text:
|Year : 2014 | Volume
| Issue : 3 | Page : 215-219
Definitive treatment of lutembacher syndrome
Rajat Arora, Suresh V Patted, Prabhu C Halkati, Basavaprabhu Amarked, Ameet Sattur, Amit Joshi
Department of Cardiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Karnataka Lingayat Education Society University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
|Date of Web Publication||19-Sep-2014|
Department of Cardiology, JN Medical College KLES University, Nehru Nagar,Belgaum, Karnataka
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
Atrial septal defect (ASD) with rheumatic mitral stenosis is popularly known as eponym of Lutembacher syndrome. Definitive treatment of Lutembacher syndrome has been under the purview of cardiothoracic surgeons but with changing times, transcatheter treatment has been possible. We present a case of 38-year-old female with Lutembacher syndrome treated transcatheterly. This case attests the feasibility of transcatheter treatment in selected group of patients of Lutembacher treatment.
Keywords: Atrial/therapy, balloon dilatation, heart catheterization, heart septal defects, Lutembacher syndrome/therapy, mitral valve stenosis/therapy
|How to cite this article:|
Arora R, Patted SV, Halkati PC, Amarked B, Sattur A, Joshi A. Definitive treatment of lutembacher syndrome. J Sci Soc 2014;41:215-9
| Introduction|| |
The association of atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis carries the eponym of Lutembacher's syndrome (1916), , though according to Soulie, Bouvrain, and Sibille (1954), it had been described a century earlier by Corvisart.
Until recently, surgery was the only definite curative treatment available and involved closure of the ASD and mitral commissurotomy or mitral valve replacement.
With the advent of interventional cardiology, comprehensive treatment of Lutembacher syndrome has come under the purview of cardiologists.
We present a patient with Lutembacher syndrome, who underwent definitive percutaneous treatment by concurrent transcatheter device closure of a secundum ASD and balloon valvuloplasty of rheumatic mitral stenosis.
| Case report|| |
A 38-year-old female first noted dyspnea on exertion while doing her routine physical activity. Patient had been diagnosed to have rheumatic heart disease and was on penicillin prophylaxis for the same.
At the time of admission, patient was in New York Heart Association functional Class II. Clinical examination demonstrated loud first sound and second heart sound was widely split and "fixed" with a loud, palpable pulmonary component. A loud mid diastolic murmur from the left sternal border to the apex without presystolic accentuation was heard.
Chest X-ray showed gross cardiomegaly with pulmonary plethora [Figure 1]. Electrocardiogram revealed sinus tachycardia, right axis deviation with Rsr' pattern [Figure 2].
|Figure 1: Chest X-ray posterior-anterior view shows cardiomegaly and pulmonary plethora|
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|Figure 2: Electrocardiography shows sinus tachycardia, Rsr' a ern, and le atrial enlargement|
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The typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis in association with an enlarged right ventricle and abnormal septal motion are generally consistent with pulmonary hypertension and functional tricuspid regurgitation. In the absence of clinical and echocardiographic features of pulmonary hypertension, the combination of mitral stenosis and "volume overload" of the right ventricle should alert the clinician to the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome.
Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed dilated right atrium, right ventricle, and left atrium. Left ventricle appeared underfilled. There was severe rheumatic mitral stenosis with mitral valve orifice of 0.9 cm 2 . There was moderate subvalvular fusion without any valvular calcification with a calculated Wilkins Score of 7.  A large ostium secundum ASD measuring
2.23 cm was seen with good margins with left to right shunt [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5].
|Figure 3: Trans thoracic echocardiography (TTE) in apical fourchamber view shows large ostium secundum ASD with good margins, with le to right shunt. Mitral valve is thickened|
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|Figure 4: TTE in short axis view shows mitral valve area of 0.9 cm2 by planimetry. Note-Thickened anterior mitral leafl et (AML) and posterior mitral leafl et (PML) with fusion of anterolateral and posteromedial commissures|
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|Figure 5: TTE in parasternal long-axis view shows thickened AML and PML with inverted hockey appearance of AML. Note-Minimal turbulence at mouth of mitral valve in presence of severe mitral stenosis that is characteristic in presence of associated ASD|
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With this underlying profile of severe mitral stenosis with large ostium secundum ASD suitable for percutaneous treatment, a definitive curative transcatheter treatment was planned.
After informed consent, mild sedation and antibiotic prophylaxis, right femoral artery and vein assess was secured and 2,500 units of heparin were administered.
Routine left and right heart catheterization was performed. This showed the presence of left to right shunt at atrial level with the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of 3.2. The mean pulmonary pressure was 35 mm Hg. The mean pressure of the left atrium was 8 mm Hg [Table 1].
The mitral valve was crossed and with an Inoue balloon. mitral valve was dilated with a balloon diameter of
24 mm [Figure 6].
A 0.035 × 260 cm J Tip Amplatz super Stiff wire (Amplatz Super Stiff™ Guidewire, Boston Scientific corporation, Miami, USA) was kept in the left upper pulmonary vein with the help of 7F GL catheter. Then device was placed across the ASD and the position of the device was confirmed both on the transthoracic echocardiography and fluoroscopy. A 28 mm Amplatzer ASD device (AMPLATZER™ Septal Occluder St. Jude Medical, Inc., One St. Jude Medical Drive,USA) was deployed first without success and then upsized to 32 mm with complete occlusion of the defect without any left to right shunt [Figure 7].
Postprocedure TTE demonstrated ASD device in situ with no residual shunt. Mitral valve was opening well with both anterolateral and posteromedial commissures well split and MVO of 1.84 cm 2 by planimetry [Figure 8] and [Figure 9].
|Figure 8: Postprocedure TTE demonstrates ASD deviCe in situ with no residual le to right shunt. Peak and mean gradient by continuous wave Doppler across mitral valve is seen|
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|Figure 9: Postprocedure TTE across mitral valve in short axis view demonstrates MVO of 1.84 cm2 by planimetry|
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There were no complications during the procedure and patient was discharged 2 days later.
| Discussion|| |
The original case of Lutembacher syndrome was a 61-year-old woman who had been pregnant 7 times.  The incidence of mitral stenosis (MS) in patients with ASD is 4%, and conversely, ASD in patients with MS is 0.6%-0.7%.
Mitral stenosis, at the bedside, is recognized by the combination of a loud first sound, normally split second sound, an opening snap, and a loud mid diastolic murmur with presystolic accentuation. An associated atrial septal defect decompresses the left atrium, resulting in the absence of presystolic accentuation of the diastolic murmur. Then flow across the tricuspid valve, which is relatively large because of the mitral obstruction, results in a loud mid diastolic murmur. The mitral diastolic murmur becomes inseparable from the tricuspid flow murmur and both together are heard as a loud middiastolic murmur from the left sternal edge to the apex.
In Lutembacher syndrome, MS augments the left-to-right shunt through the ASD, while the nonrestrictive ASD decompresses the LA, reducing the diastolic mitral pressure gradient. That means the Doppler pressure half-time method would underestimate the degree of MS; this occurred in our patient. The planimetry method yields accurate estimates of mitral valve area in Lutembacher syndrome.
Joseph et al.,  reported the first case of definitive percutaneous treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome, by a combination of transcatheter device closure of a secundum ASD and balloon mitral valvuloplasty.
There, the mitral valve was dilated using a25-mm-diameter cylindrical single balloon (Joseph mitral balloon catheter, (Jomiva,™ Numed, Hopkinton, New York) and the ASD was closed using a 16-mm Amplatzer septal occluder (AMPLATZER™ Septal Occluder St. Jude Medical, Inc., One St. Jude Medical Drive, USA)
Prior to them, Ruiz et al.,  have described concurrent transcatheter ASD closure using Lock's clamshell occluder and double-balloon mitral and aortic valvotomies, performed as a palliative rescue procedure, in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome and severe pulmonary hypertension, to improve risk prior to surgical therapy.
There is currently no randomized or cross-sectional study, which investigates combined percutaneous treatment in patients with Lutembacher syndrome. However, the success rate of combined percutaneous treatment in case studies is very high and no short- or long-term complications have been reported. ,,,,,, On the contrary, the complete closure rate of ASD by the septal occluder device during combined percutaneous treatment was found to be 93%-97%.
The most important complication of the procedure is embolization of the septal occluder device. The procedure of retrieval and reimplantation is implemented when there is embolization of small devices; however, surgical interventions are required for large devices.
The success rate of the other percutaneous intervention with BMV by the transseptal Inoue balloon technique was 99%.
The life-threatening complication rate (death, puncture in the left ventricle, and stroke) was very low (0%-0.5%) and the risk of developing important and severe complications (grade 3-4 mitral regurgitation, cardiac tamponade, and thromboembolism) was found to be lower when compared to the other procedures.
The combined percutaneous treatment technique is reported to reduce the mortality and morbidity risk associated with cardiac surgery, to decrease physiologic trauma due to thoracotomy scar and to reduce the surgery-related length of stay in the hospital in patients with Lutembacher syndrome.
We report a successful definitive transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome in a symptomatic young lady.
In conclusion, transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome can be the procedure of choice in selected group of patients with mitral valve stenosis and ostium secundum ASD suitable for percutaneous treatment with good, short, and long-term results.
| References|| |
|1.||Lutembacher R. De la stenosemitrale avec communication interauriculaire. Arch Mal Coeur 1916;9:237-60. |
|2.||Tandon R, Manchanda SC, Roy SB. Mitral stenosis with left-to-right shunt at atrial level. A diagnostic challenge. Br Heart J I971;33:773-81. |
|3.||Shigenobu M, Sano S. Surgical indications and treatment of mitral valve disease associated with secundum atrial septal defect with special reference to left ventricular geometry and function. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1994;35:469-74. |
|4.||Forman HR, Kotler MN, Segal BL, Parry WR. Lutembacher's syndrome: Recognition by echocardiography. J Clin Ultrasound 1979;7:53-6. |
|5.||Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, Block PC, Palacios IF. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: An analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J 1988;60:299-308. |
|6.||Perloff JK. The Clinical Recognition of Congenital Heart Disease, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994. p. 323-8. |
|7.||Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Kumar MV. Value and limitations of Doppler echocardiographic determination of mitral valve area in Lutembacher syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1362-70. |
|8.||Joseph G, Abhaichand Rajpal K, Kumar KP. Definitive percutaneous treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999;48:199-204. |
|9.||Ruiz CE, Gamra H, Mahrer P, Allen JW, O'Laughlin MP, Lau FY. Percutaneous closure of a secundum atrial septal defect and double balloon valvotomies of a severe mitral and aortic valve stenosis in a patient with Lutembacher's syndrome and severe pulmonary hypertension. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;25:309-12. |
|10.||Wiedemann HR. Earliest description by Johann Friedrich Meckel, Senior (1750) of what is known today as Lutembacher syndrome (1916). Am J Med Genet 1994;53:59-64. |
|11.||Chau EM, Lee CH, Chow WH. Transcatheter treatment of a case of Lutembacher syndrome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;50:68-70. |
|12.||Ledesma M, Martinez P, Cazares MA, Feldman T. Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome: Combined balloon mitral valvuloplasty and percutaneous atrial septal defect closure. J Invasive Cardiol 2004;16:678-9. |
|13.||Shabbir M, Ahmed W, Akhtar K. Transcatheter Treatment of Lutembacher's syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008;18:105-6. |
|14.||Aroney C, Lapanun W, Scalia G, Parsonage W. Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome. Intern Med J 2003;33:259-60. |
|15.||Shen XQ, Zhou SH, Zhou T, Qi SS, Fang ZF, Lv XL. Transcatheter treatment of Lutembacher syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 2005;118:1843-5. |
|16.||Cheng TO. Coexistent atrial septal defect and mitral stenosis (Lutembacher syndrome): An ideal combination for percutaneous treatment. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999;48:205-6. |
|17.||Cheng TO, Holmes DR Jr. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty by the Inoue balloon technique: The procedure of choice for treatment of mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:624-8. |
|18.||Thanopoulos BD, Laskari CV, Tsaousis GS, Zarayelyan A, Vekiou A, Papadopoulos GS. Closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer occlusion device: Preliminary results. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:1110-6. |
|19.||Wilson NJ, Smith J, Prommete B, O'Donnell C, Gentles TL, Ruygrok PN. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer septal occluder in adults and children-follow-up closure rates, degree of mitral regurgitation and evolution of arrhythmias. Heart Lung Circ 2008;17:318-24. |
|20.||Chen CR, Cheng TO. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty by the Inoue technique: A multicenter study of 4832 patients in China. Am Heart J 1995;129:1197-203. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9]


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Farmers will be able to check soil moisture levels around the state when Iowa State University's Department of Agronomy upgrades weather stations at several research and demonstration farms. With the 2012 drought conditions continuing into 2013 across Iowa this winter, ISU Extension climatologist Elwynn Taylor says the upgraded weather stations will offer a risk management tool for crop producers.
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First new weather station was installed at ISU research farm in northwest Iowa last October
This past fall, Taylor embarked on a project to upgrade the established ISU system of 13 weather stations located around the state. ISU plans to put in new solar powered weather stations that will not only collect the same data as before but also monitor soil moisture conditions and soil temperatures at greater depths in the soil.~~~PAGE_BREAK_HERE~~~
"Thanks to generous gifts of a couple of crop producers in northwest Iowa, the first new weather station was installed on ISU's Northwest Iowa Research Farm at Calumet last October," notes Joel DeJong, an ISU field agronomist in northwest Iowa. "Additional sensors were placed below the surface of the crop ground at 12-inch, 24-inch and 50-inch depths, and the sensors are now monitoring soil moisture percentages and soil temperatures at those depths. We'll be able to learn a lot more about how water moves through the soil, thanks to these sensors."
Moisture sensors on the new stations are placed a foot, 2-feet and 4-feet deep in the soil next to the station. Readings are taken every 15 minutes and sent by cellular phone text messages to the network. The weather stations also measure rainfall, air and soil temperature, humidity, sunlight, wind speed and direction. A solar collector powers the units.
Another seven new weather stations will soon be installed on ISU research farms
While the first of the new units was placed on the ISU Northwest Research Farm last fall, another seven will be installed on research farms in other areas of the state as weather permits late this winter and this spring. Taylor says two farmers in northwest Iowa have paid for a station to be placed on their farms and a cooperative has ordered three stations. "The goal is, with our cooperators, to eventually have one new weather station installed in every county," he says.
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Suffolk Police to cut 40 per cent of its PCSO's as it pushes ahead with re-structure
Suffolk is to cut more than a third of its community support officers as part of police re-structuring plans.
After a review by Suffolk Police the number of PCSO's is to fall by 40 per cent - from 81 to 48 - with the force set to move 104 officers into Safer Neighbourhood Teams.
Mark Trask, Suffolk Police's UNISON branch secretary, warned 'there will see less police on the streets' after the changes.
"In Suffolk there used to be 173. This latest proposal will go as low as 48. There will be 48 people covering all of Suffolk. It's the largest county in the whole country and 48 people walking around is not a lot," he said
Mr Trask said the officers would be the first to be reassigned when needed for major operations and that PSCO's were vital in community policing and intelligence gathering.
Since 2010 Suffolk Police has lost 11 per cent of its workforce.
Chief Constable Gareth Wilson said he understood news would come as a 'disappointment' to affected staff but was 'confident changes will add to the visibility of police officers'.
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Archive for December, 2009
Here are some new pictures from my two week vacation tour of Costa Rica in November 2009. We rented an SUV and did a circle of the country stopping for a few nights each in La Fortuna / Arenal volcano area, Poas Volcano, Cartago/Orosi valley area, Manuel Antonio, Monteverde cloud forest and finally ending it off at the beach for a few days in Playa Grande which is just north of Tamarindo beach. Here is a small sampling of some of the pictures I took while down there, in total I took over 2000 photos but still sorting through many of them. Photos were taken with my Olympus E-620 DSLR camera and I used a wide variety of different lenses. Click here to view my Costa Rica 2009 gallery.

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US 4661699 A
Apparatus (10) for controlling a beam (12) of coherent light includes a reference scale (38, 138) provided with indicia forming a plurality of spokes having two sets of properties. The first of the two sets of properties is an evenly spaced first set of edges (41) arranged for generating a data clock exactly referenced to a position of a first of the two separate, perpendicular directions. A second set of edges (44) are each spaced variably from an associated one of the first set of edges (41) as a function of the other of the two separate, perpendicular directions, making the second of the two sets of properties a variable width of each of the spokes.
1. A system for controlling scanning of a light beam along a scan line at an object plane comprising:
means providing a principal light beam;
means responsive to the light beam for establishing a substantially parallel reference beam;
electrically controllable single axis beam adjustment means in the path of the principal and reference beams;
an optical system in the path of the principal and reference beams for scanning the principal beam along the scan line and the reference beam adjacent thereto; and
means including reference scale means responsive to reference beam position in two dimensions for providing (1) a clocking signal to identify beam position along the scan line and (2) a beam position signal representing beam position in a direction orthogonal to the scan line on the object plane, the latter signal being coupled to control the beam adjustment means.
2. The invention as set forth in claim 1 above, wherein the reference scale means comprises an elongated member disposed along the scan line and having a plurality of spokes of varying transmissivity relative to the remainder of the reference scale, the spokes defining geometrical patterns which vary in two orthogonal dimensions and wherein the means responsive to reference beam position further comprises means disposed along the reference scale for detecting light variations in the reference beam passing therethrough.
3. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein the system provides an unmodulated principal beam along the scan line.
4. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein the system further includes light beam modulator means disposed in the path of the principal beam prior to the beam adjustment means, and means responsive to the clocking signal for controlling the timing of modulation of the principal beam, and wherein the means for establishing a reference beam includes optical means for bypassing the modulator means with the reference beam.
5. The invention as set forth in claim 4 above, wherein principal beam has an initial polarization and the means for bypassing the modulator means includes means for providing a different polarization of the reference beam relative to the principal beam, and means responsive to the direction of polarization for introducing a small spatial divergence between the beams.
6. The invention as set forth in claim 2 above, wherein the spokes of the reference scale means comprise a plurality of regularly spaced similar elements each having terminal portions of substantially constant width that are different at each terminal portion and an intermediate portion of varying width, and with one straightsided edge thereon.
7. A system for controlling the scanning of a beam of light across an associated surface comprising:
(a) a light beam source;
(b) means for providing a reference beam adjacent to the light beam source;
(c) scanning means for directing the light beam and the reference beam across an associated surface in a predetermined linear scanning direction;
(d) beam deflecting means in the path of the light beam and the reference beam prior to the scanning means for adjusting beam direction in a direction orthogonal to the scanning direction; and
(e) reference means disposed adjacent the associated surface and comprising means responsive to reference beam position orthogonal to the scanning direction for controlling the beam deflecting means and means for providing a signal which varies in accordance with regular increments of movement of the beam along the scanning direction, to enable precise identification of pixel location two orthogonal directions.
8. The invention as set forth in claim 7 above, wherein the reference means comprises a reference scale in the form of an elongated member having indicia defining a plurality of spokes having two sets of properties, the first of the two sets of properties being in evenly spaced first set of edges for generating a data clock reference to the position of a first of two separate, orthogonal directions corresponding to the scan line direction, and a second set of edges each of which is spaced variably from an associated one of the first set of edges and providing variable width of each of the spokes along a given region.
9. The invention as set forth in claim 8 above, wherein the spokes have one maximum width portion adjacent one end thereof, a minimum width portion adjacent another end thereof, and an intermediate portion of linearly varying slope therebetween, the nominal position of the beam being along the center line perpendicular to the spokes and dividing the varying width portion of the spokes.
10. The invention as set forth in claim 9 above, wherein the beam height deflecting means comprises an acousto-optical deflector and driver means therefor, and wherein the system is a system for writing information and further includes beam intensity modulator means disposed in the path of the principal light beam prior to the scanning means and responsive to clocking signals derived from the reference scale means.
11. The invention as set forth in claim 10, wherein the elongated member has spokes at a density of in excess of 200 per inch, and wherein said system further comprises means responsive to the signal from the reference means for generating a higher frequency clock which is synchronized by the regular variations of the reference scale induced on the reference beam, whereby a higher pixel density is achieved.
12. A system for controlling scanning of a light beam along a scan line at an object plane comprising:
means providing a light beam;
means disposed along the light beam path for splitting off a reference beam substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the principal beam;
an optical system for scanning the principal beam along the scan line and the reference beam adjacent thereto;
electrically controllable single axis beam adjustment means in the path of the principal and reference beams before the optical system, the single axis being orthogonal to the scan line direction; and the
means including reference scale means disposed along the scan line adjacent the object plane and responsive only to reference beam position, for providing clocking signals to identify the position of the principal beam along the scan line and control signals that are coupled to the beam adjustment means to adjust beam position along the single axis.
13. The invention as set forth in claim 12 above, wherein the beam adjustment means provides an adjustment of the beam in the direction orthogonal to the scanning direction, and wherein the reference scale means comprises a plurality of regularly spaced indicia providing geometrical patterns which vary in two orthogonal directions, and further comprises means for detecting variations in the reference beam introduced by the reference scale.
14. The invention as set forth in claim 13 above, wherein the reference scale means comprises a plurality of identical spoke indicia having regularly spaced edges relative to the direction of scan of the reference beam, and widths which vary across at least a predetermined range about a mid-point of the spokes, such that the scanning reference beam is modulated to provide a pulse sequence with pulse transitions marked by the regularly spaced edges of the spokes and other pulse transitions being of variable duration dependent upon the position of the beam along the length of the spokes, such that the pulse sequence provides positional information as to two orthogonal directions.
15. The invention as set forth in claim 14 above, wherein the scan line comprises an X direction and the beam adjustment means provides a Y axis adjustment orthogonal thereto, wherein the reference scale comprises spokes of different transmissivity than the background therefor, and wherein said system further includes means for modulating the principal beam prior to the optical system and optical means for bypassing the reference beam around the modulation means, said optical means including beam training means for introducing a very slight angular divergence between the reference beam and the principal beam.
16. The invention as set forth in claim 15 above, wherein the system principal beam has an initial polarization and the further comprises means in the bypass path of the reference beam for rotating the plane of polarization of the reference beam for rotating the plane of polarization of the reference beam 90░ relative to the principal beam, and wherein said means for inducing a slight angular divergence comprises means responsive to the polarization of the reference beam for deflecting the reference beam only and training mirror means in the path of the deflected reference beam for establishing the desired angle of divergence between the reference beam and principal beam.
17. The invention as set forth in claim 16 above, wherein the system comprises means including register means for supplying input data to control the modulation means, and clocking circuit means responsive to the clocking signals for controlling reading data out of the register means to control the modulation means in accordance with instantaneous beam position along the scan line.
18. The invention as set forth in claim 17 above, wherein the clocking means provides clocking pulses at a higher rate than the clocking signals provided from the means including reference scale means.
19. A reference scale for use with a system for controlling a beam of light in two separate, mutually orthogonal directions, comprising:
an elongated member having a plurality of spokes of different light transmissive or reflective properties relative to the background therefor, and each spoke having two sets of geometrical properties, one comprising a plurality of evenly spaced edges for providing positional references for the reference beam along a scan line direction, and a second set of edges having at least one portion that is not parallel to the first set of edges and provides varying width spoke in accordance with a range of deviations of the beam in a direction orthogonal to the scan line direction.
20. The invention as set forth in claim 19 above, wherein the spokes have one end of substantially even width and an opposite end of substantially even but smaller width and a linear edge on one side and a linear transition edge between the ends of different width on the other side, the transition edge being symmetrical about a center line that is substantially normal to the linear edge of the spokes.
21. A method of providing precise information as to the position of a scanning light beam, comprising the steps of:
(a) generating a beam of light;
(b) splitting the generated beam of light into a principal beam and a reference beam;
(c) scanning the principal and reference beams in adjacent relation relative to a scan line on a format;
(d) sensing positional deviations in the reference beam only in two orthogonal directions relative to the scan line, including sensing the position of the reference beam along the scan line to provide a data clock for identifying actual beam position; and
(e) modifying the position of the principal beam in a direction orthogonal to the scan line in accordance with the sensed variation.
22. The method as set forth in claim 21 above, wherein the step of generating a beam of light comprises generating a beam of light of a given initial polarization, and further including the steps of modifying the polarization angle of the reference beam relative to the principal beam, and using the difference in polarization to establish a predetermined separation between the principal and reference beams adjacent the scan line.
This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 479,139 filed on Mar. 28, 1983, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed generally to scanning systems which must precisely locate image picture elements (pixels) throughout a flat format during writing or reading operations. More particularly it relates to the positioning of image pixels in both X and Y directions on a format so as to correct height errors as well as spacing errors with a high order of precision compatible with extremely small spot size.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In high speed scanning systems such as precision plotters, printers, and the like, a number of problems are encountered in exactly locating image pixels throughout an object field format, particularly a flat format. The scanning beam, which is moved transversely across an object plane (here called the X direction) is equally of non-constant velocity and must traverse non-uniform path lengths. Errors can thus occur in the X direction due to optical distortion, scanner speed, projection of the scan onto a flat format, or simply because of vibration of the equipment. Discussion of such problems can be found in an article entitled "Generation of Precision Pixel Clock in Laser Printers and Scanners" by Gerald Toyen, published in SPIE, Volume 84, Laser Scanning Components and Techniques (1976), pp. 138-145.
In the aforementioned article by Toyen, it is proposed to split a laser beam prior to modulation and direct an auxiliary, unmodulated, beam in parallel with a main beam so as to be reflected off a polygon and through an optical grating which functions as a positional reference. Thus by synchronizing data to a pixel clock derived from the reference, one precisely locates pixels in the X-direction whether reading or writing, although the systems may otherwise be substantially different.
The aforementioned auxiliary beam clock does not, however, correct or eliminate height (Y-direction) errors on the format. These errors can occur due to scan inaccuracies such as non-parallelism of the faces of a scanning polygon, vibration, table drive errors, and the like. Since such errors affect the linearity as well as placement of a line of pixels, they determine the vertical resolution of the system, and should be minimized to a degree consistent with the system application. Mechanical and optical systems can only be made highly precise at inordinate expense, while at the same time modern scanning systems may use focused beams of the order of 15 μm in diameter and pixels each 0.0005". Systems of the prior art do not provide a basis for economically achieving such resolutions in both X and Y directions.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,306,242, issued Dec. 15, 1981 to E. A. Jeffery; 4,310,757, issued Jan. 12, 1982 to F. T. Check, Jr. et al; 4,311,384, issued Jan. 19, 1982 to W. H. Keene; and 4,311,385, issued Jan. 19, 1982 also to W. H. Keene; disclose additional examples of laser recording systems and the like, which employ an auxiliary or reference beam for clocking purposes. Another example of laser scanning apparatus having beam position means can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,472, issued July 21, 1981, to G. S. B. Street, while other examples of clocking arrangements for laser beam recording systems, and the like, can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,212,018, issued July 8, 1980 to M. Ohnishi et al; 3,389,403, issued June 18, 1968 to J. M. Cottingham; 4,285,012, issued Aug. 18, 1981 to Y. Ohara et al; 4,293,202, issued Oct. 6, 1981 to M. Ohnishi et al; and 4,307,409, issued Dec. 22, 1981 to N. L. Greenig et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,274,703, issued June 23, 1981 to T. Fisli discloses an optical system which provides a flat scanning line, and 4,245,228, issued July 13, 1981 to G. F. Cook, discloses a laser plotter construction wherein a modulated light beam is deflected in order to scan a light sensitive medium transversely while sweeping a high resolution raster perpendicular to the scan direction in order to form points of intersection where data are to be located.
In accordance with the present invention, a scanning system incorporates a single reference pattern to provide highly precise positional references for the scanning beam in two directions. The apparatus may include means for scanning a modulated light beam, such as a rotatable polygon deflector arranged for deflecting the light beam through an optical system onto a flat object format, along at least one closely parallel but spaced apart reference beam. Prior to the scanning system, both the modulated principal beam and the reference beam pass through a beam height deflector device which is controllable by applied signals to deflect both beams in equal or proportionate amounts in the Y direction. Subsequent to the imaging optics and adjacent the flat field format the reference beam alone is deflected through a reference pattern disposed adjacent to the writing path for the principal beam. The reference pattern modulates the scanning reference beam to provide a pulse width modulated signal whose periodicity synchronizes a reference clock for the X-axis direction and whose pulse width controls the height deflector.
The reference beam system includes a beam splitter system for bypassing the modulator with a given proportion (generally minor) of the principal beam, but reestablishing both beams in parallelism, preferably collinearly, before entering the height deflector. The optical reference pattern includes a reference scale provided with regularly spaced indicia or spokes having selected geometries in two directions. An evenly spaced set of edges on one side generates leading edges providing a data clock referenced to beam position for the X-direction. Spoke width, however, which varies linearly as a function of Y over a given length, generates pulse widths defining a direction error signal, which in turn is fed back to eliminate height error by controlling the height deflector. The reference indicia are spaced at some fraction of the pixel rate and used to synchronize a higher speed clock, so that an extremely fine reference pattern need not be used. The height deflecting assembly can be a vertically deflecting acousto-optic deflector.
Further, a reference beam is advantageously generated by rotating the plane of polarization when bypassing the modulator. Thereafter, after controlled height adjustment, a polarizing beam splitter in the optical path directs the reference beam into a training mirror path so as to impart the desired small divergence between the reference and principal beams. Both beams pass into the optical system for scanning and focusing prior to subsequent separation of the reference beam just prior to the flat format.
An advantage of the present invention is that pixel lines can be precisely located in both X and Y directions on a flat format for either a plotter or scanner. Furthermore, straight lines can be scanned because the system compensates for a number of errors in a scanning optical system.
Another advantage of the present invention is that vertical or height correction or location of pixels can be achieved as a function of pixel clock synchronization.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, perspective representation of a plotting or scanning apparatus employing a reference scale and height deflecting system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic, plan view showing a specific example of a reference scale according to the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a pixel location control apparatus according to the present invention.
Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1 of the drawings, an apparatus 10 according to the present invention for precisely locating a scanning beam in two dimensions comprises a system for writing successive lines across a film F disposed on a flat object field or format. A concentrated light beam 12, such as a coherent laser beam from a monochromatic (in this example) laser 14, is directed through an acousto-optic modulator 16 and onto a rotating polygon scanner 18 for scanning in the X-direction (transversely across the film F along a predetermined scan line). The scanning beam preferably but not necessarily is passed through imaging optics in a flat field optical system 19 of which the polygon scanner 18 is a part, as described in a previously filed patent application entitled "Scanning Imaging System And Method" by Michael Nagler, Ser. No. 459,230, filed Jan. 19, 1983, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This optical system provides diffraction limited focusing across a wide flat field (here 171/2") and a uniform beam spot size of approximately 17 μm. A clock generator 20 responsive to X axis reference signals provides a clock signal, so that incoming data applied to a register 22 may be clocked out at times related to beam position so as to precisely position the pixels. Driver amplifiers for the modulator 16 have been omitted for simplicity and brevity, as have specific details of the optical system which are conventional and immaterial to the inventive concepts. The film F is advanced in the Y direction by a carriage (not shown) which can move continuously or incrementally and it will be understood that the entire system is enclosed within a light tight housing if film sensitive to visible light is employed.
A reference beam assembly includes a conventional beam splitter 24 disposed between the laser 14 and the modulator 16 for deflecting a minor proportion (e.g., 10%) of the principal beam in a perpendicular direction. This reference beam 25 is successively reflected off a pair of angled mirrors 26, 27 so as to bypass the modulator 16 and then be returned toward the principal beam path. In the bypass path, however, the reference beam is rotated 90░ in polarization by a rotator 29. Upon return to the principal beam path the reference beam is returned to collinearity by a beam recombiner 30.
An acousto-optic beam deflecting device 32 is disposed subsequent to the beam recombiner 30 to adjust the height (Y-direction) of the beam as pixels are being written on film F. Y-axis control signals derived as described below control the device 32. (In a scanning system in which the object document is being read for data, the principal beam is not modulated and reflected light must be detected, but the clocking and servoing schemes are fundamentally alike.) Both orthogonally polarized beams are equally deflected in the X-axis direction by the device 32.
A polarized beam splitter 33 responsive to the polarization of the reference beam, slightly deflects the reference beam 25 from the principal beam 12 following the beam deflector 32. A pair of training mirrors 34, 35 in the path of the reference beam redirect it into a path of very slight divergence relative to the principal beam, with the beams crossing at an intermediate pupil transfer or imaging device 36. Although the beams diverge at a small angle they may still be referred to as substantially parallel because they have a very small spacing after traveling. Both beams enter the flat field optical system 19 via a pair of beam folding mirrors 17, 17' and a scanning polygon 18 and subsequently are directed downwardly (as seen in FIG. 1) toward the scan line along film F.
The scanning principal beam 12 impinges on the flat film F format, while the correspondingly scanning reference beam 25 only is deflected horizontally by an angled mirror 37 onto an optical reference scale 38 that is disposed substantially parallel to and adjacent the scan line on the film F. Varying opacity gradations (discussed below with respect to FIG. 2) on the reference scale 38 modulate the intensity of the reference beam 25 during scanning, and this is sensed by a photodetector 39 disposed behind the reference scale 38.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the reference scale 38 modulates the reference beam as a function of both the scan line position along the X axis and the lateral deviation (Y axis error) in the main beam 12. More specifically, reference scale 38 includes regularly spaced and identical indicia forming spokes 40 of opaque or low transmissivity in contrast to a transparent or translucent background, and having two sets of geometrical properties. The first is a set of evenly spaced leading edges 41, which when scanned by the beam generate the leading edges of a series of pulses. These leading edges define a data clock exactly referenced to a position of the principal beam 12 in an X-direction of the format. The second geometrical property is a variation in spoke width, which varies as a function of beam position along the Y axis. Spoke width, which is shown as nonsymmetrical about a line 42 extending perpendicularly to and generally bisecting spokes 40, is defined as the distance between a leading edge 41, which can be considered a leading spoke edge, and an associated trailing edge 44. As can be seen, the spacing between a pair of edges 41, 44 is greater above line 42 than below same, with a linear transition being made in a zone 45. A reference scale 38 of about 171/2" in length and having about 4400 pairs of edges 41, 44 has been found satisfactory.
The different widths between the edges 41 and 44 formed on the reference scale 38 cause signals to be generated by photodetector 39, as the length of the scale 38 is being scanned by the impinging reference beam 25. This signal is fed back in conventional servo circuits 50 (not shown in detail) to control the beam height deflecting device 32 to adjust the main beam 12 and reference beam 25 positions in the Y direction to seek the center line 42 on the reference scale 38. If the pulse width generated for a beam height position between edges 41 and 44 is less than a predetermined time interval, the deflector 32 is driven to raise beam 12. If, on the other hand, the beam position crosses edges 41 and 44 to provide a greater than nominal pulse width, the deflector 32 lowers the beams and thus the associated scan line.
An example of a beam height deflecting device 32 is an acousto-optic deflector driven by an adjustable radio frequency (RF) source. The driving source itself may be controlled by suitable known servo circuitry 50 as a function of signals received from the photodetector 39. The pulse width may, for example, be converted to a variable RF signal by signal integration or time duration counting techniques (together with D/A conversion) used to control a variable frequency oscillator.
Referring to FIG. 3 of the drawings, a flow diagram is shown setting forth the various elements making up a preferred apparatus for carrying out the present invention.
Starting with the light source, which can be a conventional continuous wave laser 110, preferably polarized, a beam is fed through coupling or training mirrors 112 to a conventional beam splitter 114. One portion of the split beam, referred to above as the main beam, is sent directly to an acousto-optical (A/O) modulator section 116 where the beam is modulated as it propagates onward to a beam recombiner 118. The auxiliary reference beam created by splitter 114 is fed to a training mirror 120, rotated 90░ in a polarization direction by a rotator 122, and then trained by a second mirror 124 into the beam recombiner 118 to be superimposed with the main beam emitted from modulator 116. There now are in the system two collinear beams superimposed, one modulated and one not, and having orthogonal polarizations.
The recombined beams are now sent into an A/O height servo 126, preferably a glass block acoustically modulated by a lithium niobate piezoelectric crystal, which deflects the superimposed beams up or down in response to beam positional error. They then pass to a polarizing beam splitter 128, which sends one beam directly to a pupil imaging device 132 and the other beam through the same device 132 via a first training mirror 130 which is positioned to offset the reference beam at a small angle relative to the principal beam. A second training mirror 134, after the pupil imaging device 132 is used in establishing the desired small angle of divergence between the beams as they enter an imaging and deflecting system 136, directs the main beam so as to scan a suitable flat format F. The modulated reference beam impinges on a beam folding mirror 137 and is reflected to a reference scale 138 constructed in the manner of reference scale 38 in FIG. 2. The output of a photodetector 139 behind the reference scale 138 is fed to a data clock synchronizer 140 which provides synchronizing signals to data clock circuits 142 operating at a basic multiple of the reference indicia rate so as to multiply the number of image pixels accordingly. The data clock is input to a data-in storage register 144 that controls operation of the principal beam modulator section 116 through a conventional driver 146.
The output from the photodetector, which will be in the form of pulses detected by photomultiplier circuits feeding an amplifier, is also fed to height error signal circuits 148 which times the distance between the on and off going spoke edges on the reference scale, as described above, and controls position of the acousto-optic height servo 126 through a suitable RF driver 150.
As can be readily understood from the above description and from the drawings, the present invention provides in a simple and economical manner a pair of feedback loops, one for the X-direction of a flat format and the other for the Y-direction thereof, which assures precise locating of pixels on any desired format. Further, the arrangement can be employed with either printing or scanning as desired. The use of a single reference beam to correct location errors in both the X and Y directions simplifies construction of the apparatus, in that scan line position and parallelism are assured with lower cost optics than would otherwise be needed. In addition the system assures close control of position in both directions, although it is to be understood that the Y-direction loop can be used alone, or in conjunction with any other kind of pixel clock.
While different alternatives and modifications have been suggested, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto but encompasses all forms and variations falling within the scope of the appended claims.


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Weekends are a gift! We use them to meet up with friends, bond with family and loved ones, play silly games with the kiddies, and potter about the home arranging, rearranging and tidying up! Here are some snippets from past weekends.
Catching up with Kanika
Last weekend I met up blogger Kanika Bahl
.....and we went to a local handmade paper factory. Here are some pics
|Expanses of beautiful handmade paper in various textures and hues|
|The men who work hard to bring this lovely stuff to the sales counter|
|A lantern made of handmade paper|
|This is one of the paper types I picked up...started some Warli on it.|
I enjoyed that visit, and I am totally delighted with the stuff I picked up. I have little projects planned for each type of handmade paper I bought...will keep you posted!
Pottering about the house
I love this painting that I have in my home. It is by a versatile woman Kamini Raghavan. I am sure you have heard of her ;) Check out her blog here
|Painting by Kamini Raghavan|
|Painted pots and mint madki|
|This is a lantern I picked up on one of my weekend outings. Read about it here.|
Check out Pat's lantern post...or should I say posts?:)...yep! she loves them!
This weekend I am going to ......
Let my kiddo do her own flower arrangement :-)
|More brass picked up in Tuslibaug at the afore-mentioned weekend.|
...and just smell the flowers!
So, what are YOU going to be doing this weekend? Leave a comment or blog about the things you love about your weekends.
Labels: handmade paper factory, pics, play, Warli art, weekend

domain: hobby


National delivery using courier.
3 - 7 days
Inspired by – and evoking the colour palette of – a forest floor, the Forest Throw comes to life in a combination of green tones, resulting in a textural construction simulating moss growth. This throw also complements the Forest Scatter range, specifically in tones and texture.
Show Care Instructions
Performance Fabrics: Polyester, Acrylic
Refer to the sewn-in label on the product for washing instructions.
Important to note: Fabric can pill due to the friction of continuous
movement on the same spot.
How to care for performance fabrics:
• Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and heat, this could cause fading and discolouration.
• Pilling can be removed with a fabric shaver.
How to care for WOOL:
• Treat spots and stains immediately to prevent damage.
• Blot liquids with a dry, absorbent cloth.
• Yearly professional cleaning is recommended.


NIGHT VIEWER LATCH REPAIR (Sheet 8 of 10)
17. With one person relieving load with punch,
remove drill bit and handle (M).
18. Place spacer (Q) and handle (M) on shaft (F).
1 9 . Using hammer, drive pin (R) into retaining hole
of handle (M) and shaft (F).
2 0 . Remove punch.
2 1 . Release lever (K) and push handle (M) forward
1/2 turn to locked position. Release and return
to position shown.
N OT E
H a ndle should loc k in bot h forw a rd a nd a ft posit ions a nd
should not bind during m ove m e nt .
22. Remove assembled parts from vise.
Go on to Sheet 9


text:
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Lithgow City Council tonight will consider the controversial Capertee Heliport that council officers have recommended for approval in a report released last Friday evening. “Tonight we will see whether Lithgow Council has any sensitivity to community concern or if it is simply a rubber stamp for development. Nothing has been resolved with this proposal,” said Keith Muir director of the Colong Foundation for Wilderness.
Posted: 19 December 2005
Posted: 29 November 2005
The announcement of an 11,000 hectares Chaelundi wilderness today is another step toward the protection of our precious wilderness estate. This wilderness, however, is just one of a number of backlog of areas that remain to be protected in NSW”, said Keith Muir director of the Colong Foundation for Wilderness.
Posted: 28 November 2005
Today the Colong Foundation for Wilderness, the Blue Mountains Conservation Society and the Colo Committee launched a new proposal to protect 40,000 hectares. The proposal, centred on the township of Lithgow, is called the Gardens of Stone.
Posted: 23 November 2005
A peak environment group today called on the NSW Premier, Morris Iemma, to disclose his Government’s “exclusive negotiation agreement” with Perisher Blue, a high profile leaseholder in the alpine region of Kosciuszko National Park. “The Colong Foundation has obtained a copy of Perisher Blue’s current lease and it does not allow the Company’s application for a major development in the Park.” said Ms Fiona McCrossin, Assistant Director of the Foundation.
Posted: 10 November 2005
“Spreading death to predators from the air in Kosciuszko National Park is a reckless action that will place endangered dingo and quoll populations at risk”, said Keith Muir director of the Colong Foundation for Wilderness. “Instead of killing wild dogs, the National Parks and Wildlife should be reintroducing endangered pure-bred dingoes as a top level predator into Kosciuszko National Park in ecologically significant numbers,” Mr Muir said.
Posted: 10 November 2005
Today’s announced superhighway scheme is an absurd attack on the precious Blue Mountains World Heritage Wilderness that the Carr Government fought so hard to protect in 2000.
Posted: 2 November 2005
Sydney has a voracious demand for sand and is set to consume increasing amounts of sand from Newnes Plateau and five other very environmentally sensitive areas. The Colong Foundation, however, proposes that offshore sand extraction should be considered as an alternative option in the Sydney Construction Materials Strategy currently being developed by the Department of Planning.
Posted: 26 October 2005
“The controversial plan to turn Newnes Plateau 125 kilometres west of Sydney into a sand pit will be discussed at Lithgow Council chambers today by stakeholders. It is expected that the media will again be locked out as was the case in June’, said Keith Muir director of the Colong Foundation for Wilderness. ‘Newnes Plateau is being advanced for sand mining development in front of five other alternatives. The proposals for Newnes threaten the adjacent World Heritage area, which would degrade the region’s most important natural resource’, he said.
Posted: 11 October 2005
The Colong Foundation for Wilderness today called on the NSW, Victoria and the ACT governments to reject a $15 million dollar plan by the Federal Government to make a World Heritage listing nomination of the Alpine National Parks contingent upon the creation of a cattle grazing and horseriding theme park. The Foundation called the plan a thinly veiled bribe to the Victorian government to retract its ban on cattle grazing in the Alpine National Park and throw cash at all three governments to push new horseriding trails through 1.6 million hectares of alpine parks in NSW, Victoria and ACT.
Posted: 9 September 2005
The new Draft Plan of Management for the Namadgi National Park is one of the best to come out of South East Australia for a number of years, said Keith Muir director of the Colong Foundation for Wilderness. Mr Muir said that “The draft plan leads to way toward better protection of the natural environment. It will help to foster appropriate nature-focussed recreation and conserve Canberra’s water resources, while facilitating co-management of the park by the local Aboriginal community.”

domain: geography


Toyota has introduced the 2019 4Runner, Tacoma, and Tundra TRD Pro models at the 2018 Chicago Auto Show.
The TRD Pro lineup was first unveiled in 2014, born from the Japanese automakerís rich racing and off-road heritage. Each model features highly-capable, tried, and tested performance off-road equipment and for 2019, all three ride on 2.5-inch TRD Pro-exclusive Fox Internal Bypass shocks
that have been tuned specifically for each vehicle by TRD. According to Toyota, the aluminum-bodied shocks
offer impressive performance damping for a wide variety of driving situations, from high-speed desert running to slow-speed rock crawling, or simply driving to and from work.


text:
This fresh pumpkin soup recipe without cream uses fresh pumpkins, carrots, ginger, potatoes, spices and few other ingredients to make a very yummy, easy, healthy and fresh pumpkin carrot ginger soup from scratch.
In a pan, heat butter or oil and add the chopped shallots or onion.
Mix well, let it get stir fried for a few moments till the chopped shallots turn brown and caramelize.
Add the crushed ginger and lightly fry for a few seconds, switch off the stove and keep the pan away from heat.
Heat water in another sauce pan, and when the water boils add the potatoes, carrots and salt and reduce the flame.
Close the pan, and let the vegetables get cooked in low heat for about 10 minutes.
Add pumpkin pieces to the pan, stir and cook for about 4 to 5 minutes in low heat.
Once the vegetables are cooked, remove from the stove and keep it aside for cooling.
Once the cooked vegetables are cooled enough, blend all the cooked vegetables(not the caramelized onions, we will add it later to the soup) along with the water used for cooking the vegetables, in a blender.I do not prefer to have many vegetable chunks in the soup, so I blended the vegetables till it reached an almost smooth consistency, small little pieces of vegetables in the soup is fine.
If you think the resulting mixture is too thick, you can add little bit more water.
Transfer the contents from the blender to the pan again, and heat it.
Now add the caramelized onions, garlic powder and black pepper powder (or crushed black pepper) also to the soup and bring it to a boil for few seconds.
Switch off the stove and serve the hot soup while it is still warm!
You can also make things more easier by cooking all the vegetables together in a pressure cooker. If you are using pressure cooker, the vegetables will be usually cooked in 2 to 3 whistles,or about 7 to 8 minutes of cooking after the steam comes.


text:
The Community Chest Project – Terms and Conditions
About funding for our community
The ‘Community Chest Project’ is the name for the total annual sum of £4,000 set aside by the Emsworth Residents’ Association.
Who can apply?
Any group, charity, school or voluntary group inside Emsworth’s boundaries, Hermitage and Thorney are welcome. The Community Chest Project is very keen to support grass-roots activity.
There are areas that we can’t fund
There are certain types of work and organizations that the Project does not fund:
Grants for the benefit of one individual
Medical research or hospitals
Churches or other religious bodies where the monies will be used for religious purposes
Work where there is statutory responsibility to provide funding
The application process is straight forward
Applicants can apply for a sum up to £1000 per project. So just fill in the form.
Download the form ☛
We’ll look at your application carefully. A maximum of three applicants are shortlisted each quarter, with each group receiving a share of the £1,000. The three shortlisted applicants are notified. We let people know straight away when their project is successful.
Each sum awarded is made at our QGM’s.
It sounds complicated – it isn’t.
Applicants warrant that they have truthfully and accurately completed the application form.
The number of applications you can make
£1,000 is made available each quarter for the duration of the Community Chest Project
We want to tell Emsworth about your project.
If we fund then we want your permission to tell people about it please?
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domain: law


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Today is International Women's Day, a day to acknowledge and celebrate the women of the world; but, also, to recognize that we have a lot of work ahead of us to improve the health and lives of women, especially in the poorest countries.
I can't think of a better way to celebrate International Women's Day than to pick up Half The Sky, be inspired by the women profiled in the book and take action for all the women and girls around the world who aren't yet empowered to do so for themselves.
Only through working together with the sacred feminine can we heal and transform the world. And this means to honor her presence within our bodies and our soul, in the ground we walk on and the air we breathe.
South Sudan is the world's newest nation, and while we celebrate the first International Women's Day in independent South Sudan, we must look at how we can address the great challenges faced by women and girls in one of the world's least developed countries.
For many women change remains an aspiration reserved for future generations. Not for them, not for now, but hopefully for their daughters or granddaughters. We owe it to those women to take action now.
This week's international celebration of women is a vivid illustration of just how much the position of women in some countries around the world has improved over the past hundred years. But it also serves as a poignant reminder of how much work remains to be done.

domain: news


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Arlington Cemetery and DC Highlights Tour
Excellent value for money
Includes free admission to top local attractions
Fully narrated tour
Informative, friendly and professional guide
Duration: 6 hours
If you're looking to delve into the history of the United States while taking in some of the most significant monuments in America, Arlington Cemetery and DC Highlights Tour is a must-do activity. This guided tour will take you to some of the most iconic locations in the nation's capital, including the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, and the White House. Additionally, you'll witness the Changing of the Guard ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and take a stroll through Arlington Cemetery, where you'll pay your respects to those who've given their lives in service to their country.
The Arlington Cemetery and DC Highlights Tour is a 6.5-hour long expedition, which includes some significant walks. The tour bus will take you around the city, wrapping up at the National Mall. Additionally, the tour guide will provide the history of the city, adding depth to the experience. As you approach the Lincoln Memorial, you'll get a grand view of the Washington Monument and reflect on the inspiring speeches of Abraham Lincoln as you stand on the footsteps where he gave his "I Have a Dream" speech.
After a brief stop at the White House, the bus will make a beeline to Arlington Cemetery, which is home to some of America's most significant heroes. The honor guards at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier carry out the Changing of the Guard ceremony, which is one of the most respectful and impactful activities in Arlington Cemetery. You'll also get a chance to see the graves of President John F. Kennedy, his brother Robert, and the space shuttle Challenger crew.
This tour offers an excellent opportunity for you to experience some of the most iconic and meaningful historical sites in America. The guide's enthusiasm and fascination with history will undoubtedly bring a fresh perspective to the experience. The peaceful and respectful atmosphere of Arlington Cemetery, coupled with the Changing of the Guard ceremony, will make this a truly phenomenal experience.
In conclusion, join the Arlington Cemetery and DC Highlights Tour to experience the heart of America, which is far beyond what the eye can see. It's an adventure that's more than worth the time and effort, and you'll leave with lasting memories and appreciation of America's rich history.

domain: history


LED headlights offer a real advantage over other technologies for vehicle owners. They will not burn out and they require no maintenance above the normal lens cleaning that is required, and they produce light with a colour temperature that is close to daylight.
LED headlamps provide more illumination on the road ahead and offer a unique look. They offer motorists peace of mind and higher visibility on the road.
HID stands for “High Intensity Discharge”. The HID Conversion Kit is a revolutionary concept in automotive lighting industry. The concept of the HID system is to produce high lighting output which is 3 times the brightness compared to traditional headlights. Offer the driver a level of confidence when driving at night time.
We offer a variety of LED lighting to suit 4WD’s or SUV’s. From LED Light Bars, Fog and Driving Lights, all are designed to come in a variety of sizes and to handle any off road track to suit your needs.
Our LED Lighting offer everything you need to keep your vehicle safe and come with many features including Aluminium housing and weather proof designs.


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Cleveland Bat Mitzvah DJs helped produce a great concert themed event at Bertram Inn in Aurora, Ohio. The DJs provided music and MC services for the event including a video dance party. They also brought party dancers to get the crowd motivated to dance and participate at the party. Check out the Rock The House website for more information on Bat Mitzvah DJs.
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Joining Rubin at CalArts for the two-week workshop was renowned Mexican playwright Ximena Escalante and trilingual actress Salome M. Krell. The trio worked with CalArts students to explore the narrative integration of English and Spanish in Escalante’s new play Electra Despierta. The story examines the experience of two sisters and one brother: Electra, Iphigena and Orestes—each affected by terrible relationships with their parents—who try to achieve their objectives any way possible.
CalArts producer Nijeul Porter (Theater MFA 15) said that with its nonlinear structure, the play has succeeded primarily by engaging young audiences. It explores a narrative that may take actors and audiences out of their comfort zone, forcing them to reconsider their own relationships and social issues.
Rubin took a moment talk about his background in theater and his work on Electra Despierta. Listen to the podcast:
The development phase at CalArts saw the original text go through intensive group analysis and uninhibited exploration sessions. “I had a profound interest in this educational space where it’s all about freedom and creativity,” said Krell, who also serves as The Private Theatre’s Artistic Development Coordinator.
Founded in 1980 by John Gould Rubin and Travis Preston, dean of CalArts School of Theater, The Private Theatre received excellent notices for its intimate staging of Hedda Gabler in a New York condo’s living room in 2010. The production, designed by CalArts faculty member Chris Barrecca, allowed Rubin to convey a sense of naturalistic intimacy while maintaining his commitment to experimenting with form.
“I have acquired a reputation for altering the way people go to see a show,”said Rubin, who said Electra Despierta will be no exception. His vision for a wholly bilingual production aims to challenge audiences to expand their understanding of what art is, and challenge the CalArts actors involved in the production.
The Private Theatre plans to follow up this workshop with a full New York production in 2013.


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Seen by millions travelers each year, Tuscany is among the most preferred regions in Italy. Found in the centre of the country, Tuscany flaunts scenic and serene landscapes with beautiful villages and also towns populated concerning its rolling hillsides, low-lying mountains, and also fertile farmland. To the west, it is bordered by the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas, where you can additionally find the ideal island of Elba and also the tantalising Tuscan Archipelago.
While exploring the surroundings in the Val d’Orcia as well as Chianti Red wine Area is a treat, Tuscany is additionally well known for its charming cities and also communities. It’s vacationer attractions include olden churches, classy piazzas, and also impressive royal residences. These are charming to wander about, with the historical centers of Siena, Pisa, and Lucca specifically wonderful areas to check out in Tuscany. On top of all this, Tuscany’s capital of Florence is unquestionably one of the most beautiful cities in the world as well as is nearly unsurpassed when it concerns its numerous imaginative and architectural prizes.
Hing on the historic Val d’Orcia region of Tuscany, Pienza is a pleasurable and also attractive location to visit that owes its fame as well as ton of money to its former resident Pope Pius II. It was this prominent figure who entirely changed the when drowsy bayou right into the charming Renaissance community we see today.
Restored around 1459 to be a papal retreat, Pienza was relabelled after Pius II, with monumental buildings skyrocketing around town. Lining its grand and classy central piazza, you can now locate a stunning sanctuary and town hall, as well as Palazzo Piccolomini, where the renowned pope when lived. From the papal royal residence’s rich gardens, you can delight in magnificent sights over the surrounding fields and ranches, with Mount Amiata prowling in the distance.
Pienza’s charming historical facility is noted for being the first circumstances of humanist urban planning. This was later on reproduced all throughout Italy and also Europe. Roaming among its pastel-coloured buildings as well as winding patched roads is a treat, with plenty of picturesque streetscapes to uncover.
2. Massa Marittima
Perched atop a hillside ignoring great deals of attractive countryside, the community and also comune of Massa Marittima hinges on the province of Grosseto in the south of Tuscany. Typically ignored in favour of Florence, Pisa, and Siena, it flaunts a beautiful Old Town and also is thankfully devoid of big groups and excursion groups.
Established more than a thousand years earlier, the small town is house to several outstanding and also intriguing historical views, with its stunning basilica being the highlight. Built in a Romanesque-Pisane design, it shows some remarkable art and also architecture; its marvelous belfry climbs substantially over a mesmerising mess of medieval roads.
Scattered around the historic facility are centuries-old churches and also palazzi for site visitors to explore, as well as numerous coffee shops and standard dining establishments. In addition to this, Massa Marittima has a number of superb museums which provide a fascinating look at the town and also region’s abundant mining history as well as heritage.
Another of Tuscany’s lovely hill communities is Volterra, which depends on the Province of Pisa keeping an eye out over a countless jumble quilt of farms and areas. Remarkably, it is thought to have actually been continuously lived in because the 8th century BC, a lot of interesting and crucial historic views and also social landmarks can be found populated about.
While exploring the small city’s streets, visitors will certainly find Roman ruins and middle ages community squares, while craggy wall surfaces dating to the Etruscans enclose its centuries-old buildings. Amongst its most ancient sites are the fourth century BC Porta all’ Arco– the community’s primary gate– and also the Roman Theatre, while relatively brand-new enhancements include its hulking Duomo and also hill Medici Fortress.
Besides its exquisite style as well as astonishing historic sights, Volterra is additionally kept in mind for its exceptional alabaster carvings, which are still produced in the town’s workshops. It is a great area to grab souvenirs; lots of stores and also boutiques sell artisanal inventions as well as locally made art work.
Embed in a stunning area atop a popular hillside, Cortona is honored with amazing sights everywhere. Situated in the Province of Arezzo, the village is home to lots of charming middle ages buildings and Renaissance design as well as was once part of the Etruscan Organization.
Hidden away among its ancient patched roads are stylish piazzas for visitors to check out, with centuries-old churches and also palaces dotted occasionally. Such is Cortona’s attractive nature that large parts of Under the Tuscan Sunlight were shot right here. Its spectacular setup just contributes to its appeal.
To obtain a greater understanding of the community’s rich background, heritage, as well as society, it is well worth going to the amazing Diocesan Museum as well as Gallery of the Etruscan Academy. Both of these are home to intriguing exhibits, outstanding art work, and also olden artefacts, while many historical sites can additionally be located around town.
Although it is renowned for its remarkable white wines, Montepulciano has a lot more going all out: it’s home to a beautiful middle ages facility packed with excellent historical sights and also social sites. As it is set on a limestone ridge, it additionally flaunts lovely sights out over the spectacular surroundings of the Val d’Orcia and Val di Chiana areas of Tuscany.
Lying at the heart of the town is the attractive Piazza Grande, lined by splendid palaces that show fine Renaissance and medieval features. From Palazzo Communale’s clock tower, visitors can take pleasure in sweeping panoramas over the bordering countryside, while its 14th-century walls also offer awesome panoramas.
Montepulciano’s main draw, nevertheless, is its tasty regional fruit and vegetables. Great cheeses, hams, and pasta meals can all be experienced alongside its world-famous red wines. Numerous restaurants, cafes as well as bars around town serve up the magnificent Vino Nobile, and several areas additionally offer sampling sessions or scenic tours of vineyards as well as wine rack.
Situated some 80 kilometers to the southeast of Florence, Arezzo is the resources and also largest city of the district of the same name. When one of the 12 hillside communities of the Etruscan Organization, it is currently recognized for its several churches as well as museums, as well as for its incredible Piazza Grande.
Set on a sloping hill, this spectacular middle ages square is lined by quite, pastel-colored palaces. It was right here that parts of the acclaimed La Vita e Bella were filmed. Life in the city revolves around the piazza, with a substantial antique market held on its natural flagstones monthly and many beautiful streets snaking away from it.
Checking out Arezzo’s historical center actually is a delight. Centuries-old churches, ancient monoliths, and detaining architectural styles are plentiful. While its art and historical galleries allow you to delve into the town’s two thousand years of history, its rich society as well as food can additionally be experienced in any among its superb restaurants, cafes and bars.
Bordered by the carbonated water of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Elba is honored with beautiful beaches, small, secluded coves, as well as lots of breathtaking landscapes. Famous for being the website of Napoleon’s very first exile, it exists just ten kilometers off of the mainland and also is the third-largest island in Italy.
Along the island’s coastline are great deals of beautiful towns and villages for you to check out, with Portoferraio, Marciana Marina, and also Porto Azzurro checking amongst its most prominent. Right here you can look into Elba’s rich social heritage and food while watching out over the stunning seascapes prior to you.
While Elba’s breathtaking, sun-kissed coasts lend themselves completely to sunbathing, swimming, and also sailing, its inside is house to productive vineyards and also little mountains. These are excellent to trek or cycle around, with ancient communities, settlements, and also castles populated around. Exceptional views can be appreciated from the top of the 1,018 metre high Monte Capanne.
8. Val d’Orcia
Among the most beautiful as well as most picturesque parts of Tuscany, Val d’Orcia is an attractive valley known for its moving hills, fertile farmland, as well as idyllic middle ages towns. Prolonging from the hills south of Siena to the impending lava dome of Mount Amiata, the area teems with attractive landscapes and also small negotiations that are a treat to discover.
While Pienza draws in the most site visitors with its papal past as well as stunning Gothic and Renaissance style, communities such as Montalcino and also Castiglione d’Orcia are equally as worthwhile visiting. These are both home to amazing hill citadels, which use splendid views over the valley’s countryside. Regional farming produce can be tasted in their cafes and also restaurants.
Such is the region’s appeal that over the centuries, Val d’Orcia’s landscapes have usually been replicated in Renaissance paintings or photo type. In more recent times, parts of Gladiator, The English Person as well as A Midsummer Night’s Desire were all recorded below.


Streets and lanes of small restaurants and food stalls, common in this scenario: table white porcelain bowl, have agreed to a white plastic bag. Hot soup with rice or fried rice just a pot, cook was directly into the plastic bag with the bowl, just also drum with plastic bags have plastic bag manufacturer help for life been hot sticking the wall in the bowl. Diners picked up the bowl, picked up the chopsticks to eat. Call a spade a spade to the restaurant owner, with the plastic bag bowl without brush a bowl, the customer looked clean, also have the appetite. The use of plastic bags cheap, if not plastic bags will be ” please dishwasher “, increase the cost, but also a waste of water, the plastic bag bowl saved a lot of trouble.
Yesterday, the International Food Packaging Association executive vice president and secretary-general Dong lion said, plastic bag containing high temperature food, will produce harmful substances on the human body, long-term use can pose a greater danger.
The diners: a plastic bag bowl meal is a common phenomenon
The reporter to investigate several shop early discovery, a few little earlier bagging phenomenon exists, and Mala Tang stalls bagging is a general phenomenon. In October 21st, around 8 in the morning, reporters in Dongcheng District, next to a community breakfast point seen, store all the customers use the bowl is a plastic bag. Reporters have a black rice gruel, the owner took a bowl, cover the last plastic bags started porridge. The sets of plastic bags without any mark, colorless and transparent thin. When cleaning, the shopkeeper will direct the used plastic bags, and then set a new bag of continue to use. At Jiande doors subway station near several shop early and no bagging.
Night, Mala Tang ” prime time “. Nine thirty at night, Haidian District Yongtai East Road on a Mala Tang shop filled with people. The cabinet was placed on dozens of already set bag plate. A reporter asked whether bagging, toilet facial paper manufacturer products the shopkeeper said: ” or a bag clean. ”
The shopkeeper: bagging can save washing procedure
Several Mala Tang merchant said, actually bagging is mainly in order to save. Spicy hot shop peak period is late six a.m. to ten p.m.. ” At that time, too many people, no time to wash the dishes. But this particular things hard to wash sesame paste. Direct bagging looks cleaner. ” There is a shop owner said: ” some customers to worry about our bowl does not wash clean, sleeve bag people rest assured. ”
The owner of easy move received the majority of customers agree. The reporter asked a few customers, they all said bag looks more health. Citizen Mr Li says, ” like the kind of roadside stalls, not a store, where to brush brush bowl, is also in the water rinse it out, as well as sleeve bag. ” A surname citizen asked whether health, sighed and said, ” what is not clean, so they don’t care so much, unclean ate disease. ” There are public concerns about the plastic bag containing high temperature food will produce toxins, but occasionally eat some should not be a problem.
As for the plastic bags quality, is located in Chaoyang District Baijiazhuang road in a spicy hot owner said, Android TV remote your plastic bag looks thick, is already the best plastic bags, a fifty cents a. While the other hot food stalls with plastic bags are mostly only eighty cents a, high temperature and the deformation and breakage.


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Polish lawyers Katarzyna Komulainen and Leszek Rydzewski have joined Andersen Tax & Legal in Warsaw.
Schoenherr lawyers Pawel Halwa and Thomas Kulnigg have been promoted to Equity Partner as part of the firm's annual promotion round, and lawyers Constantin Benes, Leon Kopecky, Guenther Leissler, Laurenz Schwitzer, Manuela Zimmermann, Georgiana Badescu, Madalina Neagu, and Milos Lakovic have been promoted to Contract Partner.
DLA Piper has advised Polish family-owned investment firm TDJ on its acquisition of a controlling 83% stake in Teamtechnik Production Technology, a company specializing in the design and manufacture of intelligent production lines for the automotive industry. Teamtechnik was advised by Domanski Zakrzewski Palinka.
With GDP growth for 2019 projected to be approximately 4%, the Polish economy remains strong, and the country’s real estate sector continues to set new records. The low availability of housing, strong domestic consumption, and stable industry production have boosted the profitability of real estate investments. Demand for land is high and developers compete fiercely for the shrinking number of attractive spots. In August 2019, a new law came into force which may make real properties held in a right of perpetual usufruct (RPU) more attractive than they used to be.
WKB has advised the Intel Corporation on Polish aspects of its acquisition of Habana Labs, an Israeli company specializing in the design of processors for machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. Paul Hastings was global counsel to the Intel Corporation on th deal, which was valued at approximately USD 2 billion.

domain: finance


Selgas Cano Architecture's Subterranean Work Space
I want to work there, erm, I want to sit in this office and hunt trends all day.
Implications - It's tough to work in the city sometimes due to its overwhelming, hectic feel. Architects are looking to the great outdoors to provide people with a comforting, natural environment that they can enjoy without the stressful noises of traffic and angry commuters. By providing a getaway space that's engulfed with mother nature, companies ease the stress of the city and improve productivity.