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September 30, 1960.
November 4, 1960.
Present: WILKINS, C.J., SPALDING, WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, JJ.
Devise and Legacy, Taxes, Extrinsic evidence affecting construction. Taxation, Apportionment of tax burden, Federal estate tax, Appointive property. Executor and Administrator, Taxes. Evidence, Extrinsic affecting writing.
Under a will disposing of the testatrix's own property, exercising a power of appointment over trust property under the will of her deceased husband, and providing that "All estate, inheritance, legacy, succession or transfer taxes . . . imposed . . . with respect to all property taxable . . . by reason of my death whether or not such property passes under this will and whether such taxes be payable by my estate or by any recipient . . . shall be paid by my executor out of my general estate . . . with no right of reimbursement from any recipient of any such property," the Federal estate tax on the testatrix's entire gross estate, including the appointed property, was a charge against her "general or probate estate," notwithstanding the facts that the value of the appointed property greatly exceeded the value of the testatrix's own property and that payment of the Federal estate tax on her entire gross estate from her own property would deplete it to such an extent that pecuniary legacies which her will directed be paid therefrom could not be satisfied in full and no funds would be available to establish a residuary trust created by her will for the benefit of her invalid sister. [327-329] Extraneous facts cannot be used to create an ambiguity in unambiguous terms of a will or to control the plain meaning of those terms.
PETITION for instructions, filed in the Probate Court for the county of Hampshire on May 21, 1958.
The case was heard by Welch, J.
Alvertus D. Morse, stated the case.
Emerson S. Searle, for Merrill B. Aldrich and others.
Raymond R. Cross, for The First National Bank of Northampton.
Oscar Grife, for Eleanor Jane Crafts.
This is an appeal from so much of the decree of the probate judge as rules that the Federal estate tax on the estate of Emily L. Swift, including trust property under the will of her deceased husband over which she exercised a power of appointment, is a charge against her "general or probate estate" and is not a charge on the trust property. There was no error.
General Laws c. 65A, § 5, cl. 2, provides, in effect, for the payment of the tax, on property which is subject to a power of appointment, from that property, " except as otherwise provided or directed by the trust instrument . . . or by the decedent's will" (emphasis supplied). Emily's will "otherwise provided" in clause 8, as follows: "All estate, inheritance, legacy, succession or transfer taxes . . . imposed by any domestic or foreign laws now or hereafter in force with respect to all property taxable under such laws by reason of my death whether or not such property passes under this will and whether such taxes be payable by my estate or by any recipient of any such property, shall be paid by my executor out of my general estate . . . with no right of reimbursement from any recipient of any such property."
It is hard to think of plainer or more inclusive words. "[A]ll property taxable . . . by reason of . . . [Emily's] death" includes more than Emily's property. The provision expressly applies to property not passing under Emily's will, that is, in present relevance, to property appointed by her. The provision also expressly applies to the taxes on all such property whether the applicable law imposes those taxes on Emily's estate as an estate tax (the Federal tax), or on the recipient as a legacy or succession tax (the Massachusetts tax). The appellants recognize that the Federal estate tax on the trust property was a tax imposed with respect to such property by reason of Emily's death. Int. Rev. Code of 1954, §§ 2041, 2056. The tax is an excise on Emily's privilege of passing the donor's property by will. Dexter v. Jackson, 245 Mass. 333, 336-337.
The appellants urge, however, that the facts set out or referred to in this paragraph show Emily's intent that the tax clause apply only to the taxes imposed upon the passing of her own property and that the tax clause must be limited to accord with that intent. We disagree. Emily died May 20, 1957. Her will, executed May 18, 1956, after making provision for one specific legacy and two pecuniary legacies of a total value of approximately $23,000, left the balance of the estate in trust for the benefit of an invalid sister, Grace, who died November 2, 1958. The trust provided that upon the sister's death the sum of $5,000 should be paid to Emily's daughter, Eleanor, and the balance be distributed in specified shares to the daughter, three nephews and one niece. Emily's own gross estate amounted to approximately $67,400. The value of the property over which she had a power of appointment under her husband's will was approximately $171,836.66. The Federal estate tax on the gross estate, inclusive of the value of the appointed property, is estimated to be approximately $39,700. The Federal tax on Emily's own estate, if the appointed property is excluded, will be not over $200. Although the estate will not be insolvent if the larger Federal tax is paid, the provisions of Emily's will cannot be fully carried out; there will be insufficient funds to pay the two pecuniary legacies in full and no funds for the trust created for the benefit of the sister, Grace. The appellants say that it is inconceivable that the testatrix could have intended this result. The argument is buttressed by reference to dispositions under the husband's will. It is urged also that the identical tax clause in the husband's will may have led Emily to think that that clause would take care of the tax upon the appointed property, since the appointees of the power receive the donor's property and get no title from the donee. Curtis v. Commissioner of Corps. Taxn. 340 Mass. 169, 172. That she knew it was his property which she was appointing may, it is suggested, be shown in the use of the usual provision "I hereby exercise the power of appointment given me," whereas, in disposing of her own property, she used the usual words "I bequeath and devise." Emily appointed the trust property to beneficiaries who were included among those who would have taken under her husband's will, if she had failed to appoint. The first clause of Emily's will devised to her daughter real estate which Emily held jointly with the daughter. It is suggested that the tax clause can be construed as referring only to the tax on that property.
Nothing in Emily's will itself shows that the words in the tax clause were not used in their ordinary sense. We may not depart from that sense to give effect to what may be guessed was her intention. Adams v. Jones, 176 Mass. 185, 189. Salter v. Salter, 338 Mass. 391, 393. "It cannot be presumed that anything else was intended than what is stated in the written instrument. It may be, for aught that now can be known, that the precise result which has happened was intended. There is no jurisdiction in equity to prescribe what may seem fairer than the . . . testator has declared." Bemis v. Converse, 246 Mass. 131, 134. See also Warfield v. Merchants Natl. Bank, 337 Mass. 14, 20. There being no ambiguity in the will there is no occasion to go outside it in a search for its meaning. Mahoney v. Grainger, 283 Mass. 189, 192. Extraneous matters cannot be used to create an ambiguity not manifested in the will. Keith v. Worcester County Trust Co. 338 Mass. 41, 43.
The tax provision is stronger than that in Martin v. New England Deaconess Hosp. 328 Mass. 259, which charged the residue with payment of Federal and Massachusetts "legacy and succession taxes . . . [imposed] upon any devise or legacy . . . or upon the estate itself" (emphasis supplied). The holding was that that clause included all taxes incident to the death of the testator. See also Buffinton v. Mason, 327 Mass. 195.
Different construction has, of course, been given to different language in other wills. In Malden Trust Co. v. Bickford, 329 Mass. 567, 568, joint accounts and bank shares were included in the gross estate. The tax clause directed that "all taxes . . . upon the whole or any part of my estate [emphasis supplied], including inheritance, estate and transfer taxes, both state and federal, shall be paid from the residue of my estate, it being my desire that the legatees and devisee herein shall receive the full amount of their legacies and devise without the deduction of any tax." We held that the words "my estate" meant the probate estate. Those words were less inclusive than the words used by Emily ("all property taxable under such laws by reason of my death") but the opinion suggests (pp. 569-570) that the words "my estate" might be taken to mean "taxable estate" except for the following qualifying words as to the testatrix's desire which a majority of the court deemed to limit the effect of the preceding broad language. Accord, Ferguson v. Massachusetts Audubon Soc. 316 Mass. 436, 443 ("levied or assessed" against "my estate"). Compare also Morristown Trust Co. v. Childs, 128 N.J. Eq. 524 (taxes against "my estate"); Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Suydam, 125 N.J. Eq. 458 ("gifts herein made"); In re Burnett, 43 N.J. Super. 534 ("gifts passing under my will"); Matter of Rogers, 249 App. Div. (N.Y.) 238 ("passing under this my last will").
Final decree affirmed with costs and expenses of this appeal to be awarded in the discretion of the probate judge.


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Life in Recovery Podcast is real life stories from everyday people in recovery from substance and behavioural addictions.
Mike C talks about his life in recovery from sugar addiction and substance abuse disorder.
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domain: sociology


Hey Buzz Fans! There is so much going on at The Buzz each week and we want to make sure you don’t miss out on any of it. Did you miss a podcast this week? No problem – we’ve got you covered!
Stand Your Ground | EPL Roundup & Transfer Window
This week on Stand Your Ground Alex, Jack and KC talked about all the latest games from the Premier League, the latest transfer sagas as the window closes, and the return of Cristiano Ronaldo to Man U!
Regularly Scheduled Hostilities: Episode 109 | The Man Returns
In this week’s episode of RSH, the crew broke down this past week’s action and had all the latest in the world of professional wrestling. They also gave their top 5 Becky Lynch moments in honor of the return of The Man. Make sure to check it out!
Beers with The Buzz | AEW, All Out & More
Chuck Winchester (from RSH) was joined by Jon & Kevin to talk AEW’s next PPV, All Out, CM Punk, and much much more!
There’s your weekly recap! Be sure to check us out on LinkTree and to subscribe, give us a follow, like, share – you know the drill!


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PJV Quickie: ‘Mind over Monsters’ is one of my favorite surprise reads of the year. Fun, witty and a bit of sexy, the characters are over the top enjoyable and the story is interesting and suck-you-in good. Hello Jennifer Harlow. It’s nice to meet you. Can I have some more?
Series: A F.R.E.A.K.S. Squad Investigation #1
Author: Jennifer Harlow
Type: Adult, Urban Fantasy
Published: October 8th 2011 by Midnight Ink
[xrr rating=4.5/5 imageset=red_star]Goodreads Purchase Author
Fun. Fun. Fun. ‘Mind over Monsters’ was gritty, fast-paced and very dramatic. Quips and fun scenes are mixed with emotionally charged heart-string pulling scenes. Beatrice is an epic character comparable to the like of Gini Koch’s Katherine Katt and Jeaniene Frost’s Catherine Crawfield (must have a thing with cat’s this morning). It is an Urban Fantasy, Police Procedural that was just well put together and engaging until the end. I could not put this one down and had to start book two the moment I closed book one. I’m so pleased that I had the pleasure to read this series and look forward to more FREAKS from Harlow.
The beginning does have a choppy start, that I found almost a tad awkward, but I pushed through that very quickly and once I found the pace of the book there was no looking back.
I’m officially declaring myself Team Oliver!
Have you read the books? What team are you on?
Recommendations: Recommended for Urban Fantasy lovers, if you like your Urban Fantasy with a little humor this is the one for you. There are more adult themes, but this book is not something I would classify as R-rated, more like PG-13. If the early Anita Blake had a sense of humor…she would be Beatrice Alexander.
Similar Urban Fantasy Novels & 4 Star Ratings:

domain: entertainment


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Today is the first anniversary of The Erotic Ledger. For one year I’ve been cranking out stories, making untenable promises, and generally having a good time in this space. It has been by turns illuminating, exhilarating, and difficult to keep up with my own insane desires as to the content and form of this website but hopefully that hasn’t discouraged too many of you from coming along with me.
My hopes for the next year of this website’s operation is a decent amount of expansion. I’m looking at more features, the conclusion of the Adventure School and Chevalier series, and other goodies (like an ebook compilation of the 1000 word stories with extras).
For those of you who have been with this blog from early on: thank you so much. I appreciate your visits and occasional emails. Just knowing that there’s anyone out there reading your stuff is the greatest incentive to continue and to improve.
For those you just dropping in more recently: Welcome! As much as this is my space, I want to make it infinitely more communal than it is now. If you have themes you want to see explored, let me know and we’ll see if we can make it happen. If you have stories that you absolutely love to pieces, perhaps those can be continued. Your voices are integral to the direction this blog takes, so speak up and be heard.
Once again, thank you for visiting. I hope to continue to keep your eyeballs and your genitals entertained well into next year.
My nom de plume is Benji Bright and I’m an erotica writer. I write the kind of smut that I like to read: hot, whimsical, occasionally thoughtful, and sometimes just plain silly. Outside of writing I’m a film buff, a music lover, and an RPG addict. Also I’m a real person: so feel free to contact me.
Cheers! Thanks for all your feedback, by the way.

domain: literature


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Obesity has become a major problem these days. The causes of weight gain are many: unhealthy diet, too much intake of junk food, unhealthy lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity and exercises. However, most people these days want to lose the unnecessary weight and they try every possible method to reduce weight, dieting topping the list. However, most people associate dieting with not eating at all and in turn develop several health problems. Many people resort to a strict exercise regime as well but are unable to shed a lot of weight. To lose weight, it is essential to follow a strict diet and exercise regime. There are several weight control pills as well which can be taken for losing weight but these are not without adverse health effects.
The best way to lose weight is the natural way. This method basically requires one to make changes to the diet and lifestyle. To lose weight the natural way, it is essential to develop a healthier lifestyle along with the consumption of a healthy balanced diet. The incorporation of the following foods in the diet can help one to lose weight naturally.
A diet rich in any of the above foods or combination of above foods can help one lose considerable weight without adversely affecting the overall health in any manner. In fact, these foods can also boost the immune system making the body stronger.
All blog comments are checked prior to publishing

domain: medical


Mobile Phone Tracking Proposal Approved
GEO PRIVACY—CHINAMarch 4, 2011
An expert panel has approved plans to collect real-time location data on 17 million China Mobile subscribers to help resolve Beijing's traffic problems, reports FutureGov. Under the program, phones' locations will be registered with base stations then collected, aggregated and reviewed by transportation officers and city planners. The first phase of the Beijing Real-Time Travel Information Platform is expected to roll out in June. Once the program is up and running, the government plans to send the aggregated data back to citizens to help them make smart travel decisions. While the deputy director of social development said the data would only be used for traffic control--and mobile users' privacy would be protected--the panel that approved the plan recommended linking the platform with city-management efforts in other government departments.


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Steven Zohn performs on historical flutes with many ensembles in the eastern United States, and is Co-Director of Night Music, a Philadelphia-based ensemble devoted to music of the Revolutionary period (ca. 1760–1825). Recent performing engagements include appearances with the Atlanta Baroque Orchestra, the Dryden Ensemble, the Philadelphia Bach Collegium, and Tempesta di Mare. Among his latest recordings are a world premiere of Telemann’s moral cantatas with soprano Julianne Baird, chamber music from Sara Levy’s Berlin salon with the Raritan Players, and orchestral music by Telemann with Tempesta di Mare.
For a decade, Zohn served as founding Artistic Director of the period-instrument orchestra Publick Musick in New York State. He has taught for The Juilliard School’s graduate program in historical performance and for Amherst Early Music, and his contributions to the study and performance of early music was recognized by the American Musicological Society with its Noah Greenberg Award. As a musicologist, Zohn is a recognized authority on the music of Telemann and the Bach family. His research has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Philosophical Society, and the German Academic Exchange Service. His book Music for a Mixed Taste: Style, Genre, and Meaning in Telemann’s Instrumental Works (Oxford University Press, 2008) received the William H. Scheide Prize of the American Bach Society. Zohn is Laura H. Carnell Professor of Music History at Temple University.

domain: artistic


In case you haven’t heard, Apple is intentionally slowing down your phone as it gets older. The company, after receiving pressure from users on Reddit which evolved into news sites conducting experiments and confronting the company, admitted to slowing down older models through a software update.
In a statement, the company said,
The update was designed to “smooth out the instantaneous peaks only when needed to prevent the device from unexpectedly shutting down.” iPhone batteries “become less capable of supplying peak current demands when in cold conditions, have a low battery charge, or as they age over time, which can result in the device unexpectedly shutting down to protect its electronic components.”
In other words, the update was designed to increase the long-term usefulness of phones whose batteries were beginning to degrade. Sounds reasonable, especially as iPhones have a famously terrible battery life and it makes sense the company would want to improve the longevity of existing phones.
But this update wasn’t just targeted at ageing batteries.
Through creating a software update and hiding the battery optimisation feature within it, Apple has reduced the performance of millions of phones around the world. Not only ageing iPhone 6s but also those that were sold in the last 12 months. To put this another way, Apple chose to assume that all of their phones, apart from the 7 and X, had degrading batteries and needed to be slowed down. It goes without saying that there are a huge amount of variables involved in determining whether a battery has reached a point of requiring optimisation, including the care taken by the owner, its age and how often it is used. Apple chose to make a clumsy assumption and are now paying the price with a PR disaster and potential class action that could involve a significant portion of its users.
Regardless of which side of the fence you fall on – understanding that Apple was trying to improve its hardware, or suspicious of the business’s intent – it should go without saying that this could all have been avoided had Apple decided to improve its communication with end users. Yet again, a failure to initiate that conversation has led to even more distrust in the market.


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Revisional Bariatric Surgery
What is Revisional Bariatric
While bariatric surgery provides excellent result
for most patients, some patients -- particularly those
who may have had an outmoded operation performed many
years ago -- may not have had the positive outcome they
expected. If you have had a bariatric operation in the
past, but have not achieved successful weight loss,
you may be a candidate for a revisional operation.
Can an Old Bariatric
Operation be Converted to a More Modern One?
In the past, many patients underwent "stomach
stapling," another term for the vertical banded
gastroplasty, or VBG. Although this operation may work
for some individuals, a large proportion of VBG patients
are left with inadequate weight loss. Some VBG patients
also experience unpleasant side effects such as excessive
A VBG procedure may be converted to a
gastric bypass or a BPD-DS (duodenal switch). It is
important to understand that any revisional procedure
is a very major operation, with risks that are greater
than for a primary procedure. Nonetheless, many patients
may benefit substantially from a conversion of their
Q. Can revisional surgery
be performed laparoscopically?
A. It is possible to do revisional surgery
using the laparoscopic approach. However, there
is a MUCH higher chance that the operation will
need to be converted to an open operation. Ultimately,
your surgeon will want to use the approach which
results in the safest outcome.

domain: health


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Many people experience headaches after practicing meditation. This phenomenon can be confusing and frustrating, especially for those who turn to meditation as a means of relaxation and stress relief. In order to better understand why headaches occur after meditation, it is important to explore the various factors that can contribute to this discomfort.
Understanding the Connection: Headaches and Meditation
The first step in unraveling the mystery of headaches after meditation is to comprehend the connection between the two. While meditation is generally regarded as a beneficial practice for overall well-being, headaches can occasionally be an unwanted side effect. It is crucial to note that not everyone who meditates will experience headaches, and the intensity and frequency of these headaches can vary from person to person.
Various factors contribute to the occurrence of post-meditation headaches, including physiological, psychological, and environmental elements. By gaining a deeper understanding of these factors, individuals can develop strategies to alleviate or prevent headaches, ultimately enhancing their meditation experiences.
One physiological factor that can contribute to post-meditation headaches is muscle tension. During meditation, individuals may unknowingly tense their muscles, particularly in the neck, shoulders, and jaw. This tension can lead to headaches as the muscles become fatigued and strained. Practicing relaxation techniques, such as progressive muscle relaxation or gentle stretching before and after meditation, can help reduce muscle tension and minimize the likelihood of headaches.
Psychological factors, such as stress or emotional tension, can also play a role in post-meditation headaches. Meditation can bring about a heightened awareness of thoughts and emotions, which may lead to the surfacing of unresolved issues or increased stress levels. It is important to approach meditation with a gentle and compassionate mindset, allowing any emotions or thoughts to arise without judgment. Engaging in stress-reducing activities outside of meditation, such as engaging in hobbies or seeking support from loved ones, can also help manage psychological factors that contribute to headaches.
The Surprising Link Between Meditation and Headaches
One surprising aspect of the connection between meditation and headaches is that meditation is typically associated with stress reduction and relaxation. However, for some individuals, the act of deep relaxation during meditation can actually trigger headaches. This paradox can be attributed to several different causes.
One possible cause of headaches during meditation is muscle tension. When individuals relax deeply during meditation, they may inadvertently release tension in their muscles, including those in the neck and shoulders. This sudden release of tension can lead to headaches, as the muscles may have been compensating for the tension and now need time to readjust.
Exploring the Science: Headaches Post-Meditation
Scientists have been investigating the scientific mechanisms that may underlie the occurrence of headaches after meditation. It has been found that meditation can impact blood flow patterns in the head, potentially leading to changes in intracranial pressure. These changes can trigger headaches in individuals who are more susceptible to fluctuations in pressure within the cranial system.
In addition to affecting blood flow, meditation can also influence levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin. Fluctuations in serotonin levels have been linked to headaches, including migraines. Therefore, alterations in serotonin levels during and after meditation may contribute to the onset of headaches in susceptible individuals.
Another factor that may contribute to headaches post-meditation is muscle tension. During meditation, individuals often adopt a relaxed posture and engage in deep breathing exercises. However, some people may unintentionally tense their muscles, particularly in the neck and shoulders, due to stress or discomfort. This muscle tension can lead to headaches, as the tight muscles restrict blood flow and cause pain in the head.
Furthermore, the environment in which meditation takes place can also play a role in triggering headaches. Certain factors such as bright lights, loud noises, or strong odors can be sensory triggers for headaches in susceptible individuals. Therefore, if the meditation space is not conducive to relaxation and lacks a calm and soothing atmosphere, it may increase the likelihood of experiencing headaches after meditation.
Common Causes of Headaches During and After Meditation
Several common causes of headaches during and after meditation have been identified. One potential cause is improper breathing techniques. If individuals are not breathing deeply and evenly during their meditation practice, they may inadvertently be depriving their brain of oxygen, leading to headaches.
Another cause of post-meditation headaches is poor posture and alignment. Maintaining a relaxed yet proper posture is essential during meditation to avoid unnecessary strain on the neck and shoulders. When posture is compromised, tension can build up, leading to headaches.
Additionally, dehydration can contribute to headaches during and after meditation. It is important to stay hydrated before, during, and after meditation to ensure proper brain function and prevent headaches.
Furthermore, mental and emotional stress can also trigger headaches during meditation. If individuals are carrying unresolved stress or tension, the act of meditation can bring these issues to the surface, leading to headaches as a result of the release of pent-up emotions.
The Impact of Meditation on Blood Flow to the Head
Studies have shown that meditation can have a significant impact on blood flow patterns within the head. During meditation, blood flow to different regions of the brain can increase or decrease, depending on the specific practice. These fluctuations in blood flow can influence intracranial pressure and potentially trigger headaches in susceptible individuals.
One study conducted at the University of California, San Francisco, found that experienced meditators had increased blood flow to the prefrontal cortex during meditation. This region of the brain is associated with executive functions such as decision-making and attention. The researchers hypothesized that this increased blood flow may contribute to the improved cognitive abilities often observed in long-term meditators.
On the other hand, some forms of meditation, such as certain types of breath control techniques, have been found to decrease blood flow to the brain. This reduction in blood flow may be beneficial for individuals with conditions such as migraines, as it can help alleviate symptoms by reducing intracranial pressure. However, it is important to note that the effects of meditation on blood flow can vary greatly depending on the individual and the specific practice.
Uncovering the Psychological Factors Behind Post-Meditation Headaches
While physical factors play a significant role in the occurrence of headaches after meditation, psychological factors cannot be ignored. Stress and anxiety, particularly if they are not adequately managed, can contribute to tension headaches. Meditation can help reduce stress in the long term, but in some cases, the process of relaxation during meditation can temporarily exacerbate tension, resulting in headaches.
Physical Explanations for Headaches After Meditating
Physical explanations for headaches after meditation can vary. Muscle tension in the neck, shoulders, and scalp can build up during meditation sessions, leading to tension headaches. Additionally, dehydration can be a common trigger for headaches, and individuals may not be aware that they need to replenish their fluid levels during meditation.
How Meditation Techniques Can Influence Headache Occurrence
The specific techniques employed during meditation can influence the occurrence of headaches. For example, certain types of meditation that involve intense focus, such as concentration meditation, can lead to mental strain and subsequent headaches. It is important to find the right meditation technique that suits individual needs and avoids exacerbating headache symptoms.
Recognizing Migraine Triggers During Meditation Sessions
Individuals who suffer from migraines may find that certain triggers are more likely to cause headaches during or after meditation. These triggers can include bright lights, specific scents, or even certain foods. Understanding personal migraine triggers and avoiding them during meditation can help reduce the likelihood of post-meditation headaches.
Tips for Preventing and Alleviating Post-Meditation Headaches
Preventing and alleviating post-meditation headaches requires a holistic approach. Some helpful tips include:
1. Proper posture and alignment: Ensure that your posture is relaxed yet upright during meditation to avoid unnecessary strain on your neck and shoulders.
2. Deep and regular breathing: Focus on deep, slow breaths to ensure adequate oxygenation of the brain during meditation.
3. Hydrate before and after meditation: Remember to drink enough water before and after your meditation practice to avoid dehydration, which can trigger headaches.
4. Gradual relaxation: Allow yourself to gradually relax into meditation, especially if you have a tendency to hold tension in certain parts of your body. Sudden or forced relaxation can result in post-meditation headaches.
5. Find the right technique for you: Experiment with different meditation techniques to discover what works best for you. Some techniques may be more suitable for certain individuals and less likely to trigger headaches.
6. Manage stress levels: Incorporate stress management techniques into your daily life to reduce overall stress levels. By addressing stress outside of meditation, individuals may find that their post-meditation headaches diminish.
Adjusting Your Meditation Practice to Minimize Headache Risk
If you are experiencing headaches after meditation, it may be worth adjusting your practice to minimize the risk of headaches. Consider the following adjustments:
1. Shorten your meditation sessions: If you find that headaches occur after longer meditation sessions, try reducing the duration and gradually increase it over time as your tolerance improves.
2. Take breaks during meditation: If headaches tend to develop during meditation, consider incorporating short breaks to stretch, hydrate, or rest your eyes. These breaks can alleviate tension and reduce the likelihood of headaches.
Investigating the Role of Dehydration in Meditation-Related Headaches
Dehydration is a significant factor that can contribute to headaches after meditation. During meditation, individuals may not be aware of their fluid needs and may inadvertently neglect proper hydration. Ensuring adequate fluid intake before, during, and after meditation can help prevent dehydration-related headaches.
Identifying Stress as a Contributing Factor to Post-Meditation Headaches
Stress is a common contributor to headaches, and it can also affect the experience of headaches after meditation. Individuals who are more prone to stress or are experiencing high levels of stress in their daily lives may be more susceptible to post-meditation headaches. Identifying and managing stress through various techniques, such as mindfulness or therapy, can help alleviate headache symptoms.
Exploring Different Types of Headaches Experienced After Meditation
Headaches after meditation can present in various ways, and it is essential to understand the differences between these headache types. Tension headaches are the most commonly experienced type, characterized by a dull, constant pain that can radiate from the neck to the head. Migraines are another type of headache that can occur after meditation, often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, sensitivity to light, or visual disturbances.
Understanding the Role of Breathing Techniques in Triggering Headaches
While proper breathing techniques during meditation are essential for relaxation, incorrect breathing patterns can contribute to headaches. Shallow, rapid breathing can limit oxygen supply to the brain, potentially leading to headaches. It is important to focus on slow, deep breaths and maintain a steady rhythm throughout the meditation practice.
Examining Potential Allergies or Sensitivities Linked to Meditation-Induced Headaches
Individuals who experience allergies or sensitivities may find that certain factors related to meditation can trigger headaches. For example, being exposed to specific scents or fragrances during meditation may provoke headaches due to allergic reactions. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help prevent meditation-induced headaches.
The Importance of Proper Posture and Alignment in Relieving Headache Symptoms After Meditation
Proper posture and alignment during meditation play a crucial role in minimizing headache symptoms. When the body is in a relaxed yet aligned position, tension and strain on the neck and shoulders can be minimized. Implementing techniques to improve posture and alignment during meditation can provide relief from post-meditation headaches.
When to Seek Medical Attention for Persistent Post-Meditation Headaches
While most post-meditation headaches are benign and can be managed with lifestyle adjustments, there are instances when medical attention may be necessary. If the frequency, intensity, or duration of post-meditation headaches significantly disrupt daily life or are accompanied by concerning symptoms, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle to Reduce the Frequency of Post-Meditation Headaches
In addition to implementing specific strategies during meditation, maintaining a balanced and healthy lifestyle can significantly contribute to reducing the frequency of post-meditation headaches. Prioritizing adequate sleep, regular physical activity, a nutritious diet, and effective stress management techniques can help overall well-being and minimize the risk of headaches after meditation.
In conclusion, headaches after meditation can be caused by various factors, including physiological, psychological, and environmental elements. By understanding the connection between meditation and headaches and implementing appropriate adjustments, individuals can reduce the likelihood of experiencing post-meditation headaches. Finding a suitable meditation technique, practicing proper breathing and posture, addressing stress, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle are essential steps in enhancing the benefits of meditation while minimizing potential discomfort.


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The best new crime fiction — Kate Atkinson gives a deceptively light masterclass
Big Sky by Kate Atkinson; The Boy Who Fell by Jo Spain; Out of the Ashes by Vicky Newham; The Reunion by Guillaume Musso
Kate Atkinson’s return to crime fiction, after a series of highly regarded literary novels, is deceptively light in tone. Big Sky (Doubleday £20) marks the return of her wayward private investigator, Jackson Brodie, now living in a village in Yorkshire. Brodie’s latest case, following the husband of a gift-shop owner to collect evidence of an affair, isn’t exactly absorbing. But it gives him time to get to know his teenage son, left with him for the summer by his former partner while she films her latest television series.
Atkinson’s wry commentary on her characters is a delight, but a series of sinister events, including a near-death from drowning, weaves a growing sense of menace into the novel. From the outset, there are heavy hints that

domain: library


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"The beauty of life is love without love we are nothing"
Collection of my thoughts, photos, Quotes and musings.
Enquiries - email@example.com /
@sophiasassoon: Sometimes my life feels like a movie, except there is no end or direction and the sensitivity is too much
Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage. Lao Tzu
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Tags: unemployment rate in construction
For the full forecast and analysis from Better Roads Editor-in-Chief John Latta, see the January 2012 print edition of Better Roads. It’s frustrating (again) to have to say it, but it appears that this new year will offer us more of ...
More than 250 people came together on Aug. 31 in a first-of-its kind summit to discuss factors that create jobs and offer solutions to expediting transportation projects for America’s future, according to the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA). The Jobs ...
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- The U.S. saw an increase in construction aggregates in the second quarter436 Views
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domain: news


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- Can I tint my skylights?
Application of window film to the inside surface of skylights is very difficult but possible. The cost of tinting skylight can also be slightly higher than tinting other windows. This is due to the difficulty and height of most skylights as well as the length of the tunnel leading of the windows. The application of window film to skylights is more restricted versus tinting other windows in your home or business. Home or business owners should consult with their window film professional and be aware of any restrictions.
- Can window film be applied to Plexiglass or plastic windows?
Standard window films should not be applied to acrylic or polycarbonate (Plexiglass) windows. These are plastic sheeting products which all have the potential to outgas. Outgassing is known as the release of chemical components or moisture absorbed by the plastic. When outgassing occurs it interferes with the window film’s adhesive and results in bubbling between the window and the window film.
- Can patterned glass or textured glass be tinted?
Patterned or textured glass surfaces will not allow the film adhesive to form a strong enough bond to the uneven surface therefore it is not advisable.
- Do you fit window film on the inside or outside of the glass?
Most window film applications are done on the interior surface of the windows but exterior applications are available where essential.
- Can I fit window films myself?
We highly recommend that our dealer network/installers fit the film in order to guarantee high quality work and issue a warranty.
- Is it possible to overlay several films?
Yes it is. You can achieve an interesting effect by putting a coloured film on a decorative film. Feel free to discuss your thoughts with us.
- What happens if I want the film removed?
That is no problem at all. The film can be pulled off the glass which will leave adhesive residue behind. The residue is then removed by spraying the glass with soapy water and using a razor-scraper to scrape the excess adhesive off.
- Do window films cause glass to break?
Glass breaks when stressed. There are five types of stress which may cause glass breakage:
Thermal stress is the only one which film may affect. Window films will increase the thermal stress on glass exposed to sun however, there are also other factors which will increase thermal stress such as: partial shading of windows from overhangs, tightly fitting drapes or blinds, signs or decals on windows, heating and cooling vents directed at glass. Different types of glass have different solar absorption rates and will withstand different degrees of thermal stress. Our installers have many years of experience in film fitment and will provide the correct solutions for the correct glass types.
- Is window film scratch proof?
Lamin8 Window Film comes standard with a scratch resistance of 4H. The market standard is 3H. We have specially arranged this for market advantage. If one goes above 4H the film starts to become very brittle. This scratch resistant coating is applied to the exterior surface of the window film to protect the film from normal wear and tear.
- Air bubbles appeared under the film a while after the film was fitted whereas they were not there before. Is that normal?
Yes it is. This may happen while the film is busy drying. The bubbles will disappear within 4-5 weeks after fitment.
- How long do window films last?
Lamin8 Window Films come with different warranties depending on the type of film. Please see our Warranty tab for more information on the film warranties.
- How should I clean my windows after film is applied?
With some extra care and caution windows with film applied are easily cleaned without damage to their appearance. Below are some guidelines to follow:

domain: chemistry


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The Department of Parks and Recreation invites you to visit the QR F.I.T. Trails at Tucker Road Athletic Complex and Watkins Regional Park for a workout that combines the outdoors and technology. The QR F.I.T. Trail can help improve your fitness through self-directed exercise outdoors.
Explore the trails and improve your fitness level using only your smartphone! QR F.I.T. combines fitness and technology to provide you with a new way to exercise while spending time outside. Along the trail, you will find QR F.I.T. signs that you can scan for exercises to do right on the spot. Depending on your goals for the day, you can choose between core, flexibility, upper body, and lower body exercises or choose to do a combination of all four! Scan all 5 signs along the trail to create your own personalized workout for the day.
Enjoy the benefits of physical activity and spending time outdoors using QR F.I.T., regardless of your fitness level and goals!
Reduce stress by spending time outdoors
Increase muscle strength and bone density with upper and lower body exercises
Improve stamina and longevity with core and flexibility training

domain: hobby


Despite constantly teasing celebs on Watch What Happens Live!, Andy Cohen says he never likes hurting anyone’s feelings!
But after making what he thought was a harmless joke about Tori Spelling, he ended up accidentally offending her more — because he misread an email!
The Bravo host told the story on Wednesday’s Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, which began after he made a joke about the 90210 alum suffering third-degree burns in April while eating at a Benihana.
Cohen revealed that Spelling shortly afterwards sent him an email saying how she felt the joke was uncalled for.
When Cohen sent an apology email back, he accidentally offended her AGAIN in his response when he told her to “EAT SOMETHING” — all because he misread her original email!
Check out the clip (below) to find out what caused the accidental insult!
[Image via NBC.]


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Strain and Structural Effects on Rates of Formation and Stability of Tertiary Carbenium Ions in the Light of Molecular Mechanics Calculations
|Published in||Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 1995, vol. 8, no. 8, p. 507-528|
|Abstract||An empirical MM2 force-field was developed for the calculation of steric or strain energies of carbenium ions, and applied to the rationalization of the rates of solvolysis of bridgehead derivatives. The latter constitute a homogeneous series of model compounds for solvolysis, spanning a rate range of ca 20 log units. Their rate constants correlate with the calculated steric energy differences between bridgehead bromides and the corresponding carbenium ions. The rate constants of tertiary derivatives of general structure may similarly be rationalized in terms of strain changes, although the correlation exhibits more scatter than that for the bridgehead derivatives alone. In the bridgehead series, the relative free energies of activation for solvolysis correlate with the heterolytic bond dissociation energies D° (R+ - Br-) in the gas phase. However, this correlation breaks down when simple mono- and acyclic substrates are included. This is attributed in part to the proximity of the leaving group in the transition state of solvolysis, which stabilizes the developing positive charge at the cationic centre in comparison with the charge of the free ion. The significance of the force-field calculations with respect to the structure of bridgehead carbenium ions was tested by comparison of structural data obtained from ab initio calculations. The structures of cations suffering strong distortions owing to C-C hyperconjugation are poorly reproduced by the molecular mechanics calculations, the parameters of which are based on solvolytic reactivity and not on carbenium ions.|
This document has no fulltext available yet, but you can contact its author by using the form below.
|MULLER, Paul, MAREDA, Jiri, MILIN, Didier. Strain and Structural Effects on Rates of Formation and Stability of Tertiary Carbenium Ions in the Light of Molecular Mechanics Calculations. In: Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 1995, vol. 8, n° 8, p. 507-528. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:6246|


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Dun & Bradstreet nnounced today the appointment of Cindy Christy, president and chief operating officer of Asurion Corporation, to the company's Board of Directors, effective immediately. In this role, Christy will share her broad experience and functional expertise with management in the areas of product development, operations, compliance, market research, management, strategy, and sales. "Cindy is a highly accomplished leader who excels in product strategy and partnership development," said Bob Carrigan, president and CEO of Dun & Bradstreet. "Cindy's current role at Asurion and prior experiences bring to the board a results-oriented approach with broad functional experience in product management, operations, marketing, strategy and sales. Her track record of successfully implementing business strategy to achieve excellent financial results will be an asset to Dun & Bradstreet as we continue to develop new opportunities." "Cindy has a talent for acting as a change agent and guiding large organizations and operations through new endeavors," said Christopher Coughlin, chairman of the board, Dun & Bradstreet. "With years of experience in telecom, and understanding first-hand how changing technology can impact business and the customer value proposition, she will serve as a strong addition to the board as Dun & Bradstreet continues to move forward and bring new value to its customers."
B.C. Premier Christy Clark has announced an agreement in principle with Pacific NorthWest LNG, owned in majority by Malaysia's Petronas, for a liquefied natural gas development on the province's northwest coast. Hailed as “the largest capital investment in B.C. history,” Clark said the LNG framework will result in stable, long-term revenue for B.C. and $36 billion in investment, including a proposal for an LNG facility near Prince Rupert.
According to a report from The Chronicle Herald, the week before last Nova Scotia unveiled a plan to lobby Ottawa on behalf of Irving Shipbuilding Inc.’s Halifax Shipyard, all in a bid to win a $35b contract to build 20 navy ships over 30 years. In an effort to compete with that bid, British Columbia Premier Christy Clark announced that she will go to Ottawa to promote the bid by Vancouver Shipyards Co. Ltd. Source: The Chronicle Herald
A new NSRP Navy Program Manager has been selected. Christy Goff, currently at TEAM Subs (PMS 450), will serve as NSRP Navy Program Manager, replacing Connie Bowling, who retired in December after 40-plus years of Department of Defense service. The NSRP Blue Ribbon Panel will be convening the week of January 27-31 to review and recommend the project portfolio for selection by the Executive Control Board next month
Seaspan Ferries Corporation (SFC) has welcomed two new dual-fueled/hybrid liquefied natural gas (LNG), diesel and battery vessels to its fleet during a double commissioning ceremony held at its Tilbury Terminal in British Columbia on April 9. The Seaspan Swift and Seaspan Reliant, the first eco-ferries of their kind in North America, were formally christened by sponsors Christy Clark, Premier of British Columbia, and Anisa White, wife of Doug White III
FortisBC – a subsidiary of Fortis Inc. has officially started construction of its $400 million Tilbury LNG Facility expansion project today. The company is adding 1.1 million gigajoules of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to storage and 34,000 gigajoules per day of liquefaction capacity. FortisBC marked the occasion with a ground-breaking ceremony attended by The Honourable Christy Clark, Premier of British Columbia; Delta Mayor Lois Jackson; as well as Scott Hamilton
British Columbia’s first liquefied natural gas (LNG) proposal at Grassy Point near Prince Rupert has filed its export application with Canada's National Energy Board (NEB). "Aurora LNG is moving forward with their plans to export B.C.'s natural gas to new markets overseas," said Premier Christy Clark. "This marks another step towards realizing the transformative opportunity LNG presents us. Aurora LNG's commitment to building this new industry will create jobs and
Inchcape Shipping Services (ISS), a maritime services provider, has acquired the Turkish cruise agency specialist Merkez Deniz Acenteligi ve Ticaret A.S (Merkez). Merkez is one of the most established agency houses in the Turkish shipping community and it is today a market-leading cruise sector specialist with offices in the major cruise ports of Istanbul and Kusadasi. ISS already has a strong existing presence in Turkey and this acquisition will assist the further development and growth
AltaGas says it will proceed with construction of Canada’s first West Coast propane export facility. It has federal approval and long-term commercial agreements in hand. The Ridley Export Terminal, located at Prince Rupert, B.C., will be designed to ship 1.2 million tonnes of propane per year and is estimated to cost approximately $450 - $500 million, the company says. The terminal, near Prince Rupert
Following a unanimous board decision, the International SeaKeepers Society welcomed Dean C. Klevan as its new President and CEO. Klevan joins SeaKeepers following a distinguished career in the financial services industry. Most recently, he was the President of the Coral Gables Trust Company, an institution he helped to found. Klevan also served in senior positions with Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and Citicorp in the United States and abroad
British Columbian officials on Friday criticized the Canadian government's response to an oil spill in the waters around Vancouver, calling into question plans for new crude oil export pipelines in the Pacific Coast province.
The Russian government has reportedly denied permission for the Greenpeace icebreaker Arctic Sunrise to enter the increasingly busy Northern Sea Route (NSR), despite the ship having fulfilled all the requirements for such an entry. Greenpeace International beleives the decision is an attempt
Each year, the American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE) celebrates excellence in naval engineering by recognizing individuals who have demonstrated exceptional achievement in one or more facets of the industry. ASNE is pleased to announce the recipients of the following prestigious awards:
A groundbreaking ceremony today at Vancouver Shipyards, in North Vancouver marks a significant milestone in the re-development of the shipyard into a world-class facility that will build a new generation of vessels for the Canadian Coast Guard and Royal Canadian Navy.
Joey Rodriguez was visiting one of the Gulf Coast�s major shipyards recently. Admiring the huge expanse of space with its several big Manitowoc cranes capable of lifting many tons, he commented to the yard’s CEO, “I am intimidated by all the equipment and space that you have here.”
Sailors aboard nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Asheville (SSN 758) said farewell to friends and family members just before departing San Diego for a Western Pacific deployment, Aug. 1. Commanding Officer Cmdr. Scott Swehla said this deployment is the culmination of 18 months of


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Forrester Research (NASDAQ:FORR – Get Free Report) and SGD (OTCMKTS:SGDH – Get Free Report) are both industrials companies, but which is the superior stock? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their institutional ownership, profitability, analyst recommendations, dividends, earnings, risk and valuation.
Valuation & Earnings
This table compares Forrester Research and SGD’s top-line revenue, earnings per share (EPS) and valuation.
|Gross Revenue||Price/Sales Ratio||Net Income||Earnings Per Share||Price/Earnings Ratio|
|Forrester Research||$513.83 million||1.15||$21.81 million||$0.26||117.96|
Forrester Research has higher revenue and earnings than SGD. SGD is trading at a lower price-to-earnings ratio than Forrester Research, indicating that it is currently the more affordable of the two stocks.
|Net Margins||Return on Equity||Return on Assets|
Insider and Institutional Ownership
55.2% of Forrester Research shares are held by institutional investors. 39.5% of Forrester Research shares are held by company insiders. Comparatively, 5.5% of SGD shares are held by company insiders. Strong institutional ownership is an indication that hedge funds, endowments and large money managers believe a company will outperform the market over the long term.
This is a summary of recent ratings and recommmendations for Forrester Research and SGD, as reported by MarketBeat.com.
|Sell Ratings||Hold Ratings||Buy Ratings||Strong Buy Ratings||Rating Score|
Forrester Research presently has a consensus price target of $37.00, indicating a potential upside of 20.64%. Given Forrester Research’s higher probable upside, research analysts clearly believe Forrester Research is more favorable than SGD.
Forrester Research beats SGD on 10 of the 10 factors compared between the two stocks.
About Forrester Research
Forrester Research, Inc. operates as an independent research and advisory company in the United States and internationally. The company operates in three segments: Research, Consulting, and Events. The Research segment primary subscription research services include Forrester Decisions, Forrester Research, and SiriusDecisions Research, which are designed to provide business and technology leaders with a proven path to growth through customer obsession. This segment delivers content, such as future trends, predictions, and market forecasts; deep consumer and business buyer data and insights; curated best practice models and tools to run business functions; operational and performance benchmarking data; and technology and service market landscapes and vendor evaluations. The Consulting segment provides consulting projects, include conducting maturity assessments, prioritizing best practices, developing strategies, building business cases, selecting technology vendors, structuring organizations, developing content marketing strategies and collateral, and sales tools; and advisory services. The Events segment hosts events related to business-to-business marketing, sales and product leadership, customer experience, security and risk, new technology and innovation, and data strategies and insights. The company sells its products and services through direct sales force in various locations. Forrester Research, Inc. was incorporated in 1983 and is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SGD Holdings, Ltd., through its subsidiary, Eco Paper, Inc., develops, markets, and sells paper and paper products from natural fibers. Its products include journals, paper reams, cover stock, art and sketch pads, envelopes, stationery and gifts, office and school products, and notebooks, as well as paper type products. SGD Holdings, Ltd. is headquartered in Ventura, California.
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domain: economics


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LOOK out, the bears are behind you!’ Fred, Imah and Teddy, played respectively by Louise Roberts, Clare Avery and Charley Ben gave tremendous performances in Beggars Bridge Players own version of Goldilocks and the Three Bears written by Dianne Whisker with live music provided by Chris Padmore.
The story unfolds in the flower shop managed by the wonderful Mrs Ida Whatnot played brilliantly by John Nelson and her able assistant Rose, Margaret Hutchinson. Goldilocks, Ida’s daughter, played by Emily Wilkinson gave a great performance entertaining the audience with her adventures in the woods where she takes a short cut and gets lost.
Here she meets live trees, Bev Shepherd and Anthea Marsay, three young bears, Alice Kemp, Becky Hewison and Alex Lloyd, their teacher Dan Featherstone, a wonderful wizard played by Vicky Hardy and a worried, dizzy fairy, Jane Wilkinson and that’s all before reaching the three bears cottage!
Mummy Bear and Daddy Bear delighted the audience with their version of the popular Morcambe & Wise’s ‘Stripper’, brilliantly done.
No pantomime is complete without a ‘baddie’ and this one is no exception.
Swapping a dress for a pair of trousers this year Ian Mortimer took on the role of the unscrupulous Lord Blackthorn out to steal Professor Plumkit’s formula, he had the audience booing and hissing at every appearance.
His unsuspecting partner in crime Lord Pickles gardener, Sam Kemp gave everyone a treat on Saturday when Daisy a real ferret took to the stage. Alan Palmer as Professor Plumkit had the audience laughing at his antics.
Sue Mount as Goldilocks friend Tom Pepper got the audience going, encouraging them to join in whenever the opportunity arose.
Up at the Hall Lord Pickles, expertly played by Chris Marsay is joined by his son Rupert, a great performance from Jacqui Mortimer.
There were splendid performances by Karen Ritson and Chris Proctor as the Ladies Petunia and Tulip, Chris also entertained the audience as Maid Milly with Dan Featherson as butler Cedric.
A real treat was the flapper dance, performed by Alice, Becky, Alex, Emily and Charley, choreographed by Sue Mount, all adding to the special mix only a pantomime can bring.
The cast looked tremendous in their costumes put together by Sam, Sue, Mick and Diane Perrin, along with members of the cast, who also assisted Bev and Anthea with props.
Special mention must go to prompt Siobhan, who we couldn’t do without, to make up artists, front of house, back stage boys & girl and many more. Most importantly to the audiences who support us every year, many thanks.


|Publication number||US5606252 A|
|Application number||US 08/450,807|
|Publication date||Feb 25, 1997|
|Filing date||May 25, 1995|
|Priority date||May 26, 1994|
|Also published as||EP0684480A1, EP0684480B1|
|Publication number||08450807, 450807, US 5606252 A, US 5606252A, US-A-5606252, US5606252 A, US5606252A|
|Inventors||Gunther Gschossmann, Peter M. Bielig|
|Original Assignee||Knorr-Bremse System Fur Nutzfahrzeuge Gmbh|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (16), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The invention is related to a process and a device for detection of rotational speed of a rotating part using a magnet wheel connected to the rotating part.
For detecting the rotational speed of vehicle tires or other rotating parts, it is customary to attach to the rotating part a so-called magnet wheel which turns along with that part and has projecting teeth on its outer periphery that are distributed equidistantly around that periphery of the magnet wheel. An inductive sensor arranged near the outer periphery of the magnet wheel responds to changes of a magnetic field produced by it and produces in the ideal case a sinusoidal alternating current. The changes in the magnetic field are generated by the teeth and teeth gaps passing alternately through the sensor magnetic field. The frequency of this alternating current is proportional to the rotational speed of the rotating part. Such sensors are employed, for instance, to detect the wheel rotation speed of vehicles that are equipped with an antilocking or drive slippage controller.
Because of manufacturing tolerances, damage or contamination of the magnet wheel, the form of the alternating current produced by the inductive sensor frequently deviates in practice from the sinusoidal profile, which leads to inaccuracies in evaluating the signal represented by this alternating current. For instance, errors in the detected rotational speed will appear in use in conjunction with antilocking brake systems, which can then lead to a deterioration of the antilocking control.
In known devices the alternating current emitted by the inductive sensor is fed to a comparator, the square-wave output signal of which then likewise has interference. It was attempted to solve this problem by filtering the sensor signal, which is only possible to a limited extent, however, since the interference signals that appear usually lie in the same frequency range as the useful signal.
The object of the invention is to improve a process and device of the type initially mentioned in such a way that the measuring accuracy is raised, specifically in case of an interference-laden output signal of the inductive sensor. This problem is solved for the process and for the device by the characteristics listed in the claims. Advantageous configurations and refinements of the invention are to be found in the subordinate claims.
Briefly, therefore, the invention is directed to a process for detecting the rotational speed of a rotating part. A magnet wheel connected to the rotating part is sensed with a sensor which produces an essentially sinusoidal output signal. The sinusoidal output signal is converted into a square-wave signal having first edges of a first type and second edges of a second type. A rotating part speed signal is generated based on the edges of the square-wave signal of one type only of the first and second types, the temporal intervals of which fluctuate by less than a predetermined fluctuation target value during a predetermined time span.
The invention is also directed to a process for detecting the rotational speed of rotating parts in which a sensor senses a magnet wheel connected to the rotating part and produces an essentially sinusoidal output signal which is, if desired, filtered and converted into a square-wave signal, with the square-wave signal being evaluated and a signal corresponding to the rotational speed to be determined being generated. In determining the rotational speed only edges of the same type from the square-wave signal are used, the temporal intervals of which edges fluctuate by less than a prescribed amount during a predetermined time span.
The invention is also directed to a device for detecting the rotational speed of rotating parts, particularly vehicle wheels, having a magnet wheel connected to the rotating part, a sensor sensing the magnet wheel and producing a sinusoidal output signal, a comparator that is connected downstream from the sensor and generates a square-wave output signal having a first type of edges and a second type of edges opposite to the first type of edges, and a microcomputer that evaluates the square-wave output signal of the comparator. The improvement in the device is an evaluation logic unit for the microcomputer which detects temporal intervals between edges of the first type in the square-wave output signal from the comparator and a changeover unit which feeds the second type of edges from the square-wave signal for evaluation if the temporal intervals of the first type of edges fluctuate during a predetermined time span by more than a predetermined amount.
Finally, the invention is directed to a device for detecting the rotational speed of a rotating part. The device has a sensor sensing the rotation of the part and producing a sinusoidal output signal, a comparator that is connected downstream from the sensor and generates a square-wave output signal having a first type of edges and a second type of edges opposite to the first type of edges, and a microcomputer that evaluates the square-wave output signal of the comparator. The device further comprises an evaluation logic unit for the microcomputer which detects temporal intervals between edges of the first type in the square-wave output signal from the comparator and a changeover unit which feeds the second type of edges from the square-wave signal to the microcomputer for evaluation if the temporal intervals of the first type of edges fluctuate during a predetermined time span by more than a predetermined amount.
Other objects and features of the invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
The invention is described in greater detail below on the basis of embodiment examples in connection with the drawings. These show:
FIG. 1: schematic circuit diagram of a device for detecting rotational speed according to a first embodiment example of the invention;
FIG. 2: schematic circuit diagram of a device for detecting rotational speed according to a second embodiment example of the invention;
FIG. 3: schematic circuit diagram of a device for detecting rotational speed according to a third embodiment example of the invention;
FIG. 4: schematic circuit diagram of a device for detecting rotational speed according to a fourth embodiment example of the invention;
FIG. 5: diagram of various curve profiles of output signals of an inductive sensor and of output signals of a comparator and a developed view of a section of a magnet wheel, for a fault-free and a faulty case, respectively.
Identical reference numerals in the individual figures identify similar or functionally corresponding components.
The invention starts from the recognition that, for certain faults in the magnet wheel (faults, for instance in the tooth height of the magnet wheel), the output signal of the comparator is interfered with in the sense that at a constant rotational speed the temporal interval between positive edges changes but not the interval between negative edges (or vice versa). This is to be explained in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG. 5. The lowermost figure shows three teeth in a developed view of a magnet wheel for the two cases of a correct tooth height Z1 and an erroneous tooth height Z2, smaller for the middle tooth in this case. In the figure immediately above that, the profile of the alternating current of the inductive sensor at constant rotational speed is shown, with the curve S1 referring to the correct tooth height and supposed to have to have the ideal sinusoidal form here. It is recognizable that the zero crossing points of the signal S1 are pointed in each case directly at the middle of the tooth or tooth gap. If this sinusoidal signal is converted to a square-wave signal in a comparator, then the uppermost curve K1 results. In the case of a tooth height fault, as shown at Z2 in the lowermost diagram in FIG. 5, then the curve profile S2 results and, from it, the comparator signal K2. The form of signal S2 deviates considerably from the ideal sine wave. It can be recognized, however, that the zero crossing points of signal S2, when it moves from positive to negative values (cf. the dashed vertical lines), agree with those of signal S1. Accordingly the negative edges of the comparator signal K2 coincide with the negative edges of the comparator K1. Negative edges are defined here to be jumps of the signals K1 and K2 from the high level to the low level.
The positive edges (cf. the dotted vertical lines), by contrast, are shifted in phase for the faulty tooth, so that an evaluation which uses the period of the comparator signal K2 from positive edge to the next positive edge (T21p, T22p and T23p) would be erroneous, since the period T22p is too short and the periods T21p and T23p are too long. The negative edges of the faulty tooth Z2, by contrast, are correct; that is, the periods T21n and T22n measured from one negative edge of signal K2 to the subsequent negative edge are equally long and also equally as long the periods T11, T12 and T13 of the fault-free tooth Z1.
Proceeding from the knowledge above, the invention is based on the principle of drawing for rotational speed determination on those edges of the comparator signal of equal sign whose intervals vary less on average. In the example of FIG. 5, the intervals of the negative edges, that is, the periods T21n and T22n, are equal and are therefore used for determining the rotational speed. The intervals of the positive edge of signal K2, that is, the periods T21p, T22p and T23p, vary relatively strongly and would corrupt the signal.
Applying this fundamental concept, the fundamental principle of the device according to the invention lies in alternatively changing over an evaluation logic unit so that it responds to the either negative or positive edges of the comparator signal, with the changeover being done as a function of how uniformly the positive or negative edges are distributed. This can be implemented in various ways. An evaluation logic unit can initially evaluate only edges of the one type (positive edges, for instance) and, in case irregular intervals are determined, change over experimentally to an evaluation of the other edges (for instance, the negative edges) and then activate that type of evaluation logic unit which shows better, i.e., more regular, results. In another variant, evaluation logic units are activated simultaneously for the positive and negative edges, with that which shows the better result being definitively evaluated.
In another variant, the evaluation logic unit has only provisions for the evaluation of one type of edges, for instance, positive edges. A changeover to the other type of edges is accomplished by activating an inverter that changes the type of edge.
According to an additional variant, an evaluation of only one type of edges (positive edges, for instance) is also provided. A change to the other type of edges is done by controlled pole reversal of the output signal of the comparator.
Reference will be made first to FIG. 1. A magnet wheel 1 is connected to the rotating part of which the rotational speed is to be measured. This magnet wheel has a number of projecting teeth on its outer periphery which have, as much as possible, identical shapes and dimensions and are arranged distributed as evenly and exactly as possible around the outer periphery of the magnet wheel 1. An inductive sensor 2 that produces a roughly sinusoidal signal (S1 or S2 in FIG. 5) upon rotation of the magnet wheel 1 is arranged near the outer periphery of the magnet wheel. This signal is fed to a filter 3 which is designed as a low-pass or bandpass filter and filters out interference frequencies lying outside the expected range of rotational speed. The output signal of the filter 3 is fed to a comparator 4, which forms a square-wave signal (K1 or K2 in FIG. 5) from the filtered sinusoidal signal. The output signal of the comparator 4 is fed to a microcomputer 5 and evaluated there, in order ultimately to form an output signal that corresponds in digital or analog form as exactly as possible to the rotational speed of the magnet wheel 1.
In the embodiment example of FIG. 1 the microcomputer 5 contains a switch 6, which can of course be constructed as an electronic switch and feeds the output signals of the comparator 4 either to a first evaluation logic unit 7 or a second evaluation logic unit 8. These two evaluation logic units 7 and 8 are distinguished from one another in that one of them responds to positive edges of the output signal of comparator 4 and the other to negative edges. A positive edge is defined here to be a jump of the output signal of comparator 4 rising from low level to high level, while a negative edge is a jump from high level to low level. The output signals of both evaluation logic units 7 and 8 are fed to a rotational speed calculation logic unit 9.
The microcomputer 5 operates in the following manner: at the start of an evaluation the switch 6 is in a position, that shown, for instance, in which the output of the comparator 4 is connected to the evaluation logic unit 7 which responds to positive edges. For a prescribed time period, the signals arriving there are evaluated, perhaps in the form of measuring the duration between two successive positive edges, that is, for instance, the periods T11, T12 and T13. For example, a high-frequency counter is started at the beginning of period T11, the count of which at the end of period T11 is a measure for the temporal length of the period T11. The microcomputer 9 then evaluates whether these counting results of successive measurements deviate and, in particular, whether fluctuations in both directions can be ascertained, that is, whether the difference of the measurement results of successive measurements has a frequent change of sign, as well as whether this difference is based on fluctuations of greater absolute value. After the expiration of the prescribed time duration, the switch 6 is changed over and the evaluation logic unit 8 conducts the appropriate measurements or evaluations on the negative edges. Subsequently, the rotational speed calculation logic unit compares the evaluations of the two evaluation logic units 7 and 8 such that the evaluation logic unit 7 or 8 in which the smaller fluctuations appeared remains connected for subsequent measurements.
This event can occur once or when a vehicle is started. It can also be conducted on a running basis, however, which is practical for the case in which the magnet wheel has at least two faulty points which affect the comparator signal in opposing manners.
The embodiment example of FIG. 2 is distinguished from that of FIG. 1 essentially in that the output signal of the comparator 4 is continuously fed to both evaluation logic unit 7 and unit 8, which thus operate continuously in parallel. The outputs of evaluation logic units 7 and 8 are alternatively fed to the rotational speed calculation logic unit 9 through the switch 6.
Here, as in the embodiment example of FIG. 1, two operating modes are possible. In a first operating mode, one of the two evaluation logic units 7 and 8 is selected by the switch 6. Only if this evaluation logic unit yields fluctuations that indicate a fault of the magnet wheel is there a changeover to the other evaluation logic unit. Then this other evaluation logic unit is tested for its fault indication. If the errors of this second evaluation logic unit are larger than those of the first evaluation logic unit, then the system switches back to the first evaluation logic unit; otherwise, the second evaluation logic unit remains in effect.
In the second operating mode, as illustrated in connection with FIG. 1, the evaluation is performed by both evaluation logic units upon starting of the vehicle or, in more general terms, at the beginning of measurement, either in series or in parallel, and, subsequently, that logic which brought the best results is selected.
In the one case, less computer power is required. In the other case, one obtains an optimization of the precision of the measurement results with greater computer power. In the first operating mode mentioned, one will provide an error tolerance threshold and change over to the other evaluation logic unit only if the one evaluation logic unit indicates errors that are larger than a set value.
It should be pointed out in this context that in practice the two evaluation logic units 7 and 8 are not necessarily separate component groups, but are implemented instead in a programmed microprocessor that conducts the corresponding functions. This makes it evident that the embodiment example of FIG. 2 demands greater computer power, since one and the same microprocessor must perform two functions, i.e. the evaluation by positive and by negative edges, as much as possible in real time. In the embodiment example of FIG. 1, by contrast, the microprocessor need perform only one of the two functions of the evaluation logic units 7 or 8 in series.
The embodiment example of FIG. 3 corresponds in this respect in principle to that of FIG. 1, in which the positive or negative edges are evaluated in series.
The output of comparator 4 is connected to microcomputer 5 either directly or by way of an inverter 10, depending on the position of a switch 11. Microcomputer 5 evaluates only one type of edges, that is, positive or negative edges of the comparator signal, and contains functionally, in the terms of FIGS. 1 or 2, only one of the two evaluation logic units 7 and 8 and the rotational speed calculation logic unit 9. Differently from the embodiment example of FIG. 1, however, the changeover is done externally via the inverter 10. The microcomputer thus evaluates only one sort of edges. If the temporal intervals fluctuate by more than a predetermined amount, then the microcomputer 5 changes the switch 11 over, so that the inverted signal of the comparator is evaluated. As a result of this, the edges are also changed over, so that positive edges become negative edges and vice versa. Otherwise, the circuit of FIG. 3 operates with the same effect as that of FIG. 1. Here too, both operating modes are possible, namely, that switch 11 is changed over only if the errors exceed a predetermined value, or that the switch assumes both positions in succession and later maintains the position at which the better signal was obtained.
The embodiment example of FIG. 4 operates in a manner functionally similar to that of FIG. 3. Here too, the microcomputer 5 evaluates only one type of edges. Instead of the inverter 10 of FIG. 3, however, it is provided here that the output signal, and thus the polarity of the inductive sensor 2, is changed over. For this purpose, a bipolar changeover switch 11 is provided, which is controlled by the microcomputer 5 and lies between the inductive sensor 2 and the filter 3. The polarity is alternated by changing over switch 11, which causes rising and falling edges at the comparator output to exchange their properties in regard to interference behavior. If the microcomputer 5 obtains a worse signal after the changing the polarity of the sensor, then the system switches back to the original polarity. Here too, of course, the other operating mode is also possible, in which both polarities are checked and the one is kept for which the better result is obtained.
In accordance with this invention it is significant that the basis for generating a rotating part speed signal can be changed once or several times during a full revolution of the magnet wheel. In particular, the decision whether to evaluate the positive or negative edges is made every time a given number of pulses is detected, this given number being smaller than the number of pulses received during a full revolution of the magnet wheel. For example, this decision can be made every 10 pulses in connection with a magnet wheel which generates 200 pulses per rev. Accordingly, during continual generation of a rotating part speed signal, the edges of the square-wave signal upon which the generated rotated part speed signal is based changes at least once, typically twice or more, for each full revolution of the magnet wheel.
An additional aspect of the invention is a memory, for example, associated with microprocessor 5, which stores information regarding for which teeth of the magnet wheel the positive edges should be evaluated and for which teeth of the magnet wheel the negative edges should be evaluated. Information is stored in the memory as to whether edges of the first type or edges of the second type should be evaluated for each group of teeth among the plurality of teeth on the magnet wheel. In operation, a magnet wheel has, for example, 200 teeth and the device detects that for teeth numbers 1 to 80 evaluation of the positive edges provides better results whereas for teeth numbers 81 to 200 evaluation of the negative edges provide better results. These numbers are stored in the memory and the device automatically changes from evaluation of the positive edges for teeth numbers 1-80 to evaluation of the negative edges for teeth numbers 81-200. This memory is functional in combination with either in-parallel or in-series modes of operation of the device described above.
In summary, the invention creates a process and a device for detecting rotational speed with an inductive sensor in which a sinusoidal potential is induced by a magnet wheel and then fed to a filter with a comparator connected downstream of the filter and therefrom into a square-wave signal that is essentially proportional to the rotational speed of the magnet wheel. This output signal of the comparator is evaluated in a microcomputer. In this evaluation, only the same type of edges of the comparator signal is evaluated, specifically those in which the intervals fluctuate less when considered over a certain time span. The microcomputer here can initially evaluate both types of edges, that is, positive and negative edges, and then use those edges in which smaller fluctuations, that is, interference, are determined for calculating the rotational speed. The microcomputer can also first evaluate only one type of edges and change over to edges of the other type if the former displays interference above a present value. If the edges of the other type show even greater interference than those of the first type, then the system switches back to the first type. The changeover can be done either in the microcomputer or externally. The external changeover to the type of edge can be done by an external inverter or by reversing the polarity of the sensor output signals by means of a controllable switch.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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|JPH04138370A *||Title not available|
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|US9024623||Sep 18, 2012||May 5, 2015||Oxford Instruments Plc||Transducer assembly with digitally created signals|
|US9518814||Aug 6, 2013||Dec 13, 2016||Oxford Instruments Asylum Research Inc||Integrated micro actuator and LVDT for high precision position measurements|
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|US20040056653 *||May 27, 2003||Mar 25, 2004||Dan Bocek||Linear variable differential transformer with digital electronics|
|US20040098219 *||Oct 29, 2003||May 20, 2004||Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd.||Rotation angle detecting device, and torque detecting device|
|US20100277224 *||Aug 17, 2007||Nov 4, 2010||Continental Teves Ag & Co., Ohg||Active Sensor With Operating Mode Changeover|
|US20150137800 *||Nov 11, 2014||May 21, 2015||Infineon Technologies Ag||Rotation sensing method and system|
|EP0961119A2 *||May 14, 1999||Dec 1, 1999||Eastman Kodak Company||Method for controlling motor speed|
|EP0961119A3 *||May 14, 1999||Feb 2, 2000||Eastman Kodak Company||Method for controlling motor speed|
|U.S. Classification||324/166, 324/168, 324/225, 702/145|
|International Classification||G01P3/481, G01D5/244, G01P3/489, G01D5/245, G01P3/487|
|May 25, 1995||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KNORR-BREMSE SYSTEME FUR NUTZFAHRZEUGE GMBH, GERMA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GSCHOSSMANN, GUNTHER;BIELIG, PETER MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:007500/0455
Effective date: 19950508
|Aug 10, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 21, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Aug 20, 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
The Triptych description:
1, A Horologist: A horologer maintains the contrivance of the astronomical dial. Inspired by a photo of Mr. Zámečník.
2, The Orloj: A Clock house masonry with the Astronomical clock of Prague (made in 1410)
extended by bell turret adjoin the Old Town Hall Tower. The main feature is the
Astronomical dial. Detailed dials (by airbrush) represent Temporal time,
Italian (Old Bohemian) time, German halved clock (sideral) time and zodiacal degree scale.
The actual time is about 11 o'clock CET.
The Sun is in Virgo, the opposite Moon in Aries. The apostles show up in windows.
Two principal figures and ancient clockwork movement occupy the front.
A horologe statuette of the Death rings the passing bell.
Below, two wrought iron great wheels end-to-end of going and apostolic trains manifest the clock power.
The wooden statuette on the right represents two, a patron of clockmakers St. Peter and a legendary clockmaker Hanush.
The blessing apostle is holding a key to a clock room.
The key top centers on the calendar roundel.
There is a void in place of the calendar disk of Manes' being a national Bohemian emblem.
Desert scenery surrounding the tower reminds far lands origin of mechanical clocks.
It is the Surrealism handwriting by the author.
3, A Horologerie: At a clockmaker's shop inspired by a famous Uhrmacher engraving.
A striking train frame on the left belongs to the astronomical clockwork being restored.
A cabinet clock under completion has the dial resembling the horologe of Prague.


text:
1 Then he brought me back to the door of the house; and behold, water was flowing from under the threshold of the house toward the east, for the house faced east. And the water was flowing down from under, from the right side of the house, from south of the altar.
2 He brought me out by way of the north gate and led me around on the outside to the outer gate by way of the gate that faces east. And behold, water was trickling from the south side.
3 When the man went out toward the east with a line in his hand, he measured a thousand cubits, and he led me through the water, water reaching the ankles.
4 Again he measured a thousand and led me through the water, water reaching the knees. Again he measured a thousand and led me through the water, water reaching the loins.
5 Again he measured a thousand; and it was a river that I could not ford, for the water had risen, enough water to swim in, a river that could not be forded.
6 He said to me, "Son of man, have you seen this?" Then he brought me back to the bank of the river.
7 Now when I had returned, behold, on the bank of the river there were very many trees on the one side and on the other.
8 Then he said to me, "These waters go out toward the eastern region and go down into the Arabah; then they go toward the sea, being made to flow into the sea, and the waters of the sea become fresh.
9 "It will come about that every living creature which swarms in every place where the river goes, will live. And there will be very many fish, for these waters go there and the others become fresh; so everything will live where the river goes.
10 "And it will come about that fishermen will stand beside it; from Engedi to Eneglaim there will be a place for the spreading of nets. Their fish will be according to their kinds, like the fish of the Great Sea, very many.
11 "But its swamps and marshes will not become fresh; they will be left for salt.
12 "By the river on its bank, on one side and on the other, will grow all kinds of trees for food. Their leaves will not wither and their fruit will not fail. They will bear every month because their water flows from the sanctuary, and their fruit will be for food and their leaves for healing." NASU
1 The word which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem.The prophet Zechariah made a similar prediction, recorded in Zech 14:6-9
2 Now it will come about that
In the last days
The mountain of the house of the LORD
Will be established as the chief of the mountains,
And will be raised above the hills;
And all the nations will stream to it.
3 And many peoples will come and say,
"Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD,
To the house of the God of Jacob;
That He may teach us concerning His ways
And that we may walk in His paths."
For the law will go forth from Zion
And the word of the LORD from Jerusalem
6 In that day there will be no light; the luminaries will dwindle.Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection, and gave them their marching orders. This is recorded in the gospel of Matthew, Matt 28:18 Ė20:
7 For it will be a unique day which is known to the LORD, neither day nor night, but it will come about that at evening time there will be light.
8 And in that day living waters will flow out of Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea and the other half toward the western sea; it will be in summer as well as in winter.
9 And the LORD will be king over all the earth; in that day the LORD will be the only one, and His name the only one.
18 And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, "All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth.
19 "Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit,
20 teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age."
Christianity spread throughout the world. Within three centuries, Christianity had changed the nature of manís devotion from worship of pagan idols to the worship of the true and living God who has revealed himself in history. All over the world, the idol temples fell into ruins, and the exaltation of Jesus Christ as Lord of all was demonstrated.
The establishment of Christianity as the religion of the Roman Empire soon led to the corruption of the faith of the church, as political power, wealth, and social position became the goals of some leaders within the church. This corruption opened the door for the purge of the church by the followers of Mohammad, who soon established their rule from India to Spain, enforcing their religious faith by the power of the sword.
Three branches of the descendants of Abraham (Jews through Isaac, Arabs through Ishmael, and Christians through Jesus, descendant of David) became entwined in a struggle that has dominated history. The promise of the angel to Hagar regarding her son Ishmael has been amply fulfilled. He became the father of twelve princes, and the resulting Arab tribes. And his violent promise has been realized, as predicted by the angel, recorded in Genesis, Gen 16:7-13:
7 Now the angel of the LORD found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, by the spring on the way to Shur.
8 He said, "Hagar, Sarai's maid, where have you come from and where are you going?" And she said, "I am fleeing from the presence of my mistress Sarai."
9 Then the angel of the LORD said to her, "Return to your mistress, and submit yourself to her authority."
10 Moreover, the angel of the LORD said to her, "I will greatly multiply your descendants so that they will be too many to count."
11 The angel of the LORD said to her further,
"Behold, you are with child,
And you will bear a son;
And you shall call his name Ishmael,
Because the LORD has given heed to your affliction.
12 "He will be a wild donkey of a man,
His hand will be against everyone,
And everyone's hand will be against him;
And he will live to the east of all his brothers."
Today it is into this dead sea of hatred that the love of Jesus is again being poured forth like springs in the desert. The prophet Isaiah described the gospel in this way:
1 The wilderness and the desert will be glad, And the Arabah will rejoice and blossom; Like the crocus 2 It will blossom profusely And rejoice with rejoicing and shout of joy. The glory of Lebanon will be given to it, The majesty of Carmel and Sharon. They will see the glory of the LORD, The majesty of our God. 3 Encourage the exhausted, and strengthen the feeble. 4 Say to those with anxious heart, "Take courage, fear not. Behold, your God will come with vengeance; The recompense of God will come, But He will save you." 5 Then the eyes of the blind will be opened And the ears of the deaf will be unstopped. 6 Then the lame will leap like a deer, And the tongue of the mute will shout for joy. For waters will break forth in the wilderness And streams in the Arabah. 7 The scorched land will become a pool And the thirsty ground springs of water; In the haunt of jackals, its resting place, Grass becomes reeds and rushes. 8 A highway will be there, a roadway, And it will be called the Highway of Holiness. The unclean will not travel on it, But it will be for him who walks that way, And fools will not wander on it. 9 No lion will be there, Nor will any vicious beast go up on it; These will not be found there. But the redeemed will walk there, 10 And the ransomed of the LORD will return And come with joyful shouting to Zion, With everlasting joy upon their heads. They will find gladness and joy, And sorrow and sighing will flee away.
Jesus Christ is the hope for peace in the Middle East, for Jew, Christian, and Palestinian. When people stop hating each other, and begin to think about what is best for everyone involved, it will be like water in the desert that causes the crocus to blossom profusely.
The gospel of Jesus Christ, calling us to life in the presence of the living God who has revealed himself in history, and spoken through his prophets, can bring life to the land plagued by the darkness of ancient hatreds and rivalries.
Yeshua is the promised messiah, and he rules within the hearts of all who trust in him. Those who refuse his presence are like the flats of the Dead Sea, left for salt. Those who trust in him will have abundant life, and will produce healing for the nations.