|Publication number||US6111672 A|
|Application number||US 09/026,641|
|Publication date||Aug 29, 2000|
|Filing date||Feb 20, 1998|
|Priority date||Feb 20, 1998|
|Also published as||US6377374, WO1999043116A1|
|Publication number||026641, 09026641, US 6111672 A, US 6111672A, US-A-6111672, US6111672 A, US6111672A|
|Inventors||Gary B. Davis, Reddy Urimindi, Andrew N. Robinson, Rainer Iraschko, George Georgiou|
|Original Assignee||Mci Communications Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (28), Classifications (15), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates generally to the reliability and restoration of optical transmission systems.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communications networks. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for controlling restorative switching of an optical network.
2. Related Art
A service disruption in a communications network may be caused by a number of problems including inoperable communications links, cable cuts, or failure of equipment within a system. In the event of a failure the traffic must be restored temporarily until the failure is repaired. Two restoration approaches are network restoration switching and line protect switching. The restoration approach which is used varies depending on the failure.
Network Restoration Switching: When a fiber cut or other major failure disables a communications system, network restorative switching (NRS) may be employed to reroute the traffic through the network via a restoration path. The restoration path carries traffic between the two end nodes until repairs of a path normally supporting the system are complete.
A mesh topology is a preferred topology for a network using NRS. A properly equipped mesh network contains switching nodes that are connected to two or more adjacent nodes. In a mesh topology, a given signal may have many possible routes by which to traverse the network. Mesh networks allow for sophisticated actions to be taken in response to a failure. If there is a sudden failure of several links, or an entire span, neighboring switching nodes can perform distributed switching to divert the traffic around the failure. For this purpose, most of the spans in a mesh network are equipped with extra spare links that can be called upon for emergency traffic handling in response to a failure.
The manner in which a given network should switch to recover from any possible failure is presently the subject of considerable development in the communications field. One type of network restoration scheme locates a service disruption, identifies alternate routes, and then establishes such routes, in order that a service disruption will minimally affect a communication system user. Two types of control schemes for mesh restoration are a centralized scheme and a distributed pre-planned scheme.
In a centralized restoration scheme, a telecommunication network includes a central site capable of establishing alternate routes when a failure occurs. For an example of a centralized restoration scheme see U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,744 issued to J. Askew el al., incorporated in its entirely herein by reference.
In a distributed pre-planned restoration scheme, network connections are restored by intelligent switching nodes distributed throughout the network. For an example of a distributed pre-planned restoration scheme see U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,689 issued to T. Kusano, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
When a disruption occurs, the time to restore service using NRS depends upon a number of factors, such as (a) the time required to identify the locations of the service disruption; (b) the time required to determine alternative routes that avoid the service disruption; and (c) the time required to actually establish such routes. In selecting a new communications route, it is often desirable to select the most efficient alternate route, i.e., the one generally having the minimal distance and/or hop count.
Line Protect Switching: Another method of network restoration is line protect switching (LPS). In LPS, local light termination elements (LTE) reroute traffic from a "working" channel to a "spare" channel. LPS ensures resiliency to equipment failure by employing a spare channel, also referred to as the protect channel, that normally does not carry traffic but may be used as a back-up should a "working" channel fail. The spare channel can be rerouted along the same physical path as the working channel. Preferably, the spare channel is routed along a completely different physical path to minimize the chance that the spare channel experiences the same fate that disabled the working channel.
In order to reduce costs, LPS can employ the use of one spare channel for five working channels. Because fewer spare channels are available than working channels, LPS cannot restore an extensive failure, such as a cable cut. LPS is primarily aimed at restoring single channel failures and is implemented within the LTE, which is the local equipment that terminates the fiber optic cable. Since LPS is localized and simple, it is also very fast requiring only tens of milliseconds for restoring a failed communications system. LPS can quickly restore simple localized failures. In many applications, the LPS can switch traffic without causing any significant interruption to traffic. LPS is described in further detail in commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/672,808 entitled, "System and Method for Photonic Facility and Line Protection Switching," filed by John Fee on Jun. 28, 1996, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
Because telecommunications networks can include high capacity terrestrial and under water optical cables, the networks are susceptible to failures that disable a very large number of channels causing potential high volume of traffic loss and significant economic impact. There is a need for a fast, efficient, and reliable apparatus and method for restoring a network. Additionally, there is a need for an apparatus and method for restoring a network that takes advantages of the benefits of both LPS and NRS.
The present invention provides an apparatus and method for restoring systems of an optical network. Each node in the optical network includes an optical cross connect switch (OCCS) and an OCCS-controller. OCCS-controllers control the switching of respective OCCSs to perform NRS in response to a failure notification.
Within a first end node, an OCCS and an OCCS-controller make up a first optical switching unit (OSU). Within a second end node, an OCCS and an OCCS-controller make up a second OSU. One of the two OSUs is designated the primary OSU while the other is designated the secondary OSU. In the event NRS is needed, each OSU independently and in parallel determines a restoration plan for providing a restoration path between the first and second end nodes. The primary OSU sends a primary restoration plan to OSUs in other nodes of the optical mesh network for effecting the restoration path. If the secondary OSU does not receive information identifying the primary restoration plan from the primary OSU, then the secondary OSU sends a secondary restoration plan to the other OSUs in the other nodes of the optical mesh network for effecting the secondary restoration path. In the preferred embodiment, the primary restoration plan is the same as the secondary restoration plan. By having both the primary OSU and secondary OSU determine restoration plans at the same time, the speed in which, and the likelihood that, a restoration path will be established is increased.
The first and second end nodes each also includes an LTE which communicates with their respective OCCS-controllers. The LTEs can perform LPS to switch to a spare channel when a working channel fails. The OCCS-controllers can switch the OCCSs to perform NRS. In the preferred embodiment, if the LTEs are unable to restore a failure, then the LTEs transfer responsibility for restoration to their respective local OCCS-controllers.
A feature of the present invention is that a primary restoration plan and a secondary restoration plan for restoring a network are determined independently and in parallel.
Another feature of the present invention is that network restoration switching (NRS) coexists with line protect switching (LPS) without causing oscillations between the IMPS and NRS.
An additional feature of the present invention is that each OCCS-controller at an end node performs restoration functions independently of other end nodes so that a failure of several systems does not increase the time to restore the first failed system.
A further feature of the present invention is that a restoration plan chosen can be dependent upon the location of a failure within a path supporting a system.
Still another feature of the present invention is that a default restoration plan can be chosen if the location of a failure is unable to be isolated within a predetermined amount of time.
Further feature and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to make and use the invention.
FIG. 1A illustrates a portion of communications network, according to the present invention.
FIG. 1B illustrates an example topology of a communications network, according to the present invention.
FIGS. 2 is a restoration look-up table used in performing restoration switching, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows how FIGS. 4A--4D should be viewed.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D illustrate a control flow diagram representing operation of the communications system according to the present invention.
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrates a time line showing steps of the control flow diagram in FIGS. 4A-4D occurring in parallel in primary and secondary nodes according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows a computer system that can be used to implement features of the present invention.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) oaf reference number typically identifies the drawings in which the reference number first appears.
To more clearly delineate the present invention, an effort is made throughout the specification to adhere to the following term definitions as consistently as possible.
The term "node" refers to a physical location within a communications system that includes an optical cross connect switch (OCCS). The term "node" may refer to an "end node" or "intermediate node".
The term "end node" refers to a "node" that includes at least one light termination element (LTE). Thus at an end node, an OCCS is co-located with at least one LTE.
The term "intermediate node" refers to a "node" that does not include an LTE.
The term "link" refers to a communications line between two adjacent "nodes". A "link" may be made up of multiple fibers wherein each fiber may contain multiple channels. A "link" may also include multiple line elements such as: optical modules for monitoring signal presence, optical regenerators for filtering and amplifying signals, and line regeneration equipment.
The term "light termination element" and the abbreviation "LTE" refers to the local equipment within a node that terminates a fiber optic cable. A function of an "LTE" includes converting data signals from an electrical domain to an optical domain (and vice versa). Additionally, an "LTE" can detect a failure in a system of which the "LTE" is included. Following detection of a failure, an "LTE" can perform line protect switching (LPS) in an attempt to restore a system.
The term "LTE system" or "system" is defined as a pair of "LTEs" that communicate with one another via any one of a number of paths.
The term "path" refers to a specific route between two "end nodes". A "path" may be made up of any number of "links". A "path" provides a physical route between two "LTEs" of a "system". A "path" may be described of as supporting a "system".
The term "optical switching unit" and the abbreviation "OSU" refers to an OCCS and an OCCS-controller together.
The term "optical cross connect switch" and the abbreviation "OCCS" refers to a device that can switch optical paths between a plurality of optical ports. Any one of the plurality of optical ports can be internally optically coupled to any other ports within an OCCS.
The term "OCCS-controller" refers to a device that sends and receives status and switch commands to and from an "OCCS". Examples of switch commands include port coupling and decoupling commands. A port coupling command causes an "OCCS" to internally couple a first port of the "OCCS" to a second port of the "OCCS". An "OCCS-controller" controls an "OCCS" to perform necessary switching for effecting a restoration "path". The port connections of an OCCS may be referred to as a connection map.
FIG. 1A is a diagram of a portion of an optical network according to the present invention. Nodes A, B, C, D can be part of an overall local, national, or global communications network. Each node A, B, C, D is connected to at least one other node, such that a given signal may have other possible routes by which to traverse the network. The optical communications network of the present invention may be configured to have any topology including but not limited to mesh, ring, and point-to-point. In the preferred embodiment, the network has a mesh topology.
Because end node D consists of substantially the same elements as end node A, end node D need not be described in detail. In an example environment, end node A includes LTE 110a, OCCS 112a, and OCCS-controller 114a. It is not intended that the invention be limited to application of this example environment.
More specifically, the exact location of elements of the present invention, such as the locations of OCCS-controller 114a and OCCS 112a relative to a node or link, should not limit the present invention.
Optical switching unit (OSU) 130a, includes OCCS-controller 114a and OCCS 112a. In one embodiment OCCS 112a and OCCS-controller 114a form one integral unit. In another embodiment, OCCS 112a and OCCS-controller 114a are two separate units coupled together such that OCCS-controller 114a can transmit and receive data from OCCS 112a. OCCS-controller 114a controls the switching of OCCS 112a.
System A-D includes light termination element (LTE) 110a and LTE 110d. Optical data traffic can be conducted between end nodes A and D via path A-B-C-D). Path A-B-C-D includes optical links AB, BC, and CD. Path A-B-C-D can be thought of as supporting system A-D.
LTE 110a is the local equipment that terminates a fiber optic cable. A function of LTE 110a includes converting data signals from an electrical domain to an optical domain (and vice versa). Additionally, LTE 110a detects failures in the systems of which LTE 110a is included. For example, LTE 110a detects when a failure occurs in system A-D. Following detection of a failure, LTE 110a can perform LPS in an attempt to restore system A-D.
Nodes and line elements (such as optical modules for monitoring signal presence, optical regenerators for filtering and amplifying signals, and line regeneration equipment) of mesh network 100 are coupled to a separate, off-band Digital Communications Network (DCN) and/or an Operation System Support (OSS) 109. The DCN is an ultra-reliable data network which is provided for communicating status signaling messages between nodes and line elements regarding system operation, failures, etc. In general, the DCN can transport status messages in any type of network protocol including Frame Relay, ATM, X.25, TCP/IP, and/or B-ISDN protocols. The OSS is a centralized network manager which oversees global network operations including network restoration management. As shown in FIG. 1A, nodes A, B, C, and D are coupled to the DCN/OSS 109 through control links 102, 104, 106, and 108. The abbreviation "OSS/DCN 109" used throughout this specification typically represents communications with the OSS via the DCN.
FIG. 1B shows an example topology of an optical mesh network 100 including a plurality of nodes and a plurality of links coupled between the plurality of nodes for carrying optical data traffic. Nodes E, F, G, and 11, are similar to nodes A, B, C, and D in that each node includes an OCCS, an OCCS-controller. Depending on whether the particular node contains an LTE, each node E through H is either an end node or an intermediate node.
OCCS-controllers 114a, 114d communicate with LTEs 110a, 110d, respectively, to receive notification of a failure in system A-D. Restoration look-up tables are used by the OCCS-controllers of network 100 to switch the OCCSs to effect a restoration path in the event of a system failure. FIG. 2 shows an example of such a restoration table. The restoration tables are used by the OCCS-controllers of network 100 to switch the OCCSs to effect a restoration path in the event of a failure. Each OCCS-controller in network 100 includes such a restoration table for each of the systems of the network. Restoration look-up table 202 corresponds to system A-D. Similar restoration tables exist for other systems in network 100. For example, if node E is an end node (i.e., includes an LTE) and network 100 includes system A-D, system A-E and system D-E, then similar look-up tables exist for system A-E and system D-E.
The first column 204 of restoration look-up table 202 defines the system for which the table corresponds. The second column 206 defines which of the end nodes of the system contains the primary OCCS-controller and which contains the secondary OCCS-controller. The third column 208 identifies which link has failed, for use when the failure has been isolated. For each link failure within a system, table 202 may contain multiple restoration plans. The fourth column 210, shows for example, that for each link failure one of three plans may be chosen. Each plan corresponds to a different restoration path. The last column 212 of restoration look-up table 202 identifies what connections must be made within each OCCS in the network to effect a restoration path associated with the particular restoration plan. The OCCSs in network 100 needing to be switched depends on which plan is chosen. Of course, not every OCCS in network 100 is involved in every restoration plan.
Assume optical data is to be sent from end node A to end node D. When a failure occurs in system A-D, LTEs 110a, 110d attempt to restore communications using LPS. If LPS does not successfully restore communications, then NRS can be used to configure a restoration path.
Assume system A-D normally sends data between end node A and end node D via a path A-B-C-D consisting of links AB, BC, and CD. If a fiber cut occurs in link BC, system A-D can be restored using a few different restoration paths. For example, system A-D can be restored by a restoration path A-B-F-G-C-D including links AB, BF, FG, GC, and CD. An alternative restoration path is A-E-F-G-H-D including links AE, EF, FG, GH, and HD. Thus plan 1 can correspond to restoration path A-B-F-G-C-D and plan 2 can correspond to restoration path A-E-F-G-H-D. Depending on which restoration path is used, the OCCSs at the nodes within that path must switch to effect the restoration path.
Thus, for each plan an OCCS connection map exists for each of the OCCSs involved in the plan. The connection maps are used by the OCCS-controllers to switch the OCCSs to effect a restoration path. Further details of restoration lookup table 202 are described below, with respect to FIGS. 4A-4D. Below is a description of how a restoration path is determined and established, according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows how FIGS. 4A-4D should be viewed. FIGS. 4A-4D together are a control flow diagram representing operation of the communications apparatus according to the present invention. In this flow diagram, the following conventions are employed: a rounded box indicates a step in which a process starts or stops, a diamond-shaped box indicates a decision step that results in a branch, and a rectangular box indicates a step in which some action transpires.
In FIGS. 4A-4D, control begins at step 402 and immediately continues to step 404a and 404d. Steps 404a-446a, in FIGS. 4A and 4B, represent steps which are associated with end node A. Steps 404d-446d, in FIGS. 4C and 4D, represent steps which are associated with end node D. Steps 404a-446a occur in parallel with steps 404d-446d. Where steps associated with end node A are similar or identical to steps associated with end node D, the steps associated with end node D may not be described in detail. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrates time lines showing steps 404a-446a and 404d-446d occurring in parallel.
In step 404a, LTE 110a detects that a failure has occurred in system A-D. However, LTE 110a does not isolate which link AB, BC or CD is responsible for the failure. Following detection of a system failure, in step 406a, LTE 110a performs line protect switching in an attempt to restore the system. In steps 408a, 408d a determination is made as to whether system A-D has been restored. In steps 410a, 410d if the LTEs 10a, 110d successfully restore system A-D using LPS, then there is no need to coordinate a restoration path between end node A and end node D. However, if LPS does not restore system A-D, then LTE 110a, 110d respectively inform OCCS-controllers 114a, 114d of the failure of system A-D, in steps 412a, 412d.
Continuing to step 414a, OCCS-controller 114a consults its restoration look-up table 202, discussed above, to determine whether it has a primary or secondary role in coordinating the establishment of a restoration path for system A-D. Assume that based on the second column of restoration look-up table 202, OCCS-controller 114a knows it has the "primary" role in coordinating an restoration path between end node A and end node D.
While steps 404a-414a are performed at end node A, steps 404d-414d are performed at end node D. As described above, in step 414a, OCCS-controller 114a reads restoration look-up table 202 and learns it has the "primary" role in coordinating a restoration path between end node A and end node D. Similarly, in step 414d, OCCS-controller 114d reads its copy of restoration table 202 and learns it has the "secondary" role in coordinating a restoration path between end node A and end node D. In having the primary role, OCCS-controller 114a will be the first OCCS-controller that attempts to coordinate a restoration path. In having the secondary role, OCCS-controller 114d will only attempt to coordinate a restoration path if it does not receive information identifying a restoration plan from the primary OCCS-controller 114a. Secondary OCCS-controller 114d performs a majority of the steps that are performed by primary OCCS-controller 114a. However, as will be explained below, secondary OCCS-controller 114d only sends a restoration plan to other nodes if, within a predetermined amount of time, secondary OCCS-controller 114d did not receive information identifying a restoration plan from primary OCCS-controller 114a. This parallel determination of restoration plans by both the primary and secondary OCCS-controllers 114a, 114d, provides redundancy and thereby increases the speed in which a restoration path will be established. This redundancy also increases the probability that a restoration path will be established between end nodes A and D.
Returning to the explanation of the control flow diagram in FIGS. 4A-4D, after OCCS-controller 114a is notified by LTE 110a that a failure has occurred in system A-D, OCCS-controller 114a communicates with the line elements (not shown) and other OCCS-controllers, in step 418a, to isolate the location of the failure. At the same time a path-default-hold-off timer begins in step 416a. The path-default-hold-off timer expires, after a predetermined amount of time, in step 420a. Following expiration of the timer, in step 422a, a determination is made of whether OCCS-controller 114a, through its communications with line elements and other OCCS-controllers, has isolated the location of the failure. The location of the failure refers to which link within a path supporting the system is responsible for the failure of the system.
If OCCS-controller 114a has isolated the location of the failure, then in step 426a, OCCS-controller 114a reads restoration look-up table 202 to determine a failure location dependent restoration plan. If OCCS-controller 114a has not isolated the location of the failure, then in step 424a, OCCS-controller 114a reads restoration look-up table 202 to determine a default restoration plan. In one example, the default restoration plan is based on which link was most likely to have failed. For example, the likelihood that a link has failed can be determined using simulations and performance statistics.
In step 428a, once a restoration plan is determined, the function of OCCS-controller 114a depends on whether it has the primary or the secondary role in coordinating a restoration path. In this example, OCCS-controller 114a has the primary role. Therefore, OCCS-controller 14a initiates a restoration plan in step 432a. OCCS-controller 114a sends information regarding the restoration plan to OCCS-controllers in those nodes whose cooperation is required to establish a restoration path between end node A and end node D. OCCS-controller 114a can broadcast the information to OCCS-controllers in all the other nodes of network 100 or can send the information to select nodes identified based on the particular restoration plan chosen.
Each node E-H also has a control link (not shown) coupled to DCN/OSS 109. The information regarding the restoration plan is sent between nodes via DCN/OSS 109. In the preferred embodiment, the only information sent from the primary OCCS-controller to the other OCCS-controllers, including the secondary OCCS controller, is the identity of system, the location of the failure (or the default location of the failure) within the path supporting the system, and identity of a plan (i.e. 1, 2 or 3). Using their restoration look-up tables, each OCCS-controller knows (through a simple table-look-up) whether it needs to send switch commands to the OCCS it controls, based on this information.
In one alternative embodiment, only one plan exists for each link failure. In this embodiment, only information identifying the system and the location of the failure (which link) is needed to identify a restoration plan.
Once OCCS-controllers receive the information identifying a restoration plan, OCCSs are switched accordingly to effect a restoration path. For example, if OCCS-controller 114a has determined that the failure has occurred in link BC of path A-B-C-D supporting system A-D, then OCCS-controller 114a sends this information, and a plan number, to the other OCCS-controllers via DCN/OSS 109. Looking at restoration look-up table 202, plan 1, 2, or 3 can be used to restore a path between end node A and end node D. For purpose of example: plan 1 may involve rerouting traffic between end nodes A and D via a path A-B-F-G-C-D including links AB, BF, FG, GC, and CD; plan 2 may involve rerouting traffic via a path A-E-F-G-H-D including links AE, EF, FG, GH, and HD; and plan 3 may involve rerouting traffic via a path A-E-F-G-C-D including links AE, EF, FG, GC and CD.
The restoration plan selection process involves communications from the primary and secondary OCCS controllers and OSS/DCN 109. These communications take place immediately after the failure is detected and isolated to its failed link. The process of selecting a restoration plan is controlled by the OCC S-controller. The restoration look-up table for the failed system is referenced by the primary and secondary OCCS-controllers to determine which plan is its first choice. For example, the plans in order of preference can be plan 1, plan 2, then plan 3. Once a plan is determined, the OCCS-controllers communicate with DCN/OSS 109 to verify that this route is available and in a good working status at the time. DCN/OSS 109 will respond to each request by an OCCS-controller for each unique restoration plan. The OCCS-controllers make the final determination of which plan to use based on feedback from DCN/OSS 109.
Assuming that plan 1 is chosen, and involves rerouting traffic between end nodes A and D such that the traffic travels via path A-B-F-G-C-D including links AB, BF, FG, GC, and CD then the OCCS-controllers of nodes A, B, F, G, C, and D need information identifying which restoration plan to use. Thus, in step 432a primary OCCS-controller 114a of end node A sends information identifying the location of the failure (i.e, system A-D, link BC) and plan number (i.e., plan 1) to nodes B, F, G, C and D, via DCN/OSS 109. Once the OCCS-controllers of nodes B, F, G, C and D receive the failure information, they consult their restoration look-up tables to learn the required connections commands to sent to the OCCS they control, and accordingly switch their respective OCCSs to effect a restoration path between end node A and end node D.
Once an OCCS-controller has initiated and established a restoration path, the OCCS controller informs the DCN/OSS 109 of which restoration route has been chosen and is in use. The OCCS-controllers also inform DCN/OSS 109 of a current status of idle restoration routes. This status is obtained from network elements that constantly monitor the routes and instantaneously inform their local OCCS-controller of any faults that have occurred. Status messages informing local OCCS-controllers of corrected faults are also communicated to DCN/OSS 109. Additionally, once a failed system has been repaired, and a restoration path is no longer utilized, the primary and secondary OCCS-controllers associated with that system inform DCN/OSS 109 that the restoration routes are available once again to any OCCS-controller.
Advantages exist for sending only failure location data (e.g., the identity of the system, and failed link) and a plan number between OCCS-controllers rather than specific switching instruction data. An advantage includes minimizing data traffic. Another advantage is reducing the time needed for communications and thus the time for restoration. Also, by reducing the number of bits transmitted the chance of a communications error is reduced.
OCCS-controller 114d independently determines a "secondary" restoration plan in steps 412b-426d. In the preferred embodiment the "primary" and the "secondary" restoration plans are identical. In step 430d a secondary-hold-off-timer begins. After expiration of the timer in step 436d, OCCS-controller 114d either performs step 440d or 444d, depending on whether information was received from OCCS-controller 114a regarding a restoration plan. In step 438d, a determination is made whether OCCS-controller 114d has received information from the primary OCCS-controller (114a in this example) for coordination a restoration path. If OCCS-controller 114d has received information regarding a restoration plan, then in step 444d OCCS-controller 114d switches OCCS 112d to effect a restoration path between end node A and end node D, based on the information received from primary OCCS-controller 114a.
If secondary OCCS-controller 114d does not receive this information from primary OCCS-controller 114a, prior to expiration of the secondary-hold-off timer in step 436d, then the secondary OCCS-controller 14d assumes that the OCCS-controllers in the other nodes of network 100 have also not received the information. If this occurs, then in step 440d, secondary OCCS-controller 114d sends the information to the other nodes of network 100 (including nodes B, F, G, C, and A) to initiate the secondary restoration plan determined in steps 412d-426d. Thus, secondary OCCS-controller 114b acts as a backup to primary OCCS-controller 114a in effecting a restoration path.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are time lines that illustrate how steps 404a-446a and 404d-446d occur in parallel. These time lines show how steps associated with end node A, and end node D occur in parallel. The time lines also show the relative order of steps with respect to one another. For purposes of these figures, node A is designated the primary node and node D the secondary node. These figures are not meant to show the exact points in time which events occur. These figures are only for the purpose of showing that certain steps occur prior to others and that steps are occurring at end node A and end node D during the same time period, thus in parallel. It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that the order of certain steps can be changed without effecting the apparatus and method of this invention.
As discussed above, in step 438b a determination is made whether secondary OCCS-controller 114b has received information from primary OCCS-controller 114a for coordination a restoration path. As shown in FIG. 5A, if the result of step 438d is YES, then secondary OCCS-controller 114d follows the instructions received from primary OCCS-controller 114a, in step 444d, in switching OCCS 112d to effect the restoration path.
FIG. 5B shows that when the result of step 438d is NO, secondary OCCS-controller 114d sends information to other OCCS-controllers, in step 440d, to coordinate a restoration path. In step 442d, secondary OCCS-controller 114d switches OCCS 112d based on its independently determined secondary restoration plan, to coordinate a restoration path. This secondary restoration plan can be a default plan, as shown in step 424d, if secondary OCCS-controller 114d did not isolate the location of the failure prior to expiration of the path-default-hold off-timer in step 420d.
In the present invention, a primary and a secondary OCCS-controller independently determine a restoration plan. If the secondary OCCS-controller does not receive information identifying a restoration plan within a predetermined amount of time, the secondary OCCS-controller assumes responsibility for coordinating a restoration path. By having this redundancy, the likelihood that a restoration path can be established is increased. The redundancy also increases the speed in which a restoration path can be established. Additionally, use of the path-default-hold-off timer ensures that a restoration plan will be determined, if a failure is not isolated within an acceptable amount of time.
A network contains multiple systems, i.e. multiple pairs of LTEs. In the present invention, each system's restoration is independent of the restoration of other systems. This provides the ability to handle staggered fiber cable cuts without withholding restoration to any one or group of systems. Each system is supported by paths which are made up of links. The links include fiber cables. Each fiber cable can be supporting many systems. Typically, when a fiber cable supporting many systems is cut or torn apart, not all systems supported by the fiber cable necessarily fail at the same time. Because it is often essential to restore a system in less than 1/10 of a second, it is important to not have to wait until all systems to go down before the systems are restored together. By performing restoration on a system basis, the systems can be restored as they fail. More specifically, by having each system independently perform its own restoration procedures, multiple systems within a network can simultaneously be restored.
Features of the present invention can be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof and can be implemented in a computer system or other processing system. More particularly, OCCS-controllers 114a, 114d can be implemented in a computer system, in one or more processor chips, or other processing system. For example, steps 404a-444a and 404b-444b can be carried out primarily in software. More specifically, computer readable program code can enable computer systems to perform steps 404a-444a and 404b-444b.
Referring to FIG. 6, a block diagram illustrates a computer system that can be used to implement features of the present invention. Various software embodiments are described in terms of this example computer system. After reading this description, it will be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the invention using other computer systems and/or computer architectures.
In FIG. 6, a computer system 601 includes one or more processors, such as processor 604. Processor 604 is connected to a communication bus 602. Computer system 601 includes a main memory 606, preferably random access memory (RAM), and can also include a secondary memory 608. Secondary memory 608 can include, for example, a hard disk drive 610 and/or a removable storage drive 612, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. Removable storage drive 612 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 614 in a well known manner. Removable storage unit 614, represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 612. Removable storage unit 614 includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.
In alternative embodiments, secondary memory 608 can include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system 601. Such means can include, for example, a removable storage unit 622 and an interface 620. Examples of such can include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 622 and interfaces 620 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 622 to computer system 601.
Computer system 601 can also include a communications interface 624. Communications interface 624 allows software and data to be transferred between computer system 601 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 624 include, but are not limited to a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 624 are in the form of signals which can be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 624. These signals 626 are provided to communications interface via a channel 628. Channel 628 carries signals 626 and can be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link and other communications channels.
In this document, the terms "computer program medium" and "computer usable medium" are used to generally refer to media such as removable storage device 612, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 610, and signals 626. Computer program products are means for providing software to computer system 601.
Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory and/or secondary memory 608. Computer programs can also be received via communications interface 624. Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system 601 to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor 604 to perform the features of the present invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system 601.
In an embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, the software can be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 601 using removable storage drive 612, hard drive 610 or communications interface 624. The control logic (software), when executed by the processor 604, causes the processor 604 to perform the functions of the invention as described herein.
In another embodiment, the invention is implemented primarily in hardware using, for example, hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine so as to perform the functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).
In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using a combination of both hardware and software.
The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that these functional building blocks can be implemented by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
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|US5182744 *||Jan 3, 1991||Jan 26, 1993||At&T Bell Laboratories||Telecommunications network restoration architecture|
|US5457556 *||Apr 18, 1994||Oct 10, 1995||Nec Corporation||Optical cross-connect system with space and wavelength division switching stages for minimizing fault recovery procedures|
|US5778184 *||Jun 28, 1996||Jul 7, 1998||Mci Communications Corporation||System method and computer program product for processing faults in a hierarchial network|
|US5805320 *||Jun 5, 1996||Sep 8, 1998||Fujitsu Limited||Cross-connect device|
|US5870032 *||Jan 23, 1997||Feb 9, 1999||At&T Corp||Restoration network architecture|
|US5872912 *||Jun 28, 1996||Feb 16, 1999||Mciworldcom, Inc.||Enhanced problem alert signals|
|US5884017 *||Dec 29, 1995||Mar 16, 1999||Mci Communications Corporation||Method and system for optical restoration tributary switching in a fiber network|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US6233072 *||Dec 31, 1997||May 15, 2001||Mci Communications Corporation||Method and system for restoring coincident line and facility failures|
|US6262820 *||Jul 15, 1998||Jul 17, 2001||Lucent Technologies Inc.||Optical transmission system including optical restoration|
|US6457050 *||Aug 1, 1997||Sep 24, 2002||Mci Communications Corporation||System and method for dynamically restoring communications within a network|
|US6735718 *||Dec 21, 2001||May 11, 2004||Hubbell Incorporated||Protection switch to support redundant application of converter units|
|US6813276||Jan 30, 2001||Nov 2, 2004||The Regents Of The University Of California||Optical layer multicasting using a single sub-carrier header with active header detection, deletion, and re-insertion via a circulating optical path|
|US6850705||Mar 17, 2001||Feb 1, 2005||Fujitsu Limited||Online distributed path routing method and system|
|US6963995||Apr 24, 2002||Nov 8, 2005||Mci, Inc.||Network restoration using refreshed switch state tables|
|US7046929||Aug 23, 2000||May 16, 2006||Ciena Corporation||Fault detection and isolation in an optical network|
|US7251743 *||Nov 20, 2003||Jul 31, 2007||International Business Machines Corporation||Method, system, and program for transmitting input/output requests from a primary controller to a secondary controller|
|US7380017||May 3, 2001||May 27, 2008||Nortel Networks Limited||Route protection in a communication network|
|US7796644||Sep 14, 2010||Tellabs Operations, Inc.||Bi-directional ring network having minimum spare bandwidth allocation and corresponding connection admission controls|
|US8036114||Oct 11, 2011||Tellabs Operations, Inc.||Bi-directional ring network having minimum spare bandwidth allocation and corresponding connection admission control|
|US8792409||Jan 28, 2011||Jul 29, 2014||Elster Solutions, Llc||Clearing redundant data in wireless mesh network|
|US8855102||Dec 20, 2010||Oct 7, 2014||Elster Solutions, Llc||Wireless communications providing interoperability between devices capable of communicating at different data rates|
|US20010043560 *||Mar 12, 2001||Nov 22, 2001||Shoa-Kai Liu||Method and system for restoring coincident line and facility failures|
|US20020188756 *||May 3, 2001||Dec 12, 2002||Nortel Networks Limited||Route protection in a communication network|
|US20030065811 *||Sep 27, 2002||Apr 3, 2003||Lin Philip J.||Methods and apparatus for allocating working and protection bandwidth in a network|
|US20030120967 *||Dec 21, 2001||Jun 26, 2003||Miller Gary M.||Protection switch to support redundant application of converter units|
|US20030204768 *||Apr 24, 2002||Oct 30, 2003||Fee John A.||Network restoration using refreshed switch state tables|
|US20050114741 *||Nov 20, 2003||May 26, 2005||International Business Machines Corporation||Method, system, and program for transmitting input/output requests from a primary controller to a secondary controller|
|US20080151747 *||Mar 4, 2008||Jun 26, 2008||Tellabs Operations, Inc.||Bi-Directional Ring Network Having Minimum Spare Bandwidth Allocation And Corresponding Connection Admission Controls|
|US20080159735 *||Feb 28, 2008||Jul 3, 2008||Tellabs Operations, Inc.||Bi-Directional Ring Network Having Minimum Spare Bandwidth Allocation And Corresponding Connection Admission Control|
|US20110188445 *||Aug 4, 2011||Elster Solutions, Llc||Clearing redundant data in wireless mesh network|
|US20110188452 *||Aug 4, 2011||Elster Solutions, Llc||Mesh infrastructure utilizing alternative communication paths|
|US20110188516 *||Dec 20, 2010||Aug 4, 2011||Elster Solutions, Llc||Wireless communications providing interoperability between devices capable of communicating at different data rates|
|US20130343756 *||Dec 15, 2011||Dec 26, 2013||Nokia Siemens Networks Oy||Method for dynamic packet-optical server network|
|EP1255373A2 *||Apr 27, 2002||Nov 6, 2002||Nortel Networks Limited||Route protection in a communications network|
|WO2010148781A1 *||Apr 30, 2010||Dec 29, 2010||Zte Corporation||Protection method and device for service in automatically switched optical network|
|U.S. Classification||398/5, 398/1|
|International Classification||H04Q11/00, H04J14/02|
|Cooperative Classification||H04J14/0241, H04Q2011/0081, H04J14/0227, H04J14/0295, H04Q11/0062, H04J14/0284, H04Q2011/0079|
|European Classification||H04J14/02N5, H04J14/02M, H04Q11/00P4, H04J14/02P6S|
|May 21, 1998||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION, DISTRICT OF COLUMB
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DAVIS, GARY B.;URIMINDI, REDDY;ROBINSON, NIALL;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:009191/0080;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980217 TO 19980224
|Mar 1, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 28, 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 10, 2008||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Sep 21, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12
|Apr 22, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Effective date: 20140409
Owner name: VERIZON PATENT AND LICENSING INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:032725/0001
|Jul 24, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO REMOVE THE PATENT NUMBER 5,835,907 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 032725 FRAME 0001. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT;ASSIGNOR:MCI COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:033408/0235
Effective date: 20140409
Owner name: VERIZON PATENT AND LICENSING INC., NEW JERSEY


text:
The Week on Wall Street
Stocks added to their early 2023 gains amid a busy stream of mixed corporate earnings results and conflicting economic data.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 1.81%, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 added 2.47%. The Nasdaq Composite index rose 4.32% for the week. The MSCI EAFE index, which tracks developed overseas stock markets, increased by 1.14%.1,2,3
With the backdrop of earnings reports and conflicting economic data, stocks climbed higher on cooling inflation, continued economic resilience, and fourth-quarter corporate earnings results that, while underwhelming, did not appear as bad as many had feared.
There was enough new economic data to support both the “recession is coming” and the “soft landing” camps. It was corporate results and continued labor market strength, along with a solid, if weakening, fourth-quarter Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth number, however, that raised investors’ hopes that a potential recession may be mild and likely pushed out to later in the year.
The U.S. economy expanded at a 2.9% annualized rate in the fourth quarter, slightly exceeding consensus estimates of 2.8% but down from the third quarter’s 3.2% growth rate. Consumer spending, which accounts for over two-thirds of GDP, rose 2.1%. Increases in private inventory investment, government spending, and nonresidential fixed investment also contributed to the fourth quarter’s growth. Weakness in housing and a drop in exports subtracted from the quarter’s result.4
Beneath the headline number, the personal consumption expenditures price index (the Fed’s preferred measure of inflation) rose 3.2%. That was lower than the third quarter’s 4.8% increase, though it remains above the Fed’s 2% inflation target rate.5
This Week: Key Economic Data
Wednesday: Federal Open Market Committee Announcement. Job Openings and Turnover Survey (JOLTS). Institute for Supply Management (ISM) Manufacturing Index. Automated Data Processing (ADP) Employment Report.
Thursday: Factory Orders. Jobless Claims.
Friday: Employment Situation. Institute for Supply Management (ISM) Services Index.
Source: Econoday, January 27, 2023 - The Econoday economic calendar lists upcoming U.S. economic data releases (including key economic indicators), Federal Reserve policy meetings, and speaking engagements of Federal Reserve officials. The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The forecasts or forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and may not materialize. The forecasts also are subject to revision.
This Week: Companies Reporting Earnings
Monday: Principal Financial Group, Inc. (PFG).
Tuesday: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD), Pfizer, Inc. (PFE), Caterpillar, Inc. (CAT), General Motors Company (GM), McDonald’s Corporation (MCD), Amgen, Inc. (AMGN), United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS), Stryker Corporation (SYK).
Wednesday: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (TMO), Humana, Inc. (HUM), TMobile US, Inc. (TMUS).
Thursday: Apple, Inc. (AAPL), Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN), Ford Motor Company (F), Alphabet, Inc. (GOOGL), Qualcomm, Inc. (QCOM), Bristol Myers Squibb Company (BMY), Merck & Co., Inc. (MRK), Eli Lilly and Company (LLY), Honeywell International, Inc. (HON).
Friday: Cigna Corporation(CI), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (REGN).
Source: Zacks, January 27, 2023 - Companies mentioned are for informational purposes only. It should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of the securities. Investing involves risks, and investment decisions should be based on your own goals, time horizon, and tolerance for risk. The return and principal value of investments will fluctuate as market conditions change. When sold, investments may be worth more or less than their original cost. Companies may reschedule when they report earnings without notice.
This content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information, and provided by Twenty Over Ten. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security.

domain: finance


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We are engaged in the Manufacturing, Production, Export, Sourcing & supply Knit, Woven & Sweater wear for Mens, Ladies, Women & Kids from Bangladesh. We mainly offer: ...
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Telephone+8801612350054Address1st Floor, H-6, R-2, B-A, West Masdair, Chashara, Narayangonj, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
We are private company and 100% owned by Vietnamese. With more than 10 years experiences in sewing industry, 10 sewing lines, and 300 workers and experiences experts and technical ...
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Freda Creation is a well-established organization that has risen to the paradigm of success, with its sheer dedication and customer-centric approach. The company is a pioneer in th...
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KUNAN PERU, is a company dedicated to design, manufacture and export PIMA COTTON CLOTHING, Concepts, ASSISTING our clients in all the processes according to their guidelines and new tendencies on the world's fashion.
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We are a manufacturer and exporter of garments from sri Lanka.Shirts, t shirts, school uniforms and ladies garments are in our products range.
Telephone0094 777749995Address68/2, Madapatha Road, Batakeththara, Piliyandala, Sri Lanka
ZBH LTD is located in bangladesh, mainly for the uk and europe markets.
Telephone00 44 7913330326Address3 BELLFIELD AVENUE , HARROW, MIDDLESEX LONDON UK
We are making every kind of jackets, hoodies, T-shirts, sweatshirts, shorts, joggers, tank top,Tracksuits, hats, beanies, snap back cap, basketball uniform, football uniforms, socc...
Telephone0092346667080AddressP.O KHAS KULLUWAL SIALKOT
We are Manufacturer & Exporter in Bangladesh.We are in this trade for a long time & having a manufacturing units like as Pique polo , Fine polo & T-shirts.Thats why, we...
Telephone+8801712314852AddressMouri Super Market, Fatullah ,Narayanganj
Craftive Apparels is a distinguished sports’ clothing company based in Sialkot. The company has a long steady journey of its progress came into existence back in 2008 as local ma...
Telephone+(92)-52-3253666AddressMiana pura street Shahshakoor
K.N.Enterprise a specialization in the Leather Accessories category.We sell accessory product range.We believe in providing the most delightful, world class quality products at affordable price points to our target consumers.
Telephone+919674346956Address67/E/6, G.T.Road West Serampore kolkata, India
We are pleased to introduce about our company "Quality Links". Quality Links is a reputed U.A.E based company having operation office in Pakistan and Bangladesh. We are a...
Telephone+8801733349582AddressRoad # 4, House # 307, DOHS Baridhara, Dhaka
This is Nest Apparels , we are one of the leading garments exporter from India , we are very strong in all types of Knitted & Woven Garments , Nest Apparels its a ISO authorized company.
Telephone+91 999 47 67786Address103 A Bharathi Nagar 6th Ext , Coimbatore
we are india based company.want to exports to african market the following items.1.par boiled rice.2.leather bags 3.scarves stoles and beach pareos.3.mats, durrys and bed sheets 4.
Telephone+91 33 2252 3381Address31/2a, mushtaque ahmed street, kolkata
BHARAT Textile Co.is a renowed name into textlle & fabric manufacturing, since 1952.We have a huge range of fabrics & women wear products.We are exporting these products throughout world.
Telephone+91119971171522AddressBHARAT Textile Co., 320, LIG, Pocket - 3, Paschim Puri, New Delhi - 110063
DEALS IN ALL TYPE OG GARMENT ACCEESORIES SUCH AS PLASTIC/WOOD/NATURAL/METAL BUTTONS,ELASTIC , TAPES , HOOK AND LOOP TAP , LABEL, LACES, SARTION AND VELVET TAPS, COARD , PACKING MATERIALS ,LATHER PATCHES , METAL PLATES ,ETC.
Telephone+919821052221Address27/5 , KHIMJI NAGJI BILDG, SENAPTI BAPAT MARG , LOWER PARE; , MUMBAI 400013
Based in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu since 2001, Shine Garments offers an exclusive range of Readymade Garments. We have managed to make a mark in the garment industry across the globe bec...
Telephone+919994152869Address20/3,easwaramoorthy layout 3rd street gopal nagar, tirupur
Sanxiang Ribbon is one of the ISO certified label fabric producers in China, we produce and sell the polyester woven edge/slit edge satin ribbon available in various colors and wid...
Telephone+86 0572 3509293AddressZhongzhao Industrial, Hefu town, Huzhou City, China
WE ARE MANUFACTURER OF KNITTED LEGGINGS.OUR LEGGINGS ARE AVILABLE IN COTTON,POLYSTER,NYLON.WE PROVIDE MANY DESIGN LEGGINGS AS A CUSTOMER REQIREMENT.
Telephone8460528318Address25,HARI OM INDUSTRY,SURAT,GUJARAT,INDIA


text:
More than half the surplus food given to charities and voluntary groups is used in emergency cases, according to a survey of the organisations involved.
Research from Neighbourly, a social network, coincides with a review of the guidance on date labels on food that is being kicked off by the Food Standards Agency, Defra, WRAP, food charities, food retailers and organisations distributing to those in need.
The review will explore whether any improvements in food safety labelling and guidance, or better education around it, might increase the volume of surplus fresh food donated and used by the third sector.
Neighbourly surveyed 218 organisations involved in feeding more than 30,000 people every week, equivalent to 1.56 million meals a year.
Its results highlighted a lack of comprehensive national data covering the UK’s surplus food redistribution sector and its capacity to meet demand.
The primary uses of food surplus were for emergency food provision (54.6%) or regular hot meal provision (33.5%), which Neighbourly says illustrates the dependency of large numbers of people on charity and donations and support from the commercial sector.
Organisations lacked essential capabilities needed to deliver meals consistently and in times of peak need: 48% needed more storage space; 41% required transport to collect donations; 37% were without refrigeration capabilities; 33% sought better funding; and 29% needed a more regular supply of contributions.
A lack of volunteers and retention of staff were less of an issue.
Neighbourly’s role is to bring together community causes, projects and charities with individuals and businesses, such as Marks & Spencer (pictured), that contribute time, resources or funding.
Steve Haines, leader of the Neighbourly food programme, said: “Food surplus redistribution is a win-win for society. But we need to address the huge gaps in both capability and capacity.”
Dr David Moon, head of food sustainability at WRAP, said its own recent research had highlighted opportunities to increase food surplus redistribution.
“These new insights build on this work, detailing some of the barriers that redistribution organisations face. Through Courtauld 2025, we will work with organisations to seek ways to overcome barriers, including better guidance on date labelling. This will deliver an important step in reducing food waste,” he said.

domain: sociology


text:
The inside of the mouth is normally lined with a special type of skin (mucosa) that is smooth and coral pink in color. Any alteration in this appearance could be a warning sign for a pathological process. The most serious of these is oral cancer.
The following can be signs at the beginning of a pathological process or cancerous growth:
- Reddish patches (erythroplasia) or whitish patches (leukoplakia) in the mouth
- A sore that fails to heal and bleeds easily
- A lump or thickening on the skin lining the inside of the mouth
- Chronic sore throat or hoarseness and/or difficulty in chewing or swallowing
These changes can be detected on the lips, cheeks, palate, and gum tissue around the teeth, tongue, face, and/or neck. Pain does not always occur with pathology, and curiously, is not often associated with oral cancer. However, any patient with facial and/or oral pain without an obvious cause or reason may also be at risk for oral cancer.
We would recommend performing an oral cancer self-examination monthly. Remember that your mouth is one of your body’s most important warning systems. Do not ignore suspicious lumps or sores. Please contact us so we can assist you with any questions or concerns.
Request an appointment online or call us today – we are here to help!Milford Office Derby Office Schedule an Appointment
Patient Reviews: Oral Cancer Screening
This reviews section is in progress. Please visit the Patient Review form to leave a review about your oral cancer pathology experience with Milford & Derby Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Call our office if you would like more information: Milford at Milford Office Phone Number 203-874-1664 or Derby at Derby Office Phone Number 203-734-2523.

domain: medical


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6 Ways to Identify Valuable Vintage Sheet Music. Print and download in PDF or MIDI Mask- Off Flute Sheet Music Ethan Magursky.


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"While crypto markets have seen rapid growth, such trading platforms don’t seem to be well-enough prepared in terms of security," said Hong Seong-ki, head of the country's cryptocurrency response team South Services Commission. "We’re trying to legislate the most urgent and important things first, aiming for money-laundering prevention and investor protection. The bill should be passed as soon as possible."
Researchers have pointed out at a "trend towards centralization". Although bitcoin can be sent directly to the bitcoin network, in practice intermediaries are widely used.:220–222 Bitcoin miners join large mining pools to minimize the variance of their income.:215, 219–222:3 Because transactions on the network are confirmed by miners, decentralization of the network requires that no single miner or mining pool obtains 51% of the hashing power, which would allow them to double-spend coins, prevent certain transactions from being verified and prevent other miners from earning income. As of 2013 just six mining pools controlled 75% of overall bitcoin hashing power. In 2014 mining pool Ghash.io obtained 51% hashing power which raised significant controversies about the safety of the network. The pool has voluntarily capped their hashing power at 39.99% and requested other pools to act responsibly for the benefit of the whole network.
On 18 March 2013, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (or FinCEN), a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury, issued a report regarding centralized and decentralized "virtual currencies" and their legal status within "money services business" (MSB) and Bank Secrecy Act regulations. It classified digital currencies and other digital payment systems such as bitcoin as "virtual currencies" because they are not legal tender under any sovereign jurisdiction. FinCEN cleared American users of bitcoin of legal obligations by saying, "A user of virtual currency is not an MSB under FinCEN's regulations and therefore is not subject to MSB registration, reporting, and recordkeeping regulations." However, it held that American entities who generate "virtual currency" such as bitcoins are money transmitters or MSBs if they sell their generated currency for national currency: "...a person that creates units of convertible virtual currency and sells those units to another person for real currency or its equivalent is engaged in transmission to another location and is a money transmitter." This specifically extends to "miners" of the bitcoin currency who may have to register as MSBs and abide by the legal requirements of being a money transmitter if they sell their generated bitcoins for national currency and are within the United States. Since FinCEN issued this guidance, dozens of virtual currency exchangers and administrators have registered with FinCEN, and FinCEN is receiving an increasing number of suspicious activity reports (SARs) from these entities.
In January 2014, Zynga announced it was testing bitcoin for purchasing in-game assets in seven of its games. That same month, The D Las Vegas Casino Hotel and Golden Gate Hotel & Casino properties in downtown Las Vegas announced they would also begin accepting bitcoin, according to an article by USA Today. The article also stated the currency would be accepted in five locations, including the front desk and certain restaurants. The network rate exceeded 10 petahash/sec. TigerDirect and Overstock.com started accepting bitcoin.
The whole process is pretty simple and organized: Bitcoin holders are able to transfer bitcoins via a peer-to-peer network. These transfers are tracked on the “blockchain,” commonly referred to as a giant ledger. This ledger records every bitcoin transaction ever made. Each “block” in the blockchain is built up of a data structure based on encrypted Merkle Trees. This is particularly useful for detecting fraud or corrupted files. If a single file in a chain is corrupt or fraudulent, the blockchain prevents it from damaging the rest of the ledger.
The U.S. federal investigation was prompted by concerns of possible manipulation during futures settlement dates. The final settlement price of CME bitcoin futures is determined by prices on four exchanges, Bitstamp, Coinbase, itBit and Kraken. Following the first delivery date in January 2018, the CME requested extensive detailed trading information but several of the exchanges refused to provide it and later provided only limited data. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission then subpoenaed the data from the exchanges.
Welcome to the Investopedia Bitcoin Center, where you can find the current price of Bitcoin as well as real-time updated news on the world’s most important cryptocurrency. For good or for ill, Bitcoin is being explored by every major world bank and may very well be the backbone of our global financial system in the near future. Use charts, watch videos, learn new Bitcoin related terms, and get all of your questions answered about Bitcoin here at Investopedia.
After Bitcoin nearly reached $20,000, it was not able to maintain those figures. January did see a high of over $17,500 around the 7th, but this was short-lived and followed by a steady drop. By the end of January 2018, Bitcoin was at just over $10,000. By Feb. 5, it was under $7,000. It rallied again, getting over $11,000 in early March, but this was followed by a drop back below $7,000. The largest recent high for Bitcoin was in early May, when it was above $9,500. By late June, it was under $6,000. Following a rise to more than $8,000 in late July, Bitcoin has remained around $6,000 to $6,500, other than a brief spike up over $7,300 in September.
Bitcoin mining saps energy, costly, uses more power and also the reward delays. For mining, run software, get your wallet ready and be the first to solve a cryptographic problem and you get your reward after the new blocks have been added to the blockchain.Mining is said to be successful when all the transactions are recorded in the blockchain and the new blocks are added to the blockchain.
A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold or store bitcoins, due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A better way to describe a wallet is something that "stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings" and allows one to access (and spend) them. Bitcoin uses public-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated. At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys.
Speculation drives numbers. Many Bitcoin users are holding onto their bitcoins in hopes of selling them off for an enormous profit one day. With news articles portraying Bitcoin millionaires as lucky kids who got in early, you can’t really blame them. For example, if you had spent your $5 latte money on 2,000 bitcoins one morning in 2010, they would be worth about $5.4 million today. Makes you really wish you’d managed your Starbucks budget better, doesn’t it?
Although there are no guarantees that Bitcoin will continue to rise in value, the future does look bright for this exciting cryptocurrency. Unlike leveraged instruments, you can rest assured that your exposure to Bitcoin is limited to what you pay for it. (This does not apply to Bitcoin or other cryptocurrency derivatives that may be leveraged or shorted).
Various journalists, economists, and the central bank of Estonia have voiced concerns that bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme. In 2013, Eric Posner, a law professor at the University of Chicago, stated that "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective delusion." A 2014 report by the World Bank concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme.:7 The Swiss Federal Council:21 examined the concerns that bitcoin might be a pyramid scheme; it concluded that, "Since in the case of bitcoin the typical promises of profits are lacking, it cannot be assumed that bitcoin is a pyramid scheme." In July 2017, billionaire Howard Marks referred to bitcoin as a pyramid scheme.
Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's 500-plus bitcoin forum posts; the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time. Because this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time, and the hours of 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. GMT are midnight to 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (North American Eastern Standard Time). Other clues suggested that Nakamoto was British: A newspaper headline he had encoded in the genesis block came from the UK-published newspaper The Times, and both his forum posts and his comments in the bitcoin source code used British English spellings, such as "optimise" and "colour".
In January 2015 Coinbase raised 75 million USD as part of a Series C funding round, smashing the previous record for a bitcoin company. Less than one year after the collapse of Mt. Gox, United Kingdom-based exchange Bitstamp announced that their exchange would be taken offline while they investigate a hack which resulted in about 19,000 bitcoins (equivalent to roughly US$5 million at that time) being stolen from their hot wallet. The exchange remained offline for several days amid speculation that customers had lost their funds. Bitstamp resumed trading on 9 January after increasing security measures and assuring customers that their account balances would not be impacted.
Bitcoin Trading Volume to get a Boost as Goldman Sachs Onboards Clients & with Bakkt Launch CoingapeGoldman Sachs is Signing up Customers for its Bitcoin Trading Product: Report CCNBitcoin [BTC] derivatives trading facility to be rolled out by Goldman Sachs for their clients AMBCrypto7 things to know and the best place to open a restaurant? Sorry, it's not […]
Josiah is an assistant editor at CCN. A former ancient and medieval literature teacher, he has been reporting on cryptocurrency since 2014. He lives in rural North Carolina with his wife and children. He holds investment positions in bitcoin and other large-cap cryptocurrencies. Follow him on Twitter @Y3llowb1ackbird or email him directly at josiah.wilmoth(at)ccn.com.
Jump up ^ Paul Vigna (18 February 2014). "BitBeat: Mt. Gox's Pyrrhic Victory". Money Beat. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014. 'Ode to Satoshi' is a bluegrass-style song with an old-timey feel that mixes references to Satoshi Nakamoto and blockchains (and, ahem, 'the fall of old Mt. Gox') with mandolin-picking and harmonicas.
If this is your first time reading a Bitcoin (BTC-USD)(COIN)(OTCQX:GBTC) Value Indicator report, you may want to refer to the original article, where I explain the three strongest corollaries with Bitcoin's market cap. You also may want to read the first Bitcoin Value Indicator report, published in July of this year, where I explain further how I turned those metrics into a consolidated system.
Bitcoin may react differently to inflation/deflation: Bitcoin differs significantly from fiat currencies, due to the fact that there is a limited number of bitcoins to be mined. Paper money, on the other hand, can be created at will out of thin air by central banks. Due to its limited supply, Bitcoin may potentially hold its value better than paper money, which can technically have an unlimited supply.
Exchanges, however, are a different story. Perhaps the most notable Bitcoin exchange hack was the Tokyo-based MtGox hack in 2014, where 850,000 bitcoins with a value of over $350 million suddenly disappeared from the platform. This doesn’t mean that Bitcoin itself was hacked; it just means that the exchange platform was hacked. Imagine a bank in Iowa is robbed: the USD didn’t get robbed, the bank did.
Bitcoin's origin story sounds like something out of science fiction: It was launched in 2008 on the heels of a white paper published by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto, whose real identity – and country of origin – are unknown. Nakamoto conceived of Bitcoin as a currency that was 1) encrypted; 2) decentralized, i.e. it was ungoverned and did not belong to any nation; and 3) a digital "distributed ledger," such that everyone can verify online the legitimacy of transactions.
Though transaction fees are optional, miners can choose which transactions to process and prioritize those that pay higher fees. Miners may choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid as a fee. These fees are generally measured in satoshis per byte (sat/b). The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction, and the number of outputs.:ch. 8
In September 2015, the establishment of the peer-reviewed academic journal Ledger (ISSN 2379-5980) was announced. It covers studies of cryptocurrencies and related technologies, and is published by the University of Pittsburgh. The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which will then be timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain. Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address in the first page of their papers.
The future of global payments could be in the early stages of significant change, with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies gaining in popularity and use. These charts can keep you up to date on Bitcoin prices and market activity, and can be a useful tool for timing purchases or sales. While prices could go down as well as up, the Bitcoin market has enormous potential, and prices seen in 2017 could eventually look like a genuine bargain.a
Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through "idioms of use" (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses. Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal information.

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J.A. Jewelers & Co. Brings New 3D Technology to Custom Jewelry Design.
New computerized design system lets you help design custom jewelry in full 3D.
Farmington, NM – Everywhere you look today, 3D technology is starting to radically change the way we live from how everyday products are designed and manufactured to how we experience major motion pictures. And now, the innovative new custom design system at My Jewelry Store brings 3D technology to the ancient art of jewelry making. Part futuristic movie, part cool video game, the computer-aided method of making jewelry is becoming the hottest trend in custom jewelry.
Working with the jewelry professionals at J.A. Jewelers & Co, you first select a starting point design from thousands of options. Then using the 3D design software, you have creative control to customize every detail of the jewelry from stone size, shape, and color to extensive design changes. Once you are satisfied, J.A. Jewelers & Co will precision build the jewelry just for you from the computer file. You then receive a totally unique, one-of-a-kind piece, that you helped create.
"We taylor your experience to each individual, with an outcome of a custom, one of a kind piece..."
This innovative new custom jewelry design system is only available at select jeweler stores across the country. Representing the most advanced and intuitive method for designing jewelry ever developed, the system has already become the hot new trend in custom jewelry. Shopping for jewelry will never be the same again when you can do more than just browse for jewelry, you can help create it at J.A. Jewelers & Co. Stop in for a free, no-obligation demonstration at 4005 E. Main, Suite D, next door to Costa Vida in Farmington, NM.

domain: artistic


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Even though the Summer Olympics happens only once every four years and the hosting city becomes the centre stage for the world, this event in Brazil comes with a major impact on the environment especially in such a beautiful part of the world.
For Brazil, the timing couldn’t be worse since at the current moment the country is going through both a bad recession and political turmoil as we have all seen in the news over the last few months. Not to mention that all the construction was behind schedule for the opening ceremonies on Friday August 5th. But the games have started even though the environmental issues and the impact is going to be scrutinized by locals and the world.
It is widely known that Rio De Janeiro has polluted waterways and the oceans are so full of trash that it is a major concern for all the athletes and events that will be competing on the local waters. Particularly the Guanabara Bay where the rowing and sailing events are scheduled to be held and because of Rio’s lack of sanitation and sewage treatment facilities there are reportedly more than 1 billion viruses from human sewage in a single liter of water from the Rodrigo de Freitas Lake. That is essentially 1.7 million times the level that would be considered dangerous and people should not be going near the water in the first place especially when you have world-class athletes training daily in it. It is also important to note that most of the bacteria is also Antibiotic resistant and considered a “super bacteria”. This type of bacteria will cause hard-to-treat urinary, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary and bloodstream infections that could be fatal.
If the polluted water ways weren’t enough, then there is the Zika virus which started in Brazil and now is making it’s way north to America, in the state of Florida. This mosquito born virus that has spread throughout South America as well, is known to cause birth defects in women who are pregnant. The only good news with the Zika virus is that it is winter time in the that limits the amount of mosquitos out there but it is still a factor and some mosquito repellent companies like “Off” are capitalizing on it and selling lots of spray cans for athletes and spectators.
Golf anyone? Delicate wildlife in Rio is saying no thank you! The organizers decided to not to use the current gold courses in Rio but to build and new one that is dangerously close to a natural animal reserve called Marapendi where rare butterflies live and other rare animals. And some of these animals and insects are not found anywhere else in the world making it dangerous and hazardous to build a golf course with all the construction and thousands of humans so close to this fragile environment.
An endangered species, the Jaguar was being used as Brazil’s team mascot and it had to be shot and killed after is tried to escape from it’s handlers. This event with all the people and activities is simply not normal for this animal and obviously scared it and it reacted by trying to run away. Nevertheless, animal activists and people for the ethical treatment of animals have been blogging and reporting on the incident since it happened.
There have been several other environmental issues as well that have had a negative impact on the local area like transit systems that are not even ready yet and with all the people, services, supplies and other transportation needs, this will create more congestion, noise and air pollution from all the vehicles that will be needed to move stuff and people around to all the events.
Do your thing to save the environment and use FabSwapp
By installing and using the Fabswapp app and exchanging good household items like clothes, books, games and other things that are still good with other like-minded people will help us all in the long run. In the next few weeks, kids will be getting ready to head back to school and it will be time to get them new clothes and supplies. Now is the time for you to start using the Fabswapp app today, save money and the environment and do your thing to make this a better world.
Do your thing to save our environment and start using Fabswapp today. Use the app to clear out your closet and find new things you want fast. You can download the Fabswapp app now on Google Play or Apple iTunes and find something you’ll need for free. You’ll be saving money and the environment and that is best for both. We’ll even give you 100 tokens for signing up. Remember every time you post something of yours on Fabswapp, you’ll get 5 free tokens. And you will also be helping us reduce the waste in landfills.


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I have no idea where to begin. It’s another one of those crazy nights where I can really start anywhere and it would be the right lead. I’m staring at my Firefox web browser and I have 10 tabs open. That’s TEN tabs with three potential lead stories.
I guess I’ll go with what has been breaking since about 5 p.m. today when NFL public relations guru Brian McCarthy Tweeted that the NFL Network was staying on Comcast systems past a May 1 deadline.
At the same time, a joint statement from Comcast and NFL Network was released stating that the two sides were talking on a carriage agreement. Since then, we’ve been in a holding pattern, but it is encouraging that Comcast and the NFL are talking, but it’s also sad that it took a potential removal of the channel from Comcast’s sports tiers to get the two sides to renew discussions.
Jim Williams of the Washington Examiner writes it appears the two sides are getting close to a long-term agreement. If that is the case, then it could pave the way for other big cable providers to come to terms with NFL Network.
Deborah Yao of the Associated Press says Comcast has agreed to carry NFL Network past the May 1 deadline for the time being.
John Eggerton of Broadcasting & Cable reports the two sides are saying the talks are productive.
Tim Lemke of the Washington Times says Comcast and NFL Network will maintain peace for now.
So if NFL Network is able to shake hands with Comcast, other providers will most likely follow suit. We’ll continue to monitor.
We go from Comcast/NFL Network to the bloodletting at the Baltimore Sun. Over 60 reporters, editors, graphic artists and other staff were fired Wednesday. Many of the firings were in the sports department which included two reporters and a photographer at Wednesday’s Anaheim Angels-Orioles game.
David Ettlin of The Real Muck blog says all told, 61 fine people at the Sun were fired and were given just 15 minutes to pack up their belongings.
The firings included Ray Frager who has become a favorite read of mine since I re-started Fang’s Bites in 2007. Ray said farewell to his readers today.
The excellent DCRTV.com which monitors radio, TV and newspaper dealings in the Baltimore-DC area has been keeping track of the entire situation and says many of the fired Sun staffers may be hired by an expanded Washington Post which could start up a suburban Maryland edition now.
Dave Hughes who heads up DCRTV, wrote an article for Baltimore’s Press Box site goes over the cuts in the Sun’s sports department.
Newsday’s Neil Best says Sports Illustrated’s Selena Roberts talked with the Dan Patrick radio show today regarding her new book on Alex Rodriguez.
UPDATE: 9:02 a.m. - I fell asleep in the middle of this, but I do want to get these up. I’ll have more stuff coming up.


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Among the most prominent games online, the bitcoin dice game is regarded as one of the most lucrative online games. The game has simple and straightforward rules that a player can be able to follow. The record win for the bitcoin dice game was in 2016 when 250 bitcoins were won in a single dice roll.
To maximize the wins, some of the strategies a player needs to have. The strategies are similar to the traditional dice game, with the same dice rolls as in the classic dice game. The focus is primarily on the players’ staking plans, whether they place their wager on the high or low dice rolls.
To apply the strategies properly, a player needs to understand the game first. In the bitcoin dice game, a player is required to choose a number between 1 and 100. After that, the player will place a wager on whether the bet is placed above that number. The higher the chances of winning more on the bet, the lower the chances of predicting the bet correctly.
Here are essential details of some of the crucial strategies you must apply while playing the bitcoin dice game and contesting their fate in the game.
Martingale strategy was invented in France in the 18th century and is still applied in the bitcoin dice game up to date. In this strategy, a player must double their wager once they suffer a loss until they win. If a player happens to win, they get back all the coins invested until the win. The player must now play their initial bet after they win in a new betting cycle once more.
However, this strategy has its pros and cons. On the advantage side, the game rules are easy to follow, and players can follow simply. There are no fast and hard rules on the number of coins that the players can place in a particular wager. The strategy is the ideal one for players who want a short term profit.
On the negative side, although the player has the liberty to choose the number of coins to place in any wager, this number of coins only sets a limit to the players that they cannot double their chance to ensure their win. The strategy ensures that you do not place a bet more than what you can afford to lose.
There is some similarity between the break-even and the original martingale strategy. The only difference is the staking process that slows down the rate of stake increments. Then there is the inverse martingale. Here, the player increases their stakes when on a winning streak rather than on a losing streak.
D’Alembert Strategy is different from the martingale strategy as it takes a more cautious approach. In this type of plan, a player raises a bet each type he loses and lowering the wager once a player wins a bitcoin dice roll. However, the chances of a player regaining the losses with one winning hand rely on the number of rolls the player had before winning.
However, just like any type of betting, this strategy has its pros and cons. On the positive side, it is less risky compared to the martingale approach. It follows a more structured system of betting than can be implanted in the game. There are low chances of players regaining all the money invested in any game in a single round on the negative side. In most cases, it becomes difficult for players to recover all the losses incurred.
The Paroli Strategy
In parole strategy, a player begins by placing a wager of his own choice. If the bet succeeds, the player can double his stake in the next rolls until he incurs some losses. If the winning streak continues and has already won big, he will have to temper his bet in that case. The strategy focuses on the lucky wins making it safer than the other two approaches.
This strategy’s disadvantage is that you need to be on the winning streaks to enjoy significant returns. The only tricky thing to maintain is the winning streak because they hardly last long.
Essential tips to consider while playing bitcoin dice game
When you cannot afford to lose any longer, stop immediately. As a player, know how to control your budget before you begin to play and when you have had enough winnings. It is essential to manage the number of times you place your wager because, in betting, all your hard-earned fortunes can vanish in a few seconds.
In conclusion, bitcoin dice games are fun to play, but there should be a lot of self-control when playing the game. The above strategies do not guarantee you sure winnings; it only enhances your chance of winning.

domain: game