likewise ranks organizations on a scale from A+ to F, with A+ being the very best rating.
How To Invest In Gold And Other Metals With An Ira
The business that made our list all have B or higher BBB ratings and tend to have more positive gold IRA examines than negative ones – Should I Invest In Bitcoin Or Gold. Reliable valuable metal IRA companies do everything they can to acquire new customers, including making the setup process as simple and trouble-free as possible. These companies allow brand-new customers to establish gold IRAs within a few days or less and provide competent assistance from investment experts.

domain: finance


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FREE SHIPPING | To contiguous US. Surcharges may apply for white glove & oversized items.
- Email Us for Availability: firstname.lastname@example.org
Due to the impact of COVID-19, distribution delays may extend delivery dates.
The Bee My Honey Side Table, designed by Sasha Bikoff, is guaranteed to be a playful element in an interior. Made of brass in a polished brass finish, the gold accent table is topped with a black disc of marble. It is handmade using a technique called metal piercing, a process during which composite is poured into the cavity of a mold and intricately pierced using a nail-shaped piece of metal. The textural stippling creates the feeling of a hive around which cast bees have been welded. We also offer this design in a chandelier.
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Vintage Dungeons and Dragons Tee
Dungeons and Dragons t-shirt in new, unworn vintage condition; Features a detailed oversized screen printed graphic on front, and a smaller logo graphic on back.
• vintage item from 2000
• label: Fruit of the Loom, Heavy Cotton
• size: XL
• measurements: 23.5 x 32.5


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Saturday I watched the Pioneer Woman on the Food Network and she made KNOCK YOU NAKED BROWNIES. Don't you just love that name? Or not.
At any rate, as I watched, I thought, "I have that same recipe." Though I hadn't made it in years, I pulled out my recipe for Caramel Fudge Brownies and decided to make them for a church picnic we were having the next day.
Sure enough, same ingredients. Except pecans were optional in mine. Mostly because my kids are party poopers when it comes to nuts.
No taste, I tell you.
Soon after I did my first mixing, I realized something was different. Ree's batter was much thicker than mine. Hmmm. Checked my recipe against hers. Ah-ha! She only used one stick of butter while I used a stick and a half. Both needed 1/3 and 1/2 cups of evaporated milk. However, in my recipe the half cup went in the batter, the third with the caramel. Hers was the other way around.
So I'm going to give you both recipes, though, honestly, I will probably go with her measurements the next time around.
Ree's recipe calls for:
Mine calls for:
- 1 1/2 sticks of butter
- 1/2 plus 1/3 cup evaporated milk
- One box German chocolate cake mix
- 1 - 14 oz. package of caramels, unwrapped
- 1 cup semisweet chocolate chips
- 1 cup finely chopped pecans (optional)
You see, the same, only different :-)
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Ree's instructions said to grease and flour a 9-by-9-inch baking pan. My recipe says a 9 x 13 pan. I went somewhere in the middle with a smalled oblong pan.
First, you're going to mix together the cake mix, melted butter, and evaporated milk (Ree says 1/3 cup). It will be thick. Especially if you use the Pioneer Woman's measurements.
Divide the dough in half down the middle. Press half of it into the bottom of the prepared pan to make the first brownie layer. Bake until slightly set, 8 to 10 minutes. Then remove from the oven and set aside.
While the first layer is baking, melt you caramels with remaining (1/2 or 1/3 cup, whichever you didn't use before). Ree used a double boiler for this. I used a nonstick sauce pan over low heat and stirred frequently. The key is slow melting so they won't burn.
Pour the caramel mixture over the first baked layer, spreading so it's evenly distributed. Sprinkle the chocolate chips all over the top.
Next, on a sheet of waxed paper, press the remaining dough into a square/rectangle shape slightly smaller than the baking pan. Using the waxed paper to your advantage, lay the dough on top of the chocolate chips.
I just flipped it over and peeled the paper off.
Bake for 20 to 25 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven and let the brownies cool to room temperature. Cover the pan and refrigerate the brownies for several hours to allow them to set.
Trust me, refrigerating the brownies is key.
Ree sprinkles hers with powdered sugar before she cuts them for serving. That was her pic at the top of the page.
I don't have an after pic of mine because, as I said, refrigerating is key. Mine were not in there long enough, so I had layers sliding every which way. They still tasted yummy though. Decadent and definitely indulgent.
Have you ever had two recipes that looked alike but, upon closer inspection, were slightly different? Did you try them both? How did things turn out?


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Wednesday, Feb. 6
6:55 a.m., West Street. Accidental alarm at business by employees.
8 a.m., Pine Street and Hawthorne Drive. Caller reported a Shepherd mix with a harness running around the neighborhood. Animal Control notified.
8:15 a.m., West Street. Accidental alarm at business by workers moving furniture.
8:22 a.m., Turner Hill Road. Accidental alarm by homeowner.
12:23 p.m., Donnelly Drive. Caller reported a suspicious vehicle (tan Ford Explorer) that keeps driving up and down the street. Gone on arrival.
1:33 p.m., South Street. Accidental E911 call.
3:45 p.m., Main Street and Pound Street. Caller reported an erratic driver (in a 2003 Mercury Marquis) going east on Main Street, now near Pound Street. No Medfield officers available but the Westwood Police Department was notified.
3:45 p.m., North Street. Caller asked to speak with the Animal Control Officer about a problem she is having with a racoon that is living in her barn.
4:10 p.m., South Street. Walk-in report about an ongoing problem with a neighbor. Woman will go to court for a harassment order.
5:27 p.m., Cedar Lane. E911 caller requested an ambulance for a baby who is choking and crying. While parties were on the phone, the baby stopped choking. Medfield Ambulance responded; no transport needed.
5:35 p.m., South Street. Caller asked to see an offider about a car that is parked in the wrong spot and owner will not move it. Police spoke with all parties and the vehicle will be moved. At 6:07 p.m., police said the vehicle had been moved.
7 p.m., North Street. Fire page and tone test.
7:25 p.m., Main Street. Accidental alarm at business by employees.

domain: news


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A male medical cartoon character with distinguishing features, classy haircut and a pair of glasses. Steven is an attractive and respectful doctor who pays close attention to every detail. That’s why if you want your designs taken care of with precision, he’s your guy.
Our characters are 100% editable. Via the symbols gallery you can change or create new poses.
You can also change any colors you like on the character.
Purchase this character set on its own or get a credit plan in case you are planning to
buy more than one graphic resource from GraphicMama.


Sean Wheelock is breaking kayfabe with the Three Horsemen!
On this episode of The Three Horsemen Show, the Horsemen are joined by special guest Sean Wheelock to discuss breaking kayfabe in the wrestling business throughout the years. You'll hear discussions centering around Lex Luger and Bruiser Brody's infamous cage match in Florida, Ric Flair's 1975 plane crash, Antonio Inoki shooting on the Great Antonio, the Kliq's “Curtain Call” at Madison Square Garden, the “Montreal Screwjob“, and Owen Hart's tragic death in 1999.
Join us for this episode of The Three Horsemen Show!
About the Show:
Support The Three Horsemen Show and get your free e-book and 30-day free trial from Audible: AudibleTrial.com/NotSoFast
Get The Three Horsemen Show on the iTunes podcast store, Stitcher, and all major podcast outlets.
The Three Horsemen Show, with Corey, Big Easy, and T.O! This show is a production of LineupMedia.fm.


Tiger will struggle to focus – Monty
Colin Montgomerie believes Tiger Woods will find it almost impossible to fully focus on his golf when he returns.
Colin Montgomerie believes Tiger Woods will find it almost impossible to fully focus on his golf when he returns after the recent revelations about his extra-marital affairs.
The eight-time European Tour number one and current Ryder Cup captain went through a much-publicised divorce in 2006 and says he knows all about the way in which the resultant off course pressures can affect performance.
Woods has taken an ‘indefinite break’ from golf following a media storm that culminated in the world number one publicly admitting to being unfaithful to his wife.
“It is absolutely impossible to play good golf in this kind of situation,” said Montgomerie in an interview with Sky Sports.
“There was a reason why Tiger didn’t win a major last year, the first year for a long time. We now understand possibly the reasons why.
“I can only speak for myself and say at a time like that you can just about make it to the next tee if you make a birdie or a par, but with a bogey the world collapses around you.”
Montgomerie said negative thoughts about his own private life were difficult to shrug off when he was going through turmoil.
“A round of golf is an emotional roller-coaster anyway,” insisted the 46-year-old Scot. “I think it must have been similar for him.
“When you hit a shot and it goes left or right into the woods, immediately thoughts creep in during the long, two to three-minute walk to find the ball.
“It (the scandal) will impact on every tournament Tiger plays. Let’s hope the tabloid press finish quickly and get on supporting golf.”
Montgomerie is one of the few top players to comment on the Woods situation since allegations about the 14-times major winners private life surfaced after he was involved in a minor car accident outside his home in November.
“I think the mystique has gone,” said the Ryder Cup skipper. “I think the mysterious nature of the guy has gone.
“He is suddenly, you hate to say, more normal now. Let’s hope golf isn’t damaged by that.
“There is no question there was an aura over Tiger Woods and his incredible record, not just in majors but in other world events.
“That wall has been split slightly and there are cracks. It gives us more opportunity to find ways of winning these events now and I am thinking of myself as well as my peers.”
Montgomerie said golfers all around the word owed Tiger a great deal for the way in which he had raised the sport’s worldwide visibility
“I think it is like what Arnold Palmer did for the American tour in the past (the mid-1900s) and what Seve Ballesteros did for us in Europe,” he said. “We are playing today for the money we are because of those players.
“Tiger became a global ambassador for golf, therefore the whole world of golf benefited..
“We in Europe have benefited, as Asia has, as Australia has, as South Africa has, as America has. It is a great debt to him that sponsorship is as strong as it is in golf right now,” Monty concluded.
Luke Donald expects Europe to be Ryder Cup underdogs despite home dominance
The United States cruised to a record 19-9 victory at Whistling Straits in 2021.
England’s Charley Hull triumphs in Texas to end six-year wait for LPGA title
The victory was the 26-year-old’s first on the LPGA Tour since prevailing at the CME Group Tour Championship in November 2016.
Ryan Fox remembers Shane Warne after St Andrews success
The New Zealander secured his third DP World Tour title in front of his family with a one-shot victory at the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship.
Romain Langasque equals course record to lead Alfred Dunhill Links Championship
The Frenchman recovered from an early bogey with two eagles and eight birdies to reach 11 under par.
Rory McIlroy bemoans ‘ugly year’ and seeks solution to divide in golf world
The arrival of Saudi-backed LIV Golf series has fractured the game in 2022.
On this day in 2014 – Europe retain Ryder Cup with Gleneagles victory
The Gleneagles victory was Europe’s eighth win in 10 matches.
‘Is this where I am going to die?’ Nicolas Colsaerts on kidney disorder battle
The Belgian is the focus of attention this week as he belatedly defends the Cazoo Open de France title he won three years ago.
On this day in 2008: Ryder Cup misery in Louisville for Nick Faldo’s Europe team
Faldo was heavily criticised for his tactics in the closing singles.
Open champion Cameron Smith wins first LIV trophy in just second start
The world number two is the highest-ranked player to join the rebel series.
Robert MacIntyre beats Matt Fitzpatrick in play-off to win Italian Open
MacIntyre birdied the first extra hole at Marco Simone Golf and Country Club, the venue for next year’s Ryder Cup.


text:
|Número de publicación||US4536607 A|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 06/585,159|
|Fecha de publicación||20 Ago 1985|
|Fecha de presentación||1 Mar 1984|
|Fecha de prioridad||1 Mar 1984|
|Número de publicación||06585159, 585159, US 4536607 A, US 4536607A, US-A-4536607, US4536607 A, US4536607A|
|Inventores||Harold J. Wiesmann|
|Cesionario original||Wiesmann Harold J|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (3), Otras citas (2), Citada por (103), Clasificaciones (24), Eventos legales (5)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
The 1982 worldwide market for photovoltaic power generating modules was served almost exclusively by polycrystalline silicon and single crystalline silicon. The best modules made from these materials were 10% efficient and cost $6./peak watt when purchased in large quantity. To achieve significant penetration of the U.S. central station power generation market, flat plate modules must be manufactured for $25./m2 to $50./m2 with efficiencies of 15% to 25%. The high cost associated with polycrystalline silicon and single crystal silicon is a consequence of the indirect absorption of light. This necessitates a photovoltaic cell approximately 300 microns thick.
Alternative materials which have been investigated for photovoltaic use are thin film amorphous silicon alloy photovoltaic devices and heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on CdS and (Cd,Zn)S alloys. These materials are amenable to continuous mass production and cost projections for modules with 10% efficiency or greater are less than $1./peak watt.
Amorphous semiconducting alloys have been considered for use in photovoltaic devices to convert sunlight into electricity. One alloy which has received scrutiny is hydrogen containing amorphous silicon. This alloy can be deposited over large areas from the gas phase by glow discharge decomposition of silicon bearing gases. The thickness of a photovoltaic cell composed of amorphous silicon need only be 1/2 micron thick for the efficient collection of sunlight. Hydrogen containing amorphous silicon (hereinafter called amorphous silicon) refers to the material formed by glow discharge decomposition of silane as described by Carlson in U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,521, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. The amorphous silicon may also contain other elements such as fluorine. An example is the glow discharge decomposition of SiF4 +H2 mixtures as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,226,898, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
Photovoltaic devices (hereinafter called photovoltaic cells) of amorphous silicon have achieved AMl efficiencies of 10% for devices 1 cm2 in area. Three photovoltaic heterojunction cells utilizing CdS have reached laboratory efficiencies of 10%. These are CdS-CdTe and CdS-CuInSe2 and CdS-Cu2 S. All three heterojunction structures are considered "Thin Film" solar cells because they can be fabricated with a thickness of 20 microns or less. CdS-Cu2 S refers to the method and material as described by Carlson et al, U.S. Pat. No. 2,820,841, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto. CdS-CuInSe2 refers to the method and material as disclosed in Mickelsen U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,266.
The efficiency of the amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells and the CdS based photovoltaic heterojunction cells can be increased by 50% if combined into a photovoltaic tandem cell.
Dalal discloses in U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,265 a photovoltaic tandem cell comprising at least two p(+) i n(+) amorphous cells in optical series and sharing a transparent ohmic contact layer.
Dalal also discloses a photovoltaic CdS-Cu2 S, CdS-Cu2 S tandem cell.
Hanak, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,092, discloses a method for laser scribing a plurality of semiconductor layers including amorphous silicon, CdS, and Cu2 S.
Hovel, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,920, discloses a photovoltaic amorphous cell in optical series with a photovoltaic crystalline cell, said cells separated by an insulator.
Hovel, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,461, discloses a tandem cell having a higher bandgap amorphous cell and a lower bandgap photovoltaic homojunction crystalline cell joined by an optically transparent conducting layer.
Dalal, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,253,882, discloses a photovoltaic amorphous silicon-crystalline silicon homojunction tandem cell.
A detailed calculation by the inventor has revealed that an amorphous silicon photovoltaic cell in conjunction with a CdS-Cu2 S heterojunction photovoltaic cell is an ideal combination of materials for a photovoltaic tandem cell. Amorphous silicon is the only material which can easily solve the problem of current matching in the photovoltaic solar cell. This is possible because of the unique mode of decomposition of amorphous silicon, glow discharge decomposition. The processing sequence and processing temperatures for the fabrication of the proposed photovoltaic tandem cell are compatible with glass as a substrate and the amorphous silicon being deposited thereon first.
Using current state of the art material properties for both amorphous silicon, CdS, and Cu2 S, the calculated efficiency of the proposed photovoltaic tandem cell is 15%. Large area modules with efficiencies of 10% or greater at low cost now become a realistic manufacturing possibility.
The most critical factor in determining the efficiency of a photovoltaic tandem cell (hereinafter called tandem cell) is the need to match the short circuit currents of both the top and bottom cells. The total current from a tandem cell can be no greater than the smallest current generated by either the top or bottom cell. The thickness of the amorphous silicon top cell can be precisely controlled by interrupting the glow discharge at the appropriate time. In addition, the band gap can be varied by either varying the substrate temperature during deposition or incorporating carbon, germanium, nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine into the amorphous matrix. The use of either technique allows one to control the amount of light absorbed or alternatively, the current generated in the amorphous cell, said current being made equal to that generated in the CdS-Cu2 S cell. The efficiency of a tandem cell can be calculated by the following procedure.
Amorphous silicon with a band gap of 1.7 eV has a theoretical short circuit current (Jsc)=16.7 ma. Cu2 S with a band gap of 1.24 eV has a theoretical Jsc =35 ma. The photon economy for a tandem cell would appear as follows.
TABLE I______________________________________CUMULATENET CURRENTCURRENT LOSSES(ma/cm2) LOSSES (ma/cm2)______________________________________35.00 Grid Shadowing, approx. 5% -1.7533.25 Reflection, approx. 5% of -1.66 ungridded area31.59 Amorphous Silicon N+ layer, -0.70 Eo = 2.0 eV; 80 angstroms, thick30.89 Absorption in Amorphous -14.63 Silicon Intrinsic layer, 0.5 microns thick16.26 CdS--Cu2 S interface recombina- -0.65 tion 4%15.61 Absorption in Rear Contact, 6% -0.9714.64 Absorption in Cu2 S layer -14.63______________________________________
Once parasitic losses are determined the thickness and/or bandgap of the amorphous silicon top cell can always be adjusted so that the total available current is evenly divided between the top and bottom cell as described previously.
Amorphous silicon has generated a wide range of voltages depending on the exact deposition conditions. For example, the inventor has achieved 0.9 volts using N/I/P/SS structures. For CdS-Cu2 S solar cells 0.5 volts at AMl is routinely achieved. In tandem cells the voltages add.
Voc =0.90 volts+0.5 volts=1.4 volts
Amorphous silicon solar cells have reached Fill Factor values as high as 0.75. CdS-Cu2 S routinely achieves a F.F. of 0.75. As the Fill Factor in a tandem cell is approximately the average of the two values, a F.F. of 0.75 seems reasonable.
Efficiency=14.63 ma/cm2 ×1.4 volts×0.75 F.F.=15.36%
Amorphous Silicon Efficiency=14.63 ma/cm2 ×0.9 volts×0.75 F.F.=9.87%.
CdS-Cu2 S efficiency=29.62 ma/cm2 ×0.5 volts×0.75 F.F.=11.10%.
The estimate for the attainable efficiency of the tandem cell is considered to be somewhat conservative. The inventor has observed Voc =0.99 volts, which is the highest value ever reported, for amorphous silicon N/I/P/SS solar cells. These open circuit voltages have been confirmed by SERI, Golden, Colo. Substituting some zinc for cadmium in CdS-Cu2 S cells should, in theory, increase Voc to Voc =0.86 volts.
Assuming ideal diode behavior and no voltage or current losses for either cell, the maximum attainable efficiency for the tandem cell is:
Tandem Cell Limiting Efficiency =2.06 volts×17.5 ma/cm2 ×0.89 F.F.=32%.
The highest quality amorphous silicon is made by glow discharge decomposition. This means that amorphous silicon is the only solar cell grade material for which the thickness and hence the short circuit current can be precisely controlled. The highest quality amorphous silicon has a band gap of approximately 1.7 eV which is almost perfect for use in amorphous silicon CdS-Cu2 S tandem solar cell. Amorphous silicon and alloys of amorphous silicon could also serve as the top cell in tandem cells utilizing CdS/CuInSe2, CdS/CdTe, or CdS/InP as the low band gap cell.
The only high temperature processing step for the cell construction proposed in FIG. 1 herein is the application of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The TCO is the first layer to be applied and therefore does not interfere with subsequent depositions. The low deposition temperatures involved for all the layers, less than 300° C., precludes impurity diffusion between the layers, thereby making precisely defined interfaces in the tandem cell possible.
One of the main stumbling blocks to the utilization of both amorphous silicon and CdS/Cu2 S single junction cells has been instabilities. For amorphous silicon it has recently been shown that an electric field of 2×104 volts/cm or greater is necessary in order to stabilize the cell. This limits stable amorphous silicon solar cells to a thickness of 1/2 micron. Efforts to increase the efficiency of single junction amorphous silicon cells have revolved around increasing the thickness of the intrinsic layer which reduces the electric field below the critical value and hence makes the cells unstable. In the tandem cell of the type to which the invention is directed, 1/2 micron of amorphous silicon is an ideal thickness for current sharing with a CdS-Cu2 S cell. In a recent presentation, amorphous silicon solar cells produced by the inventor have been shown to have efficiencies exceeding 5% and be stable. These cells have been under continuous AMl illumination for over three months at a temperature of 60° C.
CdS-Cu2 S solar cells are extremely sensitive to oxidation. The growth of a single monolayer of Cu2 O can cause enough reduction in the stoichiometry of the Cu2 S layer yielding material with unacceptable electronic properties. There appears to be no plastic known which can serve as an acceptable front cover for the Cu2 S layer in front wall cells. This is due to the fact that all plastics are, to some extent, semipermeable to both water and oxygen. Using CdS-Cu2 S in the back wall configuration as in the proposed tandem cell eliminates this problem because the thin metallic back contact serves as a hermetic seal for the Cu2 S layer.
The Cu2 S layer, in the front wall configuration, can be no thicker than the diffusion length of the minority carriers. This is because the built-in electric field is at the CdS-Cu2 S interface but the light is being absorbed and the minority carriers generated at the opposite side of the Cu2 S layer. The minority carriers must, therefore, diffuse to the built-in electric field.
The proposed tandem cell configuration has no such constraint as the light is absorbed at the CdS-Cu2 S interface. The Cu2 S layer can now be grown much thicker--5000 angstroms. This will reduce the effect of any change in the Cu2 S layer stoichiometry due to oxidation. The Cu2 S layer, being at the rear of the cell, can be coated with a thick opaque metallic back contact which affords a true hermetic seal.
Other benefits also accrue to the proposed structure. CdS-Cu2 S solar cells in the front wall configuration require an extremely fine metallic grid. This grid, which is deposited onto the Cu2 S layer, must be fine due to the extremely small thickness of the Cu2 S layer of 2000 angstroms. Eliminating the grid with a solid back metallic contact will increase the fill factor of the cell. The solar cell yields are expected to improve due to the thicker allowable Cu2 S layer in the tandem configuration. The current sharing reduces the current density which allows for wider transparent conductive oxide stripes when integrating the tandem cells into a series connected structure on glass substrates.
In accordance with this invention, a tandem cell comprises an amorphous silicon cell and a CdS-Cu2 S or CdS-CuInSe2 cell in optical and electrical series which when employed as a photovoltaic device is characterized by equal current generation in the amorphous silicon cell and the CdS-Cu2 S or CdS-CuInSe2 cell.
In one embodiment, the tandem cell comprises, in order from top to bottom:
an electrically conducting superstrate,
a first cell comprising layers (a), (b), and (c), wherein:
(a) is a first doped semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type selected from amorphous silicon, a-(Si,C), a(Si,N), hydrogen containing amorphous germanium, alone and in mixture, and microcrystalline silicon,
(b) is an intrinsic semiconductor layer selected from amorphous silicon alone and amorphous silicon and hydrogen containing amorphous germanium in mixture, and
(c) is a second doped semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type selected from the semiconductor material of (a) alone and in mixture;
a transparent or semitransparent highly conductive contact layer;
a second cell comprising layers (d) and (e), wherein:
(d) is a first polycrystalline semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type, and
(e) is a second polycrystalline layer of a second conductivity overlying said first polycrystalline layer and forming a p-n heterojunction therewith; and
an electrical contact layer.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of a tandem cell in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view in elevation of an alternative tandem cell in accordance with this invention.
Attempts to deposit CdS directly onto amorphous silicon were unsuccessful. The CdS did not stick to the amorphous silicon. By depositing a transparent conductive oxide onto the amorphous silicon first and next depositing the CdS it has been possible to obtain a stable structure. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, there is illustrated an amorphous silicon--transparent conductive oxide--CdS/Cu2 S (or CdS/CuInSe2) tandem solar cell structure. The structure shown in FIG. 1 uses glass as a superstrate and the amorphous silicon solar cell A is fabricated first.
In FIG. 2 the solar cell is fabricated in the opposite manner, i.e., the polycrystalline heterojunction solar cell B is deposited first. Apparently a transparent conductive oxide is needed between the amorphous silicon and CdS layers. This embodiment--FIG. 2--would reduce to an amorphous silicon-transparent conductive oxide-CdS/CuInSe2 (or CdS/Cu2 S) tandem solar cell structure.
Exemplary of the invention is the two cell photovoltaic tandem cell of FIG. 1. The photovoltaic tandem cell is assembled on an electrically conducting transparent superstrate 12. The superstrate 12, as illustrated herein, mechanically supports the tandem cell and is the body upon which the layers comprising the tandem cell are deposited. For example, one might employ a glass support 13 having thereon a transparent conducting oxide 14 such as tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, CdO, alone or in mixture to which electrical connection 11 is made as is known in the art. Similarly the oxide 14 may be selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, cadmium stannate, or zinc stannate, alone and in mixture. Alternatively, a thin deposit of a metal may be utilized in place of the transparent conductive oxide 14. The metal may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, magnesium, ytterbium, alone or in mixture, or the like. The thickness of the metal should not exceed 100 angstroms.
Such an arrangement permits the admission of light to the top of the tandem cell as indicated in FIG. 1.
Underlying superstrate 12 is a first doped amorphous semiconductor layer 15 of a first conductivity type. This layer may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as amorphous silicon or its alloys which are preferred. Conductivity of the n(+) type is preferred. Phosphorous or arsenic can be employed as dopants.
On the first doped layer 15 is an intrinsic layer 16 which comprises an undoped or lightly doped amorphous semiconductor. Amorphous silicon is preferred.
On intrinsic layer 16 is a second doped amorphous semiconductor layer 17 of a second conductivity type. This layer may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as amorphous silicon or its alloys which are preferred. Conductivity is of the type opposite that of layer 15, thus preferably p(+). Aluminum, gallium, or preferably boron can be employed as dopants.
Layers 15, 16 and 17 comprise an amorphous cell labelled A in FIG. 1.
On layer 17 is a transparent or semitransparent highly conductive layer 18. Layer 18 comprises a transparent conducting oxide, or the like, alone or in mixture. Layer 18 may also comprise a thin deposit of metal such as platinum, nickel, ytterbium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, magnesium or the like, alone or in mixture. The metal should not be so thick as to be opaque. A thickness of 100 angstroms or less is preferred. Layer 18 may also comprise a cermet as taught by Hanak in U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,015, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
On layer 18 is a polycrystalline semiconductor layer 19 preferably of the same conductivity type as layer 15. Cadmium sulfide or an alloy of zinc sulfide and cadmium sulfide is preferred.
On layer 19 is a polycrystalline semiconductor layer 20 preferably of the same conductivity type as layer 17. Cu2 S or CuInSe2 is preferred.
Layers 19 and 20 comprise the polycrystalline heterojunction cell labelled B in FIG. 1.
On layer 20 is an electrical contact layer 21. This layer 21 may be a metal such as molybdenum, silver, gold, copper, chromium or the like, alone or in mixture. Copper and chromium alone or in mixture is preferred as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,260,428, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto, when layer 20 is Cu2 S. Molybdenum is preferred when layer 20 is CuInSe2.
A variation of the invention is shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, layers 24 and 25 combined serve as an electrically conducting substrate 23. The substrate 23 can be a thin metallic layer 25 supported on an insulator 24, said insulator 24 being selected from the kind normally used in the art, such as glass, alumina, ceramic, or the like. Alternatively, substrate 23 may be a sheet of any electrically conducting material, such as metals, for example, iron, stainless steel, molybdenum, aluminum, chromium plated steel, chromium plated brass, copper or the like.
Overlying the substrate 23 is a polycrystalline semiconductor layer 26 of a first conductivity type. This layer may be any of the kind normally used in the art such as CuInSe2, which is preferred, or CdTe or InP. Conductivity of the p(+) type is preferred.
On layer 26 is a polycrystalline semiconductor layer 27 of a second conductivity type, opposite that of layer 26, thus preferably n(+). CdS alone or CdS and ZnS in mixture is preferred.
Layers 26 and 27 comprise the polycrystalline heterojunction cell labelled B in FIG. 2.
On layer 27 is a transparent or semitransparent highly conductive layer 28. Layer 28 comprises a transparent conducting oxide known to the art, such as indium oxide, tin oxide or the like, alone or in mixture. The layer 28 may also comprise a thin deposit of a metal such as platinum, nickel, ytterbium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, magnesium or the like, alone or in mixture. The metal should not be so thick as to be opaque. A thickness of 100 angstroms or less is preferred. Layer 28 may also comprise a cermet as taught by Hanak in U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,015, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
On layer 28 is a first doped amorphous semiconductor layer 29 of the same conductivity type as layer 26. This layer 29 may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as amorphous silicon or its alloys which are preferred. Aluminum, gallium, or preferably boron can be employed as dopants.
On the first doped amorphous layer 29 is an intrinsic layer 30 which comprises an undoped or lightly doped amorphous semiconductor. Amorphous silicon is preferred.
On layer 30 is a second doped amorphous semiconductor layer 31 of the same conductivity type as layer 27. This layer 31 may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as amorphous silicon or its alloys which are preferred. Phosphorus or arsenic can be employed as dopants.
Layers 29, 30 and 31 comprise the amorphous cell labelled A in FIG. 2.
On layer 31 is an electrical contact layer 32. This layer may be any of the kind normally used in the art, such as tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, CdO alone or in mixture and optionally in combination with a metallic grid 33. Encapsulating layer 34 is formed over grid 33.
Useless photon absorption in the n(+) and p(+) doped amorphous layers 15, 17, 29, and 31 in cell A of FIGS. 1 and 2 can be minimized in the cell design. This would be accomplished by employing amorphous alloys for those layers with bandgaps larger than the intrinsic amorphous layer 30 or 16. p(+) and n(+) layers with wide bandgaps can be obtained, for example, by employing amorphous doped mixtures of silicon, carbon, and hydrogen as is known in the art and hereinafter called a-(Si,C). p(+) and n(+) amorphous doped mixtures of silicon, nitrogen, and hydrogen hereinafter called a-(Si,N) may also be employed.
The p(+) and n(+) doped amorphous layers 15, 17, 29 and 31 may be comprised of mixtures of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, doped with boron for p(+) conductivity and phosphous or arsenic for n(+) conductivity and known in the art as microcrystalline silicon.
The tandem cell of the instant invention can be prepared by various combinations of methods known in the art. For example, in the preferred embodiment one might select glass 13 as the transparent supporting substrate and deposit thereon an about 2000 angstroms thick transparent conductive oxide layer 14 comprising a mixture of In2 O3 and SnO2. Cell A is next deposited. An n(+) layer 15 comprising 100 angstroms thickness of phosphorous doped microcrystalline silicon is deposited thereon by glow discharge decomposition of SiH4, H2, and PH3. An intrinsic layer 16, 5000 angstroms thick is next deposited in a similar manner by the glow discharge decomposition of SiH4 and on this layer a p(+) layer 17 of boron doped microcrystalline silicon 200 angstroms thick is deposited by glow discharge decomposition of SiH4, H2, and B4 H6. Layers 15, 16, and 17 comprise cell A. Next is deposited a 2000 angstroms thick layer 18 comprising a mixture of In2 O3 and SnO2. Cell B is next deposited. A 10 micron thick layer 19 of CdS, doped with indium, is deposited by the method of thermal evaporation. The CdS layer 19 is preferably textured and roughened by a 2 second to 15 second dip in a 1:1 to 1:10 volume ratio of a hydrochloric acid:water solution. The CdS layer 19 is then contacted, usually by dipping, with a solution containing cuprous ions for between 2 seconds to 20 seconds. The preferred solution is a saturated solution of CuCl held at about 80° C. to 100° C. Ion exchange forms the Cu2 S layer 20 as is known in the art. The Cu2 S layer 20 is rinsed and dried. Layers 19 and 20 comprise cell B. A 50 angstroms thick layer of chromium is deposited thereon by the method of thermal evaporation. A 5000 angstroms thick layer of copper is next deposited by methods known in the art. The chromium layer and the copper layer comprise layer 21 in FIG. 1.
Alternatively, in Cell B, after deposition of the CdS semiconductor layer 19, a thin CuInSe2 semiconductor layer 20 may be deposited thereon in lieu of the Cu2 s layer. The CuInSe2 layer 20, about 1/2 micron thick, may be deposited by methods known in the art, such as vacuum evaporation from multiple crucibles, spray pyrolysis, or sputtering.
The embodiment in FIG. 2 can be prepared by various combinations of methods known in the art. For example, one might select alumina 24 and deposit thereon about a 1/2 micron thick layer of molybdenum 25. This comprises the electrically conducting substrate 23. Cell B is next deposited. Upon the molybdenum layer 25 is deposited a 1/2 micron layer 26 of CuInSe2 by the method of vacuum evaporation from multiple crucibles. Next is deposited a 2 micron thick layer 27 of CdS, doped with indium, by thermal evaporation. Layers 26 and 27 comprise cell B. A 500 angstrom thick layer 28 of In2 O3 is next deposited by sputtering. Cell A is next deposited. A p(+) layer 29 of boron doped a-(Si,C) alloy, 100 angstroms thick is deposited by plasma decomposition of SiH4, CH4, and B2 H6. A 5000 angstroms thick intrinsic layer 30 is next deposited by the plasma decomposition of SiH4. A 100 angstroms thick layer 31 of phosphorous doped microcrystalline silicon is deposited thereon by the plasma decomposition of SiH4, H2, and PH3 as is known in the art. Layers 29, 30 and 31 comprise cell A. A 700 angstroms thick layer 32 of In2 O3 and SnO2 in mixture is deposited by sputtering. A metallic grid 33 for current collection is deposited thereon. Encapsulating layer 36 is formed over grid 33.
The layer 18 in FIG. 1 and layer 28 in FIG. 2 should be semitransparent and form a contact with low electrical resistance to both respective adjacent layers. The layers 18 and 28 must demonstrate strong mechanical adhesion to both respective adjacent layers. In the preferred embodiment a thin layer 18 of In2 O3 deposited by methods known in the art, forms a transparent, low resistence electrical contact to p(+) microcrystalline silicon layer 17 and demonstrates good adhesion. The CdS layer 19 doped with indium and deposited by the method of thermal evaporation forms a low resistance contact to said In2 O3 layer 18 and demonstrates adhesion.
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|10 Jul 1989||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
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Year of fee payment: 8
|30 Dic 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12

domain: chemistry


text:
Reducing the risk of disasters
Reducing the risk of disasters
Kashmala Kakakhel of CDKN reports on messages emerging from the 4th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction in Switzerland, as the meeting draws to a close today
More than 3,500 delegates are meeting this week in Geneva for the 4th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction. Declaring the session open yesterday, President of Switzerland Ueli Maurer urged participants to build on the achievements of the Hyogo Framework for Action. The Hyogo Framework is the existing global voluntary agreement on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) which 168 countries signed in 2005. The Hyogo Framework responds to the need for a comprehensive, integrated, multi-disciplinary approach to identifying and implementing disaster risk reduction measures. President Maurer said participants should consider the challenges and gaps in the Hyogo Framework and contribute positively to the discourse that is under way for a revised Hyogo Framework 2 as part of the Post-2015 multilateral framework for development.
The Hyogo Framework slated to expire by 2015, and the revised Framework is due to be agreed at the 2015 World Conference on DRR in Sendai, Japan. This year’s Global Platform therefore comes at an important juncture. The evidence and lessons brought to Geneva will set the pace for more focused discussions conducted over the next two years as the DRR community gears up to renew its vows to 'Invest Today for a Safer Tomorrow'. The consultation process for the second Hyogo Framework began in March 2012 and focused initially on broad substantive issues for a new framework. A draft of the second Hyogo Framework will be produced following this week’s conference.
The Global Platform is focusing on three critical areas in disaster risk reduction. The first is private sector investment in disaster risk management, which the Global Assessment Report by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSIDR) has presented as an opportunity to create shared value for businesses. The second is the importance of civil society support for community-level work to enhance policies for resilience. The third is the role of local and national governments, which will ultimately be responsible for the continued implementation of the second Hyogo Framework after 2015.
The various plenaries, official statements and side events so far have yielded a more or less a similar message: each actor must understand the role they have played towards reducing vulnerability of the marginalised against disasters. Discussions are helping to crystallise views on how best to augment respective responsibilities and move towards defining roles for a more coherent approach. However, numerous discussions have also underlined the importance of improving governance processes, which, if ignored may hinder positive progress.
Margareta Wahlstrom, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction, has called for delegates of this Global Platform to take the crucial responsibility for future generations. Critical elements from these talks will ultimately shape the international agenda of disaster risk reduction post 2015. Delegates must therefore choose their course with care.


text:
We don’t like to stick to conventions, and likewise, many brides and grooms come to us looking to have a custom-themed wedding. Xiaolei and Yingqi are both big fans of LEGO bricks, and they expected every decorative detail of the wedding to be designed with LEGO bricks. To bring out this childlike yet modern theme, we chose coral roses and exotic flowers to hide the LEGO Mushroom minifigures. Even the welcome sign and wedding cake had LEGO elements on it. Unforgettable!
WEDDING PHOTOGRAPHER: ETHAN GALLERY 🔗
WEDDING FLORIST: KW WEDDINGS AND FLOWERS

domain: design


This Is Florida’s Favorite Christmas Song
Christmas music can be the most loved and hated part of the holiday. We know some people who start blasting Mariah Carey’s “All I Want For Christmas” the day after Thanksgiving. Those who work in retail probably wish they could work with noise-canceling headphones in. Finance Buzz recently surveyed the most loved and hated Christmas songs in each state. They used Google Trends to find the most popular Christmas song in every state. They also surveyed more than 1,200 U.S. adults to find the most annoying Christmas songs. Keep scrolling to find out Florida’s favorite Christmas song.
What did they find?
- The 1953 classic “Santa Baby,” sung by the legendary Eartha Kitt, was the most popular song in eight different states.
- One of the most ~trendiest~ Christmas songs is also the most hated. “All I Want For Christmas” by Mariah Carey was named the most annoying Christmas song in the survey, which probably means that people agree that it’s the most overplayed song throughout the holidays.
- Kelly Clarkson’s 2013 song “Underneath the Tree” is the only song released in the last decade that’s loved by at least 4 different states.
Here are the top 5 most annoying Christmas songs
The most annoying Christmas song is Mariah Carey’s “All I Want For Christmas”. Even though this is the most popular song in many states like New York, Delaware, Georgia, and more. We bet a lot of people in other states get really tired of hearing it by the time December comes. The second song on the list was The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don’t Be Late) by Alvin and the Chipmunks. No explanation is needed there. The third song ranked as most annoying is Florida’s favorite, we’ll get to that in a second. The 4th most hated Christmas song is A Holly Jolly Christmas by Burt Ives. “Baby It’s Cold Outside” ranked number 5 as the most annoying Christmas song. Check out the full list here.
So what’s Florida’s favorite Christmas song?
Florida, Texas, and New Mexico all have the same favorite Christmas song. Even though this song ranked #3 on the most annoying Christmas songs list, Floridians seem to love it. Our favorite Christmas song is Feliz Navidad. Admit it, even if you only speak a little Spanish, that’s always a fun song to sing along to.


text:
The Crease Classic Bathroom Bag is handcrafted from weather-resistant, waxed cotton canvas. Each bag is accented with vintage goalie gear leather along its brass zipper. The goalie pad strap that has been converted into a handle makes carrying or hanging the bag convenient. Each bag is branded with a Second String Leather Company wool patch sewn into its side to reflect a rugged vintage look, honoring the games passed.
Dimensions: 12" x 6" x 5"


Katsina Emirate Council has conferred traditional title on the former Vice-Chancellor, Al-Qalam University, Professor Shehu Garki Ado in recognition for his contributions and efforts towards the development of the University and the people of Katsina State in general.
The Emir of Katsina, who is the visitor to the University, Alh. (Dr) Abdulmumini Kabir Usman, approved the conferment of the title of Makaman Malaman Katsina on Prof. Shehu Ado, at a farewell walimah organised by Management of the University to rejoice the successful completion of his tenure as Vice-Chancellor of the University.
The walimah took place on Saturday, 30th October, 2021 at the ICT, Hall of the University where the Kauran Katsina, Hakimin Rimi, Alh. Nuhu Abdulkadir who represented the emir, said a date for the turbaning ceremony would be announced in due course.
The farewell walimah was attended by the Proprietor of the University under the Chairman of Katsina Islamic Foundation, Alh. Bilya Sanda.
Also present were the representative of Katsina State Governor, Dr. Bashir Usman Ruwangodiya, members of the University Board of Trustees, Council members, the Chief Judge of Katsina State, Management, Chief Executives of Higher Institutions and Special Guests.
In his remarks, the representative of Katsina State Governor, Dr. Bashir Ruwan Godiya described Professor Shehu Ado, as an icon who completely transformed Al-Qalam University to the admiration of other institutions in the state and beyond.
Earlier, in a welcome address, Acting Vice-Chancellor, Assoc. Prof. Muhammad Kabir Kado had extolled the personal attributes of the former Vice-Chancellor to hard work, prudence, integrity, transparency and foresight.
He spoke of the tremendous progress and achievements recorded under the leadership of Prof. Shehu Ado, some of which were introduction of 22 undergraduate programmes, all of which have received full accreditation from the NUC, adding that 13 additional undergraduate programmes, among them, B. Agriculture are on the pipeline, as NUC approval is expected any moment.
He stated that it was during the tenure of Prof. Shehu Ado that Postgraduate School was established which is now running more than 30 Masters and PhD. Programmes.
It was a period which also produced many academic staff who obtained their second and terminal degrees through sponsorship by the University.
In his short remarks, Chairman Katsina Islamic Foundation, Alh. Bilya Sanda (Khadimul -Islam), commended Prof. Shehu Ado for working tirelessly to ensure that the University was taken to greater height.
He said, the former Vice-Chancellor made good use of his leadership skills and experiences to turn around the fortune of the University within the period of his tenure.
In his remarks, a member of the University Governing Council, Professor Muhammad Tijjani Naniya, who represented the Chairman of Council, Sani Zangon Daura (Danmasanin Daura), described Professor Shehu Ado, as an astute leader who successfully handled the affairs of the University with focus and determination to achieve excellence.
Representatives of the Registry, Deans and Directors also gave good testimonies about the former Vice-Chancellor before the Chairman, Parents and Stakeholders Forum, Barrister Lawal Balarabe, in his testimony, stated that the integrity of Prof. Shehu Ado was unquestionable, explaining that the Forum had spent more than 500 million naira to execute different projects for the University and there was never a time that the former Vice-Chancellor asked for any favour either directly or indirectly.
In his response, Prof. Shehu G. Ado thanked the organisers of the Walimah and said the achievements recorded were as a result of collective effort of management, members of the University community and the support received from the Proprietors, Board of Trustees and Governing Council. Gifts were presented to the former Vice-Chancellor by Management, the University Co-operative Society, Forum of Beneficiaries of Study Fellowship, Muslim Students Society and Atta’awun Foundation.


text:
1. Companies formed by Communities SouthWest assembled and purchased four properties totaling 310 acres representing the north half of a master planned community named Malone Place for $26M. The acreage has been planned for 848 residential lots. The transactions were assembled and negotiated by Martin Pylman with City to City Commercial, who represented Communities SouthWest.
2. Fiesta Park Apartments at 1033 S. Longmore Rd. has been sold for $20M. A California-based real estate company acquired the property to expand its portfolio of apartment communities in the Phoenix area. Bill Hahn, Jeff Sherman and Trevor Koskovich of Colliers International in Greater Phoenix represented the seller, BH Properties. The buyer was INCO Real Estate Company, represented by Mark Forrester and Ric Holway of Berkadia-Phoenix.
3.(CRE Metro, AZRE) Sterling on 28th, situated on 8 acres near Metrocenter Mall, was sold by Pacific Real Estate Partners Inc. to Dalan Management for $14.35M, according to Marcus & Millichap, who worked on the deal.
4. Two former University of Phoenix buildings have sold for a combined total of $12M. West Second Street Associates purchased 4150 Riverpoint Parkway building for $8.35M ($62.80/foot). Orsett Properties Ltd. bought 3125 E. Wood Street for $3.65M($69/ foot).
5. Richmond American Homes is entering La Estancia masterplan with the purchase of 99-SFR lots from Sunbelt Holdings. Will White and John Carroll of Land Advisors Organization in Tucson represent Sunbelt Holdings for land sales in La Estancia. The finished sale price was approximately $4.9M.
6. CBRE Group, Inc., has recently completed the sale of a Scottsdale Airpark executive office and hangar facility at 15834 N. 80th Street in Scottsdale. The buyer is Potts Properties, LLC. Bill Bayless with CBRE’s Phoenix office represented the buyer. The seller, Hill Valley Real Estate Holdings, LLC, was represented by Airport Property Specialists. Total consideration for the deal was $4.5M.
7. Cushman & Wakefield have announced that Flight Center, 615 and 625 West Deer Valley Road in Phoenix, sold to KBP Realty Advisors of Scottsdale for $4.5M. Bob Buckley, Steve Lindley, Tracy Cartledge and Ben Geelan with Cushman & Wakefield represented the seller, Business Properties.
8. Four Tempe industrial warehouse buildings totaling more than 62KSF recently sold in two separate transactions for a combined $4M. Lee & Associates’ Ken McQueen represented the owners, GD Eaton Freeway, LLC in both deals.
9. Colliers International, sold a single-tenant, net-leased retail site located at 5104 W. Glendale for $3.5M. Proinvest 99 Glendale AZ, LLC purchased the fully leased property from Verde Investments Inc. Dmitry Levkov and Marc Bonilla of Colliers, represented the buyer. Ed Beeh of SRS National Net Lease Group represented the seller.
10. Scar Family Trust purchased a 13.2KSF building at 5123 E. Speedway Blvd., Tucson. The property was purchased for $2.64M from Solar Industries, Inc. The Window Depot occupies the building, making a long-term commitment to that location. Stephen D. Cohen and Russell W. Hall with Cushman & Wakefield | PICOR, represented the seller in this transaction. Mitchell Stark, with Berkshire Hathaway Realty, represented the buyer.
11. Cushman & Wakefield have announced the Starbucks, located 5360 E. Carefree Highway in Cave Creek, Arizona, has been sold for $2.2M to Mountain Park Investors. Cushman & Wakefield’s Chris Hollenbeck represented the seller, Park West Development. Nicholas Diamond of Real Estate Investment Group represented the buyer.
12. Circle K Stores renewed and expanded its presence at Warner Crossing at their currently occupied space at 1130 W. Warner Rd., Tempe, while expanding into 1120 W. Warner Rd. for a total of 104KSF. Rick Lee and Conner Lee with Lee & Associates negotiated on behalf of the landlord, iStar Financial, while Mike Beall with Cushman & Wakefield represented the tenant, Circle K Stores.
13. The Phoenix office of JLL and Presidio Southwest have completed a 43KSF building lease for Enterprise Leasing Company of Phoenix LLC, an operating subsidiary of Enterprise Holdings Inc. The lease agreement relocates Enterprise Holdings’ regional headquarters. The new Enterprise regional headquarters is located at 4100 W. Galveston St. in Chandler.

domain: economics


UA4139 is a domestic flight operated by United. UA4139 is departing from Lake Charles (LCH), United States and arriving at Houston (IAH), United States.
The flight distance is about 204.92 km or 127.33 miles and flight time is
2 hours 30 minutes. Get the latest status of UA4139 / UAL4139 here.
Update on June 1, 2020, 11:14 a.m.
Distance: 204.92 km / 127.33 miles or 110.65 nautical miles.
Departure Lake Charles Airport
Arrival Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport
|Scheduled Departure: 7:30 a.m.
||Scheduled Arrival: 8:22 a.m.
|Departure Terminal : N/A Gate None
||Arrival Terminal : B Gate None