November 28, 2016
Ohio State University
A key glacier in Antarctica is breaking apart from the inside out, suggesting that the ocean is weakening ice on the edges of the continent.
A key glacier in Antarctica is breaking apart from the inside out, suggesting that the ocean is weakening ice on the edges of the continent.
The Pine Island Glacier, part of the ice shelf that bounds the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, is one of two glaciers that researchers believe are most likely to undergo rapid retreat, bringing more ice from the interior of the ice sheet to the ocean, where its melting would flood coastlines around the world.
A nearly 225-square-mile iceberg broke off from the glacier in 2015, but it wasn’t until Ohio State University researchers were testing some new image-processing software that they noticed something strange in satellite images taken before the event.
In the images, they saw evidence that a rift formed at the very base of the ice shelf nearly 20 miles inland in 2013. The rift propagated upward over two years, until it broke through the ice surface and set the iceberg adrift over 12 days in late July and early August 2015.
They report their discovery in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
“It’s generally accepted that it’s no longer a question of whether the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will melt, it’s a question of when,” said study leader Ian Howat, associate professor of earth sciences at Ohio State. “This kind of rifting behavior provides another mechanism for rapid retreat of these glaciers, adding to the probability that we may see significant collapse of West Antarctica in our lifetimes.”
While this is the first time researchers have witnessed a deep subsurface rift opening within Antarctic ice, they have seen similar breakups in the Greenland Ice Sheet — in spots where ocean water has seeped inland along the bedrock and begun to melt the ice from underneath.
Howat said the satellite images provide the first strong evidence that these large Antarctic ice shelves respond to changes at their ocean edge in a similar way as observed in Greenland.
“Rifts usually form at the margins of an ice shelf, where the ice is thin and subject to shearing that rips it apart,” he explained. “However, this latest event in the Pine Island Glacier was due to a rift that originated from the center of the ice shelf and propagated out to the margins. This implies that something weakened the center of the ice shelf, with the most likely explanation being a crevasse melted out at the bedrock level by a warming ocean.”
Another clue: The rift opened in the bottom of a “valley” in the ice shelf where the ice had thinned compared to the surrounding ice shelf.
The valley is likely a sign of something researchers have long suspected: Because the bottom of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies below sea level, ocean water can intrude far inland and remain unseen. New valleys forming on the surface would be one outward sign that ice was melting away far below.
The origin of the rift in the Pine Island Glacier would have gone unseen, too, except that the Landsat 8 images Howat and his team were analyzing happened to be taken when the sun was low in the sky. Long shadows cast across the ice drew the team’s attention to the valley that had formed there.
“The really troubling thing is that there are many of these valleys further up-glacier,” Howat added. “If they are actually sites of weakness that are prone to rifting, we could potentially see more accelerated ice loss in Antarctica.”
More than half of the world’s fresh water is frozen in Antarctica. The Pine Island Glacier and its nearby twin, the Thwaites Glacier, sit at the outer edge of one of the most active ice streams on the continent. Like corks in a bottle, they block the ice flow and keep nearly 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet from draining into the sea.
Studies have suggested that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is particularly unstable, and could collapse within the next 100 years. The collapse would lead to a sea-level rise of nearly 10 feet, which would engulf major U.S. cities such as New York and Miami and displace 150 million people living on coasts worldwide.
“We need to understand exactly how these valleys and rifts form, and what they mean for ice shelf stability,” Howat said. “We’re limited in what information we can get from space, so this will mean targeting air and field campaigns to collect more detailed observations. The U.S. and the U.K. are partnering on a large field science program targeted at that area of Antarctica, so this will provide another piece to the puzzle.”
Co-authors on the paper included Seongsu Jeong, a postdoctoral researcher at the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at Ohio State, and Jeremy Bassis, a glaciologist at the University of Michigan. This research is funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation.
- Seongsu Jeong, Ian M. Howat, Jeremy N. Bassis. Accelerated ice shelf rifting and retreat at Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016; DOI: 10.1002/2016GL071360
Source: Ohio State University. “West Antarctic Ice Shelf Breaking Up From the Inside Out.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161128085341.htm>.
November 28, 2016
University of Washington
A new study of one of our closest invertebrate relatives, the acorn worm, reveals that regenerating body parts might one day be possible.
What if humans could regrow an amputated arm or leg, or completely restore nervous system function after a spinal cord injury?
A new study of one of our closest invertebrate relatives, the acorn worm, reveals that this feat might one day be possible. Acorn worms burrow in the sand around coral reefs, but their ancestral relationship to chordates means they have a genetic makeup and body plan surprisingly similar to ours.
A study led by the University of Washington and published in the December issue of the journal Developmental Dynamics has shown that acorn worms can regrow every major body part — including the head, nervous system and internal organs — from nothing after being sliced in half. If scientists can unlock the genetic network responsible for this feat, they might be able to regrow limbs in humans through manipulating our own similar genetic heritage.
“We share thousands of genes with these animals, and we have many, if not all, of the same genes they are using to regenerate their body structures,” said lead author Shawn Luttrell, a UW biology doctoral student based at Friday Harbor Laboratories. “This could have implications for central nervous system regeneration in humans if we can figure out the mechanism the worms use to regenerate.”
The new study finds that when an acorn worm — one of the few living species of hemichordates — is cut in half, it regrows head or tail parts on each opposite end in perfect proportion to the existing half. Imagine if you cut a person in half at the waist, the bottom half would grow a new head and the top half would grow new legs.
After three or four days, the worms start growing a proboscis and mouth, and five to 10 days after being cut the heart and kidneys reappear. By day 15, the worms had regrown a completely new neural tube, the researchers showed. In humans, this corresponds to the spinal cord and brain.
After being cut, each half of the worm continues to thrive, and subsequent severings also produce vital, healthy worms once all of the body parts regrow.
“Regeneration gives animals or populations immortality,” said senior author Billie Swalla, director of Friday Harbor Laboratories and a UW biology professor. “Not only are the tissues regrown, but they are regrown exactly the same way and with the same proportions so that at the end of the process, you can’t tell a regenerated animal from one that has never been cut.”
The researchers also analyzed the gene expression patterns of acorn worms as they regrew body parts, which is an important first step in understanding the mechanisms driving regeneration. They suspect that a “master control” gene or set of genes is responsible for activating a pattern of genetic activity that promotes regrowth, because once regeneration begins, the same pattern unfolds in every worm. It’s as if the cells are independently reading road signs that tell them how far the mouth should be from the gill slits, and in what proportion to other body parts and the original worm’s size.
When these gene patterns are known, eventually tissue from a person with an amputation could be collected and the genes in those cells activated to go down a regeneration pathway. Then, a tissue graft could be placed on the end of a severed limb and the arm or leg could regrow to the right size, Swalla explained.
“I really think we as humans have the potential to regenerate, but something isn’t allowing that to happen,” Swalla said. “I believe humans have these same genes, and if we can figure out how to turn on these genes, we can regenerate.”
Regeneration is common in many animal lineages, though among the vertebrates (which includes humans) it is most robust in amphibians and fish. Humans can regrow parts of organs and skin cells to some degree, but we have lost the ability to regenerate complete body parts.
Scientists suspect several reasons for this: Our immune systems — in a frenzy to staunch bleeding or prevent infection — might inhibit regeneration by creating impenetrable scar tissue over wounds, or perhaps our relatively large size compared with other animals might make regeneration too energy intensive. Replacing a limb might not be cost-effective, from an energy perspective, if we can adapt to using nine fingers instead of 10 or one arm instead of two.
The researchers are now trying to decipher which type of cells the worms are using to regenerate. They might be using stem cells to promote regrowth, or they could be reassigning cells to take on the task of regrowing tissue. They also hope to activate genes to stimulate complete regeneration in animals that currently aren’t able to regrow all tissues, such as zebrafish.
- Shawn M. Luttrell, Kirsten Gotting, Eric Ross, Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado, Billie J. Swalla. Head regeneration in hemichordates is not a strict recapitulation of development. Developmental Dynamics, 2016; 245 (12): 1159 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24457
Source: University of Washington. “Our closest worm kin regrow body parts, raising hopes of regeneration in humans.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161128151055.htm>.
November 25, 2016
Imperial College London
Scientists behind a theory that the speed of light is variable — and not constant as Einstein suggested — have made a prediction that could be tested.
Scientists behind a theory that the speed of light is variable — and not constant as Einstein suggested — have made a prediction that could be tested.
Einstein observed that the speed of light remains the same in any situation, and this meant that space and time could be different in different situations.
The assumption that the speed of light is constant, and always has been, underpins many theories in physics, such as Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In particular, it plays a role in models of what happened in the very early universe, seconds after the Big Bang.
But some researchers have suggested that the speed of light could have been much higher in this early universe. Now, one of this theory’s originators, Professor João Magueijo from Imperial College London, working with Dr Niayesh Afshordi at the Perimeter Institute in Canada, has made a prediction that could be used to test the theory’s validity.
Structures in the universe, for example galaxies, all formed from fluctuations in the early universe — tiny differences in density in certain regions. A record of these early fluctuations is imprinted on the cosmic microwave background — a map of the oldest light in the universe — in the form of a ‘spectral index’.
Working with their theory that the fluctuations were influenced by a varying speed of light in the early universe, Professor Magueijo and Dr Afshordi have now used a model to put an exact figure on the spectral index. The predicted figure and the model it is based on are published in the journal Physical Review D.
Cosmologists are currently getting ever more precise readings of this figure, so that prediction could soon be tested — either confirming or ruling out the team’s model of the early universe. Their figure is a very precise 0.96478. This is close to the current estimate of readings of the cosmic microwave background, which puts it around 0.968, with some margin of error.
Professor Magueijo said: “The theory, which we first proposed in the late-1990s, has now reached a maturity point — it has produced a testable prediction. If observations in the near future do find this number to be accurate, it could lead to a modification of Einstein’s theory of gravity.
“The idea that the speed of light could be variable was radical when first proposed, but with a numerical prediction, it becomes something physicists can actually test. If true, it would mean that the laws of nature were not always the same as they are today.”
The testability of the varying speed of light theory sets it apart from the more mainstream rival theory: inflation. Inflation says that the early universe went through an extremely rapid expansion phase, much faster than the current rate of expansion of the universe.
These theories are necessary to overcome what physicists call the ‘horizon problem’. The universe as we see it today appears to be everywhere broadly the same, for example it has a relatively homogenous density.
This could only be true if all regions of the universe were able to influence each other. However, if the speed of light has always been the same, then not enough time has passed for light to have travelled to the edge of the universe, and ‘even out’ the energy.
As an analogy, to heat up a room evenly, the warm air from radiators at either end has to travel across the room and mix fully. The problem for the universe is that the ‘room’ — the observed size of the universe — appears to be too large for this to have happened in the time since it was formed.
The varying speed of light theory suggests that the speed of light was much higher in the early universe, allowing the distant edges to be connected as the universe expanded. The speed of light would have then dropped in a predictable way as the density of the universe changed. This variability led the team to the prediction published today.
The alternative theory is inflation, which attempts to solve this problem by saying that the very early universe evened out while incredibly small, and then suddenly expanded, with the uniformity already imprinted on it. While this means the speed of light and the other laws of physics as we know them are preserved, it requires the invention of an ‘inflation field’ — a set of conditions that only existed at the time.
- Niayesh Afshordi, João Magueijo. Critical geometry of a thermal big bang. Physical Review D, 2016; 94 (10) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.94.101301
Source: Imperial College London. “Theory that challenges Einstein’s physics could soon be put to the test.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161125084229.htm>.
November 24, 2016
Mental disorders and physical diseases frequently go hand in hand. For the first time, psychologists have identified temporal patterns in young people: arthritis and diseases of the digestive system are more common after depression, while anxiety disorders tend to be followed by skin diseases.
Mental disorders and physical diseases frequently go hand in hand. For the first time, psychologists at the University of Basel and Ruhr University Bochum have identified temporal patterns in young people: arthritis and diseases of the digestive system are more common after depression, while anxiety disorders tend to be followed by skin diseases.
Physical diseases and mental disorders affect a person’s quality of life and present a huge challenge for the healthcare system. If physical and mental disorders systematically co-occur from an early age, there is a risk that the sick child or adolescent will suffer from untoward developments.
Data from 6,500 teenagers
In a project financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation, a research group led by PD Dr. Marion Tegethoff in collaboration with Professor Gunther Meinlschmidt from the University of Basel’s Faculty of Psychology has now examined the temporal pattern and relationship between physical diseases and mental disorders in children and young people. In the journal PLOS ONE, they analyzed data from a representative sample of 6,483 teenagers from the US aged between 13 and 18.
The researchers noted that some physical diseases tend to occur more frequently in children and adolescents if they have previously suffered from certain mental disorders. Likewise, certain mental disorders tend to occur more frequently after the onset of particular physical diseases. Affective disorders such as depression were frequently followed by arthritis and diseases of the digestive system, while the same relationship existed between anxiety disorders and skin diseases. Anxiety disorders were more common if the person had already suffered from heart disease. A close association was also established for the first time between epileptic disorders and subsequent eating disorders.
Epilepsy and eating disorders
The results offer important insights into the causal relationship between mental disorders and physical diseases. The newly identified temporal associations draw attention to processes that could be relevant both to the origins of physical diseases and mental disorders and to their treatment. In an earlier study, the same authors had already provided evidence for the relationship between mental disorders and physical diseases in young people.
“For the first time, we have established that epilepsy is followed by an increased risk of eating disorders — a phenomenon, that had previously been described only in single case reports. This suggests that approaches to epilepsy treatment could also have potential in the context of eating disorders,” explains Marion Tegethoff, the study’s lead author. From a health policy perspective, the findings underscore that the treatment of mental disorders and physical diseases should be closely interlinked from an early age on.
- Marion Tegethoff, Esther Stalujanis, Angelo Belardi, Gunther Meinlschmidt. Chronology of Onset of Mental Disorders and Physical Diseases in Mental-Physical Comorbidity – A National Representative Survey of Adolescents. PLOS ONE, 2016; 11 (10): e0165196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165196
Source: Universität Basel. “Depression in young people affects the stomach, anxiety the skin.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161124081604.htm>
November 22, 2016
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
A breathing-based meditation practice known as Sudarshan Kriya yoga helped alleviate severe depression in people who did not fully respond to antidepressant treatments, reports a new study.
A breathing-based meditation practice known as Sudarshan Kriya yoga helped alleviate severe depression in people who did not fully respond to antidepressant treatments, reports a new study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry from researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The study bolsters the science behind the use of controlled yogic breathing to help battle depression.
In a randomized, controlled pilot study, led by Anup Sharma, MD, PhD, a Neuropsychiatry research fellow in the department of Psychiatry at Penn, researchers found significant improvement in symptoms of depression and anxiety in medicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who participated in the breathing technique compared to medicated patients who did not partake. After two months, the yoga group cut its mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score by several points, while the control group showed no improvements. HDRS is the most widely used clinician-administered depression assessment that scores mood, interest in activities, energy, suicidal thoughts, and feelings of guilt, among other symptoms.
More than half of the 41 million Americans who take antidepressants do not fully respond. Add-on therapies are often prescribed to enhance the effects of the drugs in these patients, but they typically offer limited additional benefits and come with side effects that can curb use, prolonging the depressive episode. What’s more, patients who don’t fully respond to antidepressants are especially at risk of relapse.
“With such a large portion of patients who do not fully respond to antidepressants, it’s important we find new avenues that work best for each person to beat their depression,” Sharma said. “Here, we have a promising, lower-cost therapy that could potentially serve as an effective, non-drug approach for patients battling this disease.”
The meditation technique, which is practiced in both a group setting and at home, includes a series of sequential, rhythm-specific breathing exercises that bring people into a deep, restful, and meditative state: slow and calm breaths alternated with fast and stimulating breaths.
“Sudarshan Kriya yoga gives people an active method to experience a deep meditative state that’s easy to learn and incorporate in diverse settings,” Sharma said.
In past studies, the practice has demonstrated a positive response in patients with milder forms of depression, depression due to alcohol dependence, and in patients with MDD; however, there are no clinical studies investigating its use for depression in an outpatient setting. Past studies suggest that yoga and other controlled breathing techniques can potentially adjust the nervous system to reduce stress hormones. Overall, the authors also note, well-designed studies that evaluate the benefits of yoga to treat depression are lacking, despite increased interest in the ancient Indian practice. Millions of Americans participate in some form of yoga every year.
In the study, researchers enrolled 25 patients suffering from MDD who were depressed, despite more than eight weeks of antidepressant medication treatment. The medicated patients were randomized to either the breathing intervention group or the “waitlist” control group for eight weeks. (The waitlist group was offered the yoga intervention after the study). During the first week, participants completed a six-session program, which featured Sudarshan Kriya yoga in addition to yoga postures, sitting meditation, and stress education. For weeks two through eight, participants attended weekly Sudarshan Kriya yoga follow-up sessions and completed a home practice version of the technique.
Patients in the Sudarshan Kriya yoga group showed a significantly greater improvement in HDRS scores compared to patients in the waitlist group. With a mean baseline HDRS score of 22.0 (indicating severe depression at the beginning of the study), the group that completed the breathing technique for the full two months improved scores by 10.27 points on average, compared to the waitlist group, which showed no improvements. Patients in the yoga group also showed significant mean reductions in total scores of the self-reported Beck Depression (15.48 point improvement) and Beck Anxiety Inventories (5.19 point improvement), versus the waitlist control group.
Results of the pilot study suggest the feasibility and promise of Sudarshan Kriya as an add-on intervention for MDD patients who have not responded to antidepressants, the authors wrote. “The next step in this research is to conduct a larger study evaluating how this intervention impacts brain structure and function in patients who have major depression,” Sharma said.
Materials provided by Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
- Anup Sharma, Marna S. Barrett, Andrew J. Cucchiara, Nalaka S. Gooneratne, Michael E. Thase. A Breathing-Based Meditation Intervention for Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Following Inadequate Response to Antidepressants. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2016; DOI: 10.4088/JCP.16m10819
Source: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. “Yogic breathing helps fight major depression, study shows.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161122182357.htm>.
November 21, 2016
University of Missouri
Studying how gut bacteria affect behavior in zebrafish could lead to a better understanding of how probiotics may affect the central nervous system in humans.
Probiotics, or beneficial live bacteria that are introduced into the body, have become increasingly popular as a way to improve health and well-being. Previous studies have shown a direct correlation between gut microbes and the central nervous system. Now, researchers at the University of Missouri, using a zebrafish model, determined that a common probiotic sold in supplements and yogurt can decrease stress-related behavior and anxiety. Studying how gut bacteria affect behavior in zebrafish could lead to a better understanding of how probiotics may affect the central nervous system in humans. Their results recently were published in Scientific Reports a journal of Nature.
“Zebrafish are an emerging model species for neurobehavioral studies and their use is well-established in drug-screening,” said Aaron Ericsson, director of the MU Metagenomics Center and a research assistant professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology. “Our study has shown that simple probiotics that we normally use to keep our digestive tract in sync, could be beneficial to reducing our stress levels as well.”
In a series of studies, researchers tested how zebrafish behaved after doses of Lactobacillus plantarum, a common bacteria found in yogurt and probiotic supplements. In the first study, scientists added the bacteria to certain tanks housing zebrafish; other tanks of zebrafish received no probiotics. Then, the researchers introduced environmental stressors to both groups, such as draining small amounts of water from the tank and overcrowding.
“Each day we introduced a different stressor — tests that are validated by other researchers and cause higher anxiety among zebrafish,” said Elizabeth Bryda, professor of veterinary pathobiology in the MU College of Veterinary Medicine. “These are common environmental stress patterns, such as isolation stress and temperature change, so it made the tests relevant to humans as well.”
By analyzing the gene pathways of both groups of fish, the research team found that zebrafish that were given the supplements showed a reduction in the metabolic pathways associated with stress.
“By measuring the genes associated with stress and anxiety, our tests were able to predict how this common probiotic is able to benefit behavioral responses in these fish,” said Daniel Davis, assistant director of the MU Animal Modeling Core. “Essentially, bacteria in the gut altered the gene expression associated with stress- and anxiety-related pathways in the fish allowing for increased signaling of particular neurotransmitters.”
To test their theory further, the researchers measured the movements of fish in their tanks using sophisticated computer measuring and imaging tools. Previous studies of fish behavior have found that fish that are stressed tend to spend more time at the bottom of their tanks. Once the fish were administered probiotics, they tended to spend more time toward the top of the tanks — the change in behavior indicating they were less stressed or less anxious.
“Using zebrafish, we’ve developed a relatively inexpensive platform for testing of other species of bacteria and probiotics and their potential benefit on different systems of the body,” Ericsson said.
- Daniel J. Davis, Holly M. Doerr, Agata K. Grzelak, Susheel B. Busi, Eldin Jasarevic, Aaron C. Ericsson, Elizabeth C. Bryda. Lactobacillus plantarum attenuates anxiety-related behavior and protects against stress-induced dysbiosis in adult zebrafish. Scientific Reports, 2016; 6: 33726 DOI: 10.1038/srep33726
Source: University of Missouri. “Common probiotics can reduce stress levels, lessen anxiety.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121160038.htm>.
November 21, 2016
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Scientists report using human pluripotent stem cells to grow human intestinal tissues that have functioning nerves in a laboratory, and then using these to recreate and study a severe intestinal nerve disorder called Hirschsprung’s disease.
Scientists report in Nature Medicine using human pluripotent stem cells to grow human intestinal tissues that have functioning nerves in a laboratory, and then using these to recreate and study a severe intestinal nerve disorder called Hirschsprung’s disease.
Published online Nov. 21, the findings describe an unprecedented approach to engineer and study tissues in the intestine — the body’s largest immune organ, its food processor and main interface with the outside world. Study authors at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center say the paper puts medical science a step closer to using human pluripotent stem cells (which can become any cell type in the body) for regenerative medicine and growing patient-specific human intestine for transplant.
“One day this technology will allow us to grow a section of healthy intestine for transplant into a patient, but the ability to use it now to test and ask countless new questions will help human health to the greatest extent,” said Michael Helmrath, MD, co-lead study investigator and surgical director of the Intestinal Rehabilitation Program at Cincinnati Children’s.
This ability starts with being able to model and study intestinal disorders in functioning, three-dimensional human organ tissue with genetically-specific patient cells. The technology will also allow researchers to test new therapeutics in functioning lab-engineered human intestine before clinical trials in patients.
“Many oral medications give you diarrhea, cramps and impair intestinal motility. A fairly immediate goal for this technology that would help the largest number of people is as a first-pass screen for new drugs to look for off-target toxicities and prevent side effects in the intestine,” explained Jim Wells, PhD, co-lead investigator and director of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility at Cincinnati Children’s.
As science continues to learn more about how important intestinal health is to overall health, Wells and Helmrath said using functioning lab-generated human intestine creates an array of new research opportunities. Some include the ability to conduct deeper studies into nutritional health, diabetes, severe intestinal diseases (like necrotizing enterorcolitis), and biochemical changes in the body from gastric by-pass weight-loss surgery.
Nerves Nature’s Way
Researchers started out by subjecting human pluripotent stem cells to a biochemical bath that triggers their formation into human intestinal tissue in a petri dish. The process was essentially the same as that used by the Wells’ lab in a landmark 2010 Nature study, which reported the first-ever generation of three-dimensional human intestinal organoids in a laboratory.
Intestinal tissues from the initial study lacked an enteric nervous system, which is critical to the movement of waste through the digestive tract and the absorption of nutrients. The gastrointestinal tract contains the second largest number of nerves in the human body, according to Wells. When these nerves fail to work properly it hinders the contraction of intestinal muscles. This contributes to abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and in severe cases creates functional blockages that require surgery.
To engineer a nervous system for the intestinal organoids already growing in one petri dish, researchers generated embryonic-stage nerve cells called neural crest cells in a separate dish. The neural crest cells were manipulated to form precursor cells for enteric nerves. The challenge at this stage was identifying how and when to incorporate the neural crest cells into the developing intestine.
“We tried a few different approaches largely based on the hypothesis that, if you put the right cells together at the right time in the petri dish, they’ll know what do to. It was a longshot, but it worked,” said Wells, who credits Cincinnati Children’s developmental biologist Samantha Brugmann, PhD, (and a study co-author) with providing critical insights into embryonic nerve development.
The appropriate mix caused enteric nerve precursor cells and intestines to grow together in a manner resembling developing fetal intestine. The result was the first evidence for generating complex and functional three-dimensional intestinal organoids in a petri dish, and fully derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
In Vivo Testing
A key test for the engineered intestines and nerves was transplanting them into a living organism — in this case laboratory mice with suppressed immune systems. This allowed researchers to see how well the tissues grow and function. Study data show the tissues work and are structured in a manner remarkably similar to natural human intestine. They grow robustly, process nutrients and demonstrate peristalsis — series of wave-like muscle contractions that in the body move food through the digestive tract.
Researchers then used the technology to study the molecular progression of a rare form of Hirschsprung’s disease — a condition in which the rectum and colon fail to develop a normal nervous system, causing waste to accumulate. A severe form of Hirschsprung’s is caused by a mutation in the gene PHOX2B. Tests in a petri dish and mice demonstrated that mutating PHOX2B causes profound detrimental changes to innervated intestinal tissues.
The current study blends basic research and clinical insight from the Developmental Biology and Endocrinology laboratory staff of Wells and General/Thoracic Surgery research team of Helmrath — who cares for children with a broad spectrum of digestive disorders. Co-first authors include Maxime Mahe, PhD, an instructor in the Helmrath lab, and Michael Workman, PhD, a former a member of the Wells lab.
- Michael J Workman, Maxime M Mahe, Stephen Trisno, Holly M Poling, Carey L Watson, Nambirajan Sundaram, Ching-Fang Chang, Jacqueline Schiesser, Philippe Aubert, Edouard G Stanley, Andrew G Elefanty, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Mohammad A Mandegar, Bruce R Conklin, Michel Neunlist, Samantha A Brugmann, Michael A Helmrath, James M Wells. Engineered human pluripotent-stem-cell-derived intestinal tissues with a functional enteric nervous system. Nature Medicine, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/nm.4233
Source: Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. “Scientists tissue engineer human intestines and functioning nerves.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 November 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161121130955.htm>.
James Farley Photographs Supermoon Over Winston-Salem, NC.
There will be no ON TARGET next week as we are taking off for the Thanksgiving holiday. Our best to all of our readers. We now have over 6,000 current subscribers to ON TARGET. From time to time we receive newsworthy events and/or photos from our loyal readers.
A Supermoon happens when a Full Moon or New Moon coincides with the Moon’s closest approach to Earth; also called perigee. A Super Full Moon looks around 12% to 14% bigger than its counterpart, the Micromoon. The Supermoon on November 14, 2016, was the closest a Full Moon has been to Earth since January 26, 1948. The next time a Full Moon is even closer to Earth will be on November 25, 2034.
Our friend and colleague James Farley, photographer extraordinaire, took Supermoon photos in Winston-Salem, NC, which were featured by Lanie Pope on WXII 12 Winston-Salem!
Supemoon over the R J Reynolds building, Winston, NC. ©jfarley Photography.
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Copper: The Bacteria-Fighting Super Element is Making a Comeback In Hospitals
This is human coronavirus 229E being inactivated on copper. Credit: University of Southampton, England
Copper is being embraced by some hospitals because of its ability to kill 1) ___ and other microbes on contact, which can help reduce deadly infections. Copper can kill or inactivate a variety of pathogens by interacting with oxygen and modifying oxygen molecules. In bacteria, this disrupts the outer layer, damaging the genetic material and cell machinery, which can lead to cell death. A recent study found that copper also destroys norovirus. There has been only one published clinical trial showing how copper reduces infections in hospitals. The results, however, were striking. The study, which took place between July 2010 and June 2011, showed that copper surfaces reduced infection rates by 58%. The antimicrobial effect of copper-alloy surfaces is a result of the metal stealing electrons from the bacteria when they come into contact with each other. Once the bacteria donate the electrons to the copper metal, this places the organism into a state of electrical-charge deficit. As a consequence, free radicals are generated inside the cell, which ultimately leads to the cell’s death.
Checking into a hospital can boost your chances of infection. That’s a disturbing paradox of modern medical care. And it doesn’t matter where in the world you’re hospitalized. From the finest to the most rudimentary medical facilities, patients are vulnerable to new 2) ___ that have nothing to do with their original medical problem. These are referred to as healthcare-acquired infections, healthcare-associated infections or hospital-acquired infections. These are infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Many of them, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can be deadly. The World Health Organization estimates that each year, hundreds of millions of patients around the world are affected by healthcare-acquired infections. In the United States, the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion in the Health and Human Services Department estimates that 1 in 25 inpatients has a 3) ___-related infection. In developing countries, estimates run higher.
Hospital bed safety railings are a major source of these infections. That’s what Constanza Correa, 33, and her colleagues have found in their research in Santiago, Chile. They’ve taken on the problem by replacing them, since 2013, with railings made of copper, an anti-microbial element. Copper definitely wipes out 4) ___. Bacteria, yeasts and viruses are rapidly killed on metallic copper surfaces, and the term contact killing has been coined for this process, wrote the authors of an article on copper in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. That knowledge has been around a very long time. The journal article cites an Egyptian medical text, written around 2600-2000 BCE, that cites the use of copper to sterilize chest wounds and drinking water. Correa’s startup, Copper BioHealth, has not yet assessed the railings’ impact in Chilean hospitals. But a study of the effects of copper-alloy surfaces in U.S. hospitals’ intensive care units, published last year in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, showed promising results: Their presence reduced the number of healthcare-acquired infections from 8.1% in regular rooms to 3.4% in the copper rooms.
Healthcare-acquired infections are a huge problem. People come to the hospital with a sickness, and they get another one in the hospital. Then they have to stay longer and spend more money on treatment. Sometimes it can cause 5) ___. Eighty percent of these infections come from touching hospital surfaces. In the hospital room, the most contaminated surface is the bed rail. It’s the most manipulated by medical staff and patients. It’s in direct contact with the patient. That’s the most critical surface in the room. A hospital’s objective is to decrease the chance of infection due to surface contact. So if we can replace current bed rails with copper bed rails, there is the potential to kill viruses, fungi and bacteria continuously. The magnitude of the problem is that in industrialized countries, 5% of patients develop these infections and the number is three times more in developing countries. In the United States, the annual direct cost to treat these infections is $40 billion a year. At least 15 hospitals across the country have installed, or are considering installing, copper components on high-touch surfaces easily contaminated with microbes – faucet handles on sinks, cabinet pulls, toilet levers, call buttons and IV poles. We’ve known for a long time that copper and other metals are effective in killing microbes, so it wasn’t a great leap to incorporate copper surfaces into hospitals, said John Lynch, medical director of infection control at Seattle’s Harborview Medical Center, which is redesigning a waste-disposal room to incorporate copper on light switches and door handles. For many hospitals, the death of Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan last year at a Dallas hospital heightened concerns – two nurses caring for him caught the 6) ___ because of poor infection control. And even before that, public health officials had identified nearly two dozen dangerous pathogens – many of them resistant to virtually all antibiotics – whose spread in health facilities and elsewhere could result in potentially catastrophic consequences. They include MRSA, a potentially deadly infection that is increasing in community settings; VRE, which can cause a variety of infections; and C. diff, which causes life-threatening diarrhea and sends 250,000 people to the hospital every year.
On any given day, about 1 in 25 patients in acute-care hospitals has at least one health-care-associated infection, according to the CDC or 7) ___ for ___ ___ and ___. Pneumonia and surgical-site infections are among the most common. In 2011, about 75,000 patients with health-care-associated infections died in the hospital. Hospital officials aren’t the only ones interested in copper. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport installed drinking fountains retrofitted with antimicrobial copper surfaces. In Colorado Springs, the U.S. Olympic Committee’s flagship training center uses custom dumbbells with antimicrobial copper grips. So do two professional hockey teams, the Los Angeles Kings and St. Louis Blues. Even a Chick-fil-A in Morganton, N.C., installed antimicrobial copper on restroom door handles.
Now, the CDC is pressing for more research. Recently, it held a roundtable on environmental infection control in preventing Ebola and other health-care-associated infections. Officials, who are exploring copper and other technologies, are working with hospitals, academics and the copper industry. The Defense Department, which funded the first clinical trial on copper and hospital-acquired infections, is researching copper’s effectiveness against one type of bacteria, acinetobacter, which can cause pneumonia or bloodstream infections among critically ill patients, including wounded 8) ___ returning from the battlefield. Many experts have concluded that traditional methods for reducing hospital-acquired infections, such as hand washing, aren’t enough, because people don’t always do what they are supposed to do and many pathogens can survive for long periods on surfaces. That’s why hospitals are experimenting with other ways to destroy them, including using ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide vapor to target germs in nooks and crannies not easily reached by cleaning crews. But those measures require actions by human beings – which is not the case with copper. It’s always working, it requires no human intervention, no supervision, and it’s acting continuously, said Michael Schmidt, a microbiology professor at the Medical University of South Carolina and one of the researchers who conducted the first and largest study of copper surfaces in hospitals. Besides the South Carolina hospital, the study involved Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York and the Veterans Affairs hospital in Charleston, S.C. About 600 patients who were admitted to the intensive-care units at the facilities were randomly assigned to receive care in traditional patient rooms or ones in which six frequently touched objects – such as bed rails, tables, IV poles and nurse call buttons – were made from copper alloys. While welcoming the findings, researchers said additional studies are needed to answer many questions. Is there a minimal risk number out there – how many bacteria on a surface to really put people at risk? said L. Clifford McDonald, a medical epidemiologist at the CDC. Right now, there’s not enough data on copper or other technologies to make firm recommendations on what hospitals should do, he said. In the meantime, facilities should continue to thoroughly clean patients’ rooms and supplement that with disinfectants. And everyone, especially health-care workers, should wash their hands with soap and water.
At an American Hospital Association conference in July, Todd Linden, chief executive of Grinnell Regional Medical Center in Iowa, gave a 70-minute presentation on copper items installed in 13 of the hospital’s patient rooms. The 49-bed facility also plans to use copper in renovating its emergency room. Grinnell College biology professor Shannon Hinsa-Leasure is conducting a clinical trial on the hospital’s use of copper. The hospital’s fitness center also has copper components, including on its free weights. Olin Brass and its manufacturing partners donated products for the hospital; community donations paid for the fitness center. A typical U.S. hospital room contains about $100,000 of goods and equipment, experts say. The average cost to outfit a hospital room with antimicrobial copper items is about $5,000, Linden said. But one infection adds $43,000 in patient costs, according to federal data. And under the Affordable Care Act, hospitals with higher infection rates and other patient injuries face decreases in their Medicare reimbursements.
The copper industry, meanwhile, provided financial help to several facilities interested in experimenting with 9) ___surfaces. The Copper Development Association gave $50,000 in grants to four hospitals in 2013 and 2014, said Adam Estelle, a project engineer with the trade group. The association began promoting copper’s antimicrobial properties in 2008, when several groups of copper products met standards of the Environmental Protection Agency to be registered as antimicrobial and effective in killing six types of bacteria, including MRSA, VRE and the deadly E. coli 0157 strain, the culprit in numerous food recalls, illnesses and deaths. Pullman Regional Hospital in Washington State received a $10,000 grant from the copper industry group two years ago. The 26-bed hospital bought more than 1,200 cabinet drawer pulls and 22 handicapped-access buttons on doors. Ed Harrich, chief of surgical services, and his staff have been methodically installing the hardware. He persuaded hospital administrators to approve another $10,000 for more items. More than 150 health-care and other facilities have installed antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces manufactured in the U.S. since 2011, according to the Copper Development Association. Cost is an issue. Adding copper surfaces is about 15 to 20% more expensive than using traditional stainless steel. But the long-term 10) ___are worth it. Sources: The Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, NPR; Medscape; ScienceDaily
ANSWERS: 1) bacteria; 2) infections; 3) hospital; 4) microbes; 5) death; 6) virus; 7) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 8) soldiers; 9) copper; 10) benefits
Francis Schlatter (1856-1896), Healer with Copper Rod
Francis Schlatter Credit: Unknown – This image is available from the United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs Division; Public Domain, Wikipedia Commons
Francis Schlatter (1856-1896) was an Alsatian cobbler who, because of miraculous cures attributed to him, became known as the Healer. Schlatter was born in the village of Ebersheim, Bas-Rhin, near Selestat, in Alsace on April 29, 1856. In 1884 he emigrated to the United States, where he worked at his trade in various cities, arriving in Denver, Colorado, in 1892. There, a few months later, he experienced a vision at his cobbler’s bench in which he heard the voice of the Father commanding him to sell his business, give the money to the poor, and devote his life to healing the sick. He then undertook a two-year, 3,000-mile walking pilgrimage around the American West which took him across eastern Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma, and then to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he was arrested and jailed for vagrancy. In early 1894 he escaped and headed west, walking across Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona and into southern California, where he began his first efforts at healing with the Indians of the San Jacinto Valley. After two months, he again took up his pilgrimage and traveled east across the Mohave Desert, living on nothing but flour and water.
In July 1895 he emerged as a Christ-like healer in the Rio Grande villages south of Albuquerque. There, while treating hundreds of sick, suffering, and disabled people who flocked to Albuquerque’s Old Town, he became famous. Crowds gathered about him daily, hoping to be cured of their diseases simply by clasping his hands. The following month he returned to Denver, but did not resume his healings until mid-September. During the next few weeks, his ministry drew tens of thousands of pilgrims to a small home in North Denver. Schlatter is said to have refused all rewards for his services. His manner of living was of the simplest, and he taught no new doctrine. He said only that he obeyed a power which he called Father, and from this power he received his healing virtue.
On the night of November 13, 1895, he suddenly disappeared, leaving behind him a note in which he said that his mission was ended. Then, in 1897 news came out of Mexico that the healer’s bones and possessions had been found on a mountainside in the Sierra Madre. At the same time, a New Mexico woman named Ada Morley published a book called The Life of the Harp in the Hand of the Harper which told of the healer’s three-month retreat on her ranch in Datil, New Mexico, after his disappearance from Denver. The book, which carried the title the healer gave it, also contained a first-person description of his two-year pilgrimage, which he believed held the same significance for mankind as Christ’s forty days in the wilderness. On departing the Morley ranch, Schlatter told Morley that God intended to establish New Jerusalem in the Datil Mountains, and the healer promised to return at that time. In the wake of the healer’s death, several men claiming to be Francis Schlatter made headlines around the country in 1909, 1916, and 1922.
In August Strindberg?s autobiographical novel Inferno, Francis Schlatter is mentioned as a doppelganger of another man Strindberg met in Paris in 1896, the year after Schlatter disappeared. He was afraid of Schlatter. The double turned out to be Paul Herrmann, a German-American painter.
The Healer’s Copper Rod
In 1906 Edgar Lee Hewett, who became a noted archaeologist and museum director, was conducting research near Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico, when his Mexican guide pointed out an unmarked grave. Ten years before, the guide said, he had come across the body of a dead man following a blizzard. From the guide’s description, Hewett surmised that the dead man the guide had come across was Francis Schlatter, whom Hewett had met and whose healing sessions he observed in 1895. Hewett asked if any of the man’s possessions had survived. The guide led him to the home of the jefe of Casas Grandes, and there Hewett saw Schlatter’s Bible, saddle, and copper rod – which had become a mysterious hallmark of the healer from the time of his disappearance. Years later, in 1922, Hewett returned to Mexico and examined the copper rod again. By now, Edgar Lee Hewett had become the director of the School of American Research (now the School for Advanced Research) and the Museum of New Mexico Hewett showed interest in the rod and made a donation to the village of Casas Grandes to hire a teacher. Back in Santa Fe, a few weeks later, he received a heavy, burlap-wrapped package, and inside was Francis Schlatter’s copper rod. He placed the rod in the collections of the two institutions he directed, which shared space in the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, N.M. Today the rod lies in the collections of the New Mexico History Museum in the Palace of the Governors. Almost immediately after reports came out of Mexico announcing the healer’s death, skepticism arose. Ada Morley, who had visited at length with Schlatter during his three-month stay at her ranch in New Mexico in early 1896, had her doubts. The men who found the skeleton declared to have been [Schlatter’s], she said, say it was resting as though it had never been disturbed. I know the coyotes would never have left it, if it had ever lain there bearing flesh. The New York Times expressed doubts as well. It does not appear that the human remains were actually identified as Schlatter’s, the newspaper stated on June 19, 1897, or that any identification was possible. However, the presence of the healer’s possessions at the scene, especially his copper rod, convinced most people otherwise. Over the next twenty-five years, several men arose claiming to be Francis Schlatter. One, a Presbyterian minister named Charles McLean, died in Hastings, Nebraska, in 1909, creating a controversy between skeptics and believers. Two others, August Schrader and Jacob Kunze, who formed a healing team that operated between 1908 and 1917, were arrested and jailed in 1916 for mail fraud. A final so-called imposter died in St. Louis, Missouri, in October 1922.
During the second half of the twentieth century, a renewed interest in Schlatter brought with it speculation about the claim of the healer who had died in St. Louis. Most recently, The Vanishing Messiah: The Life and Resurrections of Francis Schlatter (2016), argues that the healer conspired to stage his death in the mountains of Mexico and returned to the United States to continue healing in the eastern and southern parts of the country until his death in St. Louis in 1922. The Vanishing Messiah claim rests in part on the discovery of a largely forgotten autobiography in the Library of Congress entitled Modern Miracles of Healing: A True Account of the Life, Works and Wanderings of Francis Schlatter, the Healer, attributed to Francis Schlatter, The Alsacian, and published in 1903.


text:
For customers who want get a first good overview about the topic of getting medical treatment in Germany, we have prepared a 35 page brochure in PDF format. Here we provide information about the following topics:
- International patients are valued customers in Germany
- The hospital system in Germany
- Legal liability for medical treatment
- Quality standards in German hospitals
- Special medical treatments
- What a foreigner should know about hospital bills
- Some examples of possible costs
- Visa questions
- Is language an issue for international patients in German hospitals?
- Assistance by German Hospital Service Ltd.
- Short list of DRG prices for 250 DRG case prices to give a first estimate of possible costs of treatment
Further, we have added our Questionnaire and TOR for contacting German Hospital Service about a treatment possibility.
If you decide to have us arrange your treatment stay in Germany after downloading the brochure, we will credit the payment towards the service fees.

domain: medical


text:
LSE to introduce global securities numbering system
07 November 2002 | 3471 views | 0
The London Stock Exchange is to introduce a new global numbering system for securities in a bid to reduce the number of failed cross-border trades.
After extensive discussions with users and vendors, the Exchange says it will update its existing seven-character numeric Sedol code to alphanumeric for introduction in 2003.
David Lester, the Exchange's chief information officer, says: "This new system will allow us to provide a unique global security identifier to address market needs, and enable the Exchange to build on our position as a provider of the established Sedol standard."
Failed cross-border trades cost the global securities industry around £800 million every year. It is estimated that £125 million of this loss can be linked directly to problems identifying the securities involved in cross-border transactions.
These include existing systems being unable to provide codes quickly enough in the trading cycle, as well as difficulties providing codes for those with multiple listings.
In today's interim results announcement, the Exchange said that Information Services accounted for £50.7 million of its turnover in the first half of this year. Instrument numbering, together with the recently-announced Corporate Data Warehousing initiative, are part of Exchange's strategy to diversify the range of commercial products and services it offers to its customers.
More broadly, first half earnings at the LSE rose by 17% over the year ago period, but the market downturn reduced the number of terminals in use to 100,000 at the end of September, down 5000 during the half-year and down from 109,000 a year earlier.

domain: news


The successful conservation of giant pandas was accomplished through education, dedication, and sheer political will.
Decades of committed and challenging conservation work has paid off as Chinese officials proudly announce that giant pandas are no longer an endangered species. Conservation efforts that included “panda diplomacy,” has raised the giant panda population in the wild to 1,800 in total.
This has moved the species from an endangered classification to ‘vulnerable,’ which is still a massive improvement.
PANDA POPULATIONS INCREASED DUE TO SUFFICIENT FOOD SOURCES
China’s panda reserves are located across mountain ranges that are fiercely protected by conservation groups. Their efforts in ensuring vast amounts of bamboo-filled forests have led to a positive outcome for the gentle giants. With the addition of ‘panda diplomacy,’ the bears have been able to breed beyond the geographical borders of China, increasing the panda population slowly but surely.
In fact, just five years ago, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) had decided to change the giant panda’s classification from ‘endangered’ to ‘vulnerable,’ but it was not officially recognised by China. To its credit, China had instead challenged the decision.
“If we downgrade their conservation status, or neglect or relax our conservation work, the populations and habitats of giant pandas could still suffer irreversible loss, and our achievements would be quickly lost,” said China’s State Forestry Administration at the time.
Safe to say, China’s relentless efforts in raising the panda population is a definite success when taking into consideration that panda numbers recorded in 2000 were only 1,100 of them living in the wild, and 422 in captivity.
A MEANINGFUL WIN
Considering the many difficulties involved in breeding pandas, even reaching a ‘vulnerable’ classification should be considered a victory!
With female pandas ovulating only once a year, the challenge of conceiving can be extremely rare and difficult, seeing that the window for male insemination only lasts for 24 to 72 hours. Conservationists have the arduous task of being on a constant lookout for ovulating females, and making sure they have a male panda ready for mating at the same time.
The tiresome part of trying to breed the pandas happen when two ideal ‘candidates’ are found for mating, but both lack the mood to initiate. This is because pandas are solitary creatures by nature, and even in captivity, are kept in separate enclosures to prevent violent attacks among them.
As it happens, some male pandas experience genuine difficulties in mating with a female; in these cases, conservationists had to resort to artificial insemination.
In the event that a panda couple does mate successfully, the result of a pregnancy isn’t guaranteed. Panda fetuses have also proven to be quite obscure during ultrasounds, leading to cases of a mother showing signs of a pregnancy only a few weeks before birth!
What adds to the general confusion are female pandas that aren’t pregnant who exhibit pregnant behaviour such as building nests, sleeping more, and eating less.
GIANT PANDAS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘UMBRELLA SPECIES’ IN CHINA
What this means is the protection and conservation of the pandas causes a trickle down effect that benefits multiple species.
“The number of species such as Siberian tigers, Amur leopards, Asian elephants, and crested ibis has increased significantly,” said Cui Shuhong, director of the Department of Natural Ecological Protection in the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
“Thanks to decades of collaboration between the Chinese government, local communities, companies, and NGOs, the giant panda’s future is more secure,” said World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Vice President for Wildlife Conservation, Colby Loucks.
“China’s successful conservation of giant pandas shows what can be achieved when political will and science join forces.”
"ExpatGo welcomes and encourages comments, input, and divergent opinions. However, we kindly request that you use suitable language in your comments, and refrain from any sort of personal attack, hate speech, or disparaging rhetoric. Comments not in line with this are subject to removal from the site. "


text:
Elder neurological disorders
Botulinum toxin treatment
Myopathy and peripheral nerve disease
Memory disorder and dementia
Wards of neurology: (total 150 beds).
Movement Disorder Division: We provide state-of-the-art treatment for Parkinson disease and other movement disorders, diagnosis and treatment of rare neurodegenerative disease and neurogenetic disease, evaluation for deep brain stimulation.
Stroke division: The multidisciplinary stroke unit is staffed by dedicated specialized technicians, nurses and doctors.
Epilepsy division: treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, Long-term video EEG monitoring and pre-surgical evaluation.
Special diagnostic and treating techniques:
1. Early intrarterial and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke, the treatment in stroke division.
2. Interventional therapy of cerebral aneurysms, vascular malformations and cerebrovascular stenosis.
3. The 24-hours EEG and video EEG for Epilepsy, syncope, etc.
4. EMG Lab for Neurophylogical study and clinical diagnosis
5. Immunological treatment for multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.
6. Location of epileptic foci by 24-hours EEG, SPECT and PET in refractory epilepsy.
7. Detection of Acetylcholine receptors antibody for myasthenia gravis.
8. Gene tests for neurogenetic disorders.
9. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease and idiopathic tremor.
10. Biopsy of brain, nerve and muscle (tissues examination).
11. Botulinum toxin treatment.
88 Jiefang Road,Shangcheng District Hangzhou,China, 310009
1511 Jianghong Road,Binjiang District Hangzhou,China, 310014
300 Yuanju Road, Shangcheng DIstrict, Hangzhou
456 Qidi Road, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China
1 Xihu Avenue, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou
Zijingang Campus of Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou
Please call +86-571-8971 3988 (8am-5pm, Monday through Friday)
Make an appointment online
The Second Affiliated Hospital
Zhejiang University School of Medicine
88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
The Needs of Patients and Customers Come First.
The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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domain: biology


Compressor Tank Drain
Milton 1139-1 - 1/4" FNPT Electronic Compressor Tank Drain
- VENDOR:- Milton Industries
- SKU# MLT-1139-1
Milton Industries 1139-1 - 1/4" FNPT Electronic Compressor Tank Drain
Part No. 1139-1
- 1/4" female national pipe thread
- Working pressure range of 0 to 230 pounds per square inch
- Temperature range of 40 degrees Fahrenheit to 140 degrees Fahrenheit
- Discharge interval adjustable from .5 to 45 minutes
- Discharge duration adjustable from .5 to 10 seconds
|Number of items in this pack||1|
|Made in USA||Yes|
|Key feature||Drains compressor tank automatically|
|Display on Bloguns CMS Page||No|
|NPT thread size||1/4" Female NPT|
|Pressure range||Pressure range 0 to 230 PSI|
|Mounting direction||Can be mounted in any position|
This is a Plus Shipping item which only can be shipped to destinations within the 48 contiguous United States. Alaska, Hawaii, and any/all US territories and international orders are excluded.
Price will be calculated at check-out.
UPS Shipping rates are calculated based on actual and dimensional weights. To find your rate, add the item to your cart and then enter your zip code into the right hand side of the shopping cart. If your total UPS order is over 120 lbs, the system will not calculate charges.
*Note: If you are having trouble checking out, please call us at (706) 478-0072.
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We Also Recommend
Milton 1104M F-R-L TRIO 1" NPT-METAL BOWL
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text:
Kettering General Hospital (KGH) and Northampton General Hospital (NGH) are currently on a recruitment drive for doctors and nurses – offering the ideal opportunity for those looking to relocate for a better work/life balance, as well as excellent career progression.
Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic there has been a growing trend for people to move out of the city. Property portal, Rightmove[i] recently reported that many homebuyers are planning to escape to the countryside as they saw a 125 per cent increase in people looking to move to villages after the coronavirus lockdown.
This, along with the temporary reduction in stamp duty until March 2021 with no duty to be paid on houses below £500K, is expected to boost applications for positions in Northamptonshire – an area which offers stunning countryside and quaint villages with affordable housing, but with good links to the rest of the UK.
Rebecca Bell, HR Manager Workforce Planning at Kettering General Hospital said: “The pandemic has caused people to re-evaluate their life and career. Many healthcare professionals, who have been on the frontline during this crisis, are also looking to strike a better work/life balance.
“Kettering General Hospital offers great career prospects in a friendly work environment, in an area where the cost of living is less. Now is a good time to move and get on the property ladder, as well as advance your career.”
Kettering General Hospital covers a large part of the Northamptonshire area, with outpatient clinics in Corby, Wellingborough and Rushden, as well as Kettering General itself. The hospital has 600 beds and 17 theatres, employs around 4,000 staff and is one of the largest employers in Northampton.
The hospital is currently recruiting for a Band 5 nurse on an acute gastroenterology ward and a registered nurse on a medical assessment ward. They are also recruiting new registered nurses who will qualify in 2020/21 and are keen to start their nursing career in a supportive environment that offers a wide range of training and development opportunities.
Northampton General Hospital provides acute care services for 380,000 people and has two gynaecology theatres and 2 obstetric theatres that are open 24/7. The hospital has recently invested in new facilities, including an emergency centre and a new chemotherapy suite, offering a great work environment for its healthcare teams.
Both hospitals are part of the ‘Best of Both Worlds’ recruitment campaign that brings together the University of Northampton, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Northampton General Hospital, Kettering General Hospital (KGH), St Andrew’s Healthcare and Northants GP and aims to recruit nurses, doctors and healthcare professionals to live and work in Northamptonshire.
To find out about other vacancies across Northamptonshire visit http://bestofbothworlds.uk.net/


On Tuesday, Premier Daniel Andrews highlighted more than 20 postcodes that have less than 75 per cent vaccination coverage. Now described as ‘priority suburbs’, there will now be a vaccination blitz to increase rates in the areas.
Further to this, the Department of Health has now begun to publish vaccination data online so residents are able to easily track how their area is performing in the race to the 80 per cent target.
“They cover a range of areas, outer suburban areas like Campbellfield, Frankston North, inner-urban areas such as St Kilda or Kensington,” Andrews said in a press conference.
“People will be able to identify the vaccination rate in their own suburb. There will be a new interactive map published online and you’ll be able to see the vaccination rate, first and second, in your local community.”
There are 27 ‘priority postcodes’ that will be targeted as part of the push:
- 3023, 3037 and 3335 (Deer Park, Hillside and Caroline Springs and stretching to Rockbank)
- 3428, 3063 and 3430 (Bulla and other areas in Melbourne’s outer northwest)
- 3047, 3048, 3060, 3061, 3072, 3073, 3074, 3075, 3076, 3081, 3083, 3086 (Dallas, Coolaroo, Fawkner, Campbellfield, Preston, Reservoir, Thomastown, Lalor, Epping, Heidelberg West and areas near La Trobe University)
- 3175, 3177 and 3976 (Doveton, Dandenong and Hampton Park)
- 3200 (Frankston North)
- 3011 and 3031 (Footscray and Kensington)
- 3182, 3183 and 3184 (St Kilda)
To see how your area is tracking, head here.


Discussion in 'Minibike Reviews' started by DHZ_XR8cing, Sep 19, 2010.
Thanks for the heads up regarding the castle nuts mate.
Nop worries mate. When you check tem let me know how you went and if they was loose.
So should I get one or should I look for something else?
Im gonna recommend that you do mate. The quality of the DHZ parts are awesome and the rear shock mount issue has been amended in the newer models. The geometry of the crf70 style bikes are nice and combined with the 160ho/155z they perform really well. As with all bikes a bit of initial TLC in locktighting and greasing bits will make this bike last alot longer.
Others will have other opinions no doubt, but at the end of the day it's your bike and your gonna be riding it, so if you like it and it brings you joy the Why not?
Im keen but the other half isnt
I have just spent a weekend away camping and rididng and my bike went awsome. Didnt miss a beat all weekend and it flys.
The frame is an issure but can be fixed very easily and the rims buckle as im sure most do. I recommend buying one. You will love it.
didn't end up getting one seems they'd rather loose 1500, instead of 350... unfortunately i couldn't withdraw as much as i wanted so not so much my loss
might look at a lxr later on the bike didn't seem as appealing as the pitster
Yeh well the LXR Is top of the line it seems so getting one of them wont be a bad option.
Hey mate, nice review How many hours are on the motor at the moment? And has it been reliable? I've heard of many yx160 blowing the crap out of themselves so I'm just wondering is the z155 any better?
Hey buddy, engine has just hit 32 hours. still going very very strong and has not had a easy life lugging my mass around at high rpm
Haha ohk, thanks Also, what have you needed to do to it to keep it running so strong?
Constant maintenance. I change the oil regularly. Air filter cleaned after every ride.Cleaned after every heat of racing. Use a pre filter on the air filter. Let it warm up before riding it. Check valve clearances regularly. Keep the bike clean and everything greased.
Sweet as, thanks man
iv got the same engine as you and since new its been making this knocking noise in the engine.
rod knock ?? - YouTube
iv adjusted valves a couple of times and im pretty sure iv done them right, 0.003 and 0.004 .
does yours sound similar to this?
I dont have speakers hooked up to my pc to listen to it. My engine dont make any knocking noises though.
sounds a little excessive when u rev it but mine sounds the same idling
heres a vid 4 u :
P1040114.MOV - YouTube
Separate names with a comma.


text:
See how Booking.com rates
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domain: travel


text:
Signed 1436313856 Minor thumbing, tight and clean. Signed by editor/publisher Pulliam. Bookseller Inventory #
Synopsis: Gary Pulliam was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1943. He spent most of his adult life in sales and marketing. Yet with that background, he always reasoned that if and when he grew up he would become a writer. Sixty years later he fulfilled that dream. This modern adaptation of THE MAN WHO LAUGHS and its companion screenplay fulfill his lifelong dream of putting a good story in print. These are his first published writings-they will not be his last.
With a thirst for knowledge in religion, history and the literary arts, he majored in these subjects when he attended the University of Memphis. Reading and research has been his passion in life. As a self-educated film and music historian he is now convinced that in the last century these segments of pop culture have been as influential as religion or politics. There are many who agree. One of his lifelong concerns has been the deterioration of family and culture. An analytic study of this has led him to conclude many of the reasons why this is so. He hopes his life experiences and writing will touch others in some meaningful way.
He currently lives in Memphis, Tennessee with his wife, Carolyn. They remain close to all five of their children as well as their seven grandchildren.
Title: The Man Who Laughs: An Abridged Adaptation ...
Publication Date: 2008
Book Condition: Very Good
Book Description Xlibris. Condition: New. Paperback. Worldwide shipping. FREE fast shipping inside USA (express 2-3 day delivery also available). Tracking service included. Ships from United States of America. Seller Inventory # 1436313856
Book Description Xlibris Corporation, 2008. Condition: New. This item is printed on demand for shipment within 3 working days. Seller Inventory # GM9781436313858
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Condition: New. book. Seller Inventory # M1436313856
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Paperback. Condition: New. Seller Inventory # DADAX1436313856
Book Description Xlibris. Paperback. Condition: GOOD. Spine creases, wear to binding and pages from reading. May contain limited notes, underlining or highlighting that does affect the text. Possible ex library copy, thatâ€™ll have the markings and stickers associated from the library. Accessories such as CD, codes, toys, may not be included. Seller Inventory # 2569698397
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Paperback. Condition: Very Good. Great condition with minimal wear, aging, or shelf wear. Seller Inventory # P021436313856
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Paperback. Condition: Like New. Almost new condition. Seller Inventory # P011436313856
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Paperback. Condition: New. Never used!. Seller Inventory # P111436313856
Book Description Xlibris Corp, 2008. Paperback. Condition: Brand New. 312 pages. 9.00x6.00x0.77 inches. This item is printed on demand. Seller Inventory # zk1436313856
Book Description Xlibris, 2008. Paperback. Condition: Good. Ships with Tracking Number! INTERNATIONAL WORLDWIDE Shipping available. May not contain Access Codes or Supplements. May be ex-library. Shipping & Handling by region. Buy with confidence, excellent customer service!. Seller Inventory # 1436313856

domain: literature


text:
Therese Sands, Director, DPO Australia. said “we are shocked and troubled about this announcement from Treasurer Scott Morrison that once again links cuts to social security with funding for the NDIS.”
“We have stated clearly, including in our pre-budget submission, that we reject any ties to funding the NDIS by cutting social security. We strongly reject measures that would seek to fill any perceived or potential shortfall in NDIS funding through a shift in revenue from other human services. ”
Read the full media release here.
Catch up on the media coverage about this issue:
- Here's a tip: don't pick on disabled people.
- Childcare changes: Nick Xenophon Team blocks Federal Government's omnibus bill
- Nick Xenophon blocks government's $4 billion childcare and welfare omnibus bill
- Government’s wrong to think linking welfare changes to the National Disability Insurance Scheme will work in the Senate
- National Disability Insurance Scheme gets an extra $3 billion ... but there’s a catch
- Scott Morrison pledges $3 billion NDIS boost if savings package passes
- Agree to welfare cuts or forget funding for childcare & the NDIS? The government's ultimatum that failed.
- Malcolm Turnbull's disability gambit backfires, drawing fire from Paralympian Kurt Fearnley
- Hearing Morrison use disabled people as political pawns gave me the creeps

domain: finance


text:
1/1 Photo of Kanafeh or Kunafa or Kanafi
1 hr 30 mins
My Dad is Palestinian and this was his FAVORITE dessert. I had it as often as he could find it or convince my Mom to make it while I was growing up. I am surprised how difficult it can be to find this in middle eastern eateries. So I thought I'd finally post the secret recipe. It is simple and delicious. The cheese doesn't have to be goat, just on the sweet/not salty side, fresh mozzarella works, just soak it to remove some salt if needed.
My Private Note
Units: US | Metric
- 1 (16 ounce) box shredded phyllo dough
- 8 ounces butter, unsalted
- 1 1/2 lbs whole milk ricotta cheese
- 1/2 lb fresh goat cheese or 1/2 lb light cream cheese
- 1Make Syrup first:.
- 2Bring water and sugar to a boil, reduce heat.
- 3Add lemon juice and rose water (optional).
- 4Simmer until all sugar is dissolved, about 5-10min.
- 5Set aside to cool.
- 7Preheat oven to 350°F.
- 8Drain ricotta of excess liquid and mix with other cheese.
- 9Remove shredded phyllo dough from box and loosen shreds in a large bowl.
- 10Toss the shreds with melted butter to coat evenly.
- 11Arrange half of the buttered dough evenly on a 9X13 pan or baking dish.
- 12Spoon cheese mixture on top in an even layer.
- 13Place the remaining dough on top and press lightly with hands.
- 14Cover with foil and bake 30 min at 350°F.
- 15Remove foil and bake an additional 30 min or until crisp and golden .
- 16Serve warm or room temp with lemon syrup.
Nutritional Facts for Kanafeh or Kunafa or Kanafi
Serving Size: 1 (128 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 12
- Amount Per Serving
- % Daily Value
- Calories 481.4
- Calories from Fat 275
- Total Fat 30.6 g
- Saturated Fat 18.8 g
- Cholesterol 84.5 mg
- Sodium 463.8 mg
- Total Carbohydrate 38.9 g
- Dietary Fiber 0.7 g
- Sugars 17.4 g
- Protein 13.3 g

domain: food


text:
Have an experience full of excitement and strategy! explode the targeted number of balls by shooting in 100 different levels. test your skills with 10 different weapons and 4 bonuses. Use your speed and tactics to get the highest score.
A-D or LEFT-RIGHT ARROWS or LEFT CLICK
made this game.

domain: hobby


Cheap Tyre Buying Guide. How much to change a tyre? Where can I buy tyres online? Where can I get tyre insurance? How much to get a tyre repaired? Best tyre inflators Are Servicing Plans Worth It? Checking Tyres Tyre dimensions explained How much to get a tyre repaired? How to check tyre pressures Best tyre inflators Yesterday it came back from its service and the dealer informed me I have two coolant leaks on the engine.
Water pump and Thermostat housing. They highly advise I change both, at significant costs. The dealer says Mercedes-Benz will give a 50 per cent reduction on the water pump work as it has failed earlier than expected, but the thermostat housing is at full price for some reason.
None of this was a problem at last year's service. What should I do? Well, you could claim under sale of goods that the parts have not lasted the six years your could reasonable have expected from an expensive and prestigious consumer durable: www.
Meanwhile I'll note the faults in car by car. Answered by Honest John on 25 May Tags: maintenance and servicing water leaks. Similar Questions Why is water leaking into the footwell of my Vauxhall Corsa? Why is there a leak in the front footwell of my Vauxhall Corsa? Ask Honest John I have read and agree to the terms and conditions. Get a quote on a car warranty. Cars For Sale Browse thousands of new and used cars near you.
Im assuming that it is a non blue efficiency cdi? Thats excellent thanks! Will give it a go tomorrow, will keep you updated C cdi non blu-eff. Took a while to get round to this as I first bought a copy thermostat which was a terrible fit for the temp sensor. Didn't realise this until I had taken out the old thermostat though!
Seeing how I have had to do the job twice I would recommend that people do this with a nearly hot engine and catch the coolant from the hose. With a cold engine, coolant just flows from the engine block and you can't catch it. Thanks again! It was perhaps 40celcius when I changed it. You must log in or sign up to reply here.
Show Ignored Content. Share This Page Tweet. Your name or email address: Do you already have an account? No, create an account now.The thermostat helps control the engine's temperature.
If your car is running too hot and there is the proper amount of coolant in the car and it is not leaking, or your car is taking a long time to warm up, there is a very good chance that your thermostat is bad and needs to be replaced.
If you are going to be working on the thermostat, make sure the car is cool and not under pressure. Working on a hot engine or one under pressure can cause serious harm coolant is also very toxic and should never be attempted.
Coolant needs to be collected and disposed of in accordance with your local regulations.
Q: Coolant thermostat sensor 2008 c300 benz
Pouring coolant down a drain or into the street is illegal. Also, be sure to wash your hands thoroughly after working around it. Coolants last a much longer time than they did in the past so if your coolant is still good there is no need to dispose of it.
Drain it into a clean container, and you can reuse it. If your coolant is old this is a great time to drain and flush the complete system. Please see our article on coolant drain and flush for additional assistance with that project. You need to remove the front engine cover red arrow and the air ducts yellow arrows to replace the coolant hoses so please see our article on engine cover removal for additional assistance.
Large Image Extra-Large Image. Next, you need to remove the under body trays and drain the radiator red arrow. Please see our article on these procedures for further assistance.The Worst Luxury Car (Mercedes Benz)
The thermostat is one of the high points in the system red arrow so lots of people try and change it out without draining the coolant completely and then just topping up and bleeding the system after they are finished. If you go this route please make sure to properly catch and dispose of the coolant that will come out when you release the thermostat hose.
You need to remove the drive belt to remove the thermostat; use a 17mm socket and turn the tensioner counter clockwise until the belt is loose and slip the belt off red arrow. If you have further questions please see our article on drive belt replacement. Use a flathead screwdriver and release the quick release clip from the thermostat red arrow.
Wiggle and pull the hose from the thermostat and be prepared for some coolant to spill out. Use an E10 socket and remove the single bolt and idler pulley below the thermostat red arrow.
Disconnect the sensor from the bottom of the thermostat housing red arrow. There are two E10 bolts holding the thermostat to the block red arrow.
Remove these bolts. The upper bolt can be difficult to access as the air pump settles over time. You may need to use a T25 Torx and loosen the mounts red arrows for the pump to give you room to get at the upper thermostat bolt.
With the bolts removed pull the thermostat from the block red arrow. These can get stuck over time so you may want to give it a gentle tap with a rubber mallet to help free it up. Never pry anything between the mounting surfaces of the thermostat and block or hit it with a metal hammer. You need to thoroughly clean the mounting surface before installing the new thermostat and gasket red arrow.
Use something soft, plastic or a Scotch-Brite pad to clean this area. Never use a razor or anything that could gouge the surface. If you have removed the thermostat to perform another job and are going to reinstall it, you must use a new gasket red arrow and O-ring yellow arrow.
Installation is the reverse of removal.When I start the car, the aircon is at 24 degrees and it takes a very long time for the vehicle to get cold.
Once I switch the temp to 22 degrees, it immediately turns cold. Does that mean that the thermostat needs changing? I just got this car last Friday and the dealer has a 6 month warranty period. Any idea how much would it cost? Any other advice is much appreciated! Thanks in advance! Got to see if your AC unit got enuff gas Yes do you have a spare tyre too? If yes, u shld hv a car jack coz its bundle together with the spare tyre.
I got the dealer to send it to their workshop for me and they topped up the gas. Actually B class Aircon is very powerful n cold. I usually set it at 22 deg. However you need to set it to internal circulation whenever you start your ride and after every 20 mins. The air-con compressor is not located inside the engine compartment, it's located below the driver seat under the car. Is good to check your air con again after 3 months to see if there is any leak. For B class dun use back the original Spark plugs they have some small problem with mis-firing.
Use iridium plugs. You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. Paste as plain text instead. Only 75 emoji are allowed. Display as a link instead.Once the engine is running and reaches a certain operating temperature, a sensor inside the thermostat will cause it to open, allowing coolant to flow to and from the radiator, decreasing the temperature so it can be recirculated through the engine again.
The opening and closing of the thermostat at the correct time are critical to maintaining proper engine temperature. There are 4 common symptoms associated with a bad or failing thermostat.
The first and potentially most alarming symptom will be the temperature gauge reading high into the red within the first 15 minutes of your vehicle engine running. This is often the first sign that the thermostat is not functioning properly. A thermostat stuck in the open position constantly pushes coolant into the engine and causes a lower operating temperature.
Your temperature gauge will show a needle that barely increases or remains at the lowest setting. This will reduce engine efficiency and increase emisssions over time, as well as accelerate the deterioration of parts. Erratic temperature fluctuations can also occur, causing dramatic spikes and drops in temperature that eventually lead to poor engine performance and reduced gas mileage. In this case, you may see the temperature abnormally low at one point and, shortly after, climb to an abnormally high level.
Another indication may be leaking coolantwhich can occur when the thermostat does not allow coolant to flow when stuck in the closed position. This can be noticeable in a variety of locations, but most commonly around the thermostat housing. It can eventually cause other coolant hoses to leak as well, often resulting in coolant leaking on the ground under your vehicle.
Thermostat replacement is a fairly inexpensive repair to make to your vehicle, preventing potentially thousands of dollars in engine damage due to excessive heat. If any of the above symptoms sound familiar to you, it may be time to have an expert mechanic diagnose your vehicle. The most popular service booked by readers of this article is Vehicle Engine Mechanical Inspection. Our certified mobile mechanics make house calls in over 2, U. Fast, free online quotes for your car repair.
Schedule Vehicle Engine Mechanical Inspection. Service Area. Average rating fromcustomers who received a Vehicle Engine Mechanical Inspection.Hello, my cel came on while I was driving. I checked it at a local autozone and the code read thermostat sensor. The part was 20 bucks. My question is where is the sensor located so I can change it out myself.
Also the car just reach 70k miles what maintance should I be looking for to do?. Thank you. Your temperature sensor is going to be located behind the engine on the driver side. You will need to remove the engine cover and you will need a torx bit 30 to remove the sensor.
You can find the info for your car on this Mercedes-Benz maintenance booklet. I hope this helps. As always, if you need help with this issue have one of our professional technicians come help you with a proper diagnostic of your Check Engine Light and help you replace this sensor as necessary.
Q: Coolant thermostat sensor c benz asked by John D. Thank you My car has miles. My car has a manual transmission. Larry Brown Automotive Mechanic. Thank Larry. Was this answer helpful? Thank you for your feedback! Sorry about that. Why wasn't this information helpful? Recommended Services.
The statements expressed above are only for informational purposes and should be independently verified. Please see our terms of service for more details. Related Questions. Car was barely turning over and would not enough to start.
Kept trying and eventually everything was dead. New battery still dead by Matt T. Just replaced fuel. Key will not turn, steering wheel isn't locked by Stephanie. Cranking up by Jordan. All coolant leaking from vehicle after sitting by Justin J. Are there 2 camshaft positioning sensors to replace on this car by George A. Home Questions. Year I don't know. What others are asking I recently replaced the starter and now my check engine light is on in my Nissan Maxima Hello.Forums New posts Search forums.
Outdoor temp about 6 degrees. Would you suspect a problem? How much would it cost to replace a thermostat using a genuine part? Would a diagnostic pick up a faulty stat? Note: I am getting about mpg around town which is poor Cheers. Diesels take a long long time to heat up [ its because they are more thermally efficient they give off less waste heat] Outside temp at 6 degrees is not hot and the car may have experienced some pretty low temperatures sitting overnight??
My gut feeling is that its probably not so far off the expected at this stage to warrant further work. If you have the later twin turbo OM engine they have a variable output engine coolant pump- I guess its possible this has developed a fault- assuming it "defaults" to a full flow condition? A fault code would possibly show this up. Bernie C Member. Hi I have a Cdi and after 4 to 5 miles it is planted at 90 deg C - this is even at low ambients - I would definitely look at a thermostat replacement Good luck.
I had a similar situation. Car would struggle to reach 60C on short or even longer journeys of 50 miles. Also the heater was struggling to make the car warm inside. Everyone I spoke to said: thermostat is stuck open. As soon as the new thermostat was fitted, the coolant temperature reached normal temps 80CC ish reasonably quickly again, and the heater made it toasty warm inside pretty quickly.
Last edited: Jan 9, Chrishazle MB Enthusiast. On my S C, which lives on my driveway, within 4 miles of leaving home the temp gauge is off its bed and the heater is warming the inside of the car. Had a similar problem to yours with my S a few years back, new thermostat cured the problem - and increased the indicated mpg by about 5mpg! You must log in or register to reply here.


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Saturday, September 1, 2018 / 9:59 am
Katherine Heigl spoke with Romper to discuss how she has learned to deal with ‘mom shamers’ on social media, self-doubts about parenting, and her role as Samantha Wheeler on Suits.
Wednesday, July 25, 2018 / 10:01 am
Ahead of last weeks premiere of Suits, Grok Nation spoke with the Katherine to discuss her role on the show, the hazards of social media, returning to work post-baby, and how having kids changed her acting.
Monday, September 18, 2017 / 12:13 pm
Join Katherine Heigl in supporting Remember Me Thursday on September 28, 2017. Remember Me Thursday®, the global awareness campaign that shines a light on pets abandoned to shelters and rescues, by uniting both individuals and pet adoption organizations as a single integrated voice, is now entering its fifth year.
Friday, April 7, 2017 / 5:12 pm
Be sure to tune in tomorrow to Yahoo at 2:20pm PST for a Facebook live chat with Katherine Heigl, Rosario Dawson and Unforgettable director Denise Di Novi!
Wednesday, February 15, 2017 / 8:58 am
Katherine Heigl brought 8 week old baby Josh Jr. with her when she visited the Late Late Show With James Corden last night (February 14th). As the host announced his celebrity guests which included Lars Ulrich and Andrew Rannells, he paused after introducing Katherine and the camera cut to her dressing room backstage.


These are the songs that make up the soundtrack to UFC on Fox 5 with each fighter’s walkout song:
Benson Henderson – “Awesome God” by R-Swift
This has been the champion’s walkout tune for a few fights now, and it goes along well with the dedication he shows in every fight to his spiritual side. The rap track actually features a sample from Rich Mullins’ 1988 track of the same name, which has been a popular tune re-recorded by numerous Christian artists over the years
Nate Diaz – “I’m a Souljah” by Tupac (remixed by DJ Scholar)
Diaz picked a remixed Tupac Shakur for his walkout track. The younger Diaz brother went the hip-hop route while his older brother Nick routinely walks out to popular metal band, the Deftones for most of his walkouts.
Alexander Gustafsson – “Heart’s On Fire” by John Cafferty
It’s not unusual for a fighter to choose a track from the boxing series “Rocky” for their walkout music, but Gustafsson goes away from the norm by picking a track that’s not the theme from Rocky or Survivor’s hit song “Eye of the Tiger”. Nice choice here from the Swede
Mauricio “Shogun” Rua – “Young Blood” by The Naked and Famous
This has been the former Pride Grand Prix champion’s walkout song for at least his last two fights. The poppy-indie rock tune definitely carries a dance quality to it, although it speaks to young love, making mistakes and forgiveness. Not sure how or if it even relates back to Shogun, but it sure is catchy.
B.J. Penn – “Hawai’i ’78 Introduction” by Israel Kamakawiwo’ole
B.J. Penn has used this song for many fights, and it all makes perfect sense because he represents Hawaii in each and every way when he steps into the Octagon. If you’ve never had the pleasure of sitting in a live arena when Penn walks out to this track, you are truly missing out on something magical.
Rory MacDonald – “Lightwork” by Lupe Fiasco feat. Ellie Goulding and Bassnectar
There’s something about the song “Lights” by Ellie Goulding because this is about the 3rd or 4th time in just a few UFC events where a fighter has used some version of that track for their entrance music. This time MacDonald chooses the Lupe Fiasco sampled version for his walkout. Although, some in attendance had to be waiting for “Hip to Be Square” by Huey Lewis and the News to hit the speakers. (Check out Urijah Faber’s Twitter to fully understand that one)
Matt Brown – “Renegades of Funk” by Rage Against the Machine
In the world of MMA, Rage Against the Machine are the metal version of what Eminem is to hip-hop for fighters stepping into the cage. Rarely does an event go by without at least one Rage track getting played, and this time it’s Matt Brown who chooses the track “Renegades of Funk” for his walkout.
Mike Swick – “Ambitionz as a Ridah” by Tupac
From the 1996 classic double album “All Eyez on Me” by Tupac, which is regarded as one of the greatest rap albums of all time, “Ambitionz as a Ridah” opens the entire cd and it’s also served as Mike Swick’s walkout song for years. What else needs to be said? It’s Tupac, nuff said.
UFC ON FOX 5 PRELIMINARY FIGHTER WALKOUT SONGS:
Yves Edwards – “I’m Bad” by LL Cool J
Jeremy Stephens – “Testify” by Rage Against the Machine
Mike Easton – “Jock It In” by Chuck Brown
Raphael Assuncao – “One Day” by Matisyahu
Joe Proctor – “Bleed It Out” by Linkin Park
Ramsey Nijem – “Can’t Hold Us” by Macklemore
Daron Cruickshank – “Real American” by Rick Derringer
Henry Martinez – “Some Nights” by Fun
Dennis Siver – “Last Resort” by Papa Roach
Nam Phan – “In the Dark” by Tiesto
Abel Trujillo – “Boss” by Rick Ross
Marcus LeVesseur – “Why Stop Now” (Remix) by Busta Rhymes
Scott Jorgensen – “Alive” by Kid Cudi
John Albert – “Gangnam Style” by PSY
(special thanks to Lewis Harrison @LJH2402 for help with the walkout songs)