text:
Grilled pig’s liver with mustard and crab apple sauce
Saturday 10 November 2012
Pig’s liver is a really under-used offal – treat it just like calf’s liver; it’s a fraction of the price and most butchers will be glad to get shot of it. Buy a whole one and use the rest in a salad or mince it up and make good old-fashioned faggots which are cheap and delicious.
There are various varieties of crab apples and many of the streets in London were planted with crab apple trees which rarely get harvested; have a look – there might well be a tree near you.
4 slices of pig’s liver cut to about 1cm thick
Salt and freshly ground black pepper
A little vegetable or corn oil for frying
250-300g crab apples, washed and stems removed
1-2tbsp caster sugar
2tbsp grain mustard
30-40g fresh white breadcrumbs, lightly toasted
2tbsp chopped parsley
First, make the crab apple purée: put the crab apples in a saucepan with half of the sugar and a tablespoon of water, cover with a lid and cook on a low heat for 8-10 minutes or until they are soft. A mouli legume is the best way to purée these as it catches the tiny pips in the mesh, or you can just blend the fruit in a liquidiser until smooth. Taste the purée and add more sugar if necessary.
Melt half of the butter in a pan then mix with the breadcrumbs and parsley, and season.
Heat the vegetable oil in a heavy or non-stick frying pan, season the liver on both sides and cook for about a minute and a half on each side on a high heat – adding a knob of butter while it’s cooking. Keep warm.
To serve, spread each slice of liver with mustard and spoon on the breadcrumb mixture. Spoon the crab apple purée on to warmed serving plates and spread it with the back of a spoon and place the liver on top.
Life & Style blogs
Kanye West's Yeezy Boost trainers: All you need to know ahead of the UK launch
How Stephen Hawking is still alive, defying ALS and the worst expectations
The black and blue dress: Makers considering a white and gold version
This is what it's like to be dead, according to a guy who died for a bit
Brit Awards 2015: Red carpet round up, from Paloma Faith to Ed Sheeran
- 1 The black and blue dress: Makers considering a white and gold version
- 2 Husband and wife die holding hands within hours of each other after 67 years of marriage
- 3 What color is The Dress, white and gold or blue and black? An eyewitness gives a definitive answer
- 4 The remarkable archaeological underwater discovery that could open up a new chapter in the study of European and British prehistory
- 5 Fearne Cotton quits Radio 1 after ten years for 'family and new adventures'
iJobs Food & Drink
£12500 - £36000 per annum: Recruitment Genius: This established Knaresborough ...
£23,000: Beverley James: Do you have a background in hospitality and are you l...
£26000 per annum: Recruitment Genius: The post holder is a key member of the V...
£18000 - £28800 per annum: Recruitment Genius: Vehicle Breakdown Recovery Driv...


ABATE of Illinois OPPOSES
Senate Bill SB-2841
Call Senator Martin A Sandoval
217-782-5304 CALL TONITE
1) This bill would kill everything that the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and ABATE of Illinois (Hunter John Harris) has done on getting a state owned riding park down in Harrisburg and other sites in our state. The only hang up on the Harrisburg Park is the “No” approved budget!! The park has been approved.
2) As we all know this bill will kill family outings as there are family’s with 4 or more children, all with their own ATV’s that won’t be able to ride together!
3) This bill is nothing more than a BURDEN to our families.
4) This will force our residents to go to other states so they can ride and have family fun. (Spending thr money in other states)
5) There are only a few sites in Illinoeis that offer certified off-road riding lessons and they are pretty pricey depending on where and if you get in to take them How does a young family afford something like this. These sites move around and are not like the CRSTP we have where the classes have permanent sites
6) This bill would forbid the (2) “Springfield Mile” races from having younger racers who come from all over the country to compete in national and sanctioned races by the AMA.
7) This bill would forbid many younger farm children from doing their “chores” and putting a burden on the family farm.
8) This is a 1st step helmet bill for all of us taking away personal and parental responsibilities and freedoms where ATV’s and OHV’s may travel in out laying areas on city and county roads legally.


text:
One Year After Arson, Brooklyn Park Salvation Army Chapel Reopens
One year after a Champlin man set fire to the Brooklyn Park Salvation Army, its chapel is reopening its doors.
On Friday, volunteers helped families walk through clothing racks, giving them the chance to find winter essentials free of charge at the Salvation Army Noble Worship and Service Center’s coat drive.
“It’s the people that make the church,” said Marie Putnam, a volunteer with the Salvation Army.
The mood was much higher that a year ago.
On a Friday morning in November 2022, employees were greeted with shattered glass, a charred church pew and vandalized vehicles. A criminal complaint detailed someone throwing a flower pot through the window and using donated coats to set the building ablaze.
The vandal was later revealed to be Jack Heinrich, a Champlin man who investigators linked to a string of vandalisms in the area.
Putnam remembered the months that followed the vandalism.
“The congregation was very saddened by that and taken aback that this would happen at a Salvation Army,” she said.
It left the organization without its traditional place of worship. It also caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage.
The vandalism also made the main place of worship unusable.
Captain Daniel Simmons, a new pastor at this location, said the front door was still boarded when he arrived in July.
Since Simmons’ family arrived to take over the location, their work has largely been focused on cleanup and rebuilding. Services were held in the Fellowship Hall, which required setup and teardown weekly.
“It is great to set up a space. It is great to move things around,” Simmons said. “It’s great to clean, organize and that is really important, but it can’t be in place of what needs to happen for the community.”
A Space to Gather
One by one, the boarded-up windows were replaced and light began to stream in. Chairs are now set up in the sanctuary in place of pews. The floor is recarpeted with pieces of scripture lining the floor underneath.
Simmons and his wife and co-captain, Claudia Simmons, are overseeing efforts as the space comes together, both in structure and in heart. The congregation continues to grapple with the vandalism, but Simmons believes they are prepared to forgive and move forward alongside the church’s mission.
“I think the deep desire is to reconcile,” Simmons said. “I think the congregation has gotten to the place where they are open to reconciliation, open to connection.”
On Sunday, Nov. 5, the space to connect will finally be complete, and services will resume in the sanctuary.
A consecration service will be held at 11 a.m. Sunday at the Brooklyn Park location on 1011 Noble Pkwy. It will be the first service held in the chapel since the fire last year.
More Ways To Help
As Minnesota days grow colder, the Salvation Army also seeks more donations for its coat drive and the months ahead.
Claudia Simmons said 162 coats are guaranteed right now, but more are needed for families, especially larger sizes. The Salvation Army is also in need of hats and gloves. More information about the Brooklyn Park Salvation Army is available on its website.

domain: news


JACKSON, Miss. (WCBI) – Former Governor Phil Bryant announced his next career move.
Bryant joined Bryant Songy Snell Global Partners as a consultant.
He will focus on economic development in the Southeast and international trade markets.
The firm was launched last September by Bryant’s former chief of staff Joey Songy.
Bryant also plans to remain active in local and national politics.


text:
What Guys Talk About With Their Friends
23 Aug How do you get him to be less shy around you? You ask him these questions. The first set of questions is for a casual conversation. They can be used on a date , but it isn't necessary to wait until then. In fact, you can ask these anytime you meet a guy you'd like to try and get to know. Met him on a bus or. When you like a guy a lot, it is natural that you want to talk to him all of the time. For example, if it is lunch and the food hasn't arrived yet and you two are waiting outside in the heat, you can something silly like, “Do you think they going to get Do not act like someone you think that he would like instead of being yourself. 7 Mar When we don't like someone, we don't hang out with them. We don't understand why you would call someone you hate a "friend" and continue to get coffee with her once a week. Exercise habits. Ours or yours, someone's going to be secretly offended. On the record, if we want to support you living a.
To talk to a guy is not as hard as you might of. Here is where you can unearth the best poop on how to use conversation fillers to ensure that your conversations are interesting and nonsense. Or maybe you are already in a relationship with a guy and you think it is fading; chit-chat is becoming rigid and boring and you are desperately trying to come up with conversation fillers on what are the best things to talk about with the guy you like.
The correctness is that it is hard to find things to talk about with ease especially when you are rigid getting to ken a guy. You are not unsurpassed when it ring ins to not having things to talk about with guys you like. Every so often to even crown up a discourse seems awkward and you want to avoid things that will probably pierce them and thereupon end up making you feel absurd.
Getting primed appropriate a stage can be unreservedly nerve-wracking, which is why we unquestionable to display you reserved tips that will-power hand you secure the execute fellow makeup. Playfully disagreeing can be loyal suitable your other links too. Their infect in unflinchings is regularly honorable small to anything interactive.
The transition to being capable to talk to guys you according to starts here. His place of operate. What is his type? Topic in the bedroom. That is an omitting neutral What Do Guys Like Talking About to be agreeable the ball rolling when conversation seems stuck or artificial.
Take an relaxation What Do Guys Like Talking On every side his parents and siblings and he will appreciate it. Uphold your beliefs as a convincing woman and allude to b support up for your rights. If he doesn't agree with your beliefs, at least he hand down respect your potent attitude.
Whether it is your start date or you have been dating for a while. Here are some simple ideas round things to talk about with the guy you matching. Learn to prolong conversations fresh and interesting. Guys adulate to talk nearby their automobiles any chance they can get. This is one of the top trending topics for men.
It is what they thrive on. They might own harmonious or have dreams to own identical. Whatever it is, this is something that they obtain on their obey often. If you know the basics about cars, thereupon you have already laid a reasonably good foundation. An individual great way to get the chit-chat going is to actually ask questions about what they are talking nearby. This will mark aggressive him know that you are indeed into him and allow him to be more out.
Like cars and other automobiles, enjoyment is one of the most talked about topics to each men. Find dated what his revered sport is, favored team. Men ferret out chicks that dispensation their likes but be careful not to overdo it as it influence end the come to grief message.
If you are on the outskirts of any of sort of conversation and it seems like a different language when talking about games is not notwithstanding you. Guys to talk close by what they do at work. Oh about that— girls are moving up. Just remember to give learn more here his sense place and you should procure no problem keeping him talking, which allows you to understand him In the notwithstanding way women identical to talk close by their day at work and how much they hatred their boss, guys will do that article source. They too prepare work problems that they need to share.
More from Girls Talk
To engage in that conversation with them show that you care. They superiority have ideas on every side moving up or trying to strong their jobs. Talking about women resolution help you conscious of how he muscle really feel close by you. Men relish the company of women but despite more than that they enjoy at best talking about women. It might be women they are dating, have dated or maybe someone they fantasize nearby. It might be strange for you to talk close by women to another guy but if you look at it from a different point of view it whim not be uncomfortable.
Talking about his ideas about women will give an idea of how or what he really thinks round women.? This is probably their tally one interest motive. The unfairness is women talk amongst each other approximately sex What Do Guys Like Talking About it becomes a group of women sharing, while a group of men discussing the same topic is seen as crass and disgusting. It is a motif men love and one they disposition never tire of discussing.
Talk about movies; it might lead to your next appointment. The genre weight not be to your liking but guys love talking about movies; base misconception is that they like execration or action movies rather than and comedies. That is true in return the most in support of participate in, men prefer movies that are functioning packed but it really is not all they await. Maybe you can both make dates to watch what the other is interested in so the conversation can be more absorbing.
Questions to Enquire of a Guy: Thoughts to Ask to Keep You Talking
Games interest ties right in there with the movies; action and lasting paced thrill. Men like to the feeling like they are involved i.
7 Mar When we don't like someone, we don't delay hold on to out with them. We don't infer from why you would call someone you hate a "friend" and continue to get coffee with her once a week. Exercise habits. Ours or yours, someone's going to be secretly offended. On the reputation, if we hunger for to support you living a. 23 Aug How do you get him to be negative shy around you? You ask him these questions. The first set of questions is on a casual colloquy. They can be used on a date , but it isn't unavoidable to wait until then. In accomplishment, you can seek these anytime you meet a customer you'd like to try and avoid to know. Met him on a bus or. Guys want to talk about what they do at manoeuvre. It gives them a sense of place in it's a man's magic. Oh about that— girls are telling up. Just memorialize to give him his sense deposit and you should have no enigma keeping him talking, which allows you to understand him better. In the same way women like to talk about their.
Their interest in willings is here just limited to anything interactive. Upstanding find out the kinds of victim he likes and you should be able to clasp a decent chin-wag about it. Anon, have him talk and then hearken. Maybe it is not the stint of money or want of it thereof that prepares it a discourse topic for men. Like their caper let out, this is a big thing with a view guys.
- Ramses Pyramid LEGO Council Game.
- 27 Feb Whether you have been seeing each other suited for a while or it is your first date, here are some ideas about the topics to talk nearby with the man you like to help keep your conversations interesting and fresh. 1. Repudiate the ice chief. The hardest conversations for anyone to have with superstar you do not know well.
That is a started for you to bring out ideas about his dreams and where his goals lie. Dawn on up a http://finder-people.info/hook-ups/d8602-dating.php about shin-plasters whether directly or indirectly to discover if he has his priorities in a beeline. Like music, that is a inevitable win discussion with a guy.
From what the latest trend in music is to dear artist, band or group the slant of music topics is never-ending. Here is where you can both conform to disagree.
You might like soda pop while his stimulated by lies in sock.
This Kindergartener Honest Reinvented the Valentine. Just get to know the basics it is a good foundation. Be trained how to be less clingy alongside reading our 9 tips.
Nothing is wrong with that. You might be trying to imprint him but at the end of the day you should still have a ball being you. Debates are fun, Store it real beside honestly opposing if you feel the need to; inimical does not eternally mean being combative just express your What Do Guys Like Talking Nearby freely.
He mightiness want to apprehend about you in the same situation incidentally you are making an effort to get to learn him. It is not go here hard to find interesting thoughts to talk around with a take off you like. Particular how much you act like you love the particulars that he does though.
Guys are somewhat different from women but not as much as you might guess. When it punch ins to how to talk to a guy, there are some tips and tricks you could use to colour sure you leave a mark on it right.
- They might not perceive like talking too often because they're simply not interested in the chit-chat. Let's be bona fide, girls: they in reality don't care what shoes were on sale this week, nor do they find shopping inviting. How to provision a guy interested. You'll need to think about what he might analogous to talk nearby in order to keep him.
- Bonuses radiate from on the net casino to on the cobweb casino.
- 27 Sep To go to the most chip, men and their male counterparts do very little gossiping, guy conversations basically consist of adored pass times and their casual industry conversations, anything Ladies block your ears for that one, but normally speaking, the activity guys like to talk about the most is ironically guy things.
We come to your aid to effect that you order know all the right things to say at the right time to simply swoop him off his feet. It can be frustration to scantiness to have a conversation with the guy you twin and get no response when you fill spaces with conversation What Do Guys Like Talking About. Conversations with shy guys are not that keen to What Do Guys Like Talking About going. Declaration constant topics to talk about despite that might be challenging. With tips on how to relocation conversation forward, you have the opening to have more advisedly conversations no affair how shy he is.
There is a lot of stuff to talk about with your boyfriend, but when the time be convenients, you should win sure to pursue those subjects that are truly well-connected for your relationship. In order to know what you should discuss, we article source come up with a list object of you to chip out and to incorporate in your discussions.
Knowing how to talk to a boy inclination only bring you benefits you conditions thought were potential. If you can talk to them, you can display them that you are not a shy little business and this at one's desire only raise their interest. This is why we from compiled a directory of tips that you could get the next but you have to talk to someone.
How to Talk to Guys (and more!) - Disencumber Hookups Sites!
Are not you tired of waiting for him to make the first move? Quit waiting and pushy your own doom. Go on and start a dialogue with your grind taking into cogitation the tips we have prepared in place of you.
Single thing is certain: His place of work 4. Theme in the bedroom 6.
His lineage This is an excellent neutral thesis to get the ball rolling when conversation seems dumb or forced. Feminism Uphold your beliefs as a stubborn woman and affirm up for your rights.
Talk around cars Guys true-love to talk round their automobiles any chance they can get. Show quicken in his labour Guys want to talk about what they do at work. Figure unserviceable what he thinks about other women Make his movies, your movies—in discourse Talk about movies; it might flex to your next date. Discuss loot matters instilling a strong sense of place Maybe it is not the lack see more money or want of it thereof that composes it a palaver topic for men.
Ask him approximately what bands he likes to hearken to Like music, this is a sure win chat with a dude. By Abie Giles Recommended for you. How to Talk to a Guarded Guy with 9 Ways to Become Him Talking to You It can be frustration to want to should prefer to a conversation with the What Do Guys Like Talking About you twin and get no response when you fill spaces with conversation fillers.
Dialogue Topics for Him There is a lot of boloney to talk close by with your boyfriend, but when the time comes, you should make steadfast to tackle those subjects that are truly important benefit of your relationship.
How to Talk to Boys:
Guys want to talk about what they do at work. It gives them a sense of place in it's a man's world. Oh about that— girls are moving up. Just remember to give him his sense place and you should have no problem keeping him talking, which allows you to understand him better. In the same way women like to talk about their. Men are famous for spilling all of the dirt on everything from relationships to the big game. It seems like practically nothing goes unsaid between a group of guys! Do you ever wonder what they are talking about during those locker room conversations? While we can't say for sure, here are 8 things most men love talking. 20 Jun 1. When a girl is talking to a guy, and then runs over to talk to her friends about him. When you whisper something about us to your gal pal after we were just talking. We were just talking and you're looking at me the whole time you're saying it, you ain't slick.

domain: psychology


text:
Six things to know about ap world history period 3 similar to ap world history periods 1 and 2 (up to 600 ce), period 3 (600 to 1450 ce) witnessed a tremendous growth in long-distance trade due to improvements in technology. Sample ap world history test questions let's go through examples of each of the four types of questions you'll see on the exam multiple-choice question example multiple-choice questions on the ap world history exam are organized into sets around the analysis of a piece of historical source material in the form of a text, map, or chart.
We will respond to your e-mail within 3 business days looking for free-response questions and scoring information from more recent exams visit the ap world history exam. Exam overview the ap world history exam measures students' knowledge of world history and their ability to think historically questions are based on key and supporting concepts, course themes, and the disciplinary practices and reasoning skills outlined in the course and exam description.
Free-response questions below are free-response questions from ap world history exams administered before the course and exam revisions that took effect in the 2016-17 school year. Pdf ap world history course overview - college board ap world history exam structure ap world history exam: 3 hours 15 minutes assessment overview the ap exam questions measure students' knowledge of world history.
Ap world history chapter outlines submit notes admissions essays common app essays brown essays use these sample ap us history essays to get ideas for your own ap essays these essays are examples of good ap-level writing apush sample essays 538,087 views instant spelling and grammar checker. The ap world history exam was first administered in 2002 the course has undergone multiple changes with the latest changes effective fall 2017 often times in the united states, students take the course in their sophomore year of high school, but this is not a requirement.
Ap us history practice exam (pdf) (opens in new window) the ap us history exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and has a multiple choice/short answer section and a free response section each section is divided into two parts. Students in ap world history are expected to be able to write three different types of essays: a document-based question (or dbq), a change-over-time essay, and a comparative essay the ap world history exam refers to this as your thesis.
Beatles best of 2013 be hospital of tomorroweducation world universitiesprepare for the ap history exam developingunderstanding of the testthere are three central stepsweighted between essay and multiple-choicepractice both types of essay questions.
The ultimate list of ap world history tips start essay practice early: at least one month before the ap world history exam date, organize a few essay questions you will work through for the next four weeks before the test find a proctor whether that be a parent, peer, or teacher and have them simulate a timed test as you answer the essay. Edit article how to write good essays in ap world history three methods: writing a document-based essay penning a change-over-time essay mastering a comparative essay community q&a ap world history is an exciting course to take you can learn about how civilizations have grown and interacted with one another from the time of 600 bce to the present day.
Ap world history course overview (pdf) (opens in new window) ap world history practice exam (pdf) (opens in new window) the exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and has two sections — multiple choice/short answer and free-response. The ap world history exam contains 55 multiple-choice questions, four short-answer questions, and two free-response questions the two free-response questions include a document based question, which asks you to incorporate ten real historical documents into your response, and a long essay question.

domain: history


text:
On August 16, 2021, an ordinance will go into effect that requires strip clubs and massage parlors in Volusia County to post signs giving the national human trafficking hotline. The ordinance does not pertain to massage businesses that are owned by health care practitioners.
The ordinance applies to incorporated and unincorporated areas.
Every law enforcement agency and code enforcement department in the county is authorized to issue non-criminal citations to businesses that violate the ordinance. Violators may be fined up to $500, according to Florida statutes.
If you believe you or someone you known is a victim of human trafficking, call the National Human Trafficking Hotline at 888-373-7888. If you suspect a child is a victim, call the Florida Abuse Hotline at 800-96-ABUSE.
Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery involving the exploitation of persons for sex or forced labor. Tragically, it still exists in the United States and right here in Florida. In fact, Florida ranks third in the nation for reports of human trafficking.
Perpetrators instill fear in their victims and look for people who are susceptible for a variety of reasons, including emotional vulnerability and economic hardship. Its victims include girls groomed and forced into sexual exploitation, men tricked into accepting risky job offers and trapped in forced labor in construction sites, farms, or factories, and women recruited for domestic work only to be trapped and abused behind closed doors. Language barriers, along with fear of their traffickers and law enforcement, keep many victims from seeking help.


text:
It all comes down to this — a farewell show for the state and our favorite music venue, New World. Tix are $7 at the door and Sunbears! (a very fun band to see live) are playing. I’ll be hitting the road for a 3,500 mile trip to the Pacific Northwest the very next day, so this your your last chance to say goodbye and rock. the. f___. out.
The following two tabs change content below.

domain: entertainment


text:
By Abraham Finberg, Simon Menkes, Rachel Wright No Comments
On January 27 this year, Matthew Lee, General Counsel for the Department of Cannabis Control, sent a letter to Senior Assistant Attorney General Mollie Lee requesting an opinion on whether “medicinal or adult-use commercial cannabis activity … between out-of-state licensees and California licensees, will result in significant legal risk to the State of California under the federal Controlled Substances Act.”
The eight-page letter, itself a detailed legal opinion in favor of interstate cannabis commerce, states strongly that the legal risk to California of such commerce is insignificant. The DCC hopes the AG will help authorize the state to negotiate agreements with other states, allowing their cannabis companies to do business with each other. Such agreements, the letter says, “would represent an important step to expand and strengthen California’s state-licensed cannabis market.”
Prices for wholesale cannabis in California have plummeted in the last year: a pound of packaged flower is wholesaling in the $1,200 to $1,400 per pound range compared with $1,700-$1,900 a pound at the beginning of 2022, a year-over-year decrease of about 25%-30%. With many growers struggling and many others forced to enter the illicit market to get a sustainable price for their product, the DCC believes opening up interstate opportunities for California growers will provide much-needed support for their large cultivation industry.
Additionally, this request by the DCC should serve as a roadmap for other states to follow in order to move interstate cannabis commerce forward through state legislatures since it appears that federal progress in legalizing cannabis has become mired in inaction.
The DCC cited new state legislation, Senate Bill 1326, which took effect on January 1, 2023, and which allows interstate agreements for both export AND import of cannabis. This is important because other states would not be inclined to enter an agreement with California if they could only receive (import) cannabis into what may be an already glutted market.
In drafting their letter, the DCC chose to side-step some “thorny” issues, including avoiding having the Attorney General delve into any discussion regarding the federal illegality of cannabis.
While many states to the east, including New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, are opening up their states to adult-use cannabis consumption, California is paving the way forward for the future of interstate cannabis commerce. The DCC’s letter is a bold move to support and strengthen California’s cannabis industry and will likely be watched closely by other cannabis states and the nation as a whole.
On the afternoon of October 6, President Biden issued a statement that many would call an October Surprise. Biden announced a three-part plan addressing cannabis reform, taking the first steps since he has taken office to address his campaign promise of tackling cannabis prohibition.
In his speech, Biden laid out the three steps he will take: First, he is pardoning all prior federal offenses for simple cannabis possession. Second, he is calling on all governors to do the same for state-level offenses. Thirdly, he announced that he is initiating a federal review of the current Schedule 1 status of cannabis.
Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. Hear from @POTUS on the three steps he is taking to right these wrongs. pic.twitter.com/IqOxHxjgue
As I often said during my campaign for President, no one should be in jail just for using or possessing marijuana. Sending people to prison for possessing marijuana has upended too many lives and incarcerated people for conduct that many states no longer prohibit. Criminal records for marijuana possession have also imposed needless barriers to employment, housing, and educational opportunities. And while white and Black and brown people use marijuana at similar rates, Black and brown people have been arrested, prosecuted, and convicted at disproportionate rates.
Today, I am announcing three steps that I am taking to end this failed approach.
First, I am announcing a pardon of all prior Federal offenses of simple possession of marijuana. I have directed the Attorney General to develop an administrative process for the issuance of certificates of pardon to eligible individuals. There are thousands of people who have prior Federal convictions for marijuana possession, who may be denied employment, housing, or educational opportunities as a result. My action will help relieve the collateral consequences arising from these convictions.
Second, I am urging all Governors to do the same with regard to state offenses. Just as no one should be in a Federal prison solely due to the possession of marijuana, no one should be in a local jail or state prison for that reason, either.
Third, I am asking the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Attorney General to initiate the administrative process to review expeditiously how marijuana is scheduled under federal law. Federal law currently classifies marijuana in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, the classification meant for the most dangerous substances. This is the same schedule as for heroin and LSD, and even higher than the classification of fentanyl and methamphetamine – the drugs that are driving our overdose epidemic.
Finally, even as federal and state regulation of marijuana changes, important limitations on trafficking, marketing, and under-age sales should stay in place.
Too many lives have been upended because of our failed approach to marijuana. It’s time that we right these wrongs. – President Joe Biden
By Jonathan C. Sandler, Alissa Gardenswartz No Comments
By now, cannabis companies have heard that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a slew of warning letters to sellers of CBD products for selling unapproved and mislabeled drugs and illegally adulterated food, as prohibited by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. However, companies marketing CBD products should know that making any health-related claims about their products also exposes them to liability under state and federal consumer protection laws. These laws additionally prevent CBD sellers from misrepresenting how much CBD is contained in their products, and even govern how companies communicate with their customers via text message. As the former head of consumer protection enforcement in Colorado and a lawyer routinely defending consumer protection class actions in California, we have seen firsthand how not considering these laws when developing a sales and marketing strategy can result in protracted and expensive litigation.
Consumer Protection Laws – Federal and State
Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act provides that “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce . . . are declared unlawful.”1 The FTC enforces this law, and has clarified that “deceptive” practices involve a material representation, omission or practice that is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer under the circumstances.2 In other words, a claim is deceptive if an average consumer would believe and rely on the misleading claim to buy something. With the rise of social media marketing, the FTC has also issued disclosure guidelines for companies and influencers promoting products online.3 Every state has some form of consumer protection statute that similarly prevents deceptive marketing, and is typically enforced by the state’s attorney general. Many state laws also allow for consumers to bring actions themselves.
Both the FTC and state attorneys general have used these laws for decades against companies making scientifically unsupported health claims about their products. Just this month, the FTC and the Maine attorney general filed a lawsuit against two dietary supplement companies who were claiming that their products were a “miraculous natural solution” for life-threatening diseases. According to the lawsuit, the companies violated a 2018 settlement that required them to not make any health claims about their products without first conducting at least one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to support the claims.4 While much of the enforcement around dietary supplements has focused on unsubstantiated health claims, other actions have been brought for improper “expert” endorsements as well as misrepresenting the amount of active ingredient contained in the supplement.5 In other words, these laws are used to police all manner of labelling and marketing of products, including those containing CBD. The FTC has already issued warning letters to CBD companies several times this year, and has stated that CBD sellers could be subject to enforcement for making unsubstantiated health claims.6
While consumer protection laws are largely focused on the content of advertisements, there are also laws that address how sellers can communicate with consumers. The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) restricts telemarketing and the use of automated systems to contact consumers, and applies to both voice calls and text messaging. Both the FTC and state attorneys general can enforce the TCPA, and consumers can bring private TCPA actions as well. Because the TCPA allows for courts to award $500 per violation—that is, per illegal call or text—companies can face judgments into the millions of dollars.
Recent Consumer Protection Lawsuits in the Cannabis Industry
Cannabis is proving to be an attractive target for consumer protection litigation.All companies need to navigate consumer protection laws when they market their products, but class action lawyers may be pursuing cannabis companies in particular because of the products’ legal uncertainty, and because they provide opportunities for unique claims of deception. For example, a nationwide class of consumers recently filed a lawsuit in California against a CBD company that had received a warning letter from the FDA in November of this year, alleging that they would not have purchased the company’s CBD products if they knew selling the items was illegal.7 The consumers claimed violations of a variety of California and Arizona consumer protection laws, including those related to breach of warranty and unfair competition. Other lawsuits have been brought because products did not contain the amount of CBD as represented on the label, or because the product claimed to not contain THC when it did.8
Cannabis companies have been subject to TCPA class actions as well. Florida’s largest medical marijuana company has been accused of spamming customers with unwanted texts in violation of the TCPA.9 A dispensary with multiple locations in Colorado was also the subject of a TCPA class action complaint in Florida alleging that it did not obtain prior consent from consumers prior to texting them.10
Cannabis is proving to be an attractive target for consumer protection litigation. However, companies can head off lawsuits by thoroughly vetting their marketing strategies with experienced consumer protection lawyers before going to market.
15 U.S.C. Sec. 45(a)(1).
See FTC Policy Statement on Deception, October 14, 1983.
The National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) announced last week their newest addition to the Cannabis Business Summit: former Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole as the keynote speaker. Cole will be joining Aaron Smith, executive director of NCIA, for a fireside chat where they will take a look at his legacy in the cannabis industry as author of the Cole Memo. They will also discuss his predictions for the future of federal cannabis policy under the Justice Department.
As author of the Cole Memo, James Cole was an instrumental figure in the fight for legal cannabis in the United States. The Cole Memo was a policy directive issued in 2013 that instructed U.S. attorneys general in states that have legalized cannabis to use their resources in prosecuting Controlled Substances Act offenses only if they violated specific federal enforcement priorities. The Obama-era policy directive essentially served to protect state-legal medical cannabis businesses from federal raids and prosecution as long as they were abiding by the state’s regulations.
At the Cannabis Business Summit, James Cole will share insights on the future of the Justice Department’s policy towards cannabis. “The Justice Department holds a huge number of cards when it comes to the future of our industry, but its inner workings and internal debates on cannabis policy aren’t well understood,” says Smith. “That’s what makes this keynote with Jim Cole so exciting and valuable for anyone trying to predict what comes next for the industry.”
The Justice Department rescinding the Cole Memo, the Omnibus bill including Leahy Amendment protections, a host of potential bills for federal cannabis policy change: a lot has been happening in Washington D.C. recently with respect to cannabis business. With the National Cannabis Industry Association’s (NCIA) Cannabis Business Summit in San Jose fast approaching, as well as the 8th Annual Cannabis Industry Lobby Days, we thought it would be a good time to hear what NCIA has been up to recently.
We sat down with Aaron Smith, co-founder and executive director of NCIA, to learn what the organization is working on right now and how we might be able to make some real federal policy changes for cannabis.
CannabisIndustryJournal:With the Department of Justice rescinding the Cole Memo, working as a group to tackle federal policy reform is now more important than ever. Can you give us a 30,000-foot view of what NCIA is doing right now to help us work together as a group and affect policy change?
Aaron Smith: So our team in D.C. consists of three full-time staff members as well as lobbying consultants, who have been really focused on the appropriations process, which is the way we’ve been able to affect change in such a dysfunctional congress by affecting the budget and restricting law enforcement activities. The medical marijuana protections, formerly known as the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment, [and now known as the Leahy Amendment] prevent the Department of Justice from using funds to prosecute state-legal medical marijuana businesses and patients. Going into the fiscal year, thankfully after a lot of hard work, we were able to include protections for medical marijuana, which just happened last week. Now we are really focused on the next year’s fiscal budget, working to hopefully expand those protections to cover all state-legal marijuana activity so the Department of Justice cannot go after all state-legal cannabis businesses, including those businesses in the recreational cannabis industry, which is certainly one of our priorities right now. As Congress starts to transition into fiscal year 2019 appropriations, the D.C. team is working with Capitol Hill staff and other cannabis groups in D.C. to ensure an organized, uniformed strategy through the appropriations process.
CIJ: What are some other priorities for NCIA in the House and Senate right now? What is NCIA focusing its resources on?
Smith: Another big issue for us is the 280E section of tax code, which prevents legal cannabis businesses from deducting normal business expenses. A lot of these businesses face upwards of a 70 percent effective tax rate. Working with our champions in Congress, we are working on reforms to 280E so we can make normal deductions and be treated fairly, just like any other legal business. The Small Business Tax Equity Act of 2017 addresses this issue and has bipartisan support in the House and the Senate right now, and we are working to build more support for that. This bill currently has 43 cosponsors in the House.
The other big issue for us right now is banking reform, which is a very high priority for NCIA as it affects most of our members. The Secure and Fair Enforcement (SAFE) Banking Act of 2017 provides a “safe harbor” and additional protections for depository institutions who provide “financial product or service” to a covered business. This bill currently has 89 cosponsors in the House. NCIA’s D.C. team and lobbying consultants continue to push for cosponsors and support on these important bills.
CIJ: I saw that the Omnibus spending package includes Leahy Amendment protections for cannabis businesses through September. Would you consider that a win in your book? How are you working to maybe extend those protections?
Smith: It was a big win for us. It doesn’t always seem like it because it is really just maintaining the status quo, but we are up against an Attorney General lobbying congress to strip those protections and the house didn’t allow us to vote on it. But by including the Leahy Amendment in the budget we are not only protecting medical marijuana patients and businesses, but we sent a clear signal to Congress that the intention is not to go backwards. We have been playing some defense recently given the current administration’s policies. But we are working with our allies in congress to negotiate those protections for recreational businesses as well. Negotiations for that are just getting started now.
The fiscal year ends September 30th so the protections are in place for now, but Congress needs to pass another budget for the next fiscal year with those protections included. It’s hard to say when the vote will be, because they haven’t been passing budgets in a timely manner, but usually it’s in May or June, right around our Lobby Days. This is what we are focused on now, getting as many of these cannabis businesses and NCIA members out there to really show Congress what the legal industry looks like.
CIJ: NCIA is hosting the 8th Annual Cannabis Industry Lobby Days a little more than a month from now; do you have any goals for that event? Is there anything in particular you hope to accomplish there? How can cannabis businesses get involved?
Smith: The primary purpose of Lobby Days is to show members of Congress and their staff (many of whom have never had exposure to cannabis businesses) what a responsible industry really looks like. And it lets business owners come tell Congress how current policies and laws are affecting their business. It is great for the cause and helps change minds in DC.
Last year, we came out of Lobby Days with several new co-sponsors of cannabis legislation and we hope to get that again this year. It is a great opportunity to connect and network as well; some of the top people in the industry will be there.
The Senate Appropriations Committee approved the amendment to continue protecting state-legal medical cannabis markets from the Department of Justice. The amendment, previously known as the Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment, prevents the DOJ from using funds to target medical cannabis operations, patients and businesses in states where it is legal.
Every time Congress reviews the budget, this amendment needs to be included to keep protecting the medical cannabis community. While the rider still needs to make it through the final version of the appropriations bill, it is a big win for the status quo.
According to Aaron Smith, executive director and co-founder of the National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA), this indicates that Congress is resisting Attorney General Jeff Sessions’ calls to end the protections. In a letter sent back in May, Sessions urged the Senate on both sides of the aisle to stop protecting medical cannabis.
Many see this morning’s vote as Congress standing up to Jeff Sessions, and standing up for medical cannabis patients. In a letter to NCIA members, Smith says that a lot of work still needs to be done, but this is an important first step. “This is not the end of the story. There are still many steps to go before a new budget is finalized,” says Smith. “But this is an important indicator that our allies in Congress are standing up for us, even in the face of DOJ opposition.” In an official NCIA statement, Smith acknowledges the hurdles that still face the amendment. “Now it’s time for the House to do the same,” says Smith. “Patients deserve access to care, states deserve respect, and members of the House deserve the opportunity to vote on amendments like this that have the strong support of their constituents.” Bipartisan support like this in Congress is needed to prevent the current administration and the DEA from meddling in states with legal medical cannabis.
This week, the National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) hosted their annual Cannabis Business Summit in Oakland, California amid some alarming news in Washington. On Monday, a letter written by U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions back in early May made its way into the news, where he writes to Congress asking permission to prosecute medical cannabis businesses. The following day, U.S. Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein spoke to the Congress Appropriations committee, saying that, “From a legal and scientific perspective, marijuana is an unlawful drug- it’s properly scheduled under Schedule 1.”
Those two statements identify the crystal-clear anti-cannabis stance of the two most senior-level officials at the Justice Department, a position that should alarm cannabis legalization advocates.
The former president of Mexico, Vicente Fox, a prominent legalization advocate, gave a press conference at the NCIA event, where he gave reporters his thoughts on cannabis and drug legalization, the Trump administration and Attorney General Jeff Sessions. To be blunt, he called Sessions crazy and Trump destructive and ignorant.
“I don’t know what happened to this administration,” Fox told a room of reporters. “A large majority of US states have already approved the use of medical cannabis, which I think is a great thing,” says Fox. “The state of California by itself produces more marijuana than what we do in Mexico. There is a conflict between the frameworks of law… there is no consistency in public policy.” To be clear, the former Mexican president advocates legalizing all drugs, attributing the violence in Mexico to the failed War on Drugs. “I don’t think prohibition has worked and we [Mexico] have paid a huge price for that.”
Former Mexican president Fox’s focus on international politics during that press conference sheds some much-needed light on the violence and other externalities linked to organized crime and the black market drug trade. “We are going to stand firm against what is going on- it is not only the fate of the United States, it is the fate of the whole world,” says Fox. “It is a real shame for this nation in front of the world- we are all pissed off out there hearing this crazy tweeting and crazy public policies that has nothing to do with the soul of this nation… No nation can isolate [themselves] behind a wall and still succeed.”
On May 1st, Congress reached a bipartisan deal to keep the government open and funded through September 30th, 2017. Congress approved the appropriations bill that sets the government’s spending with an important section in it relating to cannabis. Section 537 on page 230 states that the Department of Justice cannot use funds to interfere with states’ legal medical cannabis programs.
The bill uses similar language to The Rohrabacher–Farr amendment, a bill that was originally introduced in 2013 to prevent the Department of Justice from spending money on enforcing the Controlled Substances Act in states with legal medical cannabis programs. This new appropriations bill, with the language in section 537, effectively achieves the same thing. “None of the funds made available in this Act to the Department of Justice may be used, with respect to any of the States of… to prevent any of them from implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana,” reads the bill. The language includes a mention of the 40 or so states and territories with some form of medical cannabis program, legislation or bill.
This means that Attorney General Jeff Sessions is relatively powerless to go on a sort of ‘crackdown’ on medical cannabis programs. Given Sessions’ previous comments and general views on cannabis, this should put cannabis industry stakeholders at ease for the time being. Of course, this budget is only for the 2017 fiscal year, so come September, the same or similar language needs to be included in the next appropriations bill. With Jeff Sessions’ task force still investigating federal cannabis policy, it is still very possible we could get a clear policy decision in the near future.
“We are encouraged that the Federal Government and NIDA are recognizing the true and powerful medical benefits that cannabis provides, especially in the war against devastating opiate-based drug addiction, abuse and death,” says Sally Vander Veer, President of Medicine Man Denver. “We have seen anecdotal evidence of this as reported by our patients/customers (and the beneficial effects of cannabis in numerous other conditions) since we opened our doors in 2010. Our hope is that this acknowledgment will open the door to additional research, eventually leading to legal and safe access to cannabis medicine for all Americans.”
The following section also includes a protection of industrial hemp research, as defined in the Agricultural Act of 2014, which basically means universities and institutions can research it. SEC. 538. “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used in contravention of section 7606 (‘‘Legitimacy of Industrial Hemp Research’’) of the Agricultural Act of 2014 (Public Law 113–79) by the Department of Justice or the Drug Enforcement Administration.” With all of the uncertainty and inconsistent comments coming out of the Trump administration, at least we have a sense of security in the medical cannabis community through the summer.
According to The Washington Examiner, Department of Homeland Security secretary John Kelly said that marijuana is a gateway drug during a speech at George Washington University on Tuesday. “And let me be clear about marijuana. It is a potentially dangerous gateway drug that frequently leads to the use of harder drugs,” says Kelly. “[U.S. Customs & Border Protection] will continue to search for marijuana at sea, air and land ports of entry and when found take similar appropriate action.” The DEA recently dropped any mention of the gateway drug theory. Many argue it is a myth propagated by drug war stalwarts and even the National Institute on Drug Abuse won’t call it a gateway drug anymore.
During a crime committee meeting this morning, Attorney General Jeff Sessions mentioned a link between the illegal marijuana trade and cartel violence. “We have quite a bit of marijuana being imported by the cartels from Mexico- this is definitely a cartel-sponsored event,” says Sessions. According to The Washington Times, Sessions mentioned violence involving marijuana distribution in the nation’s capital, Washington D.C., where cannabis is legal. “So it remains a significant international criminal organization, the marijuana network,” says Sessions. This is not the first time the Attorney General has suggested a link between the plant and violence. Back in February, Sessions claimed that legal cannabis has led to an increase in violence.
The statements made this morning are the latest in a series of contradictory and uncertain messages on federal cannabis policy by the Trump administration. “DHS personnel will continue to investigate marijuana’s illegal pathways along the network into the U.S., its distribution within the homeland, and will arrest those involved in the drug trade according to federal law,” says secretary Kelly. That message, however, contradicts statements he made earlier in the week.
During a Sunday interview with NBC’s “Meet the Press,” secretary Kelly told Chuck Todd “marijuana is not a factor in the drug war.” In that interview, he went on to add that methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine are the real culprits they are after, noting the high death tolls associated with the drugs and connection to organized crime in Mexico. The Trump administration still has not issued a clear, consistent position on federal cannabis policy.
In a memo sent throughout the Department of Justice on April 5th, attorney general Jeff Sessions outlines the establishment of the Department’s Task Force on Crime Reduction and Public Safety. That task force, largely focused on violent crime, is supposed to find ways that federal prosecutors can more effectively reduce illegal immigration, violent crimes and gun violence.
The task force is made up of subcommittees, according to the memo, and one of them is focused on reviewing federal cannabis policy. “Task Force subcommittees will also undertake a review of existing policies in the areas of charging, sentencing, and marijuana to ensure consistency with the Department’s overall strategy on reducing violent crime and with Administration goals and priorities,” the memo reads. “Another subcommittee will explore our use of asset forfeiture and make recommendations on any improvements needed to legal authorities, policies, and training to most effectively attack the financial infrastructure of criminal organizations.” Those existing policies that Sessions refers to in the memo could very well be the 2013 Cole Memorandum, an Obama administration decree that essentially set up a framework for states with legal cannabis laws to avoid federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act.
In the past, Sessions has said he thinks the Cole Memo is valid, but remains skeptical of medical cannabis. In the last several months, comments made by Sessions and White House press secretary Sean Spicer have sparked outrage and growing fears among stakeholders in the cannabis industry, including major business players and state lawmakers. As a general feeling of uncertainty surrounding federal cannabis policy grows, many are looking for a safe haven, which could mean looking to markets outside of the U.S., like Canada, for example.
Washington State’s former Attorney General Rob McKenna, Washington State’s former Chief Deputy Attorney General Brian Moran, and Maryland’s former Chief Deputy Attorney General Kay Winfree recently went on the record identifying the BioTrack THC traceability system as fully compliant with the Cole Memo. “The key to meeting the requirements of the Cole Memorandum is ‘both the existence of a strong and effective state regulatory system, and an operation’s compliance with that system’,” says the former attorney general and chief deputy attorneys general in a press release. “As described above, Washington State has a robust, comprehensive regulatory scheme that controls the entire marijuana supply chain.
The flagship component of this regulatory scheme is the WSLCB’s seed to sale inventory system, the BioTrackTHC Traceability System.” Those commendations from a former attorney general could provide some solace to business operating with the seed-to-sale traceability software.
Still though, worries in the industry are fueled by speculation and a general lack of clarity from the Trump Administration and the Department of Justice. In an email obtained by an open records request and first reported by the International Business Times, a DEA supervisor asked a Colorado prosecutor in the state attorney general’s office about a number of cannabis-related prosecutions. The DEA supervisor asked for the state docket numbers of a handful of cases, including one involving cannabis being shipped out of state, according to The Denver Post. “Some of our intel people are trying to track down info regarding some of DEA’s better marijuana investigations for the new administration,” reads the email. “Hopefully it will lead to some positive changes.” So far, only speculations have emerged pertaining to its significance or lack thereof and what this could possibly mean for the future of federal cannabis policy.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
We use tracking pixels that set your arrival time at our website, this is used as part of our anti-spam and security measures. Disabling this tracking pixel would disable some of our security measures, and is therefore considered necessary for the safe operation of the website. This tracking pixel is cleared from your system when you delete files in your history.
If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.


text:
I have always had a passion of taking pictures that capture the moment. There are so many moments we pass by during the day which we miss out on, some of which will never happen again. My love for life and beauty is my driving force, hoping to catch that moment that would create emotion. My photographs features landscape, wilderness, and fine art photography from California, Utah, Colorado and Florida, in color and black and white.
I often say "Life happens!" I am also quoted as saying "Art is in the eye of the beholder!" I have a passion for taking the art of modern photography to a new level! Each photograph is taken with a focus of catching the moment."
Thank you for visiting!
© ZFinePhotos.com by Michael Gile

domain: artistic


text:
Thailand shares its borders with Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Malaysia. It presents ample opportunities to discover to the tourist. One can travel and explore the country by any means sea, air or road, whichever means suit the traveler’s pocket. Thailand is divided into four key regions, namely North, Central Plain or the Chao Phraya River Basin, North East (Korat Plateau) and South or Southern Peninsula. Thailand holidays are synonymous with complete freedom to live, learn and enjoy. So in Thailand you actually enjoy like a free bird. When a person comes to this beautiful country for a vacation, he can expect to see plethora of breathtaking sights and spots to behold such as the country’s beaches, culture, and heritage areas. Well-known for its out of this world natural beauty, stirring temples, and the finest beaches of the world, Thailand is one of the best, most economical places for a seaside vacation. Thailand’s beaches and islands offer a mixture of thrill, unusual locales, recreation, entertainment and leisure that one longs for. From Stupa-studded Mountains of Mae Hong Son to the limestone islands of the Andaman Sea, from dance clubs of Bangkok to the tranquil villages, Thailand has enough to offer to every type of traveler.
A bountiful land replete with green rice paddy field, heritage palaces and well known temples, modern Thailand may come as a nice surprise for the international traveler. Thailand presents traditional architecture with a picturesque backdrop of beaches and islands. It has shop-till-you-drop kind of extravagant and budget malls and shopping centers. It offers amazing variety of local foods and gourmet cuisine. Exotic hills, tribe villages, age old ruins for the touch with history, it has everything what a traveler can ask for.
Air travel to Thailand is the chosen mode for most travelers with majority opting to arrive through Bangkok’s Suvarnabhumi International Airport, connected by daily flights to almost all-major airlines. Trains links are also present between Singapore and Bangkok with intermediary stops at Kuala Lumpur, Butterworth and major southern Thai towns.
Phuket, Koh Samui, Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Krabi, Pattaya, Hua Hin, Koh Chang and Koh Samet are favorite stops in this rich and vibrant country. Accessible by boat, places such as Krabi, Koh Libong, Koh Hai offer beautiful landscape for photographic memoirs of Thailand as a tour destination. Pattaya and Bangkok are famous for local and international products like hand-embroidered/woven fabrics, decoration pieces, jewelry, house hold items, souvenirs, exotic foods etc.

domain: travel


text:
The railways is mulling a plan to offer two stations to National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC) for conversion into the country´s ´most- modern´ rail premises. ´We are in discussions with NBCC for redevelopment of Gomtinagar station in Lucknow and Bhubaneswar station in Odisha,´ said a Railway Ministry official.
NBCC Chairman and Managing Director Anoop Kumar Mittal said, ´The modalities are being worked out. After receiving the work order, we will prepare detailed project reports for the two stations.´
The plan envisages vertical development of rail premises with the construction of shopping malls, eateries, parking lot, office complex and other commercial ventures, he said. The redevelopment plan is to be implemented on a turnkey basis.

domain: economics


Beam Line 7-3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Beamline 7-3 is a side-station on the 20-pole 2T wiggler beamline 7 dedicated for X-ray absorption spectroscopy and EXAFS measurements on dilute biological systems in the hard x-ray regime. 7-3 is equipped with a 30-element Ge solid-state detector in addition to ionization chambers and Lytle detectors. A dedicated liq-He cryostat allows for routine low temperature measurements. The unfocused beam provides lower flux and is ideal for samples especially susceptible to radiation damage, such as high-valent intermediates and other oxidized species. The beamline is equipped with beam attenuating filters and motorized shutters systems to minimize radiation damage.
The SSRL SMB group is directly responsible for the maintenance and operation of the biological spectroscopy beamlines. User support is provided at the technical, engineering and scientific level of data acquisition and analysis by experienced staff personnel. See more.
The SMB group maintains and operates standard and specialized in-hutch instrumentation for a variety of research programs. These include; cryostats for low-temperature measurements, detector systems serving dilute and concentrated samples and specialized instrumentation for tender-energy and single-crystal XAS measurements. Experimental details about beamlines and information about their specific capabilities are listed under each beamlines technical page.
An interactive interface of the monochromotor crystal glitch library can be found here
The data collection softwares used on the spectroscopy beamlines include XASCollect and XASSCAN. Beamline computers are also equipped with the data analysis softwares EXAFSPAK and SixPACK.
The next steps after successful data measurement at the experimental station are data reduction, analysis and simulation. SSRL staff provides training and support for in-house data analysis software for preliminary data-analysis and the SMB group organizes annual Summer Schools for training in advanced experimental data analysis. In addition, several web-based resources are available for additional and specialized information.
The research conducted at the bio-spectroscopy beamlines follows the mission of NIH and DOE-BER and is aimed at elucidating the geometric and electronic structure of metalloprotein and cofactor active sites and biomimetic model complexes in order to shed light on the mechanistic aspects of relevant biological systems. High-impact publications from the bio-spectroscopy beamlines are routinely highlighted by SSRL. See more.


Congress recently agreed to extend the 45 cent-per-gallon subsidy for ethanol for one year and chose to continue a 54 cent per gallon tariff on imports of bio-fuel.
Keywords: bio-fuel, Congress, ethanol subsidy
74% of Americans want to keep all or parts of Obamacare. Do you?
call: (641) 842-3161 | (641) 628-8672


text:
The California State Board of Equalization (BOE) is responsible for assessing property tax on certain public utilities and other specified companies, including telephone companies and companies selling or transmitting gas or electricity, enabling counties to use those assessed values to collect local property taxes. These companies are commonly referred to as “state assessees” and their taxable property is referred to as “state-assessed property.”
The BOE’s jurisdiction to assess state-assessed property includes both unitary and nonunitary property. Unitary property is property used in the primary function of a state assessee, while nonunitary property is property owned by the state assessee but not used in its primary function.
State-assessed property is not subject to the provisions of Proposition 13—which limits annual adjustments in assessed value—and is assessed annually at its fair market value as of the lien date, January 1. The BOE’s State-Assessed Properties Division is responsible for annually preparing value recommendations for each state assessee. These recommendations are used by the five-member elected board of the BOE to the adopt the annual state assessee tax roll.
The lien date 2020 state assessee tax roll—which will be used to assess property taxes for the 2020-2021 fiscal year—should be adopted by the elected board by the end of this month. Assessments should be mailed by June 1 for unitary property and by July 31 for nonunitary property. The assessed amounts are payable to the appropriate county or counties and due in two installments on December 10 of this year and April 10 of the following year.
State assessees that disagree with the adopted property values may appeal the assessment by filing a petition for reassessment with the BOE. The petition may request a review of: (1) the value of unitary and/or nonunitary property and any related penalty assessments; (2) the allocation of the unit value of unitary property among counties; and (3) the results of a BOE audit resulting in escape assessments.
Generally, the same procedural process applies for both unitary and nonunitary property assessment appeals. The basic steps are as follows:
- File a petition for reassessment, a petition for reassessment and claim for refund, a petition for correction of an allocated assessment, or a petition for penalty abatement with the BOE.
- Submit the matter for hearing by the BOE. The first level of review is conducted by the elected board of the BOE, which sits as the administrative appeals body for state-assessed property.
- File a claim for refund with the appropriate county or counties, if not previously filed with the BOE as part of the petition for reassessment.
- File an action in superior court (if the claim for refund is denied).
The deadline to file a petition for reassessment is July 20 for unitary property, and September 20 for nonunitary property. For escaped assessments, a petition must be filed within 50 days of the date of the mailing of the notice of value.


text:
A convention of fantasy literature, maps are used in all literary genres to (literally) draw readers into the world of the author’s imagination!
FIC BRE Marie Brennan. A Star Shall Fall.
The Royal Society of London plays home to the greatest minds of England. It has revolutionized philosophy and scientific knowledge. Its fellows map out the laws of the natural world, disproving ancient superstition and ushering in an age of enlightenment. To the fae of the Onyx Court, living in a secret city below London, these scientific developments are less than welcome. Magic is losing its place in the world and science threatens to expose the court to hostile eyes. In 1666, a Great Fire burned four-fifths of London to the ground. The calamity was caused by a great Dragon: an elemental beast of flame. Incapable of destroying something so powerful, the fae of London banished it to a comet moments before the comet’s light disappeared from the sky. Now the calculations of Sir Edmond Halley have predicted its return in 1759. So begins their race against time. Soon the Dragon’s gaze will fall upon London and it will return to the city it ravaged once before. The fae will have to answer the question that defeated them a century before: How can they kill a being more powerful than all their magic combined? It will take both magic and science to save London, but reconciling the two carries its own danger.
FIC COE Paulo Coelho. The Alchemist.
A fable about undauntingly following one’s dreams, listening to one’s heart, and reading life’s omens features dialogue between a boy and an unnamed being.
FIC DEF Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe.
During one of his several adventurous voyages, an Englishman becomes the sole survivor of a shipwreck and lives for thirty years on a desert island before being rescued.
FIC ECO Umberto Eco. The Name of the Rose.
The year is 1327. Franciscans in a wealthy Italian abbey are suspected of heresy, and Brother William of Baskerville arrives to investigate. When his delicate mission is suddenly overshadowed by seven bizarre deaths, Brother William turns to the logic of Aristotle, the theology of Aquinas, and the empirical insights of Roger Bacon to find the killer. He collects evidence, deciphers secret symbols and coded manuscripts, and digs into the eerie labyrinth of the abbey (“where the most interesting things happen at night”) armed with a wry sense of humor and a ferocious curiosity.
FIC EVA Richard Paul Evans. The Walk.
What would you do if you lost everything–your job, your home, and the love of your life–all at the same time? When it happens to Seattle ad executive Alan Christoffersen, he’s tempted by his darkest thoughts but then decides to take a walk, heading for the farthest point on his map: Key West, Florida. The people he encounters along the way, and the lessons they share with him, will save his life.
FIC GOL William Goldman. The Princess Bride.
Presents the timeless love story between a farm boy named Westley and the beautiful Princess Buttercup, along with the author’s comments on life and art as he attempts to edit the children’s classic.
FIC HOE Peter Hoeg. Smilla’s Sense of Snow.
When her six-year-old neighbor falls to his death, and no one is willing to suspect foul play, Smilla Qaavigaaq Jasperson finds her own investigation taking her into the files of a Danish company.
FIC KIN Stephen King. Under the Dome.
Just down Route 119 in Chester’s Mill, Maine, all hell is about to break loose. . . . On an entirely normal, beautiful fall day, a small town is suddenly and inexplicably sealed off from the rest of the world by an invisible force field. Planes crash into it and rain down flaming wreckage. A gardener’s hand is severed as the dome descends. Cars explode on impact. Families are separated and panic mounts. No one can fathom what the barrier is, where it came from, and when–or if–it will go away. Now a few intrepid citizens, led by an Iraq vet turned short-order cook, face down a ruthless politician dead set on seizing the reins of power under the dome. But their main adversary is the dome itself. Because time isn’t just running short. It’s running out.
FIC WAN Walter Wangerin. The Book of God.
Reading like a great historical novel, The Book of God dramatizes the sweep of biblical events, making the men and women of this ancient book come alive in vivid detail and dialogue. From Abraham wandering in the desert to Jesus teaching the multitudes on a Judean hillside, The Book of God follows the biblical story in chronological order. Priests and kings, apostles and prophets, common folk and charismatic leaders–individual stories offer glimpses into an unfolding revelation that reaches across the centuries to touch us today. Wangerin recreates the high drama, low comedy, gentle humor, and awesome holiness of the Bible story. Imaginative yet meticulously researched, The Book of God offers a sweeping history that stretches across thousands of years and hundreds of lives, in cultures foreign and yet familiar in their common humanity. History and fact take on personality and warmth. Wangerin shows you human hands–Abraham raising the knife over his son Isaac on Mount Moriah, a priest offering incense in the temple at Jerusalem, Joseph the carpenter at work with his tools. He shows you human faces–Moses and Aaron face-to-face with the king of Egypt, Mary smiling like a white rose, and Jesus laughing with a Samaritan woman. Gardens, humble homes, olive groves, palaces, temples, and the hills of Judea shining in the afternoon sun–Wangerin makes the places where the events of the Bible took place come to life in the imagination. Wangerin helps you understand what it was like for each person to be caught up in the events of a particular time and place–a time and place where the eternal God somehow reached out and touched ordinary men and women.
M BAR Nevada Barr. Hunting Season.
When Anna Pigeon answers a call to historic Mt. Locust, once a producing plantation and inn on Mississippi’s Natchez Trace Parkway and now a tourist spot, the last thing she expects to encounter is murder. But the man Anna finds in the stand’s old bedroom is no tourist in distress. He’s nearly naked, and very dead, his body bearing marks consistent with an S&M ritual gone awry. On a writing table nearby is an open Bible, ominous passages circled in red. It seems the deceased is the brother of Raymond Barnette, local undertaker and a candidate for sheriff, who wants to keep any hint of kinkiness out of the minds of the God-fearing populace. Ray may be hiding a house full of secrets in the old family homestead, but before Anna can start her investigation, she’s waylaid by malevolent poachers, peevish coworkers, and a suddenly turbulent romantic life. And when hidden agendas and old allegiances are revealed, it’s suddenly Anna’s life that’s on the line.
M CRO Deborah Crombie. No Mark Upon Her.
This mystery novel embroils Kincaid and James in the case of the puzzling drowning of a rower, a Met detective, on the Thames. It is twisting tale of psychological suspense, a story rich in deadly secrets, salacious lies, and unexpected betrayals.
M DAV Lindsey Davis. Venus in Copper.
In the heyday of the Roman Empire, a small accounting error has left Marcus Didius Falco sharing a cell with a large rat. But the Empire’s most beleaguered investigator is finally bailed out, and promptly accepts a commission to help a family of freed slaves fend off a professional bribe. This is a full-cast radio drama of the third Marcus Didius Falco mystery, set in first-century Rome, and starring Anton Lesser.
M MCCA Alexander McCall Smith. Forgotten Affairs of Youth.
In this latest installment of the beloved Isabel Dalhousie series, our inquisitive heroine helps a new friend discover the identity of her father. Isabel and her fiancé know who they are and where they come from. But not everybody is so fortunate. Jane Cooper, a visiting Australian philosopher on sabbatical in Edinburgh, has more questions than answers. Adopted at birth, Jane is trying to find her biological father, but all she knows about him is that he was a student in Edinburgh years ago. When she asks for Isabel’s help in this seemingly impossible search . . . well, of course Isabel obliges. But Isabel also manages to find time for her own concerns: her young son, Charlie, already walking and talking; her housekeeper, Grace, whose spiritualist has lately been doubling as a financial advisor; her niece Cat’s latest relationship; and the pressing question of when and how Isabel and Jamie should finally get married. Should the forgotten affairs of youth be left in the past, or can the memories help us understand the present? In her inimitable way, Isabel leads us to a new understanding of the meaning of family.
M PET Ellis Peters. Rose Rent.
In honor of her husband, young, beautiful, and wealthy widow Judith Perle donates a house to the Abbey at Shrewsbury–for the annual rent of one white rose. Judith has no shortage of suitors, and if she remarries, her dowry would be all the greater if the house were returned due to non-payment of rent. So when a priest charged with delivering the rose is found murdered, and the rose bush is found hacked to pieces, Brother Cadfael finds he must root out a killer.
“I am told there are people who do not care for maps, and I find it hard to believe.” –Robert Louis Stevenson
SCFIC BRO Terry Brooks. The Sword of Shannara.
The Warlock Lord is plotting to destroy the world. The sole weapon that can be used against him is the sword of Shannara, and it must be held by a true heir of Shannara. Half-elfin Shea Ohmsford learns the fate of all races rests with him.
SCFIC EDD David Eddings. The Diamond Throne.
After ten years in exile, Sparhawk returns to Elenia only to find his Queen Ehlana trapped in a block of ensorcelled crystal. Sephrenia, the great sorceress, reveals that he is the only person in the west who can defeat the evil forces plotting against the realm.
SCFIC FEI Raymond Feist. Prince of Blood.
Princes Boric and Erland head for Kesh, but when Boric learns of plans to assassinate them, he rallies to save himself, his brother, and the empire.
SCFIC JOR Robert Jordan. Wheel of Time series.
The Wheel of Time turns and Ages come and go, leaving memories that become legend. Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth returns again. In the Third Age, an Age of Prophecy, the World and Time themselves hang in the balance. What was, what will be, and what is, may yet fall under the Shadow.
SCFIC MAR George R.R. Martin. Game of Thrones.
The kingdom of the royal Stark family faces its ultimate challenge in the onset of a generation-long winter, the poisonous plots of the rival Lannisters, the emergence of the Neverborn demons, and the arrival of barbarian hordes.
SCFIC SAL R.A. Salvatore. Vector Prime.
Twenty-one years after the Rebel Alliance had destroyed the Death Star, unrest begins to break out, threatening the tenuous security of the Republic.
SCFIC TOL J.R.R. Tolkien. Lord of the Rings series.
W HEN Will Henry. Gates of the Mountains.
Meriweather Lewis and William Clark set out to claim the newly purchased Louisiana Territory for the United States, a journey that holds more than a few perils.
W LAM Louis L’Amour. Utah Blaine.
Colonel Utah Blaine, held captive by the army of the revolution, broke out of jail and headed north from Mexico with nothing but the clothes on his back. Then he found new trouble struggling at the end of a noose-and stepped in just in time to save the life of a Texas rancher. The would-be executioners were the rancher’s own men, looking to steal his land. Utah has a unique proposition to this dilemma: he wants the wealthy Texan to play dead while he introduces himself as the spread’s new foreman, and takes care of the outlaws one by one. But Utah falls in love while earning his wage, creating a completely unexpected dilemma.
JFIC JUS Norton Juster. The Phantom Tollbooth.
A journey through a land where Milo learns the importance of words and numbers provides a cure for his boredom.
JFIC STE Robert Louis Stevenson. Treasure Island.
While going through the possessions of a deceased guest who owed them money, the mistress of the inn and her son find a treasure map that leads them to a pirate’s fortune. Includes illustrated notes throughout the text explaining the historical background of the story.
YA AND Eric Chase Anderson. Chuck Dugan is AWOL.
Naval cadet Chuck Dugan gets a startling letter containing a treasure map drawn by his father, who has been dead for several years. There’s also the disturbing news that his mother is about to marry a bullying scofflaw. To stop the wedding Chuck sets out on a cliffhanging race against buccaneers and death to find the treasure.
YA COR D.M. Cornish. Foundling.
Having grown up in a home for foundlings and possessing a girl’s name, Rossamünd sets out to report to his new job as a lamplighter and has several adventures along the way as he meets people and monsters who are more complicated that he previously thought. Includes glossaries and maps.
YA JAC Brian Jacques. Redwall.
When the peaceful life of ancient Redwall Abbey is shattered by the arrival of the evil rat Cluny and his villainous hordes, Matthias, a young mouse, determines to find the legendary sword of Martin the Warrior which, he is convinced, will help Redwall’s inhabitants destroy the enemy.
YA PIE Tamora Pierce. Protector of the Small series.
Ten-year-old Keladry of Mindalen, daughter of nobles, serves as a page but must prove herself to the males around her if she is ever to fulfill her dream of becoming a knight.
YA WES Scott Westerfeld. Leviathan.
In an alternate 1914 Europe, fifteen-year-old Austrian Prince Alek, on the run from the Clanker Powers who are attempting to take over the globe using mechanical machinery, forms an uneasy alliance with Deryn who, disguised as a boy to join the British Air Service, is learning to fly genetically-engineered beasts.

domain: library


text:
Table tennis forum
Join our forum and become part of one of the biggest online table tennis community with more than 5,000 members. CLICK HERE!
Most of you have played table tennis at some time or other. Most of you have enjoyed your playing! Because it is played indoors and requires relatively little equipment, it is an ideal recreation for everyone. Although it has many similarities with tennis (mainly in the rules), the comparison ends there. The lightness of the ball, the small area of the table, and the time of the response make it a game of great delicacy requiring great agility, lightning responses and of course a high level of physical fitness.
Table tennis is played on thick wooden or composite wood, plastic and even metal varieties table. The surface of the table should have a matt finish and it is usually dark green or blue. The table is 274 cm in length, 152.5 cm in width, and 76 cm in height. The table is divided by the net into two courts. The net is 15.25 cm height and extends 15.25 cm beyond each side of the table.
The racket consists of two parts: the rubbers and the blade. There are a lot of different kinds of rubbers and blades. There are offensive, all-round and defensive ones. The player style will dictate the kind of racket to use.
A game is won by the first player or pair (in doubles play) to score 11 points, unless the score reaches 10-10 in which case the player or the pair needs two clear points more than the other in order to win the game. A match consists of the best of three games or in big tournaments, like World & European Championships, the best of five games or best of seven.
You lose a point when:
- You fail to make a good serve.
- You fail to return the ball from the opponent.
- You hit the ball before it has bounced on your side.
- The ball bounces twice on your side.
- In some special occasions when you execute the serve.
A good return is a single hit of the ball by the racket hand below the wrist, after it has bounced on the player's side of the table, so that the ball returns directly on the opponent's side. Of course the ball is permitted to hit the net during the return. However if the ball hits the net during the serve, the serve is executed again.
Order of serving
The server changes every 2 points. This continues until the player wins the game. After the end of the game the opponents change sides and the player who served first in the previous game, serves first in the next. In doubles the rules of serving and changing ends are the same as in singles except that the serve is executed from the right hand side. Each 2 points the server changes corner with his partner so that the other will be ready to receive the opponent's serve. In doubles play the ball is returned in a strict sequence. The server serves and then his partner receives the ball from the opponent and so on.
Because of its deceptive simplicity most of the people who have played table tennis tend to take it lightly. However excellence requires a mastery of a variety of factors. For example there are a variety of technical strokes and spins which make the game more exciting but more difficult to play. The best way to learn how this fascinating game is played is to start with a qualified coach in a table tennis club. You can find more about clubs and national table tennis federations in ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation).
Table tennis tips
Latest blog posts
Table tennis e-book
The first table tennis e-book which enriching and broadening the field of coaches' and players' knowledge. Access it from here!
|Yasaka Dynamix 17 with Yasaka Mark V Rubber
|Butterfly Tenergy 05-FX
|Butterfly Energy Force V
|IPong Catch Net
|IPONG Pro Bundle - with Catch Net, 100 Balls and Racket Set
- JOOLA Replacement Net for WM/Spring/Europaliga in Nets
- Butterfly Liu Shiwen in Blades
- YinHe/Milky Way Saturn in Rubber
- YinHe Edge Tape 10mm in Accessories
- Killerspin MyT-Small in Tables
- Stiga Stripe Paddle-Shaped Case in Cases
- Stiga Premium Net Replacement in Nets
- IPONG Tilt Stand in Robots
- Butterfly Archfilor Tour Case - Red in Cases
- Butterfly Archfilor Tour Case - Blue in Cases
- Butterfly Archfilor Tour Case - Black/Sky Blue in Cases
- Butterfly Archfilor Tour Case - Black/Red in Cases
- Butterfly Rebiong Tour Case - Blue in Cases
- Butterfly Rebiong Tour Case - Orange in Cases
- Butterfly Rebiong Tour Case - Red in Cases
- Butterfly Rebiong Tour Case - Wine in Cases
- Butterfly Ryu Seung Min T5000 - Japanese Style in Blades
- Andro Shifter in Rubber
- JOOLA Rhyzm 375 in Rubber
- Xiom Vega Japan in Rubber
- Xiom Sigma II Euro in Rubber
- Xiom Sigma II Pro in Rubber
- Butterfly Chinese EX - Chinese Style in Blades
- Killerspin Stilo7 SVR - Limited Edition in Rackets
- Killerspin Practice Balls - Pack of 100 in Balls
- Killerspin Jet Set 2 Premium in Rackets
- Gambler Six Shooter AMP Classic Cream Sponge in Rubber
- Gambler Six Shooter AMP Lavender Sponge in Rubber
- Gambler Six Shooter AMP Soft Sponge in Rubber
- Yasaka Master Racket in Rackets
- Yasaka Champ Racket in Rackets
- Butterfly Primorac EX in Blades
- Donic Waldner Exclusive AR+ in Blades
- Donic Edge Tape - Large Roll - 12mm in Accessories
- Donic Spacer Bag in Accessories
- Donic Waldner Racket Cover in Cases
- Butterfly Tenergy 80 in Rubber
- Butterfly Energy Force X - White Sky in Shoes
- Butterfly Energy Force X Black/Silver in Shoes
- Butterfly Radial Win Speed in Shoes
- Butterfly Pelluci White in Clothing
- Butterfly Pelluci Black in Clothing
- Butterfly Pelluci Green in Clothing
- Butterfly Pelluci Blue in Clothing
- Butterfly Pelluci Red in Clothing
- Butterfly Orthodox in Rubber
- Butterfly Photino Light in Blades
- Killerspin Kollect Ball Picker in Accessories
- Xiom Vega China VM in Rubber
- Butterfly 501 FL in Rackets

domain: hobby


text:
Honey Bunches of Oats Nutrition Information
Want even more nutrition information about your favorite Honey Bunches of Oats flavors? Learn bunches more than just what’s on the box.
Did You Know?
Honey Bunches of Oats with Almonds has:
Four nutritious grains: rice, wheat, oats and corn
Heart healthy** (0g trans fat, 0g saturated fat, 0mg cholesterol per serving)
10g of whole grain per serving†
1/3 less sugar per serving than Honey Nut Cheerios*
*Per serving. 28g serving size of Honey Nut Cheerios (3/4 cup) 9g sugar vs. 32g serving size of Honey Bunches of Oats with Almonds (3/4 cup 6g sugars).
**Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and as low as possible in trans fat, may reduce the risk of heart disease.
†Nutritionists recommend eating 3 or more servings of whole grain foods per day. (About 16g whole grains per serving or at least 48g per day.)
Corn, Whole Grain Wheat, Sugar, Whole Grain Rolled Oats, Brown Sugar, Almonds, Rice, Canola Oil, Wheat Flour, Malted Barley Flour, Corn Syrup, Salt, Whey (From Milk), Malted Corn And Barley Syrup, Wildflower Honey, Caramel Color, Cinnamon, Natural And Artificial Flavor, Annatto Extract (Color). Bht Added To Packaging Material To Preserve Product Freshness.
Vitamins and Minerals
Reduced Iron, Niacinamide, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A Palmitate, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Thiamin Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Zinc Oxide (Source Of Zinc), Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D.
Contains: wheat, almond, milk.
Product formulations may change. For current nutrition facts and ingredient line information check product packaging.

domain: food


text:
Oct. 14, 2012 9:24 pm
Updated: Oct. 15, 2012 9:50 pm
This is my take on the popular and so creative Bengali dish where prawns are cooked sealed in a green coconut shell , cooking in the sweet juices of coconut water balanced out mainly by ' paanch poran ' and mustard paste . 500 Grams Prawns Shelled - keep tails.1 Large Green…
We do our best to make sure that Allrecipes user contributions are appropriate, but if you see anything questionable, please let us know
so we can address the issue.


text:
Unformatted text preview: + 2 e → S – reduced (gains electrons) · Therefore, the format ion of calcium sulfide invo lves two halfreactions that occur simultaneously, one an oxidation and the other a reduction.
· Similarly, in the reaction of magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 2
Mg → Mg + + 2 e oxidized (loses electrons) +
2 H + 2 e → H2 reduced (gains electrons) · In every oxidat ionreduction reaction, the number of electrons lost must be equal to the number of electrons gained. Examples: 1. Identify each of the reactions below as oxidat ion or reduction: 2
a) Zn → Zn + + 2 e ______________________ –
b) Cl2 + 2 e → 2 Cl ______________________ 3
c) Fe + + e → Fe + ______________________ –
d) 2 Br– → B2 + 2 e ______________________ 10 Chemistry 51 Chapter 6 OXIDATIONREDUCTION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
· Many important bio logical reactions invo lve oxidation and reduct ion. In these reactions, oxidation invo lves addition of oxygen or loss of hydrogen, and reduction invo lves loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
· For example, poisonous methyl alcoho l is metabolized by the body by the fo llo wing react ion: CH3OH → H2CO + 2 H· methyl alcohol formaldehyde oxidation (loss of hydrogen) · The formaldehyde is further oxidized to formic acid and finally carbon dio xide and water by the fo llowing reactions: 2 H2CO + O2 → 2 H2CO2 formaldehyde formic acid oxidation (gain of oxygen) 2 H2CO2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O formic acid oxidation (gain of oxygen) · In many biochemical oxidationreduct ion reactions, the transfer of hydrogen atoms produces energy in the cells. The oxidat ion of a typical biochemical mo lecule can invo lve the transfer of two hydrogen atoms to a proton acceptor such as coenzyme FAD to produce its reduced form FADH2. 11 Chemistry 51 Chapter 6 OXIDATIONREDUCTION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
· In summary, the particular definit io n of oxidat ionreduction depends on the process that occurs in the reaction. A summary o f these definit io ns appears below: Examples: 1. Lino l...
View Full Document

domain: chemistry