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Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 187692, 10 pages
The Modulation of Error Processing in the Medial Frontal Cortex by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
1Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Füchsleinstraβe 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstr. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
Received 2 November 2012; Revised 14 February 2013; Accepted 12 March 2013
Academic Editor: Stefan Berti
Copyright © 2013 Lisa Bellaïche et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background. In order to prevent future errors, we constantly control our behavior for discrepancies between the expected (i.e., intended) and the real action outcome and continuously adjust our behavior accordingly. Neurophysiological correlates of this action-monitoring process can be studied with event-related potentials (error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)) originating from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Patients with neuropsychiatric diseases often show performance monitoring dysfunctions potentially caused by pathological changes of cortical excitability; therefore, a modulation of the underlying neuronal activity might be a valuable therapeutic tool. One technique which allows us to explore cortical modulation of neural networks is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Therefore, we tested the effect of medial-prefrontal tDCS on error-monitoring potentials in 48 healthy subjects randomly assigned to anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation. Results. We found that cathodal stimulation attenuated Pe amplitudes compared to both anodal and sham stimulation, but no effect for the ERN. Conclusions. Our results indicate that cathodal tDCS over the mPFC results in an attenuated cortical excitability leading to decreased Pe amplitudes. We therefore conclude that tDCS has a neuromodulatory effect on error-monitoring systems suggesting a future approach to modify the sensitivity of corresponding neural networks in patients with action-monitoring deficits.
Performance monitoring is a major executive function, which allows for an online adaptation of behavior according to internal goals and standards and includes the process of error monitoring . In order to accomplish goal-oriented behavior and prevent performance errors, we constantly control the outcome of our actions in order to detect a discrepancy between the expected (i.e., intended) and the real action-outcome, and continuously adjust our behavior accordingly. On the neurophysiological level, erroneous actions are accompanied by a frontocentral negativity (termed error negativity (Ne) or error-related negativity (ERN)) and a corresponding centroparietal positivity (error-positivity, Pe ). The ERN typically occurs within the first 100 ms after an erroneous response, while the Pe occurs within 200–450 ms after an incorrect response. Previous studies have shown that the medial frontal cortex (MFC) plays a key role in action monitoring . The premotor/supplementary motor area (Brodman area 6) and caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have been identified as main generators of the ERN, whereas source localization studies with LORETA (low resolution electromagnetic tomography) localized the generator of the Pe within Brodmann area 24 of the ACC . These results suggest that the ERN and Pe stand for distinct components of error monitoring. While the ERN is thought to be an early indicator of errors that is not dependent on conscious error detection, the Pe component is more likely to reflect conscious aspects of error monitoring depending on error awareness . Brain-injured patients and patients with psychiatric disorders have been found to show performance-monitoring deficits with a corresponding modulation of the electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring [6–9]. All these examples of performance monitoring dysfunctions caused by pathological changes of cortical excitability suggest that a modulation of medial frontal brain areas that are relevant for error processing and performance monitoring might be a valuable additional tool in the therapy of psychiatric disorders.
Noninvasive neurostimulation techniques such as tDCS permit to induce neuroplasticity in human brains and thus allow us to explore cortical modulation of neural networks. tDCS is a non-invasive, pain-free procedure that is able to modulate cerebral excitability by applying weak currents of ~1 mA through surface electrodes to the scalp. The basic principle of the method is that anodal stimulation with positive charging leads to a depolarization of the membrane potential and an increase of cortical excitability, while cathodal stimulation with negative charging leads to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and a decreased firing rate of cortical neurons . Accordingly, both protocols have been shown to result in modified amplitudes of different ERP components . The first approaches that were taken with tDCS aimed at producing localized changes of motor cortex excitability . Soon after these first “proof-of-principle” studies, further studies emerged that explored the modulation of neural networks implicated in human cognitive functions such as working memory , verbal fluency , or implicit learning , were originally designed to address patients with various neurological or psychiatric disorders, and were also conducted with a neuroergonomic mindset.
Based on these findings and considerations, our study aimed at investigating neurophysiological correlates of error monitoring (ERN, Pe) via EEG recordings during stimulation of the brain with weak direct current. Based on previous functional imaging and ERP studies that consistently indicated the ACC (and neighboring regions) as the neuroanatomical source of both the ERN and the Pe, we realized an experimental setup in which the participants underwent DC stimulation over the medial frontal cortex while performing a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task as an experimental paradigm to test response conflict and error monitoring during an EEG recording. According to previous studies investigating motor and cognitive functions, in which a dual-polarity effect for stimulation applied over different cortical areas emerged [15–18], we hypothesize that stimulation with weak direct current over the mPFC might lead to an anodal-excitatory effect under the stimulated area with increased amplitudes of the ERN and Pe, whereas cathodal stimulation might have an inhibitory impact, resulting in smaller amplitudes of the ERN and Pe.
A peculiarity of the analyzed event-related potentials is that source localization studies investigating neural generators contributing to the ERN and Pe revealed different subcomponents of the Pe. van Vean and Carter described an early Pe corresponding to caudal ACC activation and a later Pe with rostral ACC and superior parietal cortex activation . Furthermore, a study investigating to what extent ERP correlates are related to error awareness showed an increased late Pe for aware compared to unaware errors, whereas no dissociation between aware and unaware errors was found for the early Pe . These results replicated a study by Nieuwenhuis and colleagues . Based on these findings indicating potentially different neural generators and functional significance of the late Pe compared to the early Pe, we analyze the Pe with different time windows in our study.
A possible interfering effect between an increased excitability through stimulation over one of the tDCS electrodes and an inhibition effect on the brain area under the opposite electrode shall be taken into account. For example, it would be conceivable that an inhibition of the visual system occurs as a consequence of inhibition as one of our tDCS electrodes is placed between Oz and the inion. Therefore, we analyze the P1 as an early component of the event-related potential evoked within the visual cortex.
With the present study, we intend to shed light upon stimulation effects of tDCS on error monitoring by investigating changes of the ERN and Pe systematically during anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation.
2. Materials and Methods
Forty-eight healthy subjects (21 males, 27 females; mean age: 23.9 years; SD = 2.5, range 20–30) participated in this experiment. We randomly assigned these subjects to three groups receiving either anodal stimulation (6 males, 11 females; mean age: 24.2 years, SD = 2.7), cathodal stimulation (8 males, 7 females; mean age: 24.0 years, SD = 2.1), or sham stimulation (7 males, 9 females; mean age: 23.5 years, SD = 2.5). All participants received a verbal and written explanation of the purpose of the experiment and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. All procedures involved were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of the Medical Faculty of the University of Wuerzburg. All subjects were right handed according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Exclusion criteria were self-reports of current or former neurological or psychiatric disorders, current or former use of medication affecting the central nervous system, pregnancy or a history of intracranial metal implantation, cochlea implant, or cardiac pacemaker. Information about these criteria was obtained by questionnaires. All subjects underwent neuropsychological tests including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CED-S) in its German version (ADS-K, Allgemeine Depressionsskala) in its short version , the Anxiety Sensitivity Index  (ASI-3), and the Adult Self Report Scale  (ASRS) as a screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition to that, mood changes were monitored using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS ) before and after stimulating with tDCS.
During the experiment, participants were sitting in a darkened and sound-attenuated cabin in front of a computer screen with EEG- and tDCS-electrode montage on the surface of their head as described below. First, they were asked to close their eyes and relax while a 3-minute resting EEG was recorded. Following a short practice session of a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task, we then started our anodal, cathodal, or sham DC stimulation with a total duration of 22 minutes. After a period of 2 minutes of forerun to maximize the effect of the stimulation, we instructed the participants to perform the Eriksen flanker task during a period of 20 minutes while simultaneously recording the event-related potentials until the end of the DC stimulation. We thus used a so-called online approach, in which tDCS and EEG-recording overlapped in time, so that we could test how cortical stimulation instantaneously modulated the activity of the stimulated brain area. The experiment ended with another 3 minutes of resting EEG.
For stimulation we used a DC stimulator by Neuroconn, Ilmenau (Germany) approved for use in humans. During each tDCS trial, participants received either anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation which is indistinguishable for the subjects (as described below).
A pair of rectangular surface electrodes (5 cm × 7 cm; 35 cm2) were coated with Ten20 Conductive Paste (Weaver and Company, Aurora CO, USA) and then applied to the participants scalp (Current density: 0.0286 mA/cm2). Following the literature, we positioned the tDCS electrodes according to the international 10–20 system. As we intended to stimulate the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), we decided to place one electrode horizontally over Fpz. As previous investigations have shown that maximizing the distance between both electrodes results in a decrease of current shunted through the head and an increase of current density in depth, we placed our second electrode between the inion and Oz, also in a horizontal direction . Placement of the electrodes was identical for sham and real stimulation. For anodal versus cathodal stimulation, the polarity of the frontal electrode was switched.
At the beginning of the stimulation period, the current was ramped up over the first 10 seconds. After that, a constant current of 1 mA was applied for a period of 22 minutes. Current delivery of up to 2 mA has been shown to be safe and painless for healthy volunteers . The impedance was controlled by the stimulator and was below 20 kΩ at all times. After 22 minutes of constant current, current was ramped out over another 10 seconds. For sham stimulation, the electrode placement, fade-in time, and current intensity were identical, but the stimulation was aborted/terminated after 2 minutes, that is, at the beginning of the EEG recording and performance of the Eriksen flanker task. By starting sham stimulation exactly like a real stimulation, with an identical mild tingling that is felt on the skin under the electrode in the first seconds of real stimulation, sham stimulation could not be distinguished from real stimulation by our subjects.
2.4. EEG Recording
The EEG was recorded with an AC amplifier (MRAmp, Brain Products GmbH, Munich, Germany) and an ActiCap electrode system (Brain products GmbH, Munich, Germany) with 32 electrodes. The electrodes were placed according to the international 10–20 system with F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, FC5, FC1, FC2, FC6, T7, C3, Cz, C4, T8, TP9, CP1, CP2, TP10, P7, P3, Pz, P4, P8, P09, O1, Oz, O2, and PO10. Another two electrodes were placed above and below the right eye. Ground electrode was placed at CP5. All electrodes were referenced to CP6 and rereferenced offline to an average reference. All impedances of the electrodes were below 10 kΩ and always below 5 kΩ for the reference and ground electrode. EEG was recorded with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz and a bandpass filter of 0.1–100 Hz as well as a notch filter of 50 Hz. During the resting state EEG recordings at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, no tDCS was applied.
In our experiment, we used a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task , an experimental paradigm eliciting response conflict which is often used to study error-monitoring potentials. The participants sat in front of a monitor with a black background, where four different combinations of 5 arrow heads were presented (<<<<<, >>>>>, >><>>, <<><<) for 125 ms each. The participants were instructed to focus on the center arrow head while ignoring the flanking “distracters,” and to press a response button matching the direction of the central arrow with their right or left index finger as quickly and accurately as possible. 750 ms after their response a feedback signal indicated if their response was correct or not. A plus sign appeared for 500 ms if the answer was correct, a minus sign indicated an incorrect or missing response, and an exclamation mark indicated that the response was not given in time. Prior to the beginning of the EEG recording, a timeframe for a correct and timely response was established by a practice session consisting of 48 trials during which the median reaction time for each participant was determined. In our experiment, the modified Eriksen flanker task contained 280 trials presented in one continuous block. In the ongoing EEG, the presentation of the stimuli, the motor responses, and the feedback signals were tagged by different markers. Participants underwent DC real or sham stimulation during the entire performance of the flanker task.
To analyze the behavioral effects, we calculated the post-error slowing (PES), defined as reaction times in correct trials after a correct trial minus the reaction times in correct trial after an incorrect trial.
2.6. Analysis of EEG Data
The EEG data was analyzed with the BrainVision Analyzer Version 2.0 (Brain Products, Munich, Germany). In a first step, the ocular electrodes were linked to one bipolar channel monitoring vertical eye movements. In a second step, eye blinks were corrected by applying an ocular correction algorithm . Data was rereferenced to an average reference and was then segmented into EEG epochs following correct or incorrect responses starting −100 ms before and ending 600 ms after the subject’s key press. Based upon these EEG epochs, average ERP waves were calculated for each participant after correct and incorrect responses. Before that, EEG epochs with amplitudes exceeding ±100 μV or voltage steps of more than 100 μV/sampling point were excluded by an automatic artefact rejection. Finally, a baseline correction from −100–0 ms was applied. Subjects with anodal stimulation had artefact-free epochs after incorrect responses and artefact-free epochs after correct responses. Participants with cathodal stimulation had artefact-free epochs after incorrect responses and artefact-free epochs after correct responses, while subjects with sham stimulation had artefact-free epochs after incorrect responses and artefact-free epochs after correct responses. Groups did not differ significantly regarding the mean number of artefact-free epochs after incorrect responses (, ), but after correct responses (, ). This does not have a big influence on our findings, as we were mainly interested in epochs after incorrect responses.
Based on a visual inspection of the grand average waveforms, we individually calculated the mean amplitude for the time frames between 0 and 60 ms after correct and erroneous responses for the ERN and the segments between 100 and 200 ms and between 200 and 300 ms after correct and incorrect responses for the Pe. For both potentials, analyses were conducted for the central electrode position (Cz), as the topographical maps (see Figure 3) showed a brain electrical field distribution that was centred around Cz for both the ERN and the Pe.
The P1 responses as an indicator for an altered processing of visual information were defined as the maximum peak between 80 ms and 150 ms over three occipital electrodes (O1, O2, and Oz according to the international 10/20 system for electrode placement).
2.7. Statistical Analysis
For statistical analysis, we used IBM SPSS Statistics, version 19. For testing stimulation effects, we calculated an ANOVA separately for the behavioural data, ERN and Pe with the factor condition (correct or erroneous responses) and tDCS group (cathodal, anodal, sham). In order to test the reaction time data for the phenomenon of “posterror slowing,” the factor “condition” comprised trials following correct responses and trials following incorrect responses for this dependent variable. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied if necessary. Univariate ANOVAs were calculated for further analyses of main effects and interactions with planned comparisons comparing the two stimulation conditions with the sham condition using the Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Behavioural Data
For the reaction time, a main effect of condition was found (, ), with a significant increase of reaction times on trials following erroneous responses ( ms) compared to trials following correct button presses ( ms) across stimulation groups (posterror slowing). We did not observe a significant difference between stimulation groups (, ) and no significant interaction between the factors “group” and “condition” (, ). With respect to the number of incorrect responses, no relevant difference between the three groups emerged (, ) with a similar number of incorrect responses in participants of the anodal (), cathodal () and sham group ().
Posterror slowing (PES) was also directly analyzed as an indicator for a possible stimulation-induced behavioral effect. PES was not significantly influenced by the stimulation protocol (, ; see also nonsignificant interaction effect above); specifically, PES was not significantly attenuated after cathodal stimulation ( ms) compared to anodal ( ms) or sham stimulation ( ms).
3.2. EEG Data
For the ERN (see Figures 1 and 2), we calculated the mean amplitude over Cz in the time segment of 0–60 ms after correct (V) and erroneous ( μV) responses revealing a significant increase of the amplitude after errors compared to correct answers (, ). No main effect of group (, ) and no significant interaction effect of stimulation protocol and condition occurred (, ).
For the Pe (see Figure 1), we analyzed two time segments between 100 and 300 ms. With regard to the first time segment between 100 and 200 ms, we found a main effect condition (, ), indicating that mean Pe amplitudes were higher for incorrect (m = 3.42 μV ± 2.85) compared to correct ( μV ± 2.48) responses; no main effect for tDCS groups (, ) and no interaction effect (, ) were found. For the second time segment comprising the period between 200 and 300 ms, a main effect for condition was again found (, ), but no main effect for the type of stimulation could be observed (, ). However, a significant interaction effect between tDCS group and condition additionally occurred (, ). The time curves for both conditions are displayed in Figure 2. The topographical distributions of the components are displayed in Figure 3.
For further examination of the interaction effect (see Figure 4) between the condition (correct or incorrect response) and the different stimulation groups, we used post hoc ANOVAs to compare group effects for erroneous responses (, ) and correct responses (, ) separately and found a main effect for the erroneous condition only.
Planned post hoc comparison (LSD) for the erroneous condition showed no significant difference between anodal and sham stimulation (). However, comparing cathodal and sham stimulation, we found a significant difference () with reduced Pe amplitudes following cathodal stimulation, even after correction for multiple testing.
Analyzing the latency parameters (in the corresponding time window for the ERN and for a time window including both time frames for the Pe) for the ERN, a significantly shorter latency after correct answers ( ms) compared to incorrect answers ( ms) was found (, ). No significant main effect for the type of stimulation (, ) and no significant interaction effect (, ) were observed. The latency parameters for the Pe revealed no main effect for the different types of stimulation (, ) with similar latencies in the anodal ( ms), cathodal ( ms), and sham group ( ms). Latency of the Pe after a correct reaction ( ms) was significantly shorter than that after an incorrect reaction ( ms) with = 7.46 and . No interaction effect between condition and type of stimulation emerged (, ).
To check whether our tDCS electrode placement leads to a deficient visual processing, which might cause the effect on the Pe, we calculated an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the P1 amplitudes which did not reveal a main effect “group” over O1 (, ), O2 (, ), or Oz (, ).
The main purpose of our study was to shed light upon stimulation effects on error monitoring by applying tDCS during an Eriksen flanker task and investigating the changes of the ERN and Pe systematically after anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation. As expected , a main effect “condition” was observed for the ERN and Pe; that is, the amplitudes of the ERN and Pe were significantly higher after incorrect responses than that after correct responses. For tDCS effects, we found that cathodal stimulation over the medial prefrontal cortex attenuated subcomponents of Pe amplitudes compared to both anodal stimulation and sham stimulation, but no effect for the ERN. We therefore conclude that tDCS shows an inhibition effect of cortical excitability during cathodal stimulation, while no enhancement of excitation by anodal stimulation could be observed. Originally, the assumption that anodal stimulation increases cortical excitability whereas cathodal stimulation causes the opposite was based upon studies applying direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex [10, 29, 30]. However, the dual effect of anodal excitation and cathodal inhibition has not been reproduced in all subsequent studies testing effects of tDCS over nonmotor regions on cognitive functions. Some studies describe an anodal excitation effect only , while others observed only a cathodal inhibition effect as we did . A recent meta-analysis reviewing publications of motor studies and cognitive studies with tDCS found a lot of heterogeneity particularly in cognitive studies and concluded that the probability to achieve the anodal-excitability and cathodal-inhibition effect in a cognitive study is only about 0.16 . As a possible reason for this heterogeneity, the authors argue that cognitive tasks involve various cognitive regions of the brain. Therefore, when modulating one part of this brain network, it is more difficult to induce any change in corresponding outcome measures than it would be for motor effects (e.g., concerning MEPs) which typically involve only the stimulated motor cortex. Beyond that, the fact that a process as complex as the performance of a cognitive task, that involves various interactions between different brain regions, is so highly vulnerable to every external noise, making it extremely difficult to investigate the specific effects of tDCS and might be one reason for the finding of a cathodal inhibition effect only.
Another potential explanation is that in a “normal” mPFC (and we act on the assumption that our healthy participants all have a well functioning mPFC), a tDCS-induced impairment is possible due to cathodal inhibition, but that the same principle (with an opposite outcome) cannot automatically be applied for anodal stimulation. It is possible that the function of a “healthy” mPFC with regard to error processing cannot be enhanced by anodal stimulation due to a ceiling effect . In any case, we would like to summarize that, in the present study, the effect of tDCS stimulation was specific for cathodal stimulation and not a nonspecific effect of direct current application.
Another central issue of our study is the question of whether or not the brain region we targeted has actually been reached. As stated above, the surface of the cerebral cortex is folded, so that a large part of the cortex is located deep within the sulci where neurons are differently oriented. In early animal experiments, surface-anodal tDCS enhanced activity and surface-cathodal tDCS reduced activity of superficial cortical neurons, whereas neurons situated deep in the cortical sulci (and thus differently oriented) were oppositely affected . Therefore, it is essential to take into account that not only electrode placement itself is an important parameter determining the electrical stimulation effects on the ACC, but that the induced currents in the brain depend on tissue characteristics, which might even skew stimulation effects. One might ask in this context if current density was high enough to modify excitability. Different calculations of current density distribution based on a spherical model of the head can help us to assess the current density during tDCS . Calculations suggest that the average current flows in the expected direction independently of gyri and sulci of the brain and that an increasing distance between electrodes increases the current density in depth. Furthermore, a minimum of 0.017 mA/cm2 has been described to be necessary to modify excitability by Nitsche and Paulus . The applied current density in our study was 0.029 mA/cm2 and the reference electrode was placed at a maximum distance from the first electrode over Fpz, so that these parameters are in accordance with previous tDCS studies demonstrating a relevant effect of DC stimulation. Nevertheless, computer-based head models would be useful to further analyze current distribution effects .
Another method that could be helpful to provide evidence for the influence of the stimulation on brain activity is electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis which has been used in recent studies to demonstrate that tDCS modulates resting state EEG parameters [35–37]. In these combined EEG and tDCS studies, the power of different frequency bands was measured, indicating a direct impact of tDCS on oscillatory activity of the brain. Keeser and colleagues  stimulated the left prefrontal cortex by anodal tDCS and observed decreased delta activity over the left frontopolar cortex and enhanced beta activity over the right frontocentral cortex. LORETA source localization revealed that the reduction of the delta power could be explained by a reduced activation in Brodman area 25 and 32 (subgenual prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex). These results confirm that cortical tDCS can indeed induce a modulation of deeper brain structures such as the ACC, a key structure for error monitoring.
With regard to our electrode placement, another aspect that has to be taken into consideration is an inhibition of the visual system as a result of a decreased cortical excitability under the electrode placed between Oz and the inion. This deficient visual processing might lead to a modification of visual information that could be relevant for our behavior. Therefore, we analysed the P1 as an early component of event-related potentials which are generated in the visual cortex and found no relevant difference for the amplitudes of the P1 in the three stimulation groups. We therefore assume that DC stimulation under the occipital electrode had no relevant effect on our experimental setting. The distance between the occipital electrode and Oz seems to be large enough to avoid an undesirable modulation of the visual system
Another point that needs further consideration is the fact that no significant behavioral effects of tDCS were found in our study. Generally speaking, goal-directed behavior includes the monitoring of ongoing actions on the one hand and adjustment of behavior on the other hand, both of which need to be linked at some point to organize behavior. Neuroanatomically, there is evidence for a functional interaction between the mPFC and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), with prominent models of cognitive control assuming that the mPFC signals error detection to the LPFC where regulatory processes lead to adjustment of behavior . Regarding posterror behavior, Danielmeier and Ullsperger  describe that there are at least three types of post-error behavioral adjustment, that is, post-error-slowing (PES), post-error reduction of interference (PERI), and post-error improvement of accuracy (PIA), which partly take place in parallel. Regarding PES, which was measured in our study, they assume that PES can be related to cognitive control processes and to inhibitory motor processes or reflect attentional reorientation. The expectation that PES should be attenuated by an inhibitory effect on the mPFC addresses the cognitive control theory according to which post-error adjustments are triggered by top-down signals. Studies investigating correlations between PES and mPFC activity, however, show inconsistent results. While some studies could show a correlation between PES and mPFC activation , other studies describe contradictory findings . As one possible reason for these inconsistent findings, it has been discussed that PES and mPFC are only linked indirectly via increased activity in the motor system . Taken together, it should be noted that, when investigating posterror behavioral adjustments, the problem is that many adjustments are executed simultaneously. Hence, measuring only mean reaction times—as we did in our experiment—is not always sufficient to reveal discrete behavioral changes, as it conceals temporal dynamics of error-monitoring processes. It can, for example, be difficult to distinguish the monitoring signal indicating the need for control from subsequent control implementation. To summarize, we restricted our behavioral analyses to effects on mean reaction times, thus providing an only incomplete picture of post-error behavioral adjustments by means of PES. Therefore, relevant behavioral effects by tDCS interventions in our study were not necessarily expected and it cannot be concluded that no post-error control implementation (or modulation thereof) has taken place.
Another argument which illustrates that behavioral data are sometimes not as sensitive as neural correlates comes from a preclinical study. In this study, we used the same flanker task to investigate whether error processing is deficient in students with high levels of ADHD symptoms . As hypothesized, we found decreased Pe amplitudes with an increased number of symptoms of inattention, but without an effect of ADHD symptoms on the behavioral level of post-error slowing.
In summary, the present study aimed at modulating medial frontal cortical areas relevant for error detection and action monitoring via tDCS. Our results indicate that cathodal tDCS applied over the mPFC results in an attenuated cortical excitability reflected in a decreased amplitude of subcomponents of the Pe. At this point, we could show an effect of single-session tDCS on the electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in healthy subjects, even if it is rather small. Nevertheless, further research is required to unravel whether the effect of the tDCS on the late Pe is of functional relevance. Based upon these investigations, transcranial direct current stimulation could become a future approach to modify the sensitivity of corresponding neural networks. Future studies should be conducted to shed further light on the (patho)physiology of the underlying performance monitoring systems on cellular and system levels to allow for an optimization of stimulation-induced tDCS effects and to establish tDCS as a valuable therapeutic option for patients with error-monitoring dysfunctions.
Conflict of Interests
All the authors declare that they have no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
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- M. Hautzinger and M. Bailer, Allgemeine Depressions Skala: ADS , Manual, Beltz Test GmbH, Göttingen, Germany, 1993.
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text:
The 11-minute short screened out of competition as part of the London Independent Film Festival, screening at a 52-seat screening room at the Shortwave Bar and Cafe in Bermondsey in East London on 18th April 2015.
The short film was submitted to and accepted by a short film festival in Germany, with lead actress Georgia Moffett wrongly listed as director. The short was subsequently pulled from the festival by the filmmakers.
The trivia items below may give away important plot points.
The main couples in the short film have all worked with each other before. Georgia Moffett and Joel Fry were both on, "White Van Man" while David Tennant and Nina Sosanya worked together on, "Casanova" and "Doctor Who." Coincidentally, David and Nina were also a couple at one point on Casanova.

domain: entertainment


text:
17th - 18th century
Silk. Blue, embroidered in the weaving with bands of floral motifs in orange, pink, yellow, white, green. Two pieces sewed together. Blue textiles are scarce.
Bequest of Mrs. Frances E. (Harry) Markoe, 1943
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domain: artistic


text:
North American stock markets plunged after opening to news that Russian forces have launched a new military offensive in Ukraine. In New York, the Dow Jones industrial average was down 624.50 points at 32,507.26. The S&P 500 index was down 49.24 points at 4,176.26 and the Nasdaq composite index was down 70.20 points at 12,967.28. […]
Coverage of the 2011 Risk Management Conference.

domain: economics


Ideal for secondary crushing, the CRUNCH hammer mill is a horizontal axis machine provided with rotating hammers. It is known for its ability to reduce significantly the size of the material being crushed. It is creating fragmentation of natural stone, concrete, and aggregates with low to medium hardness.Free consultation 40 years of industry experience providing one-stop solution
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Address:Zhengzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone, China


text:
3 mentions in Things to see and to do in Singapore (in 4 Days)
Duyen P. said, "...TO SINGAPORE: 1. Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum 2 Merlion Park 3. Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, Singapore 4. Singapore Flyer 5. Helix Bridge 6. Marina Bay Sands 8. Little India 9. Asian Civilisations Museum 10. Sentosa Island 11. The..." See More
Nam O. said, "...Satfor satay. For me, Indian food and Muslim food are awesome too. Try Singapore Zam Zam, Bugis. Modern landmarks such as Singapore Flyer, Gardens by the Bay and Marina Bay Sands. Universal Studios Singapore and S.E.A Aquarium. For nature and gardens,..." See More
Nars K. said, "...Here are my favorite spots: Gardens by the Bay Flower Dome Cloud Forest Singapore Flyer Merlion Park Sentosa Island Night Safari Orchard Road (for shopping) Here are some other options: http://www.ruebarue.com/singapore/ Have a good trip...." See More
1 mention in Which places should I visit in Singapore?
1 mention in How to explore Singapore in 15 days
1 mention in Tour of Singapore during holidays
1 mention in Top food hawkers in Singapore?
1 mention in À good place to stay in Singapore + what to do?

domain: geography


text:
Africa, China and the United States Relationships (Audio Interview)
Ambassador David H. Shinn, among others, participated in an hour long radio program on 21 April 2013 dealing with Africa, China and the United States titled “China-Africa: Is the Honeymoon Over?“.
Veteran journalist Eric Olander moderated the program and post-doctoral fellow at the University of Johannesburg, Cobus van Staden, offered comments.
Much of the session focused on how Africans see China and the United States and the challenges faced by China following recent criticism of its approach to Africa by several important African officials.
Embedded audio on auto play:

domain: library


Yesterday, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) announced the availability of its draft environmental impact statement (EIS) for the proposed New England Wind energy project offshore Massachusetts. If approved, this proposed 2.6-GW project could provide power for more than 900,000 homes, BOEM said.
BOEM has initiated the environmental review of 10 projects, with more to come. Of these, New England Wind represents the sixth project to reach the DEIS stage of review by BOEM.
New England Wind joins five other offshore wind projects – Ocean Wind, Empire Wind, Revolution Wind, Sunrise Wind, and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind – Commercial – awaiting their final environmental impact reviews. This group represents up to 11 GW of offshore wind power generation, and their anticipated approval in 2023 would create a substantial pipeline of projects entering into manufacturing and construction phases.
“For two years, the Biden-Harris administration has worked diligently to advance the U.S. offshore wind industry through executive action and meticulous permitting review, and that hard work is set to pay off in the next year," Liz Burdock, founder and CEO of the Business Network for Offshore Wind, said in a statement. "U.S. offshore wind was already primed for an historic year in 2023 with two commercial projects expected to continue construction – now, including New England Wind, BOEM could approve six more projects for construction, representing up to 11 GW in offshore wind capacity and enough to power nearly four million homes. An approved project pipeline of this size instantly makes the U.S. a top global market and will go a long way to supporting existing and driving new supply chain investments domestically."
The New England Wind draft EIS can be found on BOEM’s website, and the notice of availability will be published in the Federal Register on Dec. 23, 2022, which will open a 60-day public comment period that ends at 11:59 p.m. ET on Feb. 21, 2023. The input received via this process will inform preparation of the final EIS.
Park City LLC submitted a construction and operation plan (COP) for its proposal to develop a wind energy facility and its associated export cables on the outer continental shelf (OCS) offshore Massachusetts. Park City proposes to develop the lease area in two phases, known as Park City Wind (Phase 1) and Commonwealth Wind (Phase 2), collectively referred to as New England Wind.
The proposal includes up to 129 wind turbines and up to five offshore electrical service platforms with a total of five offshore export cables. The project will be located about 20 nautical miles (nm) south of Martha’s Vineyard and about 24 nm southwest of Nantucket. The onshore components of the project will include up to three export cable landfalls in Massachusetts (one for Phase 1 and up to two for Phase 2) and up to three onshore substations: one in Barnstable, Mass., for Phase 1 and up to two in Barnstable or Bristol County, Mass., for Phase 2.
BOEM will use the findings of the EIS to inform its decision on whether to approve the New England Wind COP, and if so, which mitigation measures to require.
Public Meetings and Comments
During the comment period, BOEM will hold three virtual public meetings where the public can learn more about the review process, the EIS schedule, potential impacts from the proposed project, and proposals to reduce potential impacts. Participants also will have the opportunity to provide comments on the draft EIS. The public meetings will be held on the following dates and times. All times are Eastern:
- Fri., Jan. 27, 2023 - 1:00 pm
- Wed., Feb. 1, 2023 - 5:00 pm
- Mon., Feb. 6, 2023 - 5:00 pm
A virtual meeting room will be on BOEM’s website starting on Dec. 23, 2022. It will be available throughout the 60-day comment period and will include information about the draft EIS, as well as how to register for the virtual public meetings and provide comments.


text:
Watch Emma Wilkinson's report
More than nine years after some of the worst flooding Oxford has ever seen, residents in one community that was badly affected have come together to protect their homes for the future.
People living on Earl Street, off Botley Road, have seen their houses overwhelmed by water a number of times, including in 2000, 2003 and 2007.
The worst deluge was in 2007, when hundreds of people across the county had to leave their homes.
Today residents in Earl Street were shown a new, dedicated, mobile pump that will be available to them in the event of future floods.
Nick Hills, an Earl Street resident and member of the Oxford Flood Alliance Steering Group, applied for a grant to pay for the pump after becoming aware of Scottish and Southern Energy Network's Community Resilience Fund. The energy company awards grants of up to £20,000 to community projects.
His bid was successful and SSE awarded the full cost of the pump, which had been reduced to £19,830 by Stuart Pumps Ltd, which provides the City Council with its pumps.
Local MP, Nicola Blackwood, attended the pump's unveiling today. She said while shorter-term flood projects like this are crucial, a planned flood relief channel will be a 'game-changer' when it comes to reducing flooding risk in the long-term.
The £120m project would work by diverting flood water across the open flood plain and away from properties which currently flood.

domain: news


text:
Some infographics i made to make a presentation more interesting. Part 1
over 1 year ago
Kind of interesting how the shadow resembles a face.
your graphic makes is seem like 2/3 will own a tablet.
Thanks @Kevin Fox it was a long night.....will amend!
keyboard shortcuts: ← previous shot → next shot L or F like
Show and tell for designers
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text:
I started the year focused on developing my
painting; now, with the lovely big home studio as well as my space in Kingston.
I spent most of my time working in the studio at home this year, which was
really convenient when you have two dogs and who look at you mournfully every
time you leave the house.
May and June were busy months. I was
accepted into my first artist art fair at The Landmark Arts Centre Spring Art
Fair, 20-21 May 2017. It was well attended and I had over 130 visitors stop by
the stand throughout the weekend. Thank you to those of you who came and
I was very excited to be shortlisted and
exhibit at Gallery Elena Shchukina, Mayfair in the Project 2017: Change &
Transformation exhibition, 25 May until 3 June 2017. It is an attractive
gallery in an exclusive part of London and I felt privileged to be exhibiting
there with so many other talented artists.
The annual Kingston Artists Studio was held
during the weekends of 10 & 11 and 17 & 18 June 2017. We had record
numbers through our doors and lots of new artists in our building who were
participating in the event. I had a very successful first weekend and sold
quite a lot of work from my PreCursor series. The following weekend was quieter
due to the heatwave we experienced.
During the summer, I was fortunate enough
to be featured in the House & Garden magazine in the July, August and
In September, I was selected to participate
in two exhibitions. The first was the Merton Arts Festival 16-23 September 2017
and exhibited Alignments I and II in the Reflection & Transformation
exhibition at the Merton Arts Space, Wimbledon Library.
The second was the artWEEK Exhibition in
support of Central London Samaritans, at two London Virgin Money Lounges in
Piccadilly Circus, 18-23 September. I exhibited work from my PreCursor series
at both venues. The Private View was a great evening of art, a moving speech
from Central London Samaritans and music by some very talented singer-songwriters.
My plan for next year is to go bigger! I
have already started prepping the larger canvasses with the base colour. I am
curious about where this will take my paintings in the future. I can only say –
watch this space!
Here’s wishing you all the best for 2018.


text:
Staten Island is a tourist destination. Take a ride from Manhattan on the Staten Island Ferry and get some of the best views of New York City for free
Interaction with guests
happy to assist in browsing manhattan
Not suitable for pets
No parties or events
Not safe or suitable for children (0-12 years)
Jimmy and his wife are the nicest people in the world. We stayed here a couple nights before the NYC Marathon. His place is literally less than 800m from the marathon bus drop off. Additionally, he offered to drive us to many of the places we needed to go - like the Staten Island Ferry Terminal, Dinner, the Convenient Store to make sure we had what we needed for race morning and to the starting line the morning of the race. The room and bathroom look exactly like in the picture - It's a small room with a closet. The room is across the hall from the bathroom which you will share with him and his wife. They were very accommodating and used showers around our schedule. Additionally, my fiancé took my phone with him on race morning and I couldn't update my GPS watch. I was having a panic attack and Jimmy was kind enough to download the app on his phone so I could sync it to the satellite before my race! If you're looking for a good deal, with super nice hosts that is convenient to the marathon start and the SI Ferry Terminal then I would highly recommend this place.
Jimmy was a great host. I was running the New York Marathon and needed to rest my legs before the race. I wanted a location close to the start. Jimmy's home was about 1/2 mile from the start. Quite and safe location. Jimmy also picked me up from Manhattan. I would stay here again. Thanks Jimmy.


text:
Sun, sand, sea and sangria... Menorca is the place to enjoy island living Spanish-style. But pick up your hire car at Mahon airport and you'll discover this Balearic beauty has lots to offer beyond the beaches. Book car hire Mahon airport
Why hire a car at Mahon airport?
Menorca's manageable size and well-signposted inland and coastal routes make driving here a doddle - just remember to stick to the right-hand side of the road!
That all-important first mile:
driving out of Mahon airport?
Menorca is an easy island to navigate. Once you've picked up your hire car at Mahon airport, head for the Me-12 motorway to access Mahon (signposted Maó), or follow the Me-14 and Me-1 (the island's main road, which runs across the middle of the island) if you're venturing towards the sun-kissed resort of Ciutadella.
"We're the shining jewel of the Balearic Islands, a beautiful city brimming with rich archaeological history."
Mahon, the capital of Menorca, has indeed retained its charm, and while it doesn't thump to the Balearic beat of neighbour Ibiza, there's no shortage of shops, bars and restaurants.
Pretty cultured. Jazz is very popular and being the most peaceful of the Balearics makes for a nice relaxed ambiance in town.
Mahon was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1993, making it a place of architectural importance that cannot be tampered with. Hence the locals are pretty happy.
A fraction cooler than its sister islands (Majorca and Ibiza), but you'll still frazzle alive if you neglect a good smear of factor 12.
Gin is a popular choice, having been brewed historically for the enjoyment of the visiting sailors back in the 18th century. Or try the famous Mahon cheese - it's square.
Catherine Zeta-Jones and Michael Douglas, who own a home on neighbouring Majorca, often pop over to Mahon.
Mayonnaise was invented in Mahon before being taken over to France and put on chips.
"The capital of Menorca still preserves a number of churches, ancestral buildings and palaces, lining streets of deep Mediterranean flavour." - www.spain.info
Once you've picked up your luggage from the carousel, follow signs for the car hire desks, which are located in the arrivals hall (look for a picture of a key above a car).
Back in the 18th century, islanders began distilling gin to meet the demands of British sailors living on Menorca. Why not pick up a bottle of local liqueur Xoriguer and enjoy an ice-cold gin and tonic or native cocktail pomada (gin and lemonade) on your return home?
There are two banks at the airport, in the arrivals and departures halls, each with their own cash machine. There is also a bureau de change.
Once you're through security and in the departures lounge, you'll find three cafés - perfect if you fancy a snack and a coffee. To enjoy a selection of tapas before boarding the plane, look out for Dehesa Santa María.
If you're looking to pick up gifts or souvenirs at the airport, head for Divers. This one-stop shop - with a perfumery and internet café -sells handmade Menorcan jewellery and local crafts.
We compare prices from leading suppliers
If you've planned a trip to Menorca, chances are your first port of call will be the beach, and this two-mile stretch of sand is the island's longest. It gets a bit busy in July and August, but walk away from the main entrance (where most sun-seekers set up camp for the day) and you're bound to find a quieter spot. Alternatively, Cala Pregonda on the north coast is a fine spot to soak up some rays, while Cala en Turqueta and Cala Macarelleta are also worth checking out.
The Menorcan capital oozes historical charm. Its narrow streets and shady squares boast a plethora of curious shops and welcoming cafés, while the buzzing port is a great place to sit, relax and watch the world go by. At night, the picturesque waterfront comes alive as locals and tourists alike enjoy a meal and a glass of the local tipple in one of the many restaurants and bars.
Halfway between Mahon and Ciutadella, Monte Toro is Menorca's highest point. Offering some outstanding views of the island it is an important pilgrimage site with a Franciscan convent located at its peak. You can drive up the steep, winding roads to enjoy the stunning vista, or if you're feeling energetic, park at the bottom and tackle the hill on foot.
Head north of Mahon and explore the lagoons and wetlands of the S'Albufera des Grau. This tranquil environment (visitors are encouraged to remain as quiet as possible so as not to disturb the wildlife) is a great place to spot migratory birds while following one of three walking trails.
Were someone like Indiana Jones to visit the Balearic Islands, he'd walk off his hangover at this place. It's a museum of natural history, perfect for any budding archeologist/adventurer.
There's underground parking in Plaza de la Explanada, right near the Ateneo Cientifico.
The archeology doesn't end in the museum either - a short trek to Plaza Bastion will acquaint you with yet more evidence of a long interesting history with relics galore.
There's plenty of street parking around this central spot. It's €1 for two hours and free after 8pm and at weekends.
Not far outside the centre of town is this weird prehistoric village, which houses all kinds of strange and dusty monuments.
There's a free car park at the village itself, which is just over three miles from the town centre.
Possibly the showiest area of the city where all the serious spectacular stuff is stashed - you'll find a monument to Alfonso III, a big library, and a beautiful square where you can unwind with a cuppa.
Plaza de la Conquista itself is pedestrianised but you can easily walk from the car parks in Plaza de la Constitucion, Plaza Espana and Plaza de ses Voltes.
Welcome to the last remnants of the impressive city wall, which serve as a sobering and inspiring reminder of Mahon's military past.
The arch is in the pedestrianised part of the city, but you can park nearby in the car park in the Plaza de Miranda.
Keen bird watchers, great news: this nature reserve is very popular with your sort. Other people can enjoy the dunes, the Roman ruins and the wetlands.
Drive north of Mahon on the Me-7 and the follow signs to S'Albufera des Grau, about eight miles away.
A quieter, more residential area with a nice little beach and a picturesque cove area where you can have a taste of life as a local fisherman.
Take the Me-12 to Sant Climent, then the Carretera de Sant Climent a Bintda towards Es Canutells. It's seven miles from central Mahon.
When the gorgeous sandy beaches and endless sunbathing sessions have become too much, head out to this lovely fishing village to unwind by a tranquil marina.
Drive your hire car north out of Mahon towards the Carretera de Grau, which takes you all the way there in about 15 minutes.
Ahh, the Cales Coves, home to numerous prehistoric caves. It's like a secret lagoon, albeit one jam-packed with snazzy looking yachts and sailing boats.
Take the Me-12 through Sant Climent and follow signs to the coves. They're just 20 minutes from the centre of Mahon.
" Mahon is a very little town so my advice is to park your hire car in Calle de las Sinia Costabella or Sinia des Cuc and walk for 15 minutes or so through the centre. It's give you a chance to get to know the vibes of this quiet and friendly place. Where the car comes into its own is for driving to some of the many amazing beaches around Mahon. In general driving and parking here is easy - it's not crowded and nobody is stressed. "


Check the facets and edges of insulated wall panels before deciding on them from sandwich panel suppliers.
The insulated wall panels are recognized as the most acceptable solution for insulation and thermal regulations by the builders when it comes to install them into a facilitate – whether it’s a home, office, or industry. These panels offer various welfare without costing much more than traditional insulation and have a longer lifespan that offers remarkable reliability and ROI.
A plenty of causes are there that make it so alluring for contractors and other builders to purchase them from the sandwich panels suppliers. So, let’s see them! –
Why these wall panels are the next-gen of insulation?
The distinct feature of their method-of-construction makes these sorts of wall panels the next gen of insulation. As they are bolted with a foam core that is madeup of any of the innumerable numbers of varied-foams known for their high or low temperatures or for both. This foam core is also available in a lot of varied thicknesses to enhance its efficaciousness in massive-scale use.
Therefore, this foam can be sandwiched on either of the sides of the IMPs’ wall by the laminated sheets-of-steel. This steel makes this foam particularly so powerful and resilient to disfigurement that it makes them hindmost the lifetime of a building: – a trim short of the most extreme weather events or earthquakes can make a dent in them.
Besides the boundary, they make use of ordinary tongue-and-groove links by making them easy to fit cooperatively.
Also, these innovations offer them a lot of welfare over more traditional types of insulation. As an example, here are they –
• High Versatility: – In case you require to make a hot or a cold zone or merely to keep the office premises convenient then these panelling options are there to use.
• Extreme temperature resistance: – These insulated wall panels are made of different cores of thicknesses that can handle a significant amount of heat or cold. The viscosity of these insulated metal panels fully contains a raging fire asset, and that too for three hours.
• Eco-friendliness: – Many of these insulated metal panels can be created from recyclable materials and can generally contribute to LEED certification programs.
• Mix-and-Match: – Whether you require to build varied temperature zones within a restricted area, then the standard connectors will permit the hot and cold panels to attach directly.
• Less Nurture: – There are fewer chances of getting discolored by the laminated steel of IMP’s wall, and will have better defiance to mold, mildew, and other microorganisms with easy cleaning.
• Several stylistic choices: – Imaginably with a lot of finishing options, these wall panels can be accessible in any color.
So, these are the welfares that enchant the contractors and other builders to make the purchase of this product.
Things you need to determine while using them for installation:-
The most important things you need to determine before buying them from sandwich panel suppliers for installation are:-
1. Installation — Insulated metal panels can improve the speed of construction jobs by reducing delays and reducing the need for multiple trades. Their stable-lightweight feature makes them easier to carry and position. They can be initiated in every weather condition and can be executed in all seismic zones.
2. Integrity – These insulated metal panels have a closed seam at the joinery side which makes them the perfect option for food-processing- construction by offering the owners the most comfortable panel-to-face seal. The cold storage construction panel encompasses small profiling in the facings (during the time of providing the required structural integrity and flatness tolerances) to make it simplier to apply vapor barrier tapes and sealants for freezer application by abolishing the need for deep ribs that can give rise to the air and water vapor leaks. Closed cell polyisocyanurate insulation and self-aligning, double interlocking tongue and groove joints with concealed fasteners create an airtight and watertight seal to stabilize interior environments.
3. Energy efficiency – The insulated metal panels present exceptional thermal insulation competence especially engineered for the continuance of interior climate control regardless of external weather conditions.
4. Sanitation – The insulated metal panels offer a more additional pure finish that can be straightforwardly washed down and withstand harsh chemical cleaning. These wall panels also meet plant owners’ needs for a more sanitary surface at floor and curb levels.
5. Maintenance – The insulated metal panel walls provide more manageable repairing solutions that can be completed in a cosmetically appealing and hygienic manner as inside plant walls can get damaged by large equipment and machinery.
6. Sustainable – Insulated metal panel walls contain a minimum of 30 percent recycled steel content – making it 100 percent renewable and recyclable, supporting LEED credits and net-zero energy goals.
So, we are now at the end of the topic. After going through this whole thing about insulated wall panels – hopefully you have got a very fair idea of the things you need to think-about. So, keep that in mind whenever you go to procure it from sandwich panel suppliers.


text:
We are in the middle of Serra de São Mamede, on the outskirts of Portalegre. No sign ff the heatwave that is felt in the rest of the Alentejo. The mild temperature, with certain humidity in the air, is perfect for those who planned to walk around all morning observing and picking mushrooms.
Texto de Tiago Pais
Fotografias de Tiago Pais
We are in the middle of Serra de São Mamede, on the outskirts of Portalegre. No sign ff the heatwave that is felt in the rest of the Alentejo. The mild temperature, with certain humidity in the air, is perfect for those who planned to walk around all morning observing and picking mushrooms. It’s also perfect for these mushrooms to appear.
Pedro Marques and Nuno Alegria, from NaturBoscus, are the first to recognize that the microclimate of the mountains helps, and in what way, the proliferation of different mycological species. The chanterelles, for example, are everywhere. And there are also good porcino.
None are picked at random - Pedro and Nuno respect a series of good practices: they do not remove the mycelium, the filaments that allow the mushrooms to reproduce, maintain the soil conditions, cover the holes that remain after the harvest, and fix the mushrooms in place, leaving the non-consumable remains on the ground to create new mycelium outbreaks.
And this is because, more than selling mushrooms, they are interested in preserving this ecosystem. After all, both are passionate about territory and matter: Pedro was studying biology at the University of Évora when he joined the Mycology Nucleus. He started to develop taste and when he returned to Portalegre, his childhood friend Nuno, self-taught, joined. With Pedro Trindade, another of the partners, they have NaturBoscus, which in addition to selling mushrooms for gastronomic purposes, also works in the area of mycotourism: they organize tours in search of mushrooms that end, as a general rule, with a beautiful meal in one of the bucolic sceneries of the mountains. And that is precisely how we say goodbye.


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Offered for sale is a rare example of a solid, rust-free, matching numbers last year MG MGA MKII Roadster. Set apart by the distinctive recessed grill, horizontal tail-lights and a more powerful 1,622-cc engine, the 1962 MGA MKII is one of the most desirable models MG ever produced. Evidenced by it’s excellent condition, this example has always been a California car, always garaged and looked after and always maintained by professionals. It truly is one of the best MGA MKII’s available on the market.
The exterior of the car in great shape. The paint, while extremely presentable, isn’t perfect and does have small flaws in multiple places, each too minimal to show up in any of the pictures. The body is in great shape and all this car would need to a be serious show contender is a paint job and a detail. That said, as the pictures show, the car looks gorgeous and wouldn’t need a thing to be a perfect weekend garage queen or daily driver. The chrome is impeccable, the wheels and hubs are flawless, the glass and rubber are great and all of the fits and gaps are correct. The interior presents as nearly showroom new, having been refurbished using all of the correct materials. The Robbins top is in excellent condition, as is the full tonneau cover. The trunk is in excellent condition, free of rust and housing its original spare tire and jack. A rare original (and pricey) 1950’s era California license plate is included with the car, complete with an original 1962 sticker (and flip up tabs for current registration stickers).
Mechanically the car is excellent, the original matching-numbers engine starting easily, pulling strongly and smoothly through all of the gears and braking and driving straight without any rattles or shuddering. The undercarriage is in excellent, dry California condition showing no corrosion anywhere. We recently just drove this car up the coast for the weekend and it performed wonderfully and garnered many thumbs ups and smiles from other motorists. I’d have no qualms taking this on any long-distance drives, but its three California owners have always primarily used it as a cherished weekend driver and occasional show contestant. We hope that its next owner will treat the car with the same passionate care.

domain: hobby


Naasri Frederick “Fred” Sun Sr. is a director for Shungnak who was elected to the NANA board in 2021. He previously served on the NANA board from 2012 to 2015.
In addition to his NANA board duties, Naasri serves as tribal president for the Native Village of Shungnak.
He previously worked as a carpenter for the Northwest Iñupiat Housing Authority and in camp maintenance for Trilogy Metals. He served on the Trilogy Metals subsistence committee, the Shungnak School advisory council, the Shungnak City Council and on the Maniilaq Association board.
Board committee assignments:
Lands and natural resources, shareholder relations, Upper Kobuk Minerals Project, article VIII – 3


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RWC Partners, through its emerging and frontier markets team led by John Malloy and James Johnstone, has entered into an advisory relationship with RiceHadleyGates (RHG).
Malloy (pictured) and Johnstone have had a long-standing relationship with the emerging markets oriented strategic consulting firm led by former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, former US Secretary of Defence Robert Gates, former National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley and former State Department official Anja Manuel.
RHG will provide strategic input on political and structural market developments to augment the team's top down macro views.
RWC Partners established its emerging and frontier market investment team under Malloy and Johnstone mid-way through 2015. The 17 person investment team joined from Everest Capital and now manages funds in excess of USD2 billion. Their approach combines top down macro and bottom up fundamental inputs to identify companies with good growth prospects trading at reasonable prices.
Since launching in April and May 2015, both the RWC Frontier Markets Equity Fund and the RWC Emerging Markets Equity Fund have produced top quartile returns and outperformed their respective benchmarks by over 10 per cent. They are now also available in a UCITS-compliant format.
The RWC Global Emerging Market and RWC Asia Absolute Alpha Funds were launched in December 2015 and May 2016 respectively.
Malloy says: “RiceHadleyGates offer unique insights into the geo-political environment across our investment universe. It is critical for us to invest in these markets is a deep understanding of not only the companies in which we invest, but also of the political challenges, risks and opportunities they face. We are extremely fortunate to have developed a strong relationship with RHG over the last few years and are pleased to be able to continue this at RWC.”
Dan Mannix, CEO of RWC Partners, says: “We continue to have a unique opportunity with John and James’ team. To have raised over USD2 billion since they joined just over 12 months ago is a reflection of the exceptional team and processes they have developed. Since we launched these funds they have all delivered top quartile, and in some cases top decile, performance, and as we move into a more positive environment for the asset class we are looking forward to the continuing development of the team. At RWC Partners we are privileged to have brought on a team who are bringing with them a distinguished relationship in the form of RHG. We believe that it’s an essential component of sustainable success for our clients that we make significant commitments to the resources and development of our investment teams.”


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"May 25, 2020 marks the end of a remarkable year for me. In late 2018, I endured a life change, one that caused not only a great deal of uncertainty, but also presented potential opportunity. I asked myself, “If I have 25 good years left in my life, how do I want to spend those days?” I decided to put my personal conviction of living by faith, not by sight, into daily practice. I re-located from my home state of Virginia to a place I’d come to love through work travel over the years– coastal New England. Locating along the North Shore of Massachusetts, I am excited to be close to the vistas and artists who have made such a difference in artistic history and tradition. I desire to paint, and also expand my study and work in the Healing Arts field, which translates into activities with local senior care centers and medical facilities. I work daily on my craft, whether traveling and painting new locales, or by pushing paint daily in my little studio.
The paintings of this exhibit illustrate my personal journey of the last year, through which I have grown more resilient, con-fident, relaxed, spiritual, and joyful. The painting world, and more specifically, plein air painters, are a tight bunch. We cheer one another’s successes, push our brethren to paint smarter out of doors, to see things more clearly, and to embrace our creative voice. I am blessed to have many artist friends, with whom I painted cheerfully in their towns and vistas. In doing so, I learned to paint more effectively in the harsh Arizona desert, to mix those vibrant greens of those Florida Keys mangroves, to explore new terrain within New England, and to harness the blues, greys, and emeralds of the cold, crashing Atlantic surf. I have experienced an evolution of color theory and style that derives from direct observational painting.
I thank my close friends and loved ones for their support during this pivotal time in my life. I am happy to answer questions about my work, from process to materials. I hope you have fun exploring my paintings. I’ve had very much fun creating them." — Joli Ayn Wood
Joli Ayn Wood was born and raised in the Roanoke Valley of Southwestern Virginia. She graduated from Westhampton College, University of Richmond, in 1991 with a BA degree in Art History and concentrations in Studio Art, Ancient Art, and Archaeology. Joli enjoys working both in the studio and out of doors on location. Favorite subjects include the rugged coastline of New England, the mountains and rural landscapes of Southwestern Virginia, as well as the striking Desert Southwest. While painting "en plein air," her aim is to capture the shapes, colors, and light quickly...most times within a couple of hours. Joli finds inspiration in the luminous works of Fitz Henry Lane, the abstract modernity of Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings, the moody, light-filled works by Ed Hopper, as well as contemporary plein air painters with whom she studies and collaborates. In 2019 she relocated her home and art to the North Shore of Boston, Massachusetts, where she paints often and continues her work in healing arts with local senior facilities. Joli’s works are included in public and private collections around the region and abroad.
"After The Clearing"
"Desert Go Lightly"
"Green Mountain Winter"
"Where the Wild Things Are"
"Last Sundown Over Oro Valley"
"On The Rocks"
"Morning In The Cove"
"Summer Warm Up"
"Morning Toward Conomo"
"Hope of the Morning"
5"x 7" original oil painting on panel by Joli Ayn Wood in silver, plein air-styleframe.
"On the Wings of Morning"
"First Light, Superstitions"
"Morning Near Bird Island, Islamorada"
"The Tie That Binds"
"Eddy and Flo"
"Go With The Flow"
"Life at the Bottom"
9"x12" original oil painting on panel by Joli Ayn Wood in black frame with gold trim.
"Back Shore Kickup"
11"x14" original oil painting on panel by Joli Ayn Wood in silver, plein air-style frame.
9"x12" original oil painting on panel by Joli Ayn Wood in espresso, plein air-style frame with silver trim.


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A New and Correct Map of the United States of North America
Geopolitical map of the United States following the Revolutionary War, in two separate pieces, (.a) and (.b). It shows new boundaries as determined at the Treaty of Paris: to the north is Canada's James Bay; to the east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean; to the south, the Gulf of Mexico and what was then known as the Gulf of Florida; to the west, lands beyond the Mississippi...
Show moreGeopolitical map of the United States following the Revolutionary War, in two separate pieces, (.a) and (.b). It shows new boundaries as determined at the Treaty of Paris: to the north is Canada's James Bay; to the east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean; to the south, the Gulf of Mexico and what was then known as the Gulf of Florida; to the west, lands beyond the Mississippi River. Canadian places named on the map include Quebec, Nova Scotia, Labrador, and the boundary of Hudson Bay. The American states named on the map are Massachusetts, Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Maine, Arkansas, Louisiana and Florida also appear on the map, but were not states at the time. The cartouche appears in the lower right corner of (.b). On the left of the cartouche, a winged figure blowing a horn heralds the American flag, lit by the rising sun. The figure represents Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, commerce, and war. On the flag are thirteen stars, arranged in five rows, and thirteen stripes. A winged cherub holds up a fringed, oval item (a piece of fabric, possibly). On it is the Connecticut State Seal with three grapevines. To the right of the title, a female figure representing Liberty sits under a tree, holding a liberty cap on a pole in her right hand. In her left, she holds a globe inscribed "America." At her feet is a scroll inscribed with the first Independence Day.
The New Haven silversmith Abel Buell engraved, printed, and published the first map of the United States less than a year after the Treaty of Paris which ended the Revolutionary War. His map includes one of the first representations of the flag of the new republic together with a prominent representation of the Connecticut State Seal. Buell was not a cartographer; he based his map on pre-existing sources, primarily the map of North America by John Mitchell, which was used in negotiating the Treaty. Following the Colonial charter, he showed Connecticut’s western boundary extending beyond the Mississippi River, taking in huge portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois along the way. The name “Connecticut” proudly appears immediately beneath the name of the United States, near a description of “Extensive Natural Meadows….where…. large herds of BUFFALO and other Beasts resort for Grass and Salt.” Connecticut's western land claims were a source of much contention. In 1784, when Buell's map was published, armed conflict was taking place in the Wyoming Valley between settlers from Connecticut and those from Pennsylvania.

domain: history


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Nadal backs Thiem for bright future after French Open win
Originally published on 29/05/14
The match-up between the rising Austrian talent and the eight-time champion was expected to be one of the highlights of the second round in Paris, with some even tipping Thiem to trouble the Spaniard. But although the 20-year-old showed flashes of his potential with booming winners off both wings, he lacked the consistency to cause another upset as he did against Stan Wawrinka in Madrid.
Nadal, though, has no doubts the Austrian is one to watch out for in the future. “He has everything,” said the Spaniard in his on-court interview. “The most important things he has; a good serve, very powerful shots from the baseline. I don’t see any reasons he will not be in the very top positions in the future. He will have his chances to become a top star and fight for these tournaments. I think that he has huge potential and he could be one of the players who is going to replace us. His tennis style is really good."
The world No.1 will now face Argentina’s Leonardo Mayer in the next round after he beat Teymuraz Gabashvili 6-2 4-6 6-4 6-4. The Spaniard has won both previous meetings against Mayer, including on clay in Acapulco earlier this year, and says he is pleased with the way his game is progressing.
“I felt pretty good, I was hitting very well with my backhand and with my forehand, improving a bit, playing a bit higher and longer,” he said. “Even though it’s a difficult court I always bring a positive feeling and I think I played a very good match against a tough opponent. I made a good base today, not making many mistakes, playing long points without missing.”
Joining Nadal in the third round is Andy Murray after he beat Australian Marinko Matosevic 6-3 6-1 6-3. The world no.8 will face Dusseldorf champion Philipp Kohlschreiber in the next round following his straight-sets victory over Denis Istomin.
"It was a good serving performance today, especially when I was down in games," said Murray. "In the game I got broken right at the end, it was not down to my serving, really. I just missed a few other shots. I was just trying to make sure that my intensity was there every moment, especially at the beginning of the sets. I managed to get ahead early in all of them, and that helped."
David Ferrer is also into round three after a 6-2 6-3 6-2 victory over Simone Bolelli, but the Spaniard is still looking to improve. He said: “I didn't really feel that great. I have to gain confidence, to start with, and on the short points I have to hit the balls harder. I hope that I'll improve my game.”
American Donald Young, who had never won a match at Roland Garros before this year, recorded an impressive 6-3 7-6(1) 6-3 win over no.26 seed Feliciano Lopez. The 25-year-old former world junior No.1 hopes this is the start of a more consistent streak. “Would I love to be further along by now? Yeah, for sure. But it didn't happen. Now I'm starting to play more consistent than before. So I'm not going to be mad it didn't happen earlier, because that's in the past and I can only deal with what's in the future."
Ivo Karlovic progressed past the second round for the first time at Roland Garros after he beat Andreas Haider-Maurer 7-5 6-3 6-4. The Croatian will next face another big-server, Kevin Anderson, following his 6-2 6-3 6-2 win over French wild card Axel Michon.


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With its wild and unique concept, viewers all around the world enjoyed the show during its television broadcast on MTV back in April last year. As the show is to be available for online streaming on MTV which is a US based platform streaming will be limited to the US because of the geographical restrictions imposed on its streaming by licensing agreements.
So, if you want to watch Resistiré outside USA on MTV then you will have to take some additional steps to do so. You can work your way around the above mentioned geographical restrictions by using a VPN, which can be done by simply following the quick ad easy guide mentioned further ahead in the article.
Watch Resistiré Outside USA on MTV – Quick Steps
To watch Resistiré outside USA on MTV you should follow the simple instructions listed below:
- Download and install a VPN application on your mobile or PC that is well optimized for streaming use, like ExpressVPN which is especially recommended for this use case.
- Sign up to create an account and then subscribe to one of the annual or monthly plans offered that you prefer.
- Set up the VPN to connect t a server that is located in the US and gives you the fastest possible connection available.
- Now just open the browser of your choice and watch Resistiré outside USA on MTV site without any further delay.
Where Can I Watch Resistiré Outside USA?
You can watch Resistiré on the MTV website and mobile application as MTV holds the streaming rights to it, however, if you are outside the US, you will need to use a VPN to access the show. Additionally, if you have a cable subscription, you can tune in on UniMas’s television broadcast of Resistiré as well.
What was Resistiré 2022 Release Date?
The second season of Resistiré began its airing on the 21st of March 2022 and had its final episode aired on the 20th of April 2022. The show will once again be airing on TV and be up for online streaming on UniMas TV channel and streaming app on the 7th of February 2023.
What is Resistiré About?
In this reality show, the group of participants is placed on a mountain with nothing but their clothes on and half a million dollars on the line. The goal of the participants is to survive till the end of the show without the basic necessities of life or sacrifices some of their cash for the luxuries they desire to survive.
The participant will be divided into two teams, blue and orange, which will compete against each other in the multiple physical challenges they come across during the courses of the show.
Resistiré Cast? Who will be in Resistiré?
The partcipants for Resistiré season 1 is as follows:
|Season 1||Mario Sepúlveda||Sebastián Ramírez|
|Teresa Kuster||Isaac Torres|
|Federico Farrell||Jessica Pires|
|Aída Nizar||Keyla Caputo|
|Ariel Levy||Luis “Sargento” Sánchez|
|Manelyk González||Ignacia Michelson|
|Clovis Nienow||Francisca Undurraga|
|Laura Prieto||Gabriel Martina|
|Margot Corvalán||Zuleidy Aguilar|
|Boris Sá nchez||Alexandra Monsalve|
|Felipe “Fritanga” Urra||Cass Zamorano|
|Alexander Caniggia||Charlotte Caniggia|
|Sara Pimentel||Rodrigo “Dino” Inostroza|
|Eleazar Gómez||Carolina “Krespita” Rodríguez|
|Erick “Ji-Hu” Sánchez|
Resistiré 2022 Recap
In the second season of Resistiré, the orange team was made of Fernando Lozado, Samira Jalil, Guty Carrera, Alba Zepeda, Brenda Zambrano, Miss Mickey, Robbies, Mora, Osiris Orozco, and Julio Camejo. The blue team had Chile, Yann Martín, Elizabeth, Kimberly Shantal, Emilio Betancourt, Susana Rentería and Diosa Quenzal. The season was won by Fernando and had Guty and Amira as the runner ups.
Who are the Contestants of Resistiré 2022?
The cast for Resistiré 2022 is as follows
|Season 2||Fernando Lozada||Guty Carrera|
|Samira Jalil||Eduardo “Chile” Miranda|
|Osiris Orozco||Yann Martín|
|Alba Zepeda||Elizabeth Varela|
|Kimberly Shantal||Brenda Zambrano|
|Miss Mickey||Emilio Betancourt|
|Susana Rentería||Robbie Mora|
|Osiris Orozco||Julio Camejo|
How many episodes are there in Resistiré?
The first season had a total of 95 episodes and the second season had a total of only 20 episodes of 60 minutes runtime each.
Is there a Resistiré Trailer?
Yes, there is a trailer for Resistiré uploaded on the MTVLA YouTube channel which you can watch by clicking on the following link.
What Else is Worth Watching On MTV?
- The Challenge World Championship
- Help I’m in a Secret Relationship
- The Exhibit Finding the Next Great Artist
- Are You The One Season 9
- Catfish The TV Show Season 8
Why ExpressVPN is a Recommended VPN to Watch Resistiré Outside USA on MTV?
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ExpressVPN: Recommended VPN to Watch Resistiré Outside USA on MTV
ExpressVPN has a multitude of handful features built right into it, like a built in speed test utility, one click kill switch, slit tunneling capability, a clean and simple UI, and many more. With ExpressVPN’s Media Streamer, you can even stream content on devices that natively do not support the use of a VPN like smart TVs, Linux distro based devices, and other lower end or older devices.
With connection capabilities like these, you can easily stream your favorite shows from virtually any point in the world. Furthermore, as no upper limit on the bandwidth speed of data transferred is placed by ExpressVPN, you can use your internet connection to its full potential.
Among economically priced plans like ExpressVPN’s monthly and 6 month plan, their most popular one is their annual subscription plan which costs only US$6.67/mo (Save 49% and get 3 extra months FREE with 12-month plan) and is bundled with 3 months of free services. Furthermore, all plans offered by ExpressVPN come with a free trial period of 30 days and a full money back guarantee if you decide not to continue with the VPN within the specified period.
ExpressVPN places great priority on customer security and privacy and to ensure this, they use 256 bit encryption technology, lightway protocol, a no knowledge DNS, and a strict no logging policy. These features are guaranteed to keep your online activity private and away from any sort of interference or external influence, all while keeping your IP address private and anonymous.
Allowing you to connect up to 5 devices simultaneously on a single subscription makes it extremely cost effective and simple to manage your VPN application across the multiple devices you own. Additionally, ExpressVPN has its application available on all platforms like Windows, IOS, Mac OS, Android, browsers, and game consoles as well.
Furthermore, besides Resistiré, through ExpressVPN you can also watch other regionally restricted shows like Jersey Shore: Family Vacation Season 6, MTV Cribs Season 19, Siesta Key Season 5 and RuPaul’s Drag Race Season 15, The Real Friends of WeHo, Are You The One Season 9 and Ex on the Beach Couples, and may more.
Who won MTV I will resist 2022?
Where was Resistiré 2022 recorded?
How much money did Fernando earn in Resistiré?
Hopefully, after reading through the article, most of your questions regarding Resistiré have been answered. Now you know that using a reliable VPN, like ExpressVPN you can watch Resistiré outside USA on MTV as it is a very easy way of getting by the geographical restrictions without any hassle.


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ISLAMABAD: Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Chairman Imran Khan
, on Sunday, promised that although he has a "personal" dispute with former Army Chief General Qamar Javed Bajwa he will not take any action
against him if he comes to power again, The Express Tribune reported. While addressing the meeting of a delegation of Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors (CPNE) at his Zaman Park residence in Lahore, Khan said that the newly appointed Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Asim Munir himself has said that he will remain neutral.
However, he added that holding elections within three months after the dissolution of assemblies will be the biggest test of his neutrality.
The former prime minister said that he explained to Bajwa about Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif
's involvement in Rs16 billion worth of corruption cases, according to The Express Tribune.
"I told Gen Bajwa that if we catch 10 to 12 top corrupt people, everything will get back on right track," he added. However, he added, he later came to know that corruption was not an issue for General (retd) Bajwa.
Imran said that Pakistan's economy would have performed even better if there wasn't a coronavirus pandemic and China was not locked down for two years.
The economy of the country is on a decline and the income of people is low then how can loans be returned in this situation, he questioned. "A country cannot prosper if there is no rule of law," he added.
Talking about the Toshakhana case, the PTI chief said that if there was corruption during his tenure, then the opponents would have raised it rather than highlighting the Toshakhana issue only, according to The Express Tribune.
"Toshakhana is not a museum. If I had not bought the watch it would have been bought by someone else during an auction," he said, adding that Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N) supremo Nawaz Sharif and Asif Ali Zardari too bought expensive cars from Toshakhana.
Earlier, Imran Khan said that the "gang of corrupt" got clean chits under the National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) II granted to them by the former army chief, local media reported.
The former Prime Minister made the remarks in the backdrop of Salman Shehbaz's return to the country after ending over four years of self-imposed exile in London, according to The News International.
Khan said that Gen (retd) Bajwa committed cruelty by granting an NRO-II to the "gang of corrupt" elements.
Slamming the former army chief, the PTI chief reiterated that his government was toppled under a conspiracy and thieves were imposed on the country, the report said.
"Salman Shehbaz, who was an absconder in the Maqsood Chaprasi case, has also returned and given lectures to us, while Nawaz Sharif is planning to return," Khan said according to The News International.


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Our talented designers can create memorable floral arrangements for any special occasion. Whether you have a specific flower or arrangement in mind, or want to leave it up to designer's creativity, we have a wide online selection available for delivery. For personalized arrangements or for weddings, funerals, and other customized events, please call or email Harmons Floral Design Center for a consultation.
Harmons Floral Design Center (801) 957-8477 or 866-295-2800
3143 Parkway Blvd, West Valley City 84119

domain: design